Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: AIBS Position Statements "Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Earth’s climate is changing in response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and particulate matter in the atmosphere, largely as the result of human activities.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate
evidence: The most talked-about applications of these models in recent years have been their use to infer the consequences of increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, primarily carbon dioxide (see greenhouse gas).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is "extremely likely" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Like the warming "signal" that has gradually emerged from the "noise" of natural climate variability, the scientific evidence for a human influence on global climate has accumulated over the past several decades, from many hundreds of studies.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: This report explicitly endorses the IPCC view of attribution of recent climate change as representing the view of the scientific community: The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human influence on the climate system is clear.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The available evidence suggests very strongly that human activities have already begun to make significant changes to the earth's climate, and that the long-term risk of delaying action is greater than the cost of avoiding/minimising the risk."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: These, together with other anthropogenic drivers, are "extremely likely" (where that means more than 95% probability) to have been the dominant cause of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: A 2013 study found that significant climatic changes were associated with a higher risk of conflict worldwide, and predicted that "amplified rates of human conflict could represent a large and critical social impact of anthropogenic climate change in both low- and high-income countries."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global catastrophic risk
evidence: Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: If no mitigating actions are taken, significant disruptions in the Earth's physical and ecological systems, social systems, security and human health are likely to occur.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sustainability
evidence: Analysis of consumption patterns relates resource use to the environmental, social and economic impacts at the scale or context under investigation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Over the last three decades of the twentieth century, gross domestic product per capita and population growth were the main drivers of increases in greenhouse gas emissions.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The dominant cause of the warming since the 1950s is human activities.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Earth’s climate is now changing faster than at any point in the history of modern civilization, primarily as a result of human activities.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Holocene extinction
evidence: In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels on a global scale, and when these alterations caused changes to global climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Nature
evidence: "Tropical Ocean Warming Drives Recent Northern Hemisphere Climate Change".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: American Physical Society Climate Change Policy Statement, November 2007 "Emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities are changing the atmosphere in ways that affect the Earth's climate.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global issue
evidence: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: While there have been prehistoric periods of global warming, many observed changes since the mid-20th century have been unprecedented over decades to millennia.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Conclusions of AR5 are summarized below: Working Group I "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Its conclusions are summarized below: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased "Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Climate change is due to cosmic rays.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: CLOUD experiment
evidence: The primary goal is to understand the influence of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) on aerosols and clouds, and their implications for climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: It has been postulated that ionized particles known as cosmic rays could impact cloud cover and thereby the climate.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Henrik Svensmark
evidence: He is known for his theory on the effects of cosmic rays on cloud formation as an indirect cause of global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Henrik Svensmark
evidence: "Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Henrik Svensmark
evidence: They also found that galactic cosmic rays, and total solar irradiance did not have any statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level
evidence: However, 20th century and current millennium sea level rise is presumed to be caused by global warming, and careful measurement of variations in MSL can offer insights into ongoing climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: Much of the Northern Hemisphere showed significant cooling during the Little Ice Age (defined in the study from 1400 to 1700), but Labrador and isolated parts of the United States appeared to be approximately as warm as during the 1961–1990 period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: It is thought that between c. 950 and c. 1100 was the Northern Hemisphere's warmest period since the Roman Warm Period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: They also found that the warming during the 10–14th centuries in some regions might be comparable in magnitude to the warming of the last few decades of the 20th century, which was unprecedented within the past 500 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Arctic ice pack
evidence: The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic ice pack
evidence: As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Arctic oscillation
evidence: The Arctic oscillation (AO) or Northern Annular Mode/Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode (NAM) is a weather phenomenon at the Arctic poles north of 20 degrees latitude.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic
evidence: "Arctic cut-off high drives the poleward shift of a new Greenland melting record".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic
evidence: The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Conversely, a rise in the partial pressure of CO 2 or a lower pH will cause offloading of oxygen from hemoglobin, which is known as the Bohr effect.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts, including sea level rise, increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events, loss of biodiversity, and regional changes in agricultural productivity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The estimate of total CO 2 emissions includes biotic carbon emissions, mainly from deforestation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Atmospheric methane
evidence: Atmospheric methane concentrations are of interest because it is one of the most potent greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The oxidation of methane can produce both ozone and water; and is a major source of water vapor in the normally dry stratosphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Natural gas
evidence: Natural gas is thus a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide due to the greater global-warming potential of methane.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Water vapor
evidence: Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Water vapor
evidence: Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Polar bear numbers are increasing.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Polar bear
evidence: The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s, peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Polar bear
evidence: In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Polar bear
evidence: In 2010, the 2005 increase was partially reversed.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Polar bear
evidence: Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Polar bear
evidence: Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: There's no empirical evidence for climate change.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Biodiversity
evidence: Climate change has proven to affect biodiversity and evidence supporting the altering effects is widespread.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: ... there is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Science
evidence: Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Skepticism
evidence: A scientific or empirical skeptic is one who questions beliefs on the basis of scientific understanding and empirical evidence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Skepticism
evidence: Scientific skepticism concerns testing beliefs for reliability, by subjecting them to systematic investigation using the scientific method, to discover empirical evidence for them.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Captain America: The First Avenger
evidence: Producer Avi Arad said, "The biggest opportunity with Captain America is as a man 'out of time', coming back today, looking at our world through the eyes of someone who thought the perfect world was small-town United States.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Captain America: The First Avenger
evidence: Sixty years go by, and who are we today?
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Captain America: The First Avenger
evidence: ... We have to deal with much the same way that Captain America, when thawed from the Arctic ice, entered a world that he didn't recognize," similar to the way Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced the character in the 1960s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Summit Series
evidence: The Summit Series, or Super Series (in Russian Суперсерия СССР — Канада; Superseriya SSSR — Canada), known at the time simply as the Canada–USSR Series, was an eight-game series of ice hockey between the Soviet Union and Canada, held in September 1972.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: 2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Cold wave
evidence: Overall it was the coldest winter since 1978–79, with a mean temperature of 1.5 °C (34.7 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cold wave
evidence: It was the coldest winter and longest cold spell for thirty years in the United Kingdom, whilst temperatures in the Italian Alpine peaks reached low to an extreme of −47 °C (−52.6 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Winter
evidence: In Europe, the winters of early 1947, February 1956, 1962–1963, 1981–1982 and 2009–2010 were abnormally cold.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Winter
evidence: In the United States, a record five-week cold spell bottomed out at −20 °F (−29 °C) at Hartford, Connecticut, and −16 °F (−27 °C) in New York City.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Winter
evidence: 2011 was one of the coldest on record in New Zealand with sea level snow falling in Wellington in July for the first time in 35 years and a much heavier snowstorm for 3 days in a row in August.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Climate change is because of El Niño.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: El Niño
evidence: The ENSO cycle, including both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes in temperature and rainfall.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: El Niño
evidence: El Nino affects the global climate and disrupts normal weather patterns, which as a result can lead to intense storms in some places and droughts in others.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Humboldt Current
evidence: These two species experience population shifts related to climate changes and environmental events such as El Niño.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: La Niña
evidence: "El Niño in a changing climate".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: La Niña
evidence: "The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Niño".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: Examples include variability in ocean basins such as the Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate system
evidence: "Externally Forced and Internally Generated Decadal Climate Variability Associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate system
evidence: Examples of this type of variability include the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the Pacific decadal oscillation, and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate variability
evidence: the Pacific decadal oscillation – The dominant pattern of sea surface variability in the North Pacific on a decadal scale.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Second law of thermodynamics
evidence: The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Second law of thermodynamics
evidence: Loschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time-symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Second law of thermodynamics
evidence: The recurrence theorem may be perceived as apparently contradicting the second law of thermodynamics.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Second law of thermodynamics
evidence: If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the universe is in disagreement with Maxwell's equations – then so much the worse for Maxwell's equations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Second law of thermodynamics
evidence: Carnot's original arguments were made from the viewpoint of the caloric theory, before the discovery of the first law of thermodynamics.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Clouds provide negative feedback.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Cloud
evidence: Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Cloud
evidence: But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Negative feedback
evidence: A basic and common example of a negative feedback system in the environment is the interaction among cloud cover, plant growth, solar radiation, and planet temperature.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Negative feedback
evidence: One such feedback system is the interaction between solar radiation, cloud cover, and planet temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tropical cyclone
evidence: This effect results in a negative feedback process that can inhibit further development or lead to weakening.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Sea level rise predictions are exaggerated.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Sea level rise
evidence: A conservative estimate of the long-term projections is that each Celsius degree of temperature rise triggers a sea level rise of approximately 2.3 meters (4.2 ft/degree Fahrenheit) over a period of two millennia: an example of climate inertia.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: More recent research, especially into Antarctica, indicates that this is probably a conservative estimate and true long-term sea level rise might be higher.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "Scientists keep upping their projections for how much the oceans will rise this century".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Methane is the only cause of climate change.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: A number of natural and man-made mechanisms can affect the global energy balance and force changes in Earth's climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Methane
evidence: Climate change can increase atmospheric methane levels by increasing methane production in natural ecosystems, forming a Climate change feedback.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Methane
evidence: "Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change adaptation
evidence: Climate change adaptation (CCA) is a response to global warming (also known as "climate change" or "anthropogenic climate change").
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: "Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: "Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In technical sources, the term climate change is also used to refer to past and future climate changes that persist for and extended period of time, and includes regional changes as well as global change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: NASA's Global Climate Change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Axial precession
evidence: (the angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane) is the maximum value of δ for the Sun and the average maximum value for the Moon over an entire 18.6 year cycle.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017
evidence: The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sun
evidence: Because energy transport in the Sun is a process that involves photons in thermodynamic equilibrium with matter, the time scale of energy transport in the Sun is longer, on the order of 30,000,000 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sun
evidence: The oscillation in the Z direction takes the Sun ( W ( 0 ) ν ) 2 + Z ( 0 ) 2 = 98  parsec {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\left({\frac {W(0)}{\nu }}\right)^{2}+Z(0)^{2}}}=98{\text{ parsec}}} above the galactic plane and the same distance below it, with a period of 2 π / ν {\displaystyle 2\pi /\nu } or 83 million years, approximately 2.7 times per orbit.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sun
evidence: At this speed, it takes around 1,190 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 7 days to travel 1 AU.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: IPCC overestimate temperature rise.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: IPCC Third Assessment Report
evidence: The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Under the pledges of the countries entering the Paris Accord, a sharp rise of 3.1 to 3.7 °C is still expected to occur by 2100.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: "Sea level rise 'under-estimated'".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Southern sea ice is increasing.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Antarctica
evidence: Models also suggest that the ozone depletion/enhanced polar vortex effect also accounts for the recent increase in sea ice just offshore of the continent.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Eocene
evidence: During the cooling period, benthic oxygen isotopes show the possibility of ice creation and ice increase during this later cooling.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Eocene
evidence: Any ice growth was slowed immensely and would lead to any present ice melting.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Sea level rise is decelerating.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Over the 21st century, this is expected to rise, with glaciers contributing 7 to 24 cm (3 to 9 in) to global sea levels.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr2.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Holocene extinction
evidence: In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels on a global scale, and when these alterations caused changes to global climate.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Human impact on the environment
evidence: Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crisis, and ecological collapse.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Human
evidence: Humans have had a dramatic effect on the environment.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Human
evidence: Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: "Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: The Framework Convention was agreed on in 1992, but global emissions have risen since then.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: 10–14 Tyndall 1861.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: "Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Antarctica
evidence: This ice sheet is constantly gaining ice from snowfall and losing ice through outflow to the sea.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic
evidence: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic
evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea ice
evidence: "Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell".
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Solar cycles cause global warming.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In general, since the 2010s, global oil companies do not dispute that climate change exists and is caused by the burning of fossil fuels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar cycle
evidence: "Cosmic Rays and Global Warming".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism
evidence: Critics have noted that of the 105 "scientists" listed on the original 2001 petition, fewer than 20% were biologists, with few of the remainder having the necessary expertise to contribute meaningfully to a discussion of the role of natural selection in evolution.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Art Robinson
evidence: The OISM website states that "several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project", and that the petition has "more than 31,000" signatures by scientists.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Art Robinson
evidence: Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Oregon Petition
evidence: As of 2013, the petition's website states, "The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Project Steve
evidence: During the four-day drive A Scientific Support For Darwinism And For Public Schools Not To Teach Intelligent Design As Science gathered 7733 signatures of verifiable scientists.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 3% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: 76 out of 79 climatologists who "listed climate science as their area of expertise and who also have published more than 50% of their recent peer-reviewed papers on the subject of climate change" believed that mean global temperatures had risen compared to pre-1800s levels.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 1257 Samalas eruption
evidence: Sea surface temperatures too decreased by 0.3–2.2 °C (0.54–3.96 °F), triggering changes in the ocean circulations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
evidence: Volcanic eruptions of a large magnitude can impact global climate, reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, lowering temperatures in the troposphere, and changing atmospheric circulation patterns.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
evidence: Further, methane is a potent greenhouse gas as it is released into the atmosphere, so it causes warming, and as the ocean transports this warmth to the bottom sediments, it destabilizes more clathrates.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
evidence: Massive volcanic eruptions, specifically the flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), would release carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide and aerosols, which would cause either intense global warming (from the former) or cooling (from the latter).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO