HuggingFaceH4/databricks_dolly_15k huggingface dataset:
Instruction: The paper "Attention is all you need" proposed the Transformer model for the first time, which had a profound impact on the subsequent LLM. Please give the main core idea of Transformer described in this paper

Context: A transformer is a deep learning model that adopts the mechanism of self-attention, differentially weighting the significance of each part of the input data. It is used primarily in the fields of natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision (CV).

Like recurrent neural networks (RNNs), transformers are designed to process sequential input data, such as natural language, with applications towards tasks such as translation and text summarization. However, unlike RNNs, transformers process the entire input all at once. The attention mechanism provides context for any position in the input sequence. For example, if the input data is a natural language sentence, the transformer does not have to process one word at a time. This allows for more parallelization than RNNs and therefore reduces training times.

Transformers were introduced in 2017 by a team at Google Brain and are increasingly becoming the model of choice for NLP problems, replacing RNN models such as long short-term memory (LSTM). The additional training parallelization allows training on larger datasets. This led to the development of pretrained systems such as BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) and GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer), which were trained with large language datasets, such as the Wikipedia Corpus and Common Crawl, and can be fine-tuned for specific tasks.

Response: This paper is by Vaswani, Ashish & Shazeer, Noam & Parmar, Niki & Uszkoreit, Jakob & Jones, Llion & Gomez, Aidan & Kaiser, Lukasz & Polosukhin, Illia. and published in 2017. It laid the foundation for the subsequent GPT series of models and BERT series of models. The GPT model uses the decoder part of Transfomer, while the BERT model uses the encoder part of Transfomer. The main core architecture of the Transformer model includes: Self-Attention Mechanism, Positional Encoding, Encoder-Decoder Architecture, Multi-Head Attension.
Transformer effectively solves the difficult parallel problem of the previous RNN/LSTM model by using the Attention mechanism. Using Self-Attention solves the problem of limited labeled data in NLP. The sequence information in the input text is preserved through Positional Encoding. And Multi-Head Attention allows Transformer to learn different patterns of training data similar to Channel concept in CNN model.
Instruction: Classify these vegetables based on their color.
mushroom, spinach, cauliflower, broccoli


Response: White - cauliflower, mushroom
Green - broccoli, spinach
Instruction: How will chatGPT and other large language models effect education and engineering disciplines?


Response: It is too early to tell how technologies like chatGPT will change industries, but people think that some portion of jobs will be replaced in education and engineering.  People also think that written tests and coding assignments for interviews will need to be refactored to reduce the chance that students or candidates can submit answers generated by large language models.
Instruction: What is the standard Gibbs free energy

Context: The standard Gibbs free energy of formation (Gf°) of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 °C).

The table below lists the standard Gibbs function of formation for several elements and chemical compounds and is taken from Lange's Handbook of Chemistry. Note that all values are in kJ/mol. Far more extensive tables can be found in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics and the NIST JANAF tables.[1] The NIST Chemistry WebBook (see link below) is an online resource that contains standard enthalpy of formation for various compounds along with the standard absolute entropy for these compounds from which the standard Gibbs free energy of formation can be calculated.

Response: The standard Gibbs free energy of formation (Gf°) of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 °C).
Instruction: what is Financial centre

Context: A financial centre (BE), financial center (AE), or financial hub, is a location with a concentration of participants in banking, asset management, insurance or financial markets with venues and supporting services for these activities to take place.[

Response: A financial centre (BE), financial center (AE), or financial hub, is a location with a concentration of participants in banking, asset management, insurance or financial markets with venues and supporting services for these activities to take place.[3][4] Participants can include financial intermediaries (such as banks and brokers), institutional investors (such as investment managers, pension funds, insurers, and hedge funds), and issuers (such as companies and governments). Trading activity can take place on venues such as exchanges and involve clearing houses, although many transactions take place over-the-counter (OTC), that is directly between participants. Financial centres usually host companies that offer a wide range of financial services, for example relating to mergers and acquisitions, public offerings, or corporate actions; or which participate in other areas of finance, such as private equity, hedge funds, and reinsurance. Ancillary financial services include rating agencies, as well as provision of related professional services, particularly legal advice and accounting services.[5]

The International Monetary Fund's classes of major financial centres are: International Financial Centres (IFCs), such as New York City,[6] London, and Singapore; Regional Financial Centres (RFCs), such as Shanghai, Shenzhen, Frankfurt, and Sydney; and Offshore Financial Centres (OFCs), such as Cayman Islands, Dublin, and Hong Kong.[a]


The City of London (the "Square Mile") is one of the oldest financial centres. London is ranked as one of the largest International Financial Centres in the world.
International Financial Centres, and many Regional Financial Centres, are full–service financial centres with direct access to large capital pools from banks, insurance companies, investment funds, and listed capital markets, and are major global cities. Offshore Financial Centres, and also some Regional Financial Centres, tend to specialise in tax-driven services, such as corporate tax planning tools, tax–neutral vehicles,[b] and shadow banking/securitisation, and can include smaller locations (e.g. Luxembourg), or city-states (e.g. Singapore). The IMF notes an overlap between Regional Financial Centres and Offshore Financial Centres (e.g. Hong Kong and Singapore are both Offshore Financial Centres and Regional Financial Centres). Since 2010, academics consider Offshore Financial Centres synonymous with tax havens.[c]
Instruction: How many times was Edinburgh Castle besieged in its long history?

Context: Edinburgh Castle is a historic castle in Edinburgh, Scotland. It stands on Castle Rock, which has been occupied by humans since at least the Iron Age, although the nature of the early settlement is unclear. There has been a royal castle on the rock since at least the reign of David I in the 12th century, and the site continued to be a royal residence until 1633. From the 15th century, the castle's residential role declined, and by the 17th century it was principally used as military barracks with a large garrison. Its importance as a part of Scotland's national heritage was recognised increasingly from the early 19th century onwards, and various restoration programmes have been carried out over the past century and a half.

As one of the most important strongholds in the Kingdom of Scotland, Edinburgh Castle was involved in many historical conflicts from the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 14th century to the Jacobite rising of 1745. Research undertaken in 2014 identified 26 sieges in its 1,100-year history, giving it a claim to having been "the most besieged place in Great Britain and one of the most attacked in the world".

Response: Recent research - in the last ten years - has identified that the castle was attacked (besieged) 26 times in the course of its 1,100 year history. This meant it was almost constantly being attacked, destroyed and rebuilt. And at one point - in the 14th century - the castle was intentionally destroyed by Edward The Bruce after he had recaptured it, to prevent further attacks from happening on the same spot.
Instruction: What is the loudest animal on Earth?


Response: The sperm whale.
Instruction: Give me a list of popular news podcast to listen to


Response: The Daily, Up First, Pod Save America, Global News Podcast, Morning Wire
Instruction: How should you care for grapes?


Response: Grapes like sandy soil that is not too wet, so make sure to let the ground dry between waterings. Grapes often grow far more fruit than they can sustainably produce. Prune them aggressively in the early spring before the sap starts to flow while it is still cold. One method of pruning is to leave two to four vine lengths with about 10-15 buds each from the last year's growth, and leave a joint for this years growth to grow. Wire these vine lengths up to your trellis, and enjoy the grapes in the fall!
Instruction: Please classify from which sci-fi universe are following movies, or tv series: The return of the Jedi, Deep Space 9, Avengers


Response: Deep Space 9 is a tv series from Star Trek universe, The return of a jedi is a movie from Star Wars saga, and Avengers is a tv series from Marvel Universe
Instruction: Describe a recurring dream you've had.


Response: All my life I've had a recurring dream where I'm being chased. Sometimes it's by zombies, sometimes by the police, sometimes by communists (my grandpa would make me watch Red Dawn over and over as a child). Usually it will start outdoors, and I'll be hiding behind trees, racing across rickety bridges, and leaping ditches. Eventually it always ends up in a large old house with many staircases and closets. Often the hallways will narrow to tiny doors that no human can fit through. In my dream I must navigate the house, hiding from my pursuers. I've always been curious why I have this dream over and over.
Instruction: Is learning piano on a keyboard just as effective as learning on a grand/upright piano?


Response: Since the layout of keys for both electronic keyboards and pianos are the same, keyboards could be effective for beginners. However, Pianos have more “action” than keyboards (i.e. how the keys feel when pushed down, whether they are light or heavy).  So learning on a keyboard may not prepare a person for the heavier feeling of piano keys. If a piano is too costly or large, another option is learning on a keyboard with weighted keys that feel much more similar to a piano.
Instruction: Stan laurel, Mickey Rooney, Lana Turner what in common


Response: 8 marriages
Instruction: Extract all of the dates mentioned in this paragraph and list them using bullets in the format {Date} - {Description}

Context: The Ghana Space Science and Technology Institute (GSSTI) was first established as a Centre under the School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences (SNAS) in January 2011 and launched in May 2012. It was later upgraded to an Institute in August 2013, to exploit space science and technology for socio-economic development of the country.

Response: • January 2011 - This is when the Ghana Space Science and Technology Institute (GSSTI) was first established as a Centre under the School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences
• May 2012 - This is when the Ghana Space Science and Technology Institute (GSSTI) was launched
• August 2013 - This is when the Ghana Space Science and Technology Institute was upgraded to an Institute
Instruction: Why do children of Indian Origin do well in SpellBee contests in the USA?


Response: We find that a high percentage of the winners of the SpellBee contests in the US are children of Indian origin. Most of these children are born to parents who migrated to the USA to work in fields such as Information Technology, Research or white collar jobs that require a good academic qualification. In general, for people to migrate from India to the US one of the main criteria is exceptional academic performance with post graduate university qualifications in addition to being very proficient in English.So, the parents of these children of Indian origin have a strong academic educational background and try to create an environment at home that places great emphasis on academic learning.

SpellBee has become very popular with the events being telecast on TV. The event is becoming more popular among the Indian community in the US as they see Indian kids being successful in the contests and getting national recognition when they perform well in SpellBee. When the Indian parents find that their kids are showing some aptitude in spelling and are capable of putting in the required effort, the parents start motivating the children to start practising for SpellBee contests. 

These children of Indian origin spend significant effort over a period of several months or in some cases even years fine tuning their skills to practise for SpellBee contests. A combination of hard work, the support from the parents and family and the motivation of these children to perform well in SpellBee are all factors contributing to the success of the children of Indian origin in the SpellBee contests in the USA.
Instruction: Give me a few ways that I can get stronger and in better shape before the next ski season.


Response: Skiing requires both muscular strength and endurance in your legs and core, and it is important that as you exercise these muscles your knees and other joints are strengthened as well. Some good leg and knee exercises to prepare for skiing include both normal lunges and reverse lunges, lateral jumps, and both normal planks and side planks. Improving your cardiovascular health is also important, although this can be done in any way that keeps your heart rate in Zone 2 or Zone 3 for an extended duration of time.
Instruction: Tell me whether these are TV shows or movies


Response: Game of Thrones, Titanic, Smallville, Ozark, Peaky Blinders
Instruction: 2021 Nobel Prize was awarded to which all Journalists


Response: Maria Ressa of Philippines & Dmitry Muratov of Russia
Instruction: What is the difference between a pomelo and a grapefruit?


Response: Both a pomelo and a grapefruit have similar citrus tastes, but a pomelo is a larger fruit that is usually greenish yellow and its outer peel bruises much more easily than the pink peel of a grapefruit.
Instruction: What are the benefits of exercising and why one should workout everyday especially if you have a sedentary lifestyle that makes you sit all day long?


Response: Based on various researches, it’s evident that health risks are at rise due to sedentary lifestyle. This has led to multiple health issues such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and obesity. By exercising, one can stay in shape and active especially if the workout is rigorous that makes your heart pump faster. Most doctors recommend to exercise at least half an hour everyday to stay fit.
Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Maddale, Banhu


Response: Banhu is string, Maddale is percussion.
Instruction: From this paragraph, tell me when Mary died and when did Elizabeth had Mary, Queen of Scots imprisoned. Also, who supported plots to have Elizabeth overthrown?

Context: Mary's death in 1558 led to her half-sister Elizabeth taking the throne. Unlike Mary, Elizabeth was firmly in the reformist camp and quickly reimplemented many of Edward's reforms. Philip, no longer co-monarch, deemed Elizabeth a heretic and illegitimate ruler of England. In the eyes of the Catholic Church, Henry had never officially divorced Catherine, making Elizabeth illegitimate. It is alleged that Philip supported plots to have Elizabeth overthrown in favour of her Catholic cousin and heir presumptive, Mary, Queen of Scots. These plans were thwarted when Elizabeth had Mary imprisoned in 1567. Mary was forced to abdicate the crown of Scotland in favour of her son James VI. The first documented suggestion of what was called the Enterprise of England was in the summer of 1583 when, flushed with pride of his victory in the Azores, Álvaro de Bazán, Marquis of Santa Cruz addressed the suggestion to Philip II of taking advantage of it to attack England.

Response: Mary (Bloody Mary) died in 1558 and Elizabeth had Mary (Queen of Scots) imprisoned in 1567. Philip Supported plots to have Elizabeth overthrown in favor of her catholic cousin,  who he thought was the true heir: Mary, Queen of Scots.
Instruction: Which characters belong to DC or Marvel Universe? Ultron, Brainiac


Response: Brainiac is DC, Ultron is Marvel
Instruction: With given text as a reference, Please jot down some details about Central Michigan University

Context: Central Michigan University (CMU) is a public research university in Mount Pleasant, Michigan. Established in 1892 as the Central Michigan Normal School and Business Institute, the private normal school became a state institution and renamed Central State Normal School in 1895 after the Michigan State Board of Education took over governance of the school. The institution came into its own as a university and gained its current name Central Michigan University in 1959 under the university's 6th president Judson W. Foust.

Response: 1. Located in Mount Pleasant, Michigan, Central Michigan University (CMU) is a public research university.
2. The private normal school, which had been founded in 1892 as the Central Michigan Normal School and Business Institute, changed its name to Central State Normal School in 1895 after the Michigan State Board of Education assumed control of the institution's management.
3. Under the leadership of Judson W. Foust, the university's sixth president, the institution began to take shape as a university and adopted its present name in 1959.
Instruction: Extract the ingredients in bee pollen from the text.

Context: Bee pollen, also known as bee bread and ambrosia,[1] is a ball or pellet of field-gathered flower pollen packed by worker honeybees, and used as the primary food source for the hive. It consists of simple sugars, protein, minerals and vitamins, fatty acids, and a small percentage of other components. Bee pollen is stored in brood cells, mixed with saliva, and sealed with a drop of honey.[2] Bee pollen is harvested as food for humans and marketed as having various, but yet unproven, health benefits.[3]

Response: Bee pollen consists of simple sugars, protein, minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, and some other components.
Instruction: Name five NFL teams in the AFC.


Response: Five NFL teams in the AFC are the Buffalo Bills, New York Jets, Tennessee Titans, Houston Texans, and Las Vegas Raiders.
Instruction: What is the difference between income and property taxes?


Response: Income taxes are taxes on the money an individual earns from working. Property taxes are taxes on the value of property an individual owns.
Instruction: What are some of the facts about the festival of San Fermín that could explain it to someone that doesn't know about it based on this text.

Context: The festival of San Fermín is a weeklong, historically rooted celebration held annually in the city of Pamplona, Navarre, in northern Spain. The celebrations start at noon on July 6 and continue until midnight on July 14. A firework starts off the celebrations and the popular song Pobre de mí is sung at the end. The most famous event is the running of the bulls, which begins at 8 in the morning from July 7 to 14, but the festival involves many other traditional and folkloric events. It is known locally as Sanfermines and is held in honour of Saint Fermin, the co-patron of Navarre.

Its events were central to the plot of The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway, which brought it to the general attention of the English-speaking world. It has become probably the most internationally renowned festival in Spain with over a million people coming to participate.

Response: The festival has celebrations that last an entire week, made up of several festivities, from fireworks and a traditional closing song to the famous running of the bulls. It became world-renowned due to its feature on the novel The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway.
Instruction: Who was the Greek goddess of love


Response: Aphrodite
Instruction: Who is the primary male protagonist on the TV show "The X-Files"?


Response: Special Agent Fox William Mulder
Instruction: What is the capital of Germany?


Response: The capital of Germany is Berlin
Instruction: What are the four seasons of the year?


Response: The four seasons are summer, fall (or autumn), winter and spring.
Instruction: what are the 5 skandhas?

Context: Skandhas (Sanskrit) or khandhas (Pāḷi) means "heaps, aggregates, collections, groupings".[1] In Buddhism, it refers to the five aggregates of clinging (Pañcupādānakkhandhā), the five material and mental factors that take part in the rise of craving and clinging. They are also explained as the five factors that constitute and explain a sentient being’s person and personality,[2][3][4] but this is a later interpretation in response to sarvastivadin essentialism.

The five aggregates or heaps of clinging are:

1. form (or material image, impression) (rupa)
2. sensations (or feelings, received from form) (vedana)
3. perceptions (samjna)
4. mental activity or formations (sankhara)
5. consciousness (vijnana).[5][6][7]

Response: The five skhandas are form, sensations, perceptions, mental activity and consciousness
Instruction: Give me a bulleted list of the seven most recently elected presidents from Argentina.


Response: Sure! Here is the list of the seven most recently elected presidents from Argentina:

- Alberto Fernandez (2019 - Current)
- Mauricio Macri (2015 - 2019)
- Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2007 - 2015)
- Néstor Kirchner (2003 - 2007)
- Fernando de la Rúa (1999 - 2001)
Instruction: What are the words of House Allyrion?


Response: "No Foe May Pass"
Instruction: What is buoyant force?


Response: The upward force exerted on a body, partially or fully immersed in a fluid, is known as buoyant force. This upward force is also called Upthrust. This is related  to the Archimedes principle. If an object is partially or fully submerged in any fluid, the upward force and the fluid displaced is equal to the upward force exerted by the fluid.
Instruction: Which of these items are helpful for starting a fire? Matches, kindling, banana, newspaper, water, plastic bath toy, a zippo, wet grass, thin dry stick, and liquid charcoal lighter.


Response: Of the items listed, those that are helpful for starting a fire include matches, newspaper (if it's dry), a zippo, thin dry sticks, and liquid charcoal lighter.
Instruction: Classify each of the following as either a typical cat name or dog name: Spot, Whiskers, Mittens, Buddy, Fido, Rover, Lassie, Rex, Felix, Socks, Tiger


Response: Typical cat names: Whiskers, Mittens, Felix, Socks, Tiger
Typical dog names: Spot, Buddy, Fido, Rover, Lassie, Rex
Instruction: What are the benefits of meditation?


Response: Scientific studies have shown that regular meditation improves focus, memory, sleep, and mood. While more longer or more frequent meditation tends to increase these benefits, measurable improvements in each of those areas can be found from just a few minutes a day.
Instruction: Who created Sesame Street?


Response: Sesame Street was created by Jim Henson, Lloyd Morrisett, and Joan Ganz Cooney