HuggingFaceH4/databricks_dolly_15k huggingface dataset:
Instruction: Why do Jewish holidays begin at sunset the night before?


Response: In many modern cultures and calendars, days begin in the morning and end at night.  But what if the opposite were true?   In the opening lines of the Creation story in the book of Genesis, the foundational story for all Abrahamic cultures, we learn that all the world was darkness and void.  (Darkness came first.) And then God said "Let there be light."  (Light came second.)  "And there was evening, and there was morning—the first day." 

This last sentence is critical. The first day consists of evening followed by morning. The Jewish calendar abides by this tradition.  Its days are not morning to morning. Its days are night to night (as marked by sundown).  

As an example, the Jewish sabbath (Shabbat) is on the 7th day of the week. Shabbat = Shevat in Hebrew, which literally translates to the number seven.  The seventh day of the  week is is Saturday. However, Shabbat doesn't span Saturday morning to Sunday morning. It spans Friday night to Saturday night.  Many observant Jews will welcome the Shabbat with a family meal, candles, and prayer on Friday nights.
Instruction: Based on the given text, List some aspects of the pearl.

Context: A pearl is a hard, glistening object produced within the soft tissue (specifically the mantle) of a living shelled mollusk or another animal, such as fossil conulariids. Just like the shell of a mollusk, a pearl is composed of calcium carbonate (mainly aragonite or a mixture of aragonite and calcite)[3] in minute crystalline form, which has deposited in concentric layers. The ideal pearl is perfectly round and smooth, but many other shapes, known as baroque pearls, can occur. The finest quality of natural pearls have been highly valued as gemstones and objects of beauty for many centuries. Because of this, pearl has become a metaphor for something rare, fine, admirable and valuable.

Response: 1.	Pearl is a sparkling and hard object which is produced inside mollusk shell or other shells.
2.	Just like the shells pearls are also composed of calcium carbonate.
3.	The Ideal pearl is perfectly round and smooth, but it can come in different shapes like baroque pearls.
4.	The best quality natural pearls are valued as gemstones.
5.	Since pearls are fine, rare and valuable it has become a metaphor.
Instruction: What is a personality test?

Context: The origins of personality assessment date back to the 18th and 19th centuries, when personality was assessed through phrenology, the measurement of bumps on the human skull, and physiognomy, which assessed personality based on a person's outer appearances.[18] Sir Francis Galton took another approach to assessing personality late in the 19th century. Based on the lexical hypothesis, Galton estimated the number of adjectives that described personality in the English dictionary.[19] Galton's list was eventually refined by Louis Leon Thurstone to 60 words that were commonly used for describing personality at the time.[19] Through factor analyzing responses from 1300 participants, Thurstone was able to reduce this severely restricted pool of 60 adjectives into seven common factors.[20][19] This procedure of factor analyzing common adjectives was later utilized by Raymond Cattell (7th most highly cited psychologist of the 20th Century—based on the peer-reviewed journal literature),[21] who subsequently utilized a data set of over 4000 affect terms from the English dictionary that eventually resulted in construction of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) which also measured up to eight second-stratum personality factors.[22] Of the many introspective (i.e., subjective) self-report instruments constructed to measure the putative Big Five personality dimensions, perhaps the most popular has been the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R)[19] However, the psychometric properties of the NEO-PI-R (including its factor analytic/construct validity) has been severely criticized.

Response: Personality test is a test of measuring human personality constructs. Its origin can be dated back to 18th century. There are many different types of personality assessment measures.  These tests are designed to draw knowledge about an individual's interest, interactive style and many other things.
Instruction: Name some titles from the Goosebumps series.


Response: Welcome to Dead House, Monster Blood, Say Cheese and Die!, The Cuckoo Clock of Doom, Revenge of the Lawn Gnomes, The Horror at Camp Jellyjam
Instruction: What is the best kind of bread?


Response: Sourdough is the best type of bread because it is the most multi-faceted bread. You can have it as grilled cheese, with eggs and avocado for breakfast, even as a bowl for artichoke dip. You can also use old sourdough as croutons, or use the leftover discard to make waffles or crackers. With sourdough dough you can make focaccia, sandwich bread, and pizza! Sourdough also doesn't require much ingredients, you only need flour, salt, and water.
Instruction: What were the main results of applying statistical analysis to the English language?

Context: Information theory's fundamental contribution to natural language processing and computational linguistics was further established in 1951, in his article "Prediction and Entropy of Printed English", showing upper and lower bounds of entropy on the statistics of English – giving a statistical foundation to language analysis. In addition, he proved that treating whitespace as the 27th letter of the alphabet actually lowers uncertainty in written language, providing a clear quantifiable link between cultural practice and probabilistic cognition.

Response: The main results of applying statistical analysis to the English language were establishing upper and lower bounds of entropy for it and that treating whitespace as a 27th letter of the alphabet lowers uncertainty.
Instruction: Based on the provided paragraph give a bullet list of the names of the countries (regions) which took part in WWI and their reasons?

Context: World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. The first decade of the 20th century saw increasing diplomatic tension between the European great powers. This reached breaking point on 28 June 1914, when a Bosnian Serb named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Austria-Hungary held Serbia responsible, and declared war on 28 July. Russia came to Serbia's defense, and by 4 August, defensive alliances had drawn in Germany, France, and Britain. German strategy in 1914 was to first defeat France, then attack Russia. However, this failed, and by the end of 1914, the Western Front consisted of a continuous line of trenches stretching from the English Channel to Switzerland. The Eastern Front was more fluid, but neither side could gain a decisive advantage, despite a series of costly offensives. Attempts by both sides to bypass the stalemate caused fighting to expand into the Middle East, the Alps, the Balkans, and overseas colonies, bringing Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, and others into the war.

Response: The countries and regions that took part in World War I (WWI) and their reasons are as follows:

- Austria-Hungary: because their heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated by a Bosnian Serb named Gavrilo Princip.
 
- Serbia: because Austria-Hungary declared war against them.

- Russia: because they wanted to defend Serbia.

- Germany, France, and Britain: because they were allies with the countries already engaging in the war.

- Middle East, the Alps, the Balkans, and overseas colonies, bringing Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, and others: because the Eastern Front of the war was more fluid, but neither side could gain a decisive advantage. Both sides had attempts to overcome the stalemate leading to the war expanding into these regions and countries.
Instruction: Create a bulleted list of Hawking's accomplishments based on this passage.

Context: Hawking achieved commercial success with several works of popular science in which he discussed his theories and cosmology in general. His book A Brief History of Time appeared on the Sunday Times bestseller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks. Hawking was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States. In 2002, Hawking was ranked number 25 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. He died in 2018 at the age of 76, after living with motor neurone disease for more than 50 years.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking

Response: -His book was a bestseller for 237 weeks, which was a record
-He was a fellow of the Royal Society
-He was a Pontifical Academy of Sciences lifetime member
-He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom
-He was 25 on the 100 Greatest Britons list put out by the BBC
Instruction: What is the Family of the orchid Bulbophyllum concatenatum?

Context: Bulbophyllum concatenatum is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum. 

Kingdom: 	Plantae
Clade: 	Tracheophytes
Clade: 	Angiosperms
Clade: 	Monocots
Order: 	Asparagales
Family: 	Orchidaceae
Subfamily: 	Epidendroideae
Tribe: 	Dendrobieae
Genus: 	Bulbophyllum
Species: 	B. concatenatum

Response: Orchidaceae
Instruction: Who is the first African-American to perform at the Metropolitan Opera?


Response: Marian Anderson was the first African-American to perform at the Metropolitan Opera.
Instruction: What is Type 2 Diabetes?

Context: Type 2 diabetes, formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin.

Response: Type 2 diabetes, formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss.  Symptoms may also include increased hunger, feeling tired, and sores (wounds) that do not heal.  Often symptoms come on slowly. Long-term complications from high blood sugar include heart disease, strokes, diabetic retinopathy which can result in blindness, kidney failure, and poor blood flow in the limbs which may lead to amputations. The sudden onset of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state may occur; however, ketoacidosis is uncommon.
Instruction: How do I see how large a dataset is in Spark?


Response: You can find the number of records in a DataFrame or RDD using the `count()` method. If you want to see how large it is in terms of bytes, you can find this information on the Spark UI.
Instruction: How many people live in the city of Oakland in 2022?

Context: Oakland population in 2022 is estimated to be 439,483

Response: About 450,000 people live in Oakland, Ca during the last census
Instruction: Let’s solve the following math problem. Each rabbit has 4 feets and each duck has 2 feets. If there are in total 25 heads and 88 feets, how many rabbits and how many ducks are there?


Response: We can use equations to solve this problem. Let the number of ducks be X and the number of rabbits be Y. We have 
X+Y = 25 (1) 
2X + 4Y = 88 (2). 
From the first equation, we know that X = 25-Y and we can substitute this into the second equation (2), and we get
2(25-Y) + 4Y = 88
Which can be simplified to 50 + 2Y = 88 and we have Y = 19.
We substitute the value into (1), we will then get X = 6. 
There are 6 ducks and 19 rabbits!
Instruction: Name some famous songs by the Beatles


Response: Some songs by the Beatles are Penny Lane, Yellow Submarine, While My Guitar Gently Weeps, Let It Be and Here Comes the Sun
Instruction: What kind of boat should I purchase?


Response: There are a large variety of options in recreation boats.  You can purchase a sailboat or a power boat, and the latter can have inboard or outboard engines while a sailboat can be single or multi-masted.  You also need to decide the length you can safely operate based on your experience, the average depth of the water where you intent to use the boat, and whether you will keep it on a lift, in the water, or on a trailer.  Finally, you need to decide on your budget for both the initial purchase as well as ongoing maintenance, which can typically cost 10-20% of the purchase price based on complexity and age.
Instruction: What was Seward's Folly?


Response: Seward's Folly was the name given by opponents to the 1867 purchase of Alaska from Russia by the United States. Secretary of State William Seward negotiated the treaty in secrecy, and critics mocked both him and President Andrew Johnson for the purchase of a "polar bear garden." However, it turned out to be a profitable investment when gold was discovered in Alaska in 1896.
Instruction: What are the main components of AWS Kinesis?


Response: Kinesis is a distributed system that is composed of several components. The main components of Kinesis are:
1. Streams: A stream is a group of records that are ingested and processed in real-time by Kinesis. A stream consists of one or more shards, and each shard is an ordered sequence of data records.
2. Shards: A shard is a sequence of records in a stream. It is equivalent to a data partition. Each shard has a specific sequence of records and provides a specific read and write capacity.
3. Producers: Producers are responsible for sending data to a Kinesis stream. Producers can be any application that can send data to an HTTP/HTTPS endpoint.
4. Consumers: Consumers are responsible for reading and processing data from a Kinesis stream. Consumers can be any application that can read data from an HTTP/HTTPS endpoint.
Instruction: Give me a list of video game systems from the past few decades


Response: 1) Atari
2) Nintendo
3) Sega
4) Sega Genesis
5) Super Nintendo
6) Sony Playstation
7) Sony Playstation 2
8) N64
9) Neo-Geo
10) Sega Saturn
11) Sega Gamecube
12) Nintendo Switch
13) Nintendo Wii
14) Playstation 3
15) Playstation 4
16) Playstation 5
17) MSFT XBox
18) MSFT Xbox One
Instruction: Are these things heavy or light? Empty soup bowl, empty shipping container, couch, pillow, apple, pencil, mattress


Response: Empty soup bowl: light, empty shipping container: heavy, couch: heavy, pillow: light, apple: light, pencil: light, mattress: heavy
Instruction: Classify each of the following words as either a noun or a verb


Response: Brian, running, chair, eating, listen, dog
Instruction: What is the best place in Thailand


Response: Pattaya - its known for beach and Restaurants . Also, it's very well known for night clubs.
Phuket - Island beaches and Mountains in the ocean . It's so outstanding
Instruction: Provide a list of some Japanese art forms I've not heard of.


Response: Here is a number of Japanese art forms that you may not have heard of; Ikebana is the art of flower arranging. Kabuki is a form of traditional Japanese theatre. Origami is the art of folding paper into various shapes, such as animals. Anime is a Japanese form of comic book art. Haiku is a form of Japanese poetry.
Instruction: What is combinatorial optimisation?


Response: Combinatorial optimisation is a field of applied mathematics, combining techniques from combinatorics, linear programming, and the theory of algorithms, to solve discrete optimisation problems. It is usually used as an alias of discrete optimisation. A combinatorial optimisation problem can generally be drawn as a triple (S, f, C), where S is a given search space, f is the objective function, which should be either maximised or minimised, and C is the set of constraints that have to be fulfilled to obtain feasible solutions. The goal is to find a globally optimal solution, meaning a solution s' that belongs to S, with either the highest or lowest objective value in the case of maximisation or minimisation, each under the restriction of constraints.
Instruction: What is a Keystone?


Response: A keystone is the top block of an arch. It is an essential part of an arch because it keeps other stones from falling.  A keystone is shaped like a trapezoid, the widest part at the top, so it doesn't slide out of the arch.  Humans have built remarkable buildings with heavy ceilings on arches supported by a keystone.  Many architects and artisans have been known to sculpt family emblems, symbols and designs on keystones.
Instruction: How best should I travel from London to Edinburgh, UK ?


Response: There are 3 main options for traveling between London and Edinburgh, UK. By car you will take the A1 north from London almost 7-8 hours depending on traffic. By train there is now an express train getting you from London Kings Cross to Edinburgh in under 4 hours. By plane you can fly from London City, London Gatwick or London Heathrow. The flight itself is only about 30-45mins, but with checkin and travel to either Heathrow or Gatwick the total travel time would also be close to 3-4 hours.
Instruction: How can teachers address health disparities in society?


Response: The teacher works with children in the positive schools center and promotes positive, supportive and mindful learning communities where students and school staff can connect, develop and grow. Connect with each other in a safe and positive environment in a mindful manner. Positively Develop as students and staff (academically, professionally, socially, and emotionally). Grow as student scholars and educational leaders. Adults and students create a culture of respect and support.
Instruction: What are the best woods for smoking?


Response: Oak is the quintessential go-to for smoking meat. It is a great place to start if you are a newbie to smoking.  It will lend a medium to a strong flavor that is seldom overpowering.
	- Best Meat to Smoke: Lamb, beef, brisket, and sausages
	  
Hickory is the most versatile choice as it can be used to smoke wood in many ways. Be careful, though, because too much hickory flavor will cause your meat to have a more bitter flavor. It has a sweet, savory, and hearty, a bit bacony.
	- Best Meat to Smoke: Larger cuts of ribs and pork shoulders, as well as almost all red meat and poultry.
	  
Maple is one of the most subtle smoking wood, it will impart a more subtle smoke flavor.  Use maple for a sweet, light, mild smokiness.
	- Best Meat to Smoke: Poultry, pork, game foul
	  
Mesquite is a hardy wood packing intense flavor. It is recommended for grilling, or to be used in smaller quantities. It is famous for its strong, intense, and unique.
	- Best Meat to Smoke: Red Meat and for adding additional flavor when grilling

Pecan will lend a rich, sweet, nutty flavor. In fact, the wood is so sweet that you may want to use a combination of it with another harder wood to balance out the flavor.
	- Best Meat to Smoke: Briskets, roasts, and ribs
	  
Applewood is mild and sweet, lending a mellow flavor. Apple smoke flavors take a while to permeate the meat, so anticipate several hours of smoking.
	- Best Meat to Smoke: Chicken, wild foul, pork
	  
Alder has a very light and sweet flavor profile. It lends a delicate and sweet characteristic.
	- Best Meat to Smoke: Fish, like salmon and other Pacific Northwestern types.
	  
Cherry is mild and fruity, and when mixed with other hardwood like hickory, the two flavors compliment each other for an amazing result.
	- Best Meat to Smoke: Chicken, turkey, ham
Instruction: Without quoting directly from the text, give me a summary of how rainbows are formed.

Context: A rainbow is an optical phenomenon that can occur under certain meteorological conditions. It is caused by reflection, refraction and dispersion of light in water droplets resulting in an effect similar to a spectrum of light appearing in the sky. It takes the form of a multicoloured circular arc. Rainbows caused by sunlight always appear in the section of sky directly opposite the Sun.
Rainbows can be full circles. However, the observer normally sees only an arc formed by illuminated droplets above the ground,[1] and centered on a line from the Sun to the observer's eye.
In a primary rainbow, the arc shows red on the outer part and violet on the inner side. This rainbow is caused by light being refracted when entering a droplet of water, then reflected inside on the back of the droplet and refracted again when leaving it.
In a double rainbow, a second arc is seen outside the primary arc, and has the order of its colours reversed, with red on the inner side of the arc. This is caused by the light being reflected twice on the inside of the droplet before leaving it.

Response: Rainbows are formed when light shines through water droplets, creating an optical phenomenon. The light is bent and reflected, creating a multicolored arc. Rainbows created by sunlight can be found in the sky, opposite the sun. Rainbows are usually observed as an arc, but can appear as full circles. A double rainbow appears when the light shining through each water droplet is reflected twice, creating a second arc, with the colours appearing in reverse order. The colors of the rainbow include; red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. The colors appear in order of their wavelength, from longest to shortest.
Instruction: Who is Taehoon Oh?


Response: Taehoon Oh is a computer graphic specialist, game designer and developer. He is a co-founder and COO at Studio Roqovan, formerly known as Reload Studios. He was a lead artist and was one of the pioneer developers of the Call of Duty game franchise. He is also one of the co-founders of the non-gaming virtual reality subdivision of Studio Roqovan called Rascali, launched in September 2015
Instruction: Give me a bulleted list of cricketers by highest number of international centuries scored


Response: Sachin Tendulkar - 100
Virat Kohli - 75
Ricky Ponting - 71
Kumar Sangakkara - 63
Jacques Kallis - 62
Hashim Amla - 55
Mahela Jayawardene - 54
Brian Lara - 53
Rahul Dravid - 48
AB de Villiers - 47
Instruction: Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Indian Elephant, Irish Elk


Response: Irish Elk is extinct, Indian Elephant is alive.
Instruction: Provide a bullet point list of all primary matter phase transitions, with the name of the process following by the matter states involved  Use the format: {process name}: {initial state} -> {final state}


Response: - melting: solid -> liquid
- sublimation: solid -> gas
- freezing: liquid -> solid
- vaporization: liquid -> gas
- ionization: gas -> plasma
- condensation: gas -> liquid
- deposition: gas -> solid
- deionization: plasma -> gas