Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: The idea that climate change is producing heat records across the Earth is among the most egregious manipulations of data in the absurd global warming debate.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: This is the case for the conclusions that the Earth system is warming and that much of this warming is very likely due to human activities.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: Comments from climate scientists reported in The Washington Post showed strong agreement in attributing the warming primarily to anthropogenic climate change, with some contribution from El Niño warming, though there were differing views on the significance of individual records.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Syracuse, New York
evidence: The latter was the warmest winter day on record.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Actual weather records over the past 100 years show no correlation between rising carbon dioxide levels and local temperatures.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global cooling
evidence: The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Physical impacts of climate change
evidence: (2013) estimated that global warming had increased the probability of local record-breaking monthly temperatures worldwide by a factor of 5.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Regional effects of global warming
evidence: Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: These levels are much higher than at any time during the last 800,000 years, the period for which reliable data have been collected from ice cores.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Recent data also shows that the concentration is increasing at a higher rate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Peak oil
evidence: Peak oil is the theorized point in time when the maximum rate of extraction of petroleum is reached, after which it is expected to enter terminal decline.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Peak oil
evidence: "Oil Production Is at Record Levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Eocene
evidence: These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleocene
evidence: The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleocene
evidence: For comparison, the average global temperature for the period between 1951 and 1980 was 14 °C (57 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Kyoto Protocol
evidence: The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Coral bleaching
evidence: During this period, 19 percent of coral reefs worldwide were lost, and 60 percent of the remaining reefs are at immediate risk of being lost.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Drought
evidence: Malnutrition, dehydration and related diseases Mass migration, resulting in internal displacement and international refugees Reduced electricity production due to reduced water-flow through hydroelectric dams Shortages of water for industrial users Snake migration, which results in snake-bites Social unrest War over natural resources, including water and food Wildfires, such as Australian bushfires, become more common during times of drought and may cause human deaths.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Effects of global warming on human health
evidence: With degradation of protective coral reefs through acidic erosion, bleaching and death, salt water is able to infiltrate fresh ground water supplies that large populations depend on.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: Battle for the Reef – Four Corners – ABC.au Great Barrier Reef scientists confirm largest die-off of corals recorded.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Wild fisheries
evidence: A recent paper published by the National Academy of Sciences of the USA warns that: "Synergistic effects of habitat destruction, overfishing, introduced species, warming, acidification, toxins, and massive runoff of nutrients are transforming once complex ecosystems like coral reefs and kelp forests into monotonous level bottoms, transforming clear and productive coastal seas into anoxic dead zones, and transforming complex food webs topped by big animals into simplified, microbially dominated ecosystems with boom and bust cycles of toxic dinoflagellate blooms, jellyfish, and disease".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: In 2015, a study by Professor James Hansen of Columbia University and 16 other climate scientists said a sea level rise of three metres could be a reality by the end of the century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Regional effects of global warming
evidence: "Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Tuvalu
evidence: Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Tuvalu
evidence: Sopoaga said in his speech to the meeting of heads of state and government: Tuvalu's future at current warming, is already bleak, any further temperature increase will spell the total demise of Tuvalu ... For Small Island Developing States, Least Developed Countries and many others, setting a global temperature goal of below 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels is critical.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: International Energy Agency, a global analysis organization, “continue to see a role for coal for the foreseeable future.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: International Energy Agency
evidence: This publication on renewable energy – "which is now the fastest growing sector of the energy mix and accounts for almost a fifth of all electricity produced worldwide – will join annual medium-term reports on oil, gas and coal, which the IEA already produces".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: International Energy Agency
evidence: "Fatih Birol ushers in new era for IEA—Takes office as Executive Director of global energy authority".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: International Energy Agency
evidence: The IEA has a broad role in promoting alternate energy sources (including renewable energy), rational energy policies, and multinational energy technology co-operation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: International Energy Agency
evidence: Environmental groups have become critical of the IEA's 450 Scenario (created to align with the 2009 Copenhagen Accord), contending that it does not align with up-to-date climate science, nor is it consistent with the Paris climate agreement that aspires to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: International Energy Agency
evidence: He further said that the IEA is overstating the role of shale in a global market, and how the core job of the IEA, is not to take things out of context.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 1906 San Francisco earthquake
evidence: An offshore epicenter is supported by the occurrence of a local tsunami recorded by a tide gauge at the San Francisco Presidio; the wave had an amplitude of approximately 3 in (8 cm) and an approximate period of 40–45 minutes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: San Francisco Bay
evidence: As the great ice sheets began to melt, around 11,000 years ago, the sea level started to rise.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: San Francisco Bay
evidence: By 5000 BC the sea level rose 300 feet (90 m), filling the valley with water from the Pacific.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tide
evidence: Mean sea level (MSL) – This is the average sea level.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tide
evidence: To make accurate records, tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Antarctic ice sheet
evidence: The glaciation was favored by an interval when the Earth's orbit favored cool summers but oxygen isotope ratio cycle marker changes were too large to be explained by Antarctic ice-sheet growth alone indicating an ice age of some size.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Antarctic ice sheet
evidence: The general trend shows that a warming climate in the southern hemisphere would transport more moisture to Antarctica, causing the interior ice sheets to grow, while calving events along the coast will increase, causing these areas to shrink.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Antarctic ice sheet
evidence: A 2006 paper derived from satellite data, measuring changes in the gravity of the ice mass, suggests that the total amount of ice in Antarctica has begun decreasing in the past few years.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Antarctic ice sheet
evidence: Satellite measurements by NASA indicate a still increasing sheet thickness above the continent, outweighing the losses at the edge.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Second Grinnell expedition
evidence: The brig was periodically chain-lifted above the ice to prevent it from being crushed by the growing ice.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Antarctica
evidence: found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Antarctica
evidence: A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: A 2019 study, however, using different methodology, concluded that East Antarctica is losing significant amounts of ice mass.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Climate scientists use the 20th-century average as a benchmark for global temperature measurements.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate
evidence: Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate variability
evidence: Another longer-term near-millennial oscillation involves the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles, occurring on roughly 1,500-year cycles during the last glacial maximum.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate variability
evidence: During the Pleistocene, cycles of glaciations and interglacials occurred on cycles of roughly 100,000 years, but may stay longer within an interglacial when orbital eccentricity approaches zero, as during the current interglacial.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global Energy and Water Exchanges
evidence: There are also longer-term cycles, the mini ice-age that preceded the medieval warm period may have been a transition to an ice age, the last ice-age lasted from ~130,000 years ago until the onset of the Holocene.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: "Multicentennial variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and its climatic influence in a 4000 year simulation of the GFDL CM2.1 climate model".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: By itself, the climate system experiences various cycles which can last for years (such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation) to decades or centuries.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 2015 in science
evidence: 21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 2015 in science
evidence: 20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 2015 in science
evidence: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that September's global average temperature was the largest departure from normal for any month on record.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 2019 in science
evidence: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that July 2019 was the hottest month on record globally, at 0.95 °C (1.71 °F) above the 20th century average.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
evidence: Understanding and describing Earth systems through research and analysis of that data.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Australia
evidence: "Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Australia
evidence: According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, "the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Australia
evidence: Furthermore, 2014 was Australia's third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in 1910.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Australia
evidence: January 2019 was the hottest month ever in Australia with average temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate of Australia
evidence: According to the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia's annual mean temperature for 2009 was 0.90 °C (1.62 °F) above the 1961–90 average, making it the nation's second-warmest year since high-quality records began in 1910.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: For the year-to-date, the Earth is seeing its 5th-warmest start to the year.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: New Year
evidence: New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tropical year
evidence: A tropical year (also known as a solar year) is the time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons, as seen from Earth; for example, the time from vernal equinox to vernal equinox, or from summer solstice to summer solstice.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Year
evidence: This is currently on or close to January 1.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Year
evidence: Its average duration is 365.256363004 days (365 d 6 h 9 min 9.76 s) (at the epoch J2000.0 = January 1, 2000, 12:00:00 TT).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: “Today climate scientists are obsessed with the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, a very very small part of the overall picture.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: At the global level, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping greenhouse gases have increased sharply since the Industrial Revolution.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: "Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide have increased to levels unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The changes in temperature have been associated with increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) and other GHGs in the atmosphere."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The world's most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, a by-product of the burning of fossil fuels.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Carbon dioxide is a trace gas.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: It occurs naturally in Earth's atmosphere as a trace gas.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon monoxide
evidence: It is now the most commonly used tracer of molecular gas in general in the interstellar medium of galaxies, as molecular hydrogen can only be detected using ultraviolet light, which requires space telescopes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: They are trace gases that account for almost one tenth of 1% of Earth's atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Of these emissions, 65% was carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and industry, 11% was carbon dioxide from land use change, which is primarily due to deforestation, 16% was from methane, 6.2% was from nitrous oxide, and 2.0% was from fluorinated gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse effect
evidence: By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36–70% carbon dioxide, 9–26% methane, 4–9% ozone, 3–7% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Natural gas
evidence: Excluding water vapor, about half of landfill gas is methane and most of the rest is carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, and variable trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide and siloxanes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Air pollution
evidence: Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coal
evidence: The coal industry damages the environment, including by climate change as it is the largest anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide, 14 Gt in 2016, which is 40% of the total fossil fuel emissions and almost 25% of total global greenhouse gas emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Nature
evidence: Air is mostly nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, with much smaller amounts of carbon dioxide, argon, etc.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Tipping points are "perhaps the most ‘dangerous’ aspect of future climate changes", leading to irreversible impacts on society.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding "projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The IPCC has pointed out that many long-term climate scenario models require large-scale manmade negative emissions to avoid serious climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: At current emission rates, temperatures could increase by 2 °C, which the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) designated as the upper limit to avoid "dangerous" levels, by 2036.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Svante Arrhenius
evidence: On the other hand, any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface by 4°; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold, the temperature would rise by 8°."
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon capture and storage
evidence: If CO 2 capture was part of a fuel cycle then the CO 2 would have value rather than be a cost.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Coal
evidence: The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's oceans and atmosphere are predicted to prevent the next glacial period, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Radiocarbon dating
evidence: At higher temperatures, CO 2 has poor solubility in water, which means there is less CO 2 available for the photosynthetic reactions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scuba diving
evidence: This would be followed by a buildup in carbon dioxide, causing an urgent feeling of a need to breathe, and if this cycle is not broken, panic and drowning are likely to follow.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Nevertheless, the bottom-line conclusion from climate fingerprinting is that most of the observed changes studied to date are consistent with each other, and are also consistent with our scientific understanding of how the climate system would be expected to respond to the increase in heat-trapping gases resulting from human activities.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: (2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: "Penetration of human-induced warming into the world's oceans".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sustainable development
evidence: Environmental sustainability concerns the natural environment and how it endures and remains diverse and productive.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Man-made greenhouse gases play only an insignificant role.”
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Atmospheric concentrations of anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) greenhouse gases have increased substantially.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: "The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Ice age
evidence: The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: Beside the expected cooling down in comparison with the current climate, a significant precipitation change happened here.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: temperatures rise and they fall, and they rise and they fall… and for the last 400 years we’ve had a gentle warming as we’ve been coming out of the little ice age.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Temperatures cooled from about 1940 to 1975, and then they rose from about ’75 to about 2005 or so, and since then they’ve been flat or cooling.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Temperature
evidence: In fact the lowest temperature ever obtained in a macroscopic system was 20 nK, which was achieved in 1995 at NIST.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Temperature
evidence: A temperature of 450 ±80 pK in a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) of sodium atoms was achieved in 2003 by researchers at MIT.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Temperatures Rising
evidence: September 16, 1972.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Temperatures Rising
evidence: June 23, 2011.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Temperatures Rising
evidence: September 14, 1972.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “So now we’re able to explain from natural factors how we’ve had the 20th Century warming.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 20th century
evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 20th century
evidence: One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: These, together with other anthropogenic drivers, are "extremely likely" (where that means more than 95% probability) to have been the dominant cause of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: This is the South Pole ice, 90% of Earth’s ice, and it’s getting thicker.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Colonization of the Moon
evidence: It is estimated there is at least 600 million tons of ice at the north pole in sheets of relatively pure ice at least a couple of meters thick.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenland
evidence: Other research has shown that higher snowfalls from the North Atlantic oscillation caused the interior of the ice cap to thicken by an average of 6 cm or 2.36 in/y between 1994 and 2005.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mars
evidence: The southern polar cap has a diameter of 350 km (220 mi) and a thickness of 3 km (1.9 mi).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Martian polar ice caps
evidence: This water ice is believed to be as much as three kilometers thick.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: South Pole
evidence: The ice is estimated to be about 2,700 metres (9,000 ft) thick at the Pole, so the land surface under the ice sheet is actually near sea level.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: The rate of rise started to slow down about 8,200 years before present; the sea level was almost constant in the last 2,500 years, before the recent rising trend that started at the end of the 19th century or in the beginning of the 20th.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea
evidence: At the last glacial maximum, some 20,000 years ago, the sea level was 120 metres (390 ft) below its present-day level.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 20th century
evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea surface temperature
evidence: This value is well above 16.1 °C (60.9 °F), the long term global average surface temperature of the oceans.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Pacific Ocean
evidence: Surface water temperatures in the Pacific can vary from −1.4 °C (29.5 °F), the freezing point of sea water, in the poleward areas to about 30 °C (86 °F) near the equator.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: South Pacific convergence zone
evidence: At its southeast edge, the circulation around the feature forces a salinity gradient in the ocean, with fresher and warmer waters of the western Pacific lying to its west.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: South Pacific convergence zone
evidence: Cooler and saltier waters lie to its east.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tropical cyclone
evidence: Water temperatures must be extremely high (near or above 30 °C, 86 °F), and water of this temperature must be sufficiently deep such that waves do not upwell cooler waters to the surface.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tropical cyclone
evidence: latent heat) at the temperature of the warm ocean surface (during evaporation, the ocean cools and the air warms).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Sea ice continued its declining trend, both in the Arctic and Antarctic.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: Polar Discovery "Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Arctic ice pack
evidence: As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea ice
evidence: Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Scientists say halting deforestation ‘just as urgent’ as reducing emissions
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Avoided Deforestation Partners
evidence: Leading scientists and economists say that ending deforestation is the most cost effective and scalable method of reducing greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: Reducing energy use is seen as a key solution to the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: In 2008, climate scientist Kevin Anderson raised concern about the growing effect of rapidly increasing global air transport on the climate in a paper, and a presentation, suggesting that reversing this trend is necessary to reduce emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Deforestation and climate change
evidence: One attempt towards fighting climate change globally is the Reducing Emissions for Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) efforts, and a few countries are already starting to implement and analyse ways to protect standing trees.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Deforestation in Indonesia
evidence: The general term for these sorts of programs is Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO