Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: With marine ice cliff instability, sea-level rise for the next century is potentially much larger than we thought it might be five or 10 years ago
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270 cm (6.6 to 8.9 ft) this century is "physically plausible".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “Instead of a three-foot increase in ocean levels by the end of the century, six feet was more likely, according to DeConto and Pollard’s findings.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: If the sheet were to break down, ocean levels would rise by several metres in a relatively geologically short period of time, perhaps a matter of centuries.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Lake Tahoe
evidence: Historically, the clarity of Lake Tahoe continued to decrease through 2010, when the average Secchi depth, 64.4 feet (19.6 m), was the second lowest ever recorded (the lowest was 64.1 feet (19.5 m) in 1997).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Miami
evidence: Beginning some 130,000 years ago, the Sangamonian Stage raised sea levels to approximately 25 feet (8 m) above the current level.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Miami
evidence: By 15,000 years ago, the sea level had dropped 300 to 350 feet (90 to 110 m) below the current level.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: River Thames
evidence: Combined, this and other studies suggest that the Thames sea-level has risen more than 30 m during the Holocene at a rate of around 5–6 mm per year from 10,000 to 6,000 years ago.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Science
evidence: In addition to testing hypotheses, scientists may also generate a model, an attempt to describe or depict the phenomenon in terms of a logical, physical or mathematical representation and to generate new hypotheses that can be tested, based on observable phenomena.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific method
evidence: Scientific models vary in the extent to which they have been experimentally tested and for how long, and in their acceptance in the scientific community.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific method
evidence: Crucially, experimental and theoretical results must be reproduced by others within the scientific community.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific method
evidence: One key point was that they realized that the quickest way to reach a result was not to continue a mathematical analysis, but to build a physical model.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific method
evidence: In essence it is a process of accelerated and rigorous trial and error building on previous knowledge to refine an existing hypothesis, or discarding it altogether to find a better model.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climatology
evidence: While scientists knew of past climate change such as the ice ages, the concept of climate as unchanging was useful in the development of a general theory of what determines climate.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: They offered a conclusion that the "coupling between surface melting and ice-sheet flow provides a mechanism for rapid, large-scale, dynamic responses of ice sheets to climate warming".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Its conclusions are summarized below: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: There is growing evidence that our climate is changing.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Secondly, melting of the ice shelves, the floating extensions of the ice sheet, leads to a process named the Marine Ice Cliff Instability.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: West Antarctic Ice Sheet
evidence: The WAIS is classified as a marine-based ice sheet, meaning that its bed lies well below sea level and its edges flow into floating ice shelves.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: West Antarctic Ice Sheet
evidence: They proposed that changes in air circulation patterns have led to increased upwelling of warm, deep ocean water along the coast of Antarctica and that this warm water has increased melting of floating ice shelves at the edge of the ice sheet.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: A fast transition away from fossil fuels in the next few decades could be enough to put off rapid sea-level rise for centuries.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: "The rate of sea-level rise".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Nuclear power
evidence: Slowing global warming requires a transition to a low-carbon economy, mainly by burning far less fossil fuel.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sustainable energy
evidence: The pathways that are consistent with limiting warning to approximately 1.5 °C describe a rapid transition towards producing electricity through lower-emission methods, and increasing use of electricity instead of other fuels in sectors such as transportation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: The authors conclude that "anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gases have led to unprecedented regional warmth."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that "climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The report's Summary for Policymakers stated that warming of the climate system is 'unequivocal' with changes unprecedented over decades to millennia, including warming of the atmosphere and oceans, loss of snow and ice, and sea level rise.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Europa (moon)
evidence: Observations with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph of the Hubble Space Telescope, first described in 1995, revealed that Europa has a thin atmosphere composed mostly of molecular oxygen (O2), and some water vapor.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Oxygen
evidence: Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine the climate millions of years ago (see oxygen isotope ratio cycle).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Oxygen
evidence: Paleoclimatologists also directly measure this ratio in the water molecules of ice core samples as old as hundreds of thousands of years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Radiocarbon dating
evidence: The effect also applies to marine organisms such as shells, and marine mammals such as whales and seals, which have radiocarbon ages that appear to be hundreds of years old.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Radiocarbon dating
evidence: The effect varies greatly and there is no general offset that can be applied; additional research is usually needed to determine the size of the offset, for example by comparing the radiocarbon age of deposited freshwater shells with associated organic material.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Pleistocene
evidence: Such a pattern seems to fit the information on climate change found in oxygen isotope cores.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Proxy (climate)
evidence: As of 2018[update], there is a decade of research demonstrating that in mineral soils the degree of methylation of bacteria (brGDGTs), helps to calculate mean annual air temperatures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Radiocarbon dating
evidence: In 1939, Martin Kamen and Samuel Ruben of the Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley began experiments to determine if any of the elements common in organic matter had isotopes with half-lives long enough to be of value in biomedical research.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Speleothem
evidence: Stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) are recorded well in speleothems, giving high-resolution data that can show annual variation in temperature (oxygen isotopes primarily reflect rainfall temperature) and precipitation (carbon isotopes primarily reflect C3/C4 plant composition and plant productivity, but the interpretation is often complicated).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Speleothem
evidence: "Cryogenic cave calcite from several Central European caves: age, carbon and oxygen isotopes and a genetic model".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Common octopus
evidence: Variations in temperature can also induce a change in hemolymph protein levels along oxygen consumption.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Common octopus
evidence: The slight rise in P50 that occurs with temperature change allows oxygen pressure to remain high in the capillaries, allowing for elevated diffusion of oxygen into the mitochondria during periods of high oxygen consumption.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Common octopus
evidence: In moving vertically throughout the water, the octopus is subjected to various pressures and temperatures, which affect the concentration of oxygen available in the water.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Human impact on marine life
evidence: This means the density of ocean water changes as its temperature and salinity changes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleoclimatology
evidence: The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Paleothermometer
evidence: The calibration was initially done on the basis of spatial variations in temperature and it was assumed that this corresponded to temporal variations (Jouzel and Merlivat, 1984).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleothermometer
evidence: Mg has a long residence time in the ocean, and so it is possible to largely ignore the effect of changes in seawater Mg/Ca on the signal.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleothermometer
evidence: Temperature has been estimated (to varying degrees of fidelity) using leaf physiognomy for Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic leaf floras, principally using two main approaches: A univariate approach that is based on the observation that the proportion of woody dicot species with smooth (i.e.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleothermometer
evidence: The major influence on δ18O is the difference between ocean temperatures where the moisture evaporated and the place where the final precipitation occurred; since ocean temperatures are relatively stable the δ18O value mostly reflects the temperature where precipitation occurs.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: We Belong Together
evidence: Styles P raps "Past is the past, just let it be bygones / Matter of fact I know a fly song that we could vibe on", which Sanneh writes "Cheerfully out of place, he sounds like a man who has wandered into the wrong summertime party, but so what?
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Geobiology
evidence: While there are many aspects of studying past and present interactions between life and Earth that are unclear, several important ideas and concepts provide a basis of knowledge in geobiology that serve as a platform for posing researchable questions, including the evolution of life and planet and the co-evolution of the two, genetics - from both a historical and functional standpoint, the metabolic diversity of all life, the sedimentological preservation of past life, and the origin of life.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Geology
evidence: These fossils help scientists to date the core and to understand the depositional environment in which the rock units formed.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Geology
evidence: Observation of modern marine and non-marine sediments in a wide variety of environments supports this generalization (although cross-bedding is inclined, the overall orientation of cross-bedded units is horizontal).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleontology
evidence: It includes the study of fossils to determine organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleontology
evidence: Biostratigraphy, the use of fossils to work out the chronological order in which rocks were formed, is useful to both paleontologists and geologists.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Global human emissions are only 3 per cent of total annual emissions.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Agriculture
evidence: It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Agriculture
evidence: Agriculture, forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25% to global annual emissions in 2010.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change and agriculture
evidence: Agriculture, forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25% of global annual emissions in 2010.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Kyoto Protocol
evidence: In 2008, countries with a Kyoto cap made up less than one-third of annual global carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Kyoto Protocol
evidence: The Kyoto second commitment period applies to about 11% of annual global emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Anoxic event
evidence: The trigger for these mass extinctions appears to be a warming of the ocean caused by a rise of carbon dioxide levels to about 1000 parts per million.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Biodiversity
evidence: Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming on human health
evidence: Historically, cold temperatures at night and in the winter months would kill off insects, bacteria and fungi.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Paleoclimatology
evidence: Studies of past changes in the environment and biodiversity often reflect on the current situation, specifically the impact of climate on mass extinctions and biotic recovery and current global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “The worldwide temperature record has been changed.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: According to the historical temperature record of the last century, the Earth's near-surface air temperature has risen around 0.74 ± 0.18 °Celsius (1.3 ± 0.32 °Fahrenheit).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: "Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: An examination of the average global temperature changes by decades reveals continuing climate change, and AR5 reports "Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850 (see Figure SPM.1).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: [South Australia] has the most expensive electricity in the world.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Adelaide
evidence: [citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Energy in South Australia
evidence: "South Australia has the highest power prices in the world".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Energy in South Australia
evidence: It was claimed in 2017 that South Australia had the most expensive electricity in the world Another analysis claimed that South Australia has the second cheapest electricity in Australia.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: South Australia
evidence: Renewable energy is a growing source of electricity in South Australia, and there is potential for growth from this particular industry of the state's economy.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: South Australia
evidence: At the time of construction in late 2017, it was billed as the largest lithium-ion battery in the world.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: [Those who signed the Paris Accord] cannot change Earth’s orbit and radiation released from the sun that drive climate
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate
evidence: Ice caps form because high-latitude regions receive less energy as solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface temperatures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: The result is atmospheric circulation that drives the weather and climate through redistribution of thermal energy.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Future of Earth
evidence: These changes can influence the planetary climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sun
evidence: The energy of this sunlight supports almost all life on Earth by photosynthesis, and drives Earth's climate and weather.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Australia’s signed a suicide note [with the Paris Accord] yet didn’t seem to notice that China, India, Indonesia and the US did not commit to reducing their large carbon dioxide emissions.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: Countries that ratified the Kyoto protocol committed to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, or engage in emissions trading if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Energy policy of China
evidence: The plan did not include targets for carbon dioxide emission reductions, but it has been estimated that, if fully implemented, China's annual emissions of greenhouse gases would be reduced by 1.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent by 2010.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Paris Agreement
evidence: This strategy involved energy and climate policy including the so-called 20/20/20 targets, namely the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 20%, the increase of renewable energy's market share to 20%, and a 20% increase in energy efficiency.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paris Agreement
evidence: Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly "predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Paris Agreement
evidence: "U.S. and China announce steps to join the Paris accord that set nation-by-nation targets for cutting carbon emissions".
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: The grasslands, crops, forests and territorial waters of Australia absorb more carbon dioxide than Australia emits.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon sink
evidence: It is estimated that forests absorb between 10 and 20 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare each year, through photosynthetic conversion into starch, cellulose, lignin, and other components of wooden biomass.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Reforestation
evidence: Forests are an important part of the global carbon cycle because trees and plants absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Reforestation
evidence: They absorb a huge amount of carbon dioxide, combating climate change.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Wetland
evidence: It decomposes and turns into carbon dioxide (CO2), which is released into the atmosphere.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: [Riebesell] is a world authority on the topic and has typically communicated cautiously about the effects of acidification.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming on human health
evidence: Perhaps one of the most recent adverse effects of climate change to be explored is that of ocean acidification.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Human impact on marine life
evidence: The direction and magnitude of the effects of ocean acidification, warming and deoxygenation on the ocean has been quantified by meta-analyses, and has been further tested by mesocosm studies.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Human impact on marine life
evidence: (2013) "Meta‐analysis reveals complex marine biological responses to the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea
evidence: Both are informed by chemical oceanography, which studies the behavior of elements and molecules within the oceans: particularly, at the moment, the ocean's role in the carbon cycle and carbon dioxide's role in the increasing acidification of seawater.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: ‘But even if an organism isn’t directly harmed by acidification it may be affected indirectly through changes in its habitat or changes in the food web.’
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Environmental impact of the coal industry
evidence: The presence of acid-forming materials exposed as a result of surface mining can affect wildlife by eliminating habitat and by causing direct destruction of some species.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Human impact on marine life
evidence: These large-scale alterations in the physical environment are "driving change through all levels of Antarctic marine food webs".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: Aside from the slowing and/or reversing of calcification, organisms may suffer other adverse effects, either indirectly through negative impacts on food resources, or directly as reproductive or physiological effects.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: Other organisms are directly harmed as a result of acidification.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: Changes in ocean chemistry can have extensive direct and indirect effects on organisms and their habitats.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: And some plants – like algae which use carbon for photosynthesis – may even benefit.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Algae
evidence: Most are phototrophic, although some are mixotrophic, deriving energy both from photosynthesis and uptake of organic carbon either by osmotrophy, myzotrophy, or phagotrophy.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Botany
evidence: Plants, algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that carry out photosynthesis, a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in the structural components of cells.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Carbon fixation is a biochemical process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated by plants, algae and (cyanobacteria) into energy-rich organic molecules such as glucose, thus creating their own food by photosynthesis.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Cyanobacteria
evidence: Cyanobacteria use the energy of sunlight to drive photosynthesis, a process where the energy of light is used to synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Plant
evidence: Algae comprise several different groups of organisms which produce food by photosynthesis and thus have traditionally been included in the plant kingdom.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: […]You can think of global warming as one type of climate change.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: The term "climate change" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: In this sense, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term climate change has become synonymous with anthropogenic global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate engineering (sometimes called geoengineering or climate intervention) is the deliberate modification of the climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: NASA's Global Climate Change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The broader term covers changes beyond warmer temperatures, such as shifting rainfall patterns.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tropical rainforest
evidence: In general, climatic patterns consist of warm temperatures and high annual rainfall.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: “We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Scientists have known for over a century that even this small proportion has a significant warming effect, and doubling the proportion leads to a large temperature increase.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: This phrase next appeared in a November 1957 report in The Hammond Times which described Roger Revelle's research into the effects of increasing human-caused CO 2 emissions on the greenhouse effect: "a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse effect
evidence: The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar effect.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: History of the world
evidence: The "greenhouse effect", substantially responsible for Earth's global warming, was first described in 1824 by the French mathematician Joseph Fourier.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: [CO2] has increased 43 percent above the pre-industrial level so far
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: As of 2011, the concentrations of CO2 and methane had increased by about 40% and 150%, respectively, since pre-industrial times.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 415 ppm, or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: In the 1960s, the average annual increase was only 37% of what it was in 2000 through 2007.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: CO 2 is produced by all aerobic organisms when they metabolize carbohydrates and lipids to produce energy by respiration.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Carbon dioxide can be obtained by distillation from air, but the method is inefficient.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Nature
evidence: Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Instead of negotiating over climate change policies and trying to make them more market-oriented, some political conservatives have taken the approach of blocking them by trying to undermine the science.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Conservatism in the United States
evidence: On the other hand, some conservatives tend to oppose free-market trade policies and support protectionism instead.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Conservatism in the United States
evidence: Conservative think tanks since the 1990s have opposed the concept of man-made global warming; challenged scientific evidence; publicized what they perceived as beneficial aspects of global warming, and asserted that proposed remedies would do more harm than good.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Conservative Party (UK)
evidence: Some Conservative politicians such as Alan Duncan and Crispin Blunt take the libertarian approach that individual freedom and economic freedom of industry and trade should be respected.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Framing (social sciences)
evidence: Neoliberal frameworks that are often echoed by conservatives, such as support for the free market economy, are posited against climate action interventions that inherently place constraints on the free economy through support for renewable energy through subsidies or through additional tax on nonrenewable sources of energy.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Republican Party (United States)
evidence: Since then, Republicans have increasingly taken positions against environmental regulation, with some Republicans rejecting the scientific consensus on climate change.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Over the past 30 years, temperatures have risen faster in winter than in any other season, with average winter temperatures in the Midwest and northern Great Plains increasing more than 7 °F (3.9 °C).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change in the United States
evidence: A report released in March 2012 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed that a strong body of evidence links global warming to an increase in heat waves, a rise in episodes of heavy rainfall and other precipitation, and more frequent coastal flooding.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: In the last 30–40 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Heat wave
evidence: "More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: In many other cases, though — hurricanes, for example — the linkage to global warming for particular trends is uncertain or disputed.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Human activity is likely to have made a substantial contribution to ocean surface temperature changes in hurricane formation regions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In terrestrial ecosystems, the earlier timing of spring events, as well as poleward and upward shifts in plant and animal ranges, have been linked with high confidence to recent warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate change has been linked to an increase in violent conflict by amplifying poverty and economic shocks, which are well-documented drivers of these conflicts.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Although there are a few areas of linkage, the relationship between the two is weak.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Regional effects of global warming
evidence: Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The warming will slow to a potentially manageable pace only when human emissions are reduced to zero.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate change can be mitigated through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions or the enhancement of the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In some scenarios emissions continue to rise over the century, while others have reduced emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: To keep warming below 2 °C, more stringent emission reductions in the near-term would allow for less rapid reductions after 2030.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Abrupt climate change
evidence: An abrupt climate change occurs when the climate system is forced to transition to a new climate state at a rate that is determined by the climate system energy-balance, and which is more rapid than the rate of change of the external forcing.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Further global climate changes are predicted, with impacts expected to become more costly as time progresses.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: It is clear that major efforts are necessary to quickly and strongly reduce CO 2 emissions.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The stronger our efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the lower the risk of extreme climate impacts.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Continuing emissions will increase the likelihood and severity of global effects.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Air pollution
evidence: Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes primary regulation (many developing countries have permissive regulations),[citation needed] expanding regulation to new sources (such as cruise and transport ships, farm equipment, and small gas-powered equipment such as string trimmers, chainsaws, and snowmobiles), increased fuel efficiency (such as through the use of hybrid vehicles), conversion to cleaner fuels or conversion to electric vehicles.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Renewable energy
evidence: As most of renewable energy technologies provide electricity, renewable energy deployment is often applied in conjunction with further electrification, which has several benefits: electricity can be converted to heat (where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels), can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency, and is clean at the point of consumption.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Renewable energy
evidence: The results of a recent review of the literature concluded that as greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change, a high value for liability mitigation would provide powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Renewable energy
evidence: It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public health, reduce premature mortalities due to pollution and save associated health costs that amount to several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Renewable energy
evidence: Other renewable sources such as wind power, photovoltaics, and hydroelectricity have the advantage of being able to conserve water, lower pollution and reduce CO 2 emissions.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS