Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Correlation does not imply causation
evidence: Example 2 In other cases it may simply be unclear which is the cause and which is the effect.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hawthorne effect
evidence: [vague] Possible explanations for the Hawthorne effect include the impact of feedback and motivation towards the experimenter.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Network effect
evidence: [citation needed] Because of the positive feedback often associated with the network effect, system dynamics can be used as a modelling method to describe the phenomena.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Network effect
evidence: Just as positive network externalities (network effects) cause positive feedback and exponential growth, negative network externalities create negative feedback and exponential decay.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Positive feedback
evidence: When a change occurs in a system, positive feedback causes further change, in the same direction.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "Many people think the science of climate change is settled.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities", and it "is largely irreversible".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Regrettably, this creates the impression that scientific opinion is evenly divided or completely unsettled" Begley 2007: "polls found that 64 percent of Americans thought there was 'a lot' of scientific disagreement on climate change; only one third thought planetary warming was "mainly caused by things people do."
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community, such as human responsibility for global warming, remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay, dismiss or deny them—an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: "The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: A question that frequently arises in popular discussion is whether there is a scientific consensus on climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The geologic record provides us with abundant evidence for such perpetual natural climate variability, from icecaps reaching almost to the equator to none at all, even at the poles.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Mesozoic
evidence: Even with the overall warmth, temperature fluctuations should have been sufficient for the presence of polar ice caps and glaciers, but there is no evidence of either.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleocene
evidence: Based on this and estimated plant-gas exchange rates and global surface temperatures, the climate sensitivity was calculated to be +3 °C when CO2 levels doubled, compared to 7° following the formation of ice at the poles.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleocene
evidence: About 60.5 mya at the Danian/Selandian boundary, there is evidence of anoxia spreading out into coastal waters, and a drop in sea levels which is most likely explained as an increase in temperature and evaporation, as there was no ice at the poles to lock up water.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Paleocene
evidence: Warm coastal upwellings at the poles would have inhibited permanent ice cover.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Triassic
evidence: There is no evidence of glaciation at or near either pole; in fact, the polar regions were apparently moist and temperate, providing a climate suitable for forests and vertebrates, including reptiles.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Emissions trading
evidence: There is no consensus over the magnitude of long-term carbon leakage.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: London
evidence: On average the price per square metre in central London is €24,252 (April 2014).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Percentage
evidence: In mathematics, a percentage (from Latin per centum "by a hundred") is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Percentage
evidence: ", as opposed to "per cent".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Watts Up With That?
evidence: Watts Up With That features material disputing the scientific consensus on climate change, including claims the human role in global warming is insignificant and carbon dioxide is not a driving force of warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Science
evidence: Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Science
evidence: Theories vary in the extent to which they have been tested and verified, as well as their acceptance in the scientific community.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Science
evidence: For example, knowing the details of only a person's genetics, or their history and upbringing, or the current situation may not explain a behavior, but a deep understanding of all these variables combined can be very predictive.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Science
evidence: This realization is the topic of intersubjective verifiability, as recounted, for example, by Max Born (1949, 1965) Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance, who points out that all knowledge, including natural or social science, is also subjective.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Science
evidence: Aristotle maintained that man knows a thing scientifically "when he possesses a conviction arrived at in a certain way, and when the first principles on which that conviction rests are known to him with certainty".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global cooling
evidence: The paper suggested that the global warming due to greenhouse gases would tend to have less effect with greater densities, and while aerosol pollution could cause warming, it was likely that it would tend to have a cooling effect which increased with density.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: James Hansen
evidence: In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: James Hansen
evidence: He described this as a Faustian bargain because atmospheric aerosols had health risks, and should be reduced, but doing so would effectively increase the warming effects from CO 2.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities", and it "is largely irreversible".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: In principle, this means that any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report cannot be included.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: To inform decisions on adaptation and mitigation, it is critical that we improve our understanding of the global climate system and our ability to project future climate through continued and improved monitoring and research.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: They provide an analysis of what is known and not known, the degree of consensus, and some indication of the degree of confidence that can be placed on the various statements and conclusions."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The statement stresses that the scientific understanding of climate change is now sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action, and explicitly endorsed the IPCC consensus.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea  level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising  much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is  at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone."
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Ice age
evidence: This low precipitation allows high-latitude snowfalls to melt during the summer.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: During the last glacial period the sea-level has fluctuated 20–30 m as water was sequestered, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: During the most recent North American glaciation, during the latter part of the Last Glacial Maximum (26,000 to 13,300 years ago), ice sheets extended to about 45th parallel north.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Last Glacial Period
evidence: As a result of melting ice, the land has continued to rise yearly in Scandinavia, mostly in northern Sweden and Finland where the land is rising at a rate of as much as 8–9 mm per year, or 1 meter in 100 years.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level
evidence: For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Observed sea levels are actually tracking at the upper range of the IPCC projections.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: James Hansen
evidence: Rahmstorf and coauthors showed concern that sea levels are rising at the high range of the IPCC projections, and that this was due to thermal expansion and not from melting of the Greenland or Antarctic ice sheets.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: In its fifth assessment report (2013) the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated how much sea level is likely to rise in the 21st century based on different levels of greenhouse gas emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10 ft), for the year 2100.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: In high emission scenario, it will be 34 cm by 2050 and 111 cm by 2100.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: This small warming is  likely a result of the natural alterations in global ocean currents  which are driven by ocean salinity variations.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea
evidence: This movement is slow and is driven by differences in density of the water caused by variations in salinity and temperature.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
evidence: However, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is driven by ocean temperature and salinity differences.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Thermohaline circulation
evidence: In the deep ocean, the predominant driving force is differences in density, caused by salinity and temperature variations (increasing salinity and lowering the temperature of a fluid both increase its density).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Thermohaline circulation
evidence: The thermohaline circulation is mainly driven by the formation of deep water masses in the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean caused by differences in temperature and salinity of the water.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: An Inconvenient Truth
evidence: White House deputy press secretary Dana Perino stated that "The president noted in 2001 the increase in temperatures over the past 100 years and that the increase in greenhouse gases was due to a certain extent to human activity".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climate change denial
evidence: According to these groups, there is natural variability that will abate over time, and human influences have little to do with it.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ecology
evidence: Human-driven modifications to the planet's ecosystems (e.g., disturbance, biodiversity loss, agriculture) contributes to rising atmospheric greenhouse gas levels.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: The Great Global Warming Swindle
evidence: Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and temperature change since 1940.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "The IPCC also made false predictions on the Amazon rain forests, referenced to a non peer-reviewed paper produced by an advocacy group working with the WWF.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: The source cited in the report for this claim is a non-peer reviewed policy paper published by International Institute for Sustainable Development, a Canadian think tank.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson said "Any such projection should be based on peer-reviewed literature from computer modelling of how agricultural yields would respond to climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Rather, it assesses published literature, including peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Examples of non-peer-reviewed sources include model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: "Likely" means greater than 66% probability of being correct, based on expert judgement.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The IPCC has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect, while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The date of 2035 has been correctly quoted by the IPCC from the WWF report, which has misquoted its own source, an ICSI report "Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The National Research Council's report agreed that there were some statistical failings, but these had little effect on the graph, which was generally correct.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: In May 2010, Pachauri noted that the IPCC currently had no process for responding to errors or flaws once it issued a report.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Google Scholar
evidence: Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other scholarly literature, including court opinions and patents.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: He stated that MBH had given out their full data and descriptions of methods, and were not the only evidence in the IPCC TAR that recent temperatures were likely the warmest in 1,000 years; "a variety of independent lines of evidence, summarized in a number of peer-reviewed publications, were cited in support".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed sources (the "grey literature"), provided that they are of sufficient quality.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Retractions in academic publishing
evidence: In academic publishing, a retraction is a statement published in an academic journal stating that a peer-reviewed article previously published in the journal should be considered invalid as a source of knowledge.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific journal
evidence: Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: On a world scale coral reefs are in decline.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Conservation biology
evidence: Global assessments of coral reefs of the world continue to report drastic and rapid rates of decline.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coral reef
evidence: "From despair to repair: Dramatic decline of Caribbean corals can be reversed".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coral reef
evidence: According to the Caribbean Coral Reefs - Status Report 19702-2012, states that; stop overfishing especially fishes key to coral reef like parrotfish, coastal zone management that reduce human pressure on reef, (for example restricting coastal settlement, development and tourism) and control pollution specially sewage, may reduce coral decline or even reverse it.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coral
evidence: In 1998, 16% of the world's reefs died as a result of increased water temperature.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Marine protected area
evidence: Coral reef systems have been in decline worldwide.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Over the last 30-40 years 80% of coral in the Caribbean have been destroyed and 50% in Indonesia and the Pacific.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
evidence: The tsunami devastated the northwestern coastlines of Sumatra, especially in Aceh Province, Indonesia, about 20 minutes after the initial earthquake.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Coral bleaching
evidence: During this time, over 70 percent of the coral reefs around the world have become damaged.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Coral bleaching
evidence: The Indian Ocean in 1998 reported 20% of its coral had died and 80% was bleached.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Coral
evidence: In 1998, 16% of the world's reefs died as a result of increased water temperature.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coral
evidence: Over 50% of the world's coral reefs may be destroyed by 2030; as a result, most nations protect them through environmental laws.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "Three recent articles give us reason to question the alarmists’ claims  that coral reefs are in deep trouble due to the buildup of greenhouse  gases." (World Climate Report)
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Coral reef
evidence: Greenhouse gas emissions present a broader threat through sea temperature rise and sea level rise, though corals adapt their calcifying fluids to changes in seawater pH and carbonate levels and are not directly threatened by ocean acidification.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased "Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: It is "extremely likely" that this warming arises from "human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Over the past 250 years, humans have added just one part of CO2 in 10,000 to the atmosphere.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: As a result of this balance, the atmospheric mole fraction of carbon dioxide remained between 260 and 280 parts per million for the 10,000 years between the end of the last glacial maximum and the start of the industrial era.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Since the time of the Industrial Revolution about 200 years ago, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased from about 280 parts per million to 370 parts per million, an increase of around 30%.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Volcanoes emit around 0.3 billion tonnes of CO2 per year.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: In current trend, annual emissions will grow to 1.34 billion tonnes by 2030.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hekla
evidence: In total 24,000 tonnes of CO2 was emitted.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: NW Rota-1
evidence: The volcano produces about 400,000 ± 100,000 tonnes per year (400,000 ± 100,000 t/a) of CO 2, which is about 0.2–0.6% of the worldwide CO 2 flux at subaerial volcanoes.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Volcano
evidence: Volcanic activity releases about 130 to 230 teragrams (145 million to 255 million short tons) of carbon dioxide each year.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: "Each unit of CO2 you put into the atmosphere has less and less of a warming impact.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Emissions trading
evidence: The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Human impact on the environment
evidence: This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide, for which transport is the fastest-growing emission sector.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Incineration
evidence: Still the global warming potential of the landfill gas emitted to atmosphere is significant.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Kyoto Protocol
evidence: The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Physical impacts of climate change
evidence: This additional CO2 led to a projected increase in warming of between 0.1 and 1.5 °C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Once the atmosphere reaches a saturation point, additional input of CO2 will not really have any major impact.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Atmosphere of Earth
evidence: Both exceed 100% because their CO2 values were increased to 345 ppmv, without changing their other constituents to compensate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: This approach can increase original oil recovery by reducing residual oil saturation by between 7% to 23% additional to primary extraction.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: If the CO2 effect was saturated, adding more CO2 should add no additional greenhouse effect.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: This increase of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere has produced the current episode of global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section "Structure and bonding" above).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section "Structure and bonding" above).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: This argument originates from Angstrom's work in 1901.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Anders Jonas Ångström
evidence: Anders Jonas Ångström (Swedish: [ˈânːdɛʂ ˈjûːnas ˈɔ̂ŋːstrœm]; 13 August 1814 – 21 June 1874) was a Swedish physicist and one of the founders of the science of spectroscopy.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Angstrom
evidence: In 1852, Ångström formulated in Optiska undersökningar (Optical researches), a law of absorption, later modified somewhat and known as Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Angstrom
evidence: This use is evident in Bragg's paper on the structure of ice, which gives the c- and a-axis lattice constants as 4.52 A.U.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Argument
evidence: This classic was originally published in French in 1958.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Rabbit, Run (film)
evidence: Rabbit, Run is a 1970 American independent film directed by Jack Smight.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Heat transfer
evidence: In the case of the Earth-atmosphere system, it refers to the process by which long-wave (infrared) radiation is emitted to balance the absorption of short-wave (visible) energy from the Sun.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ionosphere
evidence: This is the main reason for absorption of HF radio waves, particularly at 10 MHz and below, with progressively less absorption at higher frequencies.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Troposphere
evidence: The reason for this temperature difference is that the ground absorbs most of the sun's energy, which then heats the lower levels of the atmosphere with which it is in contact.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Troposphere
evidence: Its fundamental principle is that of balance – the energy that the Earth absorbs from the sun each year is equal to that which it loses to space by radiation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "A July 6, 2007 study published in the journal Science about Greenland by an international team of scientists found DNA “evidence that suggests the frozen shield covering the immense island survived the Earth’s last period of global warming,” according to a Boston Globe Article.  ...
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: 2012 in science
evidence: (MSNBC) (New York Times) (Nature) 28 June – An international team of astronomers discovers evidence that our Milky Way had an encounter with a small galaxy or massive dark matter structure perhaps as recently as 100 million years ago, and as a result of that encounter it is still ringing like a bell.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenland
evidence: Ben Keene, the atlas's editor, commented: "In the last two or three decades, global warming has reduced the size of glaciers throughout the Arctic and earlier this year, news sources confirmed what climate scientists already knew: water, not rock, lay beneath this ice bridge on the east coast of Greenland.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Lake Vostok
evidence: However, microbiologist David Pearce of the University of Northumbria in Newcastle, UK, stated that the DNA could simply be contamination from the drilling process, and not representative of Lake Vostok itself.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Snowball Earth
evidence: Life may have survived 'snowball Earth' in ocean pockets BBC News online (2010-12-14) report on research presented in the journal Geology by Dr Dan Le Heron (et al.)
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: [T]he study indicates “Greenland’s ice may be less susceptible to the massive meltdown predicted by computer models of climate change, the main author ... said in an interview. ...
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: In an e-mail interview with Than (2007), Peiser stated that: "I think it is an intriguing coincidence that warming trends have been observed on a number of very diverse planetary bodies in our solar system, (...) Perhaps this is just a fluke."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change feedback
evidence: "Arctic Permafrost Is Going Through a Rapid Meltdown — 70 Years Early".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: It is also predicted that Greenland will become warm enough by 2100 to begin an almost complete melt during the next 1,000 years or more.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: "Greenland enters melt mode".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Small amounts of very active substances can cause large effects.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Alcohol (drug)
evidence: Specifically, ethanol is a very low molecular weight compound and is of exceptionally low potency in its actions, causing effects only at very high (millimolar (mM)) concentrations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Alcohol (drug)
evidence: Slightly higher levels of 5 to 10 mM, which are associated with light social drinking, produce measurable effects including changes in visual acuity, decreased anxiety, and modest behavioral disinhibition.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Alcohol (drug)
evidence: In the upper range of recreational ethanol concentrations of 20 to 50 mM, depression of the central nervous system is more marked, with effects including complete drunkenness, profound sedation, amnesia, emesis, hypnosis, and eventually unconsciousness.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Caffeine
evidence: Doses as low as 100 mg/day, such as a 6 oz cup of coffee or two to three 12 oz servings of caffeinated soft-drink, may continue to cause sleep disruption, among other intolerances.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Lysergic acid diethylamide
evidence: For example, an active dose of mescaline, roughly 0.2 to 0.5 g, has effects comparable to 100 µg or less of LSD.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: As of 2006 the annual airborne fraction for CO 2 was about 0.45.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO 2-equivalent.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: "CO2 in the atmosphere just exceeded 415 parts per million for the first time in human history".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ..."
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: An Inconvenient Truth
evidence: Steven Quiring, climatologist from Texas A&M University added that "whether scientists like it or not, An Inconvenient Truth has had a much greater impact on public opinion and public awareness of global climate change than any scientific paper or report."
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Bread
evidence: CO2 generation, on its own, is too small to account for the rise.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: In Britain, only 43% believe man-made global warming is a fact, down from… 55% in July.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Gelbspan 1998 p. 3 "But some individuals do not want the public to know about the immediacy and extent of the climate threat.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Atmospheric methane
evidence: Methane in the Earth's atmosphere is a strong greenhouse gas with a global warming potential (GWP) 104 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame; methane is not as persistent a gas as CO2 (assuming no change in carbon sequestration rates) and tails off to about GWP of 28 for a 100-year time frame.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Atmospheric methane
evidence: Methane is a strong GHG with a global warming potential 84 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Atmospheric methane
evidence: That is, over a 20-year period, it traps 84 times more heat per mass unit than carbon dioxide (CO2) and 32 times the effect when accounting for aerosol interactions.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Atmospheric methane
evidence: Since methane gas is twenty-five times stronger (for a given weight, averaged over 100 years) than CO 2 as a greenhouse gas; this would immensely magnify the greenhouse effect.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Natural gas
evidence: Natural gas is thus a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide due to the greater global-warming potential of methane.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: "A United Nations report has identified the world's  rapidly growing herds of cattle as the greatest threat to the climate,  forests and wildlife. ...
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Madagascar
evidence: The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by the encroachment of the rapidly growing human population and other environmental threats.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United Nations Development Programme
evidence: Major programmes underway are: ART Global Initiative World Alliance of Cities Against Poverty Territorial Approach to Climate Change Africa–Kazakhstan Partnership for the SDGs Since 1991, the UNDP has annually published the Human Development Report, which includes topics on Human Development and the annual Human Development Index.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United Nations Environment Programme
evidence: UNEP in 2005, 15 years ago, predicted "50 million people could become environmental refugees by 2010, fleeing the effects of climate change."'
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United Nations
evidence: Also in 2005, the Human Security Report documented a decline in the number of wars, genocides, and human rights abuses since the end of the Cold War, and presented evidence, albeit circumstantial, that international activism—mostly spearheaded by the UN—has been the main cause of the decline in armed conflict in that period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Wildlife
evidence: Destroying the nesting habitats of these birds would cause a decrease in the cattle population because of the spread of insect-borne diseases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: ...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Agriculture
evidence: It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Agriculture
evidence: Animal husbandry is also responsible for greenhouse gas production of CO 2 and a percentage of the world's methane, and future land infertility, and the displacement of wildlife.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Livestock
evidence: The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010.Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for from 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Methane
evidence: A 2013 study estimated that livestock accounted for 44% of human-induced methane and ~15% of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Burning fuel to produce fertiliser to grow feed, to  produce meat and to transport it - and clearing vegetation for grazing -  produces 9 per cent of all emissions of carbon dioxide, the most common  greenhouse gas.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Agriculture
evidence: Animal husbandry is also responsible for greenhouse gas production of CO 2 and a percentage of the world's methane, and future land infertility, and the displacement of wildlife.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Agriculture
evidence: Agriculture contributes to climate change by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, and by the conversion of non-agricultural land such as forest for agricultural use.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: It is produced by combustion of wood and other organic materials and fossil fuels such as coal, peat, petroleum and natural gas.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: One liter of gasoline, when used as a fuel, produces 2.32 kg (about 1300 liters or 1.3 cubic meters) of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO