Model: Gonalb/flucold-ft-v2
Author: Gonalb
Pipeline: sentence-similarity
Library: sentence-transformers
Tags: sentence-transformers, safetensors, bert, sentence-similarity, feature-extraction, generated_from_trainer, dataset_size:400, loss:MatryoshkaLoss, loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss, arxiv:1908.10084, arxiv:2205.13147, arxiv:1705.00652, base_model:Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l, base_model:finetune:Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l, model-index, text-embeddings-inference, endpoints_compatible, region:us
Base models (finetune): id: Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l
Card metadata: tags: sentence-transformers, sentence-similarity, feature-extraction, generated_from_trainer, dataset_size:400, loss:MatryoshkaLoss, loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
base_model: Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l
widget: source_sentence: QUESTION #2: What percentage of patients in the study reported experiencing "chills" and "feverish discomfort"?
sentences: been proven superior. Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all people six months and older who do not have 
contraindications. ( Am Fam Physician. 2019; 100(12):751-758. Copyright © 2019 American Academy of Family Physicians.)
BEST PRACTICES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASE  
Recommendations from the Choosing 
Wisely Campaign
Recommendation Sponsoring organization
Do not routinely avoid 
influenza vaccination in 
egg-allergic patients.
American Academy of Allergy, 
Asthma, and Immunology
Source:  For more information on the Choosing Wisely Campaign,, Review
722  Vol 5   November 2005
accompanied by fever and some subjects have a transient
fall in body temperature during the early stages of
common cold. In a study of 272 patients with sore throat
associated with URTIs, the mean aural temperature was
36·8ºC and around 35% of these patients said they were
suffering from “chills” and “feverish discomfort”.49 The
sensation of chilliness may be unrelated to any change in
skin or body temperature. In a study of human
volunteers, a sensation of chill still develops on
administration of exogenous pyrogen even though the, ered when the results will modify management or when a 
patient with signs or symptoms of influenza is hospitalized.19 
TABLE 2
Complications of Influenza
Cardiovascular   26
Cerebrovascular accidents
Ischemic heart disease
Myocarditis
Hematologic  26
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
Hemophagocytic syndrome
Thrombotic thrombocytope -
nic purpura
Musculoskeletal  19,26
Myositis
Rhabdomyolysis
Neurologic  26
Acute disseminated 
encephalomyelitis
Encephalitis
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Postinfluenza encephalopathy 
(neurologic symptoms occur -
ring after resolution but within, source_sentence: How do cytokines interact with the body's systems to influence the hypothalamus and affect body temperature?
sentences: interleukin 1, interleukin 6, and tumour necrosis factor
alpha, as well as the anti-inﬂammatory cytokines
interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin 10
have been investigated for their pyrogenic or antipyretic
action.17 Interleukin 1 and interleukin 6 are believed to
be the most important cytokines that induce fever. 55
Cytokines are believed to cross the blood–brain barrier
or interact with the vagus nerve endings to signal the
temperature control centre of the hypothalamus to
increase the thermal set point.55,56 The hypothalamus
then initiates shivering, constriction of skin blood, mended human dose; possible 
risk of embryo-fetal toxicity with 
continuous intravenous infusion 
based on limited animal data
Baloxavir (Xofluza), 
available as oral 
tablets
NA ($160) Adults and children 12 years 
and older:  
88 to 174 lb (40 to 79 kg):  
single dose of 40 mg  
≥ 175 lb (80 kg):  single dose 
of 80 mg
Treatment of uncom-
plicated acute 
influenza in patients 
12 years and older who 
have been symptom -
atic for no more than 
48 hours
Contraindicated in people with 
a history of hypersensitivity to 
baloxavir or any component of the 
product, CME  This clinical content conforms to AAFP criteria for con-
tinuing medical education (CME). See CME Quiz on page 271.
Author disclosure:     No relevant financial affiliations.
Patient information:    Handouts on this topic, written by the 
authors of this article, are available at https://  www.aafp.org/
afp/2019/0901/p281-s1.html and https://  www.aafp.org/
afp/2019/0901/p281-s2.html.
Acute upper respiratory tract infections are extremely common in adults and children, but only a few safe and effective treat-, source_sentence: What are the limitations of using adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine) for influenza treatment according to the context?
sentences: December 15, 2019 ◆ Volume 100, Number 12 www.aafp.org/afp  American Family Physician 755
INFLUENZA
Clinicians caring for high-risk patients can also be consid -
ered for treatment.28
Four antiviral drugs have been approved for the treat -
ment of influenza (Table 4):  the NA inhibitors oseltamivir 
(Tamiflu), zanamivir (Relenza), and peramivir (Rapivab), 
and the cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor baloxa -
vir (Xofluza). 18,37 Any of these agents can be used in age-  
appropriate, otherwise healthy outpatients with uncom -
plicated influenza and no contraindications. 18 Baloxavir is, 756 American Family Physician www.aafp.org/afp  Volume 100, Number 12 ◆ December 15, 2019
INFLUENZA
the risk of bronchospasm. 18,28 Adamantanes (amantadine 
and rimantadine [Flumadine]) are approved for influenza 
treatment but are not currently recommended. These med -
ications are not active against influenza B, and most influ -
enza A strains have shown adamantane resistance for the 
past 10 years.18
There is no demonstrated benefit to treating patients 
with more than one antiviral agent or using higher than 
recommended dosages. 28 However, extended treatment, distress syndrome
Diffuse alveolar 
hemorrhage
Hypoxic respiratory 
failure
Primary viral pneumonia
Secondary bacterial 
pneumonia
Renal 26
Acute kidney injury  
(e.g., acute tubulo- 
interstitial nephritis, 
glomerulonephritis, 
minimal change disease)
Multiorgan failure
Information from references 8, 19, and 25-27.
SORT:  KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Clinical recommendation
Evidence 
rating Comments
Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all people 6 months and older. 15,16 A Reports of expert committees, source_sentence: Which symptoms of colds and flu are now better understood due to new knowledge in molecular biology?
sentences: mechanisms that generate the familiar symptoms is poor compared with the amount of knowledge available on the
molecular biology of the viruses involved. New knowledge of the effects of cytokines in human beings now helps to
explain some of the symptoms of colds and ﬂu that were previously in the realm of folklore rather than medicine—
eg, fever, anorexia, malaise, chilliness, headache, and muscle aches and pains. The mechanisms of symptoms of
sore throat, rhinorrhoea, sneezing, nasal congestion, cough, watery eyes, and sinus pain are discussed, since these, medicines such as ipratropium. These studies have
demonstrated that nasal secretions in the ﬁrst 4 days of a
common cold are inhibited by intranasal administration
of ipratropium.25 The nasal discharge also consists of a
protein-rich plasma exudate derived from subepithelial
capillaries,28 which may explain why anticholinergics
only partly inhibit nasal discharge associated with
URTIs.27
The colour of nasal discharge and sputum is often
used as a clinical marker to determine whether or not to
prescribe antibiotics but there is no evidence from the, ing diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in immunocompetent patients:  a state-
of-the-art review. Lung. 2013; 191(1): 9-18.
 28.  Uyeki TM, Bernstein HH, Bradley JS, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by 
the Infectious Diseases Society of America:  2018 update on diagnosis, 
treatment, chemoprophylaxis, and institutional outbreak management 
of seasonal influenza. Clin Infect Dis. 2019; 68(6): 895-902.
 29.  Ebell MH, Afonso AM, Gonzales R, et al. Development and validation of 
a clinical decision rule for the diagnosis of influenza. J Am Board Fam 
Med. 2012; 25(1): 55-62., source_sentence: QUESTION #2: How does the sneeze centre in the brainstem coordinate the actions involved in sneezing?
sentences: stroke, seizure disorder, dementia)
Asthma or other chronic pulmonary disease
Chronic kidney disease
Chronic liver disease
Heart disease (acquired or congenital)
Immunosuppression (e.g., HIV infection, cancer, transplant 
recipients, use of immunosuppressive medications)
Long-term aspirin therapy in patients younger than 19 years
Metabolic disorders (acquired [e.g., diabetes mellitus] or 
inherited [e.g., mitochondrial disorders])
Morbid obesity
Sickle cell anemia and other hemoglobinopathies
Special groups
Adults 65 years and older
American Indians and Alaska Natives, causes sneezing.23 The trigeminal nerves relay
information to the sneeze centre in the brainstem and
cause reﬂex activation of motor and parasympathetic
branches of the facial nerve and activate respiratory
muscles. A model of the sneeze reﬂex is illustrated in
ﬁgure 1. The sneeze centre coordinates the inspiratory
and expiratory actions of sneezing via respiratory
muscles, and lacrimation and nasal congestion via
parasympathetic branches of the facial nerve. The eyes
are always closed during sneezing by activation of facial
muscles, indicating a close relation between the, during experimental rhinovirus infections have not
been able to ﬁnd any morphological changes in the
nasal epithelium of infected volunteers, apart from a
substantial increase in polymorphonuclear leucocytes
early in the course of the infection.11 The major cell
monitoring the host for the invasion of pathogens is
the macrophage, which has the ability to trigger an
acute phase response when stimulated with
components of viruses or bacteria—eg, viral RNA and
bacterial cell wall components.12 The surface of the
macrophage exhibits toll-like receptors that combine
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics: cosine_accuracy@1, cosine_accuracy@3, cosine_accuracy@5, cosine_accuracy@10, cosine_precision@1, cosine_precision@3, cosine_precision@5, cosine_precision@10, cosine_recall@1, cosine_recall@3, cosine_recall@5, cosine_recall@10, cosine_ndcg@10, cosine_mrr@10, cosine_map@100
model-index: name: SentenceTransformer based on Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l
results: task: type: information-retrieval
name: Information Retrieval
dataset: name: Unknown
type: unknown
metrics: type: cosine_accuracy@1
value: 0.6122448979591837
name: Cosine Accuracy@1
verified: no, type: cosine_accuracy@3
value: 0.8877551020408163
name: Cosine Accuracy@3
verified: no, type: cosine_accuracy@5
value: 0.9387755102040817
name: Cosine Accuracy@5
verified: no, type: cosine_accuracy@10
value: 0.9897959183673469
name: Cosine Accuracy@10
verified: no, type: cosine_precision@1
value: 0.6122448979591837
name: Cosine Precision@1
verified: no, type: cosine_precision@3
value: 0.29591836734693877
name: Cosine Precision@3
verified: no, type: cosine_precision@5
value: 0.1877551020408163
name: Cosine Precision@5
verified: no, type: cosine_precision@10
value: 0.09897959183673469
name: Cosine Precision@10
verified: no, type: cosine_recall@1
value: 0.6122448979591837
name: Cosine Recall@1
verified: no, type: cosine_recall@3
value: 0.8877551020408163
name: Cosine Recall@3
verified: no, type: cosine_recall@5
value: 0.9387755102040817
name: Cosine Recall@5
verified: no, type: cosine_recall@10
value: 0.9897959183673469
name: Cosine Recall@10
verified: no, type: cosine_ndcg@10
value: 0.8165441473931409
name: Cosine Ndcg@10
verified: no, type: cosine_mrr@10
value: 0.7593091998704244
name: Cosine Mrr@10
verified: no, type: cosine_map@100
value: 0.7600380628441854
name: Cosine Map@100
verified: no, type: cosine_accuracy@1
value: 0.61
name: Cosine Accuracy@1
verified: no, type: cosine_accuracy@3
value: 0.86
name: Cosine Accuracy@3
verified: no, type: cosine_accuracy@5
value: 0.91
name: Cosine Accuracy@5
verified: no, type: cosine_accuracy@10
value: 0.98
name: Cosine Accuracy@10
verified: no, type: cosine_precision@1
value: 0.61
name: Cosine Precision@1
verified: no, type: cosine_precision@3
value: 0.2866666666666666
name: Cosine Precision@3
verified: no, type: cosine_precision@5
value: 0.18199999999999997
name: Cosine Precision@5
verified: no, type: cosine_precision@10
value: 0.09799999999999998
name: Cosine Precision@10
verified: no, type: cosine_recall@1
value: 0.61
name: Cosine Recall@1
verified: no, type: cosine_recall@3
value: 0.86
name: Cosine Recall@3
verified: no, type: cosine_recall@5
value: 0.91
name: Cosine Recall@5
verified: no, type: cosine_recall@10
value: 0.98
name: Cosine Recall@10
verified: no, type: cosine_ndcg@10
value: 0.8056804227184741
name: Cosine Ndcg@10
verified: no, type: cosine_mrr@10
value: 0.7489960317460317
name: Cosine Mrr@10
verified: no, type: cosine_map@100
value: 0.7504795482295481
name: Cosine Map@100
verified: no
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Created: 2025-02-22 23:24:56