Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as "ocean acidification."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbonic acid
evidence: It has been estimated that the extra dissolved carbon dioxide has caused the ocean's average surface pH to shift by about −0.1 unit from pre-industrial levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: PH
evidence: It plays an important role in the ocean's carbon cycle, and there is evidence of ongoing ocean acidification caused by carbon dioxide emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Snowball Earth
evidence: Firstly, the high carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere would cause the oceans to become acidic, and dissolve any carbonates contained within—starkly at odds with the deposition of cap carbonates.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climate sensitivity
evidence: Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global cooling
evidence: By the 1970s, scientists were becoming increasingly aware that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945, as well as the possibility of large scale warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global cooling
evidence: The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Over the past one million years climate cycles ranging from Ice Ages to warmer periods have been caused by changing levels of energy from the sun, planetary alignments and ocean currents.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate
evidence: Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate
evidence: Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate
evidence: Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Atmospheric methane
evidence: The cause of the 1998 spike is unresolved, but scientists are currently attributing it to a combination of increased wetland and rice field emissions as well as an increased amount of biomass burning.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Atmospheric methane
evidence: In accordance with the IPCC and other natural gas emissions control groups, measurements had to be taken throughout the pipeline to measure methane emissions from technological discharges and leaks at the pipeline fittings and vents.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Atmospheric methane
evidence: Although the majority of the natural gas leaks were carbon dioxide, a significant amount of methane was also being consistently released from the pipeline as a result of leaks and breakdowns.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Holocene extinction
evidence: The correlation between the decrease of CO2 in the Pleistocene and the increase of it during the Holocene implies that the causation of this spark of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere was the growth of human agriculture during the Holocene such as the anthropogenic expansion of (human) land use and irrigation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Methane
evidence: Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: La Niña
evidence: "Linear trends in sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean and implications for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: La Niña
evidence: "Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: La Niña
evidence: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Methane
evidence: The Curiosity rover has documented seasonal fluctuations of atmospheric methane levels on Mars.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Methane
evidence: These fluctuations peaked at the end of the Martian summer at 0.6 parts per billion.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 2006 North American heat wave
evidence: The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Heat wave
evidence: Also more than 2,000 people died in Karachi, Pakistan in June 2015 due to a severe heat wave with temperatures as high as 49 °C (120 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Heat wave
evidence: In every society, crime rates go up when temperatures go up, particularly violent crimes such as assault, murder, and rape.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Heat wave
evidence: "The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Heat wave
evidence: Severe heat waves have caused catastrophic crop failures, thousands of deaths from hyperthermia, and widespread power outages due to increased use of air conditioning.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Global warming is causing more hurricanes and stronger hurricanes.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hurricane Sandy
evidence: Their report also states that due to global warming the number of future hurricanes will "either decrease or remain essentially unchanged" overall, but the ones that do form will likely be stronger, with fiercer winds and heavier rains.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hurricane Sandy
evidence: As the temperature of the atmosphere increases, the capacity to hold water increases, leading to stronger storms and higher rainfall amounts.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Global warming is increasing the magnitude and frequency of droughts and floods.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Global warming is causing snow to disappear.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: While aerosols typically limit global warming by reflecting sunlight, black carbon in soot that falls on snow or ice can contribute to global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Arctic
evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Deglaciation
evidence: Around much of Earth, deglaciation during the last 100 years has been accelerating as a result of climate change, partly brought on by anthropogenic changes to greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: North Pole
evidence: The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: "Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: (2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: "What caused the recent "Warm Arctic, Cold Continents" trend pattern in winter temperatures?".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Pollution
evidence: Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: Aside from the slowing and/or reversing of calcification, organisms may suffer other adverse effects, either indirectly through negative impacts on food resources, or directly as reproductive or physiological effects.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: While the full implications of elevated CO2 on marine ecosystems are still being documented, there is a substantial body of research showing that a combination of ocean acidification and elevated ocean temperature, driven mainly by CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, have a compounded effect on marine life and the ocean environment.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: For example, in regards to safety, the report found a "[high] potential for undesirable ecological side effects", and that ocean fertilization "may increase anoxic regions of ocean ('dead zones')".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: "Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms and causing coral bleaching.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Carbon pollution is a health hazard.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Air pollution
evidence: It is considered to be a health hazard.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Air pollution
evidence: Emissions from these sources can cause respiratory disease, childhood asthma, cancer, and other health problems.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Air pollution
evidence: Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease, altered lung function and lung cancer.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hazard
evidence: Health hazards Hazards affecting the health of exposed persons, usually having an acute or chronic illness as the consequence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pollution
evidence: Short of survival, human concerns include the range from quality of life to health hazards.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level
evidence: For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: 2014–15 North American winter
evidence: Many records for snowfall and temperature were broken, many for the month of February, with every state east of the Mississippi River being colder than average, some for the entire winter.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: 2014–15 North American winter
evidence: Snowflakes fell on 19 out of 28 days in the Boston, Massachusetts area, setting records in numerous locations with depths up to over 36.0 inches (91 cm) deep in certain places.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Cold wave
evidence: Seattle recorded its snowiest winter on record with 67.5 inches (171 cm) for the season at Sea-Tac Airport.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Cold wave
evidence: Snowfall records were confirmed all over the Midwest and the Northeast, especially around the Great Lakes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Snow
evidence: The following are world records regarding snowfall and snowflakes: Highest seasonal total snowfall – The world record for the highest seasonal total snowfall was measured in the United States at Mt.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Agriculture
evidence: The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by hunting and gathering.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Burkina Faso
evidence: Burkina Faso's rapidly growing population (around 3.6% annually) continues to put a strain on the country's resources and infrastructure, which can further limit accessibility to food.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Socio-economic factors have contributed to the observed trend of global losses, e.g., population growth, increased wealth.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Forestry in India
evidence: India defines forest management as one where the economic needs of local communities are not ignored, rather forests are sustained while meeting nation's economic needs and local issues through scientific forestry.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Vietnam
evidence: The average growth rate of the urban population has recently increased which is attributed mainly to migration and rapid urbanisation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Droughts and floods have not changed since weve been using fossil fuels
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Drought
evidence: According to the WWF, the combination of climate change and deforestation increases the drying effect of dead trees that fuels forest fires.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: However, other research suggests that there has been little change in drought over the past 60 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Due to deforestation the rainforest is losing this ability, exacerbated by climate change which brings more frequent droughts to the area.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: History of the world
evidence: The increased demands are contributing to increased environmental degradation and to global warming, with resultant intensification of tropical cyclones, floods, droughts, forest fires, and incidence of hyperthermia deaths.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Heat wave
evidence: The famous heat wave events of Chicago in 1995 and the European heat wave of 2003 regions will experience longer, more frequent and more intense heat waves in the latter 21st century.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Heat wave
evidence: June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Heat wave
evidence: This was used to estimate heat waves occurrence at the global scale from 1901 to 2010, finding a substantial and sharp increase in the amount of affected areas in the last two decades.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Heat wave
evidence: 's Heat Wave Duration Index is that a heat wave occurs when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F), the normal period being 1961–1990.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: List of heat waves
evidence: Massive heat waves across North America were persistent in the 1930s, many mid-Atlantic/Ohio valley states recorded their highest temperatures during July 1934.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: The CRU emails do not show either that the science is flawed or that the scientific process has been compromised.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: In blogs, talk radio and other new media, we are told that the warnings about future global warming issued by the national science academies, scientific societies, and governments of all the leading nations are not only mistaken, but based on a hoax, indeed a conspiracy that must involve thousands of respected researchers.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: An editorial in Nature stated that "A fair reading of the e-mails reveals nothing to support the denialists' conspiracy theories."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Conspiracy theory
evidence: "Analysis of the appeal of conspiracy theories with suggestions for more accurate ad hoc internet reporting of them".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Phil Jones (climatologist)
evidence: "'Conspiracy theories finally laid to rest' by report on leaked climate change emails".
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Hurricanes aren't linked to global warming
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Atlantic hurricane
evidence: "1.3: A Global Climatology".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming on human health
evidence: Health concerns around the world can be linked to floods.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: "Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hurricane Sandy
evidence: Global warming contributes 0.6°C to this.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tropical cyclone
evidence: "African Dust Linked To Hurricane Strength".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Extreme weather
evidence: Extreme Weather Prompts Unprecedented Global Warming Alert.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Extreme weather
evidence: Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Extreme weather
evidence: Researchers have for the first time attributed recent floods, droughts and heat waves, to human-induced climate change.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Arctic ice pack
evidence: The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Arctic ice pack
evidence: As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic oscillation
evidence: The Arctic oscillation (AO) or Northern Annular Mode/Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode (NAM) is a weather phenomenon at the Arctic poles north of 20 degrees latitude.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic
evidence: "Arctic cut-off high drives the poleward shift of a new Greenland melting record".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic
evidence: The melting of the ice is making the Northwest Passage, the shipping routes through the northernmost latitudes, more navigable, raising the possibility that the Arctic region will become a prime trade route.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Atmospheric methane
evidence: Atmospheric methane concentrations are of interest because it is one of the most potent greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The oxidation of methane can produce both ozone and water; and is a major source of water vapor in the normally dry stratosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Natural gas
evidence: Natural gas is thus a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide due to the greater global-warming potential of methane.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Water vapor
evidence: Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Water vapor
evidence: Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Polar bear numbers are increasing
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Polar bear
evidence: For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Polar bear
evidence: "Ask the experts: Are polar bear populations increasing?".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Polar bear
evidence: The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s, peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Polar bear
evidence: Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Polar bear
evidence: Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Through its impacts on the climate, CO2 presents a danger to public health and welfare, and thus qualifies as an air pollutant
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Air pollution
evidence: An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Climate change will impact agriculture and food production around the world due to the effects of elevated CO2 in the atmosphere, higher temperatures, altered precipitation and transpiration regimes, increased frequency of extreme events, and modified weed, pest, and pathogen pressure.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Tipping points are "perhaps the most ‘dangerous’ aspect of future climate changes", leading to irreversible impacts on society.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Human impact on the environment
evidence: This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide, for which transport is the fastest-growing emission sector.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: It is anticipated that continuing changes to the climate will have serious negative impacts on public, animal and ecosystem health due to extreme weather events, changing disease transmission dynamics, emerging and re-emerging diseases, and alterations to habitat and ecological systems that are essential to wildlife conservation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Adventure Time
evidence: The first game based on the series, Adventure Time: Hey Ice King!
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Antarctica
evidence: This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Captain America: The First Avenger
evidence: ... We have to deal with much the same way that Captain America, when thawed from the Arctic ice, entered a world that he didn't recognize," similar to the way Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced the character in the 1960s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hip hop music
evidence: Hip hop's "golden age" (or "golden era") is a name given to a period in mainstream hip hop, produced between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s, which is characterized by its diversity, quality, innovation and influence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Toy Story
evidence: "'Toy Story' Takes the Ice to the Blue Line and Beyond!".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Second law of thermodynamics
evidence: The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Second law of thermodynamics
evidence: This does not conflict with notions that have been observed of the fundamental laws of physics, namely CPT symmetry, since the second law applies statistically, it is hypothesized, on time-asymmetric boundary conditions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Second law of thermodynamics
evidence: Loschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time-symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Second law of thermodynamics
evidence: The recurrence theorem may be perceived as apparently contradicting the second law of thermodynamics.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Second law of thermodynamics
evidence: This law is the basis of temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Ganges
evidence: In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Fourth Report, stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river, were at risk of melting by 2035.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ganges
evidence: In its statement, the IPCC stands by its general findings relating to the Himalayan glaciers being at risk from global warming (with consequent risks to water flow into the Gangetic basin).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: The report has also been criticized for inclusion of an erroneous date for the projected demise of the Himalayan glaciers.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Two errors include the melting of Himalayan glaciers (see later section), and Dutch land area that is below sea level.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson said, regarding the Himalayan glaciers estimation, "The mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Clouds provide negative feedback
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Cloud feedback
evidence: Changes in subtropical humidity could provide a negative feedback that decreases the amount of water vapor which in turn would act to mediate global climate transitions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cloud feedback
evidence: The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Cloud
evidence: Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Cloud
evidence: But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Tropical cyclone
evidence: This effect results in a negative feedback process that can inhibit further development or lead to weakening.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Amazon basin
evidence: Most of the basin is covered by the Amazon Rainforest, also known as Amazonia.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Amazon rainforest
evidence: It concluded that the forest is on the brink of[vague] being turned into savanna or desert, with catastrophic consequences for the world's climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Amazon rainforest
evidence: Research suggests that upon reaching about 20–25% (hence 3–8% more), the tipping point to flip it into a non-forest ecosystems – degraded savannah – (in eastern, southern and central Amazonia) will be reached.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Deforestation
evidence: IPCC NASA Data Shows Deforestation Affects Climate In The Amazon.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tropical rainforest
evidence: "Above- and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Greenland ice sheet won't collapse
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: On balance, the IPCC estimates −44 ± 53 Gt/yr, which means that the ice sheet may currently be melting.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: "Greenland Hits 97 Percent Meltdown in July".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: "Images Show Breakup of Two of Greenland's Largest Glaciers, Predict Disintegration in Near Future".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: James E. Hansen has argued that multiple positive feedbacks could lead to nonlinear ice sheet disintegration much faster than claimed by the IPCC.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenland
evidence: If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Excess CO2 from human emissions has a long residence time of over 100 years
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The average residence time of a water molecule in the atmosphere is only about nine days, compared to years or centuries for other greenhouse gases such as CH 4 and CO 2.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Aside from water vapor, which has a residence time of about nine days, major greenhouse gases are well mixed and take many years to leave the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Carbon dioxide has a variable atmospheric lifetime, and cannot be specified precisely.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is estimated of the order of 30–95 years.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Although more than half of the CO 2 emitted is removed from the atmosphere within a century, some fraction (about 20%) of emitted CO 2 remains in the atmosphere for many thousands of years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Climatic Research Unit documents
evidence: The email was widely misquoted as a "trick" to "hide the decline" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, but this was obviously untrue as when the email was written temperatures were far from declining: 1998 had been the warmest year recorded.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climatic Research Unit documents
evidence: On 9 December 2009 Sarah Palin said the truncated phrase showed a "highly politicised scientific circle" had "manipulated data to 'hide the decline' in global temperatures", and at the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, senator Senator Jim Inhofe quoted Jones, and said "Of course he means hide the decline in temperatures".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climatic Research Unit documents
evidence: The phrase "hide the decline" referred specifically to the divergence problem in which some post 1960 tree ring proxy data indicates a decline while measured temperatures rise.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: Despite this and the fact that 1999 had just seen record breaking global temperatures, the email was widely misquoted as a "trick" to "hide the decline" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, an accusation made publicly by the politicians Sarah Palin and Jim Inhofe.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: "Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: "Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: "UK Parliament declares climate change emergency".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term "climate change".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In technical sources, the term climate change is also used to refer to past and future climate changes that persist for and extended period of time, and includes regional changes as well as global change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: 'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term "climate change".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until 1975, when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In technical sources, the term climate change is also used to refer to past and future climate changes that persist for and extended period of time, and includes regional changes as well as global change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: IPCC overestimate temperature rise
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: As global average temperature increase exceeds about 3.5°C, model projections suggest significant extinctions (40–70% of species assessed) around the globe.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: This range of values is not a projection of the temperature rise we will see in the 21st century, since the future change in carbon dioxide concentrations is unknown, and factors besides carbon dioxide concentrations affect temperature.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Richard Lindzen
evidence: The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3 °C (5.4 °F), ± 1.5°.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Peer review process was corrupted
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Peer review
evidence: Richard Smith, MD, former editor of the British Medical Journal, has claimed that peer review is "ineffective, largely a lottery, anti-innovatory, slow, expensive, wasteful of scientific time, inefficient, easily abused, prone to bias, unable to detect fraud and irrelevant; Several studies have shown that peer review is biased against the provincial and those from low- and middle-income countries; Many journals take months and even years to publish and the process wastes researchers' time.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Peer review
evidence: Multiple examples across several areas of science find that scientists elevated the importance of peer review for research that was questionable or corrupted.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Peer review
evidence: At times, peer review has been exposed as a process that was orchestrated for a preconceived outcome.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Peer review
evidence: In 2010, the US Senate Finance Committee released a report that found this practice was widespread, that it corrupted the scientific literature and increased prescription rates.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Peer review
evidence: If anything, the current peer review process and academic system could penalize, or at least fail to incentivize, such integrity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on  physics, not statistics.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Using different satellites from 1992 to 2017 shows melt is increasing significantly over this period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: As climate research into past and present sea levels leads to improved computer models, projections have consistently increased.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Climate system
evidence: Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Holocene extinction
evidence: In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels on a global scale, and when these alterations caused changes to global climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Holocene extinction
evidence: The timing of South American megafaunal extinction appears to precede human arrival, although the possibility that human activity at the time impacted the global climate enough to cause such an extinction has been suggested.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Human impact on the environment
evidence: In the real world, consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to global warming and climate change.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Human
evidence: Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Lindzen and Choi find low climate sensitivity
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: "SYR 2.3: Climate sensitivity and feedbacks".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: "Heat Capacity, Time Constant and Sensitivity of Earth's Climate System" (PDF).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Iris hypothesis
evidence: "Missing iris effect as a possible cause of muted hydrological change and high climate sensitivity in models".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Richard Lindzen
evidence: This hypothesis suggests a negative feedback which would counter the effects of CO 2 warming by lowering the climate sensitivity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Richard Lindzen
evidence: Lindzen has given estimates of the Earth's climate sensitivity to be 0.5 °C based on ERBE data.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS