Model: emiliensilly/doc_encoder
Author: emiliensilly
Pipeline: sentence-similarity
Library: sentence-transformers
Tags: sentence-transformers, safetensors, bert, sentence-similarity, feature-extraction, generated_from_trainer, dataset_size:117775, loss:TripletLoss, arxiv:1908.10084, arxiv:1703.07737, base_model:thenlper/gte-small, base_model:finetune:thenlper/gte-small, text-embeddings-inference, endpoints_compatible, region:us
Base models (finetune): id: thenlper/gte-small
Card metadata: tags: sentence-transformers, sentence-similarity, feature-extraction, generated_from_trainer, dataset_size:117775, loss:TripletLoss
base_model: thenlper/gte-small
widget: source_sentence: The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.

The smallest increments on a mercury and aneroid sphygmomanometer measure are:
Answer:
sentences: To understand the smallest increments measured by mercury and aneroid sphygmomanometers, it's essential to know how these devices work and the standard measurements associated with blood pressure monitoring.

### Sphygmomanometers Overview:
1. **Mercury Sphygmomanometer**: 
   - This device uses a column of mercury to measure blood pressure. The height of the mercury column correlates to the pressure exerted by the blood in the arteries.
   - Pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), which is a standard unit of pressure.
   - Typically, mercury sphygmomanometers are calibrated to allow for readings at specific intervals, which can vary by model.

2. **Aneroid Sphygmomanometer**: 
   - This type uses a mechanical gauge that measures pressure without the use of liquid. Instead, it uses a flexible metal diaphragm that moves in response to changes in pressure.
   - Like the mercury sphygmomanometer, the pressure is also displayed in mmHg.

### Measurement Increments:
- The smallest increment that can be effectively measured by a sphygmomanometer is important for accuracy in diagnosing and monitoring blood pressure.
- For both mercury and aneroid sphygmomanometers, the increments reflect the sensitivity and readability of the device. 

### Standard Measurement Increments:
- In clinical practice, sphygmomanometers typically have standard increments for reading blood pressure.
- The common increments for blood pressure readings in clinical devices are often:
  - **2 mmHg**: This increment allows for a fine enough resolution for clinical assessments while maintaining ease of reading.
  - Other devices may use larger increments, such as 5 mmHg or 10 mmHg, but these are less common for standard blood pressure monitoring.

### Conclusion:
Understanding the increments in measurement is crucial for accurately assessing blood pressure. The choice of increments affects the precision of readings and the reliability of diagnosis. In practice, 2 mmHg is a common smallest increment for both types of sphygmomanometers, providing a balance between detail and usability., To understand the implications of an atom emitting an alpha particle or beta particle, it's important to look at the nature of these particles and the processes involved in their emission.

### Alpha Decay:
1. **Definition**: Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an unstable atom emits an alpha particle. An alpha particle consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons (essentially a helium nucleus).
2. **Change in Atomic Number**: When an atom emits an alpha particle, it loses 2 protons and 2 neutrons. This results in a decrease of the atomic number by 2.
3. **Element Transformation**: Since the atomic number determines the element, emitting an alpha particle changes the atom into a different element. For example, when uranium-238 undergoes alpha decay, it transforms into thorium-234.

### Beta Decay:
1. **Definition**: Beta decay occurs when a neutron in an unstable nucleus transforms into a proton and emits a beta particle (which can be either an electron or a positron).
2. **Change in Atomic Number**: In beta-minus decay, a neutron is converted into a proton, increasing the atomic number by 1. In beta-plus decay, a proton is converted into a neutron, decreasing the atomic number by 1.
3. **Element Transformation**: The change in atomic number due to beta decay also leads to the transformation of the atom into a different element. For instance, carbon-14 undergoes beta decay to become nitrogen-14.

### Isotopes:
- Isotopes are variants of elements that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. While alpha and beta decay generally lead to the formation of different elements, there are forms of decay (such as gamma decay) that can change an isotope without changing the atomic number.

### Mass Changes:
- The emission of an alpha particle results in a loss of mass (due to the ejection of particles). However, the total mass-energy is conserved according to the principle of mass-energy equivalence (E=mc²). 

### Summary:
- Emitting an alpha or beta particle alters the atomic structure, specifically the number of protons, which defines the element. Hence, any atom that emits these particles transforms into a different element. 

Understanding these principles will help in determining the correct response to the question regarding atomic transformation upon emission of alpha or beta particles., In scientific research, a hypothesis is a testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables. It is formulated based on prior knowledge, observations, or theories and serves as the foundation for experimentation. 

Key points about a hypothesis:
- It is often stated in a way that can be tested through experiments or observations.
- A hypothesis typically predicts the outcome of an experiment, indicating what the researcher expects to find.
- It can be supported or refuted based on the results of the experiment.

In Brianna's case, she predicts that larger pumpkin seeds will sprout faster than smaller ones, which is a clear example of a hypothesis., source_sentence: The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.

The process of boiling water tends to
Answer:
sentences: To understand the implications of an enzyme's activity remaining constant over a broad range of pH values, it is essential to consider the relationship between pH, enzyme structure, and enzyme function.

### Background Information

1. **Enzyme Structure and Function**:
   - Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. They are typically proteins composed of amino acids.
   - The active site of an enzyme is the region where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction. The structure and charge of the active site are critical for the enzyme's function.

2. **Role of pH**:
   - pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, affecting the ionization state of amino acid side chains in an enzyme.
   - Many enzymes have an optimal pH at which they exhibit maximum activity. Deviations from this optimal pH can lead to denaturation or altered charge properties, affecting enzyme-substrate interactions.

3. **Ionizing Groups**:
   - Ionizing groups refer to functional groups in amino acids that can gain or lose protons (H+ ions) depending on the pH of the environment. These groups include carboxyl groups (-COOH), amino groups (-NH2), and certain side chains of amino acids like aspartic acid and histidine.
   - The ionization state of these groups can influence the binding of substrates to the enzyme and the catalytic activity of the enzyme.

### Implications of Constant Activity Across pH

- If an enzyme maintains constant activity over a broad range of pH values, it suggests that the mechanism of catalysis does not rely on the ionization state of side chains (which would be sensitive to pH changes).
- If ionizing groups on the enzyme or substrate were critical for the reaction, we would expect the enzyme's activity to vary significantly with changes in pH.
- The lack of sensitivity to pH changes indicates that either:
  - The enzyme's active site does not involve ionizable residues that participate directly in the catalytic mechanism.
  - The substrate may not contain ionizing groups that require specific pH conditions for optimal binding or reaction.

### Conclusions

Based on these principles, it can be inferred that if an enzyme displays consistent activity across a wide pH range, it is likely that no critical ionizing groups on either the enzyme or substrate are involved in the catalytic process. This suggests a robust catalytic mechanism that operates independently of pH-related changes in charge. 

Understanding these fundamental concepts can lead to a clearer picture of enzyme activity and its dependence on pH, ultimately guiding interpretations of experimental enzyme kinetics., To analyze the satisfiability of compound propositions, we can use definitions and logical equivalences related to propositional logic.

1. **Satisfiability**: A compound proposition is satisfiable if there exists at least one assignment of truth values to its variables that makes the proposition true.

2. **Logical Operators**:
   - **Disjunction (∨)**: The disjunction of two propositions is true if at least one of the propositions is true.
   - **Conjunction (∧)**: The conjunction of two propositions is true only if both propositions are true.
   - **Negation (¬)**: The negation of a proposition is true if the original proposition is false.
   - **Biconditional (↔)**: A biconditional statement is true if both propositions have the same truth value (both true or both false).
   - **Implication (→)**: An implication is false only when the first proposition is true and the second is false; otherwise, it is true.

3. **Examples of Analyzing Propositions**:
   - For **A**: The proposition can be analyzed by checking the truth values of `p` and `q` that satisfy all three clauses.
   - For **B**: Here, the biconditional clauses must be considered; the first clause `p ↔ q` is true when both `p` and `q` have the same truth value, while `¬p ↔ q` requires that `q` be true when `p` is false.
   - For **C**: This involves implications that can be rewritten using logical equivalents. The proposition can be broken down to see if there is a consistent truth assignment for `p` and `q`.

4. **Truth Tables**: A useful method to determine satisfiability is to construct truth tables for each proposition. Each row of the truth table represents a possible combination of truth values for `p` and `q`, allowing one to check the overall truth value of the compound proposition under those assignments.

5. **Identifying Contradictions**: If a compound proposition leads to a contradiction (e.g., requiring both a proposition and its negation to be true), it is unsatisfiable. Recognizing such contradictions is key in evaluating satisfiability.

By applying these principles, one can determine the satisfiability of the given compound propositions., To understand the effects of boiling water, we should consider the principles of heat transfer, thermodynamics, and the specific process of boiling itself.

1. **Definition of Boiling**: Boiling is the rapid vaporization of a liquid when it is heated to its boiling point. This occurs when the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the atmospheric pressure surrounding the liquid.

2. **Heat Absorption During Boiling**: When water is heated and reaches its boiling point (100°C at sea level), it requires additional energy to change from liquid to vapor. This energy is known as the latent heat of vaporization. For water, this value is approximately 2260 J/kg. During this phase, the temperature of the water remains constant at the boiling point until all the liquid has transformed into vapor, even as heat is continuously supplied.

3. **Energy Transfer**: As water boils, it absorbs heat energy from the source (e.g., a stove or heat element). However, because this energy is used for the phase change (liquid to gas) rather than increasing the temperature, it can result in a perception of cooling in the remaining liquid water. This is due to the fact that the energy used for boiling is effectively 'removing' heat from the liquid phase.

4. **Cooling Effect**: The cooling effect can be particularly noticeable in certain contexts:
   - If you were to boil a pot of water on a stove that is not producing sufficient heat, the water temperature would stabilize at 100°C. If the heat input is insufficient to keep the boiling process going, the water would cool down.
   - When boiling occurs in an open system (like a kettle), the steam that escapes carries away energy. This loss of energy can result in a decrease in temperature in the remaining liquid water.

5. **Practical Observations**: In practical terms, if you were to measure the temperature of water in a boiling pot, you would find that the temperature remains constant at the boiling point while it is actively boiling. If you were to observe the water after boiling has ceased, the temperature would start to drop as heat is lost to the environment.

In summary, the process of boiling involves heat absorption for the phase transition rather than temperature increase, and it can lead to a sensation of cooling in the remaining liquid due to latent heat requirements and energy loss through steam., source_sentence: The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.

$$(a x+3)\left(5 x^{2}-b x+4\right)=20 x^{3}-9 x^{2}-2 x+12$$The equation above is true for all $x$, where $a$ and $b$ are constants. What is the value of $a b$ ?
Answer:
sentences: **Keywords: Interactive Proof System, Perfect Zero-Knowledge, Statistical Zero-Knowledge, Computational Zero-Knowledge**

1. **Zero-Knowledge Proofs**: A zero-knowledge proof is a method by which one party (the prover) can convince another party (the verifier) that they know a value without revealing any information apart from the fact that they know that value.

2. **Distinguishability**: In the context of zero-knowledge proofs, distinguishability refers to the ability of an adversary (or verifier) to differentiate between the output of a protocol run with a true statement and a false one. This is crucial in defining the strength of the zero-knowledge property.

3. **Perfect Zero-Knowledge**: A proof is perfect zero-knowledge if the verifier cannot distinguish between the real transcript of the interaction and a transcript generated from a distribution that does not depend on the secret knowledge of the prover. This means that for any possible strategy of the verifier, the distributions are perfectly indistinguishable.

4. **Statistical Zero-Knowledge**: A proof is statistical zero-knowledge if the verifier can only distinguish between the two distributions with a probability that is non-negligibly small, typically defined as being bounded by a statistical distance metric. This means that while there is some small probability of distinguishability, it is considered negligible.

5. **Computational Zero-Knowledge**: A proof is computational zero-knowledge if the verifier can only distinguish between the distributions with the help of a computationally bounded adversary. Here, the focus is on the computational complexity and the resources available to the adversary rather than purely statistical measures.

Understanding these distinctions is essential for grasping the security and privacy guarantees provided by different types of zero-knowledge proof systems., To solve the equation 

$$(a x+3)\left(5 x^{2}-b x+4\right)=20 x^{3}-9 x^{2}-2 x+12$$ 

for the constants \( a \) and \( b \), we will need to expand the left-hand side and match the coefficients with those on the right-hand side.

### Step 1: Expand the Left-Hand Side

We can expand the left-hand side of the equation using the distributive property (also known as the FOIL method for binomials). 

Let’s denote:
- The first binomial: \( (a x + 3) \)
- The second polynomial: \( (5 x^{2} - b x + 4) \)

The multiplication yields:
\[
(a x + 3)(5 x^{2} - b x + 4) = a x(5 x^{2}) + a x(-b x) + a x(4) + 3(5 x^{2}) + 3(-b x) + 3(4)
\]

This expands to:
\[
5 a x^{3} - ab x^{2} + 4 a x + 15 x^{2} - 3b x + 12
\]

### Step 2: Collect Like Terms

Now, we collect like terms in the expression:
- The coefficient of \( x^3 \) is \( 5a \).
- The coefficient of \( x^2 \) is \( -ab + 15 \).
- The coefficient of \( x \) is \( 4a - 3b \).
- The constant term is \( 12 \).

### Step 3: Set Up Coefficient Equations

Since the equation is true for all \( x \), we can equate the coefficients from both sides of the equation:

1. For \( x^3 \): 
   \[
   5a = 20 \quad \Rightarrow \quad a = 4
   \]

2. For \( x^2 \):
   \[
   -ab + 15 = -9 \quad \Rightarrow \quad -ab = -9 - 15 \quad \Rightarrow \quad ab = 24
   \]

3. For \( x \):
   \[
   4a - 3b = -2
   \]

### Step 4: Solve for \( b \)

Substituting \( a = 4 \) into the equation \( 4a - 3b = -2 \):
\[
4(4) - 3b = -2 \quad \Rightarrow \quad 16 - 3b = -2 \quad \Rightarrow \quad -3b = -2 - 16 \quad \Rightarrow \quad -3b = -18 \quad \Rightarrow \quad b = 6
\]

### Step 5: Find \( ab \)

Now that we have the values of \( a \) and \( b \):
- \( a = 4 \)
- \( b = 6 \)

Now we can calculate \( ab \):
\[
ab = 4 \cdot 6 = 24
\]

### Conclusion

The product of \( a \) and \( b \) is \( 24 \). Thus, the value of \( ab \) is identified as part of the analysis of polynomial coefficients, leading to the conclusion that the correct choice is C. 24., To evaluate the two statements regarding ImageNet and Caltech-101, we first need to understand what these datasets are, their characteristics, and their contents.

### ImageNet:
1. **Definition**: ImageNet is a large visual database designed for use in visual object recognition software research. It contains millions of images that are categorized into thousands of classes.
2. **Image Resolutions**: ImageNet is known for having images of various resolutions. The dataset was built from images that vary in size, as they were collected from the internet and other sources. This diversity in resolution allows for a wide range of computer vision applications, as different models might require different input sizes.
3. **Purpose**: ImageNet is often used for training and testing machine learning models, particularly in deep learning, and has played a significant role in advancing the field due to its large and varied dataset.

### Caltech-101:
1. **Definition**: Caltech-101 is a smaller dataset used for object recognition, which consists of 101 object categories. Each category contains a varying number of images.
2. **Number of Images**: Caltech-101 contains a total of 9,144 images, and while it is well-structured for research, it has significantly fewer images compared to ImageNet. ImageNet consists of over 14 million images, making it one of the largest image datasets available.
3. **Usage**: Caltech-101 is often used in benchmarking algorithms for object detection and classification.

### Comparison of the Statements:
- **Statement 1 (ImageNet has images of various resolutions)**: This statement is true, as ImageNet is characterized by its collection of images that vary widely in resolution.
- **Statement 2 (Caltech-101 has more images than ImageNet)**: This statement is false, as ImageNet contains a vastly greater number of images than Caltech-101.

By analyzing the characteristics and contents of these two datasets, one can conclude the truth values of the statements provided., source_sentence: The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.

The suspension cable of a 1,000 kg elevator snaps, sending the elevator moving downward through its shaft. The emergency brakes of the elevator stop the elevator shortly before it reaches the bottom of the shaft. If the elevator fell a distance of 100 m starting from rest, the heat that the brakes must dissipate to bring the elevator safely to rest is
Answer:
sentences: To address the question of how long a cannula can remain in situ, it is important to consider several factors related to medical practices, infection control, and the types of cannulas used.

1. **Type of Cannula**: There are various types of cannulas, including peripheral, central venous, and arterial cannulas. Each type has different guidelines regarding the duration they can safely remain in place. 

2. **Infection Risk**: The risk of infection increases the longer a cannula is left in situ. Guidelines often recommend regular assessment of the site and replacement to minimize infection risk. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other health organizations provide guidelines on the duration of use for various types of intravenous (IV) catheters.

3. **Clinical Guidelines**: Some clinical guidelines suggest that peripheral cannulas can typically remain in place for up to 72-96 hours if the site is monitored and remains free from signs of infection or phlebitis. However, this is contingent on proper care and handling.

4. **Individual Patient Factors**: The duration a cannula can remain in situ also depends on patient-specific factors. These include the patient's overall health, the presence of any underlying conditions (such as diabetes), and the reason for cannulation. 

5. **Regulatory and Institutional Policies**: Different healthcare institutions may have their own policies regarding the maximum duration for which a cannula can remain in place, often influenced by the latest research and best practices.

By considering the type of cannula, guidelines from health organizations, individual patient factors, and institutional policies, one can arrive at an understanding of how long a cannula can safely remain in situ before replacement is necessary., **Supporting Knowledge on Ontologies:**

1. **Definition**: An ontology is a formal representation of a set of concepts within a domain and the relationships between those concepts. It is often used to enable data sharing and reuse across different systems.

2. **Creation of Multiple Ontologies**: It is possible to create multiple ontologies for the same real-world entities, as different ontologies can focus on varying aspects or perspectives of the entities.

3. **Data Integration**: Ontologies facilitate the integration of data by providing a common vocabulary and framework that can be used to map different data models, enabling interoperability among heterogeneous systems.

4. **Domain-Specific Vocabularies**: Ontologies are designed to support domain-specific vocabularies, allowing for precise communication and understanding within particular fields or areas of knowledge.

5. **Serialization of Data**: Serialization refers to the process of converting data structures or object states into a format that can be stored or transmitted. While ontologies can influence how data is organized or understood, they do not dictate the specific serialization formats of semi-structured data; this is typically handled by separate standards or technologies (e.g., JSON, XML).

Understanding these aspects helps in evaluating the statements regarding ontologies and their functions in data representation and integration., To determine the heat that the brakes must dissipate to bring the elevator safely to rest, we can use the principle of conservation of energy.

1. **Potential Energy (PE)**: When the elevator is at a height, it possesses gravitational potential energy, which can be calculated using the formula:
   \[
   PE = m \cdot g \cdot h
   \]
   where:
   - \( m \) is the mass of the elevator (1,000 kg),
   - \( g \) is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately \( 9.81 \, \text{m/s}^2 \)),
   - \( h \) is the height from which the elevator falls (100 m).

2. **Calculation of Potential Energy**:
   Substituting the values into the potential energy formula:
   \[
   PE = 1,000 \, \text{kg} \cdot 9.81 \, \text{m/s}^2 \cdot 100 \, \text{m}
   \]
   This calculation will yield the total potential energy converted into kinetic energy just before the elevator stops.

3. **Kinetic Energy (KE)**: Just before the brakes engage, the elevator's potential energy is converted into kinetic energy (assuming no energy losses to air resistance or friction). The kinetic energy can be calculated using:
   \[
   KE = \frac{1}{2} m v^2
   \]
   However, since the brakes are stopping the elevator, we focus on the energy that must be dissipated.

4. **Heat Dissipation**: The heat that the brakes must dissipate is equal to the gravitational potential energy lost by the elevator as it falls. Therefore, the energy that the brakes need to absorb to stop the elevator is equivalent to the potential energy calculated when the elevator fell 100 m.

5. **Units and Final Considerations**: Remember that energy is measured in joules (J). The values you calculate will help determine how much energy is dissipated as heat. 

By performing the calculations based on the above principles, you will arrive at the total energy that the brakes need to dissipate., source_sentence: The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about knowledge and skills in advanced master-level STEM courses.

Two forms of boron are naturally occurring, boron-10 and boron-11. What difference exists between a boron atom with a 10 atomic mass units (amu) and a boron atom with 11 atomic mass units (amu)?
Answer:
sentences: ### Discounted Cumulative Gain (DCG)

**Definition:**
DCG is a metric used to measure the effectiveness of a search engine's ranking of results based on user-provided relevance scores. It emphasizes the importance of the order of results by applying a logarithmic discount.

**Formula:**
The formula for DCG at rank \( k \) is given by:
\[
DCG_k = \sum_{i=1}^k \frac{grade[i]}{\log_2(i+1)}
\]
where:
- \( DCG_k \) is the discounted cumulative gain at rank \( k \).
- \( grade[i] \) is the relevance score for the result at position \( i \).
- The logarithm is base 2, calculated as \( \log_2(i+1) \).

**Key Concepts:**
1. **Relevance Score (\( grade[i] \))**: This is a value assigned by the user that indicates how relevant the result at position \( i \) is to their query. It can be binary (relevant or not) or on a scale (e.g., 0 to 3, where higher values denote greater relevance).

2. **Ranking Order**: The position of a result in the list affects its contribution to the DCG score. Results that appear higher in the ranking (lower \( i \)) are weighted more heavily due to the logarithmic denominator.

3. **Logarithmic Discounting**: The logarithmic function \( \log_2(i+1) \) reduces the impact of lower-ranked results. As \( i \) increases (i.e., as you go down the ranking), the contribution of the relevance score diminishes, reflecting the principle that users are more likely to engage with higher-ranked results.

4. **Implementation Consideration**: When implementing the DCG calculation, ensure that you iterate from \( i = 1 \) to \( k \) and correctly index the relevance scores, often requiring adjustments if zero-based indexing is used in programming languages.

**Example Calculation**:
To compute DCG for \( k = 3 \) with relevance scores \( [3, 2, 0] \):
- \( DCG_3 = \frac{3}{\log_2(1+1)} + \frac{2}{\log_2(2+1)} + \frac{0}{\log_2(3+1)} \)
- This illustrates how each relevance score is adjusted by its rank.

**Python Function Hint**:
Use `np.log2` for logarithm calculations in Python. Remember to account for zero-based indexing in programming languages that use it., To solve the expression 52 + 6 * 2, it is essential to understand the order of operations, often remembered by the acronym PEMDAS:

1. **P**arentheses - Solve expressions inside parentheses first.
2. **E**xponents - Calculate exponents (powers and roots, etc.) next.
3. **M**ultiplication and **D**ivision - These operations are performed from left to right.
4. **A**ddition and **S**ubtraction - Finally, perform addition and subtraction from left to right.

In this expression, we have both addition and multiplication. According to the order of operations, we first perform the multiplication:

- **Step 1**: Calculate 6 * 2, which equals 12.

Next, we add that result to 52:

- **Step 2**: Add the result of the multiplication (12) to 52.

Thus, the complete expression now looks like this:

52 + 12

Finally, perform the addition:

- **Step 3**: Calculate 52 + 12, which equals 64.

By following these steps and applying the order of operations correctly, you can arrive at the result of the expression., To understand the difference between boron-10 and boron-11, we need to consider the structure of an atom. 

1. **Atomic Mass**: The atomic mass of an element is primarily determined by the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. 

2. **Protons**: All boron atoms have the same number of protons, which is 5, since boron is defined as the element with atomic number 5.

3. **Neutrons**: The difference in atomic mass between boron-10 and boron-11 arises from the number of neutrons. 
   - Boron-10 has 5 neutrons (10 - 5 = 5).
   - Boron-11 has 6 neutrons (11 - 5 = 6).

4. **Electrons**: In a neutral atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons. Therefore, both isotopes of boron have 5 electrons.

5. **Particle Sizes**: Protons and neutrons are generally similar in size, and electrons are much smaller. The size of the electron cloud is influenced by the number of electrons but does not differ between isotopes.

Understanding these points clarifies that the key difference between boron-10 and boron-11 lies in the number of neutrons present in their nuclei.
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
Likes: 0 | All-time downloads: 64
Created: 2025-06-06 08:03:42