Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Australian residential architectural styles
evidence: Darker colours were originally used but, as the years went by, new brighter paint served as a welcoming change to open up the spaces and brighten up the homes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: City
evidence: For example, within the urban microclimate, less-vegetated poor neighborhoods bear more of the heat (but have fewer means of coping with it).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth shelter
evidence: Earth houses can be built using wide glass façades and dome-lights, allowing rooms to become bright and suffused with light.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Homelessness
evidence: The built environment in urban areas also contributes to the "heat island effect", the phenomenon whereby cities experience higher temperatures due to the predominance of dark, paved surfaces and lack of vegetation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Homelessness
evidence: Acute conditions such as sunburn, dehydration, heat stroke and allergic reactions are also common.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: 2014 in science
evidence: Globally, June 2014 was the hottest June since records began in 1880, according to latest data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: 2015 in science
evidence: 20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Heat wave
evidence: June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Heat wave
evidence: "June was hottest ever recorded on Earth, European satellite agency announces".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: List of weather records
evidence: According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: temperatures were 6-10C above normal over most of France, Germany and northern Spain during the final days of the month, according to C3S.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Berlin
evidence: Temperatures can be 4 °C (7 °F) higher in the city than in the surrounding areas.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paris
evidence: Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures between 15 and 25 °C (59 and 77 °F), and a fair amount of sunshine.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Seville
evidence: The annual average temperature is 25.4 °C (78 °F) during the day and 13 °C (55 °F) at night.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Seville
evidence: Winters are mild: January is the coolest month, with average maximum temperatures of 16.0 °C (61 °F) and minimum of 5.7 °C (42 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Valencia
evidence: March is transitional, the temperature often exceeds 20 °C (68 °F), with an average temperature of 19.3 °C (66.7 °F) during the day and 10.0 °C (50.0 °F) at night.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Rapid assessment of average temperatures in France between 26-28 June showed a “substantial” increase in the likelihood of the heatwave happening as a result of human-caused global warming, experts at the World Weather Attribution group said.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: (2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: (2012) attributed the 2010 Moscow and 2011 Texas heat waves to human-induced global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: (2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change, industry and society
evidence: Heatwaves Hot days, hot nights and heatwaves have become more frequent.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Just as on land, heat waves in the ocean occur more due to climate change, with harmful effects found on a wide range of organisms such as corals, kelp, and seabirds.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: While members of the media may nod along to such claims [about changes in weather extremes], the evidence paints a different story
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: As noted, clear and compelling scientific evidence supports the case for a pronounced human influence on global climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: One of the subjects discussed in the literature is whether or not extreme weather events can be attributed to human activities.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: They were, however, more confident over attributing changes in long-term trends of extreme weather.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Antilla 2005: "One problematic trend of the US media has been the suggestion that substantive disagreement exists within the international scientific community as to the reality of anthropogenic climate change; however, this concept is false…Although the science of climate change does not appear to be a prime news topic for most of the 255 newspapers included in this study…articles that framed climate change in terms of debate, controversy, or uncertainty were plentiful."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: "The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: They state further that the "continuing reliance on combustion of fossil fuels as the world's primary source of energy will lead to much higher atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, which will, in turn, cause significant increases in surface temperature, sea level, ocean acidification, and their related consequences to the environment and society".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
evidence: The extremes of this climate pattern's oscillations cause extreme weather (such as floods and droughts) in many regions of the world.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Natural disaster
evidence: A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples are floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, storms, and other geologic processes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Health impacts of climate change include the direct impacts of extreme events such as storms, floods, heatwaves and fires and the indirect effects of longer-term changes, such as drought, changes to the food and water supply, resource conflicts and population shifts.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves."
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: 2008 Atlantic hurricane season
evidence: Widespread heavy rainfall contributed to significant inland flooding from Louisiana into Arkansas.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: 2008 Atlantic hurricane season
evidence: Storm surge and heavy rainfall contributed to flooding, particularly in low-lying locales and across New Hampshire.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Atlantic hurricane
evidence: While the number of storms in the Atlantic has increased since 1995, there is no obvious global trend.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hurricane Agnes
evidence: The most significant effects, by far, occurred in Pennsylvania, mostly due to intense flooding.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: North Carolina
evidence: North Carolina experiences severe weather in both summer and winter, with summer bringing threat of hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy rain, and flooding.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Nor is there evidence of an increase in floods globally.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming on human health
evidence: With the increase in temperatures worldwide due to climate change the increase in flooding is unavoidable.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Physical impacts of climate change
evidence: The increase in global freshwater flow, based on data from 1994 to 2006, was about 18%.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Widespread coastal flooding is expected with several degrees of warming sustained for millennia.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Such impacts include increased coastal erosion, higher storm-surge flooding, inhibition of primary production processes, more extensive coastal inundation, changes in surface water quality and groundwater characteristics, increased loss of property and coastal habitats, increased flood risk and potential loss of life, loss of non-monetary cultural resources and values, impacts on agriculture and aquaculture through decline in soil and water quality, and loss of tourism, recreation, and transportation functions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Sea level rise causes an increase in frequency and magnitude of floodings in the city that already spent more than 6 billion$ on the flood barrier system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Since 1965, more parts of the U.S. have seen a decrease in flooding than have seen an increase.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: More than 90 US coastal cities are already experiencing chronic flooding and that number is expected to double by 2030.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: When this turns to rain, it tends to come in heavy downpours potentially leading to more floods.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: In the United States and many other parts of the world there has been a marked increase in intense rainfall events which have resulted in more severe flooding.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: New York City
evidence: The driest year on record is 1965, with 26.09 inches (663 mm) of rainfall.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Vermont
evidence: According the Vermont state government, rainfall has significantly increased in the last 50 years, storms and flooding have increased, and winters have become warmer and shorter.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Assam
evidence: According to the recent estimates, Assam's per capita GDP is ₹6,157 at constant prices (1993–94) and ₹10,198 at current prices; almost 40% lower than that in India.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Macau
evidence: Export-oriented manufacturing previously contributed to a much larger share of economic output, peaking at 36.9 per cent of GDP in 1985 and falling to less than 1 per cent in 2017.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Malaysia
evidence: Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average 6.5 per cent annually from 1957 to 2005.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United Kingdom
evidence: This compares to 0.3 per cent per year in the period 1991 to 2001 and 0.2 per cent in the decade 1981 to 1991.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Vietnam
evidence: In 1985, agriculture made up 37.2% of Vietnam's GDP; in 2008, that number had declined to 18.5%.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Physical impacts of climate change
evidence: “The bottom line is that things are not that complicated,” Dr. Knutti said.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Physical impacts of climate change
evidence: Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: This is especially true for smaller (seasonal and regional) scales and weather and climate extremes, and for important hydroclimatic variables such as precipitation and water availability.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Futures studies
evidence: "Wild cards" refer to low-probability and high-impact events, such as existential risks.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Human extinction
evidence: Nick Bostrom argues that it would be "misguided" to assume that the probability of near-term extinction is less than 25% and that it will be "a tall order" for the human race to "get our precautions sufficiently right the first time", given that an existential risk provides no opportunity to learn from failure.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Nick Bostrom
evidence: This principle states that we ought to retard the development of dangerous technologies, particularly ones that raise the level of existential risk, and accelerate the development of beneficial technologies, particularly those that protect against the existential risks posed by nature or by other technologies.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Risk
evidence: Measurement of uncertainty: A set of probabilities assigned to a set of possibilities.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Risk
evidence: The measure of uncertainty refers only to the probabilities assigned to outcomes, while the measure of risk requires both probabilities for outcomes and losses quantified for outcomes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Mind Meld
evidence: Mind Meld: Secrets Behind the Voyage of a Lifetime is a 2001 American documentary film in which actors William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy discuss the Star Trek science fiction franchise and its effects on their lives.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mind–body dualism
evidence: Naturalistic dualism comes from Australian philosopher, David Chalmers (born 1966) who argues there is an explanatory gap between objective and subjective experience that cannot be bridged by reductionism because consciousness is, at least, logically autonomous of the physical properties upon which it supervenes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mind–body dualism
evidence: Chalmers' argument is that it seems plausible that such a being could exist because all that is needed is that all and only the things that the physical sciences describe and observe about a human being must be true of the zombie.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Quantum mind
evidence: The quantum mind or quantum consciousness is a group of hypotheses which proposes that classical mechanics cannot explain consciousness.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Quantum mind
evidence: He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a radioactive atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Environmental sociology
evidence: They analyze the past 30 years of environmentalism and the different outcomes that the green movement has taken in different state contexts and cultures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Future of Earth
evidence: Christopher Scotese and his colleagues have mapped out the predicted motions several hundred million years into the future as part of the Paleomap Project.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global catastrophic risk
evidence: The authors of this study believe that the mentioned agricultural crisis will begin to have an effect on the world after 2020, and will become critical after 2050.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global catastrophic risk
evidence: Those that are at least "trans-generational" (affecting all future generations) in scope and "terminal"[clarification needed] in intensity are classified as existential risks.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global issue
evidence: A global catastrophic risk is a hypothetical future event which could damage human well-being on a global scale, even crippling or destroying modern civilization.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves
evidence: The drought and heat wave combined to make wild fires inevitable.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 2014 California wildfires
evidence: In May 2014, a series of at least 20 wildfires broke out in San Diego County during severe Santa Ana Wind conditions, historic drought conditions, and a heat wave.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Extreme weather
evidence: Yet, recent abnormally intense storms, hurricanes, floods, heatwaves, droughts and associated large-scale wildfires have led to unprecendente negative ecological consequences for tropical forests and coral reefs around the world.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Heat wave
evidence: A heat wave, or heatwave, is a period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity, especially in oceanic climate countries.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Heat wave
evidence: A heat wave is considered extreme weather that can be a natural disaster, and a danger because heat and sunlight may overheat the human body.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate of Asia
evidence: The monsoon accounts for 80% of the rainfall in India[citation needed].
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Desert
evidence: A desert is a region of land that is very dry because it receives low amounts of precipitation (usually in the form of rain, but it may be snow, mist or fog), often has little coverage by plants, and in which streams dry up unless they are supplied by water from outside the area.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Humid subtropical climate
evidence: Rainfall often shows a summer peak, especially where monsoons are well developed, as in Southeast Asia and South Asia.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Humid subtropical climate
evidence: Summer rainfall comes from the East Asian Monsoon and from frequent typhoons.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Monsoon
evidence: Over three-quarters of annual rainfall in Northern Australia falls during this time.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Bioterrorism
evidence: These high-priority agents pose a risk to national security, can be easily transmitted and disseminated, result in high mortality, have potential major public health impact, may cause public panic, or require special action for public health preparedness.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Influenza A virus
evidence: A pandemic, or worldwide outbreak of a new influenza virus, could dwarf this impact by overwhelming our health and medical capabilities, potentially resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of hospitalizations, and hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: National security
evidence: These include global environmental problems such as climate change due to global warming, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: National security
evidence: For example, Sweden's national security strategy of 2017 declared: "Wider security measures must also now encompass protection against epidemics and infectious diseases, combating terrorism and organised crime, ensuring safe transport and reliable food supplies, protecting against energy supply interruptions, countering devastating climate change, initiatives for peace and global development, and much more."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pandemic
evidence: A pandemic is an epidemic occurring on a scale which crosses international boundaries, usually affecting a large number of people.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Cold War
evidence: The Soviets suppressed the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and later more escalating crises occurred, such as the Suez Crisis (1956), the Berlin Crisis of 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, which was perhaps the closest the two sides came to nuclear war.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cold War
evidence: The Cuban Missile Crisis (October–November 1962) brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United Nations in popular culture
evidence: This led to rising international tensions over the coming decades and eventually to a global nuclear war in 2077, destroying civilization across the globe.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Vietnam War
evidence: It was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war, and the U.S. raised the readiness level of Strategic Air Command (SAC) forces to DEFCON 2.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Violence
evidence: War is fought as a means of resolving territorial and other conflicts, as war of aggression to conquer territory or loot resources, in national self-defence or liberation, or to suppress attempts of part of the nation to secede from it.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Meeting the Paris target of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) is possible but would require "deep emissions reductions", "rapid", "far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Deep reductions in non-CO2 emissions (such as nitrous oxide and methane) will also be required to limit warming to 1.5 °C.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Holding this rise to 1.5 °C avoids the worst effects of a rise by even 2 °C.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: By 2050 there’s a scientific consensus that we reached the tipping point for ice sheets in Greenland and the West Antarctic
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Sea level rise
evidence: A study published in 2017 concluded that Greenland's peripheral glaciers and ice caps crossed an irreversible tipping point around 1997, and will continue to melt.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tipping points in the climate system
evidence: For example, at some level of temperature rise the melt of a large part of the Greenland ice sheet and/or West Antarctic Ice Sheet will become inevitable; but the ice sheet itself may persist for many centuries.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tipping points in the climate system
evidence: A 2019 UNEP study indicates that now at least for the Arctic and the Greenland ice sheet a tipping point has already been reached.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Like countless other organ­isms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Human impact on the environment
evidence: Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crisis, and ecological collapse.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Natural environment
evidence: Efforts have been increasingly focused on the mitigation of greenhouse gases that are causing climatic changes, on developing adaptative strategies to global warming, to assist humans, other animal, and plant species, ecosystems, regions and nations in adjusting to the effects of global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Natural environment
evidence: Although there is no universal agreement on the definition of life, scientists generally accept that the biological manifestation of life is characterized by organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli and reproduction.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Natural environment
evidence: In biology, the science of living organisms, "life" is the condition which distinguishes active organisms from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, functional activity and the continual change preceding death.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Natural environment
evidence: Living organisms undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce and, through natural selection, adapt to their environment in successive generations.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: when 3 per cent of total annual global emissions of carbon dioxide are from humans and Australia prod­uces 1.3 per cent of this 3 per cent, then no amount of emissions reductio­n here will have any effect on global climate.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Agriculture
evidence: The 2011 UNEP Green Economy report states that "[a]agricultural operations, excluding land use changes, produce approximately 13 per cent of anthropogenic global GHG emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: With a market share of 30% and (potentially) clean electricity, heat pumps could reduce global CO 2 emissions by 8% annually.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Other countries with fast growing emissions are South Korea, Iran, and Australia (which apart from the oil rich Persian Gulf states, now has the highest percapita emission rate in the world).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Botany
evidence: The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Eocene
evidence: The end of the PETM was met with a very large sequestration of carbon dioxide into the forms of methane clathrate, coal, and crude oil at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean, that reduced the atmospheric carbon dioxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Eocene
evidence: A sharp increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide was observed with a maximum of 4000 ppm: the highest amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide detected during the Eocene.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Atmosphere of Earth
evidence: By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Atmosphere of Mars
evidence: It is primarily composed of carbon dioxide (95.32%), molecular nitrogen (2.6%) and argon (1.9%).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Atmosphere of Venus
evidence: The atmosphere of Venus is composed of 96.5% carbon dioxide, 3.5% nitrogen, and traces of other gases, most notably sulfur dioxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles­ and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: Tectonics and erosion, volcanic eruptions, flooding, weathering, glaciation, the growth of coral reefs, and meteorite impacts are among the processes that constantly reshape Earth's surface over geological time.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Earth
evidence: These dates change over time due to precession and other orbital factors, which follow cyclical patterns known as Milankovitch cycles.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: Between approximately 4.1 and 3.8 Bya, numerous asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of the Moon and, by inference, to that of Earth.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Earth
evidence: High-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 40,000–100,000 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: [subsidies for wind and solar] add to emissions because coal-fired elec­tricity needs to be on standby for when there is no wind or sunshine.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Energy subsidy
evidence: Though in 2007 some suggested that a subsidy shift would help to level the playing field and support growing energy sectors, namely solar power, wind power, and bio-fuels., by 2017 those sources combined had yet to provide 10% of U.S. electricity, and intermittency forced utilities to remain reliant on oil, natural gas, and coal to meet baseload demand.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Energy subsidy
evidence: Because fossil fuels are a leading contributor to climate change through greenhouse gases, fossil fuel subsidies increase emissions and exacerbate climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Fossil fuel
evidence: Fossil fuel-fired electric power plants also emit carbon dioxide, which may contribute to climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Renewable energy commercialization
evidence: The Solar updraft tower (SUT) is a renewable-energy power plant for generating electricity from low temperature solar heat.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Renewable energy commercialization
evidence: Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate."
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Net metering
evidence: The energy can be generated from a variety of renewable sources including solar, wind, and hydro.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Renewable energy
evidence: They found producing all new energy with wind power, solar power, and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Wind power
evidence: However, the estimated average cost per unit of electric power must incorporate the cost of construction of the turbine and transmission facilities, borrowed funds, return to investors (including cost of risk), estimated annual production, and other components, averaged over the projected useful life of the equipment, which may be in excess of twenty years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Zero-energy building
evidence: Energy is usually harvested onsite through energy producing technologies like solar and wind, while reducing the overall use of energy with highly efficient lightning and heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) technologies.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Zero-energy building
evidence: The production of goods under net zero fossil energy consumption requires locations of geothermal, microhydro, solar, and wind resources to sustain the concept.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electric­ity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Electrical grid
evidence: Electrical energy is stored during times when production (especially from intermittent power plants such as renewable electricity sources such as wind power, tidal power, solar power) exceeds consumption, and returned to the grid when production falls below consumption.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Electrical grid
evidence: In this way, a microgrid can effectively integrate various sources of distributed generation, especially renewable energy sources, and can supply emergency power, changing between island and connected modes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Smart grid
evidence: The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Smart grid
evidence: Smart grid technology is a necessary condition for very large amounts of renewable electricity on the grid for this reason.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Smart grid
evidence: While traditionally load balancing strategies have been designed to change consumers' consumption patterns to make demand more uniform, developments in energy storage and individual renewable energy generation have provided opportunities to devise balanced power grids without affecting consumers' behavior.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Renew­ables such as wind turbines are environmentally disastrous because they pollute a huge land area, slice and dice birds and bats, kill insects that are bird food, create health problems for humans who live within kilometres of them, leave toxins around the turbine site and despoil the landscape.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Environmental impact of wind power
evidence: Fossil-fueled power plants, which wind turbines generally require to make up for their weather dependent intermittency, kill almost 20 times as many birds per gigawatt hour (GWh) of electricity according to Sovacool.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Human impact on the environment
evidence: These insects accumulate toxins in their exoskeletons and pass them on to insectivorous birds and bats.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Raptor conservation
evidence: Because they are opportunistic carnivores, birds of prey are at high risk of secondary poisoning by eating organisms that have been killed or debilitated by pesticides.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Wind turbine
evidence: Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Wind turbine
evidence: damaging Australia's Great Barrier Reef) and by water acidification from combustion monoxides.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: We have also been told the problem is DEFINITELY NOT a billions-year-old planet running through cycles where the temperature might fluctuate a bit.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: Each layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Planetary habitability
evidence: The greater the eccentricity the greater the temperature fluctuation on a planet's surface.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Planetary habitability
evidence: If a day takes years, the temperature differential between the day and night side will be pronounced, and problems similar to those noted with extreme orbital eccentricity will come to the fore.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Planetary nebula
evidence: This may be explained by the presence of small temperature fluctuations within planetary nebulae.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: The mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet as a whole is thought to be slightly positive (lowering sea level) or near to balance.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Antarctica
evidence: West Antarctica is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Antarctica
evidence: East Antarctica is largely covered by the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: West Antarctic Ice Sheet
evidence: Play media The Western Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is the segment of the continental ice sheet that covers West (or Lesser) Antarctica, the portion of Antarctica on the side of the Transantarctic Mountains which lies in the Western Hemisphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: West Antarctica
evidence: It is separated from East Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains and is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: a study that totally debunks the whole concept of man-made Global Warming
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: (2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Global Change Research Program concluded that "[global] warming is unequivocal and primarily human-induced."
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: "Warming 'very likely' human-made".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: "U.N. Report: Global Warming Man-Made, Basically Unstoppable".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: nothing we can do to stop the Earth’s naturally occurring climate cycles.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: High-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 40,000–100,000 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ice age
evidence: Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ice age
evidence: The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: John D. Hamaker
evidence: The next ice age may be virtually upon us – a natural 100,000 year cycle which we are accelerating in many ways.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Natural environment
evidence: Shifting from meat-intensive diets to largely plant-based diets in order to help mitigate biodiversity loss and climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climatology
evidence: The study of contemporary climates incorporates meteorological data accumulated over many years, such as records of rainfall, temperature and atmospheric composition.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climatology
evidence: Climatology deals with the aggregate data that meteorology has collected.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climatology
evidence: As measuring technology changes over time, records of data cannot be compared directly.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climatology
evidence: It uses monthly temperature and precipitation data.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: The Western Journal
evidence: In February 2019, The Western Journal published an article which alleged "Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS