Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: It is extremely likely (95–100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951–2010.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The North Pole is melting "a bit" but the South Pole is getting bigger.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: North Pole
evidence: The highest temperature yet recorded is 13 °C (55 °F), much warmer than the South Pole's record high of only −12.3 °C (9.9 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: North Pole
evidence: New warning on Arctic sea ice melt.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: North Pole
evidence: "Freak storm pushes North Pole 50 degrees above normal to melting point" – via washingtonpost.com.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: North Pole
evidence: Arctic sea ice "faces rapid melt", BBC.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: South Pole
evidence: The polar ice sheet is moving at a rate of roughly 10 metres per year in a direction between 37° and 40° west of grid north, down towards the Weddell Sea.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The Obama administration "has been constrained by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which basically gives the responsible party the lead role in trying to not only fix the problem, but contain the problem."
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Barack Obama
evidence: On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Barack Obama
evidence: Obama's approach of selectively combining regulation and incentive to various issues in the domestic energy policy, such as coal mining and oil fracking, has received mixed commentary for not being as responsive to the needs of the domestic manufacturing sector as needed, following claims that the domestic manufacturing sector utilizes as much as a third of the nation's available energy resources.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration
evidence: The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating global warming that was first proposed in 2014.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Joe Biden
evidence: His negotiations with congressional Republicans helped the Obama administration pass legislation including the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010, which resolved a taxation deadlock; the Budget Control Act of 2011, which resolved that year's debt ceiling crisis; and the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which addressed the impending fiscal cliff.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Joe Biden
evidence: Biden then took the lead in trying to sell the agreement to a reluctant Democratic caucus in Congress, which was passed as the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The Obama administration is "proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Clean Power Plan
evidence: The final version of the plan aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electrical power generation by 32 percent by 2030, relative to 2005 levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Clean Power Plan
evidence: The EPA estimates the Clean Power Plan will reduce the pollutants that contribute to smog and soot by 25 percent, and the reduction will lead to net climate and health benefits of an estimated $25 billion to $45 billion per year in 2030.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Clean Power Plan
evidence: EPA projects that the plan will save the average American family $85 per year in energy bills in 2030, and it will save enough energy to power 30 million homes and save consumers $155 billion from 2020–2030.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Clean Power Plan
evidence: The plan would create 30 percent more renewable energy generation in 2030 and help to lower the costs of renewable energy.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Clean Power Plan
evidence: The Obama administration designed the plan to lower the carbon dioxide emitted by power generators.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The Obama administration's "own Environmental Protection Agency" has said its Clean Power Plan "will have a marginal impact on climate change."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Clean Power Plan
evidence: The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Clean Power Plan
evidence: Janet McCabe, an Obama Administration EPA department head, stated that the decision completely disregards the impacts of climate and the cost and benefits associated with the started programs.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Clean Power Plan
evidence: "The EPA Could Soon Formally Propose Repealing Obama's Key Climate Change Regulation".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Clean Power Plan
evidence: According to the League of Conservation Voters in 2015, the Clean Power Plan "established the first national limits on carbon pollution from existing power plants—our nation's single largest source of the pollution fueling climate change" and was "the biggest step" the United States had "ever taken to address climate change."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Clean Power Plan
evidence: According to the EPA fact sheet on the Clean Power Plan, climate change is responsible for everything from stronger storms to longer droughts and increased insurance premiums, food prices and allergy seasons.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The United States is the leading nation in the world "with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change."
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change denial
evidence: An Angus Reid poll released in 2010 indicates that global warming skepticism in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom has been rising.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Newsweek reports that the majority of Europe and Japan accept the consensus on scientific climate change, but only one third of Americans considered human activity to play a major role in climate change in 2006; 64% believed that scientists disagreed about it "a lot."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change denial
evidence: The number of these climate skeptics is greater in the US than in any other country.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Today, climate change skepticism is most prominently seen in the United States, where the media disproportionately features views of the climate change denial community.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: United States
evidence: The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and impact factor.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Georgia (U.S. state)
evidence: In 2013, $189 million was invested in Georgia to install solar for home, business and utility use representing a 795% increase over the previous year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Renewable energy in the United States
evidence: As of 2016, more than 260,000 people worked in the solar industry and 43 states deployed net metering, where energy utilities bought back excess power generated by solar arrays.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Renewable energy in the United States
evidence: There were 90,000 wind operations jobs in the United States in 2015.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar power in the United States
evidence: The solar industry is currently one of the fastest growing in the United States, employing more than 250,000 people as of 2018.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Solar power in the United States
evidence: [clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Coal mining
evidence: Cerrejón directly employs 4,600 workers, with a further 3,800 employed by contractors.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Coal mining
evidence: The country's coal industry employs about 500,000 people.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Renewable energy commercialization
evidence: A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Renewable energy commercialization
evidence: Renewable power has been more effective in creating jobs than coal or oil in the United States.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: West Virginia
evidence: "Today's Energy Jobs Are in Solar, Not Coal".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: 2013 New South Wales bushfires
evidence: On 21 October, Christiana Figueres, a UN official on climate change, told CNN: The World Meteorological Organization has not established a direct link between this wildfire and climate change – yet.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: 2013 New South Wales bushfires
evidence: "'Absolutely' a link between climate change and wildfires, U.N. climate chief Figueres tells Amanpour".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: 2019–20 Australian bushfire season
evidence: Climate and fire experts agree that climate change is a factor known to result in increased fire frequency and intensity in south east Australia, and although it should not be considered as the sole cause of the 2019-20 Australian fires, climate change is considered very likely to have contributed to the unprecedented extent and severity of the fires.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: 2019–20 Australian bushfire season
evidence: The false claims are, in some cases, used to undermine the link between the current bushfires and the longer, more intense fire seasons brought about by climate change."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Wildfire
evidence: White House explains the link between Climate Change and Wild Fires.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by Â­humans[...]
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: "Response of Arctic temperature to changes in emissions of short-lived climate forcers".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch1 2007, FAQ1.1: "To emit 240 W m−2, a surface would have to have a temperature of around −19 °C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: There is not a single candidate in the Republican primary that thinks we should do anything about climate change.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign
evidence: I believe we should have a tax on carbon and deal aggressively with climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Jill Stein
evidence: Referring to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal approach to the Great Depression, Stein advocated a Green New Deal in her 2012 and 2016 campaigns, in which renewable energy jobs would be created to address climate change and environmental issues; the objective would be to employ "every American willing and able to work".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Lindsey Graham
evidence: Much of the Tea Party criticism focuses on his willingness to be bipartisan and work with Democrats on issues like climate change, tax reform and immigration reform and his belief that judicial nominees should not be opposed solely on their philosophical positions.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Republican Party (United States)
evidence: Since then, Republicans have increasingly taken positions against environmental regulation, with some Republicans rejecting the scientific consensus on climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ted Cruz
evidence: Cruz rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Al Gore
evidence: After joining the House of Representatives, Gore held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Al Gore
evidence: Gore has been involved with environmental issues since 1976, when as a freshman congressman, he held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Barack Obama
evidence: Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar and concurrent Congressional hearings.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Don't ask, don't tell
evidence: The United States Senate held two days of hearings on December 2 and 3, 2010, to consider the CRWG report.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hillary Clinton
evidence: The controversy occurred against the backdrop of Clinton's 2016 presidential election campaign and hearings held by the House Select Committee on Benghazi.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Tony Abbott
evidence: Following the first Gillard Government budget in May 2011, Abbott used his budget-reply speech to reiterate his critiques of government policy and call for an early election over the issue of a carbon tax.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Tony Abbott
evidence: On the first day of the new Parliament, Abbott introduced legislation into Parliament to repeal the Carbon Tax, and commenced Operation Sovereign Borders, the Coalition's policy to stop illegal maritime arrivals, which received strong public support.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tony Abbott
evidence: As Opposition Leader, Abbott declared that he accepted that climate change was real and that humans were having an impact on it, but rejected carbon pricing as a means to address the issue, proposing instead to match the Labor government's 5% emissions reduction target through implementation of a plan involving financial incentives for emissions reductions by industry, and support for carbon storage in soils and expanded forests.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tony Abbott
evidence: Upon becoming Leader of the Opposition, Abbott put the question of support for the Government's Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) to a secret ballot and the Liberal Party voted to reject the policy – overturning an undertaking by Turnbull to support an amended version of the government's scheme.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Tony Abbott
evidence: With Abbott as Opposition Leader, the Liberal party opposed a carbon emissions tax and an Emissions Trading Scheme.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Arthur D. Levinson
evidence: "President Obama Honors Nation's Top Scientists and Innovators".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Bangladesh
evidence: However, the country continues to face the challenges of the Rohingya genocide and refugee crisis, corruption, and the erratic effects of climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Developing country
evidence: This lack of access to modern energy technology limits income generation, blunts efforts to escape poverty, affects people's health due to indoor air pollution, and contributes to global deforestation and climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sarah Palin
evidence: He was forced to resign in November 2003.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: That Hideous Strength
evidence: A scientist named Bill Hingest, who is resigning from the N.I.C.E., warns Mark to get out.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Emissions trading
evidence: President Barack Obama in his proposed 2010 United States federal budget wanted to support clean energy development with a 10-year investment of US$15 billion per year, generated from the sale of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions credits.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Emissions trading
evidence: In terms of dollars, the World Bank has estimated that the size of the carbon market was US$11 billion in 2005, $30 billion in 2006, and $64 billion in 2007.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Green Climate Fund
evidence: U.S. President Obama committed the US to contributing US$3 billion to the fund.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paris Agreement
evidence: "United States delivers first payment to global climate fund".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Paris Agreement
evidence: So far, the Green Climate Fund has now received over $10 billion in pledges.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson "led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme
evidence: AUD 4.8 billion of assistance (in the form of free permits) for the most polluting electricity generators.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Emissions trading
evidence: They all put a price on pollution (for example, see carbon price), and so provide an economic incentive to reduce pollution beginning with the lowest-cost opportunities.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Emissions trading
evidence: The program caps the amount of carbon dioxide that can be emitted from large installations with a net heat supply in excess of 20 MW, such as power plants and carbon intensive factories and covers almost half (46%) of the EU's Carbon Dioxide emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Emissions trading
evidence: The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ron Johnson (Wisconsin politician)
evidence: Johnson's 2010 Senate campaign raised a total of $15.2 million, $9 million of which was his own money.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson voted to let oil and gas companies emit "unlimited carbon pollution into our air"
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Emissions trading
evidence: If every participant complies, the total pollution emitted will be at most equal to the sum of individual limits.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Emissions trading
evidence: Under a cap-and-trade system, permits are issued to various entities for the right to emit GHG emissions that meet emission reduction requirement caps.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Emissions trading
evidence: According to the Environmental Defense Fund, cap-and-trade is the most environmentally and economically sensible approach to controlling greenhouse gas emissions, the primary cause of global warming, because it sets a limit on emissions, and the trading encourages companies to innovate in order to emit less.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Emissions trading
evidence: The program caps the amount of carbon dioxide that can be emitted from large installations with a net heat supply in excess of 20 MW, such as power plants and carbon intensive factories and covers almost half (46%) of the EU's Carbon Dioxide emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Emissions trading
evidence: For emissions trading where greenhouse gases are regulated, one emissions permit is considered equivalent to one metric ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming conspiracy theory
evidence: Climate change has also been called the "greatest scam in history" by John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: John Coleman (meteorologist)
evidence: He has called global warming the "greatest scam in history" and made numerous false or misleading claims about climate science.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: John Coleman (meteorologist)
evidence: "'Global warming the greatest scam in history' claims founder of Weather Channel".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: John Coleman (meteorologist)
evidence: "Weather Channel boss calls global warming 'the greatest scam in history'".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: The Weather Channel
evidence: The Weather Channel was founded on July 18, 1980, by television meteorologist John Coleman (who, at the time of the channel's founding, had formerly served as a chief meteorologist at ABC owned-and-operated station WLS-TV in Chicago and as a forecaster for Good Morning America) and Frank Batten, then-president of the channel's original owner Landmark Communications (now Landmark Media Enterprises).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Climate change denial
evidence: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: John Coleman (meteorologist)
evidence: He has called global warming the "greatest scam in history" and made numerous false or misleading claims about climate science.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: "Climate Scientists Virtually Unanimous Anthropogenic Global Warming Is True".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 2011 Wisconsin protests
evidence: Another lawsuit was filed by opponents of the Budget Repair Bill, raising claims that public workers could lose their jobs to Wisconsin prisoners by officials who will now have greater leeway to assign those jobs previously reserved for unionized employees.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Google
evidence: In 2013, a class action against several Silicon Valley companies, including Google, was filed for alleged "no cold call" agreements which restrained the recruitment of high-tech employees.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United States labor law
evidence: The Act has spawned years of litigation by industry groups that have challenged the standards limiting the amount of permitted exposure to chemicals such as benzene.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United States labor law
evidence: This has meant that union organizing in the US may involve substantial levels of litigation which most workers cannot afford.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Wisconsin
evidence: Walker enacted other bills promoting conservative governance, such as a right-to-work law, abortion restrictions, and legislation removing certain gun controls.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Antarctica
evidence: According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C (41 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: These include the large-scale singularities such as the melting of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets, and changes to the AMOC.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased "Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: cutting speed limits could slow climate change
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change adaptation
evidence: According to the study, the safest and most predictable method of moderating climate change is early action to reduce GHG emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change adaptation
evidence: "Gardeners can slow climate change".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Holarctic
evidence: Melting permafrost may also accelerate climate change in the future.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: People and nations can act individually and collectively to slow the pace of global warming, while also preparing for unavoidable climate change and its consequences.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: White-tailed deer
evidence: Climate change is affecting the white tailed deer by changing their migration patterns and increasing their population size.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Bill Gates claims pandemic's 'misery' will 'happen regularly' if climate change is not stopped
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change adaptation
evidence: The climatic conditions that cause this warning became more frequent because of climate change, and will worsen if temperatures continue to increase.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change feedback
evidence: "Loss of soil carbon 'will speed global warming'".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change feedback
evidence: "Peat bog gases 'accelerate global warming'".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: According to the IPCC's 2014 assessment report, "Mitigation is a public good; climate change is a case of the 'tragedy of the commons'.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Between 1989 and 2002 the Global Climate Coalition, a group of mainly United States businesses, used aggressive lobbying and public relations tactics to oppose action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fight the Kyoto Protocol.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Their stories prominently reported how the world's leading climate scientists declared that atmospheric changes were already causing harm, and might cause much more; the scientists called for vigorous government action to restrict greenhouse gases."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: "Conservative groups spend up to $1bn a year to fight action on climate change".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Fox News
evidence: Fox News has widely been described as a major platform for climate change denial.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: The British press also changed its coverage at the end of 1988, following a speech by Margaret Thatcher to the Royal Society advocating action against human-induced climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Coronal cloud
evidence: By this point, the sunspots are all but gone.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Maunder Minimum
evidence: The Maunder Minimum, also known as the "prolonged sunspot minimum", is the name used for the period around 1645 to 1715 during which sunspots became exceedingly rare, as was then noted by solar observers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Maunder Minimum
evidence: In total, there seem to have been 18 periods of sunspot minima in the last 8,000 years, and studies indicate that the Sun currently spends up to a quarter of its time in these minima.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sun
evidence: At a typical solar minimum, few sunspots are visible, and occasionally none can be seen at all.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sun
evidence: At solar-cycle minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Latest IPCC Reports (AR5) have shown global mean temperature forecasts from the 2005 IPCC report exceeded actual readings.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: The IPCC's Fifth Report, released in 2014, states that relative to the average from year 1850 to 1900, global surface temperature change by the end of the 21st century is likely to exceed 1.5 °C and may well exceed 2 °C for all RCP scenarios except RCP2.6.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
evidence: The global surface temperature increase by the end of the 21st century is likely to exceed 1.5 °C relative to the 1850 to 1900 period for most scenarios, and is likely to exceed 2.0 °C for many scenarios The global water cycle will change, with increases in disparity between wet and dry regions, as well as wet and dry seasons, with some regional exceptions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
evidence: Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Kyoto Protocol
evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) have produced a range of projections of what the future increase in global mean temperature might be.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: These data have iconic status in climate change science as evidence of the effect of human activities on the chemical composition of the global atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Climate scientists, especially in the United States, have reported government and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data, with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The target is to show the extent of danger to humanity, create awareness in public that will lead to solutions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The rate of renewable energy installations in the EU in 2018 was less than half the maximum level achieved in 2010.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Energy policy of the European Union
evidence: Although there is significant variation in national targets, the average is that 22% of electricity should be generated by renewables by 2010 (compared to 13,9% in 1997).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Energy policy of the European Union
evidence: The European Commission has proposed in its Renewable Energy Roadmap21 a binding target of increasing the level of renewable energy in the EU's overall mix from less than 7% today to 20% by 2020.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Energy policy of the European Union
evidence: In January 2014, the EU agreed to a 40% emissions reduction by 2030, compared to 1990 levels, and a 27% renewable energy target, which is expected to provide 70,000 full-time jobs and cut €33bn in fossil fuel imports.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Renewable energy in the European Union
evidence: Installed Wind power capacity in the European Union totalled 93,957 megawatts (MW) in 2011, enough to supply 6.3% of the EU's electricity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Renewable energy
evidence: Several other countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration, such as 21% of stationary electricity production in Denmark, 18% in Portugal, 16% in Spain, and 14% in Ireland in 2010 and have since continued to expand their installed capacity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: 2019–20 Australian bushfire season
evidence: Although Australia has naturally experienced high rainfall variability and hot summers for millennia, the country has experienced an increase of nearly 1.0 °C (1.8 °F) in average annual temperatures since 1900, decreases in average rainfall in southeastern Australia since 1990, with the country's worst recorded droughts occurring within the 21st century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Bushfires in Australia
evidence: Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming on human health
evidence: Climate change leads to a warmer ground temperature and its effects include earlier snowmelt dates, drier than expected vegetation, increased number of potential fire days, increased occurrence of summer droughts, and a prolonged dry season.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
evidence: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty that has successfully reduced emissions of ozone-depleting substances (for example, CFCs), which are also greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Emissions trading
evidence: The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Kyoto Protocol
evidence: This led to a massive contraction of their heavy industry-based economies, with associated reductions in their fossil fuel consumption and emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Kyoto Protocol
evidence: The 2010 Cancún agreements include voluntary pledges made by 76 developed and developing countries to control their emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paris Agreement
evidence: The agreement stated that it would enter into force (and thus become fully effective) only if 55 countries that produce at least 55% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions (according to a list produced in 2015) ratify, accept, approve or accede to the agreement.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Hydrology
evidence: Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation, natural disasters, and water management.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Meta-analysis
evidence: Conceptually, a meta-analysis uses a statistical approach to combine the results from multiple studies in an effort to increase power (over individual studies), improve estimates of the size of the effect and/or to resolve uncertainty when reports disagree.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Reliability engineering
evidence: To derive these requirements in an effective manner, a systems engineering-based risk assessment and mitigation logic should be used.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Reliability engineering
evidence: Determine the best mitigation and get agreement on final, acceptable risk levels, possibly based on cost/benefit analysis.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sociology
evidence: For example, an influential recent work in the field relies on statistical analyses to argue that the increase in incarceration in the US over the last 30 years is due to changes in law and policing and not to an increase in crime; and that this increase has significantly contributed to the persistence of racial stratification.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: (2007) concluded that unless energy policies changed substantially, the world would continue to depend on fossil fuels until 2025–2030.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Projections suggest that more than 80% of the world's energy will come from fossil fuels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Natural gas
evidence: While the lifetime of atmospheric methane is relatively short when compared to carbon dioxide, with a half-life of about 7 years, it is more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere, so that a given quantity of methane has 84 times the global-warming potential of carbon dioxide over a 20-year period and 28 times over a 100-year period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ozone depletion
evidence: Recent research (primarily since the Montreal Protocol) shows that many humans have less than optimal vitamin D levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Fred Singer
evidence: Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Fred Singer
evidence: Singer argues there is no evidence that the increases in carbon dioxide produced by humans cause global warming, and that if temperatures do rise it will be good for humankind.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section "Structure and bonding" above).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Fossil fuel
evidence: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Water vapor
evidence: Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: Climate change occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that remain in place for an extended period of time.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change adaptation
evidence: Much adaptation takes place in relation to short-term climate variability, however this may cause maladaptation to longer-term climatic trends.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change in Australia
evidence: He says that the drought in Australia is already 8 years long.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Drought
evidence: The long Australian Millennial drought broke in 2010.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Physical impacts of climate change
evidence: In addition, many areas are experiencing higher than normal droughts.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS