Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Photosynthesis
evidence: Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Stoma
evidence: Stomatal density and aperture (length of stomata) varies under a number of environmental factors such as atmospheric CO2 concentration, light intensity, air temperature and photoperiod (daytime duration).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Stoma
evidence: These studies imply the plants response to changing CO2 levels is largely controlled by genetics.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Stoma
evidence: The CO2 fertiliser effect has been greatly overestimated during Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments where results show increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere enhances photosynthesis, reduce transpiration, and increase water use efficiency (WUE).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Stoma
evidence: Rates of leaf photosynthesis were shown to increase by 30–50% in C3 plants, and 10–25% in C4 under doubled CO2 levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Tuvalu sea level isn't rising.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Tuvalu
evidence: Because of the low elevation, the islands that make up this nation are vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones and by the threat of current and future sea level rise.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tuvalu
evidence: Tuvalu is also affected by perigean spring tide events which raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Tuvalu
evidence: Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Tuvalu
evidence: Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tuvalu
evidence: Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Renewables can't provide baseload power.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Base load
evidence: "Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Geothermal gradient
evidence: Generating electrical power from geothermal resources requires no fuel while providing true baseload energy at a reliability rate that constantly exceeds 90%.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Renewable energy
evidence: EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Wind power
evidence: about 8% of total nameplate capacity) to be used as reliable, baseload electric power which can be relied on to handle peak loads, as long as minimum criteria are met for wind speed and turbine height.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Wind power
evidence: "Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms" (PDF).
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Ice sheet
evidence: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Ice sheet
evidence: The IPCC projects that ice mass loss from melting of the Greenland ice sheet will continue to outpace accumulation of snowfall.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Ice sheet
evidence: Accumulation of snowfall on the Antarctic ice sheet is projected to outpace losses from melting.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: Between 2000 and 2016, 29 % of the glacierized area was lost, the remaining area estimated at around 1,300 km2 (500 sq mi).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from 90 km3 (22 cu mi) per year in 1996 to 220 km3 (53 cu mi) per year in 2005.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Melting ice isn't warming the Arctic.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Arctic
evidence: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic
evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Arctic
evidence: Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon sequestration
evidence: These reactions are exothermic and occur naturally (e.g., the weathering of rock over geologic time periods).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Geysers on Mars
evidence: Martian geysers (or CO 2 jets) are putative sites of small gas and dust eruptions that occur in the south polar region of Mars during the spring thaw.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In a 2019 CBS poll, 64% of the US population said that climate change is a "crisis" or a "serious problem", with 44% saying human activity was a significant contributor.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: It is extremely likely (95–100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951–2010.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Atmospheric methane
evidence: This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: After an initial warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere will hold more water.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Runaway greenhouse effect
evidence: An increase in temperature from greenhouse gases leading to increased water vapor (which is itself a greenhouse gas) causing further warming is a positive feedback, but not a runaway effect, on Earth.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Water vapor
evidence: When water vapour condenses onto a surface, a net warming occurs on that surface.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Climate change adaptation
evidence: Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are bearing the brunt of the effects of global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: "Eat less meat to avoid dangerous global warming, scientists say".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The capacity and potential for humans to adapt, called adaptive capacity, is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations, and developing countries generally have less capacity to adapt.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Cosmic ray
evidence: Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Cosmic ray
evidence: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Henrik Svensmark
evidence: He is known for his theory on the effects of cosmic rays on cloud formation as an indirect cause of global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Henrik Svensmark
evidence: "Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Water levels correlate with sunspots.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Sun
evidence: Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun's photosphere, and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field where the convective transport of heat is inhibited from the solar interior to the surface.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sun
evidence: At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere, giving rise to pairs of sunspots, roughly aligned east–west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sun
evidence: Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sunspot
evidence: Sunspots number is correlated with the intensity of solar radiation over the period since 1979, when satellite measurements became available.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sunspot
evidence: On longer time scales, such as the solar cycle, other magnetic phenomena (faculae and the chromospheric network) correlate with sunspot occurrence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Antarctica is too cold to lose ice.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Antarctica
evidence: This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Antarctica
evidence: Offshore, temperatures are also low enough that ice is formed from seawater through most of the year.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Antarctica
evidence: This ice sheet is constantly gaining ice from snowfall and losing ice through outflow to the sea.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Antarctica
evidence: The continent has about 90% of the world's ice (and thus about 70% of the world's fresh water).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change in Tuvalu
evidence: Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to raise the atolls with the sea level.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coral reef
evidence: As communities established themselves, the reefs grew upwards, pacing rising sea levels.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coral reef
evidence: Healthy tropical coral reefs grow horizontally from 1 to 3 cm (0.39 to 1.18 in) per year, and grow vertically anywhere from 1 to 25 cm (0.39 to 9.84 in) per year; however, they grow only at depths shallower than 150 m (490 ft) because of their need for sunlight, and cannot grow above sea level.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coral reef
evidence: Atolls may also be formed by the sinking of the seabed or rising of the sea level.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Tuvalu
evidence: Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: [clarification needed] This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels, deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Scientists retracted claim that sea levels are rising.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "Scientists keep upping their projections for how much the oceans will rise this century".
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Renewable energy investment kills jobs.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: BP
evidence: It established an alternative and low carbon energy business in 2005, with plans to invest $8 billion over a 10-year period into renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and biofuels, and non-renewable sources including natural gas and hydrogen power.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Green-collar worker
evidence: Some 2.3 million people have found renewable energy jobs in recent years, and projected investments of $630 billion by 2030 would translate into at least 20 million additional jobs.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Green-collar worker
evidence: In the context of the current world economic crisis, many experts now argue that a massive push to develop renewable sources of energy could create millions of new jobs and help the economy recover while simultaneously improving the environment, increasing labour conditions in poor economies, and strengthening energy and food security.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Renewable energy commercialization
evidence: A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Renewable energy
evidence: Globally there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: CO2 limits won't cool the planet.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Occupational CO 2 exposure limits have been set in the United States at 0.5% (5000 ppm) for an eight-hour period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Gaia hypothesis
evidence: As the temperature rises closer to the value the white daisies like, the white daisies outreproduce the black daisies, leading to a larger percentage of white surface, and more sunlight is reflected, reducing the heat input and eventually cooling the planet.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Earth's energy budget
evidence: Climate sensitivity is the steady state change in the equilibrium temperature as a result of changes in the energy budget.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Electronic keyboard
evidence: They are not sensitive to the climate or humidity changes in a room and there is also no need for tuning, as with acoustic pianos.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Land degradation
evidence: Sensitivity is the degree to which a land system undergoes change due to natural forces, human intervention or a combination of both.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mediterranean Sea
evidence: Because of its latitude and its land-locked position, the Mediterranean is especially sensitive to astronomically induced climatic variations, which are well documented in its sedimentary record.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Perennial plant
evidence: Herbaceous perennials are also able to tolerate the extremes of cold in temperate and Arctic winters, with less sensitivity than trees or shrubs.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: If iceberg calving has happened as an average, Greenland lost 294 Gt of its mass during 2007 (one km3 of ice weighs about 0.9 Gt).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenland
evidence: Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenland
evidence: The rate of ice loss has increased from an average of 33 billion tonnes a year in the 1990s, to 254 billion tonnes a year in the last decade.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: Between 2000 and 2016, 29 % of the glacierized area was lost, the remaining area estimated at around 1,300 km2 (500 sq mi).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: Between then and 2010, the mountain lost 80 percent of its ice — two-thirds of which since another scientific expedition in the 1970s.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Polar ice cap
evidence: In August 2013, Arctic sea ice extent averaged 6.09m km2, which represents 1.13 million km2 below the 1981–2010 average for that month.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea ice
evidence: In comparison to the extended record, the sea-ice extent in the polar region by September 2007 was only half the recorded mass that had been estimated to exist within the 1950–1970 period.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea ice
evidence: Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Climate change adaptation
evidence: This causes a variety of secondary effects, namely, changes in patterns of precipitation, rising sea levels, altered patterns of agriculture, increased extreme weather events, the expansion of the range of tropical diseases, and the opening of new marine trade routes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Economic impacts of climate change
evidence: Many analyses, such as that of the Stern Review presented to the British Government, have predicted reductions by several percent of world gross domestic product due to climate related costs such as dealing with increased extreme weather events and stresses to low-lying areas due to sea level rises.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Heat wave
evidence: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: "Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: John Christy
evidence: We have found that climate models and popular surface temperature data sets overstate the changes in the real atmosphere and that actual changes are not alarming."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements
evidence: Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements
evidence: Specifically, surface data showed substantial global-average warming, while early versions of satellite and radiosonde data showed little or no warming above the surface.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: UAH satellite temperature dataset
evidence: In comparing these measurements to surface temperature models, it is important to note that values for the lower troposphere measurements taken by the MSU are a weighted average of temperatures over multiple altitudes (roughly 0 to 12 km), and not a surface temperature (as seen in figure above).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: UAH satellite temperature dataset
evidence: The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
evidence: There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: They provide an analysis of what is known and not known, the degree of consensus, and some indication of the degree of confidence that can be placed on the various statements and conclusions."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 20th century
evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human activities resulting from the industrial revolution have changed the chemical composition of the atmosphere....Deforestation is now the second largest contributor to global warming, after the burning of fossil fuels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: James Hansen
evidence: When the analysis was updated in 1988, the four warmest years on record were all in the 1980s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: James Hansen
evidence: During a senate meeting on June 23, 1988, Hansen reported that he was ninety-nine percent certain the earth was warmer then than it had ever been measured to be, there was a clear cause and effect relationship with the greenhouse effect and lastly that due to global warming, the likelihood of freak weather was steadily increasing.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: West Side Highway
evidence: The West Side Highway (officially the Joe DiMaggio Highway) is a 5.42-mile-long (8.72 km) mostly surface section of New York State Route 9A (NY 9A) that runs from West 72nd Street along the Hudson River to the southern tip of Manhattan in New York City.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: West Side Highway
evidence: Construction began in early 1996 on the West Side Highway project.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: West Side Highway
evidence: "After 20 Years of Delays, a River Park Takes Shape".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Crown-of-thorns starfish
evidence: The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is the most outstanding coral reef system in the world because of its great length, number of individual reefs and species diversity.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a "huge natural selection event unfolding".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: In the northern part of the Great Barrier Reef, ribbon reefs and deltaic reefs have formed; these structures are not found in the rest of the reef system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: Crescentic reefs are the most common shape of reef in the middle of the system, for example the reefs surrounding Lizard Island.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Effective temperature
evidence: One reason for the difference between the two values is due to the greenhouse effect, which increases the average temperature of the Earth's surface.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Simultaneously, the clouds enhance the greenhouse effect, warming the planet.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse effect
evidence: It was demonstrated experimentally (R. W. Wood, 1909) that a (not heated) "greenhouse" with a cover of rock salt (which is transparent to infrared) heats up an enclosure similarly to one with a glass cover.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: The ice age continues until the reduction in weathering causes an increase in the greenhouse effect.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Underground temperatures control climate.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate
evidence: Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and precipitation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate
evidence: Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate
evidence: Any imbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the earth.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate
evidence: Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate
evidence: Ice caps form because high-latitude regions receive less energy as solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface temperatures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Heat wave
evidence: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Human activities can also impose forcings, for example, through changing the composition of the atmosphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate system
evidence: Volcanic eruptions, solar variations and anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere and land use change are external forcings.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate system
evidence: These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Other changes are caused by external forcings.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate
evidence: Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors; recent warming is discussed in global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: 97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: 21st century
evidence: Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these "97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: In areas with high soot production, such as rural India, as much as 50% of surface warming due to greenhouse gases may be masked by atmospheric brown clouds.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Urban heat island
evidence: For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Urban heat island
evidence: In fact, the lower-tropospheric temperatures warm at a slightly greater rate over North America (about 0.28°C/decade using satellite data) than do the surface temperatures (0.27°C/decade), although again the difference is not statistically significant.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Urban heat island
evidence: This was done by using satellite-based night-light detection of urban areas, and more thorough homogenisation of the time series (with corrections, for example, for the tendency of surrounding rural stations to be slightly higher in elevation, and thus cooler, than urban areas).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Urban heat island
evidence: After trends were adjusted in urban weather stations around the world to match rural stations in their regions, in an effort to homogenise the temperature record, in 42 percent of cases, cities were getting cooler relative to their surroundings rather than warmer.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Antarctica
evidence: found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Antarctica
evidence: A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: More recently, new satellite imaging data led to calculations of Thwaites Glacier "ice shelf melt rate of 207 m/year in 2014–2017, which is the highest ice shelf melt rate on record in Antarctica."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Worry about global warming impacts in the next 100 years, not an ice age in over 10,000 years.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global catastrophic risk
evidence: These global climatic changes occurred slowly, prior to the rise of human civilization about 10 thousand years ago near the end of the last Major Ice Age when the climate became more stable.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global catastrophic risk
evidence: [citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: (Current projected consequences of global warming include a largely ice-free Arctic Ocean within 5–20 years, see Arctic shrinkage.)
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Al Gore's book is quite accurate, and far more accurate than contrarian books.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Al Gore
evidence: In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had "no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate" and its "four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research", he upheld nine of a "long schedule" of alleged errors presented to the court.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: An Inconvenient Truth
evidence: All 19 climate scientists who had seen the movie or had read the homonymous book said that Gore accurately conveyed the science, with few errors.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: An Inconvenient Truth
evidence: "He is making a qualitative point, which is entirely accurate.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: An Inconvenient Truth
evidence: The story is scientifically accurate and yet should be understandable to the public, a public that is less and less drawn to science."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Earth in the Balance
evidence: Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit (ISBN 0-452-26935-0, paperback ISBN 1-85383-743-1) is a 1992 book written by Al Gore, published in June 1992, shortly before he was elected Vice President in the 1992 presidential election.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming on human health
evidence: Earth's glaciers are expected to melt within the next forty years, greatly decreasing fresh water flow in the hotter times of the year, causing everyone to depend on rainwater, resulting in large shortages and fluctuations in fresh water availability which largely effects agriculture, power supply, and human health and well-being.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Glacier
evidence: Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Glacier
evidence: A slight cooling led to the advance of many alpine glaciers between 1950 and 1985, but since 1985 glacier retreat and mass loss has become larger and increasingly ubiquitous.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: In areas that are heavily dependent on water runoff from glaciers that melt during the warmer summer months, a continuation of the current retreat will eventually deplete the glacial ice and substantially reduce or eliminate runoff.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Water scarcity
evidence: Climate change has caused receding glaciers, reduced stream and river flow, and shrinking lakes and ponds.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar activity and climate
evidence: estimated that the residual effects of the prolonged high solar activity during the last 30 years account for between 16% and 36% of warming from 1950 to 1999.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global issue
evidence: Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfall with floods, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and massive extinctions of species due to shifting temperature regimes.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Heat wave
evidence: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Weather
evidence: Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS