Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: And their wind and manure emit more than one third of  emissions of another, methane, which warms the world 20 times faster  than carbon dioxide.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Atmospheric methane
evidence: Methane is a strong GHG with a global warming potential 84 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Biogas
evidence: The methane in biogas is 28 times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Methane
evidence: Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Methane
evidence: Compared to other hydrocarbon fuels, methane produces less carbon dioxide for each unit of heat released.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Natural gas
evidence: While the lifetime of atmospheric methane is relatively short when compared to carbon dioxide, with a half-life of about 7 years, it is more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere, so that a given quantity of methane has 84 times the global-warming potential of carbon dioxide over a 20-year period and 28 times over a 100-year period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Individual carbon dioxide molecules have a short life time of around 5 years in the atmosphere.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: This is due to carbon dioxide's very long lifetime in the atmosphere.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The atmospheric lifetime of a species therefore measures the time required to restore equilibrium following a sudden increase or decrease in its concentration in the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is estimated of the order of 30–95 years.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: The final amount of extra CO2 that remains in the atmosphere stays there on a time scale of centuries.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon price
evidence: the CO2 concentration already released into the atmosphere since the beginning of industrialization, which has risen from well below 300 PPM to more than 415 PPM (2019).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Long-term effects of global warming: On the timescale of centuries to millennia, the magnitude of global warming will be determined primarily by anthropogenic CO2 emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Eventually, the land and oceans will take up most of the extra carbon dioxide, but as much as 20 percent may remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Less direct geological evidence indicates that CO2 values have not been this high for millions of years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Petroleum
evidence: Atmospheric CO2 has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390 ppmv, from the 180 – 300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature has reduced the Arctic ice cap to 1,100,000 sq mi (2,800,000 km2),[citation needed] smaller than ever recorded.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: [T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In 2013, CO2 readings taken at the world's primary benchmark site in Mauna Loa surpassing 400 ppm for the first time.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Peer review
evidence: Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competences as the producers of the work (peers).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Three Mile Island accident
evidence: A peer-reviewed research article by Dr. Steven Wing found a significant increase in cancers from 1979–1985 among people who lived within ten miles of TMI; in 2009 Dr. Wing stated that radiation releases during the accident were probably "thousands of times greater" than the NRC's estimates.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) continuously releases data about CO 2 emissions, budget and concentration at individual observation stations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: Now measurements are made at many sites globally.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: There are several surface measurement (including flasks and continuous in situ) networks including NOAA/ERSL, WDCGG, and RAMCES.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: "The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Keeling Curve
evidence: The Keeling Curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Keeling Curve
evidence: "Carbon dioxide tops 400 ppm at Mauna Loa, Hawaii".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Keeling Curve
evidence: Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Keeling Curve
evidence: Carbon dioxide measurements at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii are made with a type of infrared spectrophotometer, now known as a nondispersive infrared sensor, that is calibrated using World Meteorological Organization standards.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Keeling Curve
evidence: Charles David Keeling, of Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego, was the first person to make frequent regular measurements of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations at the South Pole, and on Mauna Loa, Hawaii from March 1958 onwards.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: To claim that humidity is decreasing requires you ignore a multitude of independent reanalyses that all show increasing humidity.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Dew point
evidence: When the moisture content remains constant and temperature increases, relative humidity decreases, but the dew point remains constant.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Humidity
evidence: Heating cold outdoor air can decrease relative humidity levels indoors to below 30%, leading to ailments such as dry skin, cracked lips, dry eyes and excessive thirst.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Humidity
evidence: As temperature decreases, the amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation also decreases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Humidity
evidence: As the temperature of a parcel of air decreases it will eventually reach the saturation point without adding or losing water mass.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Humidity
evidence: Under conditions of high humidity, the rate of evaporation of sweat from the skin decreases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Complex system
evidence: Relationships contain feedback loops Both negative (damping) and positive (amplifying) feedback are always found in complex systems.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: Each glacial period is subject to positive feedback which makes it more severe, and negative feedback which mitigates and (in all cases so far) eventually ends it.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Operant conditioning
evidence: This provided immediate feedback and acted as positive reinforcement for a soldier's behavior.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Perceptual control theory
evidence: PCT demonstrates circular causation in a negative feedback loop closed through the environment.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tipping points in the climate system
evidence: There are many positive and negative feedbacks to global temperatures and the carbon cycle that have been identified.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change feedback
evidence: Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change feedback
evidence: The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Runaway greenhouse effect
evidence: An increase in temperature from greenhouse gases leading to increased water vapor (which is itself a greenhouse gas) causing further warming is a positive feedback, but not a runaway effect, on Earth.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: (2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Atmosphere of Jupiter
evidence: In 2010, astronomers imaged the GRS in the far infrared (from 8.5 to 24 μm) with a spatial resolution higher than ever before and found that its central, reddest region is warmer than its surroundings by between 3–4 K. The warm airmass is located in the upper troposphere in the pressure range of 200–500 mbar.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea surface temperature
evidence: At the 500 hPa level, the air temperature averages −7 °C (18 °F) within the tropics, but air in the tropics is normally dry at this height, giving the air room to wet-bulb, or cool as it moistens, to a more favorable temperature that can then support convection.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Troposphere
evidence: If the upper air is warmer than predicted by the adiabatic lapse rate ( d S / d z > 0 {\displaystyle dS/dz>0} ), then when a parcel of air rises and expands, it will arrive at the new height at a lower temperature than its surroundings.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Troposphere
evidence: If, on the contrary, the upper air is cooler than predicted by the adiabatic lapse rate, then when the air parcel rises to its new height it will have a higher temperature and a lower density than its surroundings, and will continue to accelerate upward.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Uranus
evidence: The temperatures in the coldest upper region of the troposphere (the tropopause) actually vary in the range between 49 and 57 K (−224 and −216 °C; −371 and −357 °F) depending on planetary latitude.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Neptune
evidence: The average distance between Neptune and the Sun is 4.5 billion km (about 30.1 astronomical units (AU)), and it completes an orbit on average every 164.79 years, subject to a variability of around ±0.1 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Neptune
evidence: Neptune's 164 year orbital period means that the planet takes an average of 13 years to move through each constellation of the zodiac.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Neptune
evidence: Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 au (4.5 billion km; 2.8 billion mi).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Pluto
evidence: The semi-major axis of Pluto's orbit varies between about 39.3 and 39.6 au with a period of about 19,951 years, corresponding to an orbital period varying between 246 and 249 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pluto
evidence: Pluto has yet to complete a full orbit of the Sun since its discovery, as one Plutonian year is 247.68 years long.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Atmosphere of Jupiter
evidence: The Great Red Spot (GRS) is a persistent anticyclonic storm, 22° south of Jupiter's equator; observations from Earth establish a minimum storm lifetime of 350 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Atmosphere of Jupiter
evidence: The new storm, previously a white spot in Hubble images, turned red in May 2008.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Jupiter
evidence: "New Red Spot Appears on Jupiter".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Jupiter
evidence: "New storm on Jupiter hints at climate changes".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Jupiter
evidence: The best known feature of Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a persistent anticyclonic storm that is larger than Earth, located 22° south of the equator.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The temperatures are expected to change by as much as 10 Fahrenheit degrees at different places of the globe.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Earth
evidence: As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Fahrenheit
evidence: A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of ​5⁄9 degrees Celsius.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected"
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Cloud
evidence: It is most prevalent in and along low pressure zones of surface tropospheric convergence which encircle the Earth close to the equator and near the 50th parallels of latitude in the northern and southern hemispheres.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cloud
evidence: The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: "A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Jupiter's climate change is due to shifts in internal turbulence fueled from an internal heat source - the planet radiates twice as much energy as it receives from the sun.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Jupiter
evidence: Despite this, Jupiter still radiates more heat than it receives from the Sun; the amount of heat produced inside it is similar to the total solar radiation it receives.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Jupiter
evidence: The water clouds are assumed to generate thunderstorms in the same way as terrestrial thunderstorms, driven by the heat rising from the interior.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Jupiter
evidence: Jupiter's low axial tilt means that the poles constantly receive less solar radiation than at the planet's equatorial region.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Jupiter
evidence: Convection within the interior of the planet transports more energy to the poles, balancing out the temperatures at the cloud layer.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Neptune
evidence: As with Uranus, the source of this heating is unknown, but the discrepancy is larger: Uranus only radiates 1.1 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun; whereas Neptune radiates about 2.61 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that "changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system", and concluded that "increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: On the day of publication, the ExxonMobil funded lobbying website Tech Central Station issued a press release headed "TCS Newsflash: Important Global Warming Study Audited – Numerous Errors Found; New Research Reveals the UN IPCC 'Hockey Stick' Theory of Climate Change is Flawed" announcing that "Canadian business executive Stephen McIntyre and economist Ross McKitrick have presented more evidence that the 20th century wasn't the warmest on record".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: At a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (December 17, 2008), scientists detailed evidence in support of the controversial idea that the introduction of large-scale rice agriculture in Asia, coupled with extensive deforestation in Europe began to alter world climate by pumping significant amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere over the last 1,000 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The executive summary of the WG I Summary for Policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: A retired journalist for The New York Times, William K. Stevens wrote: "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: The "decline" refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climatic Research Unit documents
evidence: The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climatic Research Unit documents
evidence: Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climatic Research Unit documents
evidence: The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: This "decline" referred to the well-discussed tree-ring divergence problem, but these two phrases were taken out of context by global warming sceptics, including US Senator Jim Inhofe and former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin, as though they referred to some decline in measured global temperatures, even though they were written when temperatures were at a record high.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: "Robust findings" of the Synthesis report include: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "Mike's Nature trick" has nothing to do with "hide the decline", instead refering to a technique by Michael Mann to plot instrumental temperature along with past reconstructions.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climatic Research Unit documents
evidence: "Mike's Nature trick" referred to Michael E. Mann's paper on temperature trends published by Michael Mann in Nature in 1998, which combined various proxy records and related them to actual temperature records: it included a figure later dubbed the ""hockey stick" graph, which clearly distinguished between the proxy and instrumental data.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used "Mike's Nature trick" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization "to hide the decline" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hockey stick graph
evidence: As part of his Phd research, Michael E. Mann worked with seismologist Jeffrey Park on developing statistical techniques for find long term oscillations of natural variability in the instrumental temperature record of global surface temperatures over the last 140 years; Mann & Park 1993 showed patterns relating to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and Mann & Park 1994 found what was later termed the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Michael E. Mann
evidence: The same procedure was also used to represent key information in the instrumental temperature record for comparison with the proxy series, enabling validation of the reconstruction.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Michael E. Mann
evidence: In it, "Spatially resolved global reconstructions of annual surface temperature patterns" were related to "changes in greenhouse-gas concentrations, solar irradiance, and volcanic aerosols" leading to the conclusion that "each of these factors has contributed to the climate variability of the past 400 years, with greenhouse gases emerging as the dominant forcing during the twentieth century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climatic Research Unit documents
evidence: Both of the papers referred to were in fact cited and discussed in the IPCC."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climatic Research Unit documents
evidence: The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climatic Research Unit documents
evidence: The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) is a report by the IPCC which was published in 2000.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climatic Research Unit documents
evidence: The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climatic Research Unit documents
evidence: The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: Dendroclimatologist Keith Briffa's February 1998 study reporting a divergence problem affecting some tree ring proxies after 1960 warned that this problem had to be taken into account to avoid overestimating past temperatures.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The Geological Society of America (GSA) concurs with assessments by the National Academies of Science (2005), the National Research Council (2006), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) that global climate has warmed and that human activities (mainly greenhouse‐gas emissions) account for most of the warming since the middle 1900s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Fossil fuel
evidence: The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: In current trend, annual emissions will grow to 1.34 billion tonnes by 2030.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: The current concentration may be the highest in the last 20 million years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: The present concentration is the highest for 14 million years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: However, various proxies and modeling suggests larger variations in past epochs; 500 million years ago CO 2 levels were likely 10 times higher than now.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "...there is the contention by Wolfgang Knorr of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol in England that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are about where they were 160 years ago." (as quoted by Ken Ward Jr.)
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Botany
evidence: The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Eocene
evidence: For example, diverse geochemical and paleontological proxies indicate that at the maximum of global warmth the atmospheric carbon dioxide values were at 700–900 ppm while other proxies such as pedogenic (soil building) carbonate and marine boron isotopes indicate large changes of carbon dioxide of over 2,000 ppm over periods of time of less than 1 million years.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Eocene
evidence: "Paleobotanical Evidence for Near Present-Day Levels of Atmospheric CO2 During Part of the Tertiary".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Eocene
evidence: For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: At a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (December 17, 2008), scientists detailed evidence in support of the controversial idea that the introduction of large-scale rice agriculture in Asia, coupled with extensive deforestation in Europe began to alter world climate by pumping significant amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere over the last 1,000 years.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Over most of the mid-latitude land masses and wet tropical regions, extreme precipitation events will very likely become more intense and frequent.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: As air gets warmer, it can hold more moisture.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate
evidence: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Simultaneously, the capacity of the atmosphere to carry precipitation increases with temperature so that precipitation, in the form of snowfall, increases in global and regional models.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Snow
evidence: Snow science often leads to predictive models that include snow deposition, snow melt, and snow hydrology—elements of the Earth's water cycle—which help describe global climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Weather
evidence: Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Chicago
evidence: Winters are cold and snowy, although the city typically sees less snow and rain in winter than that experienced on the East Coast; blizzards do occur, as in 2011.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Chicago
evidence: Northeast winds from wintertime cyclones departing south of the region sometimes bring the city lake-effect snow.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hurricane Sandy
evidence: Up to 2 to 3 feet (0.6–0.9 m) of snow was forecast for mountainous areas of the state.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hurricane Sandy
evidence: On October 29, snow was falling in parts of the state.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hurricane Sandy
evidence: Snow was reported in some parts of eastern Ohio and south of Cleveland.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: There have long been claims that some unspecificed "they" has "changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'".
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: The term "climate change" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: In this sense, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term climate change has become synonymous with anthropogenic global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: Shaftel 2016: "'Climate change' and 'global warming' are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: In addition to referring to the IPCC as "[the] world's best climate scientists", they stated that climate change is happening as "the result of emissions since industrialization and we have already set in motion the next 50 years of global warming – what we do from now on will determine how worse it will get."
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: They changed the name from “global warming” to “climate change” after the term global warming just wasn’t working (it was too cold)!
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: The term "climate change" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term "climate change".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until 1975, when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Oxford Dictionary chose climate emergency as the word of the year 2019 and defines the term as "a situation in which urgent action is required to reduce or halt climate change and avoid potentially irreversible environmental damage resulting from it".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Measurements of carbon isotopes and falling oxygen in the atmosphere show that rising carbon dioxide is due to the burning of fossil fuels and cannot be coming from the ocean.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Gas solubility decreases as the temperature of water increases (except when both pressure exceeds 300 bar and temperature exceeds 393 K, only found near deep geothermal vents) and therefore the rate of uptake from the atmosphere decreases as ocean temperatures rise.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "The solubility of carbon dioxide in water is listed in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics as a declining function of temperature. ...
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: "The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Henry's law
evidence: The following table lists some temperature dependencies: Solubility of permanent gases usually decreases with increasing temperature at around room temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Henry's law
evidence: Often, the smaller the gas molecule (and the lower the gas solubility in water), the lower the temperature of the maximum of the Henry's law constant.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solubility
evidence: In liquid water at high temperatures, (e.g.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solubility
evidence: that approaching the critical temperature), the solubility of ionic solutes tends to decrease due to the change of properties and structure of liquid water; the lower dielectric constant results in a less polar solvent.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: They predict that under a "business as usual" (BAU) scenario, global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °C per decade during the [21st] century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Comet
evidence: A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to release gases, a process called outgassing.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Exoplanet
evidence: This could be caused by the interaction between the stellar wind and the planet's magnetosphere creating an electric current through the planet that heats it up causing it to expand.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pluto
evidence: The presence of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, in Pluto's atmosphere creates a temperature inversion, with the average temperature of its atmosphere tens of degrees warmer than its surface, though observations by New Horizons have revealed Pluto's upper atmosphere to be far colder than expected (70 K, as opposed to about 100 K).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar System
evidence: It is the hottest planet, with surface temperatures over 400 °C (752 °F), most likely due to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar System
evidence: The four largest, Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa, show similarities to the terrestrial planets, such as volcanism and internal heating.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Neptune
evidence: The long orbital period of Neptune results in seasons lasting forty years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Neptune
evidence: As a result, Neptune experiences similar seasonal changes to Earth.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Neptune
evidence: "Evidence for methane escape and strong seasonal and dynamical perturbations of Neptune's atmospheric temperatures".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Planet
evidence: Each planet therefore has seasons, changes to the climate over the course of its year.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Uranus
evidence: Observations from Earth have shown seasonal change and increased weather activity as Uranus approached its equinox in 2007.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Pluto
evidence: It has a moderately eccentric and inclined orbit during which it ranges from 30 to 49 astronomical units or AU (4.4–7.4 billion km) from the Sun.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pluto
evidence: Pluto's orbital period is currently about 248 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pluto
evidence: The semi-major axis of Pluto's orbit varies between about 39.3 and 39.6 au with a period of about 19,951 years, corresponding to an orbital period varying between 246 and 249 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pluto
evidence: Like Uranus, Pluto rotates on its "side" in its orbital plane, with an axial tilt of 120°, and so its seasonal variation is extreme; at its solstices, one-fourth of its surface is in continuous daylight, whereas another fourth is in continuous darkness.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pluto
evidence: Pluto has yet to complete a full orbit of the Sun since its discovery, as one Plutonian year is 247.68 years long.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: There are a myriad of other radiative forcings that affect the planet's energy imbalance.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Radiative forcing is a measure of how various factors alter the energy balance of the Earth's atmosphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Earth's energy budget
evidence: Climate forcings are changes that cause temperatures to rise or fall, disrupting the energy balance.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Radiative forcing
evidence: Radiative forcing or climate forcing is the difference between insolation (sunlight) absorbed by the Earth and energy radiated back to space.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Radiative forcing
evidence: Changes to Earth's radiative equilibrium, that cause temperatures to rise or fall over decadal periods, are called climate forcings.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Radiative forcing
evidence: The radiation balance is altered by such factors as the intensity of solar energy, reflectivity of clouds or gases, absorption by various greenhouse gases or surfaces and heat emission by various materials.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS