HuggingFaceH4/databricks_dolly_15k huggingface dataset:
Instruction: From the passage provided, determine who and when the first definition of thermodynamics was formulated.

Context: Historically, thermodynamics developed out of a desire to increase the efficiency of early steam engines, particularly through the work of French physicist Sadi Carnot (1824) who believed that engine efficiency was the key that could help France win the Napoleonic Wars. Scots-Irish physicist Lord Kelvin was the first to formulate a concise definition of thermodynamics in 1854 which stated, "Thermo-dynamics is the subject of the relation of heat to forces acting between contiguous parts of bodies, and the relation of heat to electrical agency." German physicist and mathematician Rudolf Clausius restated Carnot's principle known as the Carnot cycle and gave so the theory of heat a truer and sounder basis. His most important paper, "On the Moving Force of Heat", published in 1850, first stated the second law of thermodynamics. In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy. In 1870 he introduced the virial theorem, which applied to heat.

Response: Scots-Irish physicist Lord Kelvin was the first to formulate a concise definition of thermodynamics in 1854.
Instruction: What is muscular hypertrophy?


Response: Muscular hypertrophy is the process of increasing the size of muscles.
Instruction: Are you going for a walk today?


Response: I'll go for a walk today, the weather is finally perfect! I've been staying indoors lately due to rain, but with this sun shining, I can't stay indoors any longer!
Instruction: Arrange these weapons from oldest to newest, based on the date they were first invented.

Sword
Nuclear Bomb
Hand Axe
Gatling Gun
Rifle


Response: The correct order is handaxe, sword, rifle, gatling gun, nuclear bomb.

The handaxe is a Stone Age weapon that has existed for more than one million years and long predates homo sapiens. The earliest swords were invented around 3,300 BC in Europe during the beginning of the Bronze Age. The first rifles were likely developed during the 15th century, although their exact origins are unknown. The Gatling gun was invented in 1862 and was first used in battle during the US civil war. The nuclear bomb was invented in 1945 as part of the Manhattan Project.
Instruction: Draft an e-mail to a resort inquiring about information regarding a vow renewal celebration for my wife and me.


Response: Hi Jane,

I am reaching out to obtain information about hosting a vow renewal celebration at your resort. You were listed as an event POC on the resort's website, please connect me with another colleague if you are not the right contact.

I outlined preliminary details below as a starting point for our discussion.
- Guest information
     - Tentative dates: July 11-16, 2022
     - Group size: 20-30
     - Group ages: 1 years old to elderly 

- Event(s):
     - Main Event: Vow Renewal/Celebration
          - My wife and I would like to have a vow renewal ceremony with dinner and dancing afterward. This will be largely a family gathering and I want it to be relaxed and memorable. 
          - We would like the vow renewal ceremony to take place outside and we are flexible on the dinner/dancing space.  
          - We would like the event to take place during the middle of stay (i.e., July 14).
     - Potential Additional Events: Welcome Party & Group Activity
          - We would like to block an area for "welcome drinks" one night and do a group activity one day (e.g., tennis tournament, chartering a boat).

Are you able to share any information around pricing for this group and hosting a private event?

Please let me know if you have any questions. Ideally you will provide preliminary information for me to review and then we can schedule a call for detailed questions. I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon.

Thank you,

John
Instruction: Classify each of the following teams as college or professional: Florida Gators, Miami Marlins, Miami Hurricanes, Jacksonville Jaguars, Georgia Bulldogs, Atlanta Braves, Tampa Rays


Response: Florida Gators: College
Miami Marlins: Professional
Miami Hurricanes: College
Jacksonville Jaguars: Professional
Georgia Bulldogs: College
Atlanta Braves: Professional
Tampa Rays: Professional
Instruction: Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Puertasaurus, Southern rockhopper penguin


Response: Southern rockhopper penguin is alive, Puertasaurus is extinct.
Instruction: Give me a bulleted list of the 7 most recent UPenn Presidents


Response: * M. Elizabeth Magill (2022 - present)
* Wendell Pritchett (2022 - 2022) (interim)
* Amy Gutmann (2004 - 2022)
* Judith Rodin (1994 - 2004)
* Claire Muriel Mintzer Fagin (1993 - 1994) (interim)
* Francis Sheldon Hackney (1981 - 1993)
* Martin Meyerson (1970 - 1981)
Instruction: What is the difference between an asset and a liability.


Response: The difference between an asset and a liability is that an asset generally provides value over the long term while a liability is an expense or debt owed.
Instruction: What were all the earlier names for the city presently known as Chennai?

Context: Chennai (/ˈtʃɛnaɪ/ (listen), Tamil: [ˈt͡ɕenːaɪ̯]), formerly known as Madras,[A] is the capital city of Tamil Nadu, the southernmost Indian state. It is the state's primate city both in area and population and is located on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. According to the 2011 Indian census, Chennai is the sixth-most populous city in India and forms the fourth-most populous urban agglomeration. The Greater Chennai Corporation is the civic body responsible for the city; it is the oldest city corporation of India, established in 1688—the second oldest in the world after London.

Historically, Chennai and surroundings were part of the Chola, Pandya, Pallava and Vijayanagara kingdoms for many centuries. The coastal land, which then contained the fishing village Madrasapattinam, was purchased by the British East India Company from the Nayak ruler Damarla Chennapa Nayaka, in the 17th century. The British garrison established the Madras city and port, and built Fort St. George—the first British fortress in India—which the French won over briefly in 1746, before becoming the winter capital of the Madras Presidency, a colonial province of the British Raj in the Indian subcontinent. After India gained its independence in 1947, Madras continued as the capital city of the Madras State and present-day Tamil Nadu. The city was officially renamed as Chennai in 1996.

The city is coterminous with Chennai district, which together with the adjoining suburbs constitutes the Chennai Metropolitan Area,[note 1] the 36th-largest urban area in the world by population[28] and one of the largest metropolitan economies of India. As the traditional and de facto gateway of South India,[1][2][3][4] Chennai is among the most-visited Indian cities by foreigners. It was ranked the 43rd most-visited city in the world in 2015 and 36th in 2019.[29][30] The Quality of Living Survey rates it as India's safest city.[31] Chennai attracts 45 percent of health tourists visiting India, and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists.[32] As such, it is termed "India's health capital".[33][34] Chennai has the fifth-largest urban economy,[35] and had the third-largest expatriate population in India.[36][37]

Response: Chennai traces its roots back to a fishing village called Madrasapattinam. The British officially named it Madras when they purchased the land in the 17th century. The name of the city was changed to Chennai in 1996.
Instruction: With which countries does Indonesia share borders?

Context: Indonesia,[a] officially the Republic of Indonesia,[b] is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the 14th-largest country by area, at 1,904,569 square kilometres (735,358 square miles). With over 275 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population.
As the world's third largest democracy, Indonesia is a presidential republic with an elected legislature. It has 38 provinces, of which nine have special status. The country's capital, Jakarta, is the world's second-most populous urban area. Indonesia shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and the eastern part of Malaysia, as well as maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and India. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support one of the world's highest level of biodiversity.
The Indonesian archipelago has been a valuable region for trade since at least the seventh century, when the Srivijaya Kingdom formed trade links with China. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Under Indian influence, Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished from the early centuries CE. Muslim traders later brought Islam, and European powers fought one another to monopolise trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratisation process, and periods of rapid economic change.

Response: Indonesia shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and the eastern part of Malaysia, as well as maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and India.
Instruction: Who was Roy Cameron? When and where did he work?

Context: The Cameron Nunataks (72°36′S 163°43′E) are a small cluster of nunataks rising above the west margin of Evans Neve, at the southern end of the Freyberg Mountains. The cluster was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and from U.S. Navy air photos, 1960–64, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Roy E. Cameron, biologist at McMurdo Station, summers 1966–67 and 1967–68.

Response: Roy E. Cameron was a biologist. He worked in Antartica at the McMurdo Station during the summers of 1966–67 and 1967–68
Instruction: Tell me about the history of how the NBA started?

Context: The Basketball Association of America was founded in 1946 by owners of the major ice hockey arenas in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and Canada. On November 1, 1946, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, the Toronto Huskies hosted the New York Knickerbockers at Maple Leaf Gardens, in a game the NBA now refers to as the first game played in NBA history. The first basket was made by Ossie Schectman of the Knickerbockers. Although there had been earlier attempts at professional basketball leagues, including the American Basketball League (ABL) and the NBL, the BAA was the first league to attempt to play primarily in large arenas in major cities. During its early years, the quality of play in the BAA was not significantly better than in competing leagues or among leading independent clubs such as the Harlem Globetrotters. For instance, the 1948 ABL finalist Baltimore Bullets moved to the BAA and won that league's 1948 title, and the 1948 NBL champion Minneapolis Lakers won the 1949 BAA title. Prior to the 1948–49 season, however, NBL teams from Fort Wayne, Indianapolis, Minneapolis, and Rochester jumped to the BAA, which established the BAA as the league of choice for collegians looking to turn professional.

On August 3, 1949, the remaining NBL teams–Syracuse, Anderson, Tri-Cities, Sheboygan, Denver, and Waterloo–merged into the BAA. In deference to the merger and to avoid possible legal complications, the league name was changed to the present National Basketball Association, even though the merged league retained the BAA's governing body, including Maurice Podoloff as president. To this day, the NBA claims the BAA's history as its own. It now reckons the arrival of the NBL teams as an expansion, not a merger, and does not recognize NBL records and statistics.

Response: The league was founded in New York City on June 6, 1946, as the Basketball Association of America (BAA). It changed its name to the National Basketball Association on August 3, 1949, after merging with the competing National Basketball League..
Instruction: How does meditation help?


Response: Meditation helps relax the mind by helping it focus on a specific object (such as breathing). This brings the mind to that object by cutting down the noise of multitude of thoughts that keep swarming in our minds. Meditation also helps train the mind to focus on a topic and be more present in conversations, with people or at work. Finally, it's helps reduce stress too as the mind does not spend too much time circling on negative thoughts.
Instruction: Classify each score as "Under Par" or "Over Par" in golf: Eagle, Bogey, Double Eagle, Hole in One, Triple Bogey, Birdie


Response: Eagle: Under Par
Bogey: Over Par
Double Eagle: Under Par
Hole in One: Under Par
Triple Bogey: Over Par
Birdie: Under Par
Instruction: Where is Ecsenius tessera commonly found?

Context: Ecsenius tessera is a species of combtooth blenny in the genus Ecsenius. It is found in coral reefs in the western Pacific ocean, around Vanuatu. It can reach a maximum length of 4.5 centimetres. Blennies in this species feed primarily off of plants, including benthic algae and weeds.[2]

Response: Ecsenius tessera is commonly found in coral reefs in the western Pacific ocean, close to Vanuatu.
Instruction: What are three crafts with a wire coat hanger?


Response: - Create a mobile by cutting up the coat hanger and joining the pieces together.
- Make a wire sculpture of your favorite animal.
- Fashion a spring and affix a pompom on top of it, finishing your creation with googly eyes
Instruction: Why did Rome have so many bad emperors?


Response: The Roman Empire had many bad emperors for a variety of reasons, including:

Inheritance: Unlike modern democracies, the Roman Empire was an inherited monarchy, meaning that power was passed down through the family. This often led to the appointment of inexperienced or unqualified heirs to the throne.
Political instability: The Roman Empire was plagued by political instability, particularly in the 3rd century AD, when there were frequent changes of leadership and power struggles between rival factions.
Assassinations and coups: Many emperors came to power through assassination or coup, which often resulted in instability and a lack of legitimacy.
Personal flaws: Some emperors were simply bad rulers due to personal flaws such as greed, cruelty, or incompetence.
External pressures: The Roman Empire faced a number of external pressures, including economic crises, military threats, and natural disasters. These challenges often put pressure on emperors to make unpopular decisions or take drastic measures that could harm their reputation.
Overall, the Roman Empire was a complex and challenging political system, and the challenges of maintaining power and stability often resulted in the appointment of less-than-ideal rulers.
Instruction: Who won the India’s highest literary award 56th Jnanpith award


Response: Nilmani Phookan(Assamese Poet)
Instruction: What is the best NFL football team of all time?


Response: It depends on how you measure 'best'.  If best refers to most Super Bowls won, then the Pittsburgh Steelers, New England Patriots, and San Francisco 49ers are the best teams.  If best refers to the team that scored the most points, then I would look up which team in which year scored the most points in a single season on NFL.com.  If best refers to my personal favorite team, then I would choose the Seattle Seahawks because that is where I grew up and first started loving football.
Instruction: Please give me a summary of what AES-GCM is and what are its inputs and outputs.

Context: In cryptography, Galois/Counter Mode (GCM)[1] is a mode of operation for symmetric-key cryptographic block ciphers which is widely adopted for its performance. GCM throughput rates for state-of-the-art, high-speed communication channels can be achieved with inexpensive hardware resources.[2]

The GCM algorithm provides both data authenticity (integrity) and confidentiality and belongs to the class of authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD) methods. This means that as input it takes a key K, some plaintext P, and some associated data AD; it then encrypts the plaintext using the key to produce ciphertext C, and computes an authentication tag T from the ciphertext and the associated data (which remains unencrypted). A recipient with knowledge of K, upon reception of AD, C and T, can decrypt the ciphertext to recover the plaintext P and can check the tag T to ensure that neither ciphertext nor associated data were tampered with.

Response: AES-GCM is a mode of operation for symmetric-key cryptography. It stands for Galois/Counter Mode and is an authenticated block cipher that provides integrity and authenticity on top of confidentiality. It accepts as input a key K, a plaintest P and associated data AD, and it produces as output the ciphertext C and an authentication tag T.
Instruction: Where should you visit in Belize if you are looking for a nice beach?


Response: You should visit Secret Beach on Ambergris Caye if you want to experience calm waters without sargassum (sea grass) on the beach. In Secret Beach you will find the typical postcard beaches with nice sand, calm waters and additionally you get to watch the sunset since this side of the island faces west. On the east side of Ambergris Caye, you will experience more wind, more waves and sargassum. However, this side of the island has better access to the reef for snorkeling and fishing.
Instruction: What is Credit scoring?


Response: This is a way of working out the risk of not being repaid if money is lent. Points are awarded for the answers given by the potential borrower to a series of questions. A high score means that the risk of them not being able to repay is low.
Instruction: How much energy is released in a deuterium-tritium fusion reaction?


Response: A Deuterium-Tritium (DT) fusion reaction results in 17.6 MeV of energy, released in the form of a Helium nucleus and a free Neutron.
Instruction: If there are only two genera remaining, what happened to the other 24?

Context: According to the World Register of Marine Species, there are only two genera in this family. Previously there were about 26, but most of these have been reallocated as sub-genera of the remaining two genera, Mycale and Phlyctaenopora:[1]

Response: Most of the other 24 were reallocated as sub-genera of the remaining two genera.
Instruction: Which sea on Earth has no beaches


Response: Sargasso sea
Instruction: What year did the Titanic sink?


Response: The Titanic sank in 1912.
Instruction: Where should I go on my honeymoon?


Response: There are many beautiful places to go on a honeymoon that are romantic and exciting. If you like adventure, Europe or South America have beautiful beaches and great restaurants and new places to see and diverse cultures to expose yourself to. If you prefer a more relaxing vacation, Hawaii is so beautiful and also has tons of hiking and great outdoor adventures to experience. There are many great choices in the United States also, you could take a tour of national parks out west, or go on a wine tour in California, or visit the Great Lakes of Michigan!
Instruction: What is A State of Trance?


Response: A State of Trance is a weekly internet radio show hosted by the Dutch DJ Armin van Buuren that plays 2 hours of the latest progressive and trance tracks.
Instruction: Tell me if these are TV shows or Movies: Breaking Bad, Dexter, Game of thrones, Fight Club.


Response: TV Shows: Breaking Bad, Dexter, Game of thrones
Movies: Fight Club
Instruction: Given these paragraphs about battery storage power stations, how much was able to store and dispatch the first phase of Vistra Energy's Moss Landing Energy Storage Facility?

Context: As of 2021, the power and capacity of the largest individual battery storage power plants is an order of magnitude less than that of the largest pumped storage power plants, the most common form of grid energy storage. For example, the Bath County Pumped Storage Station, the second largest in the world, can store 24GWh of electricity and dispatch 3GW while the first phase of Vistra Energy's Moss Landing Energy Storage Facility can store 1.2GWh and dispatch 300MW. Grid batteries do not however have to be large, and smaller ones can be deployed widely across a grid for greater redundancy.

As of 2019, battery power storage is cheaper than open cycle gas turbine power for use up to two hours, and there was around 365 GWh of battery storage deployed worldwide, growing extremely rapidly. Levelized cost of electricity from battery storage has fallen rapidly, halving in two years to US$150 per MWh as of 2020.

Response: The first phase of Vistra Energy's Moss Landing Energy Storage Facility can store 1.2GWh and dispatch 300MW.
Instruction: Given the introduction of ChatGPT, tell me how many releases there are since the fist launch and when they were launched.

Context: ChatGPT was launched as a prototype on November 30, 2022. It garnered attention for its detailed responses and articulate answers across many domains of knowledge.[3] Its uneven factual accuracy, however, has been identified as a significant drawback.[4] Following the release of ChatGPT, OpenAI's valuation was estimated at US$29 billion in 2023.[5]

The original release of ChatGPT was based on GPT-3.5. A version based on GPT-4, the newest OpenAI model, was released on March 14, 2023, and is available for paid subscribers on a limited basis.

Response: There are two ChatGPT versions so far. The first release was on Nov 23rd, 2022, and the second launch was released on Mar 14th, 2023.
Instruction: Classify each of the following as either a natural hair color or a grocery store bakery brand: Hostess, blonde, brunette, Betty Crocker, Pilsbury, red, black, Entenmann's


Response: Natural hair color: blonde, brunette, red, black
Grocery store bakery brands: Hostess, Betty Crocker, Pilsbury, Entenmann's
Instruction: Where is Mount Everest?

Context: Mount Everest (Nepali: सगरमाथा, romanized: Sagarmāthā; Tibetan: Chomolungma ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ; Chinese: 珠穆朗玛峰; pinyin: Zhūmùlǎngmǎ Fēng) is Earth's highest mountain above sea level, located in the Mahalangur Himal sub-range of the Himalayas. The China–Nepal border runs across its summit point.[2] Its elevation (snow height) of 8,848.86 m (29,031 ft 8+1⁄2 in) was most recently established in 2020 by the Chinese and Nepali authorities.[3]

Response: Mount Everest is located in the Himalayan mountain range and runs across the China-Nepal border.
Instruction: What is a good anime to watch for someone who has never watched anime before?


Response: This very much depends on on your personal preferences, but I’ll give you a couple of options that I think would be good starter animes. One of the most famous and highly acclaimed anime is Cowboy Bepop, which is a genre-crossing single-season show about a crew of bounty hunters aboard a spaceship called the Bepop. Another popular entry into anime is One Punch Man, which is an action/comedy about a superhero who can defeat anyone with one punch, leading him to grow bored and search for meaning and challenge.
Instruction: What is the SECA Art Award?


Response: SECA stands for Society for the Encouragement of Contemporary Art. The SECA Art Award is an annual award that is given to emerging San Francisco Bay Area artists. It was organized by the SFMOMA in1967, and has been awarded every year since then. 
In 2022, 5 artists got selected: Binta Ayofemi, Maria A. Guzmán Capron, Cathy Lu, Marcel Pardo Ariza, and Gregory Rick. Their diverse works deal with racial conflict, American Asian identity, trans pride, black and indigenous presence in the urban landscape. 
SECA installations can be viewed at the SFMOMA Level 2 galleries from December through May annually.