Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water to produce sugars from which other organic compounds can be constructed, and oxygen is produced as a by-product.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Phototrophs use the products of their photosynthesis as internal food sources and as raw material for the biosynthesis of more complex organic molecules, such as polysaccharides, nucleic acids and proteins.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carnivorous plant
evidence: The energy is used to reduce carbon dioxide from the air with electrons from water to make sugars (and other biomass) and a waste product, oxygen, in the process of photosynthesis.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Photosynthesis
evidence: Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs, which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: These include carbon dioxide (chemical formula: CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2O), and a group of gases referred to as halocarbons.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: Examples of mitigation include reducing energy demand by increasing energy efficiency, phasing out fossil fuels by switching to low-carbon energy sources, and removing carbon dioxide from Earth's atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Climate change denial
evidence: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: "How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Note that computer models are just concatenations of calculations you could do on a hand-held calculator, so they are theoretical and cannot be part of any evidence."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Computer science
evidence: In 1937, one hundred years after Babbage's impossible dream, Howard Aiken convinced IBM, which was making all kinds of punched card equipment and was also in the calculator business to develop his giant programmable calculator, the ASCC/Harvard Mark I, based on Babbage's Analytical Engine, which itself used cards and a central computing unit.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Computer science
evidence: Peter Denning's working group argued that they are theory, abstraction (modeling), and design.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Computer science
evidence: In an effort to answer the first question, computability theory examines which computational problems are solvable on various theoretical models of computation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Computer
evidence: This usage of the term referred to a human computer, a person who carried out calculations or computations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mathematics
evidence: When reconsidering data from experiments and samples or when analyzing data from observational studies, statisticians "make sense of the data" using the art of modelling and the theory of inference – with model selection and estimation; the estimated models and consequential predictions should be tested on new data.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming potential
evidence: The radiative forcing capacity (RF) is the amount of energy per unit area, per unit time, absorbed by the greenhouse gas, that would otherwise be lost to space.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Greenhouse gases are those that absorb and emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range emitted by Earth.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The peak of the thermal IR emission from Earth's surface is very close to a strong vibrational absorption band of CO 2 (wavelength 15 microns, or wavenumber 667 cm−1).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: On the other hand, the single CO vibrational band only absorbs IR at much shorter wavelengths (4.7 microns, or 2145 cm−1), where the emission of radiant energy from Earth's surface is at least a factor of ten lower.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Mars, Triton, Pluto and Jupiter all show global warming, pointing to the Sun as the dominating influence in determining climate throughout the solar system."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: As the Sun is the Earth's primary energy source, changes in incoming sunlight directly affect the climate system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Triton (moon)
evidence: As Neptune orbits the Sun, Triton's polar regions take turns facing the Sun, resulting in seasonal changes as one pole, then the other, moves into the sunlight.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Quaternary glaciation
evidence: Based on orbital models, the cooling trend initiated about 6,000 years ago will continue for another 23,000 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar activity and climate
evidence: In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Aqua (satellite)
evidence: Aqua carries six instruments for studies of water on the Earth's surface and in the atmosphere, of which four are still operating: Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E) — measures cloud properties, sea surface temperature, near-surface wind speed, radiative energy flux, surface water, ice and snow.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Aqua (satellite)
evidence: Cooler A telemetry became frozen on March 24, 2014, but this had no impact on science gathering.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: JAXA
evidence: Starting from 1979 with Hakucho (CORSA-b), for nearly two decades Japan had achieved continuous observation with its Hinotori, Tenma, Ginga and ASCA (ASTRO-A through D) x-ray observation satellites.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: JAXA
evidence: However, due to various reasons,[specify] both satellites had a much shorter than expected life term.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Moon
evidence: Using the mapper's reflectance spectra, indirect lighting of areas in shadow confirmed water ice within 20° latitude of both poles in 2018.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Arctic sea ice has been steadily thinning, even in the last few years while the surface ice (eg - sea ice extent) increased slightly.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: The Arctic ice pack is thinning, and a seasonal hole in the ozone layer frequently occurs.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: Nevertheless, as all the explorers who travelled closer and closer to the pole reported, the polar ice cap is quite thick, and persists year-round.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: A 2018 study of the thickness of sea ice found a decrease of 66% or 2.0 m over the last six decades and a shift from permanent ice to largely seasonal ice cover.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic
evidence: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic
evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: From 2008 to 2011, Arctic sea ice minimum extent was higher than 2007, but it did not return to the levels of previous years.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: "Twentieth century global warming did not start until  1910.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: 20th century
evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: 20th century
evidence: Increasing awareness of global warming began in the 1980s, commencing decades of social and political debate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: From 1938 Guy Stewart Callendar published evidence that climate was warming and CO 2 levels increasing, but his calculations met the same objections.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: By that time CO2 emissions had already risen from the expanded use  of coal that had powered the industrial revolution, and emissions only  increased slowly from 3.5gigatonnes in 1910 to under 4gigatonnes by the  end of the Second World War.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: In 2010, 9.14 gigatonnes of carbon (GtC, equivalent to 33.5 gigatonnes of CO 2 or about 4.3 ppm in Earth's atmosphere) were released from fossil fuels and cement production worldwide, compared to 6.15 GtC in 1990.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Fossil fuel
evidence: The widescale use of fossil fuels, coal at first and petroleum later, to fire steam engines enabled the Industrial Revolution.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: It was the post war  industrialization that caused the rapid rise in global CO2 emissions,  but by 1945 when this began, the Earth was already in a cooling phase  that started around 1942 and continued until 1975.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 20th century
evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Between 1970 and 2004, global growth in annual CO 2 emissions was driven by North America, Asia, and the Middle East.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: With 32 years of  rapidly increasing global temperatures and only a minor increase in  global CO2 emissions, followed by 33 years of slowly cooling global  temperatures with rapid increases in global CO2 emissions, it was  deceitful for the IPCC to make any claim that CO2 emissions were  primarily responsible for observed 20th century global warming."
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: "The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
evidence: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
evidence: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Eocene
evidence: This warming is short lived, as benthic oxygen isotope records indicate a return to cooling at ~40 million years ago.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Quaternary glaciation
evidence: Before the current ice age, which began 2 to 3 Ma, Earth's climate was typically mild and uniform for long periods of time.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: El Niño
evidence: The ENSO is the cycle of warm and cold sea surface temperature (SST) of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
evidence: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
evidence: An especially strong Walker circulation causes La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean due to increased upwelling.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: La Niña
evidence: During a period of La Niña, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3 to 5°C (5.4 to 9°F).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: La Niña
evidence: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn’t been warming since 1970.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Sun
evidence: At the photosphere, the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g/m3 (about 1/6,000 the density of air at sea level).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sun
evidence: As one fragment of the cloud collapsed it also began to rotate because of conservation of angular momentum and heat up with the increasing pressure.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sun
evidence: The Sun is gradually becoming hotter during its time on the main sequence, because the helium atoms in the core occupy less volume than the hydrogen atoms that were fused.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sun
evidence: However, the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history, and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sun
evidence: By contrast, the Sun's surface temperature is approximately 5,800 K. Recent analysis of SOHO mission data favors a faster rotation rate in the core than in the radiative zone above.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The IPCC blames human emissions of carbon dioxide for the last  warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Deep reductions in non-CO2 emissions (such as nitrous oxide and methane) will also be required to limit warming to 1.5 °C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The seven sources of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000–2004): Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N 2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Furthermore, it is physically incorrect to state that the planet is simply "recovering" from the Little Ice Age.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: "When and how did the ice age end?
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: According to JM Lamb of Cambridge University the little ice age was already under way in Canada and Switzerland and in the wider North Atlantic region in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries "Worldwide glacier retreat".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate system
evidence: Volcanic eruptions, solar variations and anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere and land use change are external forcings.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate system
evidence: These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate
evidence: Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Earth's energy budget
evidence: Natural climate forcings include changes in the Sun's brightness, Milankovitch cycles (small variations in the shape of Earth's orbit and its axis of rotation that occur over thousands of years) and volcanic eruptions that inject light-reflecting particles as high as the stratosphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: 20th century
evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: The major differences between the various proxy reconstructions relate to the magnitude of past cool excursions, principally during the twelfth to fourteenth, seventeenth and nineteenth centuries.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: There is still a very poor understanding of the correlation between low sunspot activity and cooling temperatures.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Solar activity and climate
evidence: Stott's group found that combining these factors enabled them to closely simulate global temperature changes throughout the 20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global cooling
evidence: Although the temperature drops foreseen by this mechanism have now been discarded in light of better theory and the observed warming, aerosols are thought to have contributed a cooling tendency (outweighed by increases in greenhouse gases) and also have contributed to "Global Dimming."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global dimming
evidence: While most of the earth has warmed, the regions that are downwind from major sources of air pollution (specifically sulfur dioxide emissions) have generally cooled.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global dimming
evidence: Global dimming is thought to have been caused by an increase in particulates or aerosols, such as sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere due to human action.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global dimming
evidence: "Changes in mid-latitude variability due to increasing greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: From 1961 to 1990, a gradual reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface was observed, a phenomenon popularly known as global dimming, typically attributed to aerosols from biofuel and fossil fuel burning.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: "January 2008 capped a 12 month period of global temperature drops on all of the major well respected indicators.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Latvia
evidence: With average temperature +8.1 °C (47 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Month
evidence: The Iranian / Persian calendar, currently used in Iran and Afghanistan, also has 12 months.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Year
evidence: All of these events can have wide variations of more than a month from year to year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Year
evidence: Its average duration is 365.256363004 days (365 d 6 h 9 min 9.76 s) (at the epoch J2000.0 = January 1, 2000, 12:00:00 TT).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Year
evidence: It has a duration of approximately 354.37 days.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "The killer proof that CO2 does not drive climate is to be found during the Ordovician- Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods when CO2 levels were greater than 4000 ppmv (parts per million by volume) and about 2000 ppmv respectively.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Devonian
evidence: The Devonian (/dɪˈvoʊn.i.ən, də-, dɛ-/ dih-VOH-nee-ən, də-, deh-) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic, spanning 60 million years from the end of the Silurian, 419.2 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, 358.9 Mya.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Jurassic
evidence: The Jurassic (/dʒʊˈræs.ɪk/ juu-RASS-ik; from the Jura Mountains) is a geologic period and system that spanned 56 million years from the end of the Triassic Period 201.3 million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period 145 Mya.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ordovician
evidence: The Ordovician spans 41.6 million years from the end of the Cambrian Period 485.4 million years ago (Mya) to the start of the Silurian Period 443.8 Mya.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Silurian
evidence: The Silurian (/sɪˈljʊər.i.ən, saɪ-/ sih-LYOOR-ee-ən, sy-) is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at 443.8 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, 419.2 Mya.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Triassic
evidence: The Triassic (/traɪˈæs.ɪk/ try-ASS-ik) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.9 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.3 Mya.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Anoxic event
evidence: These anoxic periods occurred at a time of low global temperatures (although CO 2 levels were high), in the midst of a glaciation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Less direct geological evidence indicates that CO2 values have not been this high for millions of years.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 415 ppm, or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Ice age
evidence: At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: "Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Moscow
evidence: The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Moscow
evidence: The average July temperature from 1981 to 2010 is 19.2 °C (66.6 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Moscow
evidence: The lowest ever recorded temperature was −42.1 °C (−43.8 °F) in January 1940.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Moscow
evidence: The annual temperature rose from 5.0 °C (41.0 °F)[citation needed] to 5.8 °C (42.4 °F) in the new 1981–2010 normals.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Rio de Janeiro
evidence: "Record lowest temperature since 7.3 °C (45.1 °F) in 2000".
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'."
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: "The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tropical cyclone
evidence: All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tundra
evidence: During the winter it is very cold and dark, with the average temperature around −28 °C (−18 °F), sometimes dipping as low as −50 °C (−58 °F).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Tundra
evidence: Generally daytime temperatures during the summer rise to about 12 °C (54 °F) but can often drop to 3 °C (37 °F) or even below freezing.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Early 20th century warming was in large part due to rising solar activity and relatively quiet volcanic activity.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: 20th century
evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: 20th century
evidence: One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Huaynaputina
evidence: "Impact of powerful volcanic eruptions and solar activity on the climate above the Arctic Circle".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Volcano
evidence: Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere (or troposphere); however, they also absorb heat radiated from the Earth, thereby warming the upper atmosphere (or stratosphere).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Volcano
evidence: The aerosols increase the Earth's albedo—its reflection of radiation from the Sun back into space—and thus cool the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the stratosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Volcano
evidence: Large injections may cause visual effects such as unusually colorful sunsets and affect global climate mainly by cooling it.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Volcano
evidence: This magma tends to be extremely viscous because of its high silica content, so it often does not attain the surface but cools and solidifies at depth.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Volcano
evidence: Such volcanoes are able to severely cool global temperatures for many years after the eruption due to the huge volumes of sulfur and ash released into the atmosphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: While natural forcings can account for much of the early 20th Century warming, humans played a role as well.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: (2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Most of the global average warming over the past 50 years is "very likely" (greater than 90% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: Some researchers have proposed that human influences on climate began earlier than is normally supposed (see Early anthropocene for more details) and that major population declines in Eurasia and the Americas reduced this impact, leading to a cooling trend.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "Satellite measurements indicate an absence of significant global warming since 1979, the very period that human carbon dioxide emissions have been increasing rapidly.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate
evidence: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: General circulation model
evidence: These models project an upward trend in the surface temperature record, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher altitudes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The global dimming trend reversed around 1990 - 15 years after the global warming trend began in the mid 1970's.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global dimming
evidence: The trend reversed in the early 1990s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global dimming
evidence: The brightening seen at sites in Antarctica during the 1990s, influenced by recovering from the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption in 1991, fades after 2000.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global dimming
evidence: In China there is some indication for a renewed dimming, after the stabilization in the 1990s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global dimming
evidence: A 2007 NASA sponsored satellite-based study sheds light on the puzzling observations by other scientists that the amount of sunlight reaching Earth's surface had been steadily declining in recent decades, began to reverse around 1990.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: From 1961 to 1990, a gradual reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface was observed, a phenomenon popularly known as global dimming, typically attributed to aerosols from biofuel and fossil fuel burning.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: (Kerr 2007) points out that the sunlight-reflecting haze that cools much of the planet seems to have thinned over the past decade or so.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Pale Blue Dot
evidence: Pale Blue Dot is a photograph of planet Earth taken on February 14, 1990, by the Voyager 1 space probe from a record distance of about 6 billion kilometers (3.7 billion miles, 40.5 AU), as part of that day's Family Portrait series of images of the Solar System.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pale Blue Dot
evidence: In the photograph, Earth's apparent size is less than a pixel; the planet appears as a tiny dot against the vastness of space, among bands of sunlight reflected by the camera.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pale Blue Dot
evidence: Earth appears as a blue dot primarily because of Rayleigh scattering of sunlight in its atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Titan (moon)
evidence: Before the arrival of Voyager 1 in 1980, Titan was thought to be slightly larger than Ganymede (diameter 5,262 kilometers (3,270 mi)) and thus the largest moon in the Solar System; this was an overestimation caused by Titan's dense, opaque atmosphere, with a haze layer 100-200 kilometres above its surface.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Titan (moon)
evidence: Conversely, haze in Titan's atmosphere contributes to an anti-greenhouse effect by reflecting sunlight back into space, cancelling a portion of the greenhouse effect and making its surface significantly colder than its upper atmosphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS