Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Coral bleaching
evidence: In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Coral reef
evidence: Sea level on the Great Barrier Reef has not changed significantly in the last 6,000 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef
evidence: When the 2019 Townsville flood waters reached the Great Barrier Reef, the flood plumes covered a large area of corals, even reaching 60 km out to sea.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: On 3 April 2010, the bulk coal carrier Shen Neng 1 ran aground on Douglas Shoals, spilling up to four tonnes of oil into the water and causing extensive damage to the reef.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Coastal fish
evidence: In turn, they are preyed on by larger predatory fish, seabirds and marine mammals.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Coral reef
evidence: This level of variety in the environment benefits many coral reef animals, which, for example, may feed in the sea grass and use the reefs for protection or breeding.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Diversity of fish
evidence: Swordfish are teleosts Rose fish are also teleosts Eels are teleosts too So are seahorses Some of the shortest-lived species are gobies, which are small coral reef–dwelling fish.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Glossary of fishery terms
evidence: Endangered species - An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming extinct.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Glossary of fishery terms
evidence: They are important apex predators feeding on a wide variety of smaller fish and cephalopods.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The world's most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, a by-product of the burning of fossil fuels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Water vapor
evidence: Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: A second coat of paint has much less of an effect, while adding a third or fourth coat has almost no impact at all.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Alf Ramsey
evidence: "Shots which appeared certain to score missed by the width of a coat of paint.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Anti-submarine warfare
evidence: However, they ended up having little impact, especially in the latter half of the war.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)
evidence: The first take ran well, but in the second take, the burst of fire came too soon as a result of which the flames set fire to her green and copper-based face paint, causing third-degree burns on her hands and face.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)
evidence: During the reshoots in May, the inside of the farm house was painted sepia, and when Dorothy opens the door, it is not Garland, but her stand-in, Bobbie Koshay, wearing a sepia gingham dress, who then backs out of frame; once the camera moves through the door, Garland steps back into frame in her bright blue gingham dress (as noted in DVD extras), and the sepia-painted door briefly tints her with the same color before she emerges from the house's shadow, into the bright glare of the Technicolor lighting.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tincture (heraldry)
evidence: At one point, aluminum paint was used for argent, as it was more resistant to oxidation; but its effect also faded with age.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Your odds of correctly guessing the outcome of a flipped coin are 1 in 2, but your odds of guessing correctly twice in a row are only 1 in 4 —
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Gambler's fallacy
evidence: Since the first four tosses turn up heads, the probability that the next toss is a head is: Pr ( A 5 | A 1 ∩ A 2 ∩ A 3 ∩ A 4 ) = Pr ( A 5 ) = 1 2 {\displaystyle \Pr \left(A_{5}|A_{1}\cap A_{2}\cap A_{3}\cap A_{4}\right)=\Pr \left(A_{5}\right)={\frac {1}{2}}} .
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Gambler's fallacy
evidence: Assuming a fair coin: The probability of 20 heads, then 1 tail is 0.520 × 0.5 = 0.521 The probability of 20 heads, then 1 head is 0.520 × 0.5 = 0.521 The probability of getting 20 heads then 1 tail, and the probability of getting 20 heads then another head are both 1 in 2,097,152.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Probability
evidence: If two events, A and B are independent then the joint probability is P ( A  and  B ) = P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) P ( B ) , {\displaystyle P(A{\mbox{ and }}B)=P(A\cap B)=P(A)P(B),\,} for example, if two coins are flipped the chance of both being heads is 1 2 × 1 2 = 1 4 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}\times {\tfrac {1}{2}}={\tfrac {1}{4}}} .
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Probability
evidence: P ( A  or  B ) = P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − 0 = P ( A ) + P ( B ) {\displaystyle P(A{\mbox{ or }}B)=P(A\cup B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A\cap B)=P(A)+P(B)-0=P(A)+P(B)} For example, the chance of rolling a 1 or 2 on a six-sided die is P ( 1  or  2 ) = P ( 1 ) + P ( 2 ) = 1 6 + 1 6 = 1 3 .
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Random variable
evidence: {\displaystyle Y(\omega )={\begin{cases}1,&{\text{if }}\omega ={\text{heads}},\\[6pt]0,&{\text{if }}\omega ={\text{tails}}.\end{cases}}} If the coin is a fair coin, Y has a probability mass function f Y {\displaystyle f_{Y}} given by: f Y ( y ) = { 1 2 , if  y = 1 , 1 2 , if  y = 0 , {\displaystyle f_{Y}(y)={\begin{cases}{\tfrac {1}{2}},&{\text{if }}y=1,\\[6pt]{\tfrac {1}{2}},&{\text{if }}y=0,\end{cases}}} A random variable can also be used to describe the process of rolling dice and the possible outcomes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: While evidence that the earth’s orbital variations impact radiation levels and thus global temperatures does not of course mean that man is not in some way impacting the climate, studies like these highlight that the role man plays on the planet is dwarfed by natural phenomena utterly out of our control.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: There are many interesting palaeoclimate studies that suggest that solar variability had an influence on pre-industrial climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Milankovitch cycles
evidence: Physical evidence shows that the variation in Earth's climate is much more extreme than the variation in the intensity of solar radiation calculated as the Earth's orbit evolves.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Milankovitch cycles
evidence: Since orbital variations are predictable, any model that relates orbital variations to climate can be run forward to predict future climate, with two caveats: the mechanism by which orbital forcing influences climate is not definitive; and non-orbital effects can be important (for example, Human impact on the environment principally increases in greenhouse gases result in a warmer climate).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Milankovitch cycles
evidence: Milankovitch studied changes in these movements of the Earth, which alter the amount and location of solar radiation reaching the Earth.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: While transient weather variability is playing a key role here, the widespread record warmth across the U.S. so far this year is part of a long-term trend toward more warm temperature records versus cold ones.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: While record-breaking years attract considerable public interest, individual years are less significant than the overall trend.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Global surface temperature is subject to short-term fluctuations that overlie long-term trends, and can temporarily mask or magnify them.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: So far this month, there have been nearly 5,000 daily record highs set or tied, compared to just 42 daily record lows.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 2010s
evidence: As a result, for example, US stock prices reached record highs.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Milwaukee
evidence: Milwaukee tends to experience highs that are 90 °F (32 °C) on or above seven days per year, and lows at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on six to seven nights.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: New Orleans
evidence: On average, there are 77 days of 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs, 8.1 days per winter where the high does not exceed 50 °F (10 °C), and 8.0 nights with freezing lows annually.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Seattle
evidence: Winters are cool and wet with December, the coolest month, averaging 40.6 °F (4.8 °C), with 28 annual days with lows that reach the freezing mark, and 2.0 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing all day; the temperature rarely lowers to 20 °F (−7 °C).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Seattle
evidence: The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 °F (22 °C) the day the official record high was set.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Albany, New York
evidence: Record temperature extremes range from −28 °F (−33 °C), on January 19, 1971, to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Chicago
evidence: The normal winter high from December through March is about 36 °F (2 °C), with January and February being the coldest months; January 2019's polar vortex nearly broke the city's cold record of minus 27 degrees, which was set on January 20, 1985.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: December
evidence: January February March April May June July August September October November December December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and is the seventh and last of seven months to have a length of 31 days.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Humid subtropical climate
evidence: Temperatures are very warm to hot but are not excessive: the average maximum in February is usually around 29 °C (84 °F) and in July around 21 °C (70 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Season
evidence: However, due to seasonal lag, June, July, and August are the warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere while December, January, and February are the warmest months in the Southern Hemisphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Anoxic event
evidence: If the high latitude waters are below 5 °C (41 °F), they will be dense enough to sink; as they are cool, oxygen is highly soluble in their waters, and the deep ocean will be oxygenated.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Anoxic event
evidence: If high latitude waters are warmer than 5 °C (41 °F), their density is too low for them to sink below the cooler deep waters.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Lake ecosystem
evidence: As the season progresses, the warmer air temperatures heat the surface waters, making them less dense.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Marine habitats
evidence: Water that is saltier or cooler will be denser, and will sink in relation to the surrounding water.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea
evidence: Warm surface currents cool as they move away from the tropics, and the water becomes denser and sinks.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change and ecosystems
evidence: A 2005 study concludes human activity is the cause of the temperature rise and resultant changing species behaviour, and links these effects with the predictions of climate models to provide validation for them.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
evidence: They reaffirmed their 2007 position statement on climate change "based on the large body of scientific evidence that Earth's climate is warming and that human activity is a contributing factor.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: He said, "Global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and the observed warming."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Because oxygen in the global ocean is not evenly distributed, the 2 percent overall decline means there is a much larger decline in some areas of the ocean than others.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: The ocean has already lost oxygen, throughout the entire water column and oxygen minimum zones are expanding worldwide.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Environmental issues in Thailand
evidence: The decline in income is not evenly distributed, with tropical regions hardest hit.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ozone depletion
evidence: Ozone depletion consists of two related events observed since the late 1970s: a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere (the ozone layer), and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone around Earth's polar regions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ozone depletion
evidence: Ozone at middle latitudes has declined, but by a much smaller extent (a decrease of about 4–5 percent).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ozone depletion
evidence: The greatest Arctic declines are in the winter and spring, reaching up to 30 percent when the stratosphere is coldest.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “Moreover, the ocean already contains so-called oxygen minimum zones, generally found in the middle depths.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Dead zone (ecology)
evidence: Dead zones are hypoxic (low-oxygen) areas in the world's oceans and large lakes, caused by "excessive nutrient pollution from human activities coupled with other factors that deplete the oxygen required to support most marine life in bottom and near-bottom water.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Dead zone (ecology)
evidence: These areas are also known as oxygen minimum zones (OMZ).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Deep sea fish
evidence: The oxygen minimum layer exists somewhere between a depth of 700m and 1000m deep depending on the place in the ocean.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Lake
evidence: The deeper layer becomes oxygen starved and can become saturated with carbon dioxide, or other gases such as sulfur dioxide if there is even a trace of volcanic activity.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Mesopelagic zone
evidence: The oxygen consumption due to respiration of most of the sinking organic matter and lack of gas exchange, often creates an oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the mesopelagic.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: In Greenland, glacier retreat has been observed in outlet glaciers, resulting in an increase of the ice flow rate and destabilization of the mass balance of the ice sheet that is their source.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: Some of Greenland's largest outlet glaciers, such as Jakobshavn Isbræ and Kangerlussuaq Glacier, are flowing faster into the ocean.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate of the United Kingdom
evidence: The summer of 1976 or 2019, for example, experienced temperatures as high as 35 °C (95 °F), and it was so dry the country suffered drought and water shortages.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mediterranean climate
evidence: hot and dry); as a result, these communities are well suited to recover from droughts, floods, and fires.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Physical impacts of climate change
evidence: Between 2011 and 2014, California experienced the driest period in its recorded history and more than 100 million trees died in the drought, creating areas of dead, dry wood.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Rain
evidence: There is also evidence that global warming is leading to increased precipitation to the eastern portions of North America, while droughts are becoming more frequent in the tropics and subtropics.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: […] in fact this pattern is already emerging, with the conditions that create extremely warm dry years and extremely wet years both becoming more frequent.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Alentejo
evidence: The climate of the region is typically warm and dry for a large part of the year, with summer temperatures occasionally reaching up to 40 °C (104 °F), while winters are relatively mild and wet.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)
evidence: Today the weather is generally very cold and dry with a few weeks of sun and rain in the summer.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Physical impacts of climate change
evidence: In other words, regions which are dry at present will generally become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will generally become even wetter.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Temperate climate
evidence: In these regions winters are quite dry and summers have very heavy rainfall.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Durban
evidence: Durban has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with hot and humid summers and pleasantly warm and dry winters, which are snow and frost-free.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Montreal
evidence: It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold, snowy winters.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Podlaskie Voivodeship
evidence: Podlaskie has a Warm Summer Continental or Hemiboreal climate (Dfb) according to the Köppen climate classification system, which is characterized by warm temperatures during summer and long and frosty winters.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Taiga
evidence: The taiga or boreal forest has a subarctic climate with very large temperature range between seasons, but the long and cold winter is the dominant feature.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Taiga
evidence: The summers, while short, are generally warm and humid.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Atlantic Ocean
evidence: From October to June the surface is usually covered with sea ice in the Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and Baltic Sea.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Holocene
evidence: However, ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 m (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Arctic
evidence: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: “At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Antarctica
evidence: If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Colonization of Mars
evidence: The lowest temperature ever recorded on Earth was 180 K (−89.2 °C, −128.6 °F) in Antarctica.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Physical impacts of climate change
evidence: Sea ice extent for September for 2012 was by far the lowest on record at 3.29 million square kilometers, eclipsing the previous record low sea ice extent of 2007 by 18%.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea ice
evidence: Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Antarctica
evidence: According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C (41 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming in Antarctica
evidence: Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man-made climate change: "We can't pin it down, but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels", said NASA scientist Drew Shindell, another study co-author.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ozone depletion
evidence: The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 20 km (12 mi), a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is still under investigation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: “[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: These variations can affect global average surface temperature by redistributing heat between the deep ocean and the atmosphere and/or by altering the cloud/water vapor/sea ice distribution which can affect the total energy budget of the earth.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Earth
evidence: Ocean currents are also important factors in determining climate, particularly the thermohaline circulation that distributes thermal energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ocean
evidence: It plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in sea ice regulation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea ice
evidence: Furthermore, the sea ice itself functions to help keep polar climates cool, since the ice exists in expansive enough amounts to maintain a cold environment.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea ice
evidence: Furthermore, sea ice affects the movement of ocean waters.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: “ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: "U.S. Report Confirms 2016 Was The Hottest Year On Record".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: The Earth's average surface absolute temperature for the 1961–1990 period has been derived by spatial interpolation of average observed near-surface air temperatures from over the land, oceans and sea ice regions, with a best estimate of 14 °C (57.2 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: NASA
evidence: Its statements concur with the global scientific consensus that the global climate is warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: “But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Communications satellite
evidence: In addition, there are important differences in the onboard and ground equipment needed to support the two types of missions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Such statements suggest that there might be substantive disagreement in the scientific community about the reality of anthropogenic climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: There are differences between the opinion of scientists and that of the general public.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Significant regional differences exist in how concerned people are about climate change and how much they understand the issue.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: ‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Rock music
evidence: Reflecting on developments in rock music at the start of the 1970s, Robert Christgau later wrote in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981): The decade is, of course, an arbitrary schema itself—time doesn't just execute a neat turn toward the future every ten years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Twitter
evidence: Tech writer Bruce Sterling commented in 2007 that using Twitter for "literate communication" is "about as likely as firing up a CB radio and hearing some guy recite the Iliad".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Wayback Machine
evidence: Kevin Vaughan suspects that in the long-term of multiple generations "next to nothing" will survive in a useful way besides "if we have continuity in our technological civilization" by which "a lot of the bare data will remain findable and searchable".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Wikipedia
evidence: Rosenzweig also criticized the "waffling—encouraged by the NPOV policy—[which] means that it is hard to discern any overall interpretive stance in Wikipedia history".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Wikipedia
evidence: On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for The Economic Times indicated that not only had Wikipedia's growth stalled, it "had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: [Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Human impact on the environment
evidence: Many of the actions taken by humans that contribute to a heated environment stem from the burning of fossil fuel from a variety of sources, such as: electricity, cars, planes, space heating, manufacturing, or the destruction of forests.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Non-renewable resource
evidence: At present, the main energy source used by humans is non-renewable fossil fuels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The particular signature of warming in 2016 was also revealing in another way, Overpeck said, noting that the stratosphere… saw record cold temperatures last year
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Eocene
evidence: The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Nuclear winter
evidence: that surface air temperatures would be the same as, or colder than, a given region's winter for months to years on end.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ozone depletion
evidence: The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 20 km (12 mi), a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is still under investigation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ozone depletion
evidence: One of the strongest predictions of the greenhouse effect is that the stratosphere will cool.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Satellite temperature measurements
evidence: Global Warming theory suggests that the stratosphere should cool while the troposphere warms.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: ‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: While record-breaking years attract considerable public interest, individual years are less significant than the overall trend.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Phenology
evidence: Between 1850 and 1950 a long-term trend of gradual climate warming is observable, and during this same period the Marsham record of oak-leafing dates tended to become earlier.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Last year’s warmth was manifested across the planet, from the warm tropical ocean waters off the coast of northeastern Australia, where the Great Barrier Reef experienced its worst coral bleaching event on record and large scale coral death, to the Arctic, where sea ice hit regular monthly record lows and overall temperatures were also the warmest on record, at least from January through September 2016.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: Marine extinction intensity during the Phanerozoic % Millions of years ago (H) K–Pg Tr–J P–Tr Cap Late D O–S Sea ice, and the cold conditions it sustains, serves to stabilize methane deposits on and near the shoreline, preventing the clathrate breaking down and outgassing methane into the atmosphere, causing further warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Coral bleaching
evidence: A global mass coral bleaching has been occurring since 2014 because of the highest recorded temperatures plaguing oceans.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Coral bleaching
evidence: Coral reef provinces have been permanently damaged by warm sea temperatures, most severely in the Indian Ocean.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Great Barrier Reef
evidence: In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves
evidence: Temperatures of 53.7C (128.66 F) have been recorded in Pakistan.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 2019 heat wave in India and Pakistan
evidence: On 2 June 2019, the city of Churu recorded a temperature of 50.8 °C (123.4 °F), only one-fifth of a degree Celsius short of the country's highest-ever temperature, 51 °C (124 °F) during the 2016 heat wave.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Abadan, Iran
evidence: which was recorded on January 20, 1964 and February 3, 1967 while the highest is 53 °C (127 °F), recorded on July 11, 1951 and August 9, 1981.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Phalodi
evidence: It holds the record for the highest verified temperature recorded in India at 51 °C (124 °F) on 19 May 2016.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Phalodi
evidence: The highest temperatures recorded in Phalodi during 2016 summers from 18 May to 21 May when it rose up to 51 degrees Celsius.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Doctor of Philosophy
evidence: The aim of the Doctor of Arts degree was to shorten the time needed to complete the degree by focusing on pedagogy over research, although the Doctor of Arts still contains a significant research component.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Doctor of Philosophy
evidence: Upon completion of at least two years' research and coursework as a graduate student, a candidate must demonstrate truthful and original contributions to their specific field of knowledge within a frame of academic excellence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Doctor of Philosophy
evidence: A Master's degree is required, and the doctorate combines approximately 4–5 years of research (amounting to 3–5 scientific articles, some of which must be first-author) and 60 ECTS points of studies.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Doctor of Philosophy
evidence: This is typically done after one or two years and the research work done may count towards the Ph.D. degree.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Doctor of Philosophy
evidence: The arts faculty, which in Germany was labelled the faculty of philosophy, started demanding contributions to research, attested by a dissertation, for the award of their final degree, which was labelled Doctor of Philosophy (abbreviated as Ph.D.)—originally this was just the German equivalent of the Master of Arts degree.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: This is the case for CO 2, which is reduced by photosynthesis of plants, and which, after dissolving in the oceans, reacts to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate and carbonate ions (see ocean acidification).
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: For example, the elevated oceanic levels of CO 2 may produce CO 2-induced acidification of body fluids, known as hypercapnia.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: The ocean would not become acidic even if it were to absorb the CO2 produced from the combustion of all fossil fuel resources.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: Some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: “[…]The impact on calcification, metabolism, growth, fertility and survival of calcifying marine species when pH is lowered up to 0.3 units […] is beneficial, not damaging.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: This reduction in pH affects biological systems in the oceans, primarily oceanic calcifying organisms.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: The effects on the calcifying organisms at the base of the food webs could potentially destroy fisheries.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: The German Advisory Council on Global Change stated: In order to prevent disruption of the calcification of marine organisms and the resultant risk of fundamentally altering marine food webs, the following guard rail should be obeyed: the pH of near surface waters should not drop more than 0.2 units below the pre-industrial average value in any larger ocean region (nor in the global mean).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: It is expected to drop by a further 0.3 to 0.5 pH units (an additional doubling to tripling of today's post-industrial acid concentrations) by 2100 as the oceans absorb more anthropogenic CO 2, the impacts being most severe for coral reefs and the Southern Ocean.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Marine life
evidence: Human activities affect marine life and marine habitats through overfishing, pollution, acidification and the introduction of invasive species.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: "Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms and causing coral bleaching.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea
evidence: Calcium carbonate also becomes more soluble at lower pH, so ocean acidification is likely to have profound effects on marine organisms with calcareous shells, such as oysters, clams, sea urchins, and corals, because their ability to form shells will be reduced, and the carbonate compensation depth will rise closer to the sea surface.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Seawater
evidence: One of the most striking features of this is ocean acidification, resulting from increased CO2 uptake of the oceans related to higher atmospheric concentration of CO2 and higher temperatures, because it severely affects coral reefs, mollusks, echinoderms and crustaceans (see coral bleaching).
evidence_label: REFUTES