Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: [ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: A National Research Council study released in April 2010 likewise concluded that "the level of acid in the oceans is increasing at an unprecedented rate".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: A 2012 paper in the journal Science examined the geological record in an attempt to find a historical analog for current global conditions as well as those of the future.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: A 2013 study claimed acidity was increasing at a rate 10 times faster than in any of the evolutionary crises in Earth's history.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: In a synthesis report published in Science in 2015, 22 leading marine scientists stated that CO 2 from burning fossil fuels is changing the oceans' chemistry more rapidly than at any time since the Great Dying, Earth's most severe known extinction event, emphasizing that the 2 °C maximum temperature increase agreed upon by governments reflects too small a cut in emissions to prevent "dramatic impacts" on the world's oceans, with lead author Jean-Pierre Gattuso remarking that "The ocean has been minimally considered at previous climate negotiations.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: A study in 2008 examining a sediment core from the North Atlantic found that while the species composition of coccolithophorids has remained unchanged for the industrial period 1780 to 2004, the calcification of coccoliths has increased by up to 40% during the same time.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: There was, he said, an ‘inherent bias’ in scientific journals which predisposed them to publish ‘doom and gloom stories’.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Academic journal
evidence: "Scientific Articles Accepted (Personal Checks, Too)".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: MIT Technology Review
evidence: The historical Technology Review often published articles that were controversial, or critical of certain technologies.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: MIT Technology Review
evidence: Editor-in-chief Pontin said, "Of the ten stories which were published, only three were entirely accurate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific journal
evidence: Some journals, such as Nature, Science, PNAS, and Physical Review Letters, have a reputation of publishing articles that mark a fundamental breakthrough in their respective fields.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Survivalism
evidence: In his 2008 book Wealth, War and Wisdom, Biggs has a gloomy outlook for the economic future, and suggests that investors take survivalist measures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “The chain of events that links the melting Arctic with weather to the south begins with rising global temperatures causing more sea ice to melt.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic
evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: As the temperature difference between the Arctic and the equator decreases, ocean currents that are driven by that temperature difference, like the Gulf Stream, are weakening.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Jet stream
evidence: This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Jet stream
evidence: Surface winds below the jet may sway vegetation, but are significantly weaker.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Jet stream
evidence: If two air masses, one cold and dense to the North and the other hot and less dense to the South, are separated by a vertical boundary and that boundary should be removed, the difference in densities will result in the cold air mass slipping under the hotter and less dense air mass.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Jet stream
evidence: Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: This means the jet stream meanders more, with big loops bringing warm air to the frozen north and cold air into warmer southern climes.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Early 2014 North American cold wave
evidence: According to the UK Met Office, the jet stream deviated[clarification needed] to the south (bringing cold air with it) as a result of unusual contrast between cold air in Canada and mild winter temperatures in the United States.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Early 2014 North American cold wave
evidence: This jet stream instability brings warm air north as well as cold air south.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Jet stream
evidence: Within the vortex, the cold polar air becomes increasingly cold with neither warmer air from lower latitudes nor energy from the Sun during the polar night.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Jet stream
evidence: The path of the jet typically has a meandering shape, and these meanders themselves propagate eastward, at lower speeds than that of the actual wind within the flow.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Jet stream
evidence: The wind does not flow directly from the hot to the cold area, but is deflected by the Coriolis effect and flows along the boundary of the two air masses.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: This “blocking” effect means extreme events can unfold.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Arab Spring
evidence: The world watched the events of the Arab Spring unfold, "gripped by the narrative of a young generation peacefully rising up against oppressive authoritarianism to secure a more democratic political system and a brighter economic future."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: List of cognitive biases
evidence: "Interoceptive cues predicting exteroceptive events".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: List of memory biases
evidence: Based on the evidence, memories are not extreme enough.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar particle event
evidence: The effect can be so pronounced that during extreme events, it is not possible to obtain quality images of the Sun or stars.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Variable star
evidence: The expansion phase of a pulsation is caused by the blocking of the internal energy flow by material with a high opacity, but this must occur at a particular depth of the star to create visible pulsations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Severe ‘snowmageddon’ winters are now strongly linked to soaring polar temperatures, say researchers, with deadly summer heatwaves and torrential floods also probably linked.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global storm activity of 2010
evidence: The El Niño phenomenon was blamed for the unusually high sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean that moved east, thus pulling rainfall along with it.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Heat wave
evidence: Eric Klinenberg has noted that in the United States, the loss of human life in hot spells in summer exceeds that caused by all other weather events combined, including lightning, rain, floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: List of extreme weather records in Pakistan
evidence: The most deadly heat wave in the history of Pakistan is the record-breaking heat wave of summer 2010 which occurred in the last ten days of May.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Rain
evidence: The climate is characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Year Without a Summer
evidence: Rapid, dramatic temperature swings were common, with temperatures sometimes reverting from normal or above-normal summer temperatures as high as 95 °F (35 °C) to near-freezing within hours.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Adam Scaife
evidence: Scaife and his team have made recent advances in long range weather forecasting and have uncovered a signal to noise paradox in climate models that makes them better at predicting the real climate than they are at predicting themselves.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: In response to the incident, 1,700 British scientists signed a joint statement circulated by the UK Met Office declaring their "utmost confidence in the observational evidence for global warming and the scientific basis for concluding that it is due primarily to human activities".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenland
evidence: Ben Keene, the atlas's editor, commented: "In the last two or three decades, global warming has reduced the size of glaciers throughout the Arctic and earlier this year, news sources confirmed what climate scientists already knew: water, not rock, lay beneath this ice bridge on the east coast of Greenland.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The American Meteorological Society (AMS) statement adopted by their council in 2012 concluded: There is unequivocal evidence that Earth's lower atmosphere, ocean, and land surface are warming; sea level is rising; and snow cover, mountain glaciers, and Arctic sea ice are shrinking.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: Evidence suggest that the continued loss of Arctic sea-ice and snow cover may influence weather at lower latitudes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Early 2014 North American cold wave
evidence: Europe also saw the 2013-2014 Atlantic winter storms in Europe which has been linked to the cold winter in North America.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: Earth is closest to the Sun (at perihelion) in January, which is summer in the Southern Hemisphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Extreme weather
evidence: Some studies assert a connection between rapidly warming arctic temperatures and thus a vanishing cryosphere to extreme weather in mid-latitudes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Arctic
evidence: In particular, there are concerns that Arctic shrinkage, a consequence of melting glaciers and other ice in Greenland, could soon contribute to a substantial rise in sea levels worldwide.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Physical impacts of climate change
evidence: "Global warming will bring fiercer hurricanes".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Physical impacts of climate change
evidence: Scientists have found evidence that increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global warming progresses.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that "climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: 2014–16 El Niño event
evidence: During November and December 2015, values within NOAA's Oceanic Niño Index peaked at 2.4 °C (4.3 °F), which surpassed December 1997 value of 2.2 °C (4.0 °F).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: 2014–16 El Niño event
evidence: As a result of this the BoM, NOAA's CPC, IRI, and the JMA, all declared that the record-tying El Niño event had ended in late May/early June.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: 2014–16 El Niño event
evidence: The El Niño event also contributed to the Earth's warming trend, with 2014 and 2015 being two of the warmest years on record.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: El Niño
evidence: Tehuantepecers primarily occur during the cold season months for the region in the wake of cold fronts, between October and February, with a summer maximum in July caused by the westward extension of the Azores High.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: El Niño
evidence: However, the Japan Meteorological Agency declares that an El Niño event has started when the average five month sea surface temperature deviation for the NINO.3 region, is over 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) warmer for six consecutive months or longer.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The record warm years of 2015 and 2016 were primarily caused by the super El Nino.’”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: El Niño
evidence: An El Niño is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April–October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: El Niño
evidence: It is thought that there have been at least 30 El Niño events since 1900, with the 1982–83, 1997–98 and 2014–16 events among the strongest on record.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Holocene
evidence: The Holocene has been identified with the current warm period, known as MIS 1.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: The Huronian ice age was caused by the elimination of atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, during the Great Oxygenation Event.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Global average temperatures over land have plummeted by more than 1C since the middle of this year – their biggest and steepest fall on record.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: The highest air temperature ever measured on Earth was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) in Furnace Creek, California, in Death Valley, in 1913.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleocene
evidence: In the Paleocene, with a global average temperature of about 24–25 °C (75–77 °F), compared to 14 °C (57 °F) in more recent times, the Earth had a greenhouse climate without permanent ice sheets at the poles, like the preceding Mesozoic.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleocene
evidence: The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleocene
evidence: For comparison, the average global temperature for the period between 1951 and 1980 was 14 °C (57 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Scientists confirm a mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef this year has killed more corals than ever before, with more than two thirds destroyed across large swathes of the biodiverse site.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Coral bleaching
evidence: Over two thirds of the Great Barrier Reef have been reported to be bleached or dead.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coral bleaching
evidence: In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: Many of the mature breeding adults died in the bleaching events of 2016–17 leading to low coral birth rates.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: According to a 2012 study by the National Academy of Science, since 1985, the Great Barrier Reef has lost more than half of its corals with two-thirds of the loss occurring from 1998 due to the factors listed before.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Coral bleaching
evidence: Coral bleaching occurs when coral polyps expel algae that live inside their tissues.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coral bleaching
evidence: The loss of the colorful algae causes the coral to turn white.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coral reef
evidence: Coral that loses a large fraction of its zooxanthellae becomes white (or sometimes pastel shades in corals that are pigmented with their own proteins) and is said to be bleached, a condition which, unless corrected, can kill the coral.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coral
evidence: Under such environmental stresses, corals expel their Symbiodinium; without them coral tissues reveal the white of their skeletons, an event known as coral bleaching.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coral
evidence: Mass ejections are known as coral bleaching because the algae contribute to coral coloration; some colors, however, are due to host coral pigments, such as green fluorescent proteins (GFPs).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 2014–16 El Niño event
evidence: The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: El Niño
evidence: The ENSO is the cycle of warm and cold sea surface temperature (SST) of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: El Niño
evidence: However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: El Niño
evidence: "Impact of Shifting Patterns of Pacific Ocean Warming on North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: La Niña
evidence: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Coral bleaching
evidence: The first mass global bleaching events were recorded in 1998 and 2010, which was when the El Niño caused the oceans temperatures to rise and worsened the corals living conditions.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coral bleaching
evidence: While localized triggers lead to localized bleaching, the large scale coral bleaching events of the recent years have been triggered by global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coral bleaching
evidence: According to Clive Wilkinson of Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network of Townsville, Australia, in 1998 the mass bleaching event that occurred in the Indian Ocean region was due to the rising of sea temperatures by 2°C coupled with the strong El Niño event in 1997-1998.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coral bleaching
evidence: A global mass coral bleaching has been occurring since 2014 because of the highest recorded temperatures plaguing oceans.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coral bleaching
evidence: The first recorded mass bleaching event that took place in the Belize Barrier Reef was in 1998, where sea level temperatures reached up to 31.5 °C (88.7 °F) from 10 August to 14 October.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: “While record low sea ice is nothing new in the Arctic, this is a surprising turn of events for the Antarctic.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Antarctica
evidence: "Antarctica appears to have broken a heat record".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Antarctica
evidence: The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: "Record Arctic sea ice minimum confirmed by NSIDC".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: Polar Discovery "Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: From 1979–1996, the average per decade decline in entire ice coverage was a 2.2% decline in ice extent and a 3% decline in ice area.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea ice
evidence: Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Climate change denial
evidence: These groups often point to natural variability, such as sunspots and cosmic rays, to explain the warming trend.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted "the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling".
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: "Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Antarctica
evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Antarctica
evidence: The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Antarctica
evidence: However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Antarctica
evidence: found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea ice
evidence: Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: “It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Eocene
evidence: During this period of time, little to no ice was present on Earth with a smaller difference in temperature from the equator to the poles.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: North Pole
evidence: The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Arctic
evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Arctic temperatures have increased and are predicted to continue to increase during this century at over twice the rate of the rest of the world.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice reduces the planet's average albedo, possibly resulting in global warming in a positive feedback mechanism.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: The Arctic Ocean's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer (up to 3 °C).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: “Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Carbon dioxide is colorless.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon monoxide
evidence: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless flammable gas that is slightly less dense than air.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon monoxide
evidence: Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, but highly toxic.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Exhaust gas
evidence: Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: [CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Terraforming of Mars
evidence: Because its atmosphere consists mainly of CO 2, a known greenhouse gas, once Mars begins to heat, the CO 2 may help to keep thermal energy near the surface.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Water
evidence: Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Climate change in the United States
evidence: In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climate change in the United States
evidence: "A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts, including sea level rise, increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events, loss of biodiversity, and regional changes in agricultural productivity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Kyoto Protocol
evidence: The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Also, a report by the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research stated that around three million years ago, levels of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere were similar to today’s levels which increased temperature by two to three degrees Celsius and melted one third of Antarctica’s ice sheets.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The costs of emissions regulations, which will be paid by everyone, will be punishingly high and will provide no benefits to most people anywhere in the world.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Environmental economics
evidence: Increasing the costs of polluting will discourage polluting, and will provide a "dynamic incentive," that is, the disincentive continues to operate even as pollution levels fall.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Environmental economics
evidence: A pollution tax that reduces pollution to the socially "optimal" level would be set at such a level that pollution occurs only if the benefits to society (for example, in form of greater production) exceeds the costs.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Market failure
evidence: Because there is very low cost but high benefit to individual drivers in using the roads, the roads become congested, decreasing their usefulness to society.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Net metering
evidence: point out that while distributed solar and other energy efficiency measures do pose a challenge to electric utilities' existing business model, the benefits of distributed generation outweigh the costs, and those benefits are shared by all ratepayers.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: United Kingdom enterprise law
evidence: The National Health Service was set up in 1946 to provide everyone free health care, regardless of class or income, paid for by progressive taxation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Economy of the United States
evidence: Despite the recession, it was still at 2.79% in 2012 and will slide only marginally to 2.73% in 2013, according to provisional data, and should remain at a similar level in 2014.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Economy of the United States
evidence: It grew 3.0% per year on average in the 1960s, 2.1% in the 1970s, 2.4% in the 1980s, 2.2% in the 1990s, 0.7% in the 2000s, and 0.9% from 2010 to 2017.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Reaganomics
evidence: GDP per employed person increased at an average 1.5% rate during the Reagan administration, compared to an average 0.6% during the preceding eight years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Reaganomics
evidence: Private sector productivity growth, measured as real output per hour of all persons, increased at an average rate of 1.9% during Reagan's eight years, compared to an average 1.3% during the preceding eight years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Unemployment in the United States
evidence: This forecast assumes real GDP growth would be 1.4% in 2013 and 2.5% in 2014.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: With more CO2 in the atmosphere, the challenge [feeding 2.5 billion more people] can and will be met.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Carbon footprint
evidence: To set these numbers into context, assuming a global population around 9–10 billion by 2050 a carbon footprint of about 2–2.5 tons CO2e per capita is needed to stay within a 2 °C target.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Environmental degradation
evidence: The amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) will rise, and both of these will influence water resources; evaporation depends strongly on temperature and moisture availability which can ultimately affect the amount of water available to replenish groundwater supplies.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: the stock of carbon in the atmosphere increases by more than 3 million tonnes per annum (0.04%) compared with the existing stock.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: "CO2 in the atmosphere just exceeded 415 parts per million for the first time in human history".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Disaster risk reduction
evidence: Climate change, through rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and changing sea levels, will affect the nature of hydrometeorological disasters, such as droughts, floods, and cyclones.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Extreme weather
evidence: Researchers have for the first time attributed recent floods, droughts and heat waves, to human-induced climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Natural disaster
evidence: A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples are floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, storms, and other geologic processes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Severe weather
evidence: Another form of severe weather is drought, which is a prolonged period of persistently dry weather (that is, absence of precipitation).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Droughts in the United States
evidence: Drought apparently struck what is now the American Southwest back in the 13th century, which probably affected the Pueblo cities, and tree rings also document drought in the lower and central Mississippi River basin between the 14th and 16th century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Megadrought
evidence: A megadrought (or mega-drought) is a prolonged drought lasting two decades or longer.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Megadrought
evidence: The tree-ring data indicate that the Western states have experienced droughts that lasted ten times longer than anything the modern U.S. has seen.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Megadrought
evidence: Based on annual tree rings, NOAA has recorded patterns of drought covering most of the U.S. for every year since 1700.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Megadrought
evidence: During a 200-year mega drought in the Sierra Nevada that lasted from the 9th to the 12th centuries, trees would grow on newly exposed shoreline at Fallen Leaf Lake, then as the lake grew once again, the trees were preserved under cold water.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Lake-bottom sediments in Florida tell us that recent major hurricane activity in the Gulf of Mexico has been less frequent than in centuries past.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Atlantic hurricane
evidence: Few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000–1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Atlantic hurricane
evidence: Millennial-scale variability in catastrophic hurricane landfalls along the Gulf of Mexico coast.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Florida
evidence: Devastating hurricanes in 1926 and 1928, followed by the Great Depression, brought that period to a halt.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Florida
evidence: From 1851 to 2006, Florida was struck by 114 hurricanes, 37 of them major—category 3 and above.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hurricane Katrina
evidence: The pressure measurement made Katrina the fifth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record at the time, only to be surpassed by Hurricanes Rita and Wilma later in the season; it was also the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico at the time.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Sea level rise
evidence: For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO