Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Urban heat island
evidence: On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Urban heat island
evidence: For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Urban heat island
evidence: Not all cities show a warming relative to their rural surroundings.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Urban heat island
evidence: Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Urbanization
evidence: For North America and Europe, such practice could reduce earth warming trends.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The strong CO2 effect has been observed by many different measurements.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Atmosphere of Venus
evidence: The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: There are few studies of the health effects of long-term continuous CO 2 exposure on humans and animals at levels below 1%.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: A study of humans exposed in 2.5 hour sessions demonstrated significant negative effects on cognitive abilities at concentrations as low as 0.1% (1000 ppm) CO 2 likely due to CO 2 induced increases in cerebral blood flow.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Physical impacts of climate change
evidence: Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Physical impacts of climate change
evidence: From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change denial
evidence: He has accepted more than $1.2 million in money from the fossil-fuel industry over the last decade while failing to disclose that conflict of interest in most of his scientific papers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: reducing emissions/consumption) and for the prolonging of profits to the oil industry at the expense of the environment.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: One of the authors' main arguments is that most prominent scientists who have been voicing opposition to the near-universal consensus are being funded by industries, such as automotive and oil, that stand to lose money by government actions to regulate greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Jim Inhofe
evidence: According to the Center for Responsive Politics, Inhofe has received over $529,000 from the oil and gas industry since 2012.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Russia
evidence: Russia has an upper-middle income mixed economy with enormous natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Earth
evidence: There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon capture and storage
evidence: The CO 2 is removed after combustion of fossil fuels, but before the flue gas is expanded to atmospheric pressure.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon cycle
evidence: Since the industrial revolution, human activity has modified the carbon cycle by changing its components' functions and directly adding carbon to the atmosphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon cycle
evidence: Another direct human impact on the carbon cycle is the chemical process of calcination of limestone for clinker production, which releases CO 2.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon sequestration
evidence: Various carbon dioxide scrubbing processes have been proposed to remove CO 2 from the air, usually using a variant of the Kraft process.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: IPCC First Assessment Report
evidence: There are many uncertainties in our predictions particularly with regard to the timing, magnitude and regional patterns of climate change, due to our incomplete understanding of: sources and sinks of GHGs; clouds; oceans; polar ice sheets.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Some critics have contended that the IPCC reports tend to be conservative by consistently underestimating the pace and impacts of global warming, and report only the "lowest common denominator" findings.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Indirectly, human activity that increases global temperatures will increase water vapor concentrations, a process known as water vapor feedback.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of many species as their ecosystems change, most immediately the environments of coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Overall, it is expected that climate change will result in the extinction of many species and reduced diversity of ecosystems.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Holocene extinction
evidence: "Global habitat loss and extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates under future land-use-change scenarios".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Holocene extinction
evidence: There is widespread consensus among scientists that human activity is accelerating the extinction of many animal species through the destruction of habitats, the consumption of animals as resources, and the elimination of species that humans view as threats or competitors.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Polar bear
evidence: The key danger posed by climate change is malnutrition or starvation due to habitat loss.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon credit
evidence: The optimal carbon price, or optimal carbon tax, is the market price (or carbon tax) on carbon emissions that balances the incremental costs of reducing carbon emissions with the incremental benefits of reducing climate damages.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon price
evidence: Suppose the benefits from that ton range from $1 for the user with the least need for carbon to $100 (in $1 increments) for the user who would benefit most.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon price
evidence: How much does that cost the US (excluding the benefit of the reduced externality)?
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon price
evidence: So that is sometimes said to be the cost of the policy.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon tax
evidence: Carbon emissions have an "unpriced" societal cost in terms of their deleterious effects on the earth's climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Atlantic Ocean
evidence: In the higher latitudes, the North Atlantic Drift, warms the atmosphere over the oceans, keeping the British Isles and north-western Europe mild and cloudy, and not severely cold in winter like other locations at the same high latitude.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: "Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Polar regions of Earth
evidence: Polar regions receive less intense solar radiation than the other parts of Earth because the sun's energy arrives at an oblique angle, spreading over a larger area, and also travels a longer distance through the Earth's atmosphere in which it may be absorbed, scattered or reflected, which is the same thing that causes winters to be colder than the rest of the year in temperate areas.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: These measurements came from the US space agency's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite, launched in 2002, as reported by BBC.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenland
evidence: This glacier was discovered in 2002 to be shrinking rapidly, and by 2007 had completely melted away, leaving the exposed island.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenland
evidence: Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenland
evidence: "Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Biodiversity
evidence: Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Carbon fixation is a biochemical process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated by plants, algae and (cyanobacteria) into energy-rich organic molecules such as glucose, thus creating their own food by photosynthesis.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: The concentration of secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids and flavonoids can also be altered in plants exposed to high concentrations of CO 2.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change and agriculture
evidence: Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sustainability
evidence: The environmental effects of different dietary patterns depend on many factors, including the proportion of animal and plant foods consumed and the method of food production.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Jupiter
evidence: Brown ovals are warmer and located within the "normal cloud layer".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Jupiter
evidence: Infrared observation showed a bright spot where the impact took place, meaning the impact warmed up the lower atmosphere in the area near Jupiter's south pole.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mars
evidence: Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about −143 °C (−225 °F) at the winter polar caps to highs of up to 35 °C (95 °F) in equatorial summer.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mars
evidence: The summer temperatures in the south can be warmer than the equivalent summer temperatures in the north by up to 30 °C (54 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mars
evidence: Observations by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter had previously revealed the possibility of flowing water during the warmest months on Mars.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Holocene glacial retreat
evidence: The Holocene glacial retreat is a geographical phenomenon that involved the global deglaciation of glaciers that previously had advanced during the Last Glacial Maximum.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: North Pole
evidence: The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: In 2002 the 12 km (7.5 mi) long floating terminus of the glacier entered a phase of rapid retreat, with the ice front breaking up and the floating terminus disintegrating and accelerating to a retreat rate of over 30 m (98 ft) per day.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: "Fast-flow advance and parallel rapid retreat of non-surging tidewater glaciers in Icy Bay and Yakutat Bay, Alaska 1888–2003".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea ice
evidence: A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: An Inconvenient Truth
evidence: Gore's use of long ice core records of CO2 and temperature (from oxygen isotope measurements) in Antarctic ice cores to illustrate the correlation between the two drew some scrutiny; Schmidt, Steig and Michael E. Mann back up Gore's data.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
evidence: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Paleoclimatology
evidence: There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Historical patterns of warming and cooling, like the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, were not as synchronous as current warming, but may have reached temperatures as high as those of the late-20th century in a limited set of regions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ice age
evidence: The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: James Hansen
evidence: The temperature data was updated in 2006 to report that temperatures are now 0.8 °C warmer than a century ago, and concluded that the recent global warming is a real climate change and not an artifact from the urban heat island effect.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Global temperature is still rising and 2010 was the hottest recorded.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves
evidence: In Israel, the year 2010 was the hottest on record, and average temperatures were 2-3 degrees Celsius higher than the average.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Moscow
evidence: The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Greenhouse effect
evidence: Because the Earth's surface is colder than the Sun, it radiates at wavelengths that are much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse effect
evidence: Because the Earth is much colder than the Sun, it radiates at much longer wavelengths, primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum (see Figure 1).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: Glacials are characterized by cooler and drier climates over most of the earth and large land and sea ice masses extending outward from the poles.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: 20th century
evidence: The largest contribution to total radiative forcing is caused by the increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 since 1750."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: 20th century
evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 20th century
evidence: One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: James Hansen
evidence: Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The most recent satellite data show that the earth as a whole is warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: "Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global cooling
evidence: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: James Hansen
evidence: The temperature data was updated in 2006 to report that temperatures are now 0.8 °C warmer than a century ago, and concluded that the recent global warming is a real climate change and not an artifact from the urban heat island effect.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: The last time the Earth was 2 °C (3.6 °F) warmer than pre-industrial temperatures, sea levels were at least 5 metres (16 ft) higher than now: this was when warming because of changes in the amount of sunlight due to slow changes in the Earth's orbit caused the last interglacial.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Chicago
evidence: The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change in the United States
evidence: In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: "What caused the recent "Warm Arctic, Cold Continents" trend pattern in winter temperatures?".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Some of the graphs show a positive trend, e.g., increasing temperature over land and the ocean, and sea level rise.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming hiatus
evidence: "Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming in Antarctica
evidence: The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is often described as a region with one of the largest warming trends on Earth since the 1950s, based on the temperature trend of 0.54 °C/decade during 1951–2011 recorded at Faraday/Vernadsky station.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: There has been no upward trend in the amount of the Sun's energy reaching the Earth, so it cannot be responsible for the current warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The 2nd law of thermodynamics is consistent with the greenhouse effect which is directly observed.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Second law of thermodynamics
evidence: This does not conflict with notions that have been observed of the fundamental laws of physics, namely CPT symmetry, since the second law applies statistically, it is hypothesized, on time-asymmetric boundary conditions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Second law of thermodynamics
evidence: This law is the basis of temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Thermodynamics
evidence: The second law is an observation of the fact that over time, differences in temperature, pressure, and chemical potential tend to even out in a physical system that is isolated from the outside world.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Thermodynamics
evidence: There are many versions of the second law, but they all have the same effect, which is to explain the phenomenon of irreversibility in nature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Water vapor
evidence: This greenhouse forcing is directly observable, via distinct spectral features versus water vapor, and observed to be rising with rising CO 2 levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Chaos theory
evidence: Lorenz's discovery, which gave its name to Lorenz attractors, showed that even detailed atmospheric modelling cannot, in general, make precise long-term weather predictions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate
evidence: A humid continental climate is marked by variable weather patterns and a large seasonal temperature variance.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
evidence: Reanalysis provides a four-dimensional picture of the atmosphere and effectively allows monitoring of the variability and change of global climate, thereby contributing also to the understanding and attribution of climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Met Office
evidence: The Met Office makes meteorological predictions across all timescales from weather forecasts to climate change.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Many of the countries that have contributed least to global greenhouse gas emissions are among the most vulnerable to climate change, which raises questions about justice and fairness with regard to mitigation and adaptation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Holocene extinction
evidence: Large populations of megaherbivores have the potential to contribute greatly to the atmospheric concentration of methane, which is an important greenhouse gas.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Holocene extinction
evidence: However, damage to peatland contributes to 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions, and 8% of those caused by burning fossil fuels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Evidence is building that net cloud feedback is likely positive and unlikely to be strongly negative.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Evidence-based medicine
evidence: Large effect: This is when methodologically strong studies show that the observed effect is so large that the probability of it changing completely is less likely.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Evidence-based medicine
evidence: A 2007 analysis of 1,016 systematic reviews from all 50 Cochrane Collaboration Review Groups found that 44% of the reviews concluded that the intervention was likely to be beneficial, 7% concluded that the intervention was likely to be harmful, and 49% concluded that evidence did not support either benefit or harm.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Evidence
evidence: This support may be strong or weak.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Other analyses have found that the iris effect is a positive feedback rather than the negative feedback proposed by Lindzen.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: One theory is that the climate may reach a "tipping point" where positive feedback effects lead to runaway global warming; such feedbacks include decreased reflection of solar radiation as sea ice melts, exposing darker seawater, and the potential release of large volumes of methane from thawing permafrost.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: "How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Sea level rise is now increasing faster than predicted due to unexpectedly rapid ice melting.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "Greenland's Coastal Ice Caps Have Melted Past The Point Of No Return".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: Ongoing acidification of the oceans may threaten future food chains linked with the oceans.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: "Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: "Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Around 97% of climate experts agree that humans are causing global warming.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: 21st century
evidence: Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Several researchers have concluded that around 97% of climate scientists agree with this consensus.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Atmospheric methane
evidence: "Methane release from melting permafrost could trigger dangerous global warming".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Atmospheric methane
evidence: With rising global temperatures, the amount of permafrost melting and releasing methane continues to increase.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Arctic amplification also causes methane to be released as permafrost melts, which is expected to surpass land use changes as the second strongest anthropogenic source of greenhouse gases by the end of the century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Permafrost
evidence: It is thought that permafrost thawing could exacerbate global warming by releasing methane and other hydrocarbons, which are powerful greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Permafrost
evidence: The consequence is thawing soil, which may be weaker, and release of methane, which contributes to an increased rate of global warming as part of a feedback loop.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) continuously releases data about CO 2 emissions, budget and concentration at individual observation stations.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: Now measurements are made at many sites globally.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: There are several surface measurement (including flasks and continuous in situ) networks including NOAA/ERSL, WDCGG, and RAMCES.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Concentrations also vary on a regional basis, most strongly near the ground with much smaller variations aloft.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Confirmation bias
evidence: Self-verification is the drive to reinforce the existing self-image and self-enhancement is the drive to seek positive feedback.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Confirmation bias
evidence: Similar experiments have found a preference for positive feedback, and the people who give it, over negative feedback.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Positive feedback
evidence: Less water vapor means both low dew point temperatures and more efficient daytime heating, decreasing the chances of humidity in the atmosphere leading to cloud formation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Cherry blossom
evidence: 23 March 2015.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cherry blossom
evidence: 22 January 2008.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cherry blossom
evidence: 13 August 2010.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cherry blossom
evidence: 26 April 2008.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cherry blossom
evidence: Peak bloom time at Royal Botanical Gardens is normally around the last week of April or the first week of May.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon cycle
evidence: On 12 November 2015, NASA scientists reported that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from human sources continues to increase, reaching levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: The present concentration is the highest for 14 million years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: The current concentration is about 0.04% (410 ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO