Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Morocco
evidence: Most regions have distinct seasons where summer is usually not spoiled by rain and winter turns wet, snowy and humid with mild, cool to cold temperatures, while spring and fall see warm to mild weather characterised by flowers blooming in spring and falling leaves in autumn.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Tropical monsoon climate
evidence: In essence, a tropical monsoon climate tends to either see more rainfall than a tropical savanna climate or have less pronounced dry seasons.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Tropical monsoon climate
evidence: Regions with this variation of the tropical monsoon climate typically see copious amounts of rain during the wet season(s), usually in the form of frequent thunderstorms.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Tropical savanna climate
evidence: There are generally four types of tropical savanna climates: Distinct wet and dry seasons of relatively equal duration.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tundra
evidence: Despite the potential diversity of climates in the ET category involving precipitation, extreme temperatures, and relative wet and dry seasons, this category is rarely subdivided.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: 2007 United Kingdom floods
evidence: Climate researchers have suggested that the unusual weather leading to the floods may be linked to this year's appearance of La Nina in the Pacific Ocean, and the jet stream being further south than normal.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: 2015 South Indian floods
evidence: Although some studies have reported an increase in frequency and intensity of extremes in rainfall during the past 40–50 years, their attribution to global warming is not established."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change denial
evidence: To the public, this was related to climate change and the possibility of effective action, but news interest faded.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Public attention was renewed amidst summer droughts and heat waves when James Hansen testified to a Congressional hearing on 23 June 1988, stating with high confidence that long term warming was underway with severe warming likely within the next 50 years, and warning of likely storms and floods.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climate change in Australia
evidence: In 2014, the Bureau of Meteorology released a report on the state of Australia's climate that highlighted several key points, including the significant increase in Australia's temperatures (particularly night-time temperatures) and the increasing frequency of bush fires, droughts and floods, which have all been linked to climate change.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: This means that the world is now 1C warmer than it was in pre-industrial times
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Near- and long-term trends in the global energy system are inconsistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C relative to pre-industrial levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Current pledges made as part of the Paris Agreement would lead to about 3.0 °C of warming at the end of the 21st century, relative to pre-industrial levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: World Bank
evidence: The planet is now 0.8 °C warmer than in pre-industrial times.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level
evidence: Most of this rise can be attributed to the increase in temperature of the sea and the resulting slight thermal expansion of the upper 500 metres (1,640 feet) of sea water.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: “The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: NOAA states in their May 2008 "State of the science fact sheet for ocean acidification" that: "The oceans have absorbed about 50% of the carbon dioxide (CO 2) released from the burning of fossil fuels, resulting in chemical reactions that lower ocean pH.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea
evidence: More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: It was estimated that in the year 2007 Greenland ice sheet melting was higher than ever, 592 km3 (142.0 cu mi).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: The area of the sheet that experiences melting has been argued to have increased by about 16% between 1979 (when measurements started) and 2002 (most recent data).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: The area of melting in 2002 broke all previous records.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: In 2006, estimated monthly changes in the mass of Greenland's ice sheet suggest that it is melting at a rate of about 239 cubic kilometers (57 cu mi) per year.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Greenland ice sheet … would balloon sea levels by around 7m should it disintegrate
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: If the entire 2,850,000 km3 (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise 7.2 m (24 ft).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenland ice sheet
evidence: If the entire 2,850,000 cubic kilometres (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of 7.2 m (24 ft).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenland
evidence: If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ice sheet
evidence: The Greenland ice sheet occupies about 82% of the surface of Greenland, and if melted would cause sea levels to rise by 7.2 metres.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The rapid changes in the climate may have profound consequences for humans and other species… Severe drought caused food shortages for millions of people in Ethiopia, with a lack of rainfall resulting in “intense and widespread” forest fires in Indonesia that belched out a vast quantity of greenhouse gas
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Drought
evidence: According to the WWF, the combination of climate change and deforestation increases the drying effect of dead trees that fuels forest fires.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Drought
evidence: Recurring droughts leading to desertification in East Africa have created grave ecological catastrophes, prompting food shortages in 1984–85, 2006 and 2011.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ethiopia
evidence: The ensuing government suffered several coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and a huge refugee problem.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ethiopia
evidence: A 17-year-long civil war, along with severe drought, negatively impacted Ethiopia's environmental conditions, leading to even greater habitat degradation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Famine
evidence: A primary cause of the famine (one of the largest seen in the country) is that Ethiopia (and the surrounding Horn) was still recovering from the droughts which occurred in the mid-late 1970s.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: “Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: For example, when climate model simulations of the last century include all of the major influences on climate, both human-induced and natural, they can reproduce many important features of observed climate change patterns.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Models are, however, able to simulate the observed 20th century changes in temperature when they include all of the most important external forcings, including human influences and natural forcings.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Therefore, climate models are used to study how individual factors affect climate.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: “Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: NASA's Climate Change website indicates a compatible overall trend of greater than 100 gigatonnes of ice loss per year since 2002.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: The perception of Earth shifted again in the 20th century when humans first viewed it from orbit, and especially with photographs of Earth returned by the Apollo program.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hubble Space Telescope
evidence: It has recorded some of the most detailed visible light images, allowing a deep view into space.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Pollution
evidence: Humans have ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions and avoid the consequences of global warming, a major climate report concluded.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Arctic greening was recently cited, in a major report by the U.S. Geological Survey, as the central reason that the state of Alaska, despite worsening wildfires and more thaw of permafrost, might still be able to stow away more carbon than it loses over the course of the 21st century.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Alaska North Slope
evidence: The source rock for the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field and neighboring reserves is also a potential source for tight oil and shale gas – possibly containing "up to 2 billion barrels of technically recoverable oil and up to 80 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, according to a 2012 U.S. Geological Survey report."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic methane emissions
evidence: reported permafrost was thawing quicker than predicted, and was happening even to thousands years old soil; They estimated that abrupt permafrost thawing could release between 60 and 100 gigatonnes of carbon by 2300, they mentioned gaps in the research and that abrupt permafrost thawing should have priority research and urgency.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change feedback
evidence: In 2008, a research expedition for the American Geophysical Union detected levels of methane up to 100 times above normal in the Siberian Arctic, likely being released by methane clathrates being released by holes in a frozen 'lid' of seabed permafrost, around the outfall of the Lena River and the area between the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: A new study used field observations, radiocarbon dating, and remote sensing to account for thermokarst lakes, the authors concluded that, "..methane and carbon dioxide emissions from abrupt thaw beneath thermokarst lakes will more than double radiative forcing from circumpolar permafrost-soil carbon fluxes this century."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: One theory is that the climate may reach a "tipping point" where positive feedback effects lead to runaway global warming; such feedbacks include decreased reflection of solar radiation as sea ice melts, exposing darker seawater, and the potential release of large volumes of methane from thawing permafrost.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Any reasonable person can recognize both positives and negatives among the policy proposals of both Tories and Labour.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 2015 United Kingdom general election
evidence: Less attention was given to policy areas that might have been problematic for the Conservatives, like the NHS or housing (policy topics favoured by Labour) or immigration (favoured by UKIP).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 2017 United Kingdom general election
evidence: In a speech in Tynemouth the next day, May said Labour had "deserted" working-class voters, criticised Labour's policy proposals and said Britain's future depended on making a success of Brexit.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 2019 United Kingdom general election
evidence: The Labour Party proposed a renegotiation of the withdrawal agreement (towards a closer post-withdrawal relationship with the EU) and would then put this forward as an option in a referendum alongside the option of remaining in the EU.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 2019 United Kingdom general election
evidence: The Liberal Democrats, the Greens, the SNP and Labour all support a ban on fracking, whilst the Conservatives propose approving fracking on a case-by-case basis.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Conservative Party (UK)
evidence: Both Cameron and Theresa May have aimed at helping families achieve a work-home balance and have previously proposed to offer all parents 12 months parental leave, to be shared by parents as they choose.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: (2001) concluded that world GDP would change by plus or minus a few percent for a small increase in global mean temperature (up to around 2 °C relative to the 1990 temperature level).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: In 2019 the National Bureau of Economic Research found that increase in average global temperature by 0.04 °C per year, in absence of mitigation policies, will reduce world real GDP per capita by 7.22% by 2100.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: "Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Fertilizer
evidence: A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English; see spelling differences) is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Fertilizer
evidence: Ammonia is produced from natural gas and air.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Fertilizer
evidence: The greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are produced during the manufacture of nitrogen fertilizer.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Fertilizer
evidence: Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are widely available as water and carbon dioxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Fertilizer
evidence: This ammonia is used as a feedstock for all other nitrogen fertilizers, such as anhydrous ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and urea (CO(NH2)2).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: After an initial warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere will hold more water.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Changing the type of vegetation in a region impacts the local temperature by changing how much sunlight gets reflected back into space, called albedo, and how much heat is lost by evaporation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sahara
evidence: The area is next expected to become green in about 15,000 years (17,000 AD).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sahara
evidence: At present (2000 AD), we are in a dry period, but it is expected that the Sahara will become green again in 15000 years (17000 AD).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Urban heat island
evidence: With the temperature of the nearby buildings sometimes reaching over 50 degrees different from the near-surface air temperature, precipitation will warm rapidly, causing runoff into nearby streams, lakes and rivers (or other bodies of water) to provide excessive thermal pollution.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming on humans
evidence: (2008) normalized mainland U.S. hurricane damage from 1900 to 2005 to 2005 values and found no remaining trend of increasing absolute damage.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Nevertheless, one recent study has found that potential global economic gains if countries implement mitigation strategies to comply with the 2°C target set at the Paris Agreement are in the vicinity of US$17,000 billion per year up to 2100 compared to a very high emission scenario.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: (2001) projected losses in world GDP for a medium increase in global mean temperature (above 2–3 °C relative to the 1990 temperature level), with increasing losses for greater temperature increases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: In 2019 the National Bureau of Economic Research found that increase in average global temperature by 0.04 °C per year, in absence of mitigation policies, will reduce world real GDP per capita by 7.22% by 2100.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: "Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “Yet, a new study of 60 climate models and scenarios shows this warning fails to take into account the fact that global warming will mean precipitation increases.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change and agriculture
evidence: For example, many models are running simulations based on doubled carbon dioxide projections, temperatures raise ranging from 1 °C up to 5 °C, and with rainfall levels an increase or decrease of 20%.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Although increased rainful will not occur everywhere, models suggest most of the world will have a 16-24% increase in heavy precipitation intensity by 2100.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Physical impacts of climate change
evidence: This large-scale pattern of change is a robust feature present in nearly all of the simulations conducted by the world's climate modeling groups for the 4th Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and is also evident in observed 20th century precipitation trends.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Changes in the climate system that are confidently predicted in response to increases in greenhouse gases include increases in mean surface air temperature, increases in global mean rates of precipitation and evaporation, rising sea level, and changes in the biosphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global catastrophic risk
evidence: It is a global good, so even if a large nation decreases it, that nation will only enjoy a small fraction of the benefit of doing so.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: One potential source of abrupt climate change would be the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, which would amplify global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: in a letter to The Times from Lord Krebs and company, essentially telling the newspaper to stop reporting less-than-negative climate stories.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: The New York Times
evidence: Former The New York Times executive editor Bill Keller decided not to report the piece after being pressured by the Bush administration and being advised not to do so by The New York Times Washington bureau chief Philip Taubman.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: The New York Times
evidence: During the Iranian nuclear crisis the newspaper minimized the "negative processes" of the United States while overemphasizing similar processes of Iran.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: The Washington Times
evidence: During the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as "Climategate") in 2009 in the lead-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the Times wrote in an editorial "these revelations of fudged science should have a cooling effect on global-warming hysteria and the panicked policies that are being pushed forward to address the unproven theory."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: The Washington Times
evidence: In 1993, the Times published articles purporting to debunk climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: The Washington Times
evidence: It has also published many columns which reject the scientific consensuses on climate change, on ozone depletion, and on the harmful effects of second-hand smoke.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Coral bleaching
evidence: Large coral colonies such as Porites are able to withstand extreme temperature shocks, while fragile branching corals such Acropora are far more susceptible to stress following a temperature change.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: Bleaching events in benthic coral communities (deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths, but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: These forms of pollution have made the reef less resilient to climate change.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: a new study by scientists at the Australian Research Council finds that the ongoing bleaching event is mainly due to human-caused global warming, and that if global warming proceeds as currently expected, “large parts” of the Great Barrier Reef could die by the mid-2030s.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change in Australia
evidence: A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the reef has experienced unprecedented rates of bleaching over the past two decades, and additional warming of only 1 °C is anticipated to cause considerable losses or contractions of species associated with coral communities.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a "huge natural selection event unfolding".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: The last report was published in 2019.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: "Great Barrier Reef has 'lost half its coral since 1985'".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: "The Reef 2050 Plan".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: "Great Barrier Reef 2050 plan no longer achievable due to climate change, experts say".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 2006 European heat wave
evidence: April 2007 was also the warmest month in history, the average temperature being 5 °C warmer than normal.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 2006 European heat wave
evidence: December, January and February also brought extremely mild weather making the winter of 2006/2007 the warmest in recorded history.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 2006 European heat wave
evidence: December 2006 and January 2007 were the warmest months in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan and other cities of European Russia.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 2006 European heat wave
evidence: Every winter month (December, January, February) had a CET above 5 °C (41 °F), only the second time this has happened since 1900 (after 1988/89, although November 1988 was colder than any month of 2006/07) and only the sixth since 1659 (1685–86, 1833–34, 1833–34, and 1868/69 also).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 2014–16 El Niño event
evidence: "2014 one of the warmest years on record globally".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Orlando, Florida
evidence: The area's warm and humid climate is caused primarily by its low elevation, its position relatively close to the Tropic of Cancer, and its location in the center of a peninsula.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Orlando, Florida
evidence: The area's humidity acts as a buffer, usually preventing actual temperatures from exceeding 100 °F (38 °C), but also pushing the heat index to over 110 °F (43 °C).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: St. Louis
evidence: The city experiences hot, humid summers, and chilly to cold winters.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: St. Louis
evidence: It is subject to both cold Arctic air and hot, humid tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: St. Louis
evidence: The average annual temperature recorded at nearby Lambert–St.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Coral bleaching
evidence: An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7% from 1985 to 2012, but with only about 10% of that decline attributable to bleaching, and the remaining 90% caused about equally by tropical cyclones and by predation by crown-of-thorns starfishes.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Coral bleaching
evidence: "Coral Bleaching Has Ravaged Half of Hawaii's Coral Reefs".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Coral bleaching
evidence: These temperatures have caused the most severe and widespread coral bleaching ever recorded in the Great Barrier reef.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Coral bleaching
evidence: In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: Five Great Barrier Reef species of large benthic corals were found bleached under elevated temperatures, affirming that benthic corals are vulnerable to thermal stress.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: 1990s
evidence: Over the course of approximately 100 days, at least 500,000 people were killed.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: July 1966
evidence: A heat wave began across much of the midwestern United States, killing hundreds of people over a six-day period where temperatures remained above 100 degrees Fahrenheit.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Philippines
evidence: The war, as well as the ensuing cholera epidemic, resulted in the deaths of thousands of combatants as well as tens of thousands of civilians.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Each year, about 800,000 people die from causes attributable to urban air pollution, 1.8 million from diarrhoea resulting from lack of access to clean water supply, sanitation, and poor hygiene, 3.5 million from malnutrition and approximately 60,000 in natural disasters.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Unit 731
evidence: This military aerial spraying killed tens of thousands of people with bubonic plague epidemics.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: cold kills many more people than heat.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: 2015 Indian heat wave
evidence: In 2013, 1,216 people died due to the heat.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Captain Cold
evidence: After the elder Snart insults him and his mother, calling them weak, Cold punches him, but finds himself unable to kill him, instead getting Heat Wave to do it.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Cold wave
evidence: Both cold waves and heat waves cause deaths, though different groups of people may be susceptible to different weather events.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cold wave
evidence: Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Urban heat island
evidence: Within the United States alone, an average of 1,000 people die each year due to extreme heat.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration’s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Public concern over global warming and support for climate policy-making in the US is low relative to other nations (see Chapter 10, this volume), contributing to inaction by the US government.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: While the ozone layer and climate change are considered separate problems, the solution to the former has significantly mitigated global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: It has been argued that the Montreal Protocol, may have done more than any other measure, as of 2017[update], to mitigate climate change as those substances were also powerful greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: They challenged the scientific evidence, argued that global warming would have benefits, warned that concern for global warming was some kind of socialist plot to undermine American capitalism, and asserted that proposed solutions would do more harm than good.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Litigation is increasingly used as a tool to strengthen climate action, with governments being the biggest target of lawsuits demanding that they become ambitious on climate action or enforce existing laws.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change in Canada
evidence: Temperature-related changes include longer growing season, more heatwaves and fewer cold spells, thawing permafrost, earlier river ice break-up, earlier spring runoff, and earlier budding of trees.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Future climate change will include more very hot days and fewer very cold days.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Physical impacts of climate change
evidence: Effects on weather encompass increased heavy precipitation, reduced amounts of cold days, increase in heat waves and various effects on tropical cyclones.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: These include increases in air and water temperatures, reduced frost days, increased frequency and intensity of heavy downpours, a rise in sea level, and reduced snow cover, glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The report confidently claims that when temperatures rise, “the reduction in premature deaths from cold are expected to be smaller than the increase in deaths from heat in the United States.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change in the United States
evidence: Some of the greatest increases in average temperatures in the U.S. are expected in the region over the coming decades.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change in the United States
evidence: "A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Urban heat island
evidence: Heat is more likely to increase the risk of mortality in cities in the northern part of the country than in the southern regions of the country.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Urban heat island
evidence: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes that it "is difficult to make valid projections of heat-related illness and death under varying climate change scenarios" and that "heat–related deaths are preventable, as evidenced by the decline of all-cause mortality during heat events over the past 35 years".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves
evidence: The first phase lasted only from April 2010 to June 2010, and caused only moderate above average temperatures in the areas affected.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves
evidence: Both the American East Coast and parts of the American Midwest had record high temperatures, killing two people on the 8th.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves
evidence: The Southwestern United States had near high temperatures from September 26 to October 2, and even hotter than that in some regions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest
evidence: It involves cooling the body to temperatures between 20 °C (68 °F) to 25 °C (77 °F), and stopping blood circulation and brain function for up to one hour.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global storm activity of 2009
evidence: Heavy snowfall and sub-zero temperatures killed at least 290 people across Europe.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “The Lancet researchers found that about 0.5%—half a percent—of all deaths are associated with heat, not only from acute problems like heat stroke, but also increased mortality from cardiac events and dehydration.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Air pollution
evidence: Air pollution was also found to be associated with increased incidence and mortality from coronary stroke in a cohort study in 2011.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cancer
evidence: It caused about 8.8 million deaths (15.7% of deaths).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Heat stroke
evidence: The risk of death is less than 5% in those with exercise-induced heat stroke and as high as 65% in those with non-exercise induced cases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hyperthermia
evidence: The associated mortality rates of heatstroke is between 40-64%.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Myocardial infarction
evidence: The World Health Organization estimated in 2004, that 12.2% of worldwide deaths were from ischemic heart disease; with it being the leading cause of death in high- or middle-income countries and second only to lower respiratory infections in lower-income countries.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Cardiovascular disease
evidence: High blood pressure is estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco accounts for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6% and obesity 5%.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Drowning
evidence: Of those who die after plunging into freezing seas, around 20% die within 2 minutes from cold shock (uncontrolled rapid breathing and gasping causing water inhalation, massive increase in blood pressure and cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest, and panic), another 50% die within 15 – 30 minutes from cold incapacitation (loss of use and control of limbs and hands for swimming or gripping, as the body 'protectively' shuts down the peripheral muscles of the limbs to protect its core), and exhaustion and unconsciousness cause drowning, claiming the rest within a similar time.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hypothermia
evidence: For example, plunged into freezing seas, around 20% of victims die within two minutes from cold shock (uncontrolled rapid breathing, and gasping, causing water inhalation, massive increase in blood pressure and cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest, and panic); another 50% die within 15–30 minutes from cold incapacitation (inability to use or control limbs and hands for swimming or gripping, as the body "protectively" shuts down the peripheral muscles of the limbs to protect its core).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Shock (circulatory)
evidence: This increased pressure reduced blood flow back to the heart, thereby reducing blood flow to the body and resultign in signs and symptoms of shock.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Underwater diving
evidence: The cold water can also cause heart attack due to vasoconstriction; the heart has to work harder to pump the same volume of blood throughout the body, and for people with heart disease, this additional workload can cause the heart to go into arrest.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS