Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: ‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon capture and storage
evidence: Carbon capture and storage (CCS) (or carbon capture and sequestration or carbon control and sequestration) is the process of capturing waste carbon dioxide (CO 2) usually from large point sources, such as a cement factory or biomass power plant, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere, normally an underground geological formation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon capture and storage
evidence: The geothermal plant then pumps the carbonated water into rock formations underground where the carbon dioxide reacts with basaltic bedrock and forms carbonite minerals.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon capture and storage
evidence: Also known as geo-sequestration, this method involves injecting carbon dioxide, generally in supercritical form, directly into underground geological formations.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a method to mitigate climate change by capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point sources such as power plants and subsequently storing it away safely instead of releasing it into the atmosphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coal pollution mitigation
evidence: Coal pollution mitigation, often called clean coal, is a series of systems and technologies that seek to mitigate the pollution and other environmental effects normally associated with the burning (though not the mining or processing) of coal, which is widely regarded as the dirtiest of the common fuels for industrial processes and power generation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Climate
evidence: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Richard Lindzen
evidence: Lindzen said that predicted warming may be overestimated because of their handling of the climate system's water vapor feedback.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate
evidence: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climatology
evidence: These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperatures, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher latitudes.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Additional disputes concern estimates of climate sensitivity, predictions of additional warming, what the consequences of global warming will be, and what to do about it.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming hiatus
evidence: Subsequently, a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing, but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted, and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which was negative during that period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming hiatus
evidence: A month before formal AR5 publication, a leaked draft of the report noted that "Models do not generally reproduce the observed reduction in surface warming trend over the last 10–15 years", but lacked clear explanations, and attracted wide media coverage.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming hiatus
evidence: They used the IPCC definition of the supposed hiatus as a slowdown in rate of temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, compared to the rate from 1951 to 2012, and again found no support for the idea of a "hiatus" or slowdown.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: The actual increase by 2000 was about 29%.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming hiatus
evidence: Subsequently, a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing, but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted, and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which was negative during that period.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming hiatus
evidence: A month before formal AR5 publication, a leaked draft of the report noted that "Models do not generally reproduce the observed reduction in surface warming trend over the last 10–15 years", but lacked clear explanations, and attracted wide media coverage.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming hiatus
evidence: A March 2014 study found that climate models assuming natural variability which matched subsequent observations of ENSO phasing had produced realistic estimates of 15-year trends.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The team of climate scientists notes that in failing to predict the warming ‘hiatus’ in the beginning of the 21st century, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models overestimated temperature increases…
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: The observed increase in hurricane intensity is larger than climate models predict for the sea surface temperature changes we have experienced.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The finished report summarizes the findings of scientists, showing that maintaining a temperature rise to below 1.5 °C remains possible, but only through "rapid and far-reaching transitions in energy, land, urban and infrastructure..., and industrial systems".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: 2010 Russian wildfires
evidence: Such human activity, coupled with the unusually high temperatures over the Russian territories, catalyzed this record disturbance.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 2010 Russian wildfires
evidence: The fires were associated with record-high temperatures, which were attributed to climate change—the summer had been the hottest recorded in Russian history—and drought.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: 2010 Russian wildfires
evidence: A combination of the smoke from the fires, producing heavy smog blanketing large urban regions and the record-breaking heat wave put stress on the Russian healthcare system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 2019–20 Australian bushfire season
evidence: Scientific experts and land management agencies agree that severely below average fuel moisture attributed to record-breaking temperatures and drought, accompanied by severe fire weather, are the primary causes of the 2019-20 Australian bushfire season, and that these are likely to have been exacerbated by long-term trends of warmer and dryer weather observed over the Australian land mass.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Bushfires in Australia
evidence: Across the country, the average summer temperatures have increased leading to record-breaking hot weather, with the early summer of 2019 the hottest on record.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves
evidence: A two-day-long heat wave hit the more rural parts of Texas on July 1.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves
evidence: From July 4 to July 9, 2010, the majority of the American East Coast, from the Carolinas to Maine, was gripped in a severe heat wave.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves
evidence: The heat continued through the second half of July but extreme heat was mostly confined to the Southeastern United States, giving relief to the Northeast and Upper Midwest as it had early in the month.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cold wave
evidence: The cold wave was followed by one of the hottest summers on record, the 1936 North American heat wave.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cold wave
evidence: 1888 1888 US cold wave – A severe cold wave that passed through the Pacific Northwest.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: As a result, since the 1980s, both the size and ferocity of fires in California have increased dramatically.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Since the 1970s, the size of the area burned has increased fivefold while fifteen of the 20 largest fires in California have occurred since 2000.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: After about a thousand years, 20% to 30% of human-emitted CO 2 will remain in the atmosphere, not taken up by the ocean or the land, committing the climate to warming long after emissions have stopped.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: The data shows that recent warming has surpassed anything in the last 2,000 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Over most land areas since the 1950s, it is very likely that at all times of year both days and nights have become warmer due to human activities.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: In the early 20th century, state and federal governments began aggressively fighting wildfires and trying to keep them as small as possible.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: California
evidence: As part of the Ring of Fire, California is subject to tsunamis, floods, droughts, Santa Ana winds, wildfires, landslides on steep terrain, and has several volcanoes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: California
evidence: Over time, drought and wildfires have become more frequent challenges.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Maryland
evidence: More than 1,231 firefighters worked to bring the blaze under control.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United States
evidence: Nonetheless, large-scale conflicts continued throughout the West into the 1900s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Wisconsin
evidence: By the close of the 19th century, intensive agriculture had devastated soil fertility, and lumbering had deforested most of the state.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: But [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey—and the recent history of tropical cyclones worldwide—suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hurricane Harvey
evidence: "It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hurricane Harvey
evidence: The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hurricane Harvey
evidence: Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hurricane Harvey
evidence: "Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The human contribution can be up to 30 percent or so of the total rainfall coming out of the storm
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Physical impacts of climate change
evidence: For 2 °C of warming the fraction of precipitation extremes attributable to human influence rises to about 40%.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Physical impacts of climate change
evidence: We show that at the present-day warming of 0.85 °C about 18% of the moderate daily precipitation extremes over land are attributable to the observed temperature increase since pre-industrial times, which in turn primarily results from human influence.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Puerto Rico
evidence: On average, a quarter of its annual rainfall is contributed from tropical cyclones, which are more prevalent during periods of La Niña than El Niño.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Saudi Arabia
evidence: An average of 300 mm (12 in) of rainfall occurs during this period, which is about 60 percent of the annual precipitation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Urban heat island
evidence: Some cities show a total precipitation increase of 51%.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate
evidence: Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Eocene
evidence: Isotopes of carbon and oxygen indicate a shift to a global cooling climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Eocene
evidence: that the Eocene hothouse world was caused by runaway global warming from released methane clathrates deep in the oceans.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: Additional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also reduce the global ocean water circulation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: There is some concern that a shutdown of thermohaline circulation could happen again as a result of the present warming period.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Atlantic Ocean
evidence: The subpolar gyre forms an important part of the global thermohaline circulation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Another example is the possibility for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to slow or shut down (see also shutdown of thermohaline circulation).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ice age
evidence: Additional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also reduce the global ocean water circulation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
evidence: A shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation is a hypothesized effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Thermohaline circulation
evidence: The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension towards Europe, the North Atlantic Drift, is a powerful, warm, and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates at the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Anoxic event
evidence: Although anoxic events have not happened for millions of years, the geological record shows that they happened many times in the past.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Geologist
evidence: Geochronology: the study of isotope geology specifically toward determining the date within the past of rock formation, metamorphism, mineralization and geological events (notably, meteorite impacts).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Geologist
evidence: Their studies are used to warn the general public of the occurrence of these events.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Geology
evidence: Other scientists perform stable-isotope studies on the rocks to gain information about past climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Geology
evidence: In Hutton's words: "the past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Scientists have long known about the anomalous ‘warming hole‘ in the North Atlantic Ocean, an area immune to warming of Earth’s oceans.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Atlantic Ocean
evidence: The NADW is fed by a flow of warm shallow water into the northern North Atlantic which is responsible for the anomalous warm climate in Europe.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate
evidence: Other climate determinants are more dynamic: the thermohaline circulation of the ocean leads to a 5 °C (9 °F) warming of the northern Atlantic Ocean compared to other ocean basins.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cretaceous
evidence: The Cretaceous was a period with a relatively warm climate, resulting in high eustatic sea levels that created numerous shallow inland seas.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cretaceous
evidence: Meanwhile, deep ocean temperatures were as much as 15 to 20 °C (27 to 36 °F) warmer than today's.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Concentrations of 7% to 10% (70,000 to 100,000 ppm) may cause suffocation, even in the presence of sufficient oxygen, manifesting as dizziness, headache, visual and hearing dysfunction, and unconsciousness within a few minutes to an hour.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: There are few studies of the health effects of long-term continuous CO 2 exposure on humans and animals at levels below 1%.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: At this CO 2 concentration, International Space Station crew experienced headaches, lethargy, mental slowness, emotional irritation, and sleep disruption.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Smog
evidence: When inhaled, these particles can settle in the lungs and respiratory tract and cause health problems.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Smog
evidence: Smog is a serious problem in many cities and continues to harm human health.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Climate change need not endanger anyone”
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Climate change and ecosystems
evidence: The species said to be most at risk for endangerment or extinction are populations that are not of conservation concern.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Given the potential threat to marine ecosystems and its ensuing impact on human society and economy, especially as it acts in conjunction with anthropogenic global warming, there is an urgent need for immediate action."
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Mitigation will reduce the amount of future climate change and the risk of impacts that are potentially large and dangerous.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The threats are serious and action is urgently needed to mitigate the risks of climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: The Daily Caller
evidence: Other news outlets confirmed Halper's identity but did not report his identity because US intelligence officials warned that it would endanger him and his contacts.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “Healthy societies do not fall apart over slow, widely predicted, relatively small economic adjustments of the sort painted by climate analysis.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Economic growth
evidence: The Stern Review notes that the prediction that, "Under business as usual, global emissions will be sufficient to propel greenhouse gas concentrations to over 550 ppm CO 2 by 2050 and over 650–700 ppm by the end of this century is robust to a wide range of changes in model assumptions."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Low-carbon economy
evidence: GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Low-carbon economy
evidence: Estimates from the International Labour Organization’s Global Economic Linkages model suggest that unmitigated climate change, with associated negative impacts on enterprises and workers, will have negative effects on output in many industries, with drops in output of 2.4% by 2030 and 7.2% by 2050.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sustainability
evidence: In 2019, 2 weeks before the elections to the European Parlament, the World Wide Fund for Nature stated that the European Union is unsustainable in his current mode of life and economy and asked him to fix it by "Shift to sustainable consumption and food systems, make Europe climate-neutral by 2040, restore our Nature, protect the Ocean, invest in a sustainable future" At a March 2009 meeting of the Copenhagen Climate Council, 2,500 climate experts from 80 countries issued a keynote statement that there is now "no excuse" for failing to act on global warming and that without strong carbon reduction "abrupt or irreversible" shifts in climate may occur that "will be very difficult for contemporary societies to cope with".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sustainability
evidence: Several key areas have been targeted for economic analysis and reform: the environmental effects of unconstrained economic growth; the consequences of nature being treated as an economic externality; and the possibility of an economics that takes greater account of the social and environmental consequences of market behavior.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Societies do fall apart from war, disease or chaos.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: American Civil War
evidence: It proved to be the death struggle of a society, which went down in ruins.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
evidence: In René Barjavel's novel Ravage (1943), written and published during the German occupation of France, a future France is devastated by the sudden failure of electricity, causing chaos, disease, and famine, with a small band of survivors desperately struggling for survival.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Vietnam War
evidence: Following the coup, chaos ensued.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: World War I
evidence: By 1929, the Great Depression arrived, causing political chaos throughout the world.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: World War I
evidence: Diseases flourished in the chaotic wartime conditions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Climate policy must compete with other long-term threats for always-scarce resources.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change policy of the United States
evidence: Spokespeople within these groups argue that universal access to a clean and healthy environment and access to critical natural resources are basic human rights.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Habitat destruction
evidence: Any efforts to protect the world's remaining natural habitat and biodiversity will compete directly with humans’ growing demand for natural resources, especially new agricultural lands.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)
evidence: The white-tailed deer competes with other herbivores for limited food resources directly affecting the ecosystem, as well as indirectly affecting the area by altering habitats for small vertebrates and mammals.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)
evidence: Therefore, as species that thrive in the lower areas of the region are expanding into a greater space, they are beginning to compete for resources and nutrients with pre-existing native species.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sustainability
evidence: Depletion of natural resources including fresh water increases the likelihood of "resource wars".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: ’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: El Niño
evidence: When this warming occurs for seven to nine months, it is classified as El Niño "conditions"; when its duration is longer, it is classified as an El Niño "episode".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: 2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: Of the 2015 and 2016 records, Schmidt stated that the 2014–16 El Niño event was "a factor ... but both 2015 and 2016 would have been records even without it"; he attributed about 90% of the warming in 2016 to anthropogenic climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: La Niña
evidence: It was the second-coolest year of the 21st century to date, and tied with the second-warmest year of the 20th century.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: So it’s been a surprise to climate scientists that 2017 has been so remarkably warm — because the last El Niño ended a year ago.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 2014–16 El Niño event
evidence: The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: El Niño
evidence: However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: El Niño
evidence: A study of climate records has shown that El Niño events in the equatorial Pacific are generally associated with a warm tropical North Atlantic in the following spring and summer.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: El Niño
evidence: About half of El Niño events persist sufficiently into the spring months for the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool to become unusually large in summer.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: La Niña
evidence: La Niña (/lɑːˈniːnjə/, Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈniɲa]) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Niño, as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The latest NOAA report is “a reminder that climate change has not, despite the insistence of climate contrarians ‘paused’ or even slowed down,” Mann said..
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Abrupt climate change
evidence: The term is also used within the context of global warming to describe sudden climate change that is detectable over the time-scale of a human lifetime, possibly as the result of feedback loops within the climate system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: "Details the findings of a new report that confirms NOAA data about climate change."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Such disagreements are not new but the emails provided climate sceptics, in the sense of deniers or contrarians, with a golden opportunity to mount a sustained effort aimed at demonstrating the legitimacy of their views.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: I shall use "climate sceptics" here in the sense of "climate deniers", although there are obvious differences between scepticism and denial (see Shermer, 2010; Kemp, et al., 2010).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that "climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: "Reducing risks to food security from climate change".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: "Climate change could impact the poor much more than previously thought".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: New York Harbor Storm-Surge Barrier
evidence: David Wallace-Wells, "The Uninhabitable Earth: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think," New York Magazine, July 9, 2017.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: In July 2019, they issued a declaration "affirming that climate change poses the single greatest threat to the human rights and security of present and future generations of Pacific Island peoples" and claim their lands could become uninhabitable as early as 2030.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: At current rates, sea level would be high enough to make the Maldives uninhabitable by 2100.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: In the case all islands of an island nation become uninhabitable or completely submerged by the sea, the states themselves would also become dissolved.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Solar System
evidence: The expanding Sun is expected to vaporize Mercury and render Earth uninhabitable.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Space and survival
evidence: Eventually the Earth will be uninhabitable, at the latest when the Sun becomes a red giant in about 5 billion years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Or the news from Antarctica this past May, when a crack in an ice shelf grew 11 miles in six days, then kept going; the break now has just three miles to go — by the time you read this, it may already have met the open water, where it will drop into the sea one of the biggest icebergs ever, a process known poetically as ‘calving.’
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: The ice was being held back by a "thread" of ice about 6 km (4 mi) wide, prior to its collapse on 5 April 2009.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Iceberg
evidence: "An Iceberg 30 Times the Size of Manhattan Is About to Break Off Antarctica".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Larsen Ice Shelf
evidence: "A giant crack in Antarctic ice is 'days or weeks' from breaking off a Delaware-size iceberg".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Larsen Ice Shelf
evidence: Scientists with Swansea University in the UK say the crack lengthened 18 km (11 mi) from 25 May to 31 May, and that less than 13 km (8 mi) of ice is all that prevents the birth of an enormous iceberg.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ross Ice Shelf
evidence: Four days later, they found their way into open water and were hoping that they would have a clear passage to their destination.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “Even if we meet the Paris goals of two degrees warming, cities like Karachi and Kolkata will become close to uninhabitable, annually encountering deadly heat waves like those that crippled them in 2015.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels; and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Karachi
evidence: While the summers are hot and humid, cool sea breezes typically provide relief during hot summer months, though Karachi is prone to deadly heat waves, though a text-message based early warning system is now in place that helped prevent any fatalities during an unusually strong heatwave in October 2017.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paris Agreement
evidence: The aim of the agreement is to decrease global warming described in its Article 2, "enhancing the implementation" of the UNFCCC through: (a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change; (b) Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production; (c) Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paris Agreement
evidence: The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels; and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 °C, recognizing that this would substantially reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: At four degrees, the deadly European heat wave of 2003, which killed as many as 2,000 people a day, will be a normal summer.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 2006 North American heat wave
evidence: The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 2019 heat wave in India and Pakistan
evidence: For comparison, the 2003 European heat wave killed an estimated 35,000–70,000 people, with temperatures slightly less than in India and Pakistan.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cold wave
evidence: Overall it was the coldest winter since 1978–79, with a mean temperature of 1.5 °C (34.7 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: List of heat waves
evidence: The European heat wave of 2006 was the second massive heat wave to hit the continent in four years, with temperatures rising to 40 °C (104 °F) in Paris; in Ireland, which has a moderate maritime climate, temperatures of over 32 °C (90 °F) were reported.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: List of heat waves
evidence: The European heat wave of 2007 affected primarily south-eastern Europe during late June through August.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: In other words, we have, trapped in Arctic permafrost, twice as much carbon as is currently wrecking the atmosphere of the planet, all of it scheduled to be released at a date that keeps getting moved up, partially in the form of a gas that multiplies its warming power 86 times over.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Arctic methane emissions
evidence: (2008) estimate that not less than 1,400 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon is presently locked up as methane and methane hydrates under the Arctic submarine permafrost, and 5–10% of that area is subject to puncturing by open taliks.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic methane emissions
evidence: Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Arctic
evidence: Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Permafrost
evidence: The amount of carbon sequestered in permafrost is four times the carbon that has been released to the atmosphere due to human activities in modern time.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tundra
evidence: When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: “The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Albedo
evidence: This has been a concern since arctic ice and snow has been melting at higher rates due to higher temperatures, creating regions in the arctic that are notably darker (being water or ground which is darker color) and reflects less heat back into space.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic reduces the albedo of the Earth's surface.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Changing the type of vegetation in a region impacts the local temperature by changing how much sunlight gets reflected back into space, called albedo, and how much heat is lost by evaporation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Tipping points in the climate system
evidence: The IPCC reports that feedbacks to increased temperatures are net positive for the remainder of this century, with the impact of cloud cover the largest uncertainty.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The most notorious was 252 million years ago; it began when carbon warmed the planet by five degrees, accelerated when that warming triggered the release of methane in the Arctic, and ended with 97 percent of all life on Earth dead.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Arctic
evidence: The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: The last continental glaciation ended 10,000 years ago.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Eocene
evidence: that the Eocene hothouse world was caused by runaway global warming from released methane clathrates deep in the oceans.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Permafrost
evidence: Global warming accelerates its release due to release of methane from both existing stores and methanogenesis in rotting biomass.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Tundra
evidence: When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The last time the planet was even four degrees warmer, Peter Brannen points out in The Ends of the World, his new history of the planet’s major extinction events, the oceans were hundreds of feet higher.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Devonian
evidence: Sea levels were high worldwide, and much of the land lay under shallow seas, where tropical reef organisms lived.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: The elevation of the land surface varies from the low point of −418 m (−1,371 ft) at the Dead Sea, to a maximum altitude of 8,848 m (29,029 ft) at the top of Mount Everest.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ordovician
evidence: In the early and middle Ordovician, temperatures were mild, but at the beginning of the Late Ordovician, from 460 to 450 Ma, volcanoes along the margin of the Iapetus Ocean spewed massive amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere, turning the planet into a hothouse.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ordovician
evidence: The Ordovician saw the highest sea levels of the Paleozoic, and the low relief of the continents led to many shelf deposits being formed under hundreds of metres of water.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Human overpopulation
evidence: To keep the numbers of starving constant, the percentage would have dropped by more than half.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Human overpopulation
evidence: The global consumption of meat is projected to rise by as much as 76% by 2050 as the global population surges to more than 9 billion, resulting in further biodiversity loss and increased GHG emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Human overpopulation
evidence: Although plants produce 54 billion metric tons of carbohydrates per year, when the population is expected to grow to 9 billion by 2050, the plants may not be able to keep up (Biello).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Human overpopulation
evidence: The British scientist John Beddington predicted in 2009 that supplies of energy, food, and water will need to be increased by 50% to reach demand levels of 2030.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Human overpopulation
evidence: In 2019, a warning on climate change signed by 11,000 scientists from 153 nations said that human population growth adds 80 million humans annually, and "the world population must be stabilized—and, ideally, gradually reduced—within a framework that ensures social integrity" to reduce the impact of "population growth on GHG emissions and biodiversity loss."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: as the pathbreaking work by Rosamond Naylor and David Battisti has shown, the tropics are already too hot to efficiently grow grain, and those places where grain is produced today are already at optimal growing temperature — which means even a small warming will push them down the slope of declining productivity.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change and agriculture
evidence: In Africa and Latin America many rainfed crops are near their maximum temperature tolerance, so that yields are likely to fall sharply for even small climate changes; falls in agricultural productivity of up to 30% over the 21st century are projected.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change and agriculture
evidence: Rice becomes sterile if exposed to temperatures above 35 degrees for more than one hour during flowering and consequently produces no grain.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Eocene
evidence: The models, while accurately predicting the tropics, tend to produce significantly cooler temperatures of up to 20 °C (36 °F) colder than the actual determined temperature at the poles.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Eocene
evidence: The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tropics
evidence: In terms of climate, the tropics receive sunlight that is more direct than the rest of Earth and are generally hotter and wetter.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO