Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Roughly half of each year's CO2 emissions have been absorbed by plants on land and in oceans.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse effect
evidence: This increase in radiative forcing from human activity is attributable mainly to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea
evidence: More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the upper layer of the oceans is increasing by about 2 billion tons per year.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Oceanic carbon cycle
evidence: Current annual increase in atmospheric CO2 is approximately 4 gigatons of carbon.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Oceanic carbon cycle
evidence: Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere at the ocean's surface at an exchange rate which varies locally but on average, the oceans have a net absorption of CO2 2.2 Pg C per year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires
evidence: The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: 2019–20 Australian bushfire season
evidence: "Climate change is one factor affecting how fires in Australia burn, regardless of whether arsonists or lightning started them".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Bushfires in Australia
evidence: Many fires are as a result of either deliberate arson or carelessness, however these fires normally happen in readily accessible areas and are rapidly brought under control.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Bushfires in Australia
evidence: Man-made events include arcing from overhead power lines, arson, accidental ignition in the course of agricultural clearing, grinding and welding activities, campfires, cigarettes and dropped matches, sparks from machinery, and controlled burn escapes.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Bushfires in Australia
evidence: The fires would have been caused by both natural phenomenon and human hands.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
evidence: Intrusions of hot magma into carbon-rich sediments may have triggered the degassing of isotopically light methane in sufficient volumes to cause global warming and the observed isotope anomaly.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Permian–Triassic extinction event
evidence: "Global Warming Led To Atmospheric Hydrogen Sulfide And Permian Extinction".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Permian–Triassic extinction event
evidence: The eruptions would also have emitted carbon dioxide, causing global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Permian–Triassic extinction event
evidence: The resultant global warming may have caused perhaps the most severe anoxic event in the oceans' history: according to this theory, the oceans became so anoxic, anaerobic sulfur-reducing organisms dominated the chemistry of the oceans and caused massive emissions of toxic hydrogen sulfide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: A series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: According to the report plastic will contribute greenhouse gases in the equivalent of 850 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere in 2019.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The pharmaceutical industry emitted 52 megatonnes of Carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in 2015.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Snowball Earth
evidence: The carbon dioxide levels necessary to thaw Earth have been estimated as being 350 times what they are today, about 13% of the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports, by scientific bodies of national or international standing, and by surveys of opinion among climate scientists.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: European Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2007 issued a formal declaration on climate change titled Let's Be Honest: Human activity is most likely responsible for climate warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Dennis Bray and Hans von Storch conducted a survey in August 2008 of 2058 climate scientists from 34 different countries.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sustainability
evidence: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth's ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision-makers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sustainability
evidence: It was signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries, what made it the letter with the most signatures of scientists in history In November 2019, more than 11,000 scientists from 153 countries published a letter in which they warn about big threats to sustainability from climate change if big changes in policies will not happen.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The consensus among scientists and policy-makers is that we’ll pass this point of no return if the global mean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: "The overall risks of climate change impacts can be reduced by limiting the rate and magnitude of climate change" Without new policies to mitigate climate change, projections suggest an increase in global mean temperature in 2100 of 3.7 to 4.8 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels (median values; the range is 2.5 to 7.8 °C including climate uncertainty).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tipping points in the climate system
evidence: The tipping point is difficult to predict, but is estimated to be between 3–4 °C of global temperature rise.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: 7–10 "There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Earth
evidence: "Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Extinction event
evidence: As a result, they are likely to cause the climate to oscillate between cooling and warming, but with an overall trend towards warming as the carbon dioxide they emit can stay in the atmosphere for hundreds of years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global cooling
evidence: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Volcano
evidence: The aerosols increase the Earth's albedo—its reflection of radiation from the Sun back into space—and thus cool the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the stratosphere.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Paris Agreement
evidence: At the conclusion of COP 21 (the 21st meeting of the Conference of the Parties, which guides the Conference), on 12 December 2015, the final wording of the Paris Agreement was adopted by consensus by all of the 195 UNFCCC participating member states and the European Union to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paris Agreement
evidence: On 1 April 2016, the United States and China, which together represent almost 40% of global emissions, issued a joint statement confirming that both countries would sign the Paris Climate Agreement.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Paris Agreement
evidence: 187 states and the EU, representing more than 87% of global greenhouse gas emissions, have ratified or acceded to the Agreement, including China, the United States and India, the countries with three of the four largest greenhouse gas emissions of the UNFCCC members total (about 42% together).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Paris Agreement
evidence: The top four emitters (China, USA, EU28 and India) contribute to over 55% of the total emissions over the last decade, excluding emissions from land-use change such as deforestation.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Paris Agreement
evidence: The US emits 13% of global emissions and emissions rose 2.5% in 2018.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Low-carbon economy
evidence: GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar activity and climate
evidence: In 2000, Lassen and Thejll updated their 1991 research and concluded that while the solar cycle accounted for about half the temperature rise since 1900, it failed to explain a rise of 0.4 °C since 1980.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar activity and climate
evidence: Under this scenario, they claimed the Sun might have contributed 50% of the observed global warming since 1900.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar activity and climate
evidence: estimated that the residual effects of the prolonged high solar activity during the last 30 years account for between 16% and 36% of warming from 1950 to 1999.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar activity and climate
evidence: Their reported relationship appeared to account for nearly 80 per cent of measured temperature changes over this period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: A wide variety of temperature proxies together prove that the 20th century was the hottest recorded in the last 2,000 years.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: Regarding the draft conclusion that the 20th Century was the warmest in the last 1000 years, he said "We don't accept this.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: The SPM statement in the IPCC TAR of 2001 had been that it was "likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year" in the past 1,000 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: 2013 used seafloor and lake bed sediment proxies to reconstruct global temperatures over the past 11,300 years, the last 1,000 years of which confirmed the original MBH99 hockey stick graph.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Holocene extinction
evidence: However, the annual mean temperature of the current interglacial period for the last 10,000 years is no higher than that of previous interglacial periods, yet some of the same megafauna survived similar temperature increases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is misleading humanity about climate change and sea levels, and that in fact a new solar-driven cooling period is not far off.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: "Robust findings" of the Synthesis report include: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: "Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries even if GHG emissions were to be reduced sufficiently for GHG concentrations to stabilise, due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: On the eve of the publication of IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 another study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during IPCC's 2001 Third Assessment Report.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Over the six years studied, the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by IPCC's 2001 projection, and the actual sea level rise was above the top of the range of the IPCC projection.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The human contribution to global warming was about 0.01°C.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Current pledges made as part of the Paris Agreement would lead to about 3.0 °C of warming at the end of the 21st century, relative to pre-industrial levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO 2.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Patrick Michaels
evidence: In 2018, Michaels asserted on Fox News, "probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: "Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: International Space Station
evidence: During various station activities and crew rest times, the lights in the ISS can be dimmed, switched off, and color temperatures adjusted.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: NASA
evidence: On January 14, 1958, NACA Director Hugh Dryden published "A National Research Program for Space Technology" stating: Play media It is of great urgency and importance to our country both from consideration of our prestige as a nation as well as military necessity that this challenge [Sputnik] be met by an energetic program of research and development for the conquest of space ...
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: NASA
evidence: ""2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
evidence: Tests and adjusted calculations later confirmed that the temperature of the joint was not substantially different from the ambient temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: New Study Confirms EVs Considerably Worse For Climate Than Diesel Cars.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Car
evidence: As of 2018[update] the average diesel car has a worse effect on air quality than the average gasoline car But both gasoline and diesel cars pollute more than electric cars.While there are different ways to power cars most rely on gasoline or diesel, and they consume almost a quarter of world oil production as of 2019[update].
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Car
evidence: "EEA report confirms: electric cars are better for climate and air quality".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Electric vehicle
evidence: A study by Cambridge Econometrics shows the potential air pollution benefits of EVs.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Electric vehicle
evidence: However, looking at the well-to-wheel efficiency of EVs, their total emissions, while still lower, are closer to an efficient gasoline or diesel in most countries where electricity generation relies on fossil fuels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Electric vehicle
evidence: The lifecycle analysis of EVs shows that even when powered by the most carbon intensive electricity in Europe, they emit less greenhouse gases than a conventional diesel vehicle.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago — before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: The daily average concentration of atmospheric CO 2 at Mauna Loa Observatory first exceeded 400 ppm on 10 May 2013 although this concentration had already been reached in the Arctic in June 2012.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: The National Geographic wrote that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is this high "for the first time in 55 years of measurement—and probably more than 3 million years of Earth history."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: The current concentration may be the highest in the last 20 million years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: About 34 million years ago, the time of the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event and when the Antarctic ice sheet started to take its current form, CO 2 was about 760 ppm, and there is geochemical evidence that concentrations were less than 300 ppm by about 20 million years ago.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Sea level rise due to climate change is not going to happen.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Kiribati
evidence: The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: In September 2019 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change published a report about the impact of climate change on the oceans including sea level rise.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "The Oceans We Know Won't Survive Climate Change".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Fossil fuel
evidence: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse effect
evidence: The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar effect.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
evidence: This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: The Atlantic is set to warm at a faster pace than the Pacific.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Australia
evidence: "Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Australia
evidence: According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, "the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Australia
evidence: Furthermore, 2014 was Australia's third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in 1910.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Australia
evidence: January 2019 was the hottest month ever in Australia with average temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Australia
evidence: Australia has grown at an average annual rate of 3.6% for over 15 years, in comparison to the OECD annual average of 2.5%.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate
evidence: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climatology
evidence: These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperatures, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher latitudes.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Additional disputes concern estimates of climate sensitivity, predictions of additional warming, what the consequences of global warming will be, and what to do about it.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: The effects of climate change, in combination with the sustained increases in greenhouse gas emissions, have led scientists to characterize it as a climate emergency.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hurricane Harvey
evidence: "It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hurricane Harvey
evidence: The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hurricane Harvey
evidence: Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hurricane Harvey
evidence: "Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: 2000s (decade)
evidence: The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: "Episodic fresh surface waters in the Eocene Arctic Ocean".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change and ecosystems
evidence: Alterations to the ocean currents, due to increased freshwater inputs from glacier melt, and the potential alterations to thermohaline circulation of the worlds oceans, may affect existing fisheries upon which humans depend as well.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Mediterranean Sea
evidence: Because of the short residence time of waters, the Mediterranean Sea is considered a hot-spot for climate change effects.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: The Independent Climate Change Email Review report was published on 7 July 2010.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global cooling
evidence: Academic analysis of the peer-reviewed studies published at that time shows that most papers examining aspects of climate during the 1970s were either neutral or showed a warming trend.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: The highly publicised figures came from work still undergoing peer review, and CICERO would wait until they had been published in a journal before disseminating the results.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: His 1861 paper proposed changing concentrations of these gases could have caused "all the mutations of climate which the researches of geologists reveal" and would explain ice age changes.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Müller 2010; The New York Times, 25 May 2015; UNFCCC: Copenhagen 2009. openDemocracy, 12 January 2010; EUobserver, 20 December 2009.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: 20th century
evidence: The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 20th century
evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change feedback
evidence: The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate sensitivity
evidence: Without feedbacks the radiative forcing of approximately 3.7 W/m2, due to doubling CO 2 from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, would eventually result in roughly 1 °C global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate sensitivity
evidence: Neglecting other forcings and considering the temperature increase to be an equilibrium increase would lead to a sensitivity of about 1.1 °C (2.0 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Permian–Triassic extinction event
evidence: Further evidence for environmental change around the P–Tr boundary suggests an 8 °C (14 °F) rise in temperature, and an increase in CO 2 levels by 2000 ppm (for comparison, the concentration immediately before the industrial revolution was 280 ppm, and the amount today is about 410 ppm).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Kyoto Protocol
evidence: The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature ("global warming") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scott Pruitt
evidence: On March 9, 2017, in an interview on CNBC's Squawk Box, Pruitt stated that he "would not agree that" carbon dioxide is "a primary contributor to the global warming that we see" backing up his claim by stating that "measuring with precision human activity on the climate is something very challenging to do and there's tremendous disagreement about the degree of impact."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scott Pruitt
evidence: In March 2017, Pruitt said that he does not believe that human activities, specifically carbon dioxide emissions, are a primary contributor to climate change, a view which is in contradiction with the scientific consensus.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scott Pruitt
evidence: Pruitt rejects the scientific consensus that human-caused carbon dioxide emissions are a primary contributor to climate change.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: no one really knows if last year 2016 was a global temperature record.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: This allows a temperature record to be constructed.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: James Hansen
evidence: But we know the last time the world was 2 degrees warmer, sea level was 6 meters or 20 feet higher."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: James Hansen
evidence: "Breaking global temperature records after Mt.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Georgia (U.S. state)
evidence: The highest temperature ever recorded is 112 °F (44.4 °C) in Louisville on July 24, 1952, while the lowest is −17 °F (−27.2 °C) in northern Floyd County on January 27, 1940.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice core
evidence: At lower temperatures, the difference is more pronounced.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: San Francisco
evidence: The lowest recorded temperature was 27 °F (−3 °C) on December 11, 1932.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: U.S. state and territory temperature extremes
evidence: The following table lists the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in the 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and the 5 inhabited U.S. territories during the past two centuries, in both Fahrenheit and Celsius.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: U.S. state and territory temperature extremes
evidence: record low of 40°F in 1911 in Aibonito and 1966 in San Sebastian in Puerto Rico), only the most recent date is shown.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO