Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Biodiversity
evidence: Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change in Australia
evidence: [clarification needed] Predictions measuring the effects of global warming on Australia assert that global warming will negatively impact the continent's environment, economy, and communities.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming on human health
evidence: "Doctors Warn Climate Change Threatens Public Health; Physicians are noticing an influx of patients whose illnesses are directly or indirectly related to global warming".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: This in combination with extreme weather events, leads to negative effects on human health.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Beaufort Sea
evidence: Arctic sea ice extent averaged for September 2012 was 3.61 million square kilometers (1.39 million square miles).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: It continued to fall, bottoming out on 16 September 2012 at 3.41 million square kilometers (1.32 million square miles), or 760,000 square kilometers (293,000 square miles) below the previous low set on 18 September 2007 and 50% below the 1979–2000 average.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: From 1979–1996, the average per decade decline in entire ice coverage was a 2.2% decline in ice extent and a 3% decline in ice area.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: "Arctic sea ice volume now one-fifth its 1979 level".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: Since 1979, the ice volume has shrunk by 80% and in just the past decade the volume declined by 36% in the autumn and 9% in the winter.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: The late 1970s marked the end of a 30-year cooling trend.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global cooling
evidence: Concern peaked in the early 1970s, though "the possibility of anthropogenic warming dominated the peer-reviewed literature even then" (a cooling period began in 1945, and two decades of a cooling trend suggested a trough had been reached after several decades of warming).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global cooling
evidence: "During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Quaternary glaciation
evidence: Based on orbital models, the cooling trend initiated about 6,000 years ago will continue for another 23,000 years.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Quaternary glaciation
evidence: It is possible that the current cooling trend may be interrupted by an interstadial in about 60,000 years, with the next glacial maximum reached only in about 100,000 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: As a result, the polar ice caps were quite likely more extensive than they had been since at least the 1920s.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Cambrian
evidence: There were likely polar ice caps and a series of glaciations, as the planet was still recovering from an earlier Snowball Earth.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: In the terminology of glaciology, ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets in both northern and southern hemispheres.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: There were extensive polar ice caps at intervals from 360 to 260 million years ago in South Africa during the Carboniferous and early Permian Periods.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Polar ice cap
evidence: Both 2008 and 2009 had a minimum Arctic sea ice extent somewhat above that of 2007.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Polar ice cap
evidence: The single-day maximum extent in 2014 was reached on 20 Sep, according to NSIDC data, when the sea ice covered 7.78 million square miles (20.14 million square kilometers).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: Polar Discovery "Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: Ice cover decreased to 297 km2 (115 sq mi) by 1987–1988 and to 245 km2 (95 sq mi) by 2005, 50% of the 1850 area.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from 90 km3 (22 cu mi) per year in 1996 to 220 km3 (53 cu mi) per year in 2005.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: The Trift Glacier had the greatest recorded retreat, losing 350 m (1,150 ft) of its length between the years 2003 and 2005.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: This long-term average was markedly surpassed in recent years with the glacier receding 30 m (98 ft) per year during the period between 1999–2005.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming on human health
evidence: The effects of global warming include its effects on human health.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming on human health
evidence: There are, however, some positive possible aspects to climate change as well.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming on human health
evidence: This could negatively affect the affordability of food and the subsequent health of the population.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming on human health
evidence: Floods have short and long term negative implications to peoples' health and well being.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Effects of global warming on human health
evidence: These melting glaciers have many social and ecological consequences that directly or indirectly impact the health and well-being of humans.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Yet, according to NASA, only one temperature sensing station is necessary for the two cities and the vast area between them to be adequately represented in their network.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: City
evidence: The temperature in New York City exceeds nearby rural temperatures by an average of 2–3 °C and at times 5–10 °C differences have been recorded.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: James Hansen
evidence: They concluded that global mean temperatures can be determined even though meteorological stations are typically in the Northern hemisphere and confined to continental regions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mars
evidence: In September 2017, NASA reported radiation levels on the surface of the planet Mars were temporarily doubled, and were associated with an aurora 25 times brighter than any observed earlier, due to a massive, and unexpected, solar storm in the middle of the month.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: NASA Deep Space Network
evidence: Deep space missions are visible for long periods of time from a large portion of the Earth's surface, and so require few stations (the DSN has only three main sites).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: NASA Deep Space Network
evidence: Three were located at Goldstone, and one each at Canberra and Madrid.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “In their award winning book, ‘Taken By Storm’ (2007), Canadian researchers Christopher Essex and Ross McKitrick explain: ‘Temperature is not an amount of something [like height or weight].
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Storm
evidence: Lately, the temperature criterion has fallen out of the definition across the United States Bomb cyclone – A rapid deepening of a mid-latitude cyclonic low-pressure area, typically occurring over the ocean, but can occur over land.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Temperature
evidence: Nevertheless, a thermodynamic temperature does in fact have a definite numerical value that has been arbitrarily chosen by tradition and is dependent on the property of a particular materials; it is simply less arbitrary than relative "degrees" scales such as Celsius and Fahrenheit.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Temperature
evidence: It has the symbol K. For everyday applications, it is often convenient to use the Celsius scale, in which 0 °C corresponds very closely to the freezing point of water and 100 °C is its boiling point at sea level.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Temperature
evidence: The most common scales are the Celsius scale (formerly called centigrade), denoted °C, the Fahrenheit scale (denoted °F), and the Kelvin scale (denoted K), the latter of which is predominantly used for scientific purposes by conventions of the International System of Units (SI).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tropical cyclone
evidence: This upper bound is called the "maximum potential intensity", v p {\displaystyle v_{p}} , and is given by v p 2 = C k C d T s − T o T o Δ k {\displaystyle v_{p}^{2}={\frac {C_{k}}{C_{d}}}{\frac {T_{s}-T_{o}}{T_{o}}}\Delta k} where T s {\displaystyle T_{s}} is the temperature of the sea surface, T o {\displaystyle T_{o}} is the temperature of the outflow ([K]), Δ k {\displaystyle \Delta k} is the enthalpy difference between the surface and the overlying air ([J/kg]), and C k {\displaystyle C_{k}} and C d {\displaystyle C_{d}} are the surface exchange coefficients (dimensionless) of enthalpy and momentum, respectively.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Density
evidence: The density of a material varies with temperature and pressure.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Density
evidence: The density of an ideal gas is ρ = M P R T , {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {MP}{RT}},} where M is the molar mass, P is the pressure, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Population density
evidence: Population density (in agriculture: standing stock and standing crop) is a measurement of population per unit area, or exceptionally unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Thermodynamic temperature
evidence: Averaged across any bulk quantity of a gas, the internal thermal motions of molecules have zero net effect upon the temperature, pressure, or volume of a gas.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Viscosity
evidence: An elementary calculation for a dilute gas at temperature T {\displaystyle T} and density ρ {\displaystyle \rho } gives μ = α ρ λ 2 k B T π m , {\displaystyle \mu =\alpha \rho \lambda {\sqrt {\frac {2k_{\text{B}}T}{\pi m}}},} where k B {\displaystyle k_{\text{B}}} is the Boltzmann constant, m {\displaystyle m} the molecular mass, and α {\displaystyle \alpha } a numerical constant on the order of 1 {\displaystyle 1} .
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: City
evidence: Cities are responsible for a substantial portion of the emissions responsible for global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Figure of the Earth
evidence: The primary utility of this improved accuracy was to provide geographical and gravitational data for the inertial guidance systems of ballistic missiles.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Figure of the Earth
evidence: While it is the surface on which Earth measurements are made, mathematically modeling it while taking the irregularities into account would be extremely complicated.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Figure of the Earth
evidence: The latter is particularly important because optical instruments containing gravity-reference leveling devices are commonly used to make geodetic measurements.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Figure of the Earth
evidence: However, a more accurate figure is needed for measuring distances and areas on the scale beyond the purely local.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: Canals and rivers in Great Britain and the Netherlands were frequently frozen deeply enough to support ice skating and winter festivals.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: River Thames
evidence: During a series of cold winters the Thames froze over above London Bridge: in the first Frost Fair in 1607, a tent city was set up on the river, along with a number of amusements, including ice bowling.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: River Thames
evidence: After temperatures began to rise again, starting in 1814, the river stopped freezing over.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Winter
evidence: In the UK, snow drifts remained on hills until late July, and the Thames froze in September.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Winter
evidence: The Thames remained frozen over for about 8 weeks.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Concentrated in the atmosphere, these gases do not allow the warmth of the sun’s rays reflected by the earth to be dispersed in space.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Earth
evidence: The resultant molecular oxygen (O 2) accumulated in the atmosphere and due to interaction with ultraviolet solar radiation, formed a protective ozone layer (O 3) in the upper atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ozone
evidence: Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas, absorbing some of the infrared energy emitted by the earth.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: These human activities have significantly increased the concentration of "greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sulfur dioxide
evidence: There, it condenses to form clouds, and is a key component of chemical reactions in the planet's atmosphere and contributes to global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The melting in the polar ice caps and in high altitude plains can lead to the dangerous release of methane gas
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: Potential methane releases from the region, especially through the thawing of permafrost and methane clathrates, may occur.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Glacier
evidence: Within high-altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Thaumasia quadrangle
evidence: On Mars, heat from the impact melts ice in the ground.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Each year sees the disappearance of thousands of plant and animal species which we will never know, which our children will never see, because they have been lost for ever.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Extinction
evidence: According to the 2019 Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by IPBES, the biomass of wild mammals has fallen by 82%, natural ecosystems have lost about half their area and a million species are at risk of extinction—all largely as a result of human actions.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Extinction
evidence: Twenty-five percent of plant and animal species are threatened with extinction.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Extinction
evidence: In June 2019, one million species of plants and animals were at risk of extinction.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Human overpopulation
evidence: Worst of all, we have driven the rate of biological extinction, the permanent loss of species, up several hundred times beyond its historical levels, and are threatened with the loss of a majority of all species by the end of the 21st century."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Human overpopulation
evidence: Present extinction rates may be as high as 140,000 species lost per year due to human activity, such as slash-and-burn techniques that sometimes are practiced by shifting cultivators, especially in countries with rapidly expanding rural populations, which have reduced habitat in tropical forests.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Many of the world’s coral reefs are already barren or in a state of constant decline.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Coral reef
evidence: Tropical waters contain few nutrients yet a coral reef can flourish like an "oasis in the desert".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Coral reef
evidence: For example, Midway Atoll in Hawaii supports nearly three million seabirds, including two-thirds (1.5 million) of the global population of Laysan albatross, and one-third of the global population of black-footed albatross.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Coral
evidence: Approximately 10% of the world's coral reefs are dead.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Coral
evidence: Aquaculture is showing promise as a potentially effective tool for restoring coral reefs, which have been declining around the world.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Marine habitats
evidence: This can rapidly result in transitions to barren landscapes where relatively few species persist.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 2006 European heat wave
evidence: The autumn of 2006 was the warmest in recorded history.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change in the United States
evidence: As of 2012[update], the thirteen warmest years for the entire planet have all occurred since 1998, transcending those from 1880.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Constanța
evidence: Summer (early June to mid September) is hot and sunny with a July and August average of 23 °C (73 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Constanța
evidence: Four of the warmest 7 years since 1889 occurred after the year 2000 (2000, 2001, 2007 and 2008).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: 2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Deforestation
evidence: Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Of these emissions, 65% was carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and industry, 11% was carbon dioxide from land use change, which is primarily due to deforestation, 16% was from methane, 6.2% was from nitrous oxide, and 2.0% was from fluorinated gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2017, coal 32%, oil 25%, and gas 10%.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The estimate of total CO 2 emissions includes biotic carbon emissions, mainly from deforestation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change in the United States
evidence: Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Many physical impacts of global warming are already visible, including extreme weather events, glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), sea level rise, and declines in Arctic sea ice extent.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, y​​​​​​et they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Amazon rainforest
evidence: Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Forest
evidence: Net primary production is estimated at 21.9 gigatonnes carbon per year for tropical forests, 8.1 for temperate forests, and 2.6 for boreal forests.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mangrove
evidence: Mangrove forests are an important part of the cycling and storage of carbon in tropical coastal ecosystems.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mire
evidence: Tropical peatlands comprise 0.25% of Earth’s terrestrial land surface but store 3% of all soil and forest carbon stocks and are mostly located in low-income countries.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Seagrass
evidence: Per hectare, it holds twice as much carbon dioxide as rain forests and can sequester about 27.4 million tons of CO2 annually.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Deforestation
evidence: Both the decay and the burning of wood release much of this stored carbon back into the atmosphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ecology
evidence: For example, through the early-mid Eocene volcanic outgassing, the oxidation of methane stored in wetlands, and seafloor gases increased atmospheric CO2 (carbon dioxide) concentrations to levels as high as 3500 ppm.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Marine pollution
evidence: "special protection and perservation of peat bogs, wetlands, marshlands and mangrove swamps to ensure carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Such impacts include increased coastal erosion, higher storm-surge flooding, inhibition of primary production processes, more extensive coastal inundation, changes in surface water quality and groundwater characteristics, increased loss of property and coastal habitats, increased flood risk and potential loss of life, loss of non-monetary cultural resources and values, impacts on agriculture and aquaculture through decline in soil and water quality, and loss of tourism, recreation, and transportation functions.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Urbanization
evidence: Furthermore, as algal blooms die, CO2 is produced, causing a more acidic environment, a process known as acidification.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: 195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference
evidence: The conference negotiated the Paris Agreement, a global agreement on the reduction of climate change, the text of which represented a consensus of the representatives of the 196 attending parties.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference
evidence: On 12 December 2015, the participating 196 countries agreed, by consensus, to the final global pact, the Paris Agreement, to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference
evidence: On 22 April 2016 (Earth Day), 174 countries signed the agreement in New York, and began adopting it within their own legal systems (through ratification, acceptance, approval, or accession).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
evidence: In 2015, all (then) 196 parties to the convention came together for the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris 30 November - 12 December and adopted by consensus the Paris Agreement, aimed at limiting global warming to less than two degrees Celsius, and pursue efforts to limit the rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Electricity sector in Argentina
evidence: In 2011, according to the International Energy Agency, the actual CO2 emissions from electricity generation were 67.32 million metric tons, a share of 36.7% of the countries' total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Environmental impact of aviation
evidence: In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Environmental impact of aviation
evidence: In 2018, CO2 emissions totalled 747 million tonnes for passenger transport, for 8.5 trillion revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), giving an average of 88 gram CO2 per RPK.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Gasoline
evidence: The U.S. EIA estimates that U.S. motor gasoline and diesel (distillate) fuel consumption for transportation in 2015 resulted in the emission of about 1,105 million metric tons of CO2 and 440 million metric tons of CO2, respectively, for a total of 1,545 million metric tons of CO2.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
evidence: The United States produced 5.4 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2018, the second largest in the world after China and among the worst countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Airline
evidence: Currently, the aviation sector, including US domestic and global international travel, make approximately 1.6 percent of global anthropogenic GHG emissions per annum.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Environmental impact of aviation
evidence: In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Environmental impact of aviation
evidence: In 1999 the contribution of civil aircraft-in-flight to global CO2 emissions was estimated to be around two percent.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Environmental impact of aviation
evidence: In 2018, CO2 emissions totalled 747 million tonnes for passenger transport, for 8.5 trillion revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), giving an average of 88 gram CO2 per RPK.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Environmental impact of aviation
evidence: In 2018, the US airlines had a fuel consumption of 58 mpg‑US (4.06 L/100 km) per revenue passenger for domestic flights, or 32.5 g of fuel per km, generating 102 g CO₂ / RPK of emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Environmental impact of aviation in the United Kingdom
evidence: Air transport in the UK accounted for 6.3 per cent of all UK carbon emissions in 2006.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Environmental impact of aviation
evidence: In Europe, the average airline fuel consumption per passenger in 2017 was 3.4 L/100 km (69 mpg‑US), 24% less than in 2005, but as the traffic grew by 60% to 1,643 billion passenger kilometres, CO₂ emissions were up by 16% to 163 million tonnes for 99.8 g/km CO₂ per passenger.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Germany
evidence: Nevertheless, the country's total greenhouse gas emissions were the highest in the EU in 2017[update].
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Over this time period, the US accounted for 28% of emissions; the EU, 23%; Russia, 11%; China, 9%; other OECD countries, 5%; Japan, 4%; India, 3%; and the rest of the world, 18%.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Based on annual emissions data from the year 2004, and on a per-capita consumption basis, the top-5 emitting countries were found to be (in tCO 2 per person, per year): Luxembourg (34.7), the US (22.0), Singapore (20.2), Australia (16.7), and Canada (16.6).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: 43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Aircraft lease
evidence: At the end of July 2015, the top 50 aircraft lessors managed 8,184 aircraft: 511 turboprop regional airliners, 792 regional jets, 5,612 narrowbody and 1,253 widebody airliners.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Airliner
evidence: Narrowbody are dominant with 16,235, followed by 5,581 Widebodies, 3,743 Turboprops, 3,565 Regional jets and 399 Others.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Environmental impact of aviation
evidence: In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Environmental impact of aviation
evidence: Today, turboprop aircraft – probably in part because of their lower cruising speeds and altitudes (similar to the earlier piston-powered airliners) compared to jet airliners – play an obvious role in the overall fuel efficiency of major airlines that have regional carrier subsidiaries.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Wide-body aircraft
evidence: A wide-body aircraft, also known as a twin-aisle aircraft, is a jet airliner with a fuselage wide enough to accommodate two passenger aisles with seven or more seats abreast.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Earth
evidence: The highest air temperature ever measured on Earth was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) in Furnace Creek, California, in Death Valley, in 1913.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Fahrenheit
evidence: A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of ​5⁄9 degrees Celsius.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 2000s (decade)
evidence: This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 2000s (decade)
evidence: In December 2009, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) announced that the 2000s may have been the warmest decade since records began in 1850, with four of the five warmest years since 1850 having occurred in this decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves
evidence: The temperature was the hottest measured in 68 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: January
evidence: It is, on average, the coldest month of the year within most of the Northern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of winter) and the warmest month of the year within most of the Southern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of summer).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Kansas City, Missouri
evidence: The coldest month of the year is January, with an average temperature of 31 °F (−0.6 °C).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Month
evidence: It has 12 months, broken down into two groups of six often termed "winter months" and "summer months".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: New York City
evidence: The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Portland, Oregon
evidence: The months of June, July, August and September account for a combined 4.49 inches (114 mm) of total rainfall – only 12% of the 36.03 in (915 mm) of the precipitation that falls throughout the year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming on oceans
evidence: In another study, results estimate the heat content of the ocean in the upper 700 meters has increased significantly from 1955–2010.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Eocene
evidence: These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Indian Ocean
evidence: Long-term ocean temperature records show a rapid, continuous warming in the Indian Ocean, at about 1.2 °C (34.2 °F) (compared to 0.7 °C (33.3 °F) for the warm pool region) during 1901–2012.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Heat gets transported into deeper parts of the ocean by winds and currents, and some of it reaches depths of more than 2,000 m (6,600 ft).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: From about 11 million years ago to 10 million years ago, the Greenland Ice Sheet was greatly reduced in size.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: Also snowfall was unusually low, which led to unprecedented negative −65 km3 (−15.6 cu mi) Surface Mass Balance.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: Analysis of gravity data from GRACE satellites indicates that the Greenland ice sheet lost approximately 2900 Gt (0.1% of its total mass) between March 2002 and September 2012.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ice sheet
evidence: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: "Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Glacier
evidence: Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Argentina, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Glacier
evidence: Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, Scandinavian mountains, and the Alps.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Glacier
evidence: Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Glacier
evidence: Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: The retreat of mountain glaciers, notably in western North America, Asia, the Alps and tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Africa and Indonesia, provide evidence for the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Arctic ice pack
evidence: The September minimum ice extent trend for 1979–2011 declined by 12.0% per decade during 32 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: Observation with satellites show that Arctic sea ice area, extent, and volume have been in decline for a few decades.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: A 2018 study of the thickness of sea ice found a decrease of 66% or 2.0 m over the last six decades and a shift from permanent ice to largely seasonal ice cover.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Over most land areas since the 1950s, it is very likely that at all times of year both days and nights have become warmer due to human activities.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: New York City
evidence: The warmest month on record is July 1999, with a mean temperature of 81.4 °F (27.4 °C).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: New York City
evidence: The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Physical impacts of climate change
evidence: Global surface temperatures in 2016 had increased about 1.0 °C since the 1901.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Hurricane Irma
evidence: "Extensive flooding, damage in Turks and Caicos".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hurricane Irma
evidence: Rainfall resulted in several rivers reaching major flood stage.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hurricane Irma
evidence: Heavy precipitation – and storm surge, in some instances – overflowed at least 32 rivers and creeks, causing in significant flooding, particularly along the St. Johns River and its tributaries.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hurricane Irma
evidence: Lee County was lashed by strong winds and heavy rainfall, which caused prolonged flooding in some areas.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hurricane Irma
evidence: In the days after the hurricane, due to the heavy rainfall, numerous rivers had flooded, including residential areas.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as "ocean acidification."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Human impact on marine life
evidence: Ocean acidification has increased 26% since the beginning of the industrial era.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: In the 15-year period 1995–2010 alone, acidity has increased 6 percent in the upper 100 meters of the Pacific Ocean from Hawaii to Alaska.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: Between 1751 and 1996, surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History
evidence: Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, we have seen increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at an alarming rate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO