Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: "Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The Framework Convention was agreed on in 1992, but global emissions have risen since then.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Crucifix 2016 Jull & McKenzie 1996.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Infrared Iris will reduce global warming
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Global dimming
evidence: However some research shows that black carbon will increase global warming, being second only to CO2.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global dimming
evidence: Global dimming creates a cooling effect that reduces the global average temperature elevation of greenhouse gases on global warming by 0.3-0.7 degrees centigrade.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: "Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Limiting new black carbon deposits in the Arctic could reduce global warming by 0.2 °C by 2050.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Dropped stations introduce warming bias
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: Greenhouse gases trap outgoing radiation warming the atmosphere which in turn warms the land.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level
evidence: Second, as ocean temperatures rise, the warmer water expands.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea surface temperature
evidence: Secondly, the satellite cannot look through clouds, creating a cool bias in satellite-derived SSTs within cloudy areas.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Urban heat island
evidence: Concerns have been raised about possible contribution from urban heat islands to global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Urban heat island
evidence: While the "heat island" warming is an important local effect, there is no evidence that it biases trends in the homogenized historical temperature record.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate
evidence: For example, "a 3°C change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of approximately 300–400 km in latitude (in the temperate zone) or 500 m in elevation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate
evidence: A microthermal climate is one of low annual mean temperatures, generally between 0 °C (32 °F) and 14 °C (57 °F) which experiences short summers and has a potential evaporation between 14 centimetres (5.5 in) and 43 centimetres (17 in).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global temperature record
evidence: Recent evidence suggests that a sudden and short-lived climatic shift between 2200 and 2100 BCE occurred in the region between Tibet and Iceland, with some evidence suggesting a global change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sun
evidence: Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Temperature record of the past 1000 years
evidence: One such method, based on principles of dendroclimatology, uses the width and other characteristics of tree rings to infer temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism
evidence: According to the National Science Foundation, there were approximately 955,300 biological scientists in the United States in 1999.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism
evidence: Critics have noted that of the 105 "scientists" listed on the original 2001 petition, fewer than 20% were biologists, with few of the remainder having the necessary expertise to contribute meaningfully to a discussion of the role of natural selection in evolution.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Art Robinson
evidence: The OISM website states that "several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project", and that the petition has "more than 31,000" signatures by scientists.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Art Robinson
evidence: Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Oregon Petition
evidence: As of 2013, the petition's website states, "The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: An Inconvenient Truth
evidence: A 2004 survey, by Naomi Oreskes of 928 peer-reviewed scientific articles on global climate change published between 1993 and 2003.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Various surveys have been conducted to evaluate scientific opinion on global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Photosynthesis
evidence: Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Proxy (climate)
evidence: New approaches retrieve data such as CO 2 content of past atmospheres from fossil leaf stomata and isotope composition, measuring cellular CO2 concentrations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Stoma
evidence: These studies imply the plants response to changing CO2 levels is largely controlled by genetics.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Stoma
evidence: Rates of leaf photosynthesis were shown to increase by 30–50% in C3 plants, and 10–25% in C4 under doubled CO2 levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Stoma
evidence: These scientific instruments are commonly used by plant physiologists to measure CO2 uptake and thus measure photosynthetic rate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Association of Chief Police Officers
evidence: As a private company, ACPO was not subject to freedom of information legislation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Association of Chief Police Officers
evidence: From November 2011, however, FOI requests could be made to ACPO.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: In two cases, the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) issued decisions on appeals of Freedom of Information (FOI) requests which had been turned down by the university.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: It said that emails showed harassment of researchers, with multiple Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit, but release of information had been hampered by national government restrictions on releasing the meteorological data researchers had been using.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Julian Assange
evidence: la Repubblica said that its FOI requests had been hindered and delayed in all jurisdictions.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Tuvalu sea level isn't rising
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Tuvalu
evidence: "Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tuvalu
evidence: Tuvalu is also affected by perigean spring tide events which raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Tuvalu
evidence: Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Tuvalu
evidence: Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tuvalu
evidence: Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Renewables can't provide baseload power
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Power station
evidence: This less valuable "spare" electricity comes from uncontrolled wind power and base load power plants such as coal, nuclear and geothermal, which still produce power at night even though demand is very low.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Renewable energy commercialization
evidence: Geothermal power plants can operate 24 hours per day, providing baseload capacity.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Renewable energy
evidence: EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Wind power
evidence: about 8% of total nameplate capacity) to be used as reliable, baseload electric power which can be relied on to handle peak loads, as long as minimum criteria are met for wind speed and turbine height.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Wind power
evidence: "Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms" (PDF).
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Great Lakes Storm of 1913
evidence: The immense volume of water in the five Great Lakes holds heat that allows the lakes to remain relatively warm for much later into the year and postpones the Arctic spread in the region.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Great Lakes
evidence: "More recently, evaporation over lakes has steadily been increasing, largely due to increases in water surface temperature," Gronewold said.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Great Lakes
evidence: Dynamically updated data Surface temperatures Water levels Currents Ship locations Water levels since 1918
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Lake Erie
evidence: Because it is the shallowest, it is also the warmest of the Great Lakes, and in 1999 this almost became a problem for two nuclear power plants which require cool lake water to keep their reactors cool.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Lake Superior
evidence: Current Great Lakes Water Levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Soares finds lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Correlation does not imply causation
evidence: The two variables aren't related at all, but correlate by chance.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cross-correlation
evidence: In time series analysis and statistics, the cross-correlation of a pair of random process is the correlation between values of the processes at different times, as a function of the two times.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pearson correlation coefficient
evidence: In statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC, pronounced /ˈpɪərsən/), also referred to as Pearson's r, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) or the bivariate correlation, is a measure of the linear correlation between two variables X and Y.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pearson correlation coefficient
evidence: According to the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality it has a value between +1 and −1, where 1 is total positive linear correlation, 0 is no linear correlation, and −1 is total negative linear correlation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pearson correlation coefficient
evidence: A value of 0 implies that there is no linear correlation between the variables.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: It is extremely likely (95–100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951–2010.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Creep (deformation)
evidence: Coble creep is still temperature dependent, as the temperature increases so does the grain boundary diffusion.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Soil respiration
evidence: Due to the increase in temperature of the soil, CO2 levels in our atmosphere increase, and as such the mean average temperature of the Earth is rising.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Soil respiration
evidence: As stated earlier, the CO2 released by soil respiration is a greenhouse gas that will continue to trap energy and increase the global mean temperature if concentrations continue to rise.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Soil respiration
evidence: Temperature will increase respiration exponentially to a maximum, at which point respiration will decrease to zero when enzymatic activity is interrupted.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Virial expansion
evidence: The third virial coefficient thus derived would increase monotonically as temperature is lowered from the critical point to the triple point.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change adaptation
evidence: "Geoengineering: How to Cool Earth--At a Price".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change adaptation
evidence: Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are bearing the brunt of the effects of global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The capacity and potential for humans to adapt, called adaptive capacity, is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations, and developing countries generally have less capacity to adapt.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Greenhouse effect
evidence: The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse effect
evidence: A runaway greenhouse effect involving carbon dioxide and water vapor has long ago been hypothesized to have occurred on Venus, this idea is still largely accepted[citation needed].
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Terraforming of Venus
evidence: Venus receives about twice the sunlight that Earth does, which is thought to have contributed to its runaway greenhouse effect.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Venus
evidence: It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Venus
evidence: The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Water levels correlate with sunspots
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Solar phenomena
evidence: Luminosity decreases caused by sunspots (generally < - 0.3%) are correlated with increases (generally < + 0.05%) caused both by faculae that are associated with active regions as well as the magnetically active 'bright network'.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sun
evidence: At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere, giving rise to pairs of sunspots, roughly aligned east–west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sun
evidence: Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sunspot
evidence: Sunspots number is correlated with the intensity of solar radiation over the period since 1979, when satellite measurements became available.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sunspot
evidence: On longer time scales, such as the solar cycle, other magnetic phenomena (faculae and the chromospheric network) correlate with sunspot occurrence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sustainability
evidence: In 2007 climate scientists of the IPCC concluded that there was at least a 90% probability that atmospheric increase in CO2 was human-induced, mostly as a result of fossil fuel emissions but, to a lesser extent from changes in land use.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Renewable energy investment kills jobs
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: BP
evidence: It established an alternative and low carbon energy business in 2005, with plans to invest $8 billion over a 10-year period into renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and biofuels, and non-renewable sources including natural gas and hydrogen power.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Green-collar worker
evidence: Some 2.3 million people have found renewable energy jobs in recent years, and projected investments of $630 billion by 2030 would translate into at least 20 million additional jobs.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Renewable energy commercialization
evidence: A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Renewable energy commercialization
evidence: Renewable power has been more effective in creating jobs than coal or oil in the United States.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Renewable energy
evidence: Globally there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: CO2 limits won't cool the planet
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Occupational CO 2 exposure limits have been set in the United States at 0.5% (5000 ppm) for an eight-hour period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Gaia hypothesis
evidence: As the temperature rises closer to the value the white daisies like, the white daisies outreproduce the black daisies, leading to a larger percentage of white surface, and more sunlight is reflected, reducing the heat input and eventually cooling the planet.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The Schmittner et al. study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change feedback
evidence: This is the "likely" range (greater than 66% probability), based on the expert judgement of the IPCC's authors.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate sensitivity
evidence: For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate sensitivity
evidence: The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C (2.7 to 8.1 °F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
evidence: Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Kyoto Protocol
evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) have produced a range of projections of what the future increase in global mean temperature might be.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Glacier
evidence: The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: If iceberg calving has happened as an average, Greenland lost 294 Gt of its mass during 2007 (one km3 of ice weighs about 0.9 Gt).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenland
evidence: Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenland
evidence: "Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: Between then and 2010, the mountain lost 80 percent of its ice — two-thirds of which since another scientific expedition in the 1970s.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Ben Santer rewrote the 1995 IPCC report
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: In fact, one site said that it was proven in 1996 that Santer had fraudulently altered the IPCC report.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: A Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The IPCC First Assessment Report (FAR) was completed in 1990, and served as the basis of the UNFCCC.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Climate Change 1995, the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR), was finished in 1996.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The IPCC published its First Assessment Report (FAR) in 1990, a supplementary report in 1992, a Second Assessment Report (SAR) in 1995, a Third Assessment Report (TAR) in 2001, a Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) in 2007 and a Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) in 2014.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Royal Society embraces skepticism
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Philosophical skepticism
evidence: Philosophical skepticism (UK spelling: scepticism; from Greek σκέψις skepsis, "inquiry") is a philosophical school of thought that questions the possibility of certainty in knowledge.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Skepticism
evidence: Skepticism (American English) or scepticism (British English, Australian English, and Canadian English) is generally a questioning attitude or doubt towards one or more items of putative knowledge or belief or dogma.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Skepticism
evidence: In India the Ajñana school of philosophy espoused skepticism.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Skepticism
evidence: In this way, Hume embraced what he called a "mitigated" skepticism, while rejecting an "excessive" Pyrrhonian skepticism that he saw as both impractical and psychologically impossible.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Skepticism
evidence: In ordinary usage, skepticism (US) or scepticism (UK) (Greek: 'σκέπτομαι' skeptomai, to search, to think about or look for; see also spelling differences) can refer to: an attitude of doubt or a disposition to incredulity either in general or toward a particular object; the doctrine that true knowledge or some particular knowledge is uncertain; the method of suspended judgment, systematic doubt, or criticism that is characteristic of skeptics (Merriam–Webster).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: IPCC graph showing accelerating trends is misleading
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: A potentially important area for consideration is also the detection of trends in extreme events and the attribution of these trends to human influence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Temperature record of the past 1000 years
evidence: This was the basis of a "schematic diagram" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Climate change in the United States
evidence: Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: For example, developed countries will be negatively affected by increases in the severity and frequency of some extreme weather events, such as heat waves.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: For example, humans living on atoll islands face risks due to sea level rise, sea surface warming, and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Heat wave
evidence: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: John Christy
evidence: We have found that climate models and popular surface temperature data sets overstate the changes in the real atmosphere and that actual changes are not alarming."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements
evidence: Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements
evidence: The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature models.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: UAH satellite temperature dataset
evidence: In comparing these measurements to surface temperature models, it is important to note that values for the lower troposphere measurements taken by the MSU are a weighted average of temperatures over multiple altitudes (roughly 0 to 12 km), and not a surface temperature (as seen in figure above).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: UAH satellite temperature dataset
evidence: The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: 20th century
evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human activities resulting from the industrial revolution have changed the chemical composition of the atmosphere....Deforestation is now the second largest contributor to global warming, after the burning of fossil fuels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming hiatus
evidence: A study published in January 2015 proposed that the hiatus resulted from a 60-year oscillatory pattern of natural variability ssociated with the AMO and PDO, interacting with a secular warming trend due mainly to human caused increases in greenhouse gas levels.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming hiatus
evidence: The 60- to 80-year cycle of the atmospheric and oceanic variability over the North Atlantic was also linked to the hiatus by two studies published in 2013 and was used to infer the length of the hiatus.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: By itself, the climate system experiences various cycles which can last for years (such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation) to decades or centuries.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Nicola Scafetta
evidence: In a 2011 article published in The Open Atmospheric Science Journal ecologist Craig Loehle of the National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (a forest industry institution) and Scafetta forecast that the world climate "may remain approximately steady until 2030-2040, and may at most warm 0.5-1.0°C by 2100 at the estimated 0.66°C/century anthropogenic warming rate".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Nicola Scafetta
evidence: "Hotter sun may affect global warming".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Humans survived past climate changes
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Holocene extinction
evidence: One of the main theories to the extinction is climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: Past Climate Variability in South America and Surrounding Regions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: "Causes of Climate Change over the Past 1000 Years".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleolithic
evidence: This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Quaternary extinction event
evidence: "The character of late-glacial and post-glacial climatic changes".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: We have had ice ages and warmer periods when alligators were found in Spitzbergen.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Ice age
evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ice age
evidence: The colder periods are called glacial periods, the warmer periods interglacials, such as the Eemian Stage.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: The current geological period, the Quaternary, which began about 2.6 million years ago and extends into the present, is marked by warm and cold episodes, cold phases called glacials (Quaternary ice age) lasting about 100,000 years, and which are then interrupted by the warmer interglacials which lasted about 10,000–15,000 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Miocene
evidence: Climates remained moderately warm, although the slow global cooling that eventually led to the Pleistocene glaciations continued.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climatology
evidence: Most climate models include the radiative effects of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Eocene
evidence: Greenhouse gases, in particular carbon dioxide and methane, played a significant role during the Eocene in controlling the surface temperature.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Paleoclimatology
evidence: The opposite effect is volcanism, responsible for the natural greenhouse effect, by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere, thus affecting glaciation (Ice Age) cycles.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Paleoclimatology
evidence: Studies of past changes in the environment and biodiversity often reflect on the current situation, specifically the impact of climate on mass extinctions and biotic recovery and current global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Air pollution
evidence: Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer."
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: 21st century
evidence: Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climate
evidence: Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Cosmic ray
evidence: Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
evidence: The studies of historical data show the recent El Niño variation is most likely linked to global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Quaternary glaciation
evidence: Based on orbital models, the cooling trend initiated about 6,000 years ago will continue for another 23,000 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar activity and climate
evidence: In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: For example, limiting global warming to 1.5 °C relative to pre-industrial levels reduces climate change damages more than a 2 °C limit.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Researchers have warned that current economic modeling may seriously underestimate the impact of potentially catastrophic climate change and point to the need for new models that give a more accurate picture of potential damages.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: For increases in global average temperature exceeding 1.5 to 2.5 °C (relative to global temperatures over the years 1980–1999) and in concomitant atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, projected changes in ecosystems will have predominantly negative consequences for biodiversity and ecosystems goods and services, e.g., water and food supply.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...".
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change denial
evidence: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Evidence from the geological record is consistent with the physics that shows that adding large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere warms the world and may lead to: higher sea levels and flooding of low-lying coasts; greatly changed patterns of rainfall; increased acidity of the oceans; and decreased oxygen levels in seawater.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: 7–10 "There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: There are more than two dozen scientific institutions that develop climate models.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The Geological Society of America (GSA) concurs with assessments by the National Academies of Science (2005), the National Research Council (2006), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) that global climate has warmed and that human activities (mainly greenhouse‐gas emissions) account for most of the warming since the middle 1900s.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Since 2001, 34 national science academies, three regional academies, and both the international InterAcademy Council and International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences have made formal declarations confirming human induced global warming and urging nations to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS