Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Extinction risk from global warming
evidence: "Recent Research Shows Human Activity Driving Earth Towards Global Extinction Event".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of many species as their ecosystems change, most immediately the environments of coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Rising temperatures push bees to their physiological limits, and could cause the extinction of bee populations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Habitat destruction
evidence: Rising global temperatures, caused by the greenhouse effect, contribute to habitat destruction, endangering various species, such as the polar bear.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Polar bear
evidence: "Bear hunting caught in global warming debate".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Famine
evidence: The current consensus of the scientific community is that the aerosols and dust released into the upper atmosphere causes cooler temperatures by preventing the sun's energy from reaching the ground.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Weather
evidence: The Little Ice Age caused crop failures and famines in Europe.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Winter
evidence: The persistently cold, wet weather caused great hardship, was primarily responsible for the Great Famine of 1315–1317, and strongly contributed to the weakened immunity and malnutrition leading up to the Black Death (1348–1350).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Winter
evidence: The manifestation of the meteorological winter (freezing temperatures) in the northerly snow–prone latitudes is highly variable depending on elevation, position versus marine winds and the amount of precipitation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Winter
evidence: In many regions, winter is associated with snow and freezing temperatures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The polar bear population has been growing.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Polar bear
evidence: "Ask the experts: Are polar bear populations increasing?".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Polar bear
evidence: The growth of the human population in the Eurasian Arctic in the 16th and 17th century, together with the advent of firearms and increasing trade, dramatically increased the harvest of polar bears.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Polar bear
evidence: The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s, peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Polar bear
evidence: In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Polar bear
evidence: Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Atmosphere of Mars
evidence: CO2 in the mesosphere acts as a cooling agent by efficiently radiating heat into space.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Atmosphere of Mars
evidence: The higher concentration of CO2 in the Martian thermosphere may explain part of the discrepancy because of the cooling effects of CO2 in high altitude.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: This increase of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere has produced the current episode of global warming.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: The burning of long-buried fossil fuels releases CO 2 containing carbon of different isotopic ratios to those of living plants, enabling distinction between natural and human-caused contributions to CO 2 concentration.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: The beginning of human agriculture during the current Holocene epoch may have been strongly connected to the atmospheric CO 2 increase after the last ice age ended, a fertilization effect raising plant biomass growth and reducing stomatal conductance requirements for CO 2 intake, consequently reducing transpiration water losses and increasing water usage efficiency.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea
evidence: More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Most carbon dioxide from human activities is released from burning coal and other fossil fuels.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Petroleum
evidence: When burned, petroleum releases carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Coral bleaching
evidence: These temperatures have caused the most severe and widespread coral bleaching ever recorded in the Great Barrier reef.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: The decline in the quality of water over the past 150 years (due to development) has contributed to coral bleaching, algal blooms, and pesticide pollution.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: Other environmental pressures on the reef and its ecosystem include runoff, climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching, dumping of dredging sludge and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns starfish.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: Mass coral bleaching events due to elevated ocean temperatures occurred in the summers of 1998, 2002 and 2006, and coral bleaching is expected to become an annual occurrence.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Air pollution
evidence: An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global catastrophic risk
evidence: A global catastrophic risk is a hypothetical future event which could damage human well-being on a global scale, even endangering or destroying modern civilization.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global catastrophic risk
evidence: The report warned that the pollution crisis was exceeding "the envelope on the amount of pollution the Earth can carry" and “threatens the continuing survival of human societies”.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global catastrophic risk
evidence: The present, unprecedented scale and speed of human movement make it more difficult than ever to contain an epidemic through local quarantines, and other sources of uncertainty and the evolving nature of the risk means natural pandemics may pose a realistic threat to human civilization.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global catastrophic risk
evidence: "Global pollution kills 9m a year and threatens 'survival of human societies'".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for several hours will eliminate pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Terraforming of Mars
evidence: Because its atmosphere consists mainly of CO 2, a known greenhouse gas, once Mars begins to heat, the CO 2 may help to keep thermal energy near the surface.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Terraforming of Mars
evidence: These gases are proposed for introduction because they generate a greenhouse effect thousands of times stronger than that of CO 2.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Sea level rise has been slow and a constant, pre-dating industrialization
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Russia
evidence: Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a command economy, industrialization of the largely rural country, and collectivization of its agriculture.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sweden
evidence: Between 1870 and 1914, Sweden began developing the industrialised economy that exists today.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: The last continental glaciation ended 10,000 years ago.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: 15 (1): 1–30.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: 23 February 1998.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Volcanoes Melting West Antarctic Glaciers, Not Global Warming
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate variability
evidence: This created a warming that later melted the ice and brought Earth's temperature back to equilibrium.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate variability
evidence: Previous interglacials such as the Eemian phase created temperatures higher than today, higher sea levels, and some partial melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Parinacota (volcano)
evidence: The postulated period coincides with a global clustering of volcano collapse events; perhaps global warming occurring during this time when the last glacial maximum approached its end predisposed volcanoes to collapse.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Snowball Earth
evidence: Global warming associated with large accumulations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over millions of years, emitted primarily by volcanic activity, is the proposed trigger for melting a snowball Earth.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: the bushfires [in Australia] were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires
evidence: The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Bushfires in Australia
evidence: Many fires are as a result of either deliberate arson or carelessness, however these fires normally happen in readily accessible areas and are rapidly brought under control.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Bushfires in Australia
evidence: Man-made events include arcing from overhead power lines, arson, accidental ignition in the course of agricultural clearing, grinding and welding activities, campfires, cigarettes and dropped matches, sparks from machinery, and controlled burn escapes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Bushfires in Australia
evidence: The fires would have been caused by both natural phenomenon and human hands.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Natural disaster
evidence: A summer heat wave in Victoria, Australia, created conditions which fuelled the massive bushfires in 2009.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon tax
evidence: CO 2 is a heat-trapping greenhouse gas which causes global warming, which damages the environment and human health.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
evidence: Intrusions of hot magma into carbon-rich sediments may have triggered the degassing of isotopically light methane in sufficient volumes to cause global warming and the observed isotope anomaly.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Permian–Triassic extinction event
evidence: "Global Warming Led To Atmospheric Hydrogen Sulfide And Permian Extinction".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Permian–Triassic extinction event
evidence: The eruptions would also have emitted carbon dioxide, causing global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Permian–Triassic extinction event
evidence: The basalt lava erupted or intruded into carbonate rocks and into sediments that were in the process of forming large coal beds, both of which would have emitted large amounts of carbon dioxide, leading to stronger global warming after the dust and aerosols settled.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Fossil fuel
evidence: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Petroleum
evidence: The use of petroleum as fuel causes global warming and ocean acidification.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Wind power
evidence: Compared with other low carbon power sources, wind turbines have some of the lowest global warming potential per unit of electrical energy generated.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Wind power
evidence: Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, have become an increasingly important source of renewable energy and are used in many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Wind turbine
evidence: Over 1,500 tons of carbon dioxide per year can be eliminated by using a one-megawatt turbine instead of one megawatt of energy from a fossil fuel.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Antarctic ice sheet
evidence: "The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level" (PDF).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: The gravitational effects comes into play when a large ice sheet melts.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level".
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: When the exact same group of 'experts' who claimed it was global cooling in 1977 now claim it's global warming you can easily see why I am skeptical
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations ("urban heat island effect").
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Many such people prefer to call themselves skeptics and describe their position as climate change skepticism.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global cooling
evidence: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Richard Lindzen
evidence: He said, "A lot of my older colleagues are very skeptical on the global warming thing".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Richard Lindzen
evidence: John Wallace of the University of Washington agreed with Lindzen that progress in climate change science had been exaggerated, but said there are "relatively few scientists who are as skeptical of the whole thing as Dick [Lindzen] is".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Scientists studying Antarctica sea ice warn a rise in accumulation could spark the next ice age.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Ice age
evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: According to research published in Nature Geoscience, human emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) will defer the next ice age.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: The release of water raised sea levels again, restoring the ingress of colder water from the Pacific with an accompanying shift to northern hemisphere ice accumulation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Based on changes of Antarctica's ice mass balance over millions of years, due to natural climate fluctuations, researchers concluded that the sea-ice acts as a barrier for warmer waters surrounding the continent.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports, by scientific bodies of national or international standing, and by surveys of opinion among climate scientists.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: European Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2007 issued a formal declaration on climate change titled Let's Be Honest: Human activity is most likely responsible for climate warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Dennis Bray and Hans von Storch conducted a survey in August 2008 of 2058 climate scientists from 34 different countries.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sustainability
evidence: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth's ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision-makers.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sustainability
evidence: It was signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries, what made it the letter with the most signatures of scientists in history In November 2019, more than 11,000 scientists from 153 countries published a letter in which they warn about big threats to sustainability from climate change if big changes in policies will not happen.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: 18 January 2019.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level
evidence: For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: 7–10 "There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentrations lead to further acidification ...
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change adaptation
evidence: "Adaptation To Global Climate Change Is An Essential Response To A Warming Planet".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: "Correction to "Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming."".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: "Blaming cities for climate change?
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: A new statement, adopted by the society in 2003, revised in 2007, and revised and expanded in 2013, affirms that rising levels of greenhouse gases have caused and will continue to cause the global surface temperature to be warmer: Human activities are changing Earth's climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: [T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: It said that "by 1300 it began to cool, and by 1400 we were well into the Little Ice Age.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of −0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s "the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: In fact, if one ignores the unusual El Nino year of 1998, one sees a cooling trend."
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: That's the data we've had for the past 150 years, which is quite consistent with the expectation that the climate is continuing to warm."
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: 1250, during the European Middle Ages.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: 1200 AD, and was followed by a decline of temperature levels till between c. 1500 and c. 1700 the coldest phase since the last ice age occurred."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: It is thought that between c. 950 and c. 1100 was the Northern Hemisphere's warmest period since the Roman Warm Period.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Patrick Michaels
evidence: In 2018, Michaels asserted on Fox News, "probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: "Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The 1720–1800 period is most suitable to be defined as preindustrial in physical terms ...
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: NASA
evidence: On January 14, 1958, NACA Director Hugh Dryden published "A National Research Program for Space Technology" stating: Play media It is of great urgency and importance to our country both from consideration of our prestige as a nation as well as military necessity that this challenge [Sputnik] be met by an energetic program of research and development for the conquest of space ...
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: NASA
evidence: ""2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
evidence: Tests and adjusted calculations later confirmed that the temperature of the joint was not substantially different from the ambient temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Wind farm
evidence: The energy consumed to manufacture and transport the materials used to build a wind power plant is equal to the new energy produced by the plant within a few months.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Wind turbine
evidence: The energy harvested from the turbine will offset the installation cost, as well as provide virtually free energy for years.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Windmill
evidence: A windmill is a structure that converts wind power into rotational energy by means of vanes called sails or blades, specifically to mill grain (gristmills), but the term is also extended to windpumps, wind turbines and other applications.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Windmill
evidence: The spread of tower mills came with a growing economy that called for larger and more stable sources of power, though they were more expensive to build.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Windmill
evidence: A wind turbine is a windmill-like structure specifically developed to generate electricity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Beringia
evidence: During the LGM 22,000 YBP the average summer temperature was 3–5 °C (5–9 °F) degrees cooler than today, with variations of 2.9 °C (5.2 °F) degrees cooler on the Seward Peninsula to 7.5 °C (13.5 °F) cooler in the Yukon.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Holocene
evidence: "Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Holocene
evidence: This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Nordland
evidence: Research using sediment in lakes near the Okstind Glacier has shown that the summer climate in Nordland was up to 2.5 °C warmer 9,000 to 6,000 years ago, and then slowly cooled—it was 0.5 °C warmer 2,000 years before present (see Holocene climatic optimum.).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Sea level rise is not going to happen.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Over the 21st century, this is expected to rise, with glaciers contributing 7 to 24 cm (3 to 9 in) to global sea levels.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This could mean rapid sea level rise of up to 19 mm (0.75 in) per year by the end of the century.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: NASA
evidence: Its statements concur with the global scientific consensus that the global climate is warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar minimum
evidence: Solar physicist Dean Pesnell of the Goddard Space Flight Center came to the following conclusion: "We're experiencing a very deep solar minimum."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Solar minimum
evidence: "NOAA Space Weather Scales Page Has Changed".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar minimum
evidence: "Deep Solar Minimum – NASA Science".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sun
evidence: The coolest layer of the Sun is a temperature minimum region extending to about 500 km above the photosphere, and has a temperature of about 4,100 K. This part of the Sun is cool enough to allow the existence of simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water, which can be detected via their absorption spectra.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: [O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Begging the question
evidence: : 'Conception is defined as the beginning of life.']"
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Begging the question
evidence: Such preface is then followed with the question, as in: [...] personal letter delivery is at an all-time low...
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Narrative
evidence: Holstein, James A.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Question mark
evidence: Eats, Shoots & Leaves, 2003. p. 139.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Question mark
evidence: "), whereas in the English language orthography no space is allowed in front of the question mark (e.g.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The science is clear, climate change is making extreme weather events, including tornadoes, worse.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Weather
evidence: Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: Many citizens of countries like the United States and Canada who drive personal cars often, see well over half of their climate change impact stemming from the emissions produced from their cars.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: For richer people, emissions tend to be associated with things such as eating beef, cars, frequent flying, and home heating.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: Most environmentally related taxes with implications for greenhouse gas emissions in OECD countries are levied on energy products and motor vehicles, rather than on CO2 emissions directly.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: The Moon may have dramatically affected the development of life by moderating the planet's climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: [S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Proxima Centauri
evidence: It has a regular activity cycle of starspots.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Star
evidence: This surface activity produces starspots, which are regions of strong magnetic fields and lower than normal surface temperatures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Star
evidence: During the Maunder Minimum, for example, the Sun underwent a 70-year period with almost no sunspot activity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Star
evidence: Patches of the star's surface with a lower temperature and luminosity than average are known as starspots.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sun
evidence: At solar-cycle minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: The observed increase in hurricane intensity is larger than climate models predict for the sea surface temperature changes we have experienced.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The ­atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Five hundred million years ago the carbon dioxide concentration was 20 times greater than today, decreasing to 4–5 times during the Jurassic period and then slowly declining with a particularly swift reduction occurring 49 million years ago.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Eocene
evidence: "Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: As a result of this balance, the atmospheric mole fraction of carbon dioxide remained between 260 and 280 parts per million for the 10,000 years between the end of the last glacial maximum and the start of the industrial era.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is estimated of the order of 30–95 years.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: N2O has a mean atmospheric lifetime of 121 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
evidence: This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Because different climate models have slightly different patterns of ocean heating, they do not agree fully on the predictions for the contribution of ocean heating on sea level rise.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Climate
evidence: Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.
evidence_label: REFUTES