Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: Protecting and restoring forests would reduce 18% of emissions by 2030
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: 10% per annum until zero emissions are reached around 2030.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: Targets for the year 2030: Reduce GHG emission by 40% from the level of 1990.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mangrove restoration
evidence: The UN estimate deforestation and forest degradation to make up 17% of global carbon emissions, which makes it the second most polluting sector, following the energy industry.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Reforestation
evidence: Japan needs to reduce 26% of green house gas emission from 2013 by 2030 to accomplish Paris Agreement and is trying to reduce 2% of them by forestry.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sustainable Development Goals
evidence: The report mentioned that this would require global net human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) to fall by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching "net zero" around 2050, through “rapid and far-reaching” transitions in land, energy, industry, buildings, transport, and cities.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: It is expected the report will focus on required changes to the energy system, rather than forests.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Emissions trading
evidence: "How will the changes impact on forestry?".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: There was high agreement and much evidence that a substantial fraction of these mitigation costs may be offset by benefits to health as a result of reduced air pollution, and that there would be further cost savings from other benefits such as increased energy security, increased agricultural production, and reduced pressure on natural ecosystems as well as, in certain countries, balance of trade improvements, provision of modern energy services to rural areas and employment.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: AR4 describes warming and cooling effects on the planet in terms of radiative forcing — the rate of change of energy in the system, measured as power per unit area (in SI units, W/m²).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Low-carbon economy
evidence: Information on the environmental impacts of alternative models of treatment and service provision Some of the suggested changes needed are: Greater efficiency and lower ecological impact of energy, buildings, and procurement choices (e.g., in-patient meals, pharmaceuticals, and medical equipment).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Low-carbon economy
evidence: Low emission development strategies for the land use sector can prioritize the protection of carbon-rich ecosystems to not only reduce emissions, but also to protect biodiversity and safeguard local livelihoods to reduce rural poverty - all of which can lead to more climate resilient systems, according to a report by the Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “We almost take forests as a given but we lose forest every year, which means we are diminishing them as a carbon sink.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon sink
evidence: Forest fires release absorbed carbon back into the atmosphere, as does deforestation due to rapidly increased oxidation of soil organic matter.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon sink
evidence: Additionally, the amount of carbon released from harvesting is small compared to the amount of carbon lost each year to forest fires and other natural disturbances.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Deforestation
evidence: From the perspective of the developing world, the benefits of forest as carbon sinks or biodiversity reserves go primarily to richer developed nations and there is insufficient compensation for these services.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Forest
evidence: acting as a carbon sink.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
evidence: A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change and ecosystems
evidence: Studying the association between Earth climate and extinctions over the past 520 million years, scientists from the University of York write, "The global temperatures predicted for the coming centuries may trigger a new ‘mass extinction event’, where over 50 percent of animal and plant species would be wiped out."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change and ecosystems
evidence: Researchers expect that over time, climate change will affect mountain and lowland ecosystems, the frequency and intensity of forest fires, the diversity of wildlife, and the distribution of fresh water.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change in Australia
evidence: Australia has some of the world's most diverse ecosystems and natural habitats, and it may be this variety that makes them the Earth's most fragile and at-risk when exposed to climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: "Ecosystems and species are vulnerable to climate change and other stresses (as illustrated by observed impacts of recent regional temperature changes) and some will be irreversibly damaged or lost."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The integrity of essential natural systems is already at risk from climate change caused by the atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Biodiversity
evidence: No longer do we have to justify the existence of humid tropical forests on the feeble grounds that they might carry plants with drugs that cure human disease.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Deforestation
evidence: In Central America, two-thirds of lowland tropical forests have been turned into pasture since 1950 and 40% of all the rainforests have been lost in the last 40 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Deforestation
evidence: The degradation of forest ecosystems has also been traced to economic incentives that make forest conversion appear more profitable than forest conservation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Deforestation
evidence: An ambitious proposal for China is the Aerially Delivered Re-forestation and Erosion Control System and the proposed Sahara Forest Project coupled with the Seawater Greenhouse.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Habitat destruction
evidence: A country may increase its food supply by converting forest land to row-crop agriculture, but the value of the same land may be much larger when it can supply natural resources or services such as clean water, timber, ecotourism, or flood regulation and drought control.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: IPCC report warning last week the world is “nowhere near on track” to meet its Paris commitments
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Paris Agreement
evidence: "World on track for 3 °C of warming under current global climate pledges, warns UN".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C
evidence: "Australia is not on track to reach 2030 Paris target (but the potential is there)".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C
evidence: Based on present knowledge, climate geoengineering techniques cannot be relied on to significantly contribute to meeting the Paris Agreement temperature goals".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
evidence: In 2015 the Paris Agreement was adopted, governing emission reductions from 2020 on through commitments of countries in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), with a view of lowering the target to 1.5 °C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: But like most claims regarding global warming, the real effect is small, probably temporary, and most likely due to natural weather patterns
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Paleotempestology
evidence: In the Gulf of Mexico, catastrophic hurricane strikes at given locations occur once about every 350 years in the last 3,800 years or about 0.48%-0.39% annual frequency at any given site, with a recurrence rate of 300 years or 0.33% annual probability at sites in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico; category 3 or more storms occur at a rate of 3.9 - 0.1 category 3 or more storms per century in the northern Gulf of Mexico.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleotempestology
evidence: In the past, tropical cyclones were far more frequent in the Great Barrier Reef and the northern Gulf of Mexico than today; in Apalachee Bay, strong storms occur every 40 years, not every 400 years as documented historically.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleotempestology
evidence: The Gulf of Mexico saw increased activity between 3,800 - 1,000 years ago with a fivefold increase of category 4-5 hurricane activity, and activity at St. Catherines Island and Wassaw Island was also higher between 2,000 and 1,100 years ago.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleotempestology
evidence: "700 yr sedimentary record of intense hurricane landfalls in southern New England".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paleotempestology
evidence: "Intense Southwest Florida hurricane landfalls over the past 1000 years".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1635 experienced a Category 3 or 4 storm, with up to a 20-foot storm surge.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Air National Guard
evidence: The most severe damage came from a 30-plus-foot storm surge along the Mississippi coast and the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana and breaks in the levies along a canal in New Orleans.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Palm Beach County, Florida
evidence: Early on September 17, 1928, the Okeechobee hurricane made landfall near West Palm Beach as a category-4 storm and crossed Lake Okeechobee shortly thereafter.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Palm Beach County, Florida
evidence: August 28, 1949, a category-4 hurricane struck West Palm Beach with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h), causing considerable damage.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Palm Beach County, Florida
evidence: Jeanne struck near the same location as a category-3 hurricane on September 26, 2004.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Palm Beach County, Florida
evidence: On October 24, 2005, Hurricane Wilma struck Collier County as a category-3 hurricane.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: 1938 New England hurricane
evidence: The 1938 New England Hurricane (also referred to as the Great New England Hurricane, Long Island Express, and Yankee Clipper) was one of the deadliest and most destructive tropical cyclones to strike Long Island, New York, and New England.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 1938 New England hurricane
evidence: It remains the most powerful and deadliest hurricane in recorded New England history, perhaps eclipsed in landfall intensity only by the Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: 1993 Storm of the Century
evidence: Readings of 976.0 millibars (28.82 inHg) were recorded in Tallahassee, Florida, and even lower readings of 960.0 millibars (28.35 inHg) were observed in New England.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Winter storm naming in the United States
evidence: Winter Storm naming in the United States goes back to the 1700s when a snowstorm dubbed "The Great Snow of 1717" hit the colonies of New England in 1717.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Winter storm
evidence: Notable ice storms include an El Niño-related North American ice storm of 1998 that affected much of eastern Canada, including Montreal and Ottawa, as well as upstate New York and part of New England.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate of Florida
evidence: A statewide drought began in November 2005, one month after Hurricane Wilma's passage through the state, and persisted until 2009.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted "the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hurricane Floyd
evidence: Following the state's fourth-worst drought in a century, the rains collected in rivers and streams, causing record flooding at 18 river gauges, and mostly affecting the Raritan, Passaic, and Delaware basins.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Natural disaster
evidence: Drought is the unusual dryness of soil caused by levels of rainfall significantly below average over a prolonged period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Physical impacts of climate change
evidence: Between 2011 and 2014, California experienced the driest period in its recorded history and more than 100 million trees died in the drought, creating areas of dead, dry wood.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Climate change in the United States
evidence: Hurricane wind speeds, rainfall intensity, and storm surge levels are likely to increase.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Hurricane Andrew
evidence: After spending a week without significantly strengthening itself in the central Atlantic, it rapidly intensified into a powerful Category 5 hurricane while moving westward towards the Bahamas on August 23.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Hurricane Harvey
evidence: It is tied with 2005's Hurricane Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone on record, inflicting $125 billion (2017 USD) in damage, primarily from catastrophic rainfall-triggered flooding in the Houston metropolitan area and Southeast Texas.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hurricane Irma
evidence: The extremely powerful hurricane continued to intensify, with maximum sustained winds peaking at 180 mph (285 km/h) near 18:00 UTC on September 5.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Hurricane Irma
evidence: On September 4, Irma resumed intensifying, becoming a Category 5 hurricane by early on the next day.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Economics of global warming
evidence: Losses caused by catastrophes, defined by the property insurance industry as storms causing insured losses over $5 million in the year of occurrence, have grown steadily in the United States from about $100 million annually in the 1950s to $6 billion per year in the 1990s, and the annual number of catastrophes grew from 10 in the 1950s to 35 in the 1990s.” Authors have pointed to several reasons why commercial insurance markets cannot adequately cover risks associated with climate change (Arrow et al., 1996, p. 72).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Economics of global warming
evidence: (2001) concluded that: countries with limited economic resources, low levels of technology, poor information and skills, poor infrastructure, unstable or weak institutions, and inequitable empowerment and access to resources have little adaptive capacity and are highly vulnerable to climate change (p. 879).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Neoliberalism
evidence: Others note that while the economy had stabilized and was growing by the late 1980s, inequality widened: nearly 45% of the population had fallen into poverty while the wealthiest 10% had seen their incomes rise by 83%.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Neoliberalism
evidence: Additionally, the percentage of the Chilean population living in poverty rose from 17% in 1969 to 45% in 1985 at the same time government budgets for education, health and housing dropped by over 20% on average.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United States
evidence: Despite income and wealth disparities, the United States continues to rank very high in measures of socioeconomic performance, including average wage, median income, median wealth, human development, per capita GDP, and worker productivity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: A lower air temperature of −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) was recorded in 2010 by satellite—however, it may be influenced by ground temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 7 feet (2 m) above the surface as required for the official air temperature records.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Precipitation
evidence: Extratropical cyclones can bring cold and dangerous conditions with heavy rain and snow with winds exceeding 119 km/h (74 mph), (sometimes referred to as windstorms in Europe).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Santa Ana winds
evidence: During Santa Ana conditions it is typically hotter along the coast than in the deserts, with the Southern California coastal region reaching some of its highest annual temperatures in autumn rather than summer.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Santa Ana winds
evidence: Like the Santa Ana, these winds also heat up by compression and lose humidity, but because they start out so extraordinarily cold and dry and blow over snow and ice all the way to the sea, the perceived similarity is negligible.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: West Coast of the United States
evidence: The coastline sees significantly mild temperatures when compared to the inland areas during summer.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “During the sunless winter, a heatwave raised concerns that the polar vortex may be eroding.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: 2013–14 North American winter
evidence: On December 1, 2013, the weakening of the polar vortex led to the beginning of an abnormally cold trend in the Eastern and Central United States.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Early 2014 North American cold wave
evidence: The polar vortex Beginning on January 2, 2014, sudden stratospheric warming (SSW)[dubious – discuss] led to the breakdown of the semi-permanent feature across the Arctic known as the polar vortex.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Polar vortex
evidence: The general assumption is that reduced snow cover and sea ice reflect less sunlight and therefore evaporation and transpiration increases, which in turn alters the pressure and temperature gradient of the polar vortex, causing it to weaken or collapse.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Stratosphere
evidence: This breaking is caused due to a highly non-linear interaction between the vertically propagating planetary waves and the isolated high potential vorticity region known as the polar vortex.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Winter 1985 cold wave
evidence: The winter 1985 cold wave was a meteorological event, the result of the shifting of the polar vortex farther south than is normally seen.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: More than 100 climate models over the past 30 years did not predict what actually happened because it was assumed carbon dioxide had the pivotal role in driving climate change and that the effects of clouds, back-radiation and the sun were trivial.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Climate models have been used to examine the role of the Sun in recent climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: (2007) allowed for the possibility that climate models had been underestimated the effect of solar forcing.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Computer models are run on supercomputers to reproduce and predict the circulation of the oceans, the annual cycle of the seasons, and the flows of carbon between the land surface and the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: "How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate model
evidence: This model has the advantage of allowing a rational dependence of local albedo and emissivity on temperature – the poles can be allowed to be icy and the equator warm – but the lack of true dynamics means that horizontal transports have to be specified.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate
evidence: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Coriolis force
evidence: In meteorology and oceanography, it is convenient to postulate a rotating frame of reference wherein the Earth is stationary.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: The angle of Earth's axial tilt is relatively stable over long periods of time.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Future of Earth
evidence: Despite such interactions, highly accurate simulations show that overall, Earth's orbit is likely to remain dynamically stable for billions of years into the future.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: water vapour has been the main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse effect
evidence: The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar effect.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 150 million km (93 million mi) every 365.2564 mean solar days, or one sidereal year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: When combined with the Earth–Moon system's common orbit around the Sun, the period of the synodic month, from new moon to new moon, is 29.53 days.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Holocene
evidence: "Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02 °C per century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Just 1.25 per cent of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere-ocean system has been released by ­humans in the past 250 years.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Planetary boundaries
evidence: About one quarter of the additional carbon dioxide generated by humans is dissolved in the oceans, where it forms carbonic acid.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m (6,600 ft).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: More precisely, the geoid is the surface of gravitational equipotential at mean sea level.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Marine life
evidence: Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) The deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, having a depth of 10,900 metres (6.8 mi).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tsunami
evidence: Run up is measured in metres above a reference sea level.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: In the history of life on Earth, biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion, occasionally punctuated by mass extinctions.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Earth
evidence: Following the Cambrian explosion, 535 Mya, there have been five mass extinctions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Evolution
evidence: The Holocene extinction event is an ongoing mass extinction associated with humanity's expansion across the globe over the past few thousand years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Future of Earth
evidence: This has resulted in a widespread, ongoing mass extinction of other species during the present geological epoch, now known as the Holocene extinction.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Nature
evidence: The last mass extinction occurred some 66 million years ago, when a meteorite collision probably triggered the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles, but spared small animals such as mammals.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: South Australia is winning: it has the most unreliable grid in the world outside Africa and the most expensive electricity.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Adelaide
evidence: [citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Adelaide
evidence: "FactCheck: does South Australia have the 'highest energy prices' in the nation and 'the least reliable grid'?".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: South Australia
evidence: South Australia has the lead over other Australian states for its commercialisation and commitment to renewable energy.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: South Australia
evidence: It is now the leading producer of wind power in Australia.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: South Australia
evidence: Renewable energy is a growing source of electricity in South Australia, and there is potential for growth from this particular industry of the state's economy.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Energy policy of India
evidence: The retail price of petrol is 75.00 Rs/litre in 2012-13.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Energy policy of India
evidence: The affordable electricity retail price (860 kcal/kWh at 75% input electricity to shaft power efficiency) to replace petrol (lower heating value 7693 kcal/litre at 33% fuel energy to crank shaft efficiency) is 19.06 Rs/kWh.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Kilowatt hour
evidence: The kilowatt-hour (kWh, also kW⋅h or kW h) is a unit of energy equal to 3600 kilojoules (3.6 megajoules).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: National Electricity Market
evidence: The maximum price was $14,000/MWh in 2016-2017, $13,800/MWh in 2015-2016, $13,500/MWh in 2014-2015, and $13,100/MWh in 2013-2014.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar power
evidence: As of 2018, the unsubsidised levelised cost of electricity for utility scale solar power is around $43/MWh.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Never mind that the emissions of carbon dioxide to make and maintain a wind or solar industrial complex are far greater than they will ever save.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon footprint
evidence: Some potential options to increase energy efficiency include, but are not limited to: Waste heat recovery systems Insulation for large buildings and combustion chambers Technology upgrades, ie different light sources, lower consumption machines Carbon Footprints from energy consumption can be reduced through the development of alternative energy projects, such as solar and wind energy, which are renewable resources.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Coal
evidence: The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Engine
evidence: Also, resulting greenhouse gas emissions, chiefly carbon dioxide, from the widespread use of engines in the modern industrialized world is contributing to the global greenhouse effect – a primary concern regarding global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Fossil fuel power station
evidence: Electricity generation using carbon-based fuels is responsible for a large fraction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions worldwide and for 34% of U.S. man-made carbon dioxide emissions in 2010.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change (2005 conference)
evidence: "Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: A concern is that self-reinforcing feedbacks will lead to a tipping point, where global temperatures transition to a hothouse climate state even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or eliminated.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Paris Agreement
evidence: Climate Action Tracker "Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Runaway greenhouse effect
evidence: "Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Tipping points in the climate system
evidence: Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Atmospheric methane
evidence: The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5 °C (up to 0.9 °F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change feedback
evidence: Farquharson and her team guess that about 231,000 square miles (600,000 square kilometers) of permafrost, or about 5.5% of the zone that is permafrost year-round, is vulnerable to rapid surface thawing.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change in the Arctic
evidence: According to a study published in 2016, about 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) of the warming in the Arctic has been attributed to reductions in sulfate aerosols in Europe since 1980.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Permafrost
evidence: "1.5C rise in temperature enough to start permafrost melt, scientists warn".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Permafrost
evidence: A global temperature rise of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above current levels would be enough to start the thawing of permafrost in Siberia, according to one group of scientists.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions,” she said.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: A concern is that self-reinforcing feedbacks will lead to a tipping point, where global temperatures transition to a hothouse climate state even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or eliminated.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: A 2018 study tried to identify such a planetary threshold for self-reinforcing feedbacks and found that even a 2 °C (3.6 °F) increase in temperature over pre-industrial levels may be enough to trigger such a hothouse Earth scenario.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Planetary boundaries
evidence: The scientists raise the possibility that even if greenhouse gas emissions are substantially reduced to limit warming to 2 degrees, that might be the "threshold" at which self-reinforcing climate feedbacks add additional warming until the climate system stabilizes in a hothouse climate state.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Planetary boundaries
evidence: Study author Katherine Richardson stresses, "We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2 °C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The heatwave we now have in Europe is not something that was expected with just 1C of warming
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves
evidence: Ruse, Bulgaria hit 36.6 °C (97.9 °F) on the 13th making it the warmest spot in Europe.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves
evidence: A heat wave started in Moscow on the 27 June, as temperatures reached 33.1 °C (91.6 °F), and stayed around 30 °C (90 °F) for the rest of the week.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: 2018 British Isles heat wave
evidence: 2018's temperature was 16.1 °C (61.0 °F), meaning it ranks as the 18th warmest June recorded in England in the past 359 years, also being the warmest since 1976.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Heat wave
evidence: June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Heat wave
evidence: The effects of climate change have been projected to make heat waves in places such as Europe up to five times more likely to occur.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Cyclone
evidence: A polar cyclone is a low-pressure weather system, usually spanning 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), in which the air circulates in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, and a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Cyclone
evidence: A polar low is a small-scale, short-lived atmospheric low-pressure system (depression) that is found over the ocean areas poleward of the main polar front in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Extratropical cyclone
evidence: Extratropical cyclones, sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones, are low-pressure areas which, along with the anticyclones of high-pressure areas, drive the weather over much of the Earth.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Extratropical cyclone
evidence: These types of cyclones are defined as large scale (synoptic) low pressure weather systems that occur in the middle latitudes of the Earth.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Jet stream
evidence: This causes surface low pressure and higher pressure at altitude.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The extent of climate change’s influence on the jet stream is an intense subject of research.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: Based on effects of Arctic amplification (warming) and ice loss, a study in 2015 concluded that highly amplified jet-stream patterns are occurring more frequently in the past two decades, and that such patterns can not be tied to certain seasons.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Cloud
evidence: As a consequence, much research has focused on the response of low and vertical clouds to a changing climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hurricane Harvey
evidence: The relationship between climate change and the frequency of hurricanes (or tropical cyclones) is still unclear, and is the subject of continuing research.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Jet stream
evidence: Climatological Studies of the Influences of El Niño Southern Oscillation Events in the Precipitation Pattern Over South America During Austral Summer.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Jet stream
evidence: The factors that control the number of jet streams in a planetary atmosphere is an active area of research in dynamical meteorology.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Arctic Ocean
evidence: Warming temperatures in the Arctic may cause large amounts of fresh meltwater to enter the north Atlantic, possibly disrupting global ocean current patterns.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: One of the study researchers noted, "The expectation is that with further sea ice decline, temperatures in the Arctic will continue to rise, and so will methane emissions from northern wetlands."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Arctic sea ice decline
evidence: Based on effects of Arctic amplification (warming) and ice loss, a study in 2015 concluded that highly amplified jet-stream patterns are occurring more frequently in the past two decades, and that such patterns can not be tied to certain seasons.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Jet stream
evidence: Trends such as Arctic sea ice decline, reduced snow cover, evapotranspiration patterns, and other weather anomalies have caused the Arctic to heat up faster than other parts of the globe (polar amplification).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Alpine climate
evidence: Alpine climate is the typical weather (climate) for the regions above the tree line.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate
evidence: If the air mass is colder than the ground below it, it is labeled k. If the air mass is warmer than the ground below it, it is labeled w. While air mass identification was originally used in weather forecasting during the 1950s, climatologists began to establish synoptic climatologies based on this idea in 1973.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Köppen climate classification
evidence: These climates are in the polar front region in winter, and thus have moderate temperatures and changeable, rainy weather.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Oceanic climate
evidence: With the air coming from the ocean predominates the cloudy weather with constant precipitation even in the colder months and the temperature is strongly enlivened.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Weather
evidence: Aside from climatic changes that have caused the gradual drift of populations (for example the desertification of the Middle East, and the formation of land bridges during glacial periods), extreme weather events have caused smaller scale population movements and intruded directly in historical events.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate of India
evidence: Almost all of India is flood-prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades, coinciding with rising temperatures.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Rain
evidence: "Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Supercell
evidence: This is generally the area of heaviest and most widespread precipitation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Tropical cyclone
evidence: The eyewall is where the greatest wind speeds are found, air rises most rapidly, clouds reach their highest altitude, and precipitation is the heaviest.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Uruguay
evidence: The heaviest precipitation occurs during the autumn months, although more frequent rainy spells occur in winter.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO