Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: The MPs had seen no evidence to support claims that Jones had tampered with data or interfered with the peer-review process.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: The Climatic Research Unit developed its gridded CRUTEM data set of land air temperature anomalies from instrumental temperature records held by National Meteorological Organisations around the world, often under formal or informal confidentiality agreements that restricted use of this raw data to academic purposes, and prevented it from being passed onto third parties.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: On 27 July 2011 CRU announced that the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain had been released and was available for download, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Data mining
evidence: The difference between data analysis and data mining is that data analysis is used to test models and hypotheses on the dataset, e.g., analyzing the effectiveness of a marketing campaign, regardless of the amount of data; in contrast, data mining uses machine learning and statistical models to uncover clandestine or hidden patterns in a large volume of data.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Data visualization
evidence: DPA has two main objectives: To use data to provide knowledge in the most efficient manner possible (minimize noise, complexity, and unnecessary data or detail given each audience's needs and roles) To use data to provide knowledge in the most effective manner possible (provide relevant, timely and complete data to each audience member in a clear and understandable manner that conveys important meaning, is actionable and can affect understanding, behavior and decisions) With the above objectives in mind, the actual work of data presentation architecture consists of: Creating effective delivery mechanisms for each audience member depending on their role, tasks, locations and access to technology Defining important meaning (relevant knowledge) that is needed by each audience member in each context Determining the required periodicity of data updates (the currency of the data) Determining the right timing for data presentation (when and how often the user needs to see the data) Finding the right data (subject area, historical reach, breadth, level of detail, etc.)
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Climatic Research Unit documents
evidence: On 27 July 2011 CRU announced release of the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: They were already working with the Met Office to obtain permissions to release the remaining raw data.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: Over 95% of the CRU climate data set had been available to the public for several years before July 2009, when the university received numerous FOI requests for raw data or details of the confidentiality agreements from Stephen McIntyre and readers of his Climate Audit blog.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: On 27 July 2011 CRU announced that the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain had been released and was available for download, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: The mainstream media picked up the story, as negotiations over climate change mitigation began in Copenhagen on 7 December 2009.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Cross-validation (statistics)
evidence: The goal of cross-validation is to test the model's ability to predict new data that was not used in estimating it, in order to flag problems like overfitting or selection bias and to give an insight on how the model will generalize to an independent dataset (i.e., an unknown dataset, for instance from a real problem).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: SeaLifeBase
evidence: This would mean that when a new hypothesis needs to be tested, the available data will already be there in a validated and accessible form, and there will be no need create a new dataset and then have to validate it.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: They
evidence: It was gradually replaced by an Old Norse borrowing, þeir (nominative plural masculine of the demonstrative, which acted in Old Norse as a plural pronoun), until it was entirely replaced in around the 15th century in Middle English.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: ZFS
evidence: A device in any vdev can be marked for removal, and ZFS will de-allocate data from it to allow it to be removed or replaced.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: ZFS
evidence: A pool level snapshot (known as a "checkpoint") is available which allows rollback of operations that may affect the entire pool's structure, or which add or remove entire datasets.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate of the Arctic
evidence: In summer, the sea ice keeps the surface from warming above freezing.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cryosphere
evidence: While snow and ice act to insulate the surface from large energy losses in winter, they also act to retard warming in the spring and summer because of the large amount of energy required to melt ice (the latent heat of fusion, 3.34 x 105 J/kg at 0 °C).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ice age
evidence: This low precipitation allows high-latitude snowfalls to melt during the summer.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea ice
evidence: In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea ice
evidence: As the sea ice melts, its surface area shrinks, diminishing the size of the reflective surface and therefore causing the earth to absorb more of the sun's heat.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Artificial intelligence
evidence: Newell and Simon's physical symbol system hypothesis "A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means of general intelligent action."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Chemistry
evidence: Many physical chemists specialize in exploring and proposing the mechanisms of various chemical reactions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Free will
evidence: In fact, according to the generalized interpretation of the psycho-physical parallelism, the freedom of the will must be considered a feature of conscious life that corresponds to functions of the organism that not only evade a causal mechanical description, but resist even a physical analysis carried to the extent required for an unambiguous application of the statistical laws of atomic mechanics.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific method
evidence: One key point was that they realized that the quickest way to reach a result was not to continue a mathematical analysis, but to build a physical model.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sensor-based sorting
evidence: The washability analysis is widely known in bulk material analysis, where the specific density is the physical property describing the liberation and the separation results, which is then in the form of the partition curve.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
evidence: During this six-month "night", air temperatures can drop below −73 °C (−99 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate
evidence: A subarctic climate has little precipitation, and monthly temperatures which are above 10 °C (50 °F) for one to three months of the year, with permafrost in large parts of the area due to the cold winters.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station in 1983, but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) in East Antarctica.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Precipitation
evidence: Rarely, at a temperature of around −2 °C (28 °F), snowflakes can form in threefold symmetry—triangular snowflakes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Winter storm
evidence: They typically occur when a layer of warm air hovers over a region, but the ambient temperature a few meters above the ground is near or below 0 °C (32 °F), and the ground temperature is sub-freezing.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: This insulation keeps the warm Atlantic Water from melting the surface ice.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: In the winter the relatively warm ocean water exerts a moderating influence, even when covered by ice.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic ice pack
evidence: Sea ice has an important effect on the heat balance of the polar oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: "Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Air pollution
evidence: These dangerous pollutants are known as the criteria pollutants, and include ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and lead.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Air pollution
evidence: Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Fossil fuel power station
evidence: In these modern designs, pollution from coal-fired power plants comes from the emission of gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide into the air, as well a significant volume of wastewater which may contain lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium, as well as arsenic, selenium and nitrogen compounds (nitrates and nitrites).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Fossil fuel power station
evidence: Flue gas from combustion of the fossil fuels contains carbon dioxide and water vapor, as well as pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and, for coal-fired plants, mercury, traces of other metals, and fly ash.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Pollution
evidence: Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Air pollution
evidence: CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Indoor air quality
evidence: European standards limit carbon dioxide to 3,500 ppm.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Natural gas
evidence: Excluding water vapor, about half of landfill gas is methane and most of the rest is carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, and variable trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide and siloxanes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Respiratory system
evidence: Similarly, since the blood arriving in the alveolar capillaries has a partial pressure of CO2 of also about 6 kPa (45 mmHg), whereas that of the alveolar air is 5.3 kPa (40 mmHg), there is a net movement of carbon dioxide out of the capillaries into the alveoli.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Respiratory system
evidence: Thus at sea level, where the ambient atmospheric pressure is about 100 kPa, the moistened air that flows into the lungs from the trachea consists of water vapor (6.3 kPa), nitrogen (74.0 kPa), oxygen (19.7 kPa) and trace amounts of carbon dioxide and other gases (a total of 100 kPa).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Glossary of geography terms
evidence: Geostatistical algorithms are often incorporated in GIS software applications.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Glossary of geography terms
evidence: It is characterized by high annual precipitation and the absence of any significant seasonal variation in temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Norway
evidence: Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Norway
evidence: Temperature anomalies found in coastal locations are exceptional, with Røst and Værøy lacking a meteorological winter in spite of being north of the Arctic Circle.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Precipitation
evidence: As a result, the modern global record of precipitation largely depends on satellite observations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Climate change in the United States
evidence: "A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: According to a 2006 paper from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, "the earth would warm by 8 degrees Celsius (14.4 degrees Fahrenheit) if humans use the entire planet's available fossil fuels by the year 2300."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: "Modeling of long-term fossil fuel consumption shows 14.5-degree hike in Earth's temperature".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Arrhenius calculated the temperature increase expected from doubling CO 2 to be around 5-6 °C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The tax-payer funded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  (NOAA) has become mired in fresh global warming data scandal involving  numbers for the Great Lakes region that substantially ramp up averages."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
evidence: NOAA warns of dangerous weather, charts seas, guides the use and protection of ocean and coastal resources, and conducts research to provide understanding and improve stewardship of the environment.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
evidence: Feds close 600 weather stations amid criticism they're situated to report warming".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
evidence: In 2013, NOAA closed 600 weather stations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
evidence: NOAA data is also relevant to the issues of global warming and ozone depletion.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
evidence: AOML's research spans hurricanes, coastal ecosystems, oceans and human health, climate studies, global carbon systems, and ocean observations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Phenotype
evidence: Phenotypic variation (due to underlying heritable genetic variation) is a fundamental prerequisite for evolution by natural selection.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Phenotype
evidence: Without phenotypic variation, there would be no evolution by natural selection.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Species
evidence: It has been argued that this definition is a natural consequence of the effect of sexual reproduction on the dynamics of natural selection.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Species
evidence: He established the idea of a taxonomic hierarchy of classification based upon observable characteristics and intended to reflect natural relationships.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Species
evidence: Darwin argued that it was populations that evolved, not individuals, by natural selection from naturally occurring variation among individuals.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: "Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ice core
evidence: Further research has demonstrated a reliable correlation between CO 2 levels and the temperature calculated from ice isotope data.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Paleoclimatology
evidence: There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon capture and storage
evidence: These three changes are closely interrelated, because Venus's extreme temperature is due to the high pressure of its dense atmosphere, and the greenhouse effect.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate sensitivity
evidence: Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate sensitivity
evidence: A related concept is the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions, which is the globally averaged surface temperature change per unit of CO 2 emitted.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate sensitivity
evidence: The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate sensitivity
evidence: The transient climate response (TCR) is the amount of temperature increase that might occur at the time when CO2 doubles, having increased gradually by 1% each year.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Additionally, and crucially to life on earth, photosynthesis by phytoplankton consumes dissolved CO 2 in the upper ocean and thereby promotes the absorption of CO 2 from the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Natural sources of carbon dioxide are more than 20 times greater than sources due to human activity, but over periods longer than a few years natural sources are closely balanced by natural sinks, mainly photosynthesis of carbon compounds by plants and marine plankton.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: This is the case for CO 2, which is reduced by photosynthesis of plants, and which, after dissolving in the oceans, reacts to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate and carbonate ions (see ocean acidification).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Water
evidence: Water also dissolves many gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide—the latter giving the fizz of carbonated beverages, sparkling wines and beers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a "growing consensus".
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global cooling
evidence: Scientists said that "abrupt climate change initiated by Greenland ice sheet melting is not a realistic scenario for the 21st century".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global cooling
evidence: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Despite increasing consensus on the science underpinning predictions of global climate change, doubts have been expressed recently about the need to mitigate the risks posed by global climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: "The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate
evidence: Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate
evidence: temperature) over a 30-year period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Eocene
evidence: The transition from a warming climate into a cooling climate began at ~49 million years ago.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mesozoic
evidence: The climate of the Mesozoic was varied, alternating between warming and cooling periods.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by  IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading  for cooler weather."
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: "Robust findings" of the Synthesis report include: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: It’s usually taken to be the fact that as carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere increase, the 1 per cent of CO2 that’s the heavier carbon isotope ratio c13 declines in proportion.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: The global mean CO 2 concentration is currently rising at a rate of approximately 2 ppm/year and accelerating.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Eocene
evidence: The start of the Eocene is marked by a brief period in which the concentration of the carbon isotope 13C in the atmosphere was exceptionally low in comparison with the more common isotope 12C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: But that conclusion holds true only if there are no other sources of c12 increases which are not human caused.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Reason
evidence: The reasoning in this argument is valid, because there is no way in which the premises, 1 and 2, could be true and the conclusion, 3, be false.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: "It is likely that increases in GHG concentrations alone would have caused more warming than observed because volcanic and anthropogenic aerosols have offset some warming that would otherwise have taken place."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: According to this summary, the Fourth Assessment Report found that human actions are "very likely" the cause of global warming, meaning a 90% or greater probability.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The statement concludes with a call for "reduction in anthropogenic (human-caused) sources of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions contributing to global climate change and the conservation of CO 2- consuming photosynthesizers (i.e., plants)."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Since 1978, output from the Sun has been measured by satellites significantly more accurately than was previously possible from the surface.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance has not increased since 1978, so the warming during the past 30 years cannot be directly attributed to an increase in total solar energy reaching the Earth (see graph above, left).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: In the three decades since 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity probably had a slight cooling influence on the climate.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar activity and climate
evidence: In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Solar irradiance
evidence: The space-based TSI record comprises measurements from more than ten radiometers spanning three solar cycles.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar irradiance
evidence: The Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment/Total Irradiance Measurement (SORCE/TIM) TSI values are lower than prior measurements by the Earth Radiometer Budget Experiment (ERBE) on the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS), VIRGO on the Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SoHO) and the ACRIM instruments on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM), Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) and ACRIMSAT.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar irradiance
evidence: Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) is a measure of the solar power over all wavelengths per unit area incident on the Earth's upper atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sunlight
evidence: Total solar irradiance (TSI) – the amount of solar radiation received at the top of Earth's atmosphere – has been measured since 1978 by a series of overlapping NASA and ESA satellite experiments to be 1.365 kilo⁠watts per square meter (kW/m²).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite
evidence: The ACRIM2 instrument on the UARS satellite measured the total solar irradiance (TSI), the total solar radiant energy reaching Earth, continuing the climate change database begun in 1980 by the ACRIM1 experiment on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM).
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: The two most cited composites are PMOD and ACRIM.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Catalan pseudoprime
evidence: In mathematics, a Catalan pseudoprime is an odd composite number n satisfying the congruence ( − 1 ) n − 1 2 ⋅ C n − 1 2 ≡ 2 ( mod n ) , {\displaystyle (-1)^{\frac {n-1}{2}}\cdot C_{\frac {n-1}{2}}\equiv 2{\pmod {n}},} where Cm denotes the m-th Catalan number.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Lucas pseudoprime
evidence: A Pell pseudoprime may be defined as a composite number n for which equation (1) above is true with P = 2 and Q = −1; the sequence Un then being the Pell sequence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Lucas pseudoprime
evidence: A Fibonacci pseudoprime is often defined as a composite number n not divisible by 5 for which congruence (1) holds with P = 1 and Q = −1 (but n is ).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar irradiance
evidence: In 2014 a new ACRIM composite was developed using the updated ACRIM3 record.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar irradiance
evidence: Examples include the issue of the irradiance increase between cycle minima in 1986 and 1996, evident only in the ACRIM composite (and not the model) and the low irradiance levels in the PMOD composite during the 2008 minimum.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Chinese remainder theorem
evidence: However, the two other versions make sense over a principal ideal domain R: it suffices to replace "integer" by "element of the domain" and Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } by R. These two versions of the theorem are true in this context, because the proofs (except for the first existence proof), are based on Euclid's lemma and Bézout's identity, which are true over every principal domain.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: International Standard Book Number
evidence: when typing it or writing it down) are a single altered digit or the transposition of adjacent digits.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Legendre symbol
evidence: The Legendre symbol was introduced by Adrien-Marie Legendre in 1798 in the course of his attempts at proving the law of quadratic reciprocity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Modular multiplicative inverse
evidence: In mathematics, in particular the area of number theory, a modular multiplicative inverse of an integer a is an integer x such that the product ax is congruent to 1 with respect to the modulus m. In the standard notation of modular arithmetic this congruence is written as a x ≡ 1 ( mod m ) , {\displaystyle ax\equiv 1{\pmod {m}},} which is the shorthand way of writing the statement that m divides (evenly) the quantity ax − 1, or, put another way, the remainder after dividing ax by the integer m is 1.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar irradiance
evidence: These arise from the fact that ACRIM uses the original TSI results published by the satellite experiment teams while PMOD significantly modifies some results to conform them to specific TSI proxy models.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Even if the warming were as big as the IPCC imagines, it would not be as dangerous as Mr. Brown suggests.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Climate change and agriculture
evidence: His study assumes that no efforts are made to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, leading to global warming of 3.3 °C above the pre-industrial level.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Orrell says that the range of future increase in temperature suggested by the IPCC rather represents a social consensus in the climate community, but adds "we are having a dangerous effect on the climate".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: It is likely that greenhouse gases would have caused more warming than we have observed if not for the cooling effects of volcanic and human-caused aerosols.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: James Lawrence Powell reported 2017 that using rejection as the criterion of consensus, five surveys of the peer-reviewed literature from 1991 to 2015, including several of those above, combine to 54,195 articles with an average consensus of 99.94%.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: In November 2019, his survey of over 11,600 peer-reviewed articles published in the first seven months of 2019 showed that the consensus had reached 100%.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: A November 2019 study showed that the consensus among research scientists had grown to 100%, based on a review of 11,602 peer-reviewed articles published in the first 7 months of 2019.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: However, the Stern report, like many other reports, notes the past correlation between CO 2 emissions and economic growth and then extrapolates using a "business as usual" scenario to predict GDP growth and hence CO 2 levels, concluding that: Increasing scarcity of fossil fuels alone will not stop emissions growth in time.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Both CO 2 and CH 4 vary between glacial and interglacial phases, and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Direct data does not exist for periods earlier than those represented in the ice core record, a record that indicates CO 2 mole fractions stayed within a range of 180 ppm to 280 ppm throughout the last 800,000 years, until the increase of the last 250 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ice core
evidence: Further research has demonstrated a reliable correlation between CO 2 levels and the temperature calculated from ice isotope data.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Between the period 1970 to 2004, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO 2-equivalent) increased at an average rate of 1.6% per year, with CO 2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9% per year.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: World energy consumption
evidence: After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel, there was a shift away from oil.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The contribution of waste heat to the global climate is 0.028 W/m2.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Waste heat
evidence: In cities this source typically contributes 15–50 W/m2 to the local heat balance, and several hundred W/m2 in the center of large cities in cold climates and industrial areas."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Waste heat
evidence: Anthropogenic heat is a much smaller contributor to global warming than are greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Waste heat
evidence: For example, waste heat flux was +0.39 and +0.68 W/m2 for the continental United States and western Europe, respectively) globally it accounted for only 1% of the energy flux created by anthropogenic greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Waste heat
evidence: Global forcing from waste heat was 0.028 W/m2 in 2005.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Waste heat
evidence: Equilibrium climate experiments show statistically significant continental-scale surface warming (0.4–0.9 °C) produced by one 2100 AHF scenario, but not by current or 2040 estimates.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hydrocarbon
evidence: Burning hydrocarbons as fuel, producing carbon dioxide and water, is a major contributor to anthropogenic global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Natural gas
evidence: Natural gas (also called fossil gas) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Natural gas
evidence: Natural gas is a non-renewable hydrocarbon used as a source of energy for heating, cooking, and electricity generation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: Natural changes in the climate system result in internal "climate variability".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cloud
evidence: Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: According to the study, as carbon levels have risen, the cold air at high altitudes over the tropics has actually grown colder.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Eocene
evidence: The models, while accurately predicting the tropics, tend to produce significantly cooler temperatures of up to 20 °C (36 °F) colder than the actual determined temperature at the poles.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: 1950s military research found less saturation of the greenhouse effect at high altitudes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Troposphere
evidence: The tropopause is an inversion layer, where the air temperature ceases to decrease with height and remains constant through its thickness.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The lower temperatures at this "coldest point" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Atmosphere of Venus
evidence: In contrast, the nightside Venusian thermosphere is the coldest place on Venus with temperature as low as 100 K (−173 °C).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Eocene
evidence: These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Snowball Earth
evidence: "High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Troposphere
evidence: At the equator, tropospheric temperatures decrease from an average of 20 °C (68-degree Fahrenheit) at sea level to about −70 to −75 °C (-94 to -103-degree Fahrenheit) at the tropopause.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Water on Mars
evidence: At this location, the highest temperature never reached the freezing point of water (0 °C (32 °F; 273 K)), too cold for pure liquid water to exist on the surface.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO