Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: For his postdoctoral research, Mann joined Bradley and tree ring specialist Malcolm K. Hughes to develop a new statistical approach to reconstruct underlying spatial patterns of temperature variation combining diverse datasets of proxy information covering different periods across the globe, including a rich resource of tree ring networks for some areas and sparser proxies such as lake sediments, ice cores and corals, as well as some historical records.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: The Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1998 (MBH98) multiproxy study on "Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries" was submitted to the journal Nature on 9 May 1997, accepted on 27 February 1998 and published on 23 April 1998.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleoclimatology
evidence: Paleoclimatology uses a variety of proxy methods from the Earth and life sciences to obtain data previously preserved within rocks, sediments, boreholes, ice sheets, tree rings, corals, shells, and microfossils.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Proxy (climate)
evidence: Examples of proxies include ice cores, tree rings, sub-fossil pollen, boreholes, corals, lake and ocean sediments, and carbonate speleothems.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Proxy (climate)
evidence: Several studies, including and have compiled box and gravity cores in the North Pacific analyzing them for palynological content to determine the distribution of dinocysts and their relationships with sea surface temperature, salinity, productivity and upwelling.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: A wide variety of temperature proxies together prove that the 20th century was the hottest recorded in the last 2,000 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: They concluded that although the 20th century was almost certainly the warmest of the millennium, the amount of anthropogenic warming remains uncertain."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) of the National Science Foundation closed an investigation on 15 August 2011 that exonerated Michael Mann of Pennsylvania State University of charges of scientific misconduct.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: The OIP findings confirmed the university panel's conclusions which cleared Mann of any wrongdoing, and it stated "Lacking any evidence of research misconduct, as defined under the NSF Research Misconduct Regulation, we are closing the investigation with no further action."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: Eight committees investigated the allegations and published reports, finding no evidence of fraud or scientific misconduct.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Nepal
evidence: The Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority is an independent investigative agency that investigates and prosecutes cases related to corruption and bribery, in addition to the abuse of authority by government officials and officeholders.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
evidence: By January 2017, a multi-agency investigation, conducted by the FBI, the CIA, the NSA, the Justice Department, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network and representatives of the DNI, was underway looking into how the Russian government may have secretly financed efforts to help Trump win the election had been conducted over several months by six federal agencies.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Despite leaked emails during the Climatic Research Unit email controversy, as well as multinational, independent research on the topic, no evidence of such a conspiracy has been presented, and strong consensus exists among scientists from a multitude of political, social, organizational and national backgrounds about the extent and cause of climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: The efforts of Al Gore and other environmental campaigns have focused on the effects of global warming and have managed to increase awareness and concern, but despite these efforts, the number of Americans believing humans are the cause of global warming was holding steady at 61% in 2007, and those believing the popular media was understating the issue remained about 35%.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Most of the few statements that critics claim as evidence of malfeasance seem to have more innocent explanations that make sense in the context of scientists conversing privately and informally."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Science education is under attack… by climate change deniers, who ignore a mountain of evidence gathered over the last fifty years that the planet is warming and that humans are largely responsible.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: Writing for Newsweek, journalist Sharon Begley called the controversy a "highly orchestrated, manufactured scandal", noting that the public was unlikely to change their mind.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: He said that it was not a single scandal, but "a sustained and coordinated campaign" aimed at undermining the credibility of the science.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: An editorial in Nature said that many in the media "were led by the nose, by those with a clear agenda, to a sizzling scandal that steadily defused as the true facts and context were made clear".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: In blogs, talk radio and other new media, we are told that the warnings about future global warming issued by the national science academies, scientific societies, and governments of all the leading nations are not only mistaken, but based on a hoax, indeed a conspiracy that must involve thousands of respected researchers.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: In this context, John Tierney of The New York Times wrote: "these researchers, some of the most prominent climate experts in Britain and America, seem so focused on winning the public-relations war that they exaggerate their certitude – and ultimately undermine their own cause".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: The committee criticised a "culture of non-disclosure at CRU" and a general lack of transparency in climate science where scientific papers had usually not included all the data and code used in reconstructions.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and "did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming conspiracy theory
evidence: The Muir Russell report stated that the scientists' "rigor and honesty as scientists are not in doubt," that the investigators "did not find any evidence of behavior that might undermine the conclusions of the IPCC assessments," but that there had been "a consistent pattern of failing to display the proper degree of openness."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: This document also states that IPCC will do this work by assessing "on a comprehensive, objective, open and transparent basis the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis" of these topics.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: […] Constant 24-7  media coverage of every significant storm worldwide just makes it seem  that way.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: 2003 invasion of Iraq
evidence: This attracted considerable media coverage at the time.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Daniel Bryan
evidence: "Radican's ROH Respect Is Earned Report 7/20: ongoing "virtual time" coverage of PPV".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Gulf War
evidence: At the same time, the war's coverage was new in its instantaneousness.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hurricane Sandy
evidence: The severe and widespread damage the storm caused in the United States, as well as its unusual merger with a frontal system, resulted in the nicknaming of the hurricane "Superstorm Sandy" by the media, public officials, and several organizations, including U.S. government agencies.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hurricane Sandy
evidence: As coverage continued, several media outlets began eschewing this term in favor of "superstorm".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Extreme weather
evidence: In recent years, growing evidence suggests that human-induced global warming is increasing the periodicity and intensity of some extreme weather events.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Al Gore's film was "broadly accurate" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Al Gore
evidence: In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had "no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate" and its "four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research", he upheld nine of a "long schedule" of alleged errors presented to the court.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Al Gore
evidence: He ruled that the film could be shown to schoolchildren in the UK if guidance notes given to teachers were amended to balance out the film's one-sided political views.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: An Inconvenient Truth
evidence: The plaintiffs sought an injunction preventing the screening of the film in English schools, arguing that by law schools are forbidden to promote partisan political views and, when dealing with political issues, are required to provide a balanced presentation of opposing views.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: An Inconvenient Truth
evidence: The judge ruled that An Inconvenient Truth contained nine scientific errors and thus must be accompanied by an explanation of those errors before being shown to school children.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: An Inconvenient Truth
evidence: Gore climate documentary to be shown in schools.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: An Inconvenient Truth
evidence: The survey, published as an editorial in the journal Science, found that every article either supported the human-caused global warming consensus or did not comment on it.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: An Inconvenient Truth
evidence: All 19 climate scientists who had seen the movie or had read the homonymous book said that Gore accurately conveyed the science, with few errors.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: An Inconvenient Truth
evidence: Gore's presentation was the most powerful and clear explanation of global warming I had ever seen.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: An Inconvenient Truth
evidence: "Judge attacks nine errors in Al Gore's 'alarmist' climate change film".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: While there are isolated cases of growing glaciers, the overwhelming trend in glaciers worldwide is retreat.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Glacier
evidence: Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Glacier
evidence: A slight cooling led to the advance of many alpine glaciers between 1950 and 1985, but since 1985 glacier retreat and mass loss has become larger and increasingly ubiquitous.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Himalayas
evidence: In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier retreat across the region as a result of climate change.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Holocene glacial retreat
evidence: The Holocene glacial retreat is a geographical phenomenon that involved the global deglaciation of glaciers that previously had advanced during the Last Glacial Maximum.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Subantarctic
evidence: Glaciers are currently retreating at significant rates throughout the southern hemisphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Eocene
evidence: Oxygen isotope analysis showed a large negative change in the proportion of heavier oxygen isotopes to lighter oxygen isotopes, which indicates an increase in global temperatures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014, p. 124: Global warming refers to the gradual increase, observed or projected, in global surface temperature, as one of the consequences of radiative forcing caused by anthropogenic emissions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: By regulating the Earth’s cloud cover, the Sun  can turn the temperature up and down. ...
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: These variations can affect global average surface temperature by redistributing heat between the deep ocean and the atmosphere and/or by altering the cloud/water vapor/sea ice distribution which can affect the total energy budget of the earth.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Without the Earth's atmosphere, the Earth's average temperature would be well below the freezing temperature of water.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sun
evidence: The temperature of the photosphere is approximately 6,000 K, whereas the temperature of the corona reaches 1,000,000–2,000,000 K. The high temperature of the corona shows that it is heated by something other than direct heat conduction from the photosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Together with the lack of a proven physical mechanism and the plausibility of other causal factors affecting changes in cloud cover, this makes the association between galactic cosmic ray-induced changes in aerosol and cloud formation controversial Studies by Lockwood and Fröhlich (2007) and Sloan and Wolfendale (2008) found no relation between warming in recent decades and cosmic rays.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Cosmic ray
evidence: Despite Svensmark's assertions, galactic cosmic rays have shown no statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover, and have been demonstrated in studies to have no causal relationship to changes in global temperature.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Henrik Svensmark
evidence: Sloan and Wolfendale (2013) demonstrated that while temperature models showed a small correlation every 22 years, less than 14 percent of global warming since the 1950s could be attributed to cosmic ray rate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Henrik Svensmark
evidence: Another 2013 study found, contrary to Svensmark's claims, "no statistically significant correlations between cosmic rays and global albedo or globally averaged cloud height."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Henrik Svensmark
evidence: In 2013, a laboratory study by Svensmark, Pepke and Pedersen published in Physics Letters A showed, that there is in fact a correlation between cosmic rays and the formation of aerosols of the type that seed clouds.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: On average, such eruptions occur several times per century, and cause cooling (by partially blocking the transmission of solar radiation to the Earth's surface) for a period of several years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Mercury (planet)
evidence: Having almost no atmosphere to retain heat, it has surface temperatures that vary diurnally more than on any other planet in the Solar System, ranging from 100 K (−173 °C; −280 °F) at night to 700 K (427 °C; 800 °F) during the day across the equatorial regions.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Solar System
evidence: It is the hottest planet, with surface temperatures over 400 °C (752 °F), most likely due to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Venus
evidence: The actual temperatures are not known, because the size of the hot spots could not be measured, but are likely to have been in the 800–1,100 K (527–827 °C; 980–1,520 °F) range, relative to a normal temperature of 740 K (467 °C; 872 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Henrik Svensmark has suggested that the magnetic activity of the sun deflects cosmic rays, and that this may influence the generation of cloud condensation nuclei, and thereby have an effect on the climate.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Cosmic ray
evidence: In addition, the Earth's magnetic field acts to deflect cosmic rays from its surface, giving rise to the observation that the flux is apparently dependent on latitude, longitude, and azimuth angle.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cosmic ray
evidence: Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: This effect also causes droplets to be of more uniform size, which reduces the growth of raindrops and makes clouds more reflective to incoming sunlight.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Steve McIntyre
evidence: In 2002, McIntyre became interested in climate science after a leaflet from the Canadian government warning of the dangers of global warming was delivered to his residence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Steve McIntyre
evidence: McIntyre states that he noticed discrepancies in climate science papers that reminded him of the false prospectus that had duped investors involved in the Bre-X gold mining scandal.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Steve McIntyre
evidence: In 2007, McIntyre started auditing the various corrections made to temperature records, in particular those relating to the urban heat island effect.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Steve McIntyre
evidence: He discovered a discontinuity in some U.S. records in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) dataset starting in January 2000.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Steve McIntyre
evidence: The adjustment reduced the average temperatures for the continental United States by about 0.15 °C during the years 2000-2006.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: As a result, "The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: 2000s (decade)
evidence: This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change in the United States
evidence: 2013 was the warmest year ever in the contiguous United States and about one-third of all Americans experienced 10 days or more of 100-degree heat.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climate change in the United States
evidence: In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climate change in the United States
evidence: The U.S. had its warmest March–May on record in 2012.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: New York City
evidence: The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C).
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: (2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Florida
evidence: With a population of more than 18 million, according to the 2010 census, Florida is the most populous state in the southeastern United States and the third-most populous in the United States.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Florida
evidence: Florida is west of The Bahamas and 90 miles (140 km) north of Cuba.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Florida
evidence: With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C), it is the warmest state in the U.S.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Florida
evidence: In 2012, 75% of the population lived within 10 miles (16 km) of the coastline.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Florida
evidence: This is down from a peak of 17.1% in 2012.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "Austria is today seeing its earliest snowfall in history with 30 to 40 centimetres already predicted in the mountains.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Austria
evidence: From 1925 to 1929, the economy enjoyed a short high before nearly crashing[clarification needed] after Black Tuesday.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Austria
evidence: Austria lies between latitudes 46° and 49° N, and longitudes 9° and 18° E. It can be divided into five areas, the biggest being the Eastern Alps, which constitute 62% of the nation's total area.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Austria
evidence: Although Austria is cold in the winter (−10 to 0 °C), summer temperatures can be relatively high, with average temperatures in the mid-20s and a highest temperature of 40.5 °C (105 °F) in August 2013.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Vienna
evidence: Spring is variable and autumn cool, with possible snowfalls already in November.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Vienna
evidence: This law of neutrality, passed in late October 1955 (and not the State Treaty itself), ensured that modern Austria would align with neither NATO nor the Soviet bloc, and is considered one of the reasons for Austria's delayed entry into the European Union in 1995.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Global Warming of 1.5 °C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Limiting new black carbon deposits in the Arctic could reduce global warming by 0.2 °C by 2050.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: For 1979 to 2012, the linear warming trend for combined land and sea temperatures has been 0.155 °C (0.122 to 0.188 °C) per decade, according to AR5.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Tropical cyclone
evidence: All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tropical cyclone
evidence: Kerry Emanuel stated, "Records of hurricane activity worldwide show an upswing of both the maximum wind speed in and the duration of hurricanes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Weather
evidence: Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Weather
evidence: In some situations, the temperature actually increases with height.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Weather
evidence: Aside from climatic changes that have caused the gradual drift of populations (for example the desertification of the Middle East, and the formation of land bridges during glacial periods), extreme weather events have caused smaller scale population movements and intruded directly in historical events.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global cooling
evidence: "Judging from the record of the past interglacial ages, the present time of high temperatures should be drawing to an end, to be followed by a long period of considerably colder temperatures leading into the next glacial age some 20,000 years from now."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: It is expected that most ecosystems will be affected by higher atmospheric CO2 levels and higher global temperatures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Atlanta
evidence: Lows at or below freezing can be expected 40 nights annually, but extended stretches with daily high temperatures below 40 °F (4 °C) are very rare, with a recent exception in January 2014.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Córdoba, Argentina
evidence: The record low temperature for Córdoba is −8.3 °C (17.1 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Córdoba, Argentina
evidence: It is not unusual to see temperatures drop 20 °C (36 °F) from one day to another, or to have frost following extreme heat.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Istanbul
evidence: During these summer months, high temperatures average around 29 °C (84 °F) and rainfall is uncommon; there are only about fifteen days with measurable precipitation between June and August.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tucson, Arizona
evidence: There is an average of 145.0 days annually with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 16.9 days with lows reaching or below the freezing mark.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are "indicative of what could also happen in the future," as Narisma
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Drought
evidence: Australia could experience more severe droughts and they could become more frequent in the future, a government-commissioned report said on July 6, 2008.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Illinois
evidence: "The Longest Running Title Droughts in Sports".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sahel drought
evidence: Originally it was believed that the drought in the Sahel primarily was caused by humans over-using natural resources in the region through overgrazing, deforestation and poor land management.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: United States
evidence: Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding, with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Tuvalu
evidence: Coordinates: 8°31′15″S 179°11′55″E﻿ / ﻿8.52083°S 179.19861°E﻿ / -8.52083; 179.19861 Tuvalu (/tuːˈvɑːluː/ too-VAH-loo) (formerly known as the Ellice Islands), is a country in Polynesia, located in the Pacific Ocean, situated in Oceania and about midway between Hawaii and Australia.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tuvalu
evidence: "A rising tide: Planning the future of a sinking island".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Tuvalu
evidence: "'Sinking' Pacific nation is getting bigger, showing islands are geologically dynamic: study | The Japan Times".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Tuvalu
evidence: "Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Tuvalu
evidence: Spanish discoveries in the Central Pacific.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Sinking of MV Sewol
evidence: As of 17 April 2014, the ROK Coast Guard concluded that an "unreasonably sudden turn" to starboard, made between 8:48 and 8:49 a.m. (KST), caused the cargo to shift to port, which in turn caused the ship to list and to eventually become unmanageable for the crew.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sinking of the RMS Lusitania
evidence: Although he might have achieved 21 knots and had given orders to raise steam ready to do so, he was also under orders to time his arrival at Liverpool for high tide so that the ship would not have to wait to enter port.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sinking of the RMS Lusitania
evidence: The three had agreed that the Admiralty warning of "submarine activity 20 miles (32 km) south of Coningbeg" effectively overrode other Admiralty advice to keep to 'mid channel', which was precisely where the submarine had been reported.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sinking of the RMS Titanic
evidence: Now, without warning she seemed to start forward, moving forward and into the water at an angle of about fifteen degrees.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sinking of the RMS Titanic
evidence: He also stated that "I believe it must have been in places, not a continuous rip", but that the different openings must have extended along an area of around 300 feet, to account for the flooding in several compartments.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Sea level rise
evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: McIntyre agreed, and made contact with University of Guelph economics professor Ross McKitrick, a senior fellow of the Fraser Institute which opposed the Kyoto treaty, and co-author of Taken By Storm: The Troubled Science, Policy and Politics of Global Warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Patrick Michaels
evidence: A 2002 article published in the journal Climate Research by Michaels and three other scholars has predicted "a warming range of 1.3–3.0°C, with a central value of 1.9°C" over the 1990 to 2100 period, although he remarked that the "temperature range and central values determined in our study may be too great."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Patrick Michaels
evidence: Until 2007 he was research professor of environmental sciences at the University of Virginia, where he had worked from 1980.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ross McKitrick
evidence: McKitrick has authored works about environmental economics and climate change issues, including co-authoring the book Taken by Storm: The Troubled Science, Policy and Politics of Global Warming, published in 2002.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Urban heat island
evidence: For example, Ross McKitrick and Patrick J. Michaels conducted a statistical study of surface-temperature data regressed against socioeconomic indicators, and concluded that about half of the observed warming trend (for 1979–2002) could be accounted for by the residual UHI effects in the corrected temperature data set they studied—which had already been processed to remove the (modeled) UHI contribution.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Urban heat island
evidence: An urban heat island (UHI) is an urban area or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Urban heat island
evidence: On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Urban heat island
evidence: Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Urbanization
evidence: As a result, cities are often 1 to 3 °C (1.8 to 5.4 °F) warmer than surrounding landscapes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Urbanization
evidence: For North America and Europe, such practice could reduce earth warming trends.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03 °C) than in the early and mid-20th century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: Their reconstruction of the pattern is characterised by warmth over large part of North Atlantic, Southern Greenland, the Eurasian Arctic, and parts of North America which appears to substantially exceed that of the late 20th century (1961–1990) baseline and is comparable or exceeds that of the past decade or two in some regions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: Certain regions, such as central Eurasia, northwestern North America, and (with less confidence) parts of the South Atlantic, exhibit anomalous coolness.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Medieval Warm Period
evidence: They also found that the warming during the 10–14th centuries in some regions might be comparable in magnitude to the warming of the last few decades of the 20th century, which was unprecedented within the past 500 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Extraterrestrial atmosphere
evidence: "Mars Melt Hints at Solar, Not Human, Cause for Warming, Scientist Says".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Mars ocean hypothesis
evidence: As Tharsis volcanoes erupted they added huge amounts of gases into the atmosphere that created a global warming, thereby allowing liquid water to exist.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mars
evidence: Other scientists caution that these results have not been confirmed, and point out that Martian climate models have not yet shown that the planet was warm enough in the past to support bodies of liquid water.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mars
evidence: They tend to occur when Mars is closest to the Sun, and have been shown to increase the global temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Martian
evidence: They invade Earth because Mars is dying, and they need a warmer planet to live.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate of Mars
evidence: Precession in the alignment of the obliquity and eccentricity lead to global warming and cooling ('great' summers and winters) with a period of 170,000 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate of Mars
evidence: Current research suggests that Mars is in a warm interglacial period which has lasted more than 100,000 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate of Mars
evidence: Geomorphic observations of both landscape erosion rates and Martian valley networks also strongly imply warmer, wetter conditions on Noachian-era Mars (earlier than about four billion years ago).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mars
evidence: The wide range in temperatures is due to the thin atmosphere which cannot store much solar heat, the low atmospheric pressure, and the low thermal inertia of Martian soil.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mars
evidence: Their low albedo and carbonaceous chondrite composition have been regarded as similar to asteroids, supporting the capture theory.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "In 2007, the Northern Hemisphere reached a record low in ice coverage and the Northwest Passage was opened.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: The 2007 melt season let to a minimum 39% below the 1979–2000 average, and for the first time in human memory, the fabled Northwest Passage opened completely.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Northwest Passage
evidence: On August 21, 2007, the Northwest Passage became open to ships without the need of an icebreaker.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Northwest Passage
evidence: The Northwest Passage opened again on August 25, 2008.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Northwest Passage
evidence: On September 14, 2007, the European Space Agency stated that ice loss that year had opened up the historically impassable passage, setting a new low of ice cover as seen in satellite measurements which went back to 1978.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Northwest Passage
evidence: The extreme loss in 2007 rendered the passage "fully navigable".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS