Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming hiatus
evidence: 'Our corrected data set says things have warmed up about 1.65 degrees Fahrenheit.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: La Niña
evidence: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Apple Corps
evidence: We’ve got to put a stop to it in order to set a precedent.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Apple Corps
evidence: Lennon said, "It's a company we're setting up, involving records, films, and electronics, and – as a sideline – manufacturing or whatever.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: The Carpenters
evidence: Offering/Ticket to Ride (1969) Close to You (1970) Carpenters (1971) A Song for You (1972) Now & Then (1973) Horizon (1975) A Kind of Hush (1976) Passage (1977) Christmas Portrait (1978) Made in America (1981) Posthumous releases Voice of the Heart (1983) An Old-Fashioned Christmas (1984) Lovelines (1989) As Time Goes By (2004) Carpenters With The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (2018) Notes Even though they are referred to as "The Carpenters", their official name for authorized recordings and press material is simply "Carpenters".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: The Rolling Stones
evidence: I'm planning the next set of tours, so the answer is really, 'No, not really.'"
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: The Simpsons
evidence: The Simpson's sets a record by staying relevant".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Australia
evidence: "Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Australia
evidence: According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, "the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Australia
evidence: Furthermore, 2014 was Australia's third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in 1910.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Australia
evidence: January 2019 was the hottest month ever in Australia with average temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Australia
evidence: ], inflation has typically been 2–3% and the base interest rate 5–6%.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hurricane Harvey
evidence: "It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hurricane Harvey
evidence: The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hurricane Harvey
evidence: Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hurricane Harvey
evidence: "Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The IPCC provides an internationally accepted authority on climate change, producing reports that have the agreement of leading climate scientists and consensus from participating governments.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: "Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Joint Science Academies' statement, 2001: "The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: 2000s (decade)
evidence: The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Anthony Watts (blogger)
evidence: Farmer 2014, p. 44: "Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Venus
evidence: Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F), even though Mercury is closer to the Sun.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Venus
evidence: The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Venus
evidence: This makes Venus's surface hotter than Mercury's, which has a minimum surface temperature of 53 K (−220 °C; −364 °F) and maximum surface temperature of 700 K (427 °C; 801 °F), even though Venus is nearly twice Mercury's distance from the Sun and thus receives only 25% of Mercury's solar irradiance.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: "Episodic fresh surface waters in the Eocene Arctic Ocean".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change and ecosystems
evidence: Eventually the planet will warm to such a degree that the ocean's ability to dissolve water will no longer exist, resulting in a worldwide dead zone.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change and ecosystems
evidence: Alterations to the ocean currents, due to increased freshwater inputs from glacier melt, and the potential alterations to thermohaline circulation of the worlds oceans, may affect existing fisheries upon which humans depend as well.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: 'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: On 22 March 2010 the university announced the composition of an independent Science Assessment Panel to reassess key CRU papers that have already been peer-reviewed and published in journals.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global cooling
evidence: Academic analysis of the peer-reviewed studies published at that time shows that most papers examining aspects of climate during the 1970s were either neutral or showed a warming trend.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: A 2013 study, published in the peer-reviewed journal Environmental Research Letters analyzed 11,944 abstracts from papers published in the peer-reviewed scientific literature between 1991 and 2011, identified by searching the ISI Web of Science citation index engine for the text strings "global climate change" or "global warming".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: His 1861 paper proposed changing concentrations of these gases could have caused "all the mutations of climate which the researches of geologists reveal" and would explain ice age changes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: James Delingpole
evidence: Delingpole has engaged in climate change denialism; in 2009 he wrote of "The conspiracy behind the Anthropogenic Global Warming myth".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The disputed issues include the causes of increased global average air temperature, especially since the mid-20th century, whether this warming trend is unprecedented or within normal climatic variations, whether humankind has contributed significantly to it, and whether the increase is completely or partially an artifact of poor measurements.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: From this, he concluded that "The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global cooling
evidence: When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that "CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: 20th century
evidence: The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 20th century
evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Increases in atmospheric CO2 followed increases in temperature.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Gaia hypothesis
evidence: When CO2 levels rise in the atmosphere the temperature increases and plants grow.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Anoxic event
evidence: Oceanic anoxic events most commonly occurred during periods of very warm climate characterized by high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and mean surface temperatures probably in excess of 25 °C (77 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: sea-level rise is not accelerating.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Sea level rise
evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Local and regional sea levels continue to exhibit typical natural variability—in some places rising and in others falling.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Sea level
evidence: The term "steric" refers to global changes in sea level due to thermal expansion and salinity variations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level
evidence: Local mean sea level (LMSL) is defined as the height of the sea with respect to a land benchmark, averaged over a period of time (such as a month or a year) long enough that fluctuations caused by waves and tides are smoothed out.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea
evidence: Tides, the generally twice-daily rise and fall of sea levels, are caused by Earth's rotation and the gravitational effects of the orbiting Moon and, to a lesser extent, of the Sun.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea
evidence: Tides are the regular rise and fall in water level experienced by seas and oceans in response to the gravitational influences of the Moon and the Sun, and the effects of the Earth's rotation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea
evidence: For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 millimetres (0.071 in) per year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Satellite temperature measurements show that tropospheric temperatures are increasing with "rates similar to those of the surface temperature", leading the IPCC to conclude that this discrepancy is reconciled.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Conventional projections of future temperature rises depend on estimates of future anthropogenic GHG emissions (see SRES), those positive and negative climate change feedbacks that have so far been incorporated into the models, and the climate sensitivity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Ed Hawkins, of the University of Reading, stated that the "surface temperatures since 2005 are already at the low end of the range of projections derived from 20 climate models.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Confidence in model estimates is higher for some climate variables (e.g., temperature) than for others (e.g., precipitation).
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Kyoto Protocol
evidence: The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature ("global warming") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The dominant cause of the warming since the 1950s is human activities.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: 90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Coral bleaching
evidence: During this time, over 70 percent of the coral reefs around the world have become damaged.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Coral bleaching
evidence: In late November 2016 surveys of 62 reefs showed that long term heat stress from climate change caused a 29% loss of shallow water coral.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coral reef
evidence: Every 4–7 years, an El Niño event causes some reefs with heat-sensitive corals to bleach, with especially widespread bleachings in 1998 and 2010.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Coral reef
evidence: According to the Caribbean Coral Reefs - Status Report 19702-2012, states that; stop overfishing especially fishes key to coral reef like parrotfish, coastal zone management that reduce human pressure on reef, (for example restricting coastal settlement, development and tourism) and control pollution specially sewage, may reduce coral decline or even reverse it.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coral
evidence: Increasing sea temperatures in tropical regions (~1 degree C) the last century have caused major coral bleaching, death, and therefore shrinking coral populations since although they are able to adapt and acclimate, it is uncertain if this evolutionary process will happen quickly enough to prevent major reduction of their numbers.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Deforestation
evidence: The model predicted <0.2 °C warming for upper air at 700 mb and 500 mb.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global catastrophic risk
evidence: Projections of future climate change suggest further global warming, sea level rise, and an increase in the frequency and severity of some extreme weather events and weather-related disasters.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global catastrophic risk
evidence: Martin Weitzman argues that most of the expected economic damage from climate change may come from the small chance that warming greatly exceeds the mid-range expectations, resulting in catastrophic damage.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: (2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Climate change and agriculture
evidence: In the 1980s and 1990s low world market prices for cereals and livestock resulted in decreased agricultural growth and increased rural poverty.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: While increased CO 2 levels help crop growth at lower temperature increases, those crops do become less nutritious.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Human impact on the environment
evidence: Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Human impact on the environment
evidence: Potential negative environmental impacts caused by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are rising global air temperatures, altered hydrogeological cycles resulting in more frequent and severe droughts, storms, and floods, as well as sea level rise and ecosystem disruption.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sustainability
evidence: A major hurdle to achieve sustainability is the alleviation of poverty.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Sea level rise
evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Sea level rise
evidence: If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: The study also concluded that the Paris climate agreement emissions scenario, if met, would result in a median 52 cm (20 in) of sea level rise by 2100.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: In high emission scenario, it will be 34 cm by 2050 and 111 cm by 2100.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: The commission said the country must plan for a rise in the North Sea up to 1.3 metres (4 ft 3 in) by 2100 and plan for a 2–4 metres (7–13 ft) m rise by 2200.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Climate change is not making natural disasters worse
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change adaptation
evidence: attribute these events to sudden environmental changes, like natural disasters.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Gradual but pervasive environmental change and sudden natural disasters both influence the nature and extent of human migration but in different ways.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Slow-onset disasters and gradual environmental erosion such as desertification, reduction of soil fertility, coastal erosion and sea-level rise are likely to induce long term migration.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Habitat destruction
evidence: Habitat destruction vastly increases an area's vulnerability to natural disasters like flood and drought, crop failure, spread of disease, and water contamination.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: It assesses the effect that climate change has on the threat of natural disasters and how nations can better manage an expected change in the frequency of occurrence and intensity of severe weather patterns.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Agriculture
evidence: As of 2010[update], 30% of Earth's ice- and water-free area was used for producing livestock, with the sector employing approximately 1.3 billion people.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Alaska
evidence: Alaska is the largest state in the United States by total area at 663,268 square miles (1,717,856 km2), over twice the size of Texas, the next largest state.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Human impact on the environment
evidence: Despite estimated losses of agricultural land, the amount of arable land used in crop production globally increased by about 9% from 1961 to 2012, and is estimated to have been 1.396 billion hectares in 2012.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Human overpopulation
evidence: The report asserts that expanding human land use for agriculture and overfishing are the main causes of this decline.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Meat
evidence: It is by far the biggest cause of land use, as it accounts for nearly 40% of the global land surface.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: France
evidence: As of 2009[update], French carbon dioxide emissions per capita were lower than that of China's.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling—in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Within the G8 group of countries, it is most significant for the UK, France and Germany.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: On the other hand, annual per capita emissions of the EU-15 and the US are gradually decreasing over time.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Emissions in Russia and Ukraine have decreased fastest since 1990 due to economic restructuring in these countries.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Avian influenza
evidence: In Vietnam policymakers, with the support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), used HPAI control to accelerate the industrialization of livestock production for export by proposing to increase the portion of large-scale commercial farms and reducing the number of poultry keepers from 8 to 2 million by 2010.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Human overpopulation
evidence: Food production further increased with the industrial revolution as machinery, fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides were used to increase land under cultivation as well as crop yields.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intensive animal farming
evidence: Intensive animal farming or industrial livestock production, also known by its opponents as factory farming, is a type of intensive agriculture, specifically an approach to animal husbandry designed to maximize production, while minimizing costs.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intensive animal farming
evidence: There are many potential impacts on human health due to the modern cattle industrial agriculture system.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Intensive animal farming
evidence: This must be the way forward and we should end industrial agriculture in this country as well."
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: As a result, half of the people surveyed around the world last year said they thought climate change would make humanity extinct.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change and ecosystems
evidence: (2007:788) concluded that a global mean temperature increase of around 4 °C (above the 1990-2000 level) by 2100 would lead to major extinctions around the globe.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Human overpopulation
evidence: "Biologists think 50% of species will be facing extinction by the end of the century".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: A 2016 survey found that two-thirds of AMS members think that all or most of climate change is caused by human activity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Catastrophic effects in 50–100 years would likely be observed according to 41%, while 44% thought the effects would be moderate and about 13 percent saw relatively little danger.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Among all respondents, 90% agreed that temperatures have risen compared to pre-1800 levels, and 82% agreed that humans significantly influence the global temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: And in January, one out of five British children told pollsters they were having nightmares about climate change.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change denial
evidence: ISBN 978-1-4614-3640-9. belief that climate change is "real" and confidence in climate science has surprisingly decreased… Angus Reid polls conducted in December 2009 found declining support for climate change…in Britain, Canada, and the United States.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Regrettably, this creates the impression that scientific opinion is evenly divided or completely unsettled" Begley 2007: "polls found that 64 percent of Americans thought there was 'a lot' of scientific disagreement on climate change; only one third thought planetary warming was "mainly caused by things people do."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change, industry and society
evidence: In 2007, the American Academy of Pediatrics issued the policy statement Global Climate Change and Children's Health: Anticipated direct health consequences of climate change include injury and death from extreme weather events and natural disasters, increases in climate-sensitive infectious diseases, increases in air pollution–related illness, and more heat-related, potentially fatal, illness.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change, industry and society
evidence: Disasters, violence and disease are expected to be more frequent and intense, making the future of the world's poorest children more bleak.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Conservative environmental estimates of the impact of climate changes that are already in process indicate that they will result in numerous health effects to children.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Greenpeace didn’t save the whales, switching from whale oil to petroleum and palm oil did
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Greenpeace
evidence: Greenpeace is also critical of extracting petroleum from oil sands and has used direct action to block operations at the Athabasca oil sands in Canada.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenpeace
evidence: Another Greenpeace movement concerning the rain forests is discouraging palm oil industries.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenpeace
evidence: Greenpeace is also calling Wilmar out for breaking the commitment to end deforestation policy signed by Wilmar in December 2013 where they promise to incorporate organic and sustainable ways to collect palm oil.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenpeace
evidence: Brands cannot let this deception pass unchallenged and have no choice but to suspend all business with Wilmar until it can prove it only trades clean palm oil from responsible producers."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Petroleum
evidence: James S. Robbins has argued that the advent of petroleum-refined kerosene saved some species of great whales from extinction by providing an inexpensive substitute for whale oil, thus eliminating the economic imperative for open-boat whaling.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Cloud
evidence: For these reasons the role of tropospheric clouds in regulating weather and climate remains a leading source of uncertainty in global warming projections.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System
evidence: Results from the CERES and other NASA missions, such as the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), could lead to a better understanding of the role of clouds and the energy cycle in global climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: With this information, scientists can produce scenarios of how greenhouse gas emissions may vary in the future.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate sensitivity
evidence: Climate sensitivity is an emergent property of these models.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate sensitivity
evidence: The cause of the increased sensitivity lies mainly in improved modelling of clouds so that low clouds descrease more strongly when temperature rise causing enhanced planetary absorption of sunlight.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate sensitivity
evidence: The more sensitive a climate system is to increased greenhouse gases, the more likely it is to have decades when temperatures are much higher or much lower than the longer-term average.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate sensitivity
evidence: Climate sensitivity is typically estimated in three ways; by using observations taken during the industrial age, by using temperature and other data from the Earth's past and by modelling the climate system in computers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The IPCC has pointed out that many long-term climate scenario models require large-scale manmade negative emissions to avoid serious climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Previous IPCC reports tended to assume that clouds would have a neutral impact because the warming and cooling feedbacks would cancel each other out.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Cloud feedback
evidence: The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Cloud feedback
evidence: This feedback would partially cancel the increased surface warming due to the cloudiness.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Cloud feedback
evidence: In the current climate, clouds exert a cooling effect on climate (the global mean CRF is negative).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Tipping points in the climate system
evidence: The IPCC reports that feedbacks to increased temperatures are net positive for the remainder of this century, with the impact of cloud cover the largest uncertainty.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: While much remains to be learned, the core phenomenon, scientific questions, and hypotheses have been examined thoroughly and have stood firm in the face of serious scientific debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: In a 2006 letter to Nature, Mann, Bradley, and Hughes pointed out that their original article had said that "more widespread high-resolution data are needed before more confident conclusions can be reached" and that the uncertainties were "the point of the article".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: IPCC reports cover the "scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: To inform decisions on adaptation and mitigation, it is critical that we improve our understanding of the global climate system and our ability to project future climate through continued and improved monitoring and research.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The statement stresses that the scientific understanding of climate change is now sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action, and explicitly endorsed the IPCC consensus.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The 1850–1900 period is a reasonable pragmatic surrogate for preindustrial global mean temperature."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: "Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO