Model: johnbrumett-uofu/legal-ft-v0
Author: johnbrumett-uofu
Pipeline: sentence-similarity
Library: sentence-transformers
Tags: sentence-transformers, safetensors, bert, sentence-similarity, feature-extraction, generated_from_trainer, dataset_size:156, loss:MatryoshkaLoss, loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss, arxiv:1908.10084, arxiv:2205.13147, arxiv:1705.00652, base_model:Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l, base_model:finetune:Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l, model-index, text-embeddings-inference, endpoints_compatible, region:us
Base models (finetune): id: Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l
Card metadata: tags: sentence-transformers, sentence-similarity, feature-extraction, generated_from_trainer, dataset_size:156, loss:MatryoshkaLoss, loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
base_model: Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l
widget: source_sentence: 2. What new shape of LLM was introduced in the final quarter of 2024, and what were the names of the initial models released?
sentences: 17th: AI for Data Journalism: demonstrating what we can do with this stuff right now

22nd: Options for accessing Llama 3 from the terminal using LLM



May

8th: Slop is the new name for unwanted AI-generated content

15th: ChatGPT in “4o” mode is not running the new features yet

29th: Training is not the same as chatting: ChatGPT and other LLMs don’t remember everything you say



June

6th: Accidental prompt injection against RAG applications

10th: Thoughts on the WWDC 2024 keynote on Apple Intelligence

17th: Language models on the command-line

21st: Building search-based RAG using Claude, Datasette and Val Town

27th: Open challenges for AI engineering



July

14th: Imitation Intelligence, my keynote for PyCon US 2024, Now that those features are rolling out they’re pretty weak. As an LLM power-user I know what these models are capable of, and Apple’s LLM features offer a pale imitation of what a frontier LLM can do. Instead we’re getting notification summaries that misrepresent news headlines and writing assistant tools that I’ve not found useful at all. Genmoji are kind of fun though.
The rise of inference-scaling “reasoning” models
The most interesting development in the final quarter of 2024 was the introduction of a new shape of LLM, exemplified by OpenAI’s o1 models—initially released as o1-preview and o1-mini on September 12th., I’m still trying to figure out the best patterns for doing this for my own work. Everyone knows that evals are important, but there remains a lack of great guidance for how to best implement them—I’m tracking this under my evals tag. My SVG pelican riding a bicycle benchmark is a pale imitation of what a real eval suite should look like.
Apple Intelligence is bad, Apple’s MLX library is excellent
As a Mac user I’ve been feeling a lot better about my choice of platform this year.
Last year it felt like my lack of a Linux/Windows  machine with an NVIDIA GPU was a huge disadvantage in terms of trying out new models., source_sentence: 2. In what year does the author expect the prompt-driven custom interface feature to be widely integrated into products?
sentences: The models may have got more capable, but most of the limitations remained the same. OpenAI’s o1 may finally be able to (mostly) count the Rs in strawberry, but its abilities are still limited by its nature as an LLM and the constraints placed on it by the harness it’s running in. o1 can’t run web searches or use Code Interpreter, but GPT-4o can—both in that same ChatGPT UI. (o1 will pretend to do those things if you ask it to, a regression to the URL hallucinations bug from early 2023).
What are we doing about this? Not much. Most users are thrown in at the deep end. The default LLM chat UI is like taking brand new computer users, dropping them into a Linux terminal and expecting them to figure it all out., This prompt-driven custom interface feature is so powerful and easy to build (once you’ve figured out the gnarly details of browser sandboxing) that I expect it to show up as a feature in a wide range of products in 2025.
Universal access to the best models lasted for just a few short months
For a few short months this year all three of the best available models—GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet and Gemini 1.5 Pro—were freely available to most of the world., Against this photo of butterflies at the California Academy of Sciences:


A shallow dish, likely a hummingbird or butterfly feeder, is red.  Pieces of orange slices of fruit are visible inside the dish.
Two butterflies are positioned in the feeder, one is a dark brown/black butterfly with white/cream-colored markings.  The other is a large, brown butterfly with patterns of lighter brown, beige, and black markings, including prominent eye spots. The larger brown butterfly appears to be feeding on the fruit., source_sentence: 2. What is the license under which Alibaba's QwQ model was released?
sentences: The most recent twist, again from December (December was a lot) is live video. ChatGPT voice mode now provides the option to share your camera feed with the model and talk about what you can see in real time. Google Gemini have a preview of the same feature, which they managed to ship the day before ChatGPT did., OpenAI are not the only game in town here. Google released their first entrant in the category, gemini-2.0-flash-thinking-exp, on December 19th.
Alibaba’s Qwen team released their QwQ model on November 28th—under an Apache 2.0 license, and that one I could run on my own machine. They followed that up with a vision reasoning model called QvQ on December 24th, which I also ran locally.
DeepSeek made their DeepSeek-R1-Lite-Preview model available to try out through their chat interface on November 20th.
To understand more about inference scaling I recommend Is AI progress slowing down? by Arvind Narayanan and Sayash Kapoor., Stuff we figured out about AI in 2023





















Simon Willison’s Weblog
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Stuff we figured out about AI in 2023
31st December 2023
2023 was the breakthrough year for Large Language Models (LLMs). I think it’s OK to call these AI—they’re the latest and (currently) most interesting development in the academic field of Artificial Intelligence that dates back to the 1950s.
Here’s my attempt to round up the highlights in one place!, source_sentence: 1. What is the significance of the cost reduction mentioned in the context regarding LLMs in 2024?
sentences: I think people who complain that LLM improvement has slowed are often missing the enormous advances in these multi-modal models. Being able to run prompts against images (and audio and video) is a fascinating new way to apply these models.
Voice and live camera mode are science fiction come to life
The audio and live video modes that have started to emerge deserve a special mention.
The ability to talk to ChatGPT first arrived in September 2023, but it was mostly an illusion: OpenAI used their excellent Whisper speech-to-text model and a new text-to-speech model (creatively named tts-1) to enable conversations with the ChatGPT mobile apps, but the actual model just saw text., I like people who are skeptical of this stuff. The hype has been deafening for more than two years now, and there are enormous quantities of snake oil and misinformation out there. A lot of very bad decisions are being made based on that hype. Being critical is a virtue.
If we want people with decision-making authority to make good decisions about how to apply these tools we first need to acknowledge that there ARE good applications, and then help explain how to put those into practice while avoiding the many unintiutive traps.
(If you still don’t think there are any good applications at all I’m not sure why you made it to this point in the article!), 260 input tokens, 92 output tokens. Cost approximately 0.0024 cents (that’s less than a 400th of a cent).
This increase in efficiency and reduction in price is my single favourite trend from 2024. I want the utility of LLMs at a fraction of the energy cost and it looks like that’s what we’re getting.
Multimodal vision is common, audio and video are starting to emerge
My butterfly example above illustrates another key trend from 2024: the rise of multi-modal LLMs.
A year ago the single most notable example of these was GPT-4 Vision, released at OpenAI’s DevDay in November 2023. Google’s multi-modal Gemini 1.0 was announced on December 7th 2023 so it also (just) makes it into the 2023 window., source_sentence: 1. What challenges do LLMs face in distinguishing truth from fiction?
sentences: Terminology aside, I remain skeptical as to their utility based, once again, on the challenge of gullibility. LLMs believe anything you tell them. Any systems that attempts to make meaningful decisions on your behalf will run into the same roadblock: how good is a travel agent, or a digital assistant, or even a research tool if it can’t distinguish truth from fiction?
Just the other day Google Search was caught serving up an entirely fake description of the non-existant movie “Encanto 2”. It turned out to be summarizing an imagined movie listing from a fan fiction wiki., Structured and Gradual Learning. In organic datasets, the relationship between tokens is often complex and indirect. Many reasoning steps may be required to connect the current token to the next, making it challenging for the model to learn effectively from next-token prediction. By contrast, each token generated by a language model is by definition predicted by the preceding tokens, making it easier for a model to follow the resulting reasoning patterns., The May 13th announcement of GPT-4o included a demo of a brand new voice mode, where the true multi-modal GPT-4o (the o is for “omni”) model could accept audio input and output incredibly realistic sounding speech without needing separate TTS or STT models.
The demo also sounded conspicuously similar to Scarlett Johansson... and after she complained the voice from the demo, Skye, never made it to a production product.
The delay in releasing the new voice mode after the initial demo caused quite a lot of confusion. I wrote about that in ChatGPT in “4o” mode is not running the new features yet.
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics: cosine_accuracy@1, cosine_accuracy@3, cosine_accuracy@5, cosine_accuracy@10, cosine_precision@1, cosine_precision@3, cosine_precision@5, cosine_precision@10, cosine_recall@1, cosine_recall@3, cosine_recall@5, cosine_recall@10, cosine_ndcg@10, cosine_mrr@10, cosine_map@100
model-index: name: SentenceTransformer based on Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l
results: task: type: information-retrieval
name: Information Retrieval
dataset: name: Unknown
type: unknown
metrics: type: cosine_accuracy@1
value: 0.8333333333333334
name: Cosine Accuracy@1
verified: no, type: cosine_accuracy@3
value: 0.9583333333333334
name: Cosine Accuracy@3
verified: no, type: cosine_accuracy@5
value: 1
name: Cosine Accuracy@5
verified: no, type: cosine_accuracy@10
value: 1
name: Cosine Accuracy@10
verified: no, type: cosine_precision@1
value: 0.8333333333333334
name: Cosine Precision@1
verified: no, type: cosine_precision@3
value: 0.3194444444444444
name: Cosine Precision@3
verified: no, type: cosine_precision@5
value: 0.20000000000000004
name: Cosine Precision@5
verified: no, type: cosine_precision@10
value: 0.10000000000000002
name: Cosine Precision@10
verified: no, type: cosine_recall@1
value: 0.8333333333333334
name: Cosine Recall@1
verified: no, type: cosine_recall@3
value: 0.9583333333333334
name: Cosine Recall@3
verified: no, type: cosine_recall@5
value: 1
name: Cosine Recall@5
verified: no, type: cosine_recall@10
value: 1
name: Cosine Recall@10
verified: no, type: cosine_ndcg@10
value: 0.9301444091161569
name: Cosine Ndcg@10
verified: no, type: cosine_mrr@10
value: 0.90625
name: Cosine Mrr@10
verified: no, type: cosine_map@100
value: 0.90625
name: Cosine Map@100
verified: no
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Created: 2025-02-17 00:54:12