Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Financial crisis of 2007–08
evidence: It then entered a pronounced decline, which accelerated markedly in October 2008.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Financial crisis of 2007–08
evidence: The TED spread, an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy, spiked up in July 2007, remained volatile for a year, then spiked even higher in September 2008, reaching a record 4.65% on October 10, 2008.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Financial crisis of 2007–08
evidence: The US unemployment rate increased to 10.1% by October 2009, the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Financial crisis of 2007–08
evidence: Already-rising default rates on "subprime" and adjustable-rate mortgages (ARM) began to increase quickly thereafter.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tendency of the rate of profit to fall
evidence: From September 2018 onward, as the economic and political news worsened, the bloated US stockmarkets began to deflate, while the VIX index trebled.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The data is being reported by the University of Illinois's Arctic Climate Research Center, and is derived from satellite observations of the Northern and Southern hemisphere polar regions (Daily Tech).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Cryosphere
evidence: Satellite data since the early 1970s reveal considerable seasonal, regional, and interannual variability in the sea-ice covers of both hemispheres.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Extratropical cyclone
evidence: It was developed completely from surface-based weather observations, including descriptions of clouds found near frontal boundaries.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Precipitation
evidence: As a result, the modern global record of precipitation largely depends on satellite observations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Precipitation
evidence: The IR estimates have rather low skill at short time and space scales, but are available very frequently (15 minutes or more often) from satellites in geosynchronous Earth orbit.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Snow
evidence: These models typically derive snow water equivalent (SWE) in some manner from satellite observations of snow cover.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Ice sheet
evidence: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Pine Island Glacier
evidence: Pine Island Glacier (PIG) is a large ice stream, and the fastest melting glacier in Antarctica, responsible for about 25% of Antarctica's ice loss.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: The significant accelerations noted on the three largest glaciers began at the calving front and propagated inland and are not seasonal in nature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: "Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Arctic sea ice is also falling at an accelerated rate.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Arctic
evidence: "Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: The rate of the decline in entire Arctic ice coverage is accelerating.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Antarctic sea ice
evidence: Since the ocean off the Antarctic coast usually is much warmer than the air over it, the extent of the sea ice is largely controlled by the winds and currents that push it northwards.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Antarctic sea ice
evidence: The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Antarctic sea ice
evidence: Increased sea ice extent does not indicate that the Southern Ocean is cooling, since the Southern Ocean is warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Antarctic sea ice
evidence: Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Antarctica
evidence: Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Jason-1
evidence: Measurements by Jason-1 indicate that mean sea level has been rising at an average rate of 2.28 millimeters (.09 inches) per year since 2001.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Physical impacts of climate change
evidence: Since 1900, the sea level has risen at an average of 1.7 mm (0.067 in) per year; since 1993, satellite altimetry from TOPEX/Poseidon indicates a rate of about 3 mm (0.12 in) per year.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Current rates of sea level rise from satellite altimetry have been estimated to be 3.0 ± 0.4 millimetres (0.118 ± 0.016 in) per year for the period 1993–2017.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Econometrics
evidence: More precisely, it is "the quantitative analysis of actual economic phenomena based on the concurrent development of theory and observation, related by appropriate methods of inference".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Falsifiability
evidence: In the philosophy of science, verificationism holds that a statement must, in principle, be empirically verifiable in order that it be scientific.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Logical positivism
evidence: A scientific theory would be stated with its method of verification, whereby a logical calculus or empirical operation could verify its falsity or truth.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Science
evidence: Both natural and social sciences are empirical sciences as their knowledge are based on empirical observations and are capable of being tested for its validity by other researchers working under the same conditions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Science
evidence: Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The schematic was not an actual plot of data, and was based on a diagram of temperatures in central England, with temperatures increased on the basis of documentary evidence of Medieval vineyards in England.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: However, that view was questioned by other researchers; the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 discussed the "Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD (which may not have been global) and the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Soon and Baliunas controversy
evidence: The IPCC First Assessment Report included a "schematic diagram" of global temperature variations over the last thousand years which has been traced to a graph based loosely on Hubert Lamb's 1965 paper.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: "by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during "a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: These values are much greater than the 9–88 cm as projected by the IPCC itself in its Third Assessment Report, published in 2001".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: "We concur with the climate science assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2001 ... We endorse the conclusions of the IPCC assessment..." Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: The IPCC Third Assessment Report from 2001 then summarized research: "evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this time frame, and the conventional terms of 'Little Ice Age' and 'Medieval Warm Period' appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: The ozone layer blocks ultraviolet solar radiation, permitting life on land.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ozone layer
evidence: Although the concentration of the ozone in the ozone layer is very small, it is vitally important to life because it absorbs biologically harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation coming from the sun.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ozone layer
evidence: The breakdown of ozone in the stratosphere results in reduced absorption of ultraviolet radiation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ozone layer
evidence: Consequently, unabsorbed and dangerous ultraviolet radiation is able to reach the Earth's surface at a higher intensity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ozone
evidence: It is present in very low concentrations throughout the latter, with its highest concentration high in the ozone layer of the stratosphere, which absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Ensemble forecasting
evidence: These uncertainties limit forecast model accuracy to about six days into the future.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ensemble forecasting
evidence: As proposed by Edward Lorenz in 1963, it is impossible for long-range forecasts—those made more than two weeks in advance—to predict the state of the atmosphere with any degree of skill owing to the chaotic nature of the fluid dynamics equations involved.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Meteorology
evidence: Mathematical models used to predict the long term weather of the Earth (climate models), have been developed that have a resolution today that are as coarse as the older weather prediction models.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Meteorology
evidence: Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere at a future time and given location.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Weather forecasting
evidence: As proposed by Edward Lorenz in 1963, long range forecasts, those made at a range of two weeks or more, are impossible to definitively predict the state of the atmosphere, owing to the chaotic nature of the fluid dynamics equations involved.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Weather is chaotic because air is light, it has low friction and viscosity, it expands strongly when in contact with hot surfaces and it conducts heat poorly.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Friction
evidence: The work done by friction can translate into deformation, wear, and heat that can affect the contact surface properties (even the coefficient of friction between the surfaces).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Liquid
evidence: Liquids tend to have better thermal conductivity than gases, and the ability to flow makes a liquid suitable for removing excess heat from mechanical components.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Viscosity
evidence: The bulk viscosity (also called volume viscosity) expresses a type of internal friction that resists the shearless compression or expansion of a fluid.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Weather
evidence: Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Weather
evidence: A hot surface warms the air above it causing it to expand and lower the density and the resulting surface air pressure.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climatic Research Unit documents
evidence: The Science and Technology Select Committee report blamed the university for mishandling Freedom of Information requests and said it had "found ways to support the culture at CRU of resisting disclosure of information to climate change sceptics".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climatic Research Unit documents
evidence: The e-mail theft highlighted "the harassment that denialists inflict on some climate-change researchers, often in the form of endless, time-consuming demands for information under the US and UK Freedom of Information Acts.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: Over 95% of the CRU climate data set had been available to the public for several years before July 2009, when the university received numerous FOI requests for raw data or details of the confidentiality agreements from Stephen McIntyre and readers of his Climate Audit blog.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: In addition, the investigation would review CRU's compliance with Freedom of Information Act requests and also "make recommendations about the management, governance and security structures for CRU and the security, integrity and release of the data it holds".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit
evidence: It blamed the university for mishandling Freedom of Information requests, and said it had “found ways to support the culture at CRU of resisting disclosure of information to climate change sceptics”.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Skeptics who oppose scientific findings that threaten their world view are far closer to Galileo's belief-based critics in the Catholic Church.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Creationism
evidence: Several religious organizations, among them the Catholic Church, hold that their faith does not conflict with the scientific consensus regarding evolution.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Creation–evolution controversy
evidence: Many creationists strongly oppose certain scientific theories in a number of ways, including opposition to specific applications of scientific processes, accusations of bias within the scientific community, and claims that discussions within the scientific community reveal or imply a crisis.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Galileo affair
evidence: Galileo's contributions caused difficulties for theologians and natural philosophers of the time, as they contradicted scientific and philosophical ideas based on those of Aristotle and Ptolemy and closely associated with the Catholic Church.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Galileo affair
evidence: Galileo's discoveries were met with opposition within the Catholic Church, and in 1616 the Inquisition declared heliocentrism to be "formally heretical."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Science and the Catholic Church
evidence: An alternative criticism is that the Church opposed particular scientific discoveries that it felt challenged its authority and power – particularly through the Reformation and on through the Enlightenment.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: "I mean, it - I mean - and I tell somebody, I said, just because you have a group of scientists that have stood up and said here is the fact, Galileo got outvoted for a spell" (Texas Governor Rick Perry)
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: 2006 Texas gubernatorial election
evidence: Perry was re-elected to a second full term in office, winning 39% of the vote to Bell's 30%, Strayhorn's 18% and Friedman's 12%.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: 2006 Texas gubernatorial election
evidence: Exit polls revealed that Perry won the Anglo vote with 46%, while Bell got 22%, Strayhorn got 16% and Friedman got 15%.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Rick Perry 2012 presidential campaign
evidence: Further, during a Republican gubernatorial debate in January 2010, when asked if he would commit to serving out his term if re-elected, he replied that "the place hasn't been made yet" where he would rather serve than the governor of Texas.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Rick Perry
evidence: Perry has called himself "a firm believer in intelligent design as a matter of faith and intellect", and has expressed support for its teaching alongside evolution in Texas schools, but has also said that "educators and local school officials, not the governor, should determine science curriculum".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Rick Perry
evidence: Jeff L. Blackburn, chief counsel of the Innocence Project of Texas, said of Perry that "He has done more good than any other governor we've ever had [...] unless, of course, it involves the death penalty.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Claims that the IPCC does not accurately represent the views and findings of the scientists, on whose work the IPCC reports are based, are not supported by the facts.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: [...] This conclusion is based on a substantial array of scientific evidence, including recent work, and is consistent with the conclusions of recent assessments by the U.S.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The U.S. government was the main force in forming the IPCC as an autonomous intergovernmental body in which scientists took part both as experts on the science and as official representatives of their governments, to produce reports which had the firm backing of all the leading scientists worldwide researching the topic, and which then had to gain consensus agreement from every one of the participating governments.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: This consensus is supported by various studies of scientists' opinions and by position statements of scientific organizations, many of which explicitly agree with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) synthesis reports.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: This report explicitly endorses the IPCC view of attribution of recent climate change as representing the view of the scientific community: The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: The Great Global Warming Swindle
evidence: The film argues that IPCC reports misrepresent the views of scientists who contribute to them through selective editorialising.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Ironically, it's those who are mispresenting Hulme's paper that are the ones being misleading.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Imagism
evidence: This note, along with the appendix note ("The Complete Works of T. S. Hulme") in Pound's book Ripostes (1912), are considered to be the first appearances of the word "Imagiste" (later anglicised to "Imagist") in print.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Imagism
evidence: To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Imagism
evidence: Imagism refers to the manner of presentation, not to the subject."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mike Hulme
evidence: He is best known as the author of Why We Disagree About Climate Change published in 2009 by Cambridge University Press and which was named by The Economist in December 2009 as one of their four Books of Year for science and technology.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Mike Hulme
evidence: In 2008, Hulme made a personal statement on what he called the "5 lessons of climate change", as: "climate change is a relative risk, not an absolute one" "climate risks are serious, and we should seek to minimise them" "our world has huge unmet development needs" "our current energy portfolio is not sustainable" "massive and deliberate geo-engineering of the planet is a dubious practice" After the Climatic Research Unit email controversy, he wrote an article for the BBC in which he said: At the very least, the publication of private CRU e-mail correspondence should be seen as a wake-up call for scientists – and especially for climate scientists.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: 'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: There is widespread support for the IPCC in the scientific community, which is reflected in publications by other scientific bodies and experts.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Criticism of the MBH99 reconstruction in a review paper, which was quickly discredited in the Soon and Baliunas controversy, was picked up by the Bush administration, and a Senate speech by US Republican senator James Inhofe alleged that "manmade global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United Nations
evidence: In 1988, the UNEP and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), another UN organization, established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which assesses and reports on research on global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Benny Peiser
evidence: In 2004, a paper was published in the journal Science by Naomi Oreskes titled Beyond the Ivory Tower: The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Merchants of Doubt
evidence: Her work came to public attention in 2004 with the publication of "The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change," in Science, in which she wrote that there was no significant disagreement in the scientific community about the reality of global warming from human causes.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: In 2004, the geologist and historian of science Naomi Oreskes summarized a study of the scientific literature on climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The Working Group I report (WG1) was published in September 2013.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Naomi Oreskes (December 3, 2004).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Google Scholar
evidence: Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Google Scholar
evidence: Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other scholarly literature, including court opinions and patents.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Philosophy of geography
evidence: In 2005 the society sponsoring these annual meetings became the International Association for the Study of Environment, Space, and Place, and in 2009 the book series gave way to a peer-reviewed journal, Environment, Space, Place, published semiannually and currently edited by C. Patrick Heidkamp, Troy Paddock, and Christine Petto of Southern Connecticut State University.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Philosophy of geography
evidence: Three volumes of an annual peer-reviewed journal, Philosophy and Geography, were published by Rowman & Littlefield Press which later became a bi-annual journal published by Carfax publishers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Web of Science
evidence: It was originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) and is currently maintained by Clarivate Analytics (previously the Intellectual Property and Science business of Thomson Reuters) A citation index is built on the fact that citations in science serve as linkages between similar research items, and lead to matching or related scientific literature, such as journal articles, conference proceedings, abstracts, etc.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Concentrated solar power
evidence: The thermal storage capacity is indicated in hours of power generation at nameplate capacity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Concentrated solar power
evidence: CSP with thermal storage systems are also available using Brayton cycle with air instead of steam for generating electricity and/or steam round the clock.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Concentrated solar power
evidence: A CSP plant can incorporate thermal energy storage, which stores energy either in the form of sensible heat, or as latent heat (for example, using molten salt), which enables these plants to continue to generate electricity whenever it is needed, day or night.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Solar power
evidence: Concentrated solar power plants may use thermal storage to store solar energy, such as in high-temperature molten salts.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Thermal energy storage
evidence: Presently, this is a commercially used technology to store the heat collected by concentrated solar power (e.g., from a solar tower or solar trough).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Numerous case studies on both regional and global scales have determined that renewable energy, if properly implemented, can provide baseload power.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Renewable energy in Kenya
evidence: Geothermal power has the potential to provide reliable, cost-competitive, baseload power with a small carbon footprint, and reduces vulnerability to climate by diversifying power supply away from hydropower, which currently provides the majority of Kenya’s electricity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Renewable energy
evidence: Low temperature Geothermal (generally referred to as "GHP") is an increasingly important renewable technology because it both reduces total annual energy loads associated with heating and cooling, and it also flattens the electric demand curve eliminating the extreme summer and winter peak electric supply requirements.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Renewable energy
evidence: EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Variable renewable energy
evidence: Firm capacity is the amount of power that can be guaranteed to be provided as base power.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Variable renewable energy
evidence: Some renewable electricity sources have identical variability to coal-fired power stations, so they are base-load, and can be integrated into the electricity supply system without any additional back-up.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Trenberth's views are clarified in the paper "An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy".
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climatic Research Unit documents
evidence: "An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Earth Summit 2002
evidence: The Declaration on the Human Environment also known as the Stockholm Declaration set out the principles for various international environmental issues, including human rights, natural resource management, pollution prevention and the relationship between the environment and development.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Kevin E. Trenberth
evidence: In a 2013 scientific paper in Geophysical Research Letters, Trenberth and co-authors presented an observation-based reanalysis of global ocean temperatures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Kevin E. Trenberth
evidence: In a 2009 paper, "An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy", Trenberth discussed the distribution of heat and how it was affected by climate forcing, including greenhouse gas changes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is "unequivocal.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Kevin E. Trenberth
evidence: He was a lead author of the 2001 and 2007 IPCC Scientific Assessment of Climate Change (see IPCC Fourth Assessment Report) and serves on the Scientific Steering Group for the Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) program.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: In October 2009, the leaders of 18 US scientific societies and organizations sent an open letter to the United States Senate reaffirming the scientific consensus that climate change is occurring and is primarily caused by human activities.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The New York Times reported that "the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: He claimed "the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Dengue fever
evidence: "The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Dysentery
evidence: If the disease is left untreated, the prognosis varies with the immune status of the individual patient and the severity of disease.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Prognosis
evidence: Prognosis (Greek: πρόγνωσις "fore-knowing, foreseeing") is a medical term for predicting the likely or expected development of a disease, including whether the signs and symptoms will improve or worsen (and how quickly) or remain stable over time; expectations of quality of life, such as the ability to carry out daily activities; the potential for complications and associated health issues; and the likelihood of survival (including life expectancy).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scarlet fever
evidence: The improvement in prognosis can be attributed to the use of penicillin in the treatment of this disease.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scarlet fever
evidence: "Scarlet fever, a disease of yore, is making a comeback in parts of the world".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: But Trenberth’s "lack of warming at the moment" has been going on at least a decade.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: Here is the quote: "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming hiatus
evidence: In January 2013 James Hansen and colleagues published their updated analysis that temperatures had continued at a high level despite strong La Niña conditions, and said the "5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing", noting "that the 10 warmest years in the record all occurred since 1998."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hurricane Sandy
evidence: Global climate change has contributed to the higher sea surface and ocean temperatures, and a warmer and moister atmosphere, and its effects are in the range of 5 to 10%.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Kevin E. Trenberth
evidence: This was associated with a change of surface winds over the Pacific which had caused ocean heat to penetrate below 700m depth and had contributed to the apparent global warming hiatus in surface temperatures during the previous decade.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Kevin E. Trenberth
evidence: In an interview, Trenberth said, "The planet is warming", but "the warmth just isn't being manifested at the surface."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Heat is continuing to build up in the subsurface ocean.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Heat wave
evidence: The end result is a continual build-up of heat at the surface that people experience as a heat wave.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ocean
evidence: Titan is thought to have a subsurface liquid-water ocean under the ice in addition to the hydrocarbon mix that forms atop its outer crust.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ocean
evidence: Underneath the thick atmospheres of the planets Uranus and Neptune, it is expected that these planets are composed of oceans of hot high-density fluid mixtures of water, ammonia and other volatiles.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ocean
evidence: Surface heat and freshwater fluxes create global density gradients that drive the thermohaline circulation part of large-scale ocean circulation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ocean
evidence: It plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in sea ice regulation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Geoid
evidence: "Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Post-glacial rebound
evidence: "A method of combining ICESat and GRACE satellite data to constrain Antarctic mass balance".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: The mass balance, or difference between accumulation and ablation (melting and sublimation), of a glacier is crucial to its survival.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: A combination of satellite observations of its changing volume, flow and gravitational attraction with modelling of its surface mass balance suggests the overall mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet was relatively steady or slightly positive for much of the period 1992–2017.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: Land ice sheets in both Antarctica and Greenland have been losing mass since 2002 and have seen an acceleration of ice mass loss since 2009.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ice sheet
evidence: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: "Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: Since 1980, a significant global warming has led to glacier retreat becoming increasingly rapid and ubiquitous, so much so that some glaciers have disappeared altogether, and the existences of many of the remaining glaciers are threatened.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: "Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The latest  measurements involve the use of satellite gravimetry, estimating  the mass of terrain beneath by detecting slight changes in gravity as a  satellite passes overhead.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: GRACE and GRACE-FO
evidence: Twin satellites took detailed measurements of Earth's gravity field anomalies from its launch in March 2002 to the end of its science mission in October 2017.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: GRACE and GRACE-FO
evidence: As the twin GRACE satellites circle the globe 15 times a day, they sense minute variations in Earth's gravitational pull.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Gravimeter
evidence: Their first uses were to measure the changes in gravity from the varying densities and distribution of masses inside the earth, from temporal "tidal" variations in the shape and distribution of mass in the oceans, atmosphere and earth.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Gravity Probe B
evidence: This was to be accomplished by measuring, very precisely, tiny changes in the direction of spin of four gyroscopes contained in an Earth satellite orbiting at 650 km (400 mi) altitude, crossing directly over the poles.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Gravity of Mars
evidence: "Tests and combination of satellite determinations of the gravity field with gravimetry".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: GRACE and GRACE-FO
evidence: Glacial isostatic adjustment—the slow rise of land masses once depressed by the weight of ice sheets from the last ice age—is chief among these signals.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Post-glacial rebound
evidence: Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are phases of glacial isostasy (glacial isostatic adjustment, glacioisostasy), the deformation of the Earth's crust in response to changes in ice mass distribution.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Post-glacial rebound
evidence: Mass changes of ice sheets can be monitored by measuring changes in the ice surface height, the deformation of the ground below and the changes in the gravity field over the ice sheet.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Post-glacial rebound
evidence: However, glacial isostatic adjustment of the ice sheets affect ground deformation and the gravity field today.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Post-glacial rebound
evidence: The enormous weight of this ice caused the surface of the Earth's crust to deform and warp downward, forcing the viscoelastic mantle material to flow away from the loaded region.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Antarctic ice sheet
evidence: A 2006 paper derived from satellite data, measuring changes in the gravity of the ice mass, suggests that the total amount of ice in Antarctica has begun decreasing in the past few years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: GRACE and GRACE-FO
evidence: "Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: GRACE and GRACE-FO
evidence: Scientists have also detailed improved methods for using GRACE data to describe Earth's gravity field.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: GRACE and GRACE-FO
evidence: GRACE data are critical in helping to determine the cause of sea level rise, whether it is the result of mass being added to the ocean - from melting glaciers, for example - or from thermal expansion of warming water or changes in salinity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: GRACE and GRACE-FO
evidence: GRACE data have provided a record of mass loss within the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The report suggests significantly smaller overall  ice-mass losses than previous estimates.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: This represents a loss of 8% of the ice field, with all glaciers experiencing significant retreat.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: There has been significant and ongoing ice volume losses on the largest New Zealand glaciers, including the Tasman, Ivory, Classen, Mueller, Maud, Hooker, Grey, Godley, Ramsay, Murchison, Therma, Volta and Douglas Glaciers.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: The loss in Southern Alps total ice volume from 1976–2014 is 34 percent of the total.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: As with glaciers worldwide, those of the greater Himalayan region are experiencing a decline in mass, and researchers claim that between the early 1970s and early 2000s, there had been a 9 percent reduction in ice mass.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: "Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago".
evidence_label: REFUTES