Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: Extreme melting and changes to the climate like this has released pressure on to the continent, allowing the ground to rise up.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: The gravitational effects comes into play when a large ice sheet melts.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: We’ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Conservative Judaism
evidence: Since the 2013 Pew survey, which assessed that only 18 per cent of American Jews identify with it, Conservative leadership is engaged in attempting to solve Conservative Judaism's demographic crisis.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: We Are the World
evidence: Entertainment manager and fellow fundraiser Ken Kragen was contacted by Belafonte, who asked for singers Lionel Richie and Kenny Rogers—Kragen's clients—to participate in Belafonte's musical endeavor.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: We Are the World
evidence: Several musicians were contacted by the pair, before Jackson and Lionel Richie were assigned the task of writing the song.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: We Found Love
evidence: Anticipation for the video grew in the United Kingdom when the national news picked up on the story of sixty-one-year-old Northern Ireland farmer Alan Graham withdrawing his permission to film in his barley field in Bangor, County Down after taking issue with Rihanna's clothing, focusing on her appearing topless and also wearing a red bikini top which he thought was an "inappropriate state of undress".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: We Found Love
evidence: In the opening lines, Flo Rida introduces himself and raps tongue twisters about Rihanna and The Bahamas, "You know I got love for you/ See what happened was we in Bahams/ I remember it was the ox summer, oh so pretty I/ ..Girl nice to meet you what's the honour/ Yeah she tap me told me she Rihanna.".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Future climate change will include more very hot days and fewer very cold days.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: The area in which extremely hot summers are observed has increased 50-100 fold.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: George W. Bush
evidence: Bush's administration presided over the largest tax cuts since the presidency of Ronald Reagan, and his homeland security reforms proved to be the most significant expansion of the federal government since the Great Society.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hurricane Sandy
evidence: On January 30, 2015, days after the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers released a post-Sandy report examining flood risks for 31,200 miles (50,210 km) of the North Atlantic coast, President Obama issued an executive order directing federal agencies, state and local governments drawing federal funds to adopt stricter building and siting standards to reflect scientific projections that future flooding will be more frequent and intense due to climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Presidency of Donald Trump
evidence: The administration rolled back regulations requiring the federal government to account for climate change and sea-level rise when building infrastructure.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Presidency of Donald Trump
evidence: The administration released the Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) in November 2018, a long-awaited study conducted by numerous federal agencies that found "the evidence of human-caused climate change is overwhelming and continues to strengthen, that the impacts of climate change are intensifying across the country, and that climate-related threats to Americans' physical, social, and economic well-being are rising."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Presidency of Donald Trump
evidence: In October 2017, the administration declared a 90-day public health emergency over the opioid epidemic and pledged to urgently mobilize the federal government in response to the crisis.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: For example, scientists have established causal links between human activities and the changes in snowpack, maximum and minimum (diurnal) temperature, and the seasonal timing of runoff over mountainous regions of the western United States.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: Although proving that particular weather events are due specifically to global warming may never be possible, methodologies have been developed to show the increased risk of such events caused by global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change in the United States
evidence: Looking at the lack of certainty as to the causes of the 1995 to present increase in Atlantic extreme storm activity, a 2007 article in Nature used proxy records of vertical wind shear and sea surface temperature to create a long-term model.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Nuclear winter
evidence: Compared to climate change for the past millennium, even the smallest exchange modeled would plunge the planet into temperatures colder than the Little Ice Age (the period of history between approximately 1600 and 1850 AD).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Nuclear winter
evidence: In both cases, new climate model simulations show that the effects would last for more than a decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Nuclear winter
evidence: The authors used computational models developed by NCAR to simulate the climatic effects of a soot cloud that they suggest would be a result, of a regional nuclear war in which 100 "small" (15 Kt) weapons are detonated over cities.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: A 2012 paper in the journal Science examined the geological record in an attempt to find a historical analog for current global conditions as well as those of the future.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change and gender
evidence: Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change in Australia
evidence: In 2013, the CSIRO released a report stating that Australia is becoming hotter, and that it will experience more extreme heat and longer fire seasons because of climate change.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: They say that even if all the current pledges will be accomplished there is a chance for a 4.5 degree temperature rise in decades.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: If there were [carbon emissions], we could not see because most carbon is black.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Coal
evidence: Bituminous coal, a dense sedimentary rock, usually black, but sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: James Hansen
evidence: China and India have recently increased their emissions of black carbon corresponding to their rapid development.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Particulates
evidence: This causes reduced visibility and yellow color.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Particulates
evidence: As shown in the seventh image on this page, an optical thickness of less than 0.1 (palest yellow) indicates a crystal clear sky with maximum visibility, whereas a value of 1 (reddish-brown) indicates very hazy conditions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Calcium carbonate
evidence: Under these conditions calcium carbonate decomposes to produce carbon dioxide which, along with other gases, give rise to explosive volcanic eruptions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon sink
evidence: The calcium carbonate from which coral skeletons are made is just over 60% carbon dioxide.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coral
evidence: Scleractinian skeletons are composed of a form of calcium carbonate known as aragonite.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Limestone
evidence: Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Reef
evidence: Cyanobacteria can encourage the precipitation or accumulation of calcium carbonate to produce distinct sediment bodies in composition that have relief on the seafloor.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Reefs need carbon dioxide; it’s their basic food.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Anthozoa
evidence: In this symbiotic relationship, the zooxanthellae benefit by using nitrogenous waste and carbon dioxide produced by the host while the cnidarian gains photosynthetic capability and increased production of calcium carbonate, a substance of great importance to stony corals.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Breathing
evidence: All aerobic creatures need oxygen for cellular respiration, which uses the oxygen to break down foods for energy and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Gas exchange
evidence: In aerobic organisms, gas exchange is particularly important for respiration, which involves the uptake of oxygen (O 2) and release of carbon dioxide (CO 2).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea
evidence: Marine life plays an important part in the carbon cycle as photosynthetic organisms convert dissolved carbon dioxide into organic carbon and it is economically important to humans for providing fish for use as food.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: "Massive peat burn is speeding climate change".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: "Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change feedback
evidence: While models disagree on the strength of any terrestrial carbon cycle feedback, they each suggest any such feedback would accelerate global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Earth
evidence: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: The distance of Earth from the Sun, as well as its orbital eccentricity, rate of rotation, axial tilt, geological history, sustaining atmosphere, and magnetic field all contribute to the current climatic conditions at the surface.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Natural environment
evidence: The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases, among which are the greenhouse gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Climate change is normal and continual.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: increased emissions of greenhouse gases and dust) or natural (e.g., changes in solar output, the earth's orbit, volcano eruptions).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Although global change has been a natural process throughout Earth's history, humans are responsible for substantially accelerating present-day changes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…]
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: As water is a potent greenhouse gas, this further heats the climate: the water vapour feedback.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: "AGU Water Vapor in the Climate System".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: "How Much CO2 Does A Single Volcano Emit?".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Similar issues apply to other greenhouse gases, many of which have longer mean lifetimes than CO 2, e.g.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Explosive
evidence: The gaseous products of complete reaction are typically carbon dioxide, steam, and nitrogen.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The most common gases in Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Natural gas
evidence: Natural gas (also called fossil gas) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Natural gas
evidence: Like landfill gas, biogas is mostly methane and carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: The life and death of planet Earth.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Plants, algae and cyanobacteria use light energy to photosynthesize carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water, with oxygen produced as a waste product.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: The lack of vegetation will result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere, making animal life impossible.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Future of Earth
evidence: By that point, all life on the Earth will be extinct.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Atmosphere of Earth
evidence: By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Deforestation
evidence: Plants remove carbon in the form of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during the process of photosynthesis, but release some carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere during normal respiration.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: A dry atmosphere is composed of 78.084% nitrogen, 20.946% oxygen, 0.934% argon, and trace amounts of carbon dioxide and other gaseous molecules.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Elevated CO 2 levels cause increased growth reflected in the harvestable yield of crops, with wheat, rice and soybean all showing increases in yield of 12–14% under elevated CO 2 in FACE experiments.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change and agriculture
evidence: Elevated CO2 increases crop yields and growth through an increase in photosynthetic rate, and it also decreases water loss as a result of stomatal closing.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse
evidence: Many commercial glass greenhouses or hothouses are high tech production facilities for vegetables, flowers or fruits.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse
evidence: The possibility of using carbon dioxide enrichment in greenhouse cultivation to enhance plant growth has been known for nearly 100 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse
evidence: The refinery reduces its carbon emissions, whilst the nursery enjoys boosted tomato yields and does not need to provide its own greenhouse heating.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: In the past, warming has never been a threat to life on Earth.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Biodiversity
evidence: Global warming is a major threat to global biodiversity.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global catastrophic risk
evidence: If such an event were to occur oriented towards the Earth, the massive amounts of gamma radiation could significantly affect the Earth's atmosphere and pose an existential threat to all life.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: James Lovelock
evidence: Lovelock has become concerned about the threat of global warming from the greenhouse effect.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Given the potential threat to marine ecosystems and its ensuing impact on human society and economy, especially as it acts in conjunction with anthropogenic global warming, there is an urgent need for immediate action."
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The ongoing warming will increase risks and stresses to human societies, economies, ecosystems, and wildlife through the 21st century and beyond, making it imperative that society respond to a changing climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: if we halved today’s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Atmosphere of Earth
evidence: By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: The lack of vegetation will result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere, making animal life impossible.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Eocene
evidence: For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: An Inconvenient Truth
evidence: Gore's use of long ice core records of CO2 and temperature (from oxygen isotope measurements) in Antarctic ice cores to illustrate the correlation between the two drew some scrutiny; Schmidt, Steig and Michael E. Mann back up Gore's data.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: An Inconvenient Truth
evidence: In that sense, the ice core CO2-temperature correlation remains an appropriate demonstration of the influence of CO2 on climate."
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Both CO 2 and CH 4 vary between glacial and interglacial phases, and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: James Hansen
evidence: Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: after a natural orbitally driven warming, atmospheric carbon dioxide content increases 800 years later
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Eocene
evidence: Along with the decrease of atmospheric carbon dioxide reducing the global temperature, orbital factors in ice creation can be seen with 100,000-year and 400,000-year fluctuations in benthic oxygen isotope records.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
evidence: The current warming period is expected to last another 50,000 years due to a minimum in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
evidence: The associated period of massive carbon release into the atmosphere has been estimated to have lasted from 20,000 to 50,000 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: 2012 in science
evidence: (BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climate of Mars
evidence: Much of this early atmosphere would have consisted of carbon dioxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: The present pattern of ice ages began about 40 Mya, and then intensified during the Pleistocene about 3 Mya.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Geologic temperature record
evidence: The gradual intensification of this ice age over the last 3 million years has been associated with declining concentrations of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, though it remains unclear if this change is sufficiently large to have caused the changes in temperatures.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Peat
evidence: It decomposes and turns into carbon dioxide (CO 2), which is released into the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Decades of scientific research have shown that climate can change from both natural and anthropogenic causes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Catastrophic effects in 50–100 years would likely be observed according to 41%, while 44% thought the effects would be moderate and about 13 percent saw relatively little danger.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Consciousness
evidence: After the conference, they signed in the presence of Stephen Hawking, the 'Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness', which summarizes the most important findings of the survey: "We decided to reach a consensus and make a statement directed to the public that is not scientific.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intelligent design
evidence: Further criticism stems from the fact that the phrase intelligent design makes use of an assumption of the quality of an observable intelligence, a concept that has no scientific consensus definition.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Media coverage of global warming
evidence: But recently scientists and scholars have challenged the legitimacy of this journalistic core value with regard to matters of great importance on which the overwhelming majority of the scientific community has reached a well-substantiated consensus view.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Media coverage of global warming
evidence: As Stephen Schneider put it: “a mainstream, well-established consensus may be ‘balanced’ against the opposing views of a few extremists, and to the uninformed, each position seems equally credible.” Science journalism concerns itself with gathering and evaluating various types of relevant evidence and rigorously checking sources and facts.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Thomas Kuhn
evidence: Kuhn made several claims concerning the progress of scientific knowledge: that scientific fields undergo periodic "paradigm shifts" rather than solely progressing in a linear and continuous way, and that these paradigm shifts open up new approaches to understanding what scientists would never have considered valid before; and that the notion of scientific truth, at any given moment, cannot be established solely by objective criteria but is defined by a consensus of a scientific community.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: [The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Cryosphere
evidence: The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is stable so long as the Ross Ice Shelf is constrained by drag along its lateral boundaries and pinned by local grounding.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: James Hansen
evidence: He further stated that a lower limit on "dangerous anthropogenic interference" was set by the stability of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: The ice sheet has historically been considered to be relatively stable and has therefore attracted less scientific attention and observations compared to West Antarctica.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Houston
evidence: "Hurricane Harvey was year's costliest U.S. disaster at $125 billion in damages".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Houston
evidence: The damage for the Houston area is estimated at up to $125 billion U.S. dollars, and it is considered to be one of the worst natural disasters in the history of the United States, with the death toll exceeding 70 people.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hurricane Harvey
evidence: It is tied with 2005's Hurricane Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone on record, inflicting $125 billion (2017 USD) in damage, primarily from catastrophic rainfall-triggered flooding in the Houston metropolitan area and Southeast Texas.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hurricane Harvey
evidence: Preliminary reporting from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration set a more concrete total at $125 billion, making Harvey the 2nd costliest tropical cyclone on record, behind Hurricane Katrina with 2017 costs of $161 billion (after adjusting for inflation).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hurricane Harvey
evidence: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimated total damage at $125 billion, with a 90% confidence interval of $90–160 billion.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Antarctica
evidence: Concerns have been raised that disruption of ice shelves may result in increased glacial outflow from the continental ice mass.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ice shelf
evidence: In the last several decades, glaciologists have observed consistent decreases in ice shelf extent through melt, calving, and complete disintegration of some shelves.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ice shelf
evidence: Two sections of Antarctica's Larsen Ice Shelf broke apart into hundreds of unusually small fragments (hundreds of meters wide or less) in 1995 and 2002, Larsen C calved a huge ice island in 2017.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: In a 35-day period beginning on January 31, 2002, about 3,250 km2 (1,250 sq mi) of shelf area disintegrated.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (0 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Jupiter
evidence: At the pressure level of 10 bars (1 MPa), the temperature is around 340 K (67 °C; 152 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: In contrast to East Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula, temperatures on West Antarctica have increased significantly with a trend between 0.08 °C (0.14 °F) per decade and 0.96 °C (1.7 °F) per decade between 1976 and 2012.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global cooling
evidence: The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global cooling
evidence: When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that "CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Scientists can then run these scenarios through physical climate models to generate climate change projections.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: James Hansen
evidence: They showed that the climate system may be responding faster than the models indicate.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: In 1990 the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: They predict that under a "business as usual" (BAU) scenario, global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °C per decade during the [21st] century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The projections apply to the end of the 21st century (2090–99), relative to temperatures at the end of the 20th century (1980–99).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: In the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report the increase in CO2 was estimated to be responsible for 1.82 W·m2 of the 2.63 W·m2 change in radiative forcing on Earth (about 70%).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
evidence: This ocean warming accounts, with high confidence, for 90% of the energy accumulation between 1971 and 2010.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: In its fifth assessment report (2013) the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated how much sea level is likely to rise in the 21st century based on different levels of greenhouse gas emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Portable Network Graphics
evidence: If lowercase, the chunk may be safely copied regardless of the extent of modifications to the file.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Rise of the Olympian
evidence: She also pointed out that Themyscira plays a role, and from after what happened in Amazons Attack!, the Amazons themselves are going to return.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Rise of the Ottoman Empire
evidence: Depopulation resulting from the plague was thus almost certainly a major factor in the success of early Ottoman expansion into the Balkans, and contributed to the weakening of the Byzantine Empire and the depopulation of Constantinople.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Rise of the Planet of the Apes
evidence: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone noted that the film has mixed "twists lifted from 1972's Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and 1999's Deep Blue Sea".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Rise of the Planet of the Apes
evidence: In a 2009 interview, Wyatt said, "We've incorporated elements from Conquest of the Planet of the Apes, in terms of how the apes begin to revolt, but this is primarily a prequel to the 1968 film...Caesar is a revolutionary figure who will be talked about by his fellow apes for centuries...This is just the first step in the evolution of the apes, and there's a lot more stories to tell after this.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: Concentrations of CO 2 in the atmosphere were as high as 4,000 parts per million (ppm, on a molar basis) during the Cambrian period about 500 million years ago to as low as 180 ppm during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: Reconstructed temperature records for the last 420 million years indicate that atmospheric CO 2 concentrations peaked at ~2000 ppm during the Devonian (∼400 Myrs ago) period, and again in the Triassic (220–200 Myrs ago) period.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Eocene
evidence: The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The most common gases in Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The next most common gases are carbon dioxide (0.04%), nitrous oxide, methane, and ozone.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: For example, methane and carbon monoxide (CO) are oxidized to give carbon dioxide (and methane oxidation also produces water vapor).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The burning of coal, natural gas, and oil for electricity and heat is the largest single source of global greenhouse gas emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO