Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Captain Planet and the Planeteers
evidence: Captain Pollution is weakened when he is in contact with pure elements such as clean water or sunlight, while he gains power from contact with pollutants, being able to absorb pollutant and emit radioactive rays (and is later shown to gain limitless power when in contact with pollutants after his resurrection).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: City
evidence: Big cities were created as power images of a competitive society, conscious of its achievement potential.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: City
evidence: But it is not a socialized collectivity of labor and it lacks significant power to disrupt or seize the means of production.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Marvel Universe
evidence: The Phoenix Force is a force of incredible power.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Orbital ring
evidence: This ring effectively provides near unlimited power to earth.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change denial
evidence: "Dirty Money, Oil Companies and Special Interests Spend Millions to Oppose Climate Legislation".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Several large corporations within the fossil fuel industry provide significant funding for attempts to mislead the public about the trustworthiness of climate science.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: The coalition was financed by large corporations and trade groups from the oil, coal and auto industries.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: During the 1990s, the tobacco campaign died away, and TASSC began taking funding from oil companies including Exxon.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: The New York Times and others reported in 2015 that oil companies knew that burning oil and gas could cause climate change and global warming since the 1970s but nonetheless funded deniers for years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: The warm period became known as the Medieval Warm Period, and the cold period was called the Little Ice Age (LIA).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: "The Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age in the eastern Ecuadorian Andes".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: The period was followed by a cooler period in the North Atlantic and elsewhere termed the Little Ice Age.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: 1250, during the European Middle Ages.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03 °C) than in the early and mid-20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Eocene
evidence: The cause of the warming is considered to be primarily due to carbon dioxide increases, because carbon isotope signatures rule out major methane release during this short term warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: This is due to carbon dioxide's very long lifetime in the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: In 2009, further evidence was provided that changes in solar insolation provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age, with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ice age
evidence: There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Mars ocean hypothesis
evidence: Despite a weak early Sun, the greenhouse effect from a thick carbon dioxide atmosphere, if bolstered with small amounts of methane or insulating effects of carbon-dioxide-ice clouds, would have been sufficient to warm the mean surface temperature to a value above the freezing point of water.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: in 1995 one scientist at the IPCC – Jonathan Overpeck – wrote an email to a colleague claiming ‘we have to get rid of the Medieval Warm Period.’
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: This was the basis of a "schematic diagram" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: However, that view was questioned by other researchers; the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 discussed the "Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD (which may not have been global) and the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Soon and Baliunas controversy
evidence: The IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR) of 1996 featured a graph of an early northern hemisphere reconstruction by Raymond S. Bradley and Phil Jones, and noted the 1994 reconstruction by Hughes and Henry F. Diaz questioning how widespread the Medieval Warm Period had been at any one time.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Temperature record of the past 1000 years
evidence: This was the basis of a "schematic diagram" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Temperature record of the past 1000 years
evidence: When the IPCC TAR was still in draft, Fred Singer held a press event saying "We don't accept this" with Wibjörn Karlén who alleged that MBH99 showed neither a Medieval Warm Period nor a Little Ice Age, an inaccurate claim echoed soon afterwards by John Lawrence Daly.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climatic Research Unit documents
evidence: He said that there was nothing "hidden or inappropriate" about it, and that his method of combining proxy data had been corroborated by numerous statistical tests and matched thermometer readings taken over the past 150 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: Mann said, "Ten years ago, the availability of data became quite sparse by the time you got back to 1,000 AD, and what we had then was weighted towards tree-ring data; but now you can go back 1,300 years without using tree-ring data at all and still get a verifiable conclusion."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hockey stick graph
evidence: Using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments, Mann and Jones published reconstructions in August 2003 which indicated that "late 20th century warmth is unprecedented for at least roughly the past two millennia for the Northern Hemisphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hockey stick graph
evidence: published on 10 February 2005 used a wavelet transform technique to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the last 2,000 years, combining low-resolution proxy data such as lake and ocean sediments for century-scale or longer changes, with tree ring proxies only used for annual to decadal resolution.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick graph
evidence: Archives of climate proxies were developed: in 1993 Raymond S. Bradley and Phil Jones composited historical records, tree-rings and ice cores for the Northern Hemisphere from 1400 up to the 1970s to produce a decadal reconstruction.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The IPCC no longer includes the ‘Hockey stick’ chart in its reports.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Besides the Sixth Assessment Report, to be completed in 2022, the IPCC released the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C in October 2018, released an update to its 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories—the 2019 Refinement—in May 2019, and delivered two further special reports in 2019: the Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL), published online on 7 August, and the Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC), released on 25 September 2019.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report ("Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the "hockey stick graph".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Contrarian John Lawrence Daly featured a modified version of the IPCC 1990 schematic, which he mis-identified as appearing in the IPCC 1995 report, and argued that "Overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report, the IPCC presented the 'Hockey Stick' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt U-turn since its 1995 report".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The IPCC has published five comprehensive assessment reports reviewing the latest climate science, as well as a number of special reports on particular topics.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
evidence: The Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research is a climate research centre in Bergen, Norway.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
evidence: The centres key areas of research is natural variability in the Earth system and man-made climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
evidence: Asgeir Sorteberg in the Special Report on managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaption (SREX).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenland
evidence: Analysis of the layering and chemical composition of the cores has provided a revolutionary new record of climate change in the Northern Hemisphere going back about 100,000 years and illustrated that the world's weather and temperature have often shifted rapidly from one seemingly stable state to another, with worldwide consequences.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: List of climate scientists
evidence: He has provided evidence that large, abrupt global climate changes have occurred repeatedly in the Earth’s history and has contributed to our understanding of the driving mechanisms of these changes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Another line of evidence against the sun having caused recent climate change comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that "changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system", and concluded that "increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century".
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: until temperature increases began to slow down after 1998 and remained relatively stable for a period of 15 years
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used "Mike's Nature trick" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization "to hide the decline" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climatic Research Unit
evidence: In August 2009 its director, Phil Jones, told the science journal Nature that he was working to make the data publicly available with the agreement of its owners but this was expected to take some months, and objections were anticipated from National Meteorological Organisations that made money from selling the data.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: The AR4 SPM statement was that "Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1,300 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: Despite this and the fact that 1999 had just seen record breaking global temperatures, the email was widely misquoted as a "trick" to "hide the decline" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, an accusation made publicly by the politicians Sarah Palin and Jim Inhofe.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Phil Jones (climatologist)
evidence: He temporarily stepped aside from Director of the CRU in November 2009 following a controversy over e-mails which were stolen and published by person(s) unknown.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: In an interview with the BBC after the scandal broke, Dr Jones admitted there had been no statistically significant global warming since 1995
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) reaffirmed its position on global warming and "expressed grave concerns that the illegal release of private emails stolen from the University of East Anglia should not cause policy-makers and the public to become confused about the scientific basis of global climate change.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: Rajendra Pachauri, as chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, told the BBC in December 2009 that he considered the affair to be "a serious issue" and that they "will look into it in detail".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: In late 2011, Steven F. Hayward wrote that "Climategate did for the global warming controversy what the Pentagon Papers did for the Vietnam war 40 years ago: It changed the narrative decisively."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: Here is the quote: "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: Nature considered that emails had not shown anything that undermined the scientific case on human-caused global warming or raised any substantive reasons for concern about the researchers' own papers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: A paragraph in the 938-page 2007 Working Group II report (WGII) included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ganges
evidence: In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Fourth Report, stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river, were at risk of melting by 2035.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Two errors include the melting of Himalayan glaciers (see later section), and Dutch land area that is below sea level.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report ("Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The final WG I report was released on 30 April 2007 and the final AR4 Synthesis Report was released on 17 November 2007.Rajendra Pachauri, the IPCC chair, admitted at the launch of this report that since the IPCC began work on it, scientists have recorded "much stronger trends in climate change", like the unforeseen dramatic melting of polar ice in the summer of 2007, and added, "that means you better start with intervention much earlier".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Several researchers have concluded that around 97% of climate scientists agree with this consensus.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences analysed "1,372 climate researchers and their publication and citation data to show that (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC [anthropogenic climate change] outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Improved measurement and analysis techniques have reconciled this discrepancy: corrected buoy and satellite surface temperatures are slightly cooler and corrected satellite and radiosonde measurements of the tropical troposphere are slightly warmer.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries, and the name "hockey stick graph" was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: It concluded, "The weight of current multi-proxy evidence, therefore, suggests greater 20th-century warmth, in comparison with temperature levels of the previous 400 years, than was shown in the TAR.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: In at least some areas, the recent period appears to be warmer than has been the case for a thousand or more years".
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: When the measuring equipment gets old and needs replacing, it often requires re-calibration.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Heat flux sensor
evidence: While heat flux sensors are typically supplied with a sensitivity by the manufacturer, there are times and situations that call for a re-calibration of the sensor.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Load cell
evidence: ISO9000 and most other standards specify a maximum period of around 18 months to 2 years between re-calibration procedures, dependent on the level of load cell deterioration.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Microphone
evidence: Since this may change over the lifetime of the device, it is necessary to regularly calibrate measurement microphones.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sound reinforcement system
evidence: This tool is usually used by piping pink noise into the system and measuring the result with a special calibrated microphone connected to the RTA.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Surveying
evidence: Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like-for-like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Emergency management
evidence: TIEMS is a Global Forum for Education, Training, Certification and Policy in Emergency and Disaster Management.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Emergency management
evidence: The National Institute of Disaster Management is a policy think-tank and training institution for developing guidelines and training programs for mitigating disasters and managing crisis response.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global governance
evidence: Dr. Rajesh Tandon, president of the FIM (Montreal International Forum) and of PRIA (Participatory Research in Asia), prepared a framework document entitled "Democratization of Global Governance for Global Democracy: Civil Society Visions and Strategies (G05) conference."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sustainability
evidence: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth's ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision-makers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sustainability
evidence: The scientists declared "climate emergency" and called to stop Overconsumption, move from fossil fuels, eat less meat, stabilize population and more The philosophical and analytic framework of sustainability draws on and connects with many different disciplines and fields; in recent years an area that has come to be called sustainability science has emerged.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: 1660), and Laki (1783).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: (2012) state that cold summers and ice growth began abruptly between 1275 and 1300, followed by "a substantial intensification" from 1430 to 1455.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: It has been conventionally defined as a period extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries, but some experts prefer an alternative timespan from about 1300 to about 1850.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: Greenland was largely cut off by ice from 1410 to the 1720s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Only very few peer-reviewed papers even go so far as to say that recent warming is chiefly anthropogenic.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: A 2012 analysis of published research on global warming and climate change between 1991 and 2012 found that of the 13,950 articles in peer-reviewed journals, only 24 rejected anthropogenic global warming.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Institute of Biology policy page 'Climate Change' "there is scientific agreement that the rapid global warming that has occurred in recent years is mostly anthropogenic, ie due to human activity."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: These include carbon dioxide (chemical formula: CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2O), and a group of gases referred to as halocarbons.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: However, this excludes the balancing fluxes of CO 2 into the atmosphere from the geological reservoirs, which have slower characteristic rates.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Soil
evidence: As the planet warms, it has been predicted that soils will add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere due to increased biological activity at higher temperatures, a positive feedback (amplification).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Such events will continue to occur more often and with greater intensity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: "Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus" (PDF).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: "Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Deforestation
evidence: Forests support biodiversity, providing habitat for wildlife; moreover, forests foster medicinal conservation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Palm oil
evidence: However palm oil cultivation has been criticized for its impact on the natural environment, including deforestation, loss of natural habitats, and greenhouse gas emissions which have threatened critically endangered species, such as the orangutan and Sumatran tiger.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Palm oil
evidence: The IUCN maintains that replacing palm oil with other vegetable oils would necessitate greater amounts of agricultural land, negatively affecting biodiversity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Wind turbine
evidence: Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Wind turbine
evidence: In 2009, for every bird killed by a wind turbine in the US, nearly 500,000 were killed by cats and another 500,000 by buildings.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: [data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Cloud
evidence: The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: In winter, the climate becomes cooler and the days shorter.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Environmental impact of wind power
evidence: Overall, wind farms lead to a slight warming at night and a slight cooling during the day time.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Climate change adaptation
evidence: This causes a variety of secondary effects, namely, changes in patterns of precipitation, rising sea levels, altered patterns of agriculture, increased extreme weather events, the expansion of the range of tropical diseases, and the opening of new marine trade routes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate of Argentina
evidence: These changes have impacted river flow, increased the frequency of extreme weather events, and led to the retreat of glaciers.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Effects of global warming on human health
evidence: This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: This was associated with a 1.5 °C fall in temperature (determined from oxygen-isotope analysis) and an observed increase in El Niño frequency.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Malnutrition
evidence: Even small changes in temperatures can lead to increased frequency of extreme weather conditions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming on humans
evidence: There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: the models predicted seven times as much warming as has been observed
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Deforestation
evidence: The model predicted <0.2 °C warming for upper air at 700 mb and 500 mb.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: General circulation model
evidence: However, the report also observed that the rate of warming over the period 1998–2012 was lower than that predicted by 111 out of 114 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project climate models.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: General circulation model
evidence: Under the same emissions scenario but with a different model, the predicted median warming was 4.1 °C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: James Hansen
evidence: They found that the observed warming was similar to two of the three scenarios.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Extratropical cyclone
evidence: The peak time of subtropical cyclogenesis (the midpoint of this transition) in the North Atlantic is in the months of September and October, when the difference between the temperature of the air aloft and the sea surface temperature is the greatest, leading to the greatest potential for instability.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Low-pressure area
evidence: Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Monsoon of South Asia
evidence: Consequently, the air above coastal lands heats up faster than the air above seas.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Water vapor
evidence: The upper temperature level is given by the soil or water surface of the earth, which absorbs the incoming sun radiation and warms up, evaporating water.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Water vapor
evidence: The increase in buoyancy can have a significant atmospheric impact, giving rise to powerful, moisture rich, upward air currents when the air temperature and sea temperature reaches 25 °C or above.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 20th century
evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 20th century
evidence: One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: The sea record consists of surface ships taking sea temperature measurements from engine inlets or buckets.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level
evidence: It varies globally in a range of ± 2 m. Historically, adjustments were made to sea-level measurements to take into account the effects of the 235 lunar month Metonic cycle and the 223-month eclipse cycle on the tides.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea surface temperature
evidence: The first automated technique for determining SST was accomplished by measuring the temperature of water in the intake port of large ships, which was underway by 1963.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Weather buoy
evidence: Both moored buoys and drifting buoys (drifting in the open ocean currents) are used.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Weather station
evidence: Weather conditions out at sea are taken by ships and buoys, which measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as sea surface temperature (SST), wave height, and wave period.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: But each serial adjustment has tended to make the early years colder, which increases the warming trend.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global cooling
evidence: The RSS satellite temperature record showed a slight cooling trend, but the UAH satellite temperature record showed a slight warming trend.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global cooling
evidence: The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate change adaptation is "the adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Because the climate system has large thermal inertia, it can take centuries for the climate to fully adjust.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO