Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Solar panel
evidence: Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar panel
evidence: Even though such installations might not produce the maximum possible total energy, their power output would likely be more consistent throughout the day and possibly larger during peak demand.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar panel
evidence: Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Spirit (rover)
evidence: Normally the solar arrays on the rovers are able to generate up to 700 watt-hours (2,500 kJ) of energy per Martian day.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Spirit (rover)
evidence: Solar arrays generate about 140 watts for up to four hours per Martian day (sol) while rechargeable lithium ion batteries store energy for use at night.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a "carbon tax" hurt her terribly politically.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Emissions trading
evidence: The fixed price lent itself to characterisation as a carbon tax and when the government proposed the Clean Energy Bill in February 2011, the opposition claimed it to be a broken election promise.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Julia Gillard
evidence: Gillard initially ruled out a "carbon tax" but said that she would build community consensus for a price on carbon and open negotiations with the mining industry for a re-vamped mining profits tax.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Julia Gillard
evidence: Following the 2010 hung parliament election result, the Labor Party elected to adopt the Australian Greens preference for a carbon tax to transition to an emissions trading scheme, establishing a carbon price via the Clean Energy Act 2011.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Julia Gillard
evidence: During the 2010 election campaign, Gillard also said that no carbon tax would be introduced under a government she led.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Julia Gillard
evidence: Prime Minister Kevin Rudd suffered a decline in his personal ratings, and a perceived loss of support among his own MPs, following the failure of the Government's insulation program, controversy regarding the implementation of a tax on mining, the failure of the government to secure passage of its carbon trading scheme and some policy debate about immigration policy.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 20th century
evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cold wave
evidence: All the winter months that season saw temperatures well below average across the continent.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cold wave
evidence: 1956 1956 European cold wave – February 1956 was the coldest month of the twentieth century over large areas of Western Europe, with mean temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) as far south as Marseilles being utterly unprecedented in records dating back into the eighteenth century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Since the pre-industrial period, global average land temperatures have increased almost twice as fast as global average temperatures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Arctic
evidence: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Arctic
evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: Arctic Sea ice maintains the cool temperature of the polar regions and it has an important albedo effect on the climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic
evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Polar ice cap
evidence: The current rate of decline of the ice caps has caused many investigations and discoveries on glacier dynamics and their influence on the world's climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The melting of the polar ice caps, combined with thermal expansion, will lead to rises in sea levels that may impact adversely on our coastal cities.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Miami Congressman Carlos "Curbelo supports drilling offshore" and "repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change."
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carlos Curbelo
evidence: "Carlos Curbelo wants to be a Republican leader on climate change—if he can keep his seat".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carlos Curbelo
evidence: "Miami Republican opposes allowing Arctic oil drilling in tax bill".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carlos Curbelo
evidence: According to McClatchy, "Curbelo has broken ranks with his party to take lonely stands on high-profile topics ranging from abortion and women’s health to climate change, the environment, immigration and government spending."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carlos Curbelo
evidence: According to Vote Smart's 2016 analysis, Curbelo generally supports pro-life legislation, opposes an income tax increase, opposes mandatory minimum sentences for non-violent drug offenders, supports lowering taxes as a means of promoting economic growth, opposes requiring states to adopt federal education standards, supports building the Keystone Pipeline, supports government funding for the development of renewable energy, supports the federal regulation of greenhouse gas emissions, supports repealing the Affordable Care Act, opposes requiring immigrants who are unlawfully present to return to their country of origin before they are eligible for citizenship, supports same-sex marriage, supports increased American intervention in Iraq and Syria beyond air support, and supports allowing individuals to divert a portion of their Social Security taxes into personal retirement accounts.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carlos Curbelo
evidence: The Miami Herald wrote that Curbelo has "attempted to position himself as the national voice for Republicans who are concerned about climate change," describing him as "one of the few GOP voices speaking out against Donald Trump's decision to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement and his desire to dismantle the Environmental Protection Agency."
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating "Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Homeland security
evidence: Homeland security is an American national security umbrella term for "the national effort to ensure a homeland that is safe, secure, and resilient against terrorism and other hazards where American interests, aspirations, and ways of life can thrive to the national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce the vulnerability of the U.S. to terrorism, and minimize the damage from attacks that do occur".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Homeland security
evidence: Homeland security is officially defined by the National Strategy for Homeland Security as "a concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Islamic terrorism
evidence: "Terrorist Attacks in Kenya Reveal Domestic Radicalization".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Islamic terrorism
evidence: According to The Washington Post, "Online recruiting has exponentially increased, with Facebook, YouTube and the increasing sophistication of people online".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United States Department of Homeland Security
evidence: The center works on the Internet's routing infrastructure (the SPRI program) and Domain Name System (DNSSEC), identity theft and other online criminal activity (ITTC), Internet traffic and networks research (PREDICT datasets and the DETER testbed), Department of Defense and HSARPA exercises (Livewire and Determined Promise), and wireless security in cooperation with Canada.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: More than 260,000 Americans are employed by the domestic solar industry â three times as many workers as employed by the entire coal mining industry.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Americans
evidence: Furthermore, there are approximately 40,000 Americans living and working in the Kingdom.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Economy of the United Kingdom
evidence: The industry employs around 113,000 people directly and around 276,000 indirectly and has an annual turnover of around £20 billion.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump
evidence: While the traditional fossil fuel industry employed 187,000 jobs in 2016, the wind power industry grew by nearly 32% to 102,000 people.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump
evidence: At the same time, the solar power industry grew by almost a quarter to 374,000 jobs.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Presidency of Donald Trump
evidence: The American solar energy industry is highly reliant on foreign parts (80% of parts are made abroad); as a result, the tariffs could raise the costs of solar energy, reduce innovation and reduce jobs in the industry—which in 2017 employed nearly four times as many American workers as the coal industry.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: NASA Finds Antarctica is Gaining Ice,
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: "Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Antarctica
evidence: "Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Antarctica
evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Antarctica
evidence: This ice sheet is constantly gaining ice from snowfall and losing ice through outflow to the sea.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Antarctica
evidence: According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C (41 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: New Jersey is "losing 50 football fields of open space to development every day and the more we develop upstream the more flooding we have downstream."
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: New Jersey
evidence: During winter and early spring, New Jersey can experience "nor'easters," which are capable of causing blizzards or flooding throughout the northeastern United States.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: New Jersey
evidence: This accessibility to consumer revenue has enabled seaside resorts such as Atlantic City and the remainder of the Jersey Shore, as well as the state's other natural and cultural attractions, to contribute significantly to the record 111 million tourist visits to New Jersey in 2018, providing US$44.7 billion in tourism revenue, directly supporting 333,860 jobs, sustaining more than 531,000 jobs overall including peripheral impacts, and generating US$5 billion in state and local tax revenue.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: New Jersey
evidence: The other three villages – Ridgefield Park (now with a Walsh Act form), Ridgewood (now with a Faulkner Act Council-Manager charter) and South Orange (now operates under a Special Charter) – have all migrated to other non-village forms.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: New Jersey
evidence: "Jersey City has gained nearly 15,000 residents since 2010, making it the fastest growing municipality in the state and a symbol of the Garden State's reinvigorated urban core."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Woodbridge Township, New Jersey
evidence: It is surrounded by water on three sides, the Arthur Kill, a tidal strait to the east, and tidal rivers to the south, Raritan River, and north, Rahway River; and, much of the developed land in Woodbridge has low elevations, as little as five feet above sea level.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global cooling
evidence: July 4, 1923.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global cooling
evidence: February 14, 1926.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Regional impacts of climate change are now observable on all continents and across ocean regions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until 1975, when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Newt Gingrich "teamed with Nancy Pelosi and Al Gore on global warming."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Al Gore
evidence: "Urge Gore to Add Going Vegetarian to the Global Warming Pledge".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Al Gore
evidence: Gore was initially hesitant to be Bill Clinton's running mate for the 1992 United States presidential election, but after clashing with the George H. W. Bush administration over global warming issues, he decided to accept the offer.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Al Gore
evidence: He was known as one of the Atari Democrats, later called the "Democrats' Greens, politicians who see issues like clean air, clean water and global warming as the key to future victories for their party."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Newt Gingrich
evidence: Gingrich has identified education as "the number one factor in our future prosperity", and has partnered with Al Sharpton and Education Secretary Arne Duncan on education issues.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Newt Gingrich
evidence: "Former foes Clinton, Gingrich band up on health care plan".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: California
evidence: Because it is the most populous state in the United States, California is one of the country's largest users of energy.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: California
evidence: Due to the high electricity demand, California imports more electricity than any other state, primarily hydroelectric power from states in the Pacific Northwest (via Path 15 and Path 66) and coal- and natural gas-fired production from the desert Southwest via Path 46.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: California
evidence: As a result of the state's strong environmental movement, California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States, with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: California
evidence: Currently, several solar power plants such as the Solar Energy Generating Systems facility are located in the Mojave Desert.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: California
evidence: Natural gas-fired power plants typically account for more than one-half of state electricity generation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Air pollution
evidence: Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for several hours will eliminate pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change and ecosystems
evidence: Higher carbon dioxide concentrations will favourably affect plant growth and demand for water.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Wetland
evidence: Wetlands are also considered the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems, serving as home to a wide range of plant and animal life.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Clean Power Plan
evidence: The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Clean Power Plan
evidence: The final version of the plan aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electrical power generation by 32 percent by 2030, relative to 2005 levels.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Clean Power Plan
evidence: By switching this coal generation to a cleaner source such as wind power, CO 2 emissions could be significantly reduced.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Clean Power Plan
evidence: The Obama administration designed the plan to lower the carbon dioxide emitted by power generators.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Clean Power Plan
evidence: In his announcement, Obama stated that the plan includes the first standards on carbon dioxide emissions from power plants ever proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Over 97 percent of the scientific community â¦ believe that humans are contributing to climate change.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Human
evidence: Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these "97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Air pollution
evidence: Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Air pollution
evidence: "The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change in the United States
evidence: Because of global warming, there has been concern in the United States and internationally, that the country should reduce total greenhouse gas which is relatively high per capita and is the second largest in the world after China, as of 2014.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change in the United States
evidence: In the cumulative emissions between 1850 and 2007, the U.S. was at the top in terms of all world nations, involved with 28.8% of the world's total.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Recycling
evidence: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has concluded in favor of recycling, saying that recycling efforts reduced the country's carbon emissions by a net 49 million metric tonnes in 2005.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Donald Trump
evidence: In June 2017, Trump announced the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation in the world to not ratify the agreement.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration
evidence: Trump has pulled the United States out of the Paris climate accord, leaving the U.S. the only nation that has not joined the agreement.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration
evidence: majority support   plurality support   majority oppose   plurality oppose On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Agreement on climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Presidency of Donald Trump
evidence: In June 2017, Trump announced U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, a 2015 climate change accord reached by 200 nations to cut greenhouse gas emissions, defying broad global backing for the plan.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Presidency of Donald Trump
evidence: He ended the Clean Power Plan, withdrew from the Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation, and urged for subsidies to increase fossil fuel production, calling man-made climate change a hoax.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference
evidence: The country submitted a proposed protocol which would have imposed deeper, legally binding emissions cuts, including on developing nations.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference
evidence: To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 2000 levels by 2020 if there is an agreement where major developing economies commit to substantially restrain emissions and advanced economies take on commitments comparable to Australia.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference
evidence: To cut carbon emissions by 5% below 2000 levels by 2020 unconditionally.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference
evidence: To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 1990 levels by 2020.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Emissions trading
evidence: It is one of the ways countries can meet their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce carbon emissions and thereby mitigate global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: President-elect Trump has selected a climate change skeptic to head the team in charge of the transition between Obama and Trump's Environmental Protection Agencies.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign
evidence: On May 9, Trump named New Jersey Governor Chris Christie to head a team to plan the transition of the presidency in the event of a Trump victory.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign
evidence: President-elect Donald J. Trump today announced the formation of the White House National Trade Council (NTC) and his selection of Dr. Peter Navarro to serve as Assistant to the President and Director of Trade and Industrial Policy.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mike Pence
evidence: Soon after the election, he was appointed chairman of President-elect Trump's transition team.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scott Pruitt
evidence: During his January 18, 2017, confirmation hearing to be EPA Administrator, he said that "the climate is changing, and human activity contributes to that in some manner".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scott Pruitt
evidence: Head Stacks Agency With Climate Change Skeptics".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to "the evaporation of our Great Lakes."
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: This is due to the larger heat capacity of oceans and because oceans lose more heat by evaporation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Great Lakes
evidence: "Great Lakes water levels reaching record lows".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Great Lakes
evidence: "More recently, evaporation over lakes has steadily been increasing, largely due to increases in water surface temperature," Gronewold said.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Great Lakes
evidence: "Climate change is lowering Great Lakes water levels.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Great Lakes
evidence: In 2013, record low water levels in the Great Lakes were attributed to climate change.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Scientists are "questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. "
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: "Scientific consensus: Earth's climate is warming".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: It is "extremely likely" that this warming arises from "human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The New York Times reported that "the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: "US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: Given the estimated trend and the volume estimate for October–November of 2007 at less than 9,000 km3, one can project that at this rate it would take only 9 more years or until 2016 ± 3 years to reach a nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: The Third U.S. National Climate Assessment (NCA), released May 6, 2014, reports that the Arctic Ocean is expected to be ice free in summer before mid-century.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: Models that best match historical trends project a nearly ice-free Arctic in the summer by the 2030s.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Michael Gove
evidence: "UK ivory ban to be 'toughest' in the world".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Renewable energy in Scotland
evidence: The following year new targets to reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050 were announced and then confirmed in the 2009 Climate Change Delivery Plan.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scotland
evidence: "Sturgeon signs climate agreement with California".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scotland
evidence: Cities such as Glasgow and Edinburgh were targeted by German bombers, as were smaller towns mostly located in the central belt of the country.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scotland
evidence: The climate of most of Scotland is temperate and oceanic, and tends to be very changeable., As it is warmed by the Gulf Stream from the Atlantic, it has much milder winters (but cooler, wetter summers) than areas on similar latitudes, such as Labrador, southern Scandinavia, the Moscow region in Russia, and the Kamchatka Peninsula on the opposite side of Eurasia.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: BP
evidence: "Big Oil Let Off Hook Days After EU Drops Wall Street Probe".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: United States Environmental Protection Agency
evidence: The Environmental Protection Agency has the power to issue regulations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United States Environmental Protection Agency
evidence: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program addresses water pollution by regulating point sources which discharge to US waters.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United States Environmental Protection Agency
evidence: Partly based on such litigation experience, Congress enacted the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, better known as the Clean Water Act.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: United States Environmental Protection Agency
evidence: Four years later, in October 1976, Congress passed the Toxic Substances Control Act, which like FIFRA related to commercial products rather than pollution.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Solar panels drain the sun's energy.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Photovoltaics
evidence: Solar photovoltaic power generation has long been seen as a clean energy technology which draws upon the planet's most plentiful and widely distributed renewable energy source – the sun.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Renewable energy
evidence: Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Solar energy
evidence: Direct Use of the Sun's Energy.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar panel
evidence: Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar panel
evidence: Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Surface temperatures on Earth "have stabilized."
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: Paleontological evidence and computer simulations show that Earth's axial tilt is stabilized by tidal interactions with the Moon.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: As stated in the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can be sustained.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Water on Mars
evidence: The Earth is stabilized by its proportionally large moon, so it only wobbles a few degrees.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Coal
evidence: A typical bituminous coal may have an ultimate analysis on a dry, ash-free basis of 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen, 6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on a weight basis.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 415 ppm, or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hurricane Katrina
evidence: For example, by 2006 the decreased biomass in bottomland hardwood forests contributed an amount of carbon which equated to roughly 140% of the net annual U.S. carbon sink in forest trees.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Kyoto Protocol and government action
evidence: These include a target to reduce the energy intensity of their GDP by 20% during the 2005–10 period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Daylight saving time in the United States
evidence: Daylight saving time in the United States is the practice of setting the clock forward by one hour during the warmer part of the year, so that evenings have more daylight and mornings have less.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Daylight saving time
evidence: In Western Australia during summer 2006–2007, DST increased electricity consumption during hotter days and decreased it during cooler days, with consumption rising 0.6% overall.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Daylight saving time
evidence: The 2007 U.S. change conformed to the Energy Policy Act of 2005; previously, from 1987 through 2006, the start- and end-dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Daylight saving time
evidence: Germany led the way by starting DST (German: Sommerzeit) during World War I on April 30, 1916 together with its allies to alleviate hardships from wartime coal shortages and air raid blackouts.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Eastern Time Zone
evidence: Later, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States, beginning in 2007.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon tax
evidence: The law on carbon tax, also known as the Carbon Pricing Act, was passed on 20 March 2018.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon tax
evidence: On 1 July 2012, the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD$23 per tonne of emitted CO2-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon tax
evidence: On 17 July 2014, the Abbott Government passed repeal legislation through the Senate, and Australia became the first nation to abolish a carbon tax.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon tax
evidence: The County Council repealed the fee in July 2012.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon tax
evidence: "Carbon tax is gone: Repeal bills pass the Senate".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon footprint
evidence: Wind power and solar power, emit no carbon from the operation, but do leave a footprint during construction phase and maintenance during operation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon footprint
evidence: The CO2 footprint for heat is equally significant and research shows that using waste heat from power generation in combined heat and power district heating, chp/dh has the lowest carbon footprint, much lower than micro-power or heat pumps.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon neutrality
evidence: This comes mainly from wind turbines situated right across Orkney Many initiatives seek to assist individuals, businesses and states in reducing their carbon footprint or achieving climate neutrality.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Renewable energy
evidence: "The 11 Biggest Wind Farms and Wind Power Constructions That Reduce Carbon Footprint".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Zero-energy building
evidence: Energy, particularly electricity and heating fuel, has a high carbon footprint.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Alcoa
evidence: "Alcoa announces closure of Port Henry aluminium smelter".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Alcoa
evidence: In June 2013, Alcoa announced it would permanently close its Fusina primary aluminium smelter in Venice, Italy, where production had been curtailed since June 2010.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Alcoa
evidence: Two aluminium smelters are also operated in the state of Victoria at Portland and Point Henry; the Point Henry smelter was scheduled to be closed in August 2014.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Point Henry smelter
evidence: The Point Henry aluminium smelter was located near Geelong, Victoria in the suburb of Moolap prior to its closure in 2014.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Point Henry smelter
evidence: Following a board meeting in February 2014, Alcoa Chief Executive Klaus Kleinfeld announced that the smelter—along with two rolling mills—would close at the end of 2014.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The claim that 97 percent of scientists believe humans are causing climate change has been debunked by the "head" of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: The study found that 97% of the 489 scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures have risen over the past century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The climate-change agreement between the United States and China "requires the Chinese to do nothing at all for 16 years."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference
evidence: One part of the agreement pledges US$30 billion to the developing world over the next three years, rising to US$100 billion per year by 2020, to help poor countries adapt to climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: China
evidence: It later produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, with one revision that was received by the convention on 21 September 2010.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Donald Trump
evidence: "President Trump Signs First Congressional Review Act Disapproval Resolution in 16 Years".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement
evidence: On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement
evidence: Play media Play media In a televised announcement from the White House Rose Garden on June 1, 2017, Trump said, "In order to fulfill my solemn duty to protect the United States and its citizens, the United States will withdraw from the Paris climate accord," adding "The bottom line is that the Paris accord is very unfair at the highest level to the United States."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: and three Nobel economic laureates support "direct investment in technology" rather than a carbon tax.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Joseph Stiglitz
evidence: He also thinks that the rest of the world should impose a carbon-adjustment tax (a protectionist measure) on American exports that do not comply with global standard.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Leonid Hurwicz
evidence: "Three Share Nobel in Economics for Work on Social Mechanisms".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paul Samuelson
evidence: In 2003, Samuelson was one of the ten Nobel Prize–winning economists signing the Economists' statement opposing the Bush tax cuts.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: William Nordhaus
evidence: The Yale economist William D. Nordhaus has spent the better part of four decades trying to persuade governments to address climate change, preferably by imposing a tax on carbon emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: William Nordhaus
evidence: Many of the news outlets that reported on Nordhaus's prize noted that he was in the advance wave of economists who embraced a carbon tax as a preferred method of carbon pricing.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Climate change policy of the United States
evidence: In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed a series of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, known as the Clean Power Plan that would reduce carbon pollution from coal-fired power plants.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climate change policy of the United States
evidence: In 2015, Obama also announced the Clean Power Plan, which is the final version of regulations originally proposed by the EPA the previous year, and which pertains to carbon dioxide emissions from power plants.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Emissions trading
evidence: Failing to get Congressional approval for such a scheme, President Barack Obama instead acted through the United States Environmental Protection Agency to attempt to adopt through rulemaking the Clean Power Plan, which does not feature emissions trading.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration
evidence: The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating global warming that was first proposed in 2014.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Lisa P. Jackson
evidence: During her tenure as EPA Administrator, Jackson oversaw the development of stricter fuel efficiency standards and the EPA's response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill; authorized the recognition of carbon dioxide as a public health threat, granting the EPA authority to set new regulations regarding CO2 emissions; and proposed amending the National Ambient Air Quality Standards to set stricter smog pollution limits.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: the media created the term "polar vortex" and the cold air proves "the ice isn't melting."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Arctic methane emissions
evidence: This warm air carries heat to the permafrost around the Arctic, and melts it.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic
evidence: "Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cloud
evidence: A cumulonimbus incus cloud top is one that has spread out into a clear anvil shape as a result of rising air currents hitting the stability layer at the tropopause where the air no longer continues to get colder with increasing altitude.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Early 2014 North American cold wave
evidence: This phenomenon has been suggested by some to result from the rapid melting of polar sea ice, which replaces white, reflective ice with dark, absorbent open water (i.e., the albedo of this region has decreased).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Early 2014 North American cold wave
evidence: "'Polar vortex' set to bring dangerous, record-breaking cold to much of US".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO