Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.”
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Florida
evidence: In response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities in the Great Migration, in waves from 1910 to 1940, and again starting in the later 1940s.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Jacksonville, Florida
evidence: LaVilla Brooklyn Northbank Southbank Springfield San Marco Southside Eastside and Arlington Ortega Riverside and Avondale According to the Köppen climate classification, Jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate, with hot humid summers, and warm to mild and drier winters.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Michigan
evidence: The southern and central parts of the Lower Peninsula (south of Saginaw Bay and from the Grand Rapids area southward) have a warmer climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) with hot summers and cold winters.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Orlando, Florida
evidence: Because the winter season is dry and freezing temperatures usually occur only after cold fronts (and their accompanying precipitation) have passed, snow is exceptionally rare.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Texas
evidence: Texas's Rio Grande Valley has seen significant migration from across the U.S.–Mexico border.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Ocean
evidence: Plants : including sea grasses, or mangroves Fungi : many marine fungi with diverse roles are found in oceanic environments Animals : most animal phyla have species that inhabit the ocean, including many that are only found in marine environments such as sponges, Cnidaria (such as corals and jellyfish), comb jellies, Brachiopods, and Echinoderms (such as sea urchins and sea stars).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Petroleum
evidence: This increase in acidity inhibits all marine life – having a greater impact on smaller organisms as well as shelled organisms (see scallops).
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea
evidence: More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea
evidence: Calcium carbonate also becomes more soluble at lower pH, so ocean acidification is likely to have profound effects on marine organisms with calcareous shells, such as oysters, clams, sea urchins, and corals, because their ability to form shells will be reduced, and the carbonate compensation depth will rise closer to the sea surface.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Tide pool
evidence: Low tide zone organisms include abalone, anemones, brown seaweed, chitons, crabs, green algae, hydroids, isopods, limpets, mussels, and sometimes even small vertebrates such as fish.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “The oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Biodiversity
evidence: Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Fisheries and climate change
evidence: The current level of GHG emissions means that ocean acidity will continue to increase and aquatic ecosystems will continue to degrade and change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Fisheries and climate change
evidence: The rising ocean acidity makes it more difficult for marine organisms such as shrimp, oysters, or corals to form their shells – a process known as calcification.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea
evidence: More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: United Nations Ocean Conference
evidence: For instance as oceans are warming and becoming more acidic, biodiversity is becoming reduced and changing currents will cause more frequent storms and droughts.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Acid
evidence: CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ H+ + HCO− 3 It is the decrease in pH that signals the brain to breathe faster and deeper, expelling the excess CO2 and resupplying the cells with O2.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: "The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: PH
evidence: When an acid is dissolved in water, the pH will be less than 7 (25 °C).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: PH
evidence: At 25 °C, solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic, and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide
evidence: This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as "ocean acidification."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change and ecosystems
evidence: Ocean acidification poses a severe threat to the earth's natural process of regulating atmospheric C02 levels, causing a decrease in water's ability to dissolve oxygen and created oxygen-vacant bodies of water called "dead zones."
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: It's yet another reason to be very seriously concerned about the amount of carbon dioxide that is in the atmosphere now and the additional amount we continue to put out."
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Ocean acidification
evidence: In a synthesis report published in Science in 2015, 22 leading marine scientists stated that CO 2 from burning fossil fuels is changing the oceans' chemistry more rapidly than at any time since the Great Dying, Earth's most severe known extinction event, emphasizing that the 2 °C maximum temperature increase agreed upon by governments reflects too small a cut in emissions to prevent "dramatic impacts" on the world's oceans, with lead author Jean-Pierre Gattuso remarking that "The ocean has been minimally considered at previous climate negotiations.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Skepticism
evidence: Skepticism (American English) or scepticism (British English, Australian English, and Canadian English) is generally a questioning attitude or doubt towards one or more items of putative knowledge or belief or dogma.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sea level rise
evidence: The main idea in the report according to one of his authors Michael Oppenheimer is that if humanity will drastically reduce Greenhouse gas emission in the next decades the problem will be tough but manageable.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: roughly three-quarters of the tidal flood days now occurring in towns along the East Coast would not be happening in the absence of the rise in the sea level caused by human emissions.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
evidence: The raising of the sea floor significantly reduced the capacity of the Indian Ocean, producing a permanent rise in the global sea level by an estimated 0.1 millimeters (0.004 in).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Even if emission of greenhouse gases stopped overnight, sea level rise will continue for centuries to come.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: "The rate of sea-level rise".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: This has consequences for Europe and the U.S. East Coast, which received a sea level rise 3–4 times the global average.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Scientists say the recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris is not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of Greenland and Antarctica, though if fully implemented, it may slow the pace somewhat.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paris Agreement
evidence: A pair of studies in Nature have said that, as of 2017, none of the major industrialized nations were implementing the policies they had envisioned and have not met their pledged emission reduction targets, and even if they had, the sum of all member pledges (as of 2016) would not keep global temperature rise "well below 2 °C".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Paris Agreement
evidence: At the Paris Conference in 2015 where the Agreement was negotiated, the developed countries reaffirmed the commitment to mobilize $100 billion a year in climate finance by 2020, and agreed to continue mobilizing finance at the level of $100 billion a year until 2025.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of −0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s "the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: The text stated that it was "likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year" in the past 1,000 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: The SPM statement in the IPCC TAR of 2001 had been that it was "likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year" in the past 1,000 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: The use of proxy indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed from the 1990s onwards, and found indications that recent warming was exceptional.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Hockey stick graph
evidence: The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of –0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s "the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: a marginally significant warming trend in the data over the past several years, erasing the temperature plateau that vexed climate alarmists have found difficult to explain.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: The group also confirmed that over the past 50 years the land surface warmed by 0.911 °C, and their results closely matched those obtained from these earlier studies.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Temperatures in 1999 were nearly three-tenths of a degree lower than in 1998, and a similar change should occur this time around, though it might not fit so neatly into a calendar year.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Celsius
evidence: This means that a temperature difference of one degree Celsius and that of one kelvin are exactly the same.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Eocene
evidence: These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Winter
evidence: Winter is often defined by meteorologists to be the three calendar months with the lowest average temperatures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Year
evidence: The Gregorian calendar attempts to cause the northward equinox to fall on or shortly before March 21 and hence it follows the northward equinox year, or tropical year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Year
evidence: Because 97 out of 400 years are leap years, the mean length of the Gregorian calendar year is 365.2425 days; with a relative error below one ppm (8·10−7) relative to the current length of the mean tropical year (365.24219 days) and even closer to the current March equinox year of 365.242374 days that it aims to match.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: El Niño
evidence: The cool phase of ENSO is La Niña, with SSTs in the eastern Pacific below average, and air pressure high in the eastern Pacific and low in the western Pacific.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: El Niño
evidence: The exact opposite heating and atmospheric pressure anomalies occur during La Niña.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
evidence: The warming phase of the sea temperature is known as El Niño and the cooling phase as La Niña.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: La Niña
evidence: La Niña (/lɑːˈniːnjə/, Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈniɲa]) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Niño, as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: La Niña
evidence: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Falsifiability
evidence: Popper considered falsifiability a test of whether theories are scientific, not of whether propositions that they contain or support are true.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Falsifiability
evidence: This will be the one which not only has hitherto stood up to the severest tests, but the one which is also testable in the most rigorous way.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Falsifiability
evidence: From a new idea, put up tentatively, and not yet justified in any way—an anticipation, a hypothesis, a theoretical system, or what you will—conclusions are drawn by means of logical deduction.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Falsifiability
evidence: Given an empirical basis, the criterion of demarcation draws a sharp line between those theories that are scientific, and those that are un-scientific.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Statistical hypothesis testing
evidence: Hypothesis tests are used when determining what outcomes of a study would lead to a rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified level of significance.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Hysterectomy
evidence: "Hysterectomy Procedures Pacing A Downward Trend".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Solar cycle
evidence: Another series based on the ACRIM data is produced by the PMOD group and shows a −0.008%/decade downward trend.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Uptick rule
evidence: One empirical study found no statistically significant link between the uptick rule and the rates of price decline.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Usage share of operating systems
evidence: Recent weekly data shows a downward trend for desktops.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Usage share of operating systems
evidence: Gartner's own press release said, "Apple continued its downward trend with a decline of 7.7 percent in the second quarter of 2016", which is their decline, based on absolute number of units, that underestimates the relative decline (with the market increasing), along with the misleading "1.7 percent [point]" decline.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: Forget what global warming activists would lead you to believe—2015 was not even close to the hottest year on record.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: "The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Years of Living Dangerously
evidence: He learns that "Earth could warm by more than 9 degrees F (5 degrees C) by 2100 if we don’t aggressively reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases", and that more frequent heat waves and droughts will contribute to food shortages, which can lead to greater conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Years of Living Dangerously
evidence: He tells Friedman that "you've got to recognize [that global warming] is going to be one of the most significant long-term challenges, if not the most significant long-term challenge, that this country faces and that the planet faces.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Global warming hiatus
evidence: The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 reported that "2005 and 1998 were the warmest two years in the instrumental global surface-air temperature record since 1850.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming hiatus
evidence: The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming hiatus
evidence: In January 2013 James Hansen and colleagues published their updated analysis that temperatures had continued at a high level despite strong La Niña conditions, and said the "5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing", noting "that the 10 warmest years in the record all occurred since 1998."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming hiatus
evidence: Under the heading "Global Warming Standstill" they "noted that the 'standstill' temperature is at a much higher level than existed at any year in the prior decade except for the single year 1998, which had the strongest El Nino of the century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: List of heat waves
evidence: 2016 was the warmest year on record.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Eocene
evidence: For example, diverse geochemical and paleontological proxies indicate that at the maximum of global warmth the atmospheric carbon dioxide values were at 700–900 ppm while other proxies such as pedogenic (soil building) carbonate and marine boron isotopes indicate large changes of carbon dioxide of over 2,000 ppm over periods of time of less than 1 million years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Eocene
evidence: At around 41.5 million years ago, stable isotopic analysis of samples from Southern Ocean drilling sites indicated a warming event for 600 thousand years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Supercontinent
evidence: The Jurassic is thought to have been approximately 10 degrees Celsius warmer along 90 degrees East paleolongitude compared to the present temperature of today's central Eurasia.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: El Niño
evidence: Over the southern part of the continent, warmer than average temperatures can be recorded as weather systems are more mobile and fewer blocking areas of high pressure occur.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: El Niño
evidence: The event temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5 °C, compared to the usual increase of 0.25 °C associated with El Niño events.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global storm activity of 2010
evidence: "Temperatures reach record high in Pakistan".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global storm activity of 2010
evidence: [citation needed] The east coast had records various record low temperatures in southern states such as Georgia Alabama and Florida in the US.The eastern seaboard, had like the Western Seaboard also suffered one of the worst winters on record.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global storm activity of 2010
evidence: [citation needed] On July 12, France and Belgium also saw record temperatures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: 2014–16 El Niño event
evidence: In August, the NOAA CPC predicted that the 2015 El Niño "could be among the strongest in the historical record dating back to 1950."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: 2014–16 El Niño event
evidence: The event subsequently started to weaken with sea surface temperature anomalies across the equatorial pacific decreasing, while predictions about a possible La Niña event taking place during 2016 started to be made.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: North Atlantic oscillation
evidence: Despite one of the strongest El Nino ever recorded in the Pacific Ocean, a largely positive North Atlantic Oscillation prevailed over Europe during the Winter of 2015-2016.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: "The Earth's Centre is 1000 Degrees Hotter than Previously Thought".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Eemian
evidence: The warmest peak of the Eemian was around 125,000 years ago, when forests reached as far north as North Cape, Norway (which is now tundra) well above the Arctic Circle at 71°10′21″N 25°47′40″E﻿ / ﻿71.17250°N 25.79444°E﻿ / 71.17250; 25.79444.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Fahrenheit
evidence: A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of ​5⁄9 degrees Celsius.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)
evidence: Over the last 100 years the Earth's temperature has increased 0.6 degrees Celsius and it is predicted to increase an additional 3.5 degrees over the next century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Also, it is increasingly clear that the planet was significantly warmer than today several times during the past 10,000 years.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate of India
evidence: During the Mesozoic, the world, including India, was considerably warmer than today.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: The result is a picture of relatively cool conditions in the seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries and warmth in the eleventh and early fifteenth centuries, but the warmest conditions are apparent in the twentieth century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sun
evidence: However, the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history, and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: 2015 South Indian floods
evidence: So [the] frequency, [the] ferocity of untimely rains increases, [along with] erratic monsoons, droughts and floods; all these are caused [by climate change]."
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climate of India
evidence: As in much of the tropics, monsoonal and other weather patterns in India can be wildly unstable: epochal droughts, floods, cyclones, and other natural disasters are sporadic, but have displaced or ended millions of human lives.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming on humans
evidence: Gross increases are mostly attributed to increased population and property values in vulnerable coastal areas; though there was also an increase in frequency of weather-related events like heavy rainfalls since the 1950s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Environmental issues in the Philippines
evidence: Combined with sea level rise, this stratification into more extreme seasons and climates increases the frequency and severity of storm surge, floods, landslides, and droughts.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: Antarctica is gaining land-based ice, according to a new study by NASA scientists published in the Journal of Glaciology
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: Glaciologists in Antarctica are concerned with the study of the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Antarctica
evidence: In January 2008 British Antarctic Survey (BAS) scientists, led by Hugh Corr and David Vaughan, reported (in the journal Nature Geoscience) that 2,200 years ago, a volcano erupted under Antarctica's ice sheet (based on airborne survey with radar images).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Glaciology
evidence: Glaciology (from Latin: glacies, "frost, ice", and Ancient Greek: λόγος, logos, "subject matter"; literally "study of ice") is the scientific study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming in Antarctica
evidence: [1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Ice shelf
evidence: A study by NASA and university researchers, published in the June 14, 2013 issue of Science, found however that ocean waters melting the undersides of Antarctic ice shelves are responsible for most of the continent's ice shelf mass loss.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Fahrenheit
evidence: A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of ​5⁄9 degrees Celsius.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pavel Banya
evidence: Pavel Banya enjoys warm summers, with an average of 22 degrees (72 degrees Fahrenheit) Celsius in July, and colder winters, with an average of 1 degree Celsius (34 degrees Fahrenheit) in January.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Planck temperature
evidence: In SI units, the Planck temperature is about 1.417×1032 kelvin (equivalently, degrees Celsius, since the difference is trivially small at this scale), or 2.55×1032 degrees Fahrenheit or Rankine.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sadovo
evidence: Officially, the highest record for Sadovo is 41.2 degrees Celsius (106.16 degrees Fahrenheit), while the lowest is -30.7 degrees Celsius (-23.26 degrees Fahreheit).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sadovo
evidence: During 1916, the highest absolute temperature (45.2 degrees Celsius or 113.36 degrees Fahrenheit) was recorded from the Sadovo weather station.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Agriculture
evidence: It may improve productivity by warming the soil, incorporating fertilizer and controlling weeds, but also renders soil more prone to erosion, triggers the decomposition of organic matter releasing CO2, and reduces the abundance and diversity of soil organisms.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: While CO 2 is expected to be good for crop productivity at lower temperatures, it does reduce the nutritional values of crops, with for instance wheat having less protein and some minerals.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: If GHG emissions grow a lot (IPCC scenario RCP8.5), already dry regions may have more droughts and less soil moisture.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Politics of global warming
evidence: It is the first comprehensive contribution to the global warming debate by an economist and its conclusions lead to the promise of urgent action by the UK government to further curb Europe's CO 2 emissions and engage other countries to do so.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Richard Tol
evidence: In 2009, Tol published an influential paper that combined data from several earlier studies, concluding that at least some amount of global warming could lead to economic gains.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: A key study published in the Journal of Climate this year by Bjorn Stevens of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, found that the cooling impact of sulfate emissions has held back global warming less than thought till now
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: A study from 2014 investigated the most common climate engineering methods and concluded that they are either ineffective or have potentially severe side effects and cannot be stopped without causing rapid climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term "climate change".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: This phrase next appeared in a November 1957 report in The Hammond Times which described Roger Revelle's research into the effects of increasing human-caused CO 2 emissions on the greenhouse effect: "a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Environmental impact of wind power
evidence: His meta-analysis concluded that in 2012 in the United States, wind turbines resulted in the deaths of 888,000 bats and 573,000 birds, including 83,000 birds of prey.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Environmental impact of wind power
evidence: An estimated 1 to 9 million birds are killed every year by tall buildings in Toronto, Ontario, Canada alone, according to the wildlife conservation organization Fatal Light Awareness Program.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Environmental impact of wind power
evidence: A 2013 study produced an estimate that wind turbines killed more than 600,000 bats in the U.S. the previous year, with the greatest mortality occurring in the Appalachian Mountains.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Environmental impact of wind power
evidence: Some earlier studies had produced estimates of between 33,000 and 888,000 bat deaths per year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Environmental impact of wind power
evidence: 600,000 bats killed at wind energy facilities in 2012, study says, LA Times, November 8, 2013.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: […] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming on human health
evidence: One piece of their evidence is that in summer 2003, during Europe's big heat wave, there were 70,000 recorded deaths related to the heat.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming on humans
evidence: In addition, climatic changes are estimated to cause over 150,000 deaths annually.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Air pollution, wildfires, and heat waves caused by global warming have significantly affected human health, and in 2007, the World Health Organization estimated 150,000 people were being killed by climate-change-related issues every year.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming
evidence: Even so, climate change was projected to cause an additional 250 000 additional deaths per year between 2030 and 2050.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Wouldn't you think it makes sense to make sure we're as robust and wealthy as possible?
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate change in Australia
evidence: Global warming could lead to substantial alterations in climate extremes, such as tropical cyclones, heat waves and severe precipitation events.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change in Australia
evidence: By 2014, another report revealed that, due to the change in climatic patterns, the heat waves were found to be increasingly more frequent and severe, with an earlier start to the season and longer duration.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: El Niño
evidence: However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: “Lyme Disease is much more common in northern, cooler regions of the United States than in southern, warmer regions.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: East Coast of the United States
evidence: The area from southern Rhode Island, Connecticut and New York City south to central Florida has a temperate climate, with long, hot summers and cold winters with occasional snow in the northern portions, and milder winters in the southern portions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Lyme disease
evidence: In the U.S., Lyme is most common in the New England and Mid-Atlantic states and parts of Wisconsin and Minnesota, but it is expanding into other areas.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Lyme disease
evidence: Lyme disease occurs regularly in Northern Hemisphere temperate regions.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Temperate climate
evidence: These are the climates that are typically found at southernmost portion of the temperate zone between 23.5° and 35° north or south, and thus are far more influenced by the tropics than any other tepid climate type, usually having warmer temperatures over the year, longer summers and mild, short winters.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Temperate climate
evidence: In these the temperatures remain relatively cool through most of the year as opposed to mild and warm in the subtropics and cold in the subpoles.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Mountain pine beetle
evidence: The US Forest Service results show colloidal chitosan elicited a 40% increase in pine resin (P<0.05) in southern pine trees.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mountain pine beetle
evidence: However, unusually hot, dry summers and mild winters throughout the region during the last few years, along with forests filled with mature lodgepole pine, have led to an unprecedented epidemic.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Mountain pine beetle
evidence: It may be the largest forest insect blight ever seen in North America., monocultural replanting, and a century of forest fire suppression have contributed to the size and severity of the outbreak, and the outbreak itself may, with similar infestations, have significant effects on the capability of northern forests to remove greenhouse gas (CO2) from the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mountain pine beetle
evidence: As of May 2013, the Pine Beetle is aggressively devastating forests in all 19 Western States and Canada, destroying approximately 88 million acres of timber at a 70–90% kill rate.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Mountain pine beetle
evidence: A lodgepole pine tree with a pitch tube A lodgepole pine tree infested by the mountain pine beetle, with visible pitch tubes Invaded pine tree forest on the slopes of Chancellor Peak in Yoho National Park, Canada A pine tree forest north of Breckenridge, CO shows infestation in 2008.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Effects of global warming on human health
evidence: For example, the heat wave that passed through Europe in 2003 cost 13 billion euros in uninsured agriculture losses.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Effects of global warming on humans
evidence: Increased extreme weather means more water falls on hardened ground unable to absorb it, leading to flash floods instead of a replenishment of soil moisture or groundwater levels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Flood
evidence: Economic hardship due to a temporary decline in tourism, rebuilding costs, or food shortages leading to price increases is a common after-effect of severe flooding.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Severe weather
evidence: In economic terms, they can cost many billions of dollars: a drought in the United States in 1988 caused over $40 billion in losses, exceeding the economic totals of Hurricane Andrew, the Great Flood of 1993, and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Weather
evidence: Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.
evidence_label: REFUTES