Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Europe
evidence: There are frequent summer droughts in this region.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate change can be mitigated through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions or the enhancement of the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Severe weather
evidence: Another form of severe weather is drought, which is a prolonged period of persistently dry weather (that is, absence of precipitation).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Severe weather
evidence: A drought in the 1930s known as the Dust Bowl affected 50 million acres of farmland in the central United States.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Biodiversity
evidence: Biodiversity is also important to the security of resources such as water, timber, paper, fiber, and food.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Florida
evidence: The state produces about 75% of the phosphate required by farmers in the United States and 25% of the world supply, with about 95% used for agriculture (90% for fertilizer and 5% for livestock feed supplements) and 5% used for other products.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hong Kong
evidence: With few natural lakes and rivers, high population density, inaccessible groundwater sources, and extremely seasonal rainfall, the territory does not have a reliable source of fresh water.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Human nutrition
evidence: Human nutrition deals with the provision of essential nutrients in food that are necessary to support human life and health.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Melbourne
evidence: It was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and a vital source of food and water.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: El Salvador
evidence: In the summer of 2001 a severe drought destroyed 80% of El Salvador's crops, causing famine in the countryside.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hypertension
evidence: Serum creatinine is measured to assess for the presence of kidney disease, which can be either the cause or the result of hypertension.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Kidney
evidence: Only when the amount of functioning kidney tissue is greatly diminished does one develop chronic kidney disease.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mesoamerican nephropathy
evidence: In El Salvador and Nicaragua alone, the reported number of men dying from this painful disease has risen five-fold in the last 20 years, although some researchers believe hidden cases have always been there and this increment in official data could be partially due to the recent increase in reports and improved case search, pushed by the growing social and political interest in the disease.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mesoamerican nephropathy
evidence: In El Salvador, the disease has become the second leading cause of death among adult men, and according to a recent editorial, it has been estimated that this largely unknown epidemic has caused the premature death of at least 20,000 men in the region.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ozone depletion
evidence: So far, ozone depletion in most locations has been typically a few percent and, as noted above, no direct evidence of health damage is available in most latitudes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ozone depletion
evidence: Reductions of up to 70 percent in the ozone column observed in the austral (southern hemispheric) spring over Antarctica and first reported in 1985 (Farman et al.)
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ozone depletion
evidence: Some stratospheric cooling is also predicted from increases in greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and CFCs themselves; however, the ozone-induced cooling appears to be dominant.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Philadelphia
evidence: According to the same report, the city experienced a significant reduction in high ozone days since 2001—from nearly 50 days per year to fewer than 10—along with fewer days of high particle pollution since 2000—from about 19 days per year to about 3—and an approximate 30% reduction in annual levels of particle pollution since 2000.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: For an ideal gas mixture this is equivalent to parts per million by volume (ppmv).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Eocene
evidence: For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse effect
evidence: Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The oft-cited Mauna Loa average for 2012 is 393.8 ppm, which is a good approximation although typically about 1 ppm higher than the spatial average given above.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Spanish flu
evidence: It infected 500 million people around the world, or about 27% of the then world population of about 1.8 billion, including people on remote Pacific islands and in the Arctic.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Spanish flu
evidence: The death toll is estimated to have been 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million (about 3 to 6 percent of Earth's population at the time), making it one of the deadliest epidemics in human history.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Spanish flu
evidence: "1918 Flu Pandemic That Killed 50 Million Originated in China, Historians Say".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Spanish flu
evidence: Older estimates say it killed 40–50 million people, while current estimates put the death toll at probably 50 million (less than 3% of the global population), and possibly as high as 100 million (more than 5%).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Spanish flu
evidence: In the U.S., about 28% of the population of 105 million became infected, and 500,000 to 675,000 died (0.48 to 0.64 percent of the population).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “As it happens, Zika may also be a good model of the second worrying effect — disease mutation.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Gene
evidence: Genetic disorders are the result of deleterious mutations and can be due to spontaneous mutation in the affected individual, or can be inherited.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Genetics
evidence: These errors, called mutations, can affect the phenotype of an organism, especially if they occur within the protein coding sequence of a gene.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mutation
evidence: This is especially useful studying diseases in adults by allowing expression after a certain period of growth, thus eliminating the deleterious effect of gene expression seen during stages of development in model organisms.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Zika fever
evidence: In addition, research was needed to determine the mechanism by which Zika produced these effects.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Zika fever
evidence: Zika also appears to have an equal tropism for cells of the developing eye, leading to high rates of eye abnormalities as well.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: In a paper published by PNAS on 9 September 2008, Mann and colleagues produced updated reconstructions of Earth surface temperature for the past two millennia.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick graph
evidence: The report was not properly peer reviewed.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: An examination of the average global temperature changes by decades reveals continuing climate change, and AR5 reports "Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850 (see Figure SPM.1).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: The Daily Caller
evidence: In 2017, The Daily Caller published a story falsely claiming that a "peer-reviewed study" by "two scientists and a veteran statistician" found that recent years have not been the warmest ever.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (0 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Uppsala
evidence: The second warmest is 2018, with 8.0 °C (46 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Uppsala
evidence: If compared to the period 1861–1890, the annual increase in temperature is 1.8 °C.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: “Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: (2009) found that the evidence showed that connections between solar variation and climate were more likely to be mediated by direct variation of insolation rather than cosmic rays, and concluded: "Hence within our assumptions, the effect of varying solar activity, either by direct solar irradiance or by varying cosmic ray rates, must be less than 0.07 °C since 1956, i.e.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: "From new estimates of the combined anthropogenic forcing due to greenhouse gases, aerosols, and land surface changes, it is extremely likely (>95%) that human activities have exerted a substantial net warming influence on climate since 1750."
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Solar activity and climate
evidence: Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Despite recent attempts to paint the United States as a major global polluter, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. is among the cleanest nations on the planet.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: United States
evidence: The most prominent is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), created by presidential order in 1970.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United States
evidence: It is the only country in the world, other than Eritrea, to do so.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United States
evidence: Since 2007, the total greenhouse gas emissions by the United States are the second highest by country, exceeded only by China.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United States
evidence: The United States has historically been the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases and greenhouse gas emissions per capita remain high.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: United States
evidence: Issues that affect water supply in the United States include droughts in the West, water scarcity, pollution, a backlog of investment, concerns about the affordability of water for the poorest, and a rapidly retiring workforce.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: While France and other G7 countries lamented the U.S. exit from the Paris climate accord, America’s air is already cleaner than that of any other country in the G7, except Canada with its scant population.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Canada
evidence: The most densely populated part of the country, accounting for nearly 50 percent, is the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: France
evidence: Being the host country of the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference, the French government was instrumental in securing the 2015 Paris agreement, a success that has been credited to its"openness and experience in diplomacy" (though the US, after the election of President Trump in 2016, then announced it will withdraw from the agreement).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement
evidence: On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement
evidence: The communique issued at the conclusion of the summit stated that the United States "is not in a position to join the consensus" of the other G7 countries on policies regarding climate change and the Paris Agreement.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement
evidence: "French PM blasts Trump's decision to pull US out of Paris climate accord as 'calamitous'".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: According to the WHO, exposure to particulate matter increases the risk of acute lower respiratory infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, stroke and lung cancer.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Air pollution
evidence: Causes of deaths include strokes, heart disease, COPD, lung cancer, and lung infections.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Air pollution
evidence: Air pollution is a significant risk factor for a number of pollution-related diseases, including respiratory infections, heart disease, COPD, stroke and lung cancer.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Particulates
evidence: The effects of inhaling particulate matter that has been widely studied in humans and animals include asthma, lung cancer, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disease, premature delivery, birth defects, low birth weight, and premature death.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Particulates
evidence: Bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and interstitial pneumonia were the most common ailments treated by area hospitals.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Particulates
evidence: Worldwide exposure to PM2.5 contributed to 4.1 million deaths from heart disease and stroke, lung cancer, chronic lung disease, and respiratory infections in 2016.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The report […] found that the United States was one of the most pollution-free nations in the world.”
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Developing country
evidence: For example, with regards to health risks, they commonly have: low levels of access to safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene; energy poverty; high levels of pollution (e.g.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Developing country
evidence: Tropical and infectious diseases (neglected tropical diseases) Unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation and hygiene Indoor air pollution in developing nations Pollution (e.g.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Developing country
evidence: Water pollution is a major problem in many developing countries.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United States
evidence: "How polluted is U.S. drinking water?".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United States
evidence: Since 2007, the total greenhouse gas emissions by the United States are the second highest by country, exceeded only by China.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Carbon dioxide is colorless.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: At low concentrations the gas is odorless; however, at sufficiently-high concentrations, it has a sharp, acidic odor.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Carbon dioxide is odorless at normally encountered concentrations, but at high concentrations, it has a sharp and acidic odor.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Exhaust gas
evidence: Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Growers regularly pump CO2 into greenhouses, raising levels to three times that of the natural environment, to produce stronger, greener, healthier plants.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Cannabis cultivation
evidence: Adequate levels of CO2 must be maintained for the plants to grow efficiently.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse
evidence: Secondary metabolites, e.g., cardiac glycosides in Digitalis lanata, are produced in higher amounts by greenhouse cultivation at enhanced temperature and at enhanced carbon dioxide concentration.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hydroponics
evidence: To increase yield further, some sealed greenhouses inject CO2 into their environment to help improve growth and plant fertility.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Vertical farming
evidence: Greenhouses commonly supplement carbon dioxide levels to 3–4 times the atmospheric rate.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: The current concentration is about 0.04% (410 ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: “Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: A 2017 Politico article states that increased CO 2 levels may have a negative impact on the nutritional quality of various human food crops, by increasing the levels of carbohydrates, such as glucose, while decreasing the levels of important nutrients such as protein, iron, and zinc.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: While increased CO 2 levels help crop growth at lower temperature increases, those crops do become less nutritious.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Indur M. Goklany
evidence: In an op-ed for The New York Times, he wrote, "Ironically, much of the hysteria over global warming is itself fueled by concerns that it may drive numerous species to extinction and increase hunger worldwide, especially in developing countries.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: Since global warming is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and methane, scientists closely monitor atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and their impact on the present-day biosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide removal
evidence: Both have the same net effect, but for achieving carbon dioxide concentration levels below present levels, carbon dioxide removal is critical.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: As stated in the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can be sustained.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Snowball Earth
evidence: "High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Meeting the 2025 emissions reduction target alone could subtract $250 billion from our GDP and eliminate 2.7 million jobs.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Air pollution
evidence: This would save about $600 billion in health costs a year due to reduced air pollution in 2050, or about 3.6% of the 2014 U.S. gross domestic product.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Biodiesel
evidence: Judging by the continued growth in the Renewable Fuel Standard and the extension of the biodiesel tax incentive, the number of jobs can increase to 50,725, $2.7 billion in income, and reaching $5 billion in GDP by 2012 and 2013.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon tax
evidence: The goal is to reduce carbon emissions to those outlined in the Kyoto Protocol; specifically to reduce their emissions by 7% below 1990 levels by 2012.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Kyoto Protocol and government action
evidence: The country has a national objective to reduce emissions by 25% from their 1990 levels by 2020, and a long-term target to reduce emissions 75–80% by 2050.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Kyoto Protocol and government action
evidence: Informed by the Energy White Paper 2003, the bill aims to achieve a mandatory reduction of 60% in the carbon emission from the 1990 level by 2050, with an intermediate target of between 26% and 32% by 2020.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The cement, iron and steel, and petroleum refining industries could see their production cut by 21% 19%, and 11% respectively.”
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Economy of Venezuela
evidence: The hardest hit sectors in the worst recession years (2002–2003) were construction (−55.9%), petroleum (−26.5%), commerce (−23.6%) and manufacturing (−22.5%).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Economy of Venezuela
evidence: By the first half of 2016, only 10 vehicles were manufactured per day in Venezuela with production dropping 86%.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Mineral industry of Africa
evidence: The 2012 share of world production from African soil was bauxite 7%; aluminium 5%; chromite 38%; cobalt 60%; copper 9%; gold 20%; iron ore 2%; steel 1%; lead (Pb) 2%; manganese 38%; zinc 1%; cement 4%; natural diamond 56%; graphite 2%; phosphate rock 21%; coal 4%; mineral fuels (including coal) & petroleum 47%; uranium 18%.platinum 69.4%.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mineral industry of Africa
evidence: Crude steel production was expected to rise by an average of about 5% per year from 2005 to 2011.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Technological and industrial history of China
evidence: Improvements in existing plants reduced steel-industry energy consumption from 73.8 million tons of coal in 1978 to 69.1 million tons in 1983, and production increased by 26 percent.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Efficient energy use
evidence: At an EU summit in October 2014, EU countries agreed on a new energy efficiency target of 27% or greater by 2030.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Efficient energy use
evidence: They are: To help households and businesses transition to a low carbon future To streamline the adoption of efficient energy To make buildings more energy-efficient For governments to work in partnership and lead the way to energy efficiency The overriding agreement that governs this strategy is the National Partnership Agreement on Energy Efficiency.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Energy policy of the United States
evidence: On August 31, 2006, the California Legislature reached an agreement with Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to reduce the state's greenhouse-gas emissions, which rank at 12th-largest carbon emitter in the world, by 25 percent by the year 2020.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Smart grid
evidence: The increased efficiency and reliability of the smart grid is expected to save consumers money and help reduce CO 2 emissions.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Wind power
evidence: ESB National Grid, Ireland's electric utility, in a 2004 study that, concluded that to meet the renewable energy targets set by the EU in 2001 would "increase electricity generation costs by a modest 15%" "Impact of Wind Power Generation in Ireland on the Operation of Conventional Plant and the Economic Implications" (PDF).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: As a result, the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet is held at lower temperatures, and the peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are subject to higher temperatures, which promote accelerated melting.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Antarctica
evidence: The sheet has been of recent concern because of the small possibility of its collapse.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Pine Island Glacier
evidence: Scientists have found that the flow of these ice streams has accelerated in recent years, and suggested that if they were to melt, global sea levels would rise by 1 to 2 m (3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in), destabilising the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet and perhaps sections of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: The acceleration of the rate of retreat since 1995 of key outlet glaciers of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets may foreshadow a rise in sea level, which would affect coastal regions.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice sheet
evidence: Around 90% of the Earth's ice mass is in Antarctica, which, if melted, would cause sea levels to rise by 58 meters.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (175 ft).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: The lead scientist Eric Rignot told CNN: "melting is taking place in the most vulnerable parts of Antarctica ... parts that hold the potential for multiple meters of sea level rise in the coming century or two."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: an airplane is contributing to the emissions that put the frozen continent at risk.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Airplane
evidence: This enables the entire craft to contribute to lift generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Boeing
evidence: The airline industry is responsible for about 11% of greenhouse gases emitted by the U.S. transportation sector.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Boeing
evidence: Aviation's share of the greenhouse gas emissions is poised to grow, as air travel increases and ground vehicles use more alternative fuels like ethanol and biodiesel.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Boeing
evidence: Boeing estimates that biofuels could reduce flight-related greenhouse-gas emissions by 60 to 80%.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global catastrophic risk
evidence: In November 2017, a statement by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries indicated that increasing levels of greenhouse gases from use of fossil fuels, human population growth, deforestation, and overuse of land for agricultural production, particularly by farming ruminants for meat consumption, are trending in ways that forecast an increase in human misery over coming decades.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: If those emissions continue unchecked and the world is allowed to heat up enough, scientists have no doubt that large parts of Antarctica will melt into the sea.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Antarctica
evidence: As a result, the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet is held at lower temperatures, and the peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are subject to higher temperatures, which promote accelerated melting.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Antarctica
evidence: If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Also, a report by the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research stated that around three million years ago, levels of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere were similar to today’s levels which increased temperature by two to three degrees Celsius and melted one third of Antarctica’s ice sheets.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: "The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Holocene
evidence: [citation needed] The Holocene climatic optimum (HCO) was a period of warming in which the global climate became warmer.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Holocene
evidence: This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: The last cold episode of the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Sea level rise
evidence: There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: The warming was sustained over a period of thousands of years and the magnitude of the rise in sea level implies a large contribution from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tipping points in the climate system
evidence: Runaway climate change of 4–5 °C can make swathes of the planet around the equator uninhabitable, with sea levels up to 60 metres (197 ft) higher than they are today.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: West Antarctic Ice Sheet
evidence: In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: “Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice shelf
evidence: An ice shelf is a large floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice shelf
evidence: This new source of ice volume flows down from above sea level, displacing sea water and so contributing to sea level rise.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice shelf
evidence: That flow continually moves ice from the grounding line to the seaward front of the shelf.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ross Ice Shelf
evidence: The Ross Ice Shelf pushes out into the sea at between 1.5 and 3 m (5 and 10 ft) a day.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Sea level rise
evidence: A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: West Antarctic Ice Sheet
evidence: It has been hypothesised that this disintegration could raise sea levels by approximately 3.3 metres (11 ft).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: West Antarctic Ice Sheet
evidence: On 12 May 2014, it was announced that two teams of scientists said the long-feared collapse of the Ice Sheet had begun, kicking off what they say will be a centuries-long, "unstoppable" process that could raise sea levels by 1.2 to 3.6 metres (3.9 to 11.8 ft) They estimate that rapid drawdown of Thwaites Glacier will begin in 200 – 1000 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: West Antarctic Ice Sheet
evidence: In 2016, improved computer modeling revealed that the breakup of glaciers could lead to a steep rise in sea levels much more quickly than previously projected.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: West Antarctic Ice Sheet
evidence: In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer (up to 3 °C).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: In fact, this water mass is actually warmer than the surface water, and remains submerged only due to the role of salinity in density.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: El Niño
evidence: The low-level surface trade winds, which normally blow from east to west along the equator, either weaken or start blowing from the other direction.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: El Niño
evidence: Within the Atlantic Ocean vertical wind shear is increased, which inhibits tropical cyclone genesis and intensification, by causing the westerly winds in the atmosphere to be stronger.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Southern Ocean
evidence: Strong westerly (eastward) winds blow around Antarctica, driving a significant flow of water northwards.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: We’re not sure because we don’t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,” said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Antarctica cooling controversy
evidence: In a study released in 2009, historical weather station data was combined with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Antarctica cooling controversy
evidence: One of the paper's authors, Eric Steig of the University of Washington, stated "We now see warming is taking place on all seven of the earth’s continents in accord with what models predict as a response to greenhouse gases."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Antarctica
evidence: A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming in Antarctica
evidence: Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man-made climate change: "We can't pin it down, but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels", said NASA scientist Drew Shindell, another study co-author.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “Recent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: If the sheet were to break down, ocean levels would rise by several metres in a relatively geologically short period of time, perhaps a matter of centuries.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: ‘We could be decades too fast, or decades too slow,’said one of them, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Cambridge, Massachusetts
evidence: March 26, 1892. p. 11.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: University of Massachusetts Amherst
evidence: from year to year, made possible the new M.A.C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: University of Massachusetts Amherst
evidence: Last of the ‘Big Four’ was President Henry H. Goodell—classicist, modern thinker, lover of literature and the arts, disciplinarian, sympathizer, self-forgetter.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: University of Massachusetts Amherst
evidence: August 28, 2012.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: University of Massachusetts Amherst
evidence: October 31, 2013.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270 cm (6.6 to 8.9 ft) this century is "physically plausible".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS