Hyukkyu/beir-climate-fever huggingface dataset:
Claim: The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: This could trigger cooling in the North Atlantic, Europe, and North America.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Terraforming of Venus
evidence: This in turn would raise planetary albedo and act to cool the global temperature to Earth-like levels, despite the greater proximity to the Sun.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate change (general concept)
evidence: As a consequence of humans emitting greenhouse gases, global surface temperatures have started rising.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Climate change denialism is the prime example, where a handful of scientists, allied with an effective PR machine, are publicly challenging the scientific consensus that global warming is real and is due primarily to human consumption of fossil fuels.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global cooling
evidence: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global dimming
evidence: His findings appeared to contradict global warming — the global temperature had been generally rising since the 70s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: One of the targets that has been suggested is to limit the future increase in global mean temperature (global warming) to below 2 °C, relative to the pre-industrial level.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change mitigation
evidence: They say that even if all the current pledges will be accomplished there is a chance for a 4.5 degree temperature rise in decades.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Climate
evidence: Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate
evidence: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Sea surface temperature
evidence: At heights near the tropopause, the 30-year average temperature (as measured in the period encompassing 1961 through 1990) was −77 °C (−132 °F).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming—it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years."
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
evidence: Following the start of the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric CO 2 concentration increased to over 400 parts per million and continues to increase, causing the phenomenon of global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
evidence: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
evidence: Therefore, the relative frequency of El Niño compared to La Niña events can affect global temperature trends on decadal timescales.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
evidence: The studies of historical data show the recent El Niño variation is most likely linked to global warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
evidence: For example, an increase in the frequency and magnitude of El Niño events have triggered warmer than usual temperatures over the Indian Ocean, by modulating the Walker circulation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
evidence: Changes in the Walker circulation with time occur in conjunction with changes in surface temperature.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: The New York Times highlighted their finding that the 20th century had been the warmest century in 600 years, quoting Mann saying that "Our conclusion was that the warming of the past few decades appears to be closely tied to emission of greenhouse gases by humans and not any of the natural factors".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Instrumental temperature record
evidence: This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events."
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Phenology
evidence: Between 1850 and 1950 a long-term trend of gradual climate warming is observable, and during this same period the Marsham record of oak-leafing dates tended to become earlier.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Antarctica
evidence: Some scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: As noted, clear and compelling scientific evidence supports the case for a pronounced human influence on global climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Attribution of recent climate change
evidence: According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is "extremely likely" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Mount Kenya
evidence: There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed].
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mount Kilimanjaro
evidence: It appears that decreasing specific humidity instead of temperature changes has caused the shrinkage of the slope glaciers since the late 19th century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Mount Kilimanjaro
evidence: Loss of glacier mass is caused by both melting and sublimation.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Mount Kilimanjaro
evidence: While the current shrinking and thinning of Kilimanjaro's ice fields appears to be unique within its almost twelve millennium history, it is contemporaneous with widespread glacier retreat in mid-to-low latitudes across the globe.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mount Kilimanjaro
evidence: Because of its shrinking glaciers and disappearing ice fields, the mountain has been the subject of many scientific studies.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ice age
evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ice age
evidence: The history of the Himalayas broadly fits the long-term decrease in Earth's average temperature since the mid-Eocene, 40 million years ago.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: The Altai region has also experienced an overall temperature increase of 1.2 degrees Celsius in the last 120 years according to a report from 2006, with most of that increase occurring since the late 20th century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: 'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Mount Kenya
evidence: There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed].
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Mount Kilimanjaro
evidence: Kibo's diminishing ice cap exists because Kilimanjaro is a little-dissected, massive mountain that rises above the snow line.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mount Kilimanjaro
evidence: While the current shrinking and thinning of Kilimanjaro's ice fields appears to be unique within its almost twelve millennium history, it is contemporaneous with widespread glacier retreat in mid-to-low latitudes across the globe.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Mount Kilimanjaro
evidence: Because of its shrinking glaciers and disappearing ice fields, the mountain has been the subject of many scientific studies.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: "The Shrinking Glaciers of Kilimanjaro: Can Global Warming Be Blamed?".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Without the forests' humidity, previously moisture-laden winds blew dry.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary
evidence: Strong winds of dry nature blow from September to April, causing dryness in the locality with the result there is a fire hazard, especially in the deciduous forests.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Cloud forest
evidence: An important feature of cloud forests is the tree crowns can intercept the wind-driven cloud moisture, part of which drips to the ground.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Dwarf forest
evidence: Throughout the year, wind speed, temperature and humidity are fairly consistent, with humidity usually greater than 90%.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Neotropical realm
evidence: Laurel forest and other cloud forest are subtropical and mild temperate forest, found in areas with high humidity and relatively stable and mild temperatures.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Sierra Madre Occidental
evidence: This causes east winds bringing moisture from the Gulf of Mexico.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Ice age
evidence: The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Little Ice Age
evidence: The result is a picture of relatively cool conditions in the seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries and warmth in the eleventh and early fifteenth centuries, but the warmest conditions are apparent in the twentieth century.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: An Inconvenient Truth
evidence: The film's thesis is that global warming is real, potentially catastrophic, and human-caused.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Attribution sceptics or deniers (who accept the global warming trend but see natural causes for this), [and] doubt that human activities are responsible for the observed trends.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Climate change denial
evidence: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: The disputed issues include the causes of increased global average air temperature, especially since the mid-20th century, whether this warming trend is unprecedented or within normal climatic variations, whether humankind has contributed significantly to it, and whether the increase is completely or partially an artifact of poor measurements.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The human fingerprint in global warming is evident in multiple lines of empirical evidence - in satellite measurements of outgoing infrared radiation, in surface measurements of downward infrared radiation, in the cooling stratosphere and other metrics.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Global warming
evidence: Solar irradiance has been measured directly by satellites, and indirect measurements are available beginning in the early 1600s.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea surface temperature
evidence: The satellite measurement is made by sensing the ocean radiation in two or more wavelengths within the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum or other parts of the spectrum which can then be empirically related to SST.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Science
evidence: This new explanation is used to make falsifiable predictions that are testable by experiment or observation.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific theory
evidence: Scientific theories are testable and make falsifiable predictions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific theory
evidence: This may be as simple as observing that the theory makes accurate predictions, which is evidence that any assumptions made at the outset are correct or approximately correct under the conditions tested.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Scientific theory
evidence: The defining characteristic of all scientific knowledge, including theories, is the ability to make falsifiable or testable predictions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Theory
evidence: These predictions can be tested at a later time, and if they are incorrect, this may lead to revision, invalidation, or rejection of the theory.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: General circulation model
evidence: These models are the basis for model predictions of future climate, such as are discussed by the IPCC.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Computer models are run on supercomputers to reproduce and predict the circulation of the oceans, the annual cycle of the seasons, and the flows of carbon between the land surface and the atmosphere.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: IPCC Third Assessment Report
evidence: Such models cannot yet simulate all aspects of climate (e.g., they still cannot account fully for the observed trend in the surface-troposphere temperature difference since 1979) and there are particular uncertainties associated with clouds and their interaction with radiation and aerosols.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Climate variability
evidence: The PDO is a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts phases on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually about 20 to 30 years.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20°N.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: During a "warm", or "positive", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: The 2014 flip from the cool PDO phase to the warm phase, which vaguely resembles a long and drawn out El Niño event, contributed to record-breaking surface temperatures across the planet in 2014.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: In 1905, PDO switched to a warm phase.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: During El Nino events, deep convection and heat transfer to the troposphere is enhanced over the anomalously warm sea surface temperature, this ENSO-related tropical forcing generates Rossby waves that propagate poleward and eastward and are subsequently refracted back from the pole to the tropics.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: During the positive phase the wintertime Aleutian low is deepened and shifted southward, warm/humid air is advected along the North American west coast and temperatures are higher than usual from the Pacific Northwest to Alaska but below normal in Mexico and the Southeastern United States.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: 1924/1925: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: During a "warm", or "positive", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: 1976/1977: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: In 1946, PDO switched to a cool phase.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: There is evidence of reversals in the prevailing polarity (meaning changes in cool surface waters versus warm surface waters within the region) of the oscillation occurring around 1925, 1947, and 1977; the last two reversals corresponded with dramatic shifts in salmon production regimes in the North Pacific Ocean.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: 1924/1925: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: 1945/1946: The PDO changed to a "cool" phase, the pattern of this regime shift is similar to the 1970s episode with maximum amplitude in the subarctic and subtropical front but with a greater signature near the Japan while the 1970s shift was stronger near the American west coast.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: During a "warm", or "positive", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: 1976/1977: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: There is evidence of reversals in the prevailing polarity (meaning changes in cool surface waters versus warm surface waters within the region) of the oscillation occurring around 1925, 1947, and 1977; the last two reversals corresponded with dramatic shifts in salmon production regimes in the North Pacific Ocean.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: During the positive phase the wintertime Aleutian low is deepened and shifted southward, warm/humid air is advected along the North American west coast and temperatures are higher than usual from the Pacific Northwest to Alaska but below normal in Mexico and the Southeastern United States.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: 1924/1925: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: During a "warm", or "positive", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: 1976/1977: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Climate variability
evidence: The temperature changes occurred somewhat suddenly, at carbon dioxide concentrations of about 600–760 ppm and temperatures approximately 4 °C warmer than today.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: 1924/1925: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: 1945/1946: The PDO changed to a "cool" phase, the pattern of this regime shift is similar to the 1970s episode with maximum amplitude in the subarctic and subtropical front but with a greater signature near the Japan while the 1970s shift was stronger near the American west coast.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: During a "warm", or "positive", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Pacific decadal oscillation
evidence: The 2014 flip from the cool PDO phase to the warm phase, which vaguely resembles a long and drawn out El Niño event, contributed to record-breaking surface temperatures across the planet in 2014.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The long term warming trend indicates the total energy in the Earth's climate system is increasing due to an energy imbalance.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Earth's energy budget
evidence: "Earth's Energy Imbalance".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth's energy budget
evidence: An imbalance in the Earth radiation budget requires components of the climate system to change temperature over time.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth's energy budget
evidence: Earth is very close to being in radiative equilibrium, the situation where the incoming solar energy is balanced by an equal flow of heat to space; under that condition, global temperatures will be relatively stable.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Earth's energy budget
evidence: Climate forcings are changes that cause temperatures to rise or fall, disrupting the energy balance.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Black hole
evidence: This result, now known as the second law of black hole mechanics, is remarkably similar to the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Second law of thermodynamics
evidence: It refers to a cycle of a Carnot heat engine, fictively operated in the limiting mode of extreme slowness known as quasi-static, so that the heat and work transfers are between subsystems that are always in their own internal states of thermodynamic equilibrium.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Second law of thermodynamics
evidence: Such a machine is called a "perpetual motion machine of the second kind".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Thermodynamic equilibrium
evidence: Then, according to the second law of thermodynamics, the whole undergoes changes and eventually reaches a new and final equilibrium with the surroundings.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Thermodynamics
evidence: The second law defines the existence of a quantity called entropy, that describes the direction, thermodynamically, that a system can evolve and quantifies the state of order of a system and that can be used to quantify the useful work that can be extracted from the system.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Atmosphere of Earth
evidence: Solar radiation (or sunlight) is the energy Earth receives from the Sun.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Atmosphere of Earth
evidence: For example, O2 and O3 absorb almost all wavelengths shorter than 300 nanometers.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Atmosphere of Earth
evidence: This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation (UV) radiation from the Sun by the ozone layer, which restricts turbulence and mixing.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Earth
evidence: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sun
evidence: Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by Earth's atmosphere, so that less power arrives at the surface (closer to 1,000 W/m2) in clear conditions when the Sun is near the zenith.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Atmosphere of Earth
evidence: The geological record however shows a continuous relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth – with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Atmosphere of Earth
evidence: Although the temperature may be −60 °C (−76 °F; 210 K) at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0 °C.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Earth
evidence: The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: This is called the "atmospheric greenhouse effect", and without it the Earth's surface would be much colder.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Earth
evidence: The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Global warming
evidence: Without the Earth's atmosphere, the Earth's average temperature would be well below the freezing temperature of water.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse effect
evidence: The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Greenhouse effect
evidence: Because the Earth's surface is colder than the Sun, it radiates at wavelengths that are much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Greenhouse effect
evidence: Because the Earth is much colder than the Sun, it radiates at much longer wavelengths, primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum (see Figure 1).
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Physical impacts of climate change
evidence: Glaciers have been retreating worldwide for at least the last century; the rate of retreat has increased in the past decade.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: "Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica, from 1992 to 2011".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: "Fast-flow advance and parallel rapid retreat of non-surging tidewater glaciers in Icy Bay and Yakutat Bay, Alaska 1888–2003".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: West Antarctic Ice Sheet
evidence: "Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica from 1992 to 2011".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: "In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: This was a March 2005 World Wildlife Fund Nepal Program report, page 29: In 1999, a report by the Working Group on Himalayan Glaciology (WGHG) of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) stated: “glaciers in the Himalayas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the livelihood [sic] of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high”.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: — WWF p. 29 On page 2, the WWF report cited an article in the 5 June 1999 issue of New Scientist which quoted Syed Hasnain, Chairman of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI), saying that most of the glaciers in the Himalayan region "will vanish within 40 years as a result of global warming".
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: That article was based on an email interview, and says that "Hasnain's four-year study indicates that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035 at their present rate of decline."
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: New Scientist has drawn attention to Hasnain's claim about the timing of glaciers disappearing: "Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high," says the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) in its recent study on Asian glaciers.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Ganges
evidence: They, in turn, drew their information from an interview conducted by New Scientist with Dr. Hasnain, an Indian glaciologist, who admitted that the view was speculative.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: Global warming controversy
evidence: Scientific consensus is normally achieved through communication at conferences, publication in the scientific literature, replication (reproducible results by others), and peer review.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Hockey stick controversy
evidence: Global Change Research Program, over the scientific consensus shown by the IPCC report and about the peer reviewed status of the papers it cited.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
evidence: It is designed to be a powerful, scientifically authoritative document of high policy relevance, which will be a major contribution to the discussions at the 13th Conference of the Parties in Bali during December 2007.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: The IPCC was tasked with reviewing peer-reviewed scientific literature and other relevant publications to provide information on the state of knowledge about climate change.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: Synthesis reports are assessments of scientific literature that compile the results of a range of stand-alone studies in order to achieve a broad level of understanding, or to describe the state of knowledge of a given subject.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Claim: Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
article: Himalayas
evidence: An acceleration of ice loss across the Himalayas over the past 40 years has been proved with satellite photos.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Himalayas
evidence: In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier retreat across the region as a result of climate change.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
evidence: Overall, glaciers in the Greater Himalayan region that have been studied are retreating an average of between 18 and 20 m (59 and 66 ft) annually.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Sea level rise
evidence: However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
Claim: "[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
article: Global warming
evidence: "The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature".
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Global warming
evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse effect
evidence: The presence of N2, CH4, and H2 in the atmosphere contribute to a greenhouse effect, increasing the surface temperature by 21K over the expected temperature of the body with no atmosphere.
evidence_label: REFUTES
article: Greenhouse gas
evidence: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
article: Climate change denial
evidence: Play media Climate change denial, or global warming denial is denial, dismissal, or unwarranted doubt that contradicts the scientific consensus on climate change, including the extent to which it is caused by humans, its effects on nature and human society, or the potential of adaptation to global warming by human actions.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Climate change denial
evidence: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.
evidence_label: SUPPORTS
article: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
evidence: "Robust findings" of the Synthesis report include: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level".
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: James Hansen
evidence: He argued that if the temperature rose 0.4 °C above the 1950–1980 mean for a few years, it would be the "smoking gun" pointing to human-caused global warming.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: James Hansen
evidence: Hansen testified that "Global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and observed warming...It is already happening now" and "The greenhouse effect has been detected and it is changing our climate now...We already reached the point where the greenhouse effect is important."
evidence_label: REFUTES
Claim: The statement that so-called greenhouse gases,  especially CO2, contribute to near-surface atmospheric warming is in  glaring contradiction to well-known physical laws relating to gas and  vapour, as well as to general caloric theory.'
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
article: James Hansen
evidence: In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
article: Scientific consensus on climate change
evidence: The changes in temperature have been associated with increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) and other GHGs in the atmosphere."
evidence_label: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO