Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Criticism of NASCAR
evidence: The Car of Tomorrow was first tested in December 2005, and was first revealed to the public in 2006, with numerous safety improvements being touted.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: D. B. Cooper
evidence: In late 2007, the FBI announced that a partial DNA profile had been obtained from three organic samples found on Cooper's clip-on tie in 2001, though they later acknowledged that there is no evidence that the hijacker was the source of the sample material.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Roswell UFO incident
evidence: Podesta stated, "It is time for the government to declassify records that are more than 25 years old and to provide scientists with data that will assist in determining the true nature of the phenomena."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Steele dossier
evidence: The Inspector General investigation by Michael E. Horowitz, published December 9, 2019, expressed doubts about the dossier's reliability and sources: The FBI concluded, among other things, that although consistent with known efforts by Russia to interfere in the 2016 U.S. elections, much of the material in the Steele election reports, including allegations about Donald Trump and members of the Trump campaign relied upon in the Carter Page FISA applications, could not be corroborated; that certain allegations were inaccurate or inconsistent with information gathered by the Crossfire Hurricane team; and that the limited information that was corroborated related to time, location, and title information, much of which was publicly available.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Steele dossier
evidence: The FBI Operation Crossfire Hurricane investigation into Russian interference, which started on July 31, 2016, was not triggered by the dossier, but the dossier is still the subject of the Russia investigation origins counter-narrative, a conspiracy theory pushed by Trump and Fox News.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: We know the Northwest Passage had been open before."
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Northwest Passage
evidence: The only usable route linking the entrances of Lancaster Sound and Dolphin and Union Strait was discovered by John Rae in 1854.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Northwest Passage
evidence: On August 21, 2007, the Northwest Passage became open to ships without the need of an icebreaker.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Northwest Passage
evidence: On September 14, 2007, the European Space Agency stated that ice loss that year had opened up the historically impassable passage, setting a new low of ice cover as seen in satellite measurements which went back to 1978.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Northwest Passage
evidence: An ice-bound northern route was discovered in 1850 by the Irish explorer Robert McClure; it was through a more southerly opening in an area explored by the Scotsman John Rae in 1854 that Norwegian Roald Amundsen made the first complete passage in 1903–1906.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Northwest Passage
evidence: In 1602, George Weymouth became the first European to explore what would later be called Hudson Strait when he sailed Discovery 300 nautical miles (560 km) into the Strait.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Arctic
evidence: Due to the poleward migration of the planet's isotherms (about 56 km (35 mi) per decade during the past 30 years as a consequence of global warming), the Arctic region (as defined by tree line and temperature) is currently shrinking.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: "What drove the dramatic arctic sea ice retreat during summer 2007?".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea ice
evidence: A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: She found moist air warmed more than dry air, and CO 2 warmed most, so she concluded higher levels of this in the past would have increased temperatures: Huddleston 2019.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO 2.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: "Rapid atmospheric CO 2 changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Satellite measurements of infrared spectra over the past 40 years observe less energy escaping to space at the wavelengths associated with CO2.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: European Southern Observatory
evidence: Cosmic-temperature measurements The VLT has detected, for the first time, carbon-monoxide molecules in a galaxy located almost 11 billion light-years away.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Infrared
evidence: The LWIR (8–15 μm) region is especially useful since some radiation at these wavelengths can escape into space through the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Satellite temperature measurements
evidence: The three channels use the same frequency but different carbon dioxide cell pressure, the corresponding weighting functions peaks at 29 km for channel 1, 37 km for channel 2 and 45 km for channel 3.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Satellite temperature measurements
evidence: The process of deriving trends from SSUs measurement has proved particularly difficult because of satellites drift, inter-calibration between different satellite with scant overlap and gas leak in the instrument carbon dioxide pressure cell, furthermore since the radiances measured by SSUs are due to emission by carbon dioxide the weighting functions move to higher altitudes as the carbon dioxide concentration in the stratosphere increase.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Satellite temperature measurements
evidence: They measure radiances in various wavelength bands.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Cloud
evidence: Most of the sunlight that reaches the ground is absorbed, warming the surface, which emits radiation upward at longer, infrared, wavelengths.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cloud
evidence: The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The warmed surface emits infrared radiation, but the atmosphere is relatively opaque to infrared and slows the emission of energy, warming the planet.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: This heat, in the form of infrared radiation, gets absorbed and emitted by these gases in the atmosphere, thus warming the lower atmosphere and the surface.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Correlation does not imply causation
evidence: To establish a correlation as causal within physics, it is normally understood that the cause and the effect must connect through a local mechanism (cf.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: One potential source of abrupt climate change would be the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, which would amplify global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Although there are a few areas of linkage, the relationship between the two is weak.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: "How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse effect
evidence: Their effects, together with those of other anthropogenic drivers, have been detected throughout the climate system and are extremely likely to have been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century'".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO 2.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Early estimates of ocean heat from the Argo showed a cooling bias due to pressure sensor issues.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Argo (oceanography)
evidence: In most cases probes drift at a depth of 1000 metres (the so-called parking depth) and, every 10 days, by changing their buoyancy, dive to a depth of 2000 metres and then move to the sea-surface, measuring conductivity and temperature profiles as well as pressure.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Argo (oceanography)
evidence: Such measurements are important for developing a comprehensive understanding of the ocean, such as trends in heat content.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Argo (oceanography)
evidence: David Morrison reports that "[b]oth of these data sets show clear signatures of heat deposition in the ocean, from the temperature changes in the top 2 km of water and from the expansion of the ocean water due to heating.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ocean heat content
evidence: Ocean heat content can be estimated using temperature measurements obtained by a Nansen bottle, an ARGO float, or ocean acoustic tomography.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
evidence: Based on coupled Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models from 2001, the THC tends to weaken somewhat rather than stop, and the warming effects outweigh the cooling, even over Europe.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: In truth, the overwhelming majority of climate-research funding comes from the federal government and left-wing foundations.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: American Legislative Exchange Council
evidence: Greenpeace claims that ALEC has received $525,858 from Koch foundations between 2005 and 2011.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Over the last 14 years Willie Soon, a researcher at the Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics, received a total of $1.25m from Exxon Mobil, Southern Company, the American Petroleum Institute (API) and a foundation run by the ultra-conservative Koch brothers… the biggest single funder was Southern Company, one of the country's biggest electricity providers that relies heavily on coal.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Between 2003 and 2013, the donor-advised funds Donors Trust and Donors Capital Fund, combined, were the largest funders, accounting for about one quarter of the total funds, and the American Enterprise Institute was the largest recipient, 16% of the total funds.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Organizations such as the libertarian Competitive Enterprise Institute, as well as conservative commentators, have challenged IPCC climate change scenarios, funded scientists who disagree with the scientific consensus, and provided their own projections of the economic cost of stricter controls.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ted Cruz
evidence: Proponents of the bill argued that it would provide steady funding to support research and restoration projects, funded primarily by dedicating 12.5% of revenues from offshore energy development, including oil, gas, and renewable energy, through offshore lease sales and production based royalty payments, distributed through a competitive grant program.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: Most sources of CO 2 emissions are natural, and are balanced to various degrees by natural CO 2 sinks.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Additionally, and crucially to life on earth, photosynthesis by phytoplankton consumes dissolved CO 2 in the upper ocean and thereby promotes the absorption of CO 2 from the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: The current concentration is about 0.04% (410 ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: These levels are much higher than at any time during the last 800,000 years, the period for which reliable data have been collected from ice cores.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon sink
evidence: Presently, oceans are CO2 sinks, and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural "sinks" involved in the carbon cycle.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: "Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is "extremely likely" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: "The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: In it, the IUGG concurs with the "comprehensive and widely accepted and endorsed scientific assessments carried out by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and regional and national bodies, which have firmly established, on the basis of scientific evidence, that human activities are the primary cause of recent climate change".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The choice of authors aims for a range of views, expertise and geographical representation, ensuring representation of experts from developing and developed countries and countries with economies in transition.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The IPCC was tasked with reviewing peer-reviewed scientific literature and other relevant publications to provide information on the state of knowledge about climate change.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Rather, it assesses published literature, including peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: The report notes many observed changes in the Earth's climate including atmospheric composition, global average temperatures, ocean conditions, and other climate changes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that "climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Some of the changes have been faster than previous assessments had suggested.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: At the end of an ice age, warming from increased CO 2 would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying its effect in a feedback process.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Water vapor responds to and amplifies effects of the other greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Polar amplification
evidence: That’s important because water vapor is a greenhouse gas just like carbon dioxide and methane.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The public understand it, in that if  you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat  will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Passive solar building design
evidence: A design with too much equator-facing glass can result in excessive winter, spring, or fall day heating, uncomfortably bright living spaces at certain times of the year, and excessive heat transfer on winter nights and summer days.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Passive solar building design
evidence: This will then radiate heat into the building in the evening.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Precipitation
evidence: Those bands bring strong localized snowfall which can be understood as follows: Large water bodies such as lakes efficiently store heat that results in significant temperature differences (larger than 13 °C or 23 °F) between the water surface and the air above.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Precipitation
evidence: when it gets cold, Mars has precipitation which most likely takes the form of frost, rather than rain or snow.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Thunderstorm
evidence: As the water vapor condenses into liquid, latent heat is released, which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding, drier air.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: If there is  a cloud cover, the heat is trapped by water vapour as a greenhouse gas  and the temperature stays quite warm.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Atmosphere of Venus
evidence: The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: As water is a potent greenhouse gas, this further heats the climate: the water vapour feedback.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Urban heat island
evidence: Throughout the daytime, particularly when the skies are cloudless, urban surfaces are warmed by the absorption of solar radiation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Water
evidence: Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate system
evidence: The dominant contributor to the greenhouse effect is water vapour (~50%), with clouds (~25%) and CO 2 (~20%) also playing an important role.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate system
evidence: Some trace gases in the atmosphere, such as water vapour and carbon dioxide, are the gases most important for the workings of the climate system, as they are greenhouse gases which allow visible light from the Sun to penetrate to the surface, but block some of the infra-red radiation the Earth's surface emits to balance the Sun's radiation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Baffin Island
evidence: [citation needed] In 2012, a survey of caribou herds found that the local population was only about 5,000, a decrease of as much as 95% from the 1990s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Polar bear
evidence: "Ask the experts: Are polar bear populations increasing?".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Polar bear
evidence: In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Polar bear
evidence: Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Polar bear
evidence: In Nunavut, some Inuit have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements in recent years, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Mitigation (law)
evidence: Mitigation in law is the principle that a party who has suffered loss (from a tort or breach of contract) has to take reasonable action to minimize the amount of the loss suffered.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Risk management
evidence: Implementation follows all of the planned methods for mitigating the effect of the risks.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Stern Review
evidence: Cline noted that the Review's large cost-benefit ratio for mitigation policy allows room for these long-term costs to be reduced substantially but still support aggressive action to reduce emissions.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon tax
evidence: Various studies in the 1990s, and an economic analysis by Statistics Norway, have estimated the effect of the CO2 tax to be a reduction of 2.5–11% of Norwegian emissions under a business-as-usual approach (i.e., the predicted emissions that would have occurred without the tax).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon tax
evidence: An Economic Assessment of Policy Instruments for Combating Climate Change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: This is considered as a particularly difficult policy proposal as the economic growth of developing countries are proportionally reflected in the growth of greenhouse emissions.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Emissions trading
evidence: They all put a price on pollution (for example, see carbon price), and so provide an economic incentive to reduce pollution beginning with the lowest-cost opportunities.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Stern Review
evidence: Economists have different views over the cost estimates of climate change mitigation given in the Review.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon tax
evidence: Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon tax
evidence: There is overwhelming agreement among economists that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: The importance of change is illustrated by the fact that world economic energy efficiency is improving at only half the rate of world economic growth.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Emissions trading
evidence: In theory, a polluter's decisions should lead to an economically efficient allocation of reductions among polluters, and lower compliance costs for individual firms and for the economy overall, compared to command-and-control mechanisms.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sustainable development
evidence: Therefore, solutions need to be found so that the economies of the world can continue to grow, but not at the expense of the public good.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: Between 2001 and 2005: Sermeq Kujalleq broke up, losing 93 square kilometres (36 sq mi) and raised awareness worldwide of glacial response to global climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: North America
evidence: The Pre-Columbian era ended in 1492, with the beginning of the transatlantic migrations—the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the Early Modern period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: It has been observed that there is more precipitation where it is warmer, up to 1.5 meters per year on the southeast flank, and less precipitation or none on the 25–80 percent (depending on the time of year) of the island that is cooler.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenland
evidence: "Is Iceland Really Green and Greenland Really Icy?"
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenland
evidence: Interpretation of ice core and clam shell data suggests that between 800 and 1300, the regions around the fjords of southern Greenland experienced a relatively mild climate several degrees Celsius higher than usual in the North Atlantic, with trees and herbaceous plants growing, and livestock being farmed.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Reforestation
evidence: The Great Green Wall initiative is a pan-African proposal to "green" the continent from west to east in order to battle desertification.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sahara
evidence: When the North African monsoon is at its strongest annual precipitation and subsequent vegetation in the Sahara region increase, resulting in conditions commonly referred to as the "green Sahara".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: These measurements came from the US space agency's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite, launched in 2002, as reported by BBC.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: Using data from two ground-observing satellites, ICESAT and ASTER, a study published in Geophysical Research Letters (September 2008) shows that nearly 75 percent of the loss of Greenland's ice can be traced back to small coastal glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenland
evidence: Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ice sheet
evidence: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: (2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: In 2005, this had increased to about 220 km3 or 52.8 cu mi a year due to rapid thinning near its coasts, while in 2006 it was estimated at 239 km3 (57.3 cu mi) per year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: Assessment of the data and techniques suggests a mass balance for the Greenland Ice Sheet ranging between growth of 25 Gt/yr and loss of 60 Gt/yr for 1961 to 2003, loss of 50 to 100 Gt/yr for 1993 to 2003 and loss at even higher rates between 2003 and 2005.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: Until 2007, rate of decrease in ice sheet height in cm per year.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenland
evidence: Other research has shown that higher snowfalls from the North Atlantic oscillation caused the interior of the ice cap to thicken by an average of 6 cm or 2.36 in/y between 1994 and 2005.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: Inland glaciers have had a generally negative mass balance, whereby during the 1990s, maritime glaciers showed a positive mass balance and advanced.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "Greenland's Coastal Ice Caps Have Melted Past The Point Of No Return".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: The additional snowfall causes increased ice flow of the ice sheet into the ocean, so that the mass gain due to snowfall is partially compensated.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Methods agree that the Totten Glacier has lost ice in recent decades in response to ocean warming and possibly a reduction in local sea ice cover.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: The rate of the decline in entire Arctic ice coverage is accelerating.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: "Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Average annual ice loss in Greenland more than doubled in the early 21st century compared to the 20th century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: While there are direct ways in which CO2 is a pollutant (acidification of the ocean), its primary impact is its greenhouse warming effect.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section "Structure and bonding" above).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Pollution
evidence: The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming which affects ecosystems in many ways.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: While the greenhouse effect is a natural occurence, too much warming has severe negative impacts on agriculture, health and environment.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: The impact on the environment, ecosystems, the animal kingdom, society and humanity depends on how much more the Earth warms.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Generally, impacts on public health will be more negative than positive.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts, including sea level rise, increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events, loss of biodiversity, and regional changes in agricultural productivity.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: 'To suddenly label CO2 as a "pollutant" is a disservice to a gas that has played an enormous role in the development and sustainability of all life on this wonderful Earth.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: As is stated in Article 2 of the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can proceed in a sustainable fashion.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Emissions trading
evidence: Emissions trading (also known as cap and trade) is a market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sustainability
evidence: On the other hand, an extensive historical analysis of technological efficiency improvements has conclusively shown that improvements in the efficiency of the use of energy and materials were almost always outpaced by economic growth, in large part because of the rebound effect (conservation) or Jevons Paradox resulting in a net increase in resource use and associated pollution.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sustainable energy
evidence: In its book, the Commission described four key elements of sustainability with respect to energy: the ability to increase the supply of energy to meet growing human needs, energy efficiency and conservation, public health and safety, and "protection of the biosphere and prevention of more localized forms of pollution."
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Urbanization
evidence: Urbanization creates enormous social, economic and environmental changes, which provide an opportunity for sustainability with the "potential to use resources more efficiently, to create more sustainable land use and to protect the biodiversity of natural ecosystems."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Mother Earth has clearly ruled that CO2 is not a pollutant.'
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Earth in science fiction
evidence: Its soil is utterly barren and its atmosphere is a fog of pollution.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth in science fiction
evidence: By the time of Resurrection, which is set in the 24th century, Earth as a whole is considered to be an unpleasant, polluted planet that even hardened mercenaries prefer to avoid.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Mother goddess
evidence: Her work in this field has been questioned.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mother goddess
evidence: This made the debate a political one.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a "pollutant", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change and agriculture
evidence: More favourable effects on yield tend to depend to a large extent on realization of the potentially beneficial effects of carbon dioxide on crop growth and increase of efficiency in water use.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Emissions trading
evidence: On April 17, 2009, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) formally announced that it had found that greenhouse gas (GHG) poses a threat to public health and the environment (EPA 2009a).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: It is anticipated that continuing changes to the climate will have serious negative impacts on public, animal and ecosystem health due to extreme weather events, changing disease transmission dynamics, emerging and re-emerging diseases, and alterations to habitat and ecological systems that are essential to wildlife conservation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: American Public Health Association Policy Statement Addressing the Urgent Threat of Global Climate Change to Public Health and the Environment, 2007, archived from the original on 2009-12-31 "The long-term threat of global climate change to global health is extremely serious and the fourth IPCC report and other scientific literature demonstrate convincingly that anthropogenic GHG emissions are primarily responsible for this threat….US policy makers should immediately take necessary steps to reduce US emissions of GHGs, including carbon dioxide, to avert dangerous climate change."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS