Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans
evidence: It was also forecast that the storm surge in Lake Pontchartrain would reach 14–18 feet (4.3–5.5 m), with waves reaching 7 feet (2 m) above the storm surge.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hurricane Katrina
evidence: The height of the surge is uncertain because of a lack of data, although a tide gauge in Plaquemines Parish indicated a storm tide in excess of 14 feet (4.3 m) and a 12-foot (3.7 m) storm surge was recorded in Grand Isle.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hurricane Katrina
evidence: The range of surge levels in eastern St. Tammany Parish is estimated at 13–16 feet (4.0–4.9 m), not including wave action.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hurricane Katrina
evidence: Since the storm surge produced by the hurricane's right-front quadrant (containing the strongest winds) was forecast to be 28 feet (8.5 m), while the levees offered protection to 23 feet (7.0 m), emergency management officials in New Orleans feared that the storm surge could go over the tops of levees protecting the city, causing major flooding.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Storm surge
evidence: A storm surge of 14 ft (4.2 m) occurred in New York City during Hurricane Sandy in October 2012.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Hillary Clinton
evidence: Clinton's story was thoroughly investigated by Fact Checker Michelle Ye Hee Lee in the Washington Post.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of subsidence (land sinking or settling) or post-glacial rebound (land rising due to the loss of the weight of ice after melting), so that local sea level rise may be higher or lower than the global average.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: An example is the extension of the Delta Works in the Netherlands, a country that sits partially below sea level and is subsiding.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: A study conducted between 1982 and 2010 found that some areas of Jakarta have been sinking by as much as 28 cm (11 inches) per year due to ground water drilling and the weight of its buildings, and the problem is now exacerbated by sea level rise.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: In Europe for instance, considerable variation is found because some land areas are rising while others are sinking.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: […]until we develop a practical, cost-competitive alternative to fossil fuels, it is unlikely that renewable energy will ever make up more than 15-20% of global energy requirements.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Cellulosic ethanol
evidence: "The production of cellulosic ethanol represents not only a step toward true energy diversity for the country, but a very cost-effective alternative to fossil fuels.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Nuclear power debate
evidence: The World Nuclear Association argues that: "Obviously sun, wind, tides and waves cannot be controlled to provide directly either continuous base-load power, or peak-load power when it is needed,..." "In practical terms non-hydro renewables are therefore able to supply up to some 15–20% of the capacity of an electricity grid, though they cannot directly be applied as economic substitutes for most coal or nuclear power, however significant they become in particular areas with favourable conditions."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Renewable energy
evidence: According to the International Energy Agency, biofuels have the potential to meet more than a quarter of world demand for transportation fuels by 2050.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Renewable energy
evidence: National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond, and some 120 countries have various policy targets for longer-term shares of renewable energy, including a 20% target of all electricity generated for the European Union by 2020.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Renewable energy
evidence: Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be five times total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity demand, assuming all practical barriers needed were overcome.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: But the observed warming as monitored by satellites (our only truly global monitoring system) has been only about half of what computerized climate models say should be happening.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Solar irradiance has been measured directly by satellites, and indirect measurements are available beginning in the early 1600s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Funamanu
evidence: Paul Kench at the University of Auckland in New Zealand and Arthur Webb at the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji released a study in 2010 on the dynamic response of reef islands to sea level rise in the central Pacific.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Geography of Tuvalu
evidence: Tuvalu was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that seven islands in one of its nine atolls have spread by more than 3 per cent on average since the 1950s.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Kiribati
evidence: Paul Kench at the University of Auckland in New Zealand and Arthur Webb at the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji released a study in 2010 on the dynamic response of atolls and reef islands in the central Pacific.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Kiribati
evidence: Kiribati was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that the three major urbanised islands in Kiribati—Betio, Bairiki and Nanikai—increased by 30% (36 hectares), 16.3% (5.8 hectares) and 12.5% (0.8 hectares), respectively.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Tuvalu
evidence: A study published in 2018 estimated the change in land area of Tuvalu's nine atolls and 101 reef islands between 1971 and 2014, indicating that 75% of the islands had grown in area, with an overall increase of more than 2%.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: “It seems self-evident that rising sea levels will reduce land area.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: "The rate of sea-level rise".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate change threatens to diminish crop yields, harming food security, and rising sea levels may flood coastal infrastructure and force the abandonment of many coastal cities.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Humans impact how much water is stored on land.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: However, there is a process of accretion, where coral broken up by the waves washes up on these low-lying islands as sand, counteracting the reduction in land mass.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Barrier island
evidence: If sea level changes are too drastic, time will be insufficient for wave action to accumulate sand into a dune, which will eventually become a barrier island through aggradation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Barrier island
evidence: He believed that waves moving into shallow water churned up sand, which was deposited in the form of a submarine bar when the waves broke and lost much of their energy.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Coral reef
evidence: Habili – reef specific to the Red Sea; does not reach near enough to the surface to cause visible surf; may be a hazard to ships (from the Arabic for "unborn") Microatoll – community of species of corals; vertical growth limited by average tidal height; growth morphologies offer a low-resolution record of patterns of sea level change; fossilized remains can be dated using radioactive carbon dating and have been used to reconstruct Holocene sea levels Cays – small, low-elevation, sandy islands formed on the surface of coral reefs from eroded material that piles up, forming an area above sea level; can be stabilized by plants to become habitable; occur in tropical environments throughout the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans (including the Caribbean and on the Great Barrier Reef and Belize Barrier Reef), where they provide habitable and agricultural land Seamount or guyot – formed when a coral reef on a volcanic island subsides; tops of seamounts are rounded and guyots are flat; flat tops of guyots, or tablemounts, are due to erosion by waves, winds, and atmospheric processes Coral reef ecosystems contain distinct zones that host different kinds of habitats.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Coral reef
evidence: Waves, grazing fish (such as parrotfish), sea urchins, sponges and other forces and organisms act as bioeroders, breaking down coral skeletons into fragments that settle into spaces in the reef structure or form sandy bottoms in associated reef lagoons.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Coral
evidence: Over time, corals fragment and die, sand and rubble accumulates between the corals, and the shells of clams and other molluscs decay to form a gradually evolving calcium carbonate structure.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Battle of the Coral Sea
evidence: Heavily damaged and without power, Neosho was left drifting and slowly sinking (16°09′S 158°03′E﻿ / ﻿16.150°S 158.050°E﻿ / -16.150; 158.050).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Bikini Atoll
evidence: "Exiled by nuclear testing, rising seas force Bikinians to flee again".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Kiribati
evidence: Since land height has not changed the vulnerability of the greater part of the land area of each island to submergence due to sea level rise is also unchanged and these low-lying atolls remain immediately and extremely vulnerable to inundation or sea water flooding."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Kiribati
evidence: "Entire nation of Kiribati to be relocated over rising sea level threat".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Kiribati
evidence: "Islands disappear under rising seas".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Hilda Heine
evidence: "First female President Hilda Hine elected in the Marshall Islands".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hilda Heine
evidence: "Hilda Heine elected first female Pacific leader as president of Marshall Islands".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Marshall Islands
evidence: "A sinking feeling: why is the president of the tiny Pacific island nation of Nauru so concerned about climate change?".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Marshall Islands
evidence: "In The Marshall Islands, Traditional Agriculture And Healthy Eating Are A Climate Change Strategy".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Marshall Islands
evidence: According to the president of Nauru, the Marshall Islands are the most endangered nation in the world due to flooding from climate change.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Development communication
evidence: Communication for development is seen as a two-way process for sharing ideas and knowledge using a range of communication tools and approaches that empower individuals and communities to take actions to improve their lives.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Development communication
evidence: Its approach is anticipatory which aims to improve policymaking in order to provide as much lead time as necessary in the solution of societal problems.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Development communication
evidence: Policy sciences are concerned with helping people make better decisions toward fostering human dignity for all.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Development communication
evidence: Submission of reports provides specific interventions that will guide policy makers in decisions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Marshall Islands
evidence: United States government assistance is the mainstay of the economy.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: ” ‘You see, gas in America is incredibly cheap, because of fracking,’ he says.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Natural gas
evidence: The high pressure water breaks up or "fracks" the rock, which releases gas from the rock formation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Natural gas
evidence: In April 2008, the wholesale price was $10 per 1000 cubic feet ($10/million BTU).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Shale gas
evidence: Shale gas tends to cost more to produce than gas from conventional wells, because of the expense of the massive hydraulic fracturing treatments required to produce shale gas, and of horizontal drilling.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Shale gas
evidence: Natural gas for industrial use has become cheaper by around 30% compared to the rest of the US.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Shale gas
evidence: "Will Natural Gas Stay Cheap Enough To Replace Coal And Lower US Carbon Emissions".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The discrepancy between model-predicted warming and (lower) real-world observations has inspired new respect for natural climate variability relative to greenhouse-gas forcing.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Barnett and colleagues (2005) say that the observed warming of the oceans "cannot be explained by natural internal climate variability or solar and volcanic forcing, but is well simulated by two anthropogenically forced climate models," concluding that "it is of human origin, a conclusion robust to observational sampling and model differences".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Models are unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when they only take into account variations in total solar irradiance and volcanic activity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Models indicate that solar and volcanic forcings can explain periods of relative warmth and cold between AD 1000 and 1900, but human-induced forcings are needed to reproduce the late-20th century warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global cooling
evidence: When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that "CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate change threatens to diminish crop yields, harming food security, and rising sea levels may flood coastal infrastructure and force the abandonment of many coastal cities.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: “In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: 2010 United Kingdom general election
evidence: Realising that a deal between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats was imminent, the next day on Tuesday 11 May Brown announced his resignation as Prime Minister, marking the end of 13 years of Labour government.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In 2009 several UNFCCC Parties produced the Copenhagen Accord, which has been widely portrayed as disappointing because of its low goals, leading poor nations to reject it.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Gordon Brown
evidence: After initial rises in opinion polls following Brown becoming Prime Minister, Labour's popularity declined with the onset of a recession in 2008, leading to poor results in the local and European elections in 2009.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Gordon Brown
evidence: On 5 June 2007, just three weeks before he was due to take the post of Prime Minister, Brown made a speech promising "British Jobs for British workers".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Gordon Brown
evidence: Appearances and news coverage leading up to the handover were interpreted as preparing the ground for Brown to become Prime Minister, in part by creating the impression of a statesman with a vision for leadership and global change.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: “climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Carbon tax
evidence: In economic theory, pollution is considered a negative externality, a negative effect on a third party not directly involved in a transaction, and is a type of market failure.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Externality
evidence: Externalities can be either positive or negative.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Externality
evidence: A positive externality (also called "external benefit" or "external economy" or "beneficial externality") is the positive effect an activity imposes on an unrelated third party.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Highway
evidence: The contribution of transport systems to potentially hazardous climate change is a significant negative externality which is difficult to evaluate quantitatively, making it difficult (but not impossible) to include in transport economics-based research and analysis.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tax
evidence: Economists describe environmental impacts as negative externalities.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: (In technical lingo, the so-called social cost of carbon would be negative.)”
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon credit
evidence: Nordhaus has suggested, based on the social cost of carbon emissions, that an optimal price of carbon is around $30(US) per ton and will need to increase with inflation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon credit
evidence: The social cost of carbon is the additional damage caused by an additional ton of carbon emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon price
evidence: So again we have the right outcome — provided the carbon price equals the social cost.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon tax
evidence: Several administrative advisers have stated that the social cost should be reduced to zero (currently at $36 per ton of carbon dioxide).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon tax
evidence: Carbon emissions have an "unpriced" societal cost in terms of their deleterious effects on the earth's climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: …obsessing about climate change is avoiding a frank discussion about the here-and-now problems of budget deficits, the federal debt, school choice, entitlement reform, and so on.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Political positions of Paul Ryan
evidence: He suggested using discussions about raising the federal debt ceiling as "leverage" to reduce federal spending.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Political positions of Paul Ryan
evidence: He helped bring the issues of the national debt and the national deficit into the national policy debate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Political positions of Paul Ryan
evidence: His positions on fiscal policy have included tax cuts, cuts to entitlement programs, freezes on discretionary spending, the elimination of automatic inflation increases in calculating budget baselines, deregulation, and the privatization of social security, Medicare, Medicaid, and education.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United States federal budget
evidence: Prior to the 2008-2009 U.S. recession, experts argued for steps to be put in place immediately to address an unsustainable trajectory of federal deficits.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: United States federal budget
evidence: "Ignoring the Debt Problem".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Global warming is driving major melting on the surface of Greenland’s glaciers and is speeding up their travel into the sea.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: When the meltwater seeps down through cracks in the sheet, it accelerates the melting and, in some areas, allows the ice to slide more easily over the bedrock below, speeding its movement to the sea.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
evidence: Global warming could lead to an increase in freshwater in the northern oceans, by melting glaciers in Greenland, and by increasing precipitation, especially through Siberian rivers.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The melting Greenland ice sheet is already a major contributor to rising sea level and if it was eventually lost entirely, the oceans would rise by six metres around the world, flooding many of the world’s largest cities.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: If the entire 2,850,000 km3 (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise 7.2 m (24 ft).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: If the entire 2,850,000 cubic kilometres (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of 7.2 m (24 ft).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenland
evidence: If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ice sheet
evidence: The Greenland ice sheet occupies about 82% of the surface of Greenland, and if melted would cause sea levels to rise by 7.2 metres.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: 2013 in science
evidence: Rapidly melting sea ice is causing ocean acidification in the Arctic to occur at faster rates than previously forecast, with serious implications for the food web, according to new research.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: The data show a long-term negative trend in recent years, attributed to global warming, although there is also a considerable amount of variation from year to year.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Future of Earth
evidence: However, the long-term trend is for the plant life on land to die off altogether as most of the remaining carbon in the atmosphere becomes sequestered in the Earth.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: A 2019 study showed that Antarctica is losing ice six times faster than it was 40 years ago.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: More recent research, especially into Antarctica, indicates that this is probably a conservative estimate and true long-term sea level rise might be higher.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: “Federal scientists have documented a sharp jump in this nuisance flooding — often called ‘sunny-day flooding’ — along both the East Coast and the Gulf Coast in recent years.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Gulf Coast of the United States
evidence: The area is vulnerable to hurricanes as well as floods and severe thunderstorms.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Gulf Coast of the United States
evidence: In August 2017, Hurricane Harvey made landfall along the central Texas coast, then migrated to and stalled over the greater Houston area for several days, producing extreme, unprecedented rainfall totals of over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in many areas, unleashing widespread flooding.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mississippi
evidence: The French called the greater territory "New France"; the Spanish continued to claim part of the Gulf coast area (east of Mobile Bay) of present-day southern Alabama, in addition to the entire area of present-day Florida.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: New Orleans
evidence: As the hurricane passed through the Gulf Coast region, the city's federal flood protection system failed, resulting in the worst civil engineering disaster in American history.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United States
evidence: The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast, both ranges reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet (4,300 m).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: River Parrett
evidence: The area is prone to winter floods of fresh water and occasional salt water inundations, the worst of which in recorded history was the Bristol Channel floods of 1607, which resulted in the drowning of an estimated 2,000 or more people, with houses and villages swept away, an estimated 200 square miles (520 km2) of farmland inundated and livestock destroyed.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: River Thames
evidence: Wells with water tables that mixed with tributaries (or the non-tidal Thames) faced such pollution with the widespread installation of the flush toilet in the 1850s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Salt marsh
evidence: Coastal salt marshes can be distinguished from terrestrial habitats by the daily tidal flow that occurs and continuously floods the area.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Salt pannes and pools
evidence: High salt marsh Arrow-grass (forb) panne Briefly flooded, very shallow with a moderate amount of vegetation usually dominated by Arrow grass (Triglochin maritimum), with the deeper sections possibly remaining unvegetated.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Wetland
evidence: A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: On the Pacific Coast, a climate pattern that had pushed billions of gallons of water toward Asia is now ending, so that in coming decades the sea is likely to rise quickly off states like Oregon and California.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: California
evidence: The state's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west to the Sierra Nevada mountain range in the east, and from the redwood and Douglas fir forests in the northwest to the Mojave Desert in the southeast.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Oregon
evidence: The state's southwestern portion, particularly the Rogue Valley, has a Mediterranean climate with drier and sunnier winters and hotter summers, similar to Northern California.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United States
evidence: The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California, and oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington and southern Alaska.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Western United States
evidence: Along the Pacific Ocean coast lie the Coast Ranges, which, while not approaching the scale of the Rocky Mountains, are formidable nevertheless.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Western United States
evidence: Annual rainfall is greater in the eastern portions, gradually tapering off until reaching the Pacific Coast where it increases again.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: The ice shields of Antarctica and Greenland are counted as land, even though much of the rock that supports them lies below sea level.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: Sea levels drop due to the removal of large volumes of water above sea level in the icecaps.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: During the last glacial period the sea-level has fluctuated 20–30 m as water was sequestered, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ice age
evidence: During glaciation, water was taken from the oceans to form the ice at high latitudes, thus global sea level dropped by about 110 meters, exposing the continental shelves and forming land-bridges between land-masses for animals to migrate.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Quaternary glaciation
evidence: Due to the volume of ice on land, sea level was about 120 meters lower than present.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: the last sea-level high point, … occurred between the last two ice ages, about 125,000 years ago.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Beringia
evidence: The last glacial period, commonly referred to as the "Ice Age", spanned 125,000–14,500 YBP and was the most recent glacial period within the current ice age, which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene era.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Beringia
evidence: The Ice Age reached its peak during the Last Glacial Maximum, when ice sheets began advancing from 33,000 YBP and reached their maximum limits 26,500 YBP.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: The Andean-Saharan occurred from 460 to 420 million years ago, during the Late Ordovician and the Silurian period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Last Glacial Period
evidence: The Last Glacial Period (LGP) occurred from the end of the Eemian to the end of the Younger Dryas, encompassing the period c. 115,000 – c. 11,700 years ago.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Weichselian glaciation
evidence: The last cold period began about 115,000 years ago and ended 11,700 years ago.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Human
evidence: Though most of human existence has been sustained by hunting and gathering in band societies, many human societies transitioned to sedentary agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago, domesticating plants and animals, thus enabling the growth of civilization.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Human
evidence: Humans began to exhibit evidence of behavioral modernity at least by about 100-70,000 years ago and (according to recent evidence) as far back as around 300,000 years ago, in the Middle Stone Age, (with some features of behavioral modernity possibly beginning earlier, and possibly in parallel with evolutionary brain globularization in H. sapiens).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Human
evidence: [citation needed] By the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic period (50,000 BP), and likely significantly earlier by 100-70,000 years ago or possibly by about 300,000 years ago behavioral modernity, including language, music and other cultural universals had developed.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Human
evidence: Agriculture and sedentary lifestyle led to the emergence of early civilizations (the development of urban development, complex society, social stratification and writing) from about 5,000 years ago (the Bronze Age), first beginning in Mesopotamia.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United States
evidence: Over the years, more and more evidence has advanced the idea of "pre-Clovis" cultures including tools dating back about 15,550 years ago.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “Ice-free means the central basin of the Arctic will be ice-free
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Arctic Circle
evidence: The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold, but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream, which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice-free all year long.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: "Patterns of zooplankton diversity through the depths of the Arctic's central basins".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: The two major basins are further subdivided by ridges into the Canada Basin (between Alaska/Canada and the Alpha Ridge), Makarov Basin (between the Alpha and Lomonosov Ridges), Amundsen Basin (between Lomonosov and Gakkel ridges), and Nansen Basin (between the Gakkel Ridge and the continental shelf that includes the Franz Josef Land).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: As temperatures cool dramatically in the winter, ice forms and intense vertical convection allows the water to become dense enough to sink below the warm saline water below.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: North America
evidence: Greenland, along with the Canadian Shield, is tundra with average temperatures ranging from 10 to 20 °C (50 to 68 °F), but central Greenland is composed of a very large ice sheet.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: by that I mean the central Arctic will be ice-free.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Arctic
evidence: The melting of the ice is making the Northwest Passage, the shipping routes through the northernmost latitudes, more navigable, raising the possibility that the Arctic region will become a prime trade route.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Earth
evidence: Most fresh water, about 68.7%, is present as ice in ice caps and glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: They include effects on the oceans, ice, and weather and may occur gradually or rapidly.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Murmansk
evidence: The port of Murmansk remains ice-free year round due to the warm North Atlantic Current and is an important fishing and shipping destination.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: "Extreme melt onCanada's Arctic ice caps in the 21st century".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: Much of the Arctic ice pack is also covered in snow for about 10 months of the year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: It covers almost 14 million km2 and some 30 million km3 of ice.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea ice
evidence: In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea ice
evidence: Predictions of when the first "ice free" Arctic summer might occur vary.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Most people expect this year will see a record low in the Arctic’s summer sea-ice cover.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic ice pack
evidence: "Nonetheless, the extreme loss of this summer’s sea ice cover and the slow onset of freeze-up portends lower than normal ice extent throughout autumn and winter, and the ice that grows back is likely to be fairly thin".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: "Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: "US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: "Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years," Gore said.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: Models that best match historical trends project a nearly ice-free Arctic in the summer by the 2030s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: "A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: “Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Clathrate gun hypothesis
evidence: (2008) estimate that not less than 1,400 gigatonnes of carbon is presently locked up as methane and methane hydrates under the Arctic submarine permafrost, and 5–10% of that area is subject to puncturing by open taliks.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Methane
evidence: Significant reservoirs of methane clathrates have been found in arctic permafrost and along continental margins beneath the ocean floor within the gas clathrate stability zone, located at high pressures (1 to 100 MPa; lower end requires lower temperature) and low temperatures (< 15 °C; upper end requires higher pressure).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Permafrost carbon cycle
evidence: Methane clathrate, or hydrates, occur within and below permafrost soils.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Permafrost
evidence: It also contains gas hydrates in places, which are a "potential abundant source of energy" but may also destabilize as subsea permafrost warms and thaws, producing large amounts of methane gas, which is a potent greenhouse gas.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Permian–Triassic extinction event
evidence: "The potential volume of oceanic methane hydrates with variable external conditions".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: In its fifth assessment report (2013) the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated how much sea level is likely to rise in the 21st century based on different levels of greenhouse gas emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: Nevertheless, as all the explorers who travelled closer and closer to the pole reported, the polar ice cap is quite thick, and persists year-round.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: Other studies show that between 1960 and 1999, the Devon Ice Cap lost 67 km3 (16 cu mi) of ice, mainly through thinning.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: The 66 km2 (25 sq mi) ice shelf drifted into the Arctic Ocean.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: ‘Next year or the year after, the Arctic will be free of ice’
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: "Expert predicts ice-free Arctic by 2020 as UN releases climate report".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: "US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ice age
evidence: (Current projected consequences of global warming include a largely ice-free Arctic Ocean within 5–20 years, see Arctic shrinkage.)
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: North Pole
evidence: Reports have also predicted that within a few decades the Arctic Ocean will be entirely free of ice in the summer.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: “as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Atmospheric methane
evidence: This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Eocene
evidence: These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Water vapor
evidence: The upper temperature level is given by the soil or water surface of the earth, which absorbs the incoming sun radiation and warms up, evaporating water.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Water
evidence: Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: While the north-east, midwest and upper great plains have experienced a 30% increase in heavy rainfall episodes – considered once-in-every-five year downpours – parts of the west, particularly California, have been parched by drought.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: California
evidence: Water use and conservation in California is a politically divisive issue, as the state experiences periodic droughts and has to balance the demands of its large agricultural and urban sectors, especially in the arid southern portion of the state.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: San Joaquin Valley
evidence: The valley experienced a severe drought from 2011 to 2017.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: San Joaquin Valley
evidence: By August 2014, a three-year drought was prompting changes to the agriculture industry in the valley.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Western United States
evidence: However, parts of the West get extremely high amounts of rain or snow, and still other parts are true desert and get less than 5 inches (130 mm) of rain per year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Western United States
evidence: Drought is much more common in the West than the rest of the United States.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS