Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: 'Another global warming myth comes crashing down.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Flying Spaghetti Monster
evidence: Henderson asserts that a decline in the number of pirates over the years is the cause of global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: James Delingpole
evidence: The conspiracy behind the Anthropogenic Global Warming myth (aka AGW; aka ManBearPig) has been suddenly, brutally and quite deliciously exposed", and "A contretemps with a Climate Bully who wonders whether I have a science degree.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: James Delingpole
evidence: Delingpole has engaged in climate change denialism; in 2009 he wrote of "The conspiracy behind the Anthropogenic Global Warming myth".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ozone depletion
evidence: Standard global warming theory predicts that the stratosphere will cool.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ozone depletion
evidence: Climate Change Myths and Realities.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: No warming since at least 1995, no melting glaciers and now no rising sea levels.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Post-glacial rebound
evidence: Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: The claim that 2.2 conventional jobs are destroyed   for  every new job created in the alternative energy industry is based on a study which relies on incorrect numbers, cherrypicked dates, faulty theory, flawed methodology, and is disproven by real-world examples.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Alternative medicine
evidence: However, reassessments found the study to have flawed methodology.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Economics
evidence: Economics has been subject to criticism that it relies on unrealistic, unverifiable, or highly simplified assumptions, in some cases because these assumptions simplify the proofs of desired conclusions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: History of economic thought
evidence: The Paul Samuelson's (1915–2009) Foundations of Economic Analysis published in 1947 was an attempt to show that mathematical methods could represent a core of testable economic theory.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
evidence: "Vitalists claim to be scientific, but in fact they reject the scientific method with its basic postulates of cause and effect and of provability.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Minimum wage
evidence: Michael Anyadike-Danes and Wynne Godley argue, based on simulation results, that little of the empirical work done with the textbook model constitutes a potentially falsifiable theory, and consequently empirical evidence hardly exists for that model.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: California
evidence: As a result of the state's strong environmental movement, California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States, with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: California
evidence: It would be possible to convert the total supply to 100% renewable energy, including heating, cooling and mobility, by 2050.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Spain
evidence: The strong economic growth helped the government to reduce the government debt as a percentage of GDP and Spain's high unemployment rate began to steadily decline.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Spain
evidence: What the programme failed to do, the sharp and prolonged economic crisis has done from 2010 to 2011 in that tens of thousands of immigrants have left the country due to lack of jobs.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United States
evidence: It brought high unemployment (which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels), along with low consumer confidence, the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, inflation, and rising petroleum and food prices.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming and induce many changes in the global climate system during the 21st century that would very likely be larger than those observed during the 20th century.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that "changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system", and concluded that "increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: So this is a government which is proposing to put at risk our manufacturing industry, to penalise struggling families, to make a tough situation worse for millions of households right around Australia.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Poverty in the United Kingdom
evidence: John McDonnell said the IFS analysis showed a “clear threat” to working people’s living standards, while the Liberal Democrats said that the “savage cuts” would make millions of households poorer.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Poverty in the United Kingdom
evidence: Families are forced into increasing poverty, some facing a daily struggle to pay their rent and put food on their table.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Poverty in the United Kingdom
evidence: nearly 4 million UK children are judged to live in households that would find it difficult to afford enough fruit, vegetables and other healthy foods to reach official guidelines, the Food Foundation maintains.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Poverty in the United Kingdom
evidence: The upcoming minimum wage rise will help, but many low-income working families will still find themselves worse off due to tax-credit changes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Poverty in the United Kingdom
evidence: Fuel poverty affects over a million British working households and over 2.3 million households in total and increases in energy prices affect poor people severely.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "a paper...in Science magazine concludes that the climate sensitivity—how much the earth’s average temperature will rise as a result of a doubling of the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide—likely (that is, with a 66% probability) lies in the range 1.7°C to 2.6°C, with a median value of 2.3°C.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Climate sensitivity
evidence: When climate sensitivity is expressed for a doubling of CO2, its units are degrees Celsius (°C).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate sensitivity
evidence: In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climate sensitivity
evidence: For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate sensitivity
evidence: The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is the temperature increase that would result from sustained doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, after the Earth's energy budget and the climate system reach radiative equilibrium.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate sensitivity
evidence: IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 °C (4 to 8.1 °F), with a most likely value of about 3 °C (5 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), in which the likely range is given as 2.0°C to 4.5°C, with a best estimate of 3.0°C" (Pat Michaels)
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate sensitivity
evidence: IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 °C (4 to 8.1 °F), with a most likely value of about 3 °C (5 °F).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: In its 2007 Fourth Assessment Report, IPCC said that climate sensitivity is "likely to be in the range 2 to 4.5 °C with a best estimate of about 3 °C".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: It is likely to be in the range of 2 to 4.5 °C, with a best estimate of about 3 °C.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: Surface air warming in the 21st century: Best estimate for a "low scenario" is 1.8 °C with a likely range of 1.1 to 2.9 °C (3.2 °F with a likely range of 2.0 to 5.2 °F) Best estimate for a "high scenario" is 4.0 °C with a likely range of 2.4 to 6.4 °C (7.2 °F with a likely range of 4.3 to 11.5 °F) A temperature rise of about 0.1 °C per decade would be expected for the next two decades, even if greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations were kept at year 2000 levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: Scenario B1 Best estimate temperature rise of 1.8 °C with a likely range of 1.1 to 2.9 °C (3.2 °F with a likely range of 2.0 to 5.2 °F) Sea level rise likely range [18 to 38 cm] (7 to 15 inches) Scenario A1T Best estimate temperature rise of 2.4 °C with a likely range of 1.4 to 3.8 °C (4.3 °F with a likely range of 2.5 to 6.8 °F) Sea level rise likely range [20 to 45 cm] (8 to 18 inches) Scenario B2 Best estimate temperature rise of 2.4 °C with a likely range of 1.4 to 3.8 °C (4.3 °F with a likely range of 2.5 to 6.8 °F) Sea level rise likely range [20 to 43 cm] (8 to 17 inches) Scenario A1B Best estimate temperature rise of 2.8 °C with a likely range of 1.7 to 4.4 °C (5.0 °F with a likely range of 3.1 to 7.9 °F) Sea level rise likely range [21 to 48 cm] (8 to 19 inches) Scenario A2 Best estimate temperature rise of 3.4 °C with a likely range of 2.0 to 5.4 °C (6.1 °F with a likely range of 3.6 to 9.7 °F) Sea level rise likely range [23 to 51 cm] (9 to 20 inches) Scenario A1FI Best estimate temperature rise of 4.0 °C with a likely range of 2.4 to 6.4 °C (7.2 °F with a likely range of 4.3 to 11.5 °F) Sea level rise likely range [26 to 59 cm] (10 to 23 inches) "Both past and future anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions will continue to contribute to warming and sea level rise for more than a millennium, due to the timescales required for removal of this gas from the atmosphere."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Multiple lines of evidence indicate Greenland's ice loss is accelerating and will contribute sea level rise in the order of metres over the next few centuries.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Greenland
evidence: If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenland
evidence: The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenland
evidence: Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10 ft), for the year 2100.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: The contribution of the Greenland ice sheet on sea level over the next couple of centuries can be very high due to a self-reinforcing cycle (a so-called positive feedback).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: This was the case last year too, while earlier  years in the DMI analysis period (1958-2010) hardly ever shows Arctic  melt season temperatures this cold (Frank Lansner)
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Arctic methane emissions
evidence: During the study, the most widespread surface melt on record for the past 120 years was observed in Greenland; on 12 July 2012, unfrozen water was present on almost the entire ice sheet surface (98.6%).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic
evidence: The Arctic's climate is characterized by cold winters and cool summers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: The 2007 melt season let to a minimum 39% below the 1979–2000 average, and for the first time in human memory, the fabled Northwest Passage opened completely.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: In 2012 however, the 2007 record low was broken in late August with three weeks still left in the melt season.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC’s request, deleting all five statements, replacing them with a single statement to the effect that a human influence on global climate was now discernible, and making some 200 consequential amendments.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global Climate Coalition
evidence: The coalition report said that Benjamin D. Santer, the lead author of Chapter 8 in the assessment, entitled "Detection of Climate Change and Attribution of Causes," had altered the text, after acceptance by the Working Group, and without approval of the authors, to strike content characterizing the uncertainty of the science.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: IPCC Second Assessment Report
evidence: The Chapter 8 draft report put together on 5 October had an Executive Summary of the evidence, and after various qualifications, said "Taken together, these results point towards a human influence on climate."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: IPCC Second Assessment Report
evidence: An introductory preface to the SAR written by IPCC chairman Bolin and his co-chairs John T. Houghton and L. Gylvan Meira Filho highlighted "that observations suggest 'a discernible human influence on global climate', one of the key findings of this report, adds an important new dimension to discussion of the climate issue."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: IPCC Second Assessment Report
evidence: Prior to the publication of the Second Assessment Report, the industry group Global Climate Coalition distributed a report entitled "The IPCC: Institutionalized Scientific Cleansing" to reporters, US Congressmen, and scientists, which said that Santer had altered the text, after acceptance by the Working Group, and without approval of the authors, to strike content characterizing the uncertainty of the science.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: 20th century
evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
evidence: For example, one of the most recent results, even after subtracting the positive influence of decadal variation, is shown to be possibly present in the ENSO trend, the amplitude of the ENSO variability in the observed data still increases, by as much as 60% in the last 50 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014, p. 124: Global warming refers to the gradual increase, observed or projected, in global surface temperature, as one of the consequences of radiative forcing caused by anthropogenic emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Deforestation
evidence: However, the incineration and burning of forest plants to clear land releases large amounts of CO2, which contributes to global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming potential
evidence: The radiative forcing capacity (RF) is the amount of energy per unit area, per unit time, absorbed by the greenhouse gas, that would otherwise be lost to space.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: More of the Sun's energy is now absorbed in these regions, contributing to Arctic amplification, which has caused Arctic temperatures to increase at more than twice the rate of the rest of the world.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Global Warming history completely coincides with the history of artificial satellites and the use of microwave frequencies from outer space.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 20th century
evidence: Over time, a massive system of artificial satellites was placed into orbit around Earth.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Communications satellite
evidence: A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Communications satellite
evidence: Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and microwave frequencies.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Solar irradiance has been measured directly by satellites, and indirect measurements are available beginning in the early 1600s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Dielectric heating
evidence: Dielectric heating, also known as electronic heating, radio frequency heating, and high-frequency heating, is the process in which a radio frequency (RF) alternating electric field, or radio wave or microwave electromagnetic radiation heats a dielectric material.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Dielectric heating
evidence: At higher frequencies, this heating is caused by molecular dipole rotation within the dielectric.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Electromagnetic radiation
evidence: An example is absorption or emission of radio waves by antennas, or absorption of microwaves by water or other molecules with an electric dipole moment, as for example inside a microwave oven.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Microwave oven
evidence: Water, fat, and other substances in the food absorb energy from the microwaves in a process called dielectric heating.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Microwave
evidence: A microwave oven passes microwave radiation at a frequency near 2.45 GHz (12 cm) through food, causing dielectric heating primarily by absorption of the energy in water.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: "The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report, 2007, carries in three places a graph in which the Hadley Center’s global mean surface temperature anomaly dataset from 1850-2005 is displayed with four arbitrarily-chosen trend-lines overlaid upon it.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is the fourth in a series of reports intended to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change, its potential effects, and options for adaptation and mitigation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: This section of the report, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, assessed current scientific knowledge of "the natural and human drivers of climate change" as well as observed changes in climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: The Synthesis Report also brings in relevant parts some material contained in the full Working Group Reports over and above what is included in the Summary for Policymakers in these three Reports.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: Table SPM-2 lists recent trends along with certainty levels for the trend having actually occurred, for a human contribution to the trend, and for the trend occurring in the future.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR); Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1999 as before, Jones et al.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: ...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Fuse (electrical)
evidence: If too high a current flows, the element rises to a higher temperature and either directly melts, or else melts a soldered joint within the fuse, opening the circuit.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Lava
evidence: They were formed by the melting of sulfur deposits at temperatures as low as 113 °C (235 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Soldering
evidence: Hot-bar reflow is a selective soldering process where two pre-fluxed, solder coated parts are heated with heating element (called a thermode) to a sufficient temperature to melt the solder.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Soldering
evidence: SnPb 63/37 Eutectic solder melts at 183 °C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Soldering
evidence: SAC lead free solder melts at 217–220 °C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change" (Roger Pielke Jr.)
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: "Costing Climate Change".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: It would be cheaper, they say, to wait for the impacts of climate change and then adapt to them" says writer and environmental activist George Monbiot in an article addressing the supposed economic hazards of addressing climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Roger A. Pielke Jr.
evidence: He also states that, "Any conceivable emissions reductions policies, even if successful, cannot have a perceptible impact on the climate for many decades", and from this he concludes that, "In coming decades the only policies that can effectively be used to manage the immediate effects of climate variability and change will be adaptive."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Further global climate changes are predicted, with impacts expected to become more costly as time progresses.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Atmosphere of Earth
evidence: Earth's surface) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate of Antarctica
evidence: Satellite measurements have identified even lower ground temperatures, with −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) having been observed at the cloud-free East Antarctic Plateau on 10 August 2010.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station in 1983, but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) in East Antarctica.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Observations from weather balloons, satellites, and surface thermometers seemed to show the opposite behaviour (more rapid warming of the surface than the troposphere).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Models and observations (see figure above, middle) show that greenhouse gas results in warming of the lower atmosphere at the surface (called the troposphere) but cooling of the upper atmosphere (called the stratosphere).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Therefore, a key approach is to use physically or statistically based computer modelling of the climate system to determine unique fingerprints for all potential causes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Air pollution
evidence: Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Air pollution
evidence: Carbon monoxide poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty vents and chimneys, or by the burning of charcoal indoors or in a confined space, such as a tent.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Air pollution
evidence: "The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling—in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: Ljungqvist's 2,000 year extratropical Northern Hemisphere reconstruction generally agreed well with Mann et al.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick graph
evidence: A 2,000 year extratropical Northern Hemisphere reconstruction by Ljungqvist published by Geografiska Annaler in September 2010 drew on additional proxy evidence to show both a Roman Warm Period and a Medieval Warm Period with decadal mean temperatures reaching or exceeding the reference 1961–1990 mean temperature level.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick graph
evidence: A reconstruction of Arctic temperatures over four centuries by Overpeck et al.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: List of large-scale temperature reconstructions of the last 2,000 years
evidence: Ljungqvist 2010 "A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: North Report
evidence: Its main findings were; 20th century instrumentally measured warming showed in observational evidence, and can be simulated with climate models, large-scale surface temperature reconstructions "yield a generally consistent picture of temperature trends during the preceding millennium", including the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age, "but the exact timing and duration of warm periods may have varied from region to region, and the magnitude and geographic extent of the warmth are uncertain."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: He wrote that this graph "asserts that temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period were higher than those of today", and described climate changes as due to solar variation.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: The authors concluded that "Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant climate forcing during the 20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: Peak temperatures did not rise as high as those from the late 20th century, which were unprecedented in the area during the study period of 1600 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: It was only in the 20th and 21st centuries that the Northern Hemisphere experienced higher temperatures.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: 'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: West Side Highway
evidence: UDC's "Water Edge Study" called for the highway to be routed above the water at the ends of the then mostly abandoned piers on the Hudson River and the addition of hundreds of acres of concrete platforms between the bulkhead and the pierhead lines for parks and apartments.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: West Side Highway
evidence: "New York to Build Elevated Highway: Road for Fast Motor Traffic Will Run Along the Hudson Waterfront From Seventy-Second to Canal Street—Will Relieve Congestion on the West Side".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: West Side Highway
evidence: "Elevated Highway Along Hudson Shore Is Ordered by City: Estimate Board Passes Half of Miller Plan for Viaduct From 59th to 72d Street".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: West Side Highway
evidence: Before the West Side Highway was built, the road along the Hudson River was a busy one, with significant cross traffic going to docks and ferries.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: West Side Highway
evidence: He suggested Hudson River Boulevard for the name of the highway.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: CO2 constitutes 80% of the non-condensing greenhouse gas forcing.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The trucking and haulage industry plays a part in production of CO 2, contributing around 20% of the UK's total carbon emissions a year, with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39%.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: These emissions include CO 2 from fossil fuel use and from land use, as well as emissions of methane, nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Overall, developed countries accounted for 83.8% of industrial CO 2 emissions over this time period, and 67.8% of total CO 2 emissions.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Oxidation of CO to CO 2 directly produces an unambiguous increase in radiative forcing although the reason is subtle.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Cloud
evidence: Leading global models produce quite different results, however, with some showing increasing low clouds and others showing decreases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Cloud
evidence: "Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Models of communication
evidence: Such approaches are meant to predict a phenomenon.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Situation awareness
evidence: Predictive utility of an objective measure of situation awareness.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Situation awareness
evidence: It also includes prognosis, an awareness of what might happen next.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Sunlight
evidence: If the extraterrestrial solar radiation is 1367 watts per square meter (the value when the Earth–Sun distance is 1 astronomical unit), then the direct sunlight at Earth's surface when the Sun is at the zenith is about 1050 W/m2, but the total amount (direct and indirect from the atmosphere) hitting the ground is around 1120 W/m2.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sunlight
evidence: Dividing the irradiance of 1050 W/m2 by the size of the Sun's disk in steradians gives an average radiance of 15.4 MW per square metre per steradian.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sunlight
evidence: 100 watts per square meter ... 14,000 lux ... corresponds to ... daytime with overcast clouds Craig Bohren.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sunlight
evidence: Other sources indicate an "Average over the entire earth" of "164 Watts per square meter over a 24 hour day".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sunlight
evidence: Total solar irradiance (TSI) – the amount of solar radiation received at the top of Earth's atmosphere – has been measured since 1978 by a series of overlapping NASA and ESA satellite experiments to be 1.365 kilo⁠watts per square meter (kW/m²).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Given that a doubling of carbon dioxide would change the surface heat flux by only two watts per square meter, it is evident that a small change in cloud cover can strongly affect the response to carbon dioxide."
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Radiative forcing
evidence: A typical value of λ, 0.8 K/(W/m2), gives an increase in global temperature of about 1.6 K above the 1750 reference temperature due to the increase in CO 2 over that time (278 to 405 ppm, for a forcing of 2.0 W/m2), and predicts a further warming of 1.4 K above present temperatures if the CO 2 mixing ratio in the atmosphere were to become double its pre-industrial value; both of these calculations assume no other forcings.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: The Queensland "shark control" program uses shark nets and drum lines with baited hooks to kill sharks in the Great Barrier Reef – there are 173 lethal drum lines in the Great Barrier Reef.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a "huge natural selection event unfolding".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: Seabirds will land on the platforms and defecate which will eventually be washed into the sea.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: When Queensland edged into tropical waters 24 million years ago, some coral grew, but a sedimentation regime quickly developed with erosion of the Great Dividing Range; creating river deltas, oozes and turbidites, unsuitable conditions for coral growth.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: Crescentic reefs are also found in the far north of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, and in the Swain Reefs (20–22 degrees south).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate variability
evidence: Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Holocene
evidence: This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
evidence: These can be defined as geologically brief (<200,000 year) events characterized by rapid global warming, major changes in the environment, and massive carbon addition.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "Skeptics hope that Postma’s alternative thermal model will lead  to the birth of a new climatology, one that actually follows the laws of  physics and properly physical modeling techniques...
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Meteorology
evidence: It was not until after the elucidation of the laws of physics and more particularly, the development of the computer, allowing for the automated solution of a great many equations that model the weather, in the latter half of the 20th century that significant breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Physics
evidence: The problems in this field start with a "mathematical model of a physical situation" (system) and a "mathematical description of a physical law" that will be applied to that system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Science
evidence: In addition to testing hypotheses, scientists may also generate a model, an attempt to describe or depict the phenomenon in terms of a logical, physical or mathematical representation and to generate new hypotheses that can be tested, based on observable phenomena.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Theoretical physics
evidence: "Modelers" (also called "model-builders") often appear much like phenomenologists, but try to model speculative theories that have certain desirable features (rather than on experimental data), or apply the techniques of mathematical modeling to physics problems.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Theoretical physics
evidence: Theoretical advances may consist in setting aside old, incorrect paradigms (e.g., aether theory of light propagation, caloric theory of heat, burning consisting of evolving phlogiston, or astronomical bodies revolving around the Earth) or may be an alternative model that provides answers that are more accurate or that can be more widely applied.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO