Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate system
evidence: These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global cooling
evidence: Human activity — mostly as a by-product of fossil fuel combustion, partly by land use changes — increases the number of tiny particles (aerosols) in the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Solid and liquid particles known as aerosols – from volcanoes, plankton, and human-made pollutants – reflect incoming sunlight, cooling the climate.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Recent data also shows that the concentration is increasing at a higher rate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy, whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and "did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: The review would also scrutinise the CRU's policies and practices for "acquiring, assembling, subjecting to peer review, and disseminating data and research findings" and "their compliance or otherwise with best scientific practice".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: On 22 March 2010 the university announced the composition of an independent Science Assessment Panel to reassess key CRU papers that have already been peer-reviewed and published in journals.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Soon and Baliunas controversy
evidence: The Independent Climate Change Email Review, an independent review funded by the University of East Anglia and chaired by Sir Muir Russell, examined allegations that the emails showed attempts to undermine normal procedures of publication.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: It found that the CRU's work had been "carried out with integrity" and had used "fair and satisfactory" methods.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: Describing its report as "hugely positive", he stated that "it is especially important that, despite a deluge of allegations and smears against the CRU, this independent group of utterly reputable scientists have concluded that there was no evidence of any scientific malpractice."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and "did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: The review would also scrutinise the CRU's policies and practices for "acquiring, assembling, subjecting to peer review, and disseminating data and research findings" and "their compliance or otherwise with best scientific practice".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: Cost-effective 2 °C scenarios project annual global greenhouse gas emissions to peak before the year 2020, with deep cuts in emissions thereafter, leading to a reduction in 2050 of 41% compared to 1990 levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: "Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5°C Paris Target - UN Report".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Emissions trading
evidence: It is one of the ways countries can meet their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce carbon emissions and thereby mitigate global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 4, in UNFCCC: Cancun 2010: "deep cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions are required according to science, and as documented in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with a view to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions so as to hold the increase in global average temperature below 2 °C above preindustrial levels".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Kyoto Protocol
evidence: The 36 countries that were committed to emission reductions only accounted for 24% of the global greenhouse gas emissions in 2010.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Agriculture
evidence: It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Australia
evidence: "Australia's carbon dioxide emissions twice world rate".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Australia
evidence: Australia's carbon dioxide emissions per capita are among the highest in the world, lower than those of only a few other industrialised nations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change and agriculture
evidence: Agriculture, forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25% of global annual emissions in 2010.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Kyoto Protocol
evidence: In 2008, countries with a Kyoto cap made up less than one-third of annual global carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: British Columbia
evidence: Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 Station Data.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Christopher Monckton, 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley
evidence: He says a greenhouse effect exists, and that carbon dioxide contributes to it, but claims there is no "causative link" from CO2-concentration to global average temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Christopher Monckton, 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley
evidence: Monckton's opinions contradict the scientific opinion on climate change, where there is consensus for anthropogenic global warming, and show a decisive link between carbon dioxide concentration and global average temperatures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Terra Nova Expedition
evidence: Gear, clothes, and sleeping bags were constantly iced up; on 5 July, the temperature fell below −77 °F (−61 °C)—"109 degrees of frost—as cold as anyone would want to endure in darkness and iced up clothes", wrote Cherry-Garrard.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Terra Nova Expedition
evidence: The meteorological data collected was the longest unbroken weather record in the early twentieth century, providing baselines for current assessments of climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Arctic fox
evidence: Globally, the Pliocene was about 2–3 °C warmer than today, and the Arctic during the summer in the mid-Pliocene was 8 °C warmer.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic
evidence: Another definition of the Arctic is the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F); the northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic
evidence: Average winter temperatures can go as low as −40 °C (−40 °F), and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately −68 °C (−90 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic
evidence: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Arctic
evidence: Due to the poleward migration of the planet's isotherms (about 56 km (35 mi) per decade during the past 30 years as a consequence of global warming), the Arctic region (as defined by tree line and temperature) is currently shrinking.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Energy industry
evidence: The large-scale use of renewable energy technologies would "greatly mitigate or eliminate a wide range of environmental and human health impacts of energy use".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Fossil fuel
evidence: Fossil fuel prices generally are below their actual costs, or their "efficient prices," when economic externalities, such as the costs of air pollution and global climate destruction, are taken into account.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Fossil fuel
evidence: Oil refineries also have negative environmental impacts, including air and water pollution.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Fossil fuel
evidence: Moreover, these environmental pollutions impacts on the human beings because its particles of the fossil fuel on the air cause negative health effects when inhaled by people.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Human impact on the environment
evidence: The health impact of transport emissions is also of concern.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: [Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Alternative fuel
evidence: However, U.S. civilian nuclear power is considerably more expensive than wind power.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Wind power
evidence: The modeling also shows that "even without a carbon price (the most efficient way to reduce economy-wide emissions) wind energy is 14% cheaper than new coal and 18% cheaper than new gas."
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Wind power
evidence: Costs of production from coal fired plants built in "the 1970s and 1980s" are cheaper than renewable energy sources because of depreciation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Wind power
evidence: "Wind power is cheapest energy, EU analysis finds".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Wind power
evidence: "Renewable energy now cheaper than new fossil fuels in Australia".
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: 'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Antarctica
evidence: The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Antarctica
evidence: B. C. "Antarctica appears to have broken a heat record".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cryosphere
evidence: The overall trend indicated in the passive microwave record from 1978 through mid-1995 shows that the extent of Arctic sea ice is decreasing 2.7% per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea
evidence: Increased melting of Arctic ice since 2007 enables ships to travel the Northwest Passage for some weeks in summertime, avoiding the longer routes via the Suez Canal or the Panama Canal.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.'
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Antarctic sea ice
evidence: The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Antarctic sea ice
evidence: Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Antarctica
evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: For January 2016, the satellite based data showed the lowest overall Arctic sea ice extent of any January since records begun in 1979.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
evidence: with a marginal drop in sea level.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Five of the Solomon Islands have disappeared due to the combined effects of sea level rise and stronger trade winds that were pushing water into the Western Pacific.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Satellites are useful for measuring regional variations in sea level, such as the substantial rise between 1993 and 2012 in the western tropical Pacific.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "Multidecadal sea level anomalies and trends in the western tropical Pacific".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Settlement of the Americas
evidence: A drop of eustatic sea level by about 60 m to 120 m lower than present-day levels, commencing around 30,000 years BP, created Beringia, a durable and extensive geographic feature connecting Siberia with Alaska.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Past sea level
evidence: This compares to an average rate of 1.7 ± 0.5 mm per year for the 20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Past sea level
evidence: Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr2.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Humans are emitting 26 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Fossil fuel
evidence: The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The pharmaceutical industry emitted 52 megatonnes of Carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in 2015.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO 2-equivalent.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: 89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: International Space Station
evidence: From the heat exchangers, ammonia is pumped into external radiators that emit heat as infrared radiation, then back to the station.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Passive solar building design
evidence: This is done using good siting and window positioning, small amounts of thermal mass, with good-but-conventional insulation, weatherization, and an occasional supplementary heat source, such as a central radiator connected to a (solar) water heater.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Renewable energy
evidence: Low Temperature Geothermal refers to the use of the outer crust of the earth as a Thermal Battery to facilitate Renewable thermal energy for heating and cooling buildings, and other refrigeration and industrial uses.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar energy
evidence: In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °C can be provided by solar heating systems.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar energy
evidence: Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: A number of independent studies using near-global satellite data find positive feedback and high climate sensitivity.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change feedback
evidence: Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change feedback
evidence: Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change feedback
evidence: "High sensitivity of peat decomposition to climate change through water-table feedback".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Other analyses have found that the iris effect is a positive feedback rather than the negative feedback proposed by Lindzen.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: El Niño
evidence: However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: El Niño
evidence: However, during the duration of a single event, the area with the greatest sea surface temperature anomalies can change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Eocene
evidence: Using isotope proxies to determine ocean temperatures indicates sea surface temperatures in the tropics as high as 35 °C (95 °F) and, relative to present-day values, bottom water temperatures that are 10 °C (18 °F) higher.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
evidence: In tropical and subtropical areas, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) rose 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) within a 50-year period, and in the North Atlantic and Northwestern Pacific tropical cyclone basins, the potential destructiveness and energy of storms nearly doubled within the same duration, evidencing a clear correlation between global warming and tropical cyclone intensities.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Tropical cyclone
evidence: All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change feedback
evidence: Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change feedback
evidence: Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change feedback
evidence: The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Reinforcement
evidence: Negative reinforcement occurs when the rate of a behavior increases because an aversive event or stimulus is removed or prevented from happening.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: They concluded that although the 20th century was almost certainly the warmest of the millennium, the amount of anthropogenic warming remains uncertain."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: In fact, if one ignores the unusual El Nino year of 1998, one sees a cooling trend."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: From this, he concluded that "The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: 'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no "statistically significant" warming.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: From this, he concluded that "The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: The authors concluded that "Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant climate forcing during the 20th century.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Hockey stick graph
evidence: He said that "Our conclusion was that the warming of the past few decades appears to be closely tied to emission of greenhouse gases by humans and not any of the natural factors".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Hockey stick graph
evidence: The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of –0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s "the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models" (Lindzen et al.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change feedback
evidence: Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change feedback
evidence: The impact of this negative feedback effect is included in global climate models summarized by the IPCC.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Richard Lindzen
evidence: This hypothesis suggests a negative feedback which would counter the effects of CO 2 warming by lowering the climate sensitivity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Richard Lindzen
evidence: The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and all existing computer models assume positive feedback — that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Dropped stations show more warming than kept stations.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Environmental impact of wind power
evidence: Compared with other low-carbon power sources, wind turbines have one of the lowest global warming potentials per unit of electrical energy generated out of any power source.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Environmental impact of wind power
evidence: Overall, wind farms lead to a slight warming at night and a slight cooling during the day time.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Environmental impact of wind power
evidence: Another peer-reviewed study suggested that using wind turbines to meet 10 percent of global energy demand in 2100 could actually have a warming effect, causing temperatures to rise by 1 °C (1.8 °F) in the regions on land where the wind farms are installed, including a smaller increase in areas beyond those regions.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Urban heat island
evidence: In fact, the lower-tropospheric temperatures warm at a slightly greater rate over North America (about 0.28°C/decade using satellite data) than do the surface temperatures (0.27°C/decade), although again the difference is not statistically significant.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Urban heat island
evidence: Throughout the daytime, particularly when the skies are cloudless, urban surfaces are warmed by the absorption of solar radiation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Two American researchers allege that U.S. government scientists have  skewed global temperature trends by ignoring readings from thousands of  local weather stations around the world, particularly those in colder  altitudes and more northerly latitudes, such as Canada.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: There were a small number of weather stations in the 1850s, and the number didn't reach the current 3000+ until the 1951 to 1990 period The 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report (TAR) acknowledged that the urban heat island is an important local effect, but cited analyses of historical data indicating that the effect of the urban heat island on the global temperature trend is no more than 0.05 °C (0.09 °F) degrees through 1990.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted "the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: U.S. officials, such as Philip Cooney, have repeatedly edited scientific reports from US government scientists, many of whom, such as Thomas Knutson, have been ordered to refrain from discussing climate change and related topics.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: New York City
evidence: Winters are chilly and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow sea breezes offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachian Mountains keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Photovoltaics
evidence: Another benefit of a floating solar system is that the panels are kept at a lower temperature than they would be on land, leading to a higher efficiency of solar energy conversion.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sweden
evidence: However, Sweden is much warmer and drier than other places at a similar latitude, and even somewhat farther south, mainly because of the combination of the Gulf Stream and the general west wind drift, caused by the direction of planet Earth's rotation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sweden
evidence: Continental west-coasts (to which all of Scandinavia belongs, as the westernmost part of the Eurasian continent), are notably warmer than continental east-coasts; this can also be seen by comparing e.g.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: WSEE-TV
evidence: The Newswatch branding was dropped after 28 years to coincide with the switch.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100"
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: For example, the emissions reductions proposed by Nordhaus (2010) might lead to global warming (in the year 2100) of around 3 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Projections consistently showed increase in annual world emissions of "Kyoto" gases, measured in CO 2-equivalent) of 25–90% by 2030, compared to 2000.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: "Global CO 2 emissions: annual increase halves in 2008".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: Members of the InterAcademy Panel recommended that by 2050, global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions be reduced less than 50% of the 1990 level.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: The argument that solving the global warming problem by reducing human greenhouse gas emissions is "too hard" generally stems from the belief that (i) our technology is not sufficiently advanced to achieve significant emissions reductions,
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: At the core of most proposals is the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through reducing energy waste and switching to low-carbon power sources of energy.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: For example, bicycling reduces greenhouse gas emissions while reducing the effects of a sedentary lifestyle at the same time.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: The development and scaling-up of clean technology, such as cement that produces less CO2, is critical to achieve sufficient emission reductions for the Paris agreement goals.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon tax
evidence: Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon tax
evidence: There is overwhelming agreement among economists that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon tax
evidence: A 2015 study of carbon taxes in British Columbia found that the taxes reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 5–15% while having negligible overall economic effects.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: As is stated in Article 2 of the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can proceed in a sustainable fashion.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: To reduce the global net economic, environmental and social losses in the face of these impacts, the policy objective must remain squarely focused on returning greenhouse gas concentrations to near pre-industrial levels through the reduction of emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "There are many urgent priorities that need the attention of Congress, and it is not for me as an invited guest in your country to say what they are.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Hillary Clinton
evidence: She responded to General David Petraeus's September 2007 Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq by saying, "I think that the reports that you provide to us really require a willing suspension of disbelief."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Nancy Pelosi
evidence: Pelosi said Congress had "a moral duty to the brave women and men coming forward to seize this moment and demonstrate real, effective leadership to foster a climate of respect and dignity in the workplace".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Nancy Pelosi
evidence: In November, when asked about Democrats beginning the impeachment process against Trump in the event they won a majority of seats in the 2018 elections, Pelosi said it would not be one of their legislative priorities but that the option could be considered if credible evidence appeared during the ongoing investigations into Russian interference in the 2016 election.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ronald Reagan
evidence: In a September 1985 press conference, Reagan said: "this is a top priority with us ... there's no question about the seriousness of this and the need to find an answer."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Triage
evidence: identify the priority of the patient's need for medical treatment and transport from the emergency scene.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Global warming is an increasingly urgent problem.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: "Climate Change and Financial Instability Seen as Top Global Threats".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In 2019, the British Parliament became the first national government in the world to officially declare a climate emergency.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects have been increasing, with many perceiving it as the worst global threat.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: People who regard climate change as catastrophic, irreversible, or rapid might label climate change as a climate crisis or a climate emergency.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Oxford Dictionary chose climate emergency as the word of the year 2019 and defines the term as "a situation in which urgent action is required to reduce or halt climate change and avoid potentially irreversible environmental damage resulting from it".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: One more decade of business as usual will make this impossible.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Google
evidence: And we hit $50 billion in revenues for the first time last year – not a bad achievement in just a decade and a half."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mad (magazine)
evidence: DC Comics) and Warner Bros. by the end of that decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: New Deal
evidence: Historians generally agree that during Roosevelt's 12 years in office there was a dramatic increase in the power of the federal government as a whole.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: New Deal
evidence: In Roosevelt's 12 years in office, the economy had an 8.5% compound annual growth of GDP, the highest growth rate in the history of any industrial country, but recovery was slow and by 1939 the gross domestic product (GDP) per adult was still 27% below trend.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Self-publishing
evidence: The growth in new titles has been strong, particularly in the past decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Albedo
evidence: The scattering of radiation causes atmospheric cooling, whereas absorption can cause atmospheric warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Albedo
evidence: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Albedo
evidence: A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ice age
evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "Earth’s Albedo has risen in the past few years, and by doing reconstructions of the past albedo, it appears that there was a significant reduction in Earth’s albedo leading up to a lull in 1997.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate sensitivity
evidence: Climate sensitivity can be estimated by using reconstructions of Earth's past temperatures and CO 2 levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic reduces the albedo of the Earth's surface.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: Ice and snow increase Earth's albedo, i.e.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Quaternary glaciation
evidence: The ice sheets themselves, by raising the albedo (the extent to which the radiant energy of the Sun is reflected from Earth) created significant feedback to further cool the climate.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Earth's energy budget
evidence: Called the albedo of Earth, around 35 units are reflected back to space: 27 from the top of clouds, 2 from snow and ice-covered areas, and 6 by other parts of the atmosphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Earth's energy budget
evidence: This comes to 0.087 watt/square metre, which represents only 0.027% of Earth's total energy budget at the surface, which is dominated by 173,000 terawatts of incoming solar radiation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Radiative forcing
evidence: In this report radiative forcing values are for changes relative to preindustrial conditions defined at 1750 and are expressed in Watts per square meter (W/m2)."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Radiative forcing
evidence: Radiative forcing (measured in watts per square meter) can be estimated in different ways for different components.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Radiative forcing
evidence: "solar forcing"), the radiative forcing is simply the change in the average amount of solar energy absorbed per square meter of the Earth's area.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The long term trend from albedo is that of cooling.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Albedo
evidence: The scattering of radiation causes atmospheric cooling, whereas absorption can cause atmospheric warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Albedo
evidence: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Albedo
evidence: A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Albedo
evidence: The water vapor causes cooling on the land surface, causes heating where it condenses, acts a strong greenhouse gas, and can increase albedo when it condenses into clouds.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Divergence problem
evidence: The deviation of some tree ring proxy measurements from the instrumental record since the 1950s raises the question of the reliability of tree ring proxies in the period before the instrumental temperature record.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Michael E. Mann
evidence: In August 2003 Mann with Phil Jones published reconstructions using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Temperature record of the past 1000 years
evidence: The temperature record of the past 1,000 years or longer is reconstructed using data from climate proxy records in conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature record which only covers the last 150 years at a global scale.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Temperature record of the past 1000 years
evidence: As there are few instrumental records before 1850, temperatures before then must be reconstructed based on proxy methods.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Temperature record of the past 1000 years
evidence: Individual proxy records, such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology, are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO