Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: Water vapor helps trap heat, and is a far the strongest of the major greenhouse gases, contributing 36–72 percent of the greenhouse effect.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Greenhouse effect
evidence: From 1859 onwards, he showed that the effect was due to a very small proportion of the atmosphere, with the main gases having no effect, and was largely due to water vapour, though small percentages of hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide had a significant effect.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse effect
evidence: However radiative energy losses become increasingly important higher in the atmosphere, largely because of the decreasing concentration of water vapor, an important greenhouse gas.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse effect
evidence: By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36–70% carbon dioxide, 9–26% methane, 4–9% ozone, 3–7% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Water vapor
evidence: Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Thus rather than a "doomsday" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Eventually other earth processes offset these positive feedbacks, stabilizing the global temperature at a new equilibrium and preventing the loss of Earth's water through a Venus-like runaway greenhouse effect.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Runaway greenhouse effect
evidence: An increase in temperature from greenhouse gases leading to increased water vapor (which is itself a greenhouse gas) causing further warming is a positive feedback, but not a runaway effect, on Earth.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Runaway greenhouse effect
evidence: A planet's outgoing longwave radiation is limited by this evaporated water, which is an effective greenhouse gas and blocks additional infrared radiation as it accumulates in the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Water
evidence: Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Statistical analysis of the rate of warming over different periods find that warming from 1970 to 2001 is greater than the warming from both 1860 to 1880 and 1910 to 1940.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Urban heat island
evidence: For example, Ross McKitrick and Patrick J. Michaels conducted a statistical study of surface-temperature data regressed against socioeconomic indicators, and concluded that about half of the observed warming trend (for 1979–2002) could be accounted for by the residual UHI effects in the corrected temperature data set they studied—which had already been processed to remove the (modeled) UHI contribution.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: To keep warming below 2 °C, more stringent emission reductions in the near-term would allow for less rapid reductions after 2030.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: For instance, the change from a dark forest to grassland makes the surface lighter, causing it to reflect more sunlight.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon tax
evidence: Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Economics of global warming
evidence: No models suggest that the optimal policy is to do nothing, i.e., allow "business-as-usual" emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Researchers have warned that current economic modeling may seriously underestimate the impact of potentially catastrophic climate change and point to the need for new models that give a more accurate picture of potential damages.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Stern Review
evidence: Economists have different views over the cost estimates of climate change mitigation given in the Review.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Stern Review
evidence: Some economists have argued that the Review overestimates the present value of the costs of climate change, and underestimates the costs of emission reduction.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP" (Bjorn Lomborg)
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Bjørn Lomborg
evidence: He argues that "... the cost and benefits of the proposed measures against global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Stern Review
evidence: 'Central estimates of the annual costs of achieving stabilisation between 500 and 550ppm CO2e are around 1% of global GDP, if we start to take strong action now.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: United Kingdom
evidence: This would take us to 9.4 per cent of GDP spent on health ie around EU average.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United Kingdom
evidence: The UK service sector makes up around 79 per cent of GDP.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United Kingdom
evidence: The UK spends around 8.4 per cent of its gross domestic product on healthcare, which is 0.5 percentage points below the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development average and about one percentage point below the average of the European Union.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Mauna Loa Observatory
evidence: Since 1958, initially under the direction of Charles Keeling, followed by his son Ralph and later Elmer Robinson, Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) has been monitoring and collecting data relating to atmospheric change, and is known especially for the continuous monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), which is sometimes referred to as the Keeling Curve.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mauna Loa Observatory
evidence: The contamination from local volcanic sources is sometimes detected at the observatory, and is then removed from the background data.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Mauna Loa Observatory
evidence: According to the NOAA, Mauna Loa is the world's oldest continuous CO2 monitoring station, and the world's primary benchmark site for measurement of the gas.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mauna Loa Observatory
evidence: The latest observation of CO2 concentrations from MLO can be found at web sites along with data from other sites and trends at Mauna Loa.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mauna Loa
evidence: Measurements are adjusted to account for local outgassing of CO2 from the volcano.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: 'Mauna Loa has been producing a readout which supports Manning's predetermined goal by showing steady growth in atmospheric CO2 concentrations since 1959.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: In 2013, CO2 readings taken at the world's primary benchmark site in Mauna Loa surpassing 400 ppm for the first time.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse effect
evidence: Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Keeling Curve
evidence: The measurements collected at Mauna Loa Observatory show a steady increase in mean atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 313 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in March 1958 to 406 ppmv in November 2018, with an increase of ~2 ppmv CO 2 per year.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Mauna Loa Observatory
evidence: Since 1958, initially under the direction of Charles Keeling, followed by his son Ralph and later Elmer Robinson, Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) has been monitoring and collecting data relating to atmospheric change, and is known especially for the continuous monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), which is sometimes referred to as the Keeling Curve.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mauna Loa Observatory
evidence: According to the NOAA, Mauna Loa is the world's oldest continuous CO2 monitoring station, and the world's primary benchmark site for measurement of the gas.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: "Up-to-date weekly average CO 2 at Mauna Loa".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ecosystem ecology
evidence: Figure 4 shows seasonal and annual changes in CO2 concentration measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii from 1987 to 1990.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: An example is the mixing of atmospheric gases into the oceans.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: This figure accounts for CO 2 molecules being removed from the atmosphere by mixing into the ocean, photosynthesis, and other processes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Kīlauea
evidence: Kīlauea's bulk affects local climate conditions through the influence of trade winds coming predominantly from the northeast, which, when squeezed upwards by the volcano's height, result in a moister windward side and a comparatively arid leeward flank.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Level Mountain
evidence: This tremendous variation in the erupted magmas and influence of adjacent vents gave rise to a high and volumnous complex bimodal stratovolcano centrally located atop the shield.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ovid
evidence: In his treatment of elegy, scholars have traced the influence of rhetorical education in his enumeration, in his effects of surprise, and in his transitional devices.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Socompa
evidence: Groundwater is warmer and richer in CO 2 the closer to Socompa it is pumped, also suggesting that volcanic gas fluxes still occur at the volcano and that the volcano influences groundwater systems.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Under the Volcano
evidence: The influence of Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus runs throughout the novel, and references to Charles Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal, William Shakespeare's tragedies, and Dante's Divine Comedy enrich the novel's meaning.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carl Sagan
evidence: He also perceived global warming as a growing, man-made danger and likened it to the natural development of Venus into a hot, life-hostile planet through a kind of runaway greenhouse effect.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse effect
evidence: The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Runaway greenhouse effect
evidence: Venus is sufficiently strongly heated by the Sun that water vapor can rise much higher in the atmosphere and be split into hydrogen and oxygen by ultraviolet light.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Venus
evidence: It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Venus
evidence: The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Jupiter trojan
evidence: This occurred when the period of the trojans' libration about their Lagrangian point had a 3:1 ratio to the period at which the position where Jupiter passes Saturn circulated relative to its perihelion.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Orbital resonance
evidence: As mentioned above, Gliese 876 e, b and c are in a Laplace resonance, with a 4:2:1 ratio of periods (124.3, 61.1 and 30.0 days).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Saturn
evidence: "Modeling the 5 : 2 Mean-Motion Resonance in the Jupiter-Saturn Planetary System".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tibetan calendar
evidence: From the 12th century onwards, we observe the usage of two sixty-year cycles.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Year
evidence: The Galactic year is the time it takes Earth's Solar System to revolve once around the galactic center.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase" (Loehle and Scafetta)
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Holocene
evidence: "Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Holocene
evidence: This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
evidence: These can be defined as geologically brief (<200,000 year) events characterized by rapid global warming, major changes in the environment, and massive carbon addition.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Aeolis quadrangle
evidence: "High Concentrations of Silica Indicate Considerable Water Activity on Mars – SpaceRef".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Gale (crater)
evidence: On November 4, 2018, geologists presented evidence, based on studies in Gale by the Curiosity rover, that there was plenty of water on early Mars.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: In 2009, further evidence was provided that changes in solar insolation provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age, with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Lakes on Mars
evidence: Eight times as much deuterium was inferred at the polar deposits of Mars than exists on Earth (VSMOW), suggesting that ancient Mars had significantly higher levels of water.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: However, more direct comparisons between solar activity and global temperature finds that  as the sun grew hotter or cooler, Earth's climate followed it with a 10 year lag - presumably due to the dampening effect of the ocean.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Atlantic Ocean
evidence: This heat uptake provides a time-lag for climate change but it also results in a thermal expansion of the oceans which contribute to sea-level rise.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: (2009) found that the evidence showed that connections between solar variation and climate were more likely to be mediated by direct variation of insolation rather than cosmic rays, and concluded: "Hence within our assumptions, the effect of varying solar activity, either by direct solar irradiance or by varying cosmic ray rates, must be less than 0.07 °C since 1956, i.e.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sun
evidence: However, the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history, and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Also found was that the correlation between solar activity and global temperatures ended around 1975, hence recent warming must have some other cause than solar variations.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar activity and climate
evidence: Neither direct measurements nor proxies of solar variation correlate well with Earth global temperature, particularly in recent decades when both quantities are best known.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Solar activity and climate
evidence: Scafetta and West correlated solar proxy data and lower tropospheric temperature for the preindustrial era, before significant anthropogenic greenhouse forcing, suggesting that TSI variations may have contributed 50% of the warming observed between 1900 and 2000 (although they conclude "our estimates about the solar effect on climate might be overestimated and should be considered as an upper limit.")
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar activity and climate
evidence: In 1991, Friis-Christensen and Lassen claimed a strong correlation of the length of the solar cycle with northern hemispheric temperature changes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sun
evidence: Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle (Alexander 2007).
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Ice age
evidence: The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Leap year
evidence: A leap year (also known as an intercalary year or bissextile year) is a calendar year containing an additional day (or, in the case of lunisolar calendars, a month) added to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical or seasonal year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Leap year
evidence: The Bahá'í calendar is a solar calendar composed of 19 months of 19 days each (361 days).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Moon
evidence: One comprises what we have called "Saros Cycle Texts", which give the months of eclipse possibilities arranged in consistent cycles of 223 months (or 18 years).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: East Antarctica is colder than its western counterpart because of its higher elevation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Antarctica
evidence: The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) (or even −94.7 °C (−135.8 °F) as measured from space), though the average for the third quarter (the coldest part of the year) is −63 °C (−81 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: East Antarctic Ice Sheet
evidence: The EAIS is the driest, windiest, and coldest place on Earth, with temperatures reported down to nearly -100°C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: East Antarctica
evidence: East Antarctica is generally higher than West Antarctica, and is considered the coldest place on Earth.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming in Antarctica
evidence: East Antarctica appears to have experienced a net gain of a relatively small amount of ice during the 25-years although uncertainty is greater due to subsidence of the underlying bedrock.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change feedback
evidence: Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change feedback
evidence: Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change feedback
evidence: This releases more stored carbon into the atmosphere than the carbon cycle can naturally re-absorb, as well as reducing the overall forest area on the planet, creating a positive feedback loop.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Negative feedback
evidence: In contrast, positive feedback is feedback in which the system responds so as to increase the magnitude of any particular perturbation, resulting in amplification of the original signal instead of stabilization.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Positive feedback
evidence: That is, the effects of a perturbation on a system include an increase in the magnitude of the perturbation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: Concentrations of CO 2 in the atmosphere were as high as 4,000 parts per million (ppm, on a molar basis) during the Cambrian period about 500 million years ago to as low as 180 ppm during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: Decreasing CO 2 concentration, with a tipping point of 600 ppm, was the primary agent forcing Antarctic glaciation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Carbon dioxide content in fresh air (averaged between sea-level and 10 kPa level, i.e., about 30 km (19 mi) altitude) varies between 0.036% (360 ppm) and 0.041% (410 ppm), depending on the location.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Gondwana
evidence: However, strong evidence exists of glaciation during the Carboniferous to Permian time, especially in South Africa.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Supercontinent
evidence: During the late Ordovician (~458.4 Ma), the particular configuration of Gondwana may have allowed for glaciation and high CO2 levels to occur at the same time.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Since rock weathering reduces atmospheric CO2, this again reinforces the scientific fact that CO2 is a strong driver of climate.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change denial
evidence: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change feedback
evidence: The primary driver of this is the ocean, which absorbs anthropogenic CO2 via the so-called solubility pump.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change feedback
evidence: With current global warming, weathering is increasing, demonstrating significant feedbacks between climate and Earth surface.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Clearly, other factors besides atmospheric carbon influence earth temperatures and global warming."
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon cycle
evidence: It is one of the most important determinants of the amount of carbon in the atmosphere, and thus of global temperatures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate
evidence: Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: It is expected that most ecosystems will be affected by higher atmospheric CO2 levels and higher global temperatures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate
evidence: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: General circulation model
evidence: Any imbalance results in a change in temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: General circulation model
evidence: These models project an upward trend in the surface temperature record, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher altitudes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Kiribati
evidence: However, if the increase in sea level occurs at a rate faster than coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Maldives
evidence: More than 80 per cent of the country's land is composed of coral islands which rise less than one metre above sea level.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Maldives
evidence: As a result, the Maldives are at high risk of being submerged due to rising sea levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Micronesia
evidence: When the volcano sinks back down into the sea, the coral continues to grow, keeping the reef at or above water level.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tuvalu
evidence: Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: The first line of evidence is based on a physical understanding of how greenhouse gases trap heat, how the climate system responds to increases in greenhouse gases, and how other human and natural factors influence climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon sink
evidence: Presently, oceans are CO2 sinks, and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Fossil fuel
evidence: It is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The annual airborne fraction is the ratio of the atmospheric increase in a given year to that year's total emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural "sinks" involved in the carbon cycle.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature  increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of  natural variation...
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Eocene
evidence: These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse effect
evidence: The result, however, is an increase in temperature in both cases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Once natural influences, in particular the impact of El Niño and La Niña, are removed from the recent termperature record, there is no evidence of a significant change in the human contribution to climate change.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: El Niño
evidence: The ENSO cycle, including both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes in temperature and rainfall.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: "...there has been no increase in the global average surface temperature for the past 16 years" (Judith Curry and David Rose)
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Paleocene
evidence: In the Paleocene, with a global average temperature of about 24–25 °C (75–77 °F), compared to 14 °C (57 °F) in more recent times, the Earth had a greenhouse climate without permanent ice sheets at the poles, like the preceding Mesozoic.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleocene
evidence: The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleocene
evidence: For comparison, the average global temperature for the period between 1951 and 1980 was 14 °C (57 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Chlorofluorocarbon
evidence: "Ozone hole-forming chemical emissions increasing and mysterious source in East Asia may be responsible".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cosmic ray
evidence: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cosmic ray
evidence: "No, a new study does not show cosmic-rays are connected to global warming".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: The Great Global Warming Swindle
evidence: The posited mechanism involves cosmic rays as well as heat from the sun aiding cloud formation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped."
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Deccan Traps
evidence: Data points to an average drop in temperature of about 2 °C (3.6 °F) in this period.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Eocene
evidence: These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sun
evidence: At the photosphere, the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g/m3 (about 1/6,000 the density of air at sea level).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sun
evidence: Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Tropical cyclone
evidence: All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Chlorofluorocarbon
evidence: The strength of CFC absorption bands and the unique susceptibility of the atmosphere at wavelengths where CFCs (indeed all covalent fluorine compounds) absorb creates a “super” greenhouse effect from CFCs and other unreactive fluorine-containing gases such as perfluorocarbons, HFCs, HCFCs, bromofluorocarbons, SF6, and NF3.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The seven sources of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000–2004): Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N 2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Although CFCs are greenhouse gases, they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol, which was motivated by CFCs' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: The report shows in detail the individual warming contributions (positive forcing) of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, halocarbons, other human warming factors, and the warming effects of changes in solar activity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Sea level rise
evidence: However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: There is the probability that the rise will be beyond 2 metres by 2100 in the high emission scenario, which will cause displacement of 187 million people.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "The projections and results presented in several peer-reviewed publications provide evidence to support a physically plausible GMSL rise in the range of 2.0 meters (m) to 2.7 m, and recent results regarding Antarctic ice-sheet instability indicate that such outcomes may be more likely than previously thought."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS