Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming hiatus
evidence: Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
evidence: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming hiatus
evidence: The 2013 annual report stated that "While the rate at which surface air temperatures are rising has slowed in recent years, heat continues to be trapped in the Earth system, mostly as increased ocean heat content.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming hiatus
evidence: Natural climate variability can appear to slow down surface warming over short periods, but does not refute long-term climate change trends.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: CFCs contribute to global waerming at a small level.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Chlorofluorocarbon
evidence: Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol[dubious – discuss] due to the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Although CFCs are greenhouse gases, they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol, which was motivated by CFCs' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: For example, nitrogen trifluoride has a high global warming potential (GWP) but is only present in very small quantities.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Montreal Protocol
evidence: However, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs, and hydrofluorocarbons, or HFCs, are now thought to contribute to anthropogenic global warming.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Montreal Protocol
evidence: They are, however, greenhouse gases, with a high global warming potential (GWP), comparable to that of CFCs and HCFCs.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: CO2 limits won't cool the planet, but they can make the difference between continued accelerating global warming to catastrophic levels vs. slowing and eventually stopping the warming at hopefully safe levels.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: One of the targets that has been suggested is to limit the future increase in global mean temperature (global warming) to below 2 °C, relative to the pre-industrial level.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Planetary boundaries
evidence: The scientists raise the possibility that even if greenhouse gas emissions are substantially reduced to limit warming to 2 degrees, that might be the "threshold" at which self-reinforcing climate feedbacks add additional warming until the climate system stabilizes in a hothouse climate state.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Planetary boundaries
evidence: Thresholds and boundaries The threshold, or tipping point, is the value at which a very small increment for the control variable (like CO2) triggers a larger, possibly catastrophic, change in the response variable (global warming) through feedbacks in the natural Earth System itself.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tipping points in the climate system
evidence: Humans cannot survive if the air is too moist and hot, which would happen for the majority of human populations if global temperatures rise by 11–12 °C, as land masses warm faster than the global average.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate sensitivity
evidence: "A lower and more constrained estimate of climate sensitivity using updated observations and detailed radiative forcing time series".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate sensitivity
evidence: For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
evidence: Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: IPCC Third Assessment Report
evidence: The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Kyoto Protocol
evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) have produced a range of projections of what the future increase in global mean temperature might be.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Greenland
evidence: If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenland
evidence: The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenland
evidence: Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: The contribution of the Greenland ice sheet on sea level over the next couple of centuries can be very high due to a self-reinforcing cycle (a so-called positive feedback).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic
evidence: Another definition of the Arctic is the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F); the northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate of the Arctic
evidence: The IPCC also indicate that, over the last 100 years, the annually averaged temperature in the Arctic has increased by almost twice as much as the global mean temperature has.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02 °C per century.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: North Pole
evidence: Summer temperatures (June, July, and August) average around the freezing point (0 °C (32 °F)).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: In fact, one site said that it was proven in 1996 that Santer had fraudulently altered the IPCC report.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: IPCC First Assessment Report
evidence: This report had effects not only on the establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), but also on the first conference of the parties (COP), held in Berlin in 1995.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Climate Change 1995, the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR), was finished in 1996.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) is a report by the IPCC which was published in 2000.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy, whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: AR4 describes warming and cooling effects on the planet in terms of radiative forcing — the rate of change of energy in the system, measured as power per unit area (in SI units, W/m²).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Natural environment
evidence: This is due to the greenhouse effect, which is caused by greenhouse gases, which trap heat inside the Earth's atmosphere because of their more complex molecular structure which allows them to vibrate and in turn trap heat and release it back towards the Earth.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleoclimatology
evidence: Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions, and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Planetary boundaries
evidence: Positive radiative forcing results in warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: An example of this is the melting of ice sheets, which contributes to sea level rise.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Digital radio
evidence: Each satellite provides three transmission beams that can support 50 channels each, carrying news, music, entertainment, and education, and including a computer multimedia service.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Satellite television
evidence: Signals are transmitted using Ku band (12 to 18 GHz) and are completely digital which means it has high picture and stereo sound quality.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Satellite television
evidence: The relatively strong transmissions allowed the use of smaller (90 cm) dishes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Satellite television
evidence: Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent Ku band) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the solar panels and energy efficiency of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than C-band, and the digital modulation methods now used require less signal strength at the receiver than analog modulation methods.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Terrestrial television
evidence: Terrestrial television is a type of television broadcasting in which the television signal is transmitted by radio waves from the terrestrial (Earth-based) transmitter of a television station to a TV receiver having an antenna.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: El Niño
evidence: An El Niño is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April–October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
evidence: An especially strong Walker circulation causes La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean due to increased upwelling.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
evidence: An especially strong Walker circulation causes a La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures due to increased upwelling.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: La Niña
evidence: This La Niña, combined with record-high ocean temperatures in the north-eastern Indian Ocean, was a large factor in the 2010–2011 Queensland floods, and the quartet of recent heavy snowstorms in North America starting with the December 2010 North American blizzard.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: La Niña
evidence: Meanwhile, a series of major storms caused extensive flooding in California in December 2010, with seven consecutive days of non-stop rainfall, leading to one of the wettest Decembers in over 120 years of records.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Most of the global average warming over the past 50 years is "very likely" (greater than 90% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The IPCC was tasked with reviewing peer-reviewed scientific literature and other relevant publications to provide information on the state of knowledge about climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: "The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The first 30 ppm increase took place in about 200 years, from the start of the Industrial Revolution to 1958; however the next 90 ppm increase took place within 56 years, from 1958 to 2014.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Occam's razor
evidence: Since it is absurd to have no logical method for settling on one hypothesis amongst an infinite number of equally data-compliant hypotheses, we should choose the simplest theory: "Either science is irrational [in the way it judges theories and predictions probable] or the principle of simplicity is a fundamental synthetic a priori truth."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Occam's razor
evidence: Thus, complex hypotheses must predict data much better than do simple hypotheses before researchers reject the simple hypotheses.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Occam's razor
evidence: Minimum description length Minimum message length – Formal information theory restatement of Occam's Razor Newton's flaming laser sword Philosophical razor – Principle or rule of thumb that allows one to eliminate unlikely explanations for a phenomenon Philosophy of science – The philosophical study of the assumptions, foundations, and implications of science Simplicity "Ockham's razor does not say that the more simple a hypothesis, the better."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Occam's razor
evidence: In the 25 papers with quantitative comparisons, complexity increased forecast errors by an average of 27 percent.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Population genetics
evidence: Population genetics must either model this complexity in detail, or capture it by some simpler average rule.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Earth
evidence: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Earth
evidence: Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Geothermal energy
evidence: Geothermal power is considered to be renewable because any projected heat extraction is small compared to the Earth's heat content.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Geothermal energy
evidence: A more technical description of the earth’s core energy would be to state that it is vast and enormous in quantity, but calling it unlimited and renewable in nature is a misnomer which might well fit today's current levels of use; but perhaps, just like humanity's impact on weather through global warming, there was a long held belief that human activity such as car emissions were minor, and could not impact weather conditions, but when an expanding number of cars reach a critical point, a global impact resulted.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Neanderthal
evidence: Their ultimate extinction coincides with Heinrich event 4, a period of intense cold and dry climate causing their preferred forest landscape to give way to steppeland, and future Heinrich events are also associated with massive cultural turnovers where European human populations collapsed.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Paleolithic
evidence: [page needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Paleolithic
evidence: This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Paleolithic
evidence: Climates during the Pliocene became cooler and drier, and seasonal, similar to modern climates.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Paleolithic
evidence: The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme
evidence: The system aims at achieving the environmental outcome of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the idea being that capping emissions creates a price for carbon and the ability to trade ensures that emissions are reduced at the lowest possible price (Department of Climate Change, 2008, 12).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme
evidence: There will be a price cap on emissions, that will start at AUD 40 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon offset
evidence: The Australian government's Emissions Reduction Fund provides for purchasing carbon offsets from Australian carbon emissions reduction projects.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon tax
evidence: The tax that was to be implemented would be 2,400 yen ($20.85 in 2005 dollars) per tonne of carbon dioxide emitted from fuels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon tax
evidence: The proposal would have set an emissions price of NZ$15 per tonne of CO2-equivalent.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon offset
evidence: Industrial pollutants such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have a GWP many thousands of times greater than carbon dioxide by volume.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: According to the report plastic will contribute greenhouse gases in the equivalent of 850 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere in 2019.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hydrofluorocarbon
evidence: They do not harm the ozone layer as much as the compounds they replace, but they do contribute to global warming, with thousands of times the warming potential of carbon dioxide.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Kyoto Protocol
evidence: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is the most important anthropogenic GHG.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Montreal Protocol
evidence: On a molecule-for-molecule basis, these compounds are up to 10,000 times more potent greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: That's the data we've had for the past 150 years, which is quite consistent with the expectation that the climate is continuing to warm."
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: As reported by Pat Michaels on his World Climate Report website, MacCracken said during the hearing that "the last decade is the warmest since 1400", implying that the warming had been caused by the greenhouse effect, and replied to Walker's question about whether thermometers had then existed by explaining the use of biological materials as temperature proxies.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Ted Cruz
evidence: The satellites that actually measure the temperature showed no significant warming whatsoever.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ted Cruz
evidence: In March 2015, he said that some people are "global warming alarmists" and, citing satellite temperature measurements, said that there had been no significant warming in 18 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate Change Act 2008
evidence: The opposition Conservative Party supported the concept of a bill, and proposed their own variation ahead of the Government's.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Conservative Party (UK)
evidence: However, there has been much criticism and protest about the 2010 government's actions on the NHS, focussing on budget cuts and privatisation of services.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Stephen Harper
evidence: "Bill C-30: Canada's Clean Air and Climate Change Act".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Stephen Harper
evidence: In 2006, Canada's Clean Air and Climate Change Act was introduced to address air pollution as well as greenhouse gas emissions; it never became law.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Stephen Harper
evidence: Cuts were also made to many essential programs, some so deep that they had to shut down entirely, including the monitoring of smoke stack emissions, food inspections, oil spills, water quality, and climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon tax
evidence: Tax on coal would be about 1.58 yen per kilogram and that on gasoline 1.52 yen per litre (4.3 cents per gallon in 2005 dollars).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon tax
evidence: As of 2016, the tax rate has been increased to 1,02 NOK per liter or standard cubic meter of oil and natural gas.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon tax
evidence: The tax amounts to CHF 12 per tonne CO 2, which is the equivalent of CHF 0.03 per litre of heating oil (US$0.108 per gallon) and CHF 0.025 per m3 of natural gas (US$0.024 per m3).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon tax
evidence: The tax rate for gasoline is $CDN0.008 per liter, or about $3.50 per tonne of CO 2 equivalent.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon tax
evidence: The tax will increase each year after until 2012, reaching a final price of $30 per tonne (7.2 cents per litre at the pumps).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: 94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The trucking and haulage industry plays a part in production of CO 2, contributing around 20% of the UK's total carbon emissions a year, with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39%.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO 2-equivalent.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Donald Trump tweeted in 2012 that the Chinese invented "the concept of global warming" because they believed it would somehow hurt U.S. manufacturing.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change policy of the United States
evidence: Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that "climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming conspiracy theory
evidence: "The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive" (Tweet).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming conspiracy theory
evidence: Climate change has also been called the "greatest scam in history" by John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming conspiracy theory
evidence: In 2012, Donald Trump claimed that "The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Chernobyl disaster
evidence: The Chernobyl Forum predicts that the eventual death toll could reach 4,000 among those exposed to the highest levels of radiation (200,000 emergency workers, 116,000 evacuees and 270,000 residents of the most contaminated areas); this figure is a total causal death toll prediction, combining the deaths of approximately 50 emergency workers who died soon after the accident from acute radiation syndrome, 15 children who have died of thyroid cancer and a future predicted total of 3,935 deaths from radiation-induced cancer and leukaemia.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Chernobyl disaster
evidence: Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment is a 2007 Russian publication that concludes that there were 985,000 premature deaths as a consequence of the radioactivity released.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: China
evidence: There are 1.14 million deaths caused by exposure to ambient air pollution.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: China
evidence: "Air Pollution Linked to 1.2 Million Premature Deaths in China".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: China
evidence: In 2010, air pollution caused 1.2 million premature deaths in China.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Rob Portman
evidence: Portman became known for his ability to work in a bipartisan fashion when working to pass a repeal of the excise tax on telephone service.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Rob Portman
evidence: Portman would later co-sponsor an amendment to the 2017 Energy Bill that specifies climate change is real and human activity contributes to the problem.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Rob Portman
evidence: In 2011, Portman voted to limit the government's ability to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, and in 2015, he voted against the Clean Power Plan.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Rob Portman
evidence: In March 2016, Portman authored the bipartisan bill the Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act, along with Democratic Senator Chris Murphy.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "the cascading effects" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change in Washington
evidence: This has had cascading effects, especially on grizzly bear populations as pine nuts are an important source of winter time food in periods of large snowpack.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Isis
evidence: Sirius's heliacal rising, just before the start of the Nile flood, gave Sopdet a close connection with the flood and the resulting growth of plants.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tipping points in the climate system
evidence: Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Trophic cascade
evidence: "Field evidence for a rapidly cascading underground food web".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Joe Barton
evidence: Texas Rep. Joe Barton supposedly once said that 'wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Wind
evidence: The westerlies can be particularly strong, especially in the southern hemisphere, where there is less land in the middle latitudes to cause the flow pattern to amplify, which slows the winds down.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Wind
evidence: As the temperature of the surface of the land rises, the land heats the air above it by conduction.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Wind
evidence: The furnaces were constructed on the path of the monsoon winds to exploit the wind power, to bring the temperatures inside up to 1,200 °C (2,190 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Wind
evidence: The stream of particles varies in temperature and speed with the passage of time.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: (Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Air pollution
evidence: Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon tax
evidence: CO 2 is a heat-trapping greenhouse gas which causes global warming, which damages the environment and human health.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Koch Industries
evidence: Koch Industries denied that they have had a negative effect on climate change, saying they have "implemented innovative and cost-effective ways to reduce waste and emissions, including greenhouse gases".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Valero Energy
evidence: "(PERI) THE TOXIC 100: Top Corporate Air Polluters in the United State".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: A 14 August 1912 article from a New Zealand newspaper contained a brief story about how burning coal might produce future warming by adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Coal mining
evidence: Coal production is a major contributor to global warming: burning coal generates large quantities of carbon dioxide and mining operations can release methane, a known greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coal
evidence: Coal liquefaction emits more carbon dioxide than liquid fuel production from crude oil.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Coal
evidence: The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coal
evidence: Then over millions of years the heat and pressure of deep burial causes the loss of water, methane and carbon dioxide and an increase in the proportion of carbon.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman "was essentially written by BP."
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Al Gore
evidence: During this time, Gore wrote Earth in the Balance, a text which became the first book written by a sitting U.S.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Joe Lieberman
evidence: On June 19, 2010, Lieberman introduced a bill called "Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset Act of 2010", which he co-wrote with Senator Susan Collins (R-ME) and Senator Thomas Carper (D-DE).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: John Kerry
evidence: A release from the presidential campaign of presumptive Democratic nominee Al Gore listed Kerry on the short list to be selected as the vice-presidential nominee, along with North Carolina Senator John Edwards, Indiana Senator Evan Bayh, Missouri Congressman Richard Gephardt, New Hampshire Governor Jeanne Shaheen and Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: John McCain
evidence: He and Democratic senator Joe Lieberman wrote the legislation that created the 9/11 Commission, while he and Democratic senator Fritz Hollings co-sponsored the Aviation and Transportation Security Act that federalized airport security.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Lindsey Graham
evidence: On December 10, 2009, Graham co-sponsored a letter to President Barack Obama along with then Senators John Kerry and Joe Lieberman announcing their commitment to passing a climate change bill and outlining its framework.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: A video shows Koko the gorilla spontaneously using sign language to issue a warning about climate change.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Koko (gorilla)
evidence: Patterson reported that Koko's use of signs indicated that she mastered the use of sign language.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Koko (gorilla)
evidence: Koko was reported to use meta-language, being able to use language reflexively to speak about language itself, signing "good sign" to another gorilla who successfully used signing.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Koko (gorilla)
evidence: Another concern that has been raised about Koko's ability to express coherent thoughts through signs is that interpretation of the gorilla's conversation was left to the handler, who may have seen improbable concatenations of signs as meaningful.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Koko (gorilla)
evidence: Her instructor and caregiver, Francine Patterson, reported that Koko had an active vocabulary of more than 1,000 signs of what Patterson calls "Gorilla Sign Language" (GSL).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, "there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: September 11 attacks
evidence: Play media At 9:42 a.m., the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) grounded all civilian aircraft within the continental U.S., and civilian aircraft already in flight were told to land immediately.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: September 11 attacks
evidence: As the airplane approached the Pentagon, its wings knocked down light poles and its right engine hit a power generator before crashing into the western side of the building.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: September 11 attacks
evidence: North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased upon its reopening, leading to a nearly 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and exacerbating financial problems in the struggling U.S. airline industry.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: September 11 attacks
evidence: The action begins at "9 am., Tuesday, 9/11/2001" and continues for a harrowing week as her uncle attempts to silence her, applying precepts of Sharia law.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: September 11 attacks
evidence: The terrorist aircraft didn't bring the buildings down; it was the fire which followed.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Alaska Sen. Mark Begich "is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority."
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Mark Begich
evidence: In 2010, he signed a letter advocating the establishment of a 'price' for greenhouse gas emissions as part of national energy policy.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Mark Begich
evidence: Begich has stated that this should not be interpreted as support for a carbon tax.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Mark Begich
evidence: "Democratic Senator Introduces Bill To Lift Social Security's Tax Cap, Extend Its Solvency For Decades".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mark Begich
evidence: "AK Dem Sen. Begich Won't Say If He Wants Obama To Campaign For Him".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mark Begich
evidence: According to the Washington Post, "Begich is one of a small but growing group of Democratic lawmakers who support the idea of lifting or changing the payroll tax cap, so higher earners pay more, while adopting a new measure for inflation that would increase benefits for all seniors."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO