Model: jiwonyou0420/encoder-qa-finetuned-v2
Author: jiwonyou0420
Pipeline: sentence-similarity
Library: sentence-transformers
Tags: sentence-transformers, safetensors, bert, sentence-similarity, feature-extraction, generated_from_trainer, dataset_size:72812, loss:CosineSimilarityLoss, arxiv:1908.10084, base_model:jiwonyou0420/MNLP_M2_document_encoder, base_model:finetune:jiwonyou0420/MNLP_M2_document_encoder, text-embeddings-inference, endpoints_compatible, region:us
Base models (finetune): id: jiwonyou0420/MNLP_M2_document_encoder
Card metadata: tags: sentence-transformers, sentence-similarity, feature-extraction, generated_from_trainer, dataset_size:72812, loss:CosineSimilarityLoss
base_model: jiwonyou0420/MNLP_M2_document_encoder
widget: source_sentence: Is X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy inherited ?
sentences: X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is inherited in an X-linked pattern. A condition is considered X-linked if the mutated gene that causes the disorder is located on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes in each cell. In males (who have only one X chromosome), one altered copy of the ABCD1 gene in each cell is sufficient to cause X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Because females have two copies of the X chromosome, one altered copy of the ABCD1 gene in each cell usually does not cause any features of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy; however, some females with one altered copy of the gene have health problems associated with this disorder. The signs and symptoms of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy tend to appear at a later age in females than in males. Affected women usually develop features of the adrenomyeloneuropathy type., The influence of an external magnetic field on the movement and stability of a magnetic domain wall in a ferromagnetic material can be understood by considering the interactions between the magnetic field, the domain wall, and the surrounding material.

1. Movement of the magnetic domain wall: When an external magnetic field is applied to a ferromagnetic material, it exerts a force on the magnetic moments within the material, causing them to align with the direction of the field. This alignment results in the movement of the magnetic domain walls, as the domains with moments aligned with the field grow at the expense of those with moments opposing the field. This process is known as domain wall motion.

2. Stability of the magnetic domain wall: The stability of a magnetic domain wall is determined by the balance between the magnetic energy stored in the domain wall and the energy required to move the wall. An external magnetic field can affect this balance by either stabilizing or destabilizing the domain wall, depending on the direction and strength of the field. A strong enough magnetic field can cause the domain wall to collapse, leading to a single magnetic domain with all moments aligned with the field.

3. Effect on the magnetic properties of the surrounding material: The movement and stability of magnetic domain walls have a direct impact on the magnetic properties of the surrounding material. As the domain walls move and the magnetic domains change in size, the overall magnetization of the material increases or decreases, depending on the direction of the applied field. This change in magnetization can affect the material's magnetic properties, such as its coercivity (the field required to demagnetize the material) and its remanence (the residual magnetization after the external field is removed).

In summary, an external magnetic field can significantly influence the movement and stability of magnetic domain walls in a ferromagnetic material, which in turn affects the magnetic properties of the surrounding material. The specific effects depend on the direction and strength of the applied field, as well as the intrinsic properties of the ferromagnetic material., To calculate the gravitational wave strain (h) generated by the collision of two black holes, we can use the following formula:

h = (4 * G * M * c) / (r * c^2)

where:
- G is the gravitational constant (6.67430 x 10^-11 m^3 kg^-1 s^-2)
- M is the total mass of the system, which is the sum of the masses of the two black holes (30 + 35 = 65 solar masses)
- c is the speed of light (2.998 x 10^8 m/s)
- r is the distance from the source to the observer (1.3 billion light-years)

First, we need to convert the masses and distance into SI units (kilograms and meters, respectively).

1 solar mass = 1.9885 x 10^30 kg
65 solar masses = 65 * 1.9885 x 10^30 kg = 1.293 x 10^32 kg

1 light-year = 9.461 x 10^15 m
1.3 billion light-years = 1.3 x 10^9 * 9.461 x 10^15 m = 1.23 x 10^25 m

Now, we can plug these values into the formula:

h = (4 * 6.67430 x 10^-11 m^3 kg^-1 s^-2 * 1.293 x 10^32 kg * 2.998 x 10^8 m/s) / (1.23 x 10^25 m * (2.998 x 10^8 m/s)^2)

h ≈ 1.3 x 10^-21

The magnitude of the gravitational wave strain generated by the collision of the two black holes is approximately 1.3 x 10^-21., source_sentence: What is the outlook for Neurotoxicity ?
sentences: Mutations in the SLC7A7 gene cause lysinuric protein intolerance. The SLC7A7 gene provides instructions for producing a protein called y+L amino acid transporter 1 (y+LAT-1), which is involved in transporting lysine, arginine, and ornithine between cells in the body. The transportation of amino acids from the small intestines and kidneys to the rest of the body is necessary for the body to be able to use proteins. Mutations in the y+LAT-1 protein disrupt the transportation of amino acids, leading to a shortage of lysine, arginine, and ornithine in the body and an abnormally large amount of these amino acids in urine.  A shortage of lysine, arginine, and ornithine disrupts many vital functions. Arginine and ornithine are involved in a cellular process called the urea cycle, which processes excess nitrogen (in the form of ammonia) that is generated when protein is used by the body. The lack of arginine and ornithine in the urea cycle causes elevated levels of ammonia in the blood. Lysine is particularly abundant in collagen molecules that give structure and strength to connective tissues such as skin, tendons, and ligaments. A deficiency of lysine contributes to the short stature and osteoporosis seen in people with lysinuric protein intolerance. Other features of lysinuric protein intolerance are thought to result from abnormal protein transport (such as protein deposits in the lungs) or a lack of protein that can be used by the body (protein malnutrition)., The application of magnetic fields has a significant impact on the critical temperature (Tc) and critical current (Ic) in superconducting materials. Superconductivity is a phenomenon where a material exhibits zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields when cooled below a certain critical temperature. The critical current is the maximum current that can flow through a superconductor without losing its superconducting properties.

1. Impact on critical temperature (Tc):

When a magnetic field is applied to a superconducting material, the critical temperature tends to decrease. This is because the magnetic field introduces additional energy into the system, which competes with the superconducting state. As the magnetic field strength increases, the superconducting state becomes less stable, and the critical temperature decreases. This relationship can be described by the empirical equation:

Tc(B) = Tc(0) * (1 - (B/Bc)^2)

where Tc(B) is the critical temperature at a given magnetic field B, Tc(0) is the critical temperature at zero magnetic field, and Bc is the critical magnetic field strength at which superconductivity is completely suppressed.

2. Impact on critical current (Ic):

The critical current is also affected by the presence of a magnetic field. As the magnetic field strength increases, the critical current decreases. This is because the magnetic field generates vortices in the superconducting material, which can cause the superconducting state to break down. The vortices can move under the influence of the current, creating resistance and dissipating energy. When the current exceeds the critical value, the motion of vortices becomes significant, and the material loses its superconducting properties.

The relationship between critical current and magnetic field can be described by the power-law equation:

Ic(B) = Ic(0) * (1 - (B/Bc)^n)

where Ic(B) is the critical current at a given magnetic field B, Ic(0) is the critical current at zero magnetic field, Bc is the critical magnetic field strength, and n is an exponent that depends on the specific superconducting material.

In summary, the application of magnetic fields affects both the critical temperature and critical current in superconducting materials. The critical temperature decreases with increasing magnetic field strength, while the critical current also decreases due to the formation and motion of vortices in the superconducting material. Understanding these relationships is crucial for the design and optimization of superconducting devices and systems., To determine the Reynolds number (Re) and predict whether the flow will be laminar or turbulent, we need to use the following formula:

Re = (ρ * V * D) / μ

where:
ρ = density of water (approximately 1000 kg/m³ for water at room temperature)
V = velocity of the water jet (20 m/s)
D = diameter of the nozzle (0.05 m, since we need to convert 5 cm to meters)
μ = dynamic viscosity of water (approximately 1 x 10^-3 Pa·s for water at room temperature)

Now, let's calculate the Reynolds number:

Re = (1000 kg/m³ * 20 m/s * 0.05 m) / (1 x 10^-3 Pa·s)
Re = (1000 * 20 * 0.05) / (0.001)
Re = 1000000

The Reynolds number is 1,000,000. Generally, a flow is considered laminar if the Reynolds number is less than 2,000, and turbulent if it's greater than 4,000. Since our Reynolds number is 1,000,000, the flow is predicted to be turbulent.

Now, let's calculate the friction factor (f) using the Colebrook equation for turbulent flow:

1 / √f = -2.0 * log10((ε / (3.7 * D)) + (2.51 / (Re * √f)))

where:
ε = roughness of the pipe (assuming smooth pipe, ε = 0)

Since the Colebrook equation is implicit, we can use an approximation method, such as the Swamee-Jain equation, to estimate the friction factor:

f = 0.25 / (log10((ε / (3.7 * D)) + (5.74 / Re^0.9)))^2

Substituting the values:

f = 0.25 / (log10((0 / (3.7 * 0.05)) + (5.74 / 1000000^0.9)))^2
f ≈ 0.25 / (log10(5.74 / 1000000^0.9))^2
f ≈ 0.25 / (log10(0.0185))^2
f ≈ 0.25 / (-1.732)^2
f ≈ 0.25 / 2.999
f ≈ 0.0833

The friction factor is approximately 0.0833.

Now, let's calculate the pressure drop per meter of pipe length (∆P/L) using the Darcy-Weisbach equation:

∆P/L = f * (ρ * V^2) / (2 * D)

Substituting the values:

∆P/L = 0.0833 * (1000 kg/m³ * (20 m/s)^2) / (2 * 0.05 m)
∆P/L = 0.0833 * (1000 * 400) / 0.1
∆P/L = 0.0833 * 4000000
∆P/L = 33320 Pa/m

The pressure drop per meter of pipe length is 33,320 Pa/m., source_sentence: How do non-geometric backgrounds affect the behavior of strings in string theory, and what are the implications of this behavior for our understanding of the early universe? Specifically, investigate the feasibility of non-geometric backgrounds as a potential explanation for the observed inflationary period in the universe's history.
sentences: Some brachial plexus injuries may heal without treatment. Many children who are injured during birth improve or recover by 3 to 4 months of age. Treatment for brachial plexus injuries includes physical therapy and, in some cases, surgery., Non-geometric backgrounds in string theory refer to the configurations of spacetime that cannot be described by conventional Riemannian geometry. These backgrounds arise naturally in string theory due to the presence of higher-dimensional objects called D-branes and the existence of dualities that relate different string theories. The behavior of strings in non-geometric backgrounds can provide insights into the fundamental nature of spacetime and the early universe.

In non-geometric backgrounds, strings exhibit a variety of interesting phenomena that are not present in geometric backgrounds. For example, strings can experience non-commutative geometry, where the spacetime coordinates do not commute, leading to a fundamentally different notion of distance and locality. Additionally, strings can experience non-associative geometry, where the algebraic structure of spacetime becomes more complex and less intuitive.

The implications of these behaviors for our understanding of the early universe are profound. Non-geometric backgrounds can lead to modifications of the standard cosmological models, potentially providing new insights into the observed inflationary period in the universe's history. Inflation is a period of rapid expansion that occurred in the early universe, which can explain several key features of the observed universe, such as its homogeneity, isotropy, and flatness.

One way non-geometric backgrounds could potentially explain the observed inflationary period is through the presence of higher-dimensional objects, such as D-branes. These objects can act as sources of energy and tension in the early universe, driving the expansion of spacetime. In some models, the presence of D-branes can lead to a period of accelerated expansion, similar to the inflationary period.

Another possibility is that non-geometric backgrounds could modify the dynamics of the inflaton field, which is the hypothetical scalar field responsible for driving inflation. In non-geometric backgrounds, the inflaton field could experience new interactions or potential energy landscapes that could lead to a period of accelerated expansion. This could provide an alternative explanation for the observed inflationary period, potentially shedding light on the fundamental nature of the inflaton field and its role in the early universe.

However, it is important to note that the feasibility of non-geometric backgrounds as a potential explanation for the observed inflationary period is still an open question. While there are promising theoretical models that suggest a connection between non-geometric backgrounds and inflation, more research is needed to determine whether these models can be consistent with observational data and whether they can provide a complete and satisfactory explanation for the observed features of the universe.

In conclusion, non-geometric backgrounds in string theory can have significant effects on the behavior of strings, leading to new and interesting phenomena that could potentially shed light on the early universe and the observed inflationary period. While the feasibility of non-geometric backgrounds as a potential explanation for inflation is still an open question, further research in this area could provide valuable insights into the fundamental nature of spacetime and the early universe., What are the signs and symptoms of Thakker-Donnai syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Thakker-Donnai syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Anteverted nares 90% Downturned corners of mouth 90% Hypertelorism 90% Long palpebral fissure 90% Low-set, posteriorly rotated ears 90% Muscular hypotonia 90% Narrow mouth 90% Short neck 90% Upslanted palpebral fissure 90% Vertebral segmentation defect 90% Webbed neck 90% Abnormality of the upper urinary tract 50% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum 50% Communicating hydrocephalus 50% Congenital diaphragmatic hernia 50% Intrauterine growth retardation 50% Macrotia 50% Tetralogy of Fallot 50% Tracheoesophageal fistula 50% Transposition of the great arteries 50% Ventricular septal defect 50% Abnormal facial shape - Abnormalities of placenta or umbilical cord - Agenesis of corpus callosum - Anal atresia - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Bulbous nose - Hemivertebrae - Hydrocephalus - Hydronephrosis - Long ear - Low posterior hairline - Posteriorly rotated ears - Rectovaginal fistula - Short nose - Wide nasal bridge - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common., source_sentence: What is (are) Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome ?
sentences: To calculate the activity coefficient of the substance in the solution, we can use the Raoult's Law. Raoult's Law states that the partial vapor pressure of a component in a solution is proportional to its mole fraction and its vapor pressure in the pure state.

For an ideal solution, the activity coefficient (γ) is equal to 1. In this case, the student has a solution with an ideal behavior, so we can use Raoult's Law to determine the activity coefficient.

Let's denote the mole fraction of the substance as x1 and the mole fraction of the solvent as x2. Since the solution contains 1 mol/L of the substance, we can assume that x1 = 1 and x2 = 0 (since the solvent is in excess).

According to Raoult's Law:

P_solution = x1 * γ1 * P1_pure + x2 * γ2 * P2_pure

where P_solution is the vapor pressure of the solution, P1_pure and P2_pure are the vapor pressures of the pure substance and solvent, respectively, and γ1 and γ2 are the activity coefficients of the substance and solvent, respectively.

Since x2 = 0, the equation simplifies to:

P_solution = x1 * γ1 * P1_pure

We are given the vapor pressure of the solution (P_solution = 9.85 kPa) and the vapor pressure of the pure solvent (P2_pure = 10.13 kPa). We need to find the activity coefficient of the substance (γ1).

Rearranging the equation to solve for γ1:

γ1 = P_solution / (x1 * P1_pure)

Since the substance has an ideal behavior, we can assume that P1_pure = P2_pure = 10.13 kPa. Therefore:

γ1 = 9.85 kPa / (1 * 10.13 kPa)

γ1 ≈ 0.972

The activity coefficient of the substance in the solution is approximately 0.972., Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome is a disorder that is characterized by extremely weak muscle tone (hypotonia) in infancy and early childhood, intellectual disability, distinctive facial features, sparse hair, areas of unusual skin coloring (pigmentation), and other birth defects. The signs and symptoms of the Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome can vary, although most documented cases of people with the syndrome have severe to profound intellectual disability and other serious health problems. Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome is usually caused by the presence of an abnormal extra chromosome 12 called isochromosome 12p. Normal chromosomes have one long (q) arm and one short (p) arm, but isochromosomes have either two q arms or two p arms. Isochromosome 12p is a version of chromosome 12 made up of two p arms. Cells normally have two copies of each chromosome, one inherited from each parent. In people with Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome, cells have the two usual copies of chromosome 12, but some cells also have the isochromosome 12p. These cells have a total of four copies of all the genes on the p arm of chromosome 12. The extra genetic material from the isochromosome disrupts the normal course of development, causing the characteristic features of this disorder. Although Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome is usually caused by an isochromosome 12p, other, more complex chromosomal changes involving chromosome 12 are responsible for the disorder in rare cases., Cooper pairs play a crucial role in the phenomenon of zero electrical resistance in superconductors. In a superconductor, electrons form pairs known as Cooper pairs, which are responsible for the unique properties of superconductivity. These pairs are formed due to an attractive interaction between electrons mediated by lattice vibrations called phonons.

In a normal conductor, electrons move through the material and collide with impurities, defects, and lattice vibrations, causing resistance and energy dissipation in the form of heat. However, in a superconductor, the formation of Cooper pairs changes the behavior of electrons.

Cooper pairs are formed when two electrons with opposite spins and momenta are attracted to each other through the exchange of phonons. This attractive interaction overcomes the natural repulsion between electrons due to their negative charge. The pairs of electrons then condense into a single quantum state known as the BCS (Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer) ground state.

In this state, the Cooper pairs move coherently through the superconductor without scattering or colliding with impurities, defects, or lattice vibrations. This coherent motion allows the Cooper pairs to flow through the material without any resistance, resulting in the phenomenon of zero electrical resistance in superconductors.

The energy gap between the BCS ground state and the first excited state prevents single electrons from breaking away from their Cooper pairs and scattering. This energy gap also contributes to the zero electrical resistance, as any energy that would be dissipated as heat is instead used to maintain the coherence of the Cooper pairs.

In summary, Cooper pairs contribute to the phenomenon of zero electrical resistance in superconductors by forming a coherent quantum state that allows them to move through the material without scattering or colliding with impurities, defects, or lattice vibrations. This coherent motion and the energy gap between the ground state and the first excited state prevent energy dissipation and result in the unique property of superconductivity., source_sentence: How can the renormalization technique be used to address the issue of infinity in the quantum electrodynamics calculation of the self-energy of an electron? Specifically, how can the divergent integrals be reorganized and regularized to yield a finite value for the self-energy?
sentences: These resources address the diagnosis or management of Rothmund-Thomson syndrome:  - Gene Review: Gene Review: Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome  - Genetic Testing Registry: Rothmund-Thomson syndrome  - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Cataract  - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Osteosarcoma   These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions:  - Diagnostic Tests  - Drug Therapy  - Surgery and Rehabilitation  - Genetic Counseling   - Palliative Care, The prevalence of ALG6-CDG is unknown, but it is thought to be the second most common type of congenital disorder of glycosylation. More than 30 cases of ALG6-CDG have been described in the scientific literature., Superconductivity and superfluidity are two distinct quantum phenomena that share some similarities. Both phenomena involve the emergence of macroscopic quantum coherence, leading to the disappearance of electrical resistance or viscosity, respectively. They are both observed in materials at very low temperatures, where quantum effects become more pronounced.

Superconductivity is a phenomenon observed in certain materials, usually metals and alloys, where the electrical resistance drops to zero below a critical temperature. This allows for the flow of electric current without any energy loss. Superconductivity is explained by the BCS (Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer) theory, which states that electrons in a superconductor form Cooper pairs, which can move through the material without resistance due to their quantum mechanical nature.

Superfluidity, on the other hand, is a phenomenon observed in certain liquids, such as liquid helium, where the viscosity drops to zero below a critical temperature. This allows the liquid to flow without any resistance, leading to some unusual properties, such as the ability to climb the walls of a container or flow through extremely narrow channels. Superfluidity in liquid helium is explained by the Bose-Einstein condensation of helium atoms, which form a coherent quantum state that allows them to flow without resistance.

While superconductivity and superfluidity are distinct phenomena, they share some similarities in their underlying mechanisms. Both involve the formation of a macroscopic quantum state, where particles (electrons in superconductors or atoms in superfluids) form pairs or condensates that can move without resistance. In this sense, superconductivity can be thought of as a type of superfluidity for charged particles.

In the case of liquid helium, superconductivity does not directly contribute to its superfluidity, as the two phenomena involve different particles (electrons for superconductivity and helium atoms for superfluidity). However, the study of superconductivity has provided valuable insights into the understanding of superfluidity, as both phenomena share some common underlying principles related to quantum coherence and the behavior of particles at very low temperatures.
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
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Created: 2025-06-09 20:17:14