Humanity's Last Exam
Authors: name: Long Phan; name: Alice Gatti; name: Ziwen Han; name: Nathaniel Li; name: Josephina Hu; name: Hugh Zhang; name: Sean Shi; name: Michael Choi; name: Anish Agrawal; name: Arnav Chopra; name: Adam Khoja; name: Ryan Kim; name: Jason Hausenloy; name: Oliver Zhang; name: Mantas Mazeika; name: Daron Anderson; name: Tung Nguyen; name: Mobeen Mahmood; name: Fiona Feng; name: Steven Y. Feng; name: Haoran Zhao; name: Michael Yu; name: Varun Gangal; name: Chelsea Zou; name: Zihan Wang; name: Jessica P. Wang; name: Pawan Kumar; name: Oleksandr Pokutnyi; name: Robert Gerbicz; name: Serguei Popov; name: John-Clark Levin; name: Mstyslav Kazakov; name: Johannes Schmitt; name: Geoff Galgon; name: Alvaro Sanchez; name: Yongki Lee; name: Will Yeadon; name: Scott Sauers; name: Marc Roth; name: Chidozie Agu; name: Søren Riis; name: Fabian Giska; name: Saiteja Utpala; name: Zachary Giboney; name: Gashaw M. Goshu; name: Joan of Arc Xavier; name: Sarah-Jane Crowson; name: Mohinder Maheshbhai Naiya; name: Noah Burns; name: Lennart Finke; name: Zerui Cheng; name: Hyunwoo Park; name: Francesco Fournier-Facio; name: John Wydallis; name: Mark Nandor; name: Ankit Singh; name: Tim Gehrunger; name: Jiaqi Cai; name: Ben McCarty; name: Darling Duclosel; name: Jungbae Nam; name: Jennifer Zampese; name: Ryan G. Hoerr; name: Aras Bacho; name: Gautier Abou Loume; name: Abdallah Galal; name: Hangrui Cao; name: Alexis C Garretson; name: Damien Sileo; name: Qiuyu Ren; name: Doru Cojoc; name: Pavel Arkhipov; name: Usman Qazi; name: Lianghui Li; name: Sumeet Motwani; name: Christian Schroeder de Witt; name: Edwin Taylor; name: Johannes Veith; name: Eric Singer; name: Taylor D. Hartman; name: Paolo Rissone; name: Jaehyeok Jin; name: Jack Wei Lun Shi; name: Chris G. Willcocks; name: Joshua Robinson; name: Aleksandar Mikov; name: Ameya Prabhu; name: Longke Tang; name: Xavier Alapont; name: Justine Leon Uro; name: Kevin Zhou; name: Emily de Oliveira Santos; name: Andrey Pupasov Maksimov; name: Edward Vendrow; name: Kengo Zenitani; name: Julien Guillod; name: Yuqi Li; name: Joshua Vendrow; name: Vladyslav Kuchkin; name: Ng Ze-An; name: Pierre Marion; name: Denis Efremov; name: Jayson Lynch; name: Kaiqu Liang; name: Andrew Gritsevskiy; name: Dakotah Martinez; name: Ben Pageler; name: Nick Crispino; name: Dimitri Zvonkine; name: Natanael Wildner Fraga; name: Saeed Soori; name: Ori Press; name: Henry Tang; name: Julian Salazar; name: Sean R. Green; name: Lina Brüssel; name: Moon Twayana; name: Aymeric Dieuleveut; name: T. Ryan Rogers; name: Wenjin Zhang; name: Bikun Li; name: Jinzhou Yang; name: Arun Rao; name: Gabriel Loiseau; name: Mikhail Kalinin; name: Marco Lukas; name: Ciprian Manolescu; name: Subrata Mishra; name: Ariel Ghislain Kemogne Kamdoum; name: Tobias Kreiman; name: Tad Hogg; name: Alvin Jin; name: Carlo Bosio; name: Gongbo Sun; name: Brian P Coppola; name: Tim Tarver; name: Haline Heidinger; name: Rafael Sayous; name: Stefan Ivanov; name: Joseph M Cavanagh; name: Jiawei Shen; name: Joseph Marvin Imperial; name: Philippe Schwaller; name: Shaipranesh Senthilkuma; name: Andres M Bran; name: Ali Dehghan; name: Andres Algaba; name: Brecht Verbeken; name: David Noever; name: Ragavendran P V; name: Lisa Schut; name: Ilia Sucholutsky; name: Evgenii Zheltonozhskii; name: Derek Lim; name: Richard Stanley; name: Shankar Sivarajan; name: Tong Yang; name: John Maar; name: Julian Wykowski; name: Martí Oller; name: Jennifer Sandlin; name: Anmol Sahu; name: Yuzheng Hu; name: Sara Fish; name: Nasser Heydari; name: Archimedes Apronti; name: Kaivalya Rawal; name: Tobias Garcia Vilchis; name: Yuexuan Zu; name: Martin Lackner; name: James Koppel; name: Jeremy Nguyen; name: Daniil S. Antonenko; name: Steffi Chern; name: Bingchen Zhao; name: Pierrot Arsene; name: Alan Goldfarb; name: Sergey Ivanov; name: Rafał Poświata; name: Chenguang Wang; name: Daofeng Li; name: Donato Crisostomi; name: Andrea Achilleos; name: Benjamin Myklebust; name: Archan Sen; name: David Perrella; name: Nurdin Kaparov; name: Mark H Inlow; name: Allen Zang; name: Elliott Thornley; name: Daniil Orel; name: Vladislav Poritski; name: Shalev Ben-David; name: Zachary Berger; name: Parker Whitfill; name: Michael Foster; name: Daniel Munro; name: Linh Ho; name: Dan Bar Hava; name: Aleksey Kuchkin; name: Robert Lauff; name: David Holmes; name: Frank Sommerhage; name: Keith Schneider; name: Zakayo Kazibwe; name: Nate Stambaugh; name: Mukhwinder Singh; name: Ilias Magoulas; name: Don Clarke; name: Dae Hyun Kim; name: Felipe Meneguitti Dias; name: Veit Elser; name: Kanu Priya Agarwal; name: Victor Efren Guadarrama Vilchis; name: Immo Klose; name: Christoph Demian; name: Ujjwala Anantheswaran; name: Adam Zweiger; name: Guglielmo Albani; name: Jeffery Li; name: Nicolas Daans; name: Maksim Radionov; name: Václav Rozhoň; name: Ziqiao Ma; name: Christian Stump; name: Mohammed Berkani; name: Jacob Platnick; name: Volodymyr Nevirkovets; name: Luke Basler; name: Marco Piccardo; name: Ferenc Jeanplong; name: Niv Cohen; name: Josef Tkadlec; name: Paul Rosu; name: Piotr Padlewski; name: Stanislaw Barzowski; name: Kyle Montgomery; name: Aline Menezes; name: Arkil Patel; name: Zixuan Wang; name: Jamie Tucker-Foltz; name: Jack Stade; name: Tom Goertzen; name: Fereshteh Kazemi; name: Jeremiah Milbauer; name: John Arnold Ambay; name: Abhishek Shukla; name: Yan Carlos Leyva Labrador; name: Alan Givré; name: Hew Wolff; name: Vivien Rossbach; name: Muhammad Fayez Aziz; name: Younesse Kaddar; name: Yanxu Chen; name: Robin Zhang; name: Jiayi Pan; name: Antonio Terpin; name: Niklas Muennighoff; name: Hailey Schoelkopf; name: Eric Zheng; name: Avishy Carmi; name: Adam Jones; name: Jainam Shah; name: Ethan D. L. Brown; name: Kelin Zhu; name: Max Bartolo; name: Richard Wheeler; name: Andrew Ho; name: Shaul Barkan; name: Jiaqi Wang; name: Martin Stehberger; name: Egor Kretov; name: Kaustubh Sridhar; name: Zienab EL-Wasif; name: Anji Zhang; name: Daniel Pyda; name: Joanna Tam; name: David M. Cunningham; name: Vladimir Goryachev; name: Demosthenes Patramanis; name: Michael Krause; name: Andrew Redenti; name: Daniel Bugas; name: David Aldous; name: Jesyin Lai; name: Shannon Coleman; name: Mohsen Bahaloo; name: Jiangnan Xu; name: Sangwon Lee; name: Sandy Zhao; name: Ning Tang; name: Michael K. Cohen; name: Micah Carroll; name: Orr Paradise; name: Jan Hendrik Kirchner; name: Stefan Steinerberger; name: Maksym Ovchynnikov; name: Jason O. Matos; name: Adithya Shenoy; name: Benedito Alves de Oliveira Junior; name: Michael Wang; name: Yuzhou Nie; name: Paolo Giordano; name: Philipp Petersen; name: Anna Sztyber-Betley; name: Priti Shukla; name: Jonathan Crozier; name: Antonella Pinto; name: Shreyas Verma; name: Prashant Joshi; name: Zheng-Xin Yong; name: Allison Tee; name: Jérémy Andréoletti; name: Orion Weller; name: Raghav Singhal; name: Gang Zhang; name: Alexander Ivanov; name: Seri Khoury; name: Hamid Mostaghimi; name: Kunvar Thaman; name: Qijia Chen; name: Tran Quoc Khánh; name: Jacob Loader; name: Stefano Cavalleri; name: Hannah Szlyk; name: Zachary Brown; name: Jonathan Roberts; name: William Alley; name: Kunyang Sun; name: Ryan Stendall; name: Max Lamparth; name: Anka Reuel; name: Ting Wang; name: Hanmeng Xu; name: Sreenivas Goud Raparthi; name: Pablo Hernández-Cámara; name: Freddie Martin; name: Dmitry Malishev; name: Thomas Preu; name: Tomek Korbak; name: Marcus Abramovitch; name: Dominic Williamson; name: Ziye Chen; name: Biró Bálint; name: M Saiful Bari; name: Peyman Kassani; name: Zihao Wang; name: Behzad Ansarinejad; name: Laxman Prasad Goswami; name: Yewen Sun; name: Hossam Elgnainy; name: Daniel Tordera; name: George Balabanian; name: Earth Anderson; name: Lynna Kvistad; name: Alejandro José Moyano; name: Rajat Maheshwari; name: Ahmad Sakor; name: Murat Eron; name: Isaac C. McAlister; name: Javier Gimenez; name: Innocent Enyekwe; name: Andrew Favre D. O.; name: Shailesh Shah; name: Xiaoxiang Zhou; name: Firuz Kamalov; name: Ronald Clark; name: Sherwin Abdoli; name: Tim Santens; name: Khalida Meer; name: Harrison K Wang; name: Kalyan Ramakrishnan; name: Evan Chen; name: Alessandro Tomasiello; name: G. Bruno De Luca; name: Shi-Zhuo Looi; name: Vinh-Kha Le; name: Noam Kolt; name: Niels Mündler; name: Avi Semler; name: Emma Rodman; name: Jacob Drori; name: Carl J Fossum; name: Milind Jagota; name: Ronak Pradeep; name: Honglu Fan; name: Tej Shah; name: Jonathan Eicher; name: Michael Chen; name: Kushal Thaman; name: William Merrill; name: Carter Harris; name: Jason Gross; name: Ilya Gusev; name: Asankhaya Sharma; name: Shashank Agnihotri; name: Pavel Zhelnov; name: Siranut Usawasutsakorn; name: Mohammadreza Mofayezi; name: Sergei Bogdanov; name: Alexander Piperski; name: Marc Carauleanu; name: David K. Zhang; name: Dylan Ler; name: Roman Leventov; name: Ignat Soroko; name: Thorben Jansen; name: Pascal Lauer; name: Joshua Duersch; name: Vage Taamazyan; name: Wiktor Morak; name: Wenjie Ma; name: William Held; name: Tran Đuc Huy; name: Ruicheng Xian; name: Armel Randy Zebaze; name: Mohanad Mohamed; name: Julian Noah Leser; name: Michelle X Yuan; name: Laila Yacar; name: Johannes Lengler; name: Hossein Shahrtash; name: Edson Oliveira; name: Joseph W. Jackson; name: Daniel Espinosa Gonzalez; name: Andy Zou; name: Muthu Chidambaram; name: Timothy Manik; name: Hector Haffenden; name: Dashiell Stander; name: Ali Dasouqi; name: Alexander Shen; name: Emilien Duc; name: Bita Golshani; name: David Stap; name: Mikalai Uzhou; name: Alina Borisovna Zhidkovskaya; name: Lukas Lewark; name: Mátyás Vincze; name: Dustin Wehr; name: Colin Tang; name: Zaki Hossain; name: Shaun Phillips; name: Jiang Muzhen; name: Fredrik Ekström; name: Angela Hammon; name: Oam Patel; name: Nicolas Remy; name: Faraz Farhidi; name: George Medley; name: Forough Mohammadzadeh; name: Madellene Peñaflor; name: Haile Kassahun; name: Alena Friedrich; name: Claire Sparrow; name: Taom Sakal; name: Omkar Dhamane; name: Ali Khajegili Mirabadi; name: Eric Hallman; name: Mike Battaglia; name: Mohammad Maghsoudimehrabani; name: Hieu Hoang; name: Alon Amit; name: Dave Hulbert; name: Roberto Pereira; name: Simon Weber; name: Stephen Mensah; name: Nathan Andre; name: Anton Peristyy; name: Chris Harjadi; name: Himanshu Gupta; name: Stephen Malina; name: Samuel Albanie; name: Will Cai; name: Mustafa Mehkary; name: Frank Reidegeld; name: Anna-Katharina Dick; name: Cary Friday; name: Jasdeep Sidhu; name: Wanyoung Kim; name: Mariana Costa; name: Hubeyb Gurdogan; name: Brian Weber; name: Harsh Kumar; name: Tong Jiang; name: Arunim Agarwal; name: Chiara Ceconello; name: Warren S. Vaz; name: Chao Zhuang; name: Haon Park; name: Andrew R. Tawfeek; name: Daattavya Aggarwal; name: Michael Kirchhof; name: Linjie Dai; name: Evan Kim; name: Johan Ferret; name: Yuzhou Wang; name: Minghao Yan; name: Krzysztof Burdzy; name: Lixin Zhang; name: Antonio Franca; name: Diana T. Pham; name: Kang Yong Loh; name: Joshua Robinson; name: Shreen Gul; name: Gunjan Chhablani; name: Zhehang Du; name: Adrian Cosma; name: Colin White; name: Robin Riblet; name: Prajvi Saxena; name: Jacob Votava; name: Vladimir Vinnikov; name: Ethan Delaney; name: Shiv Halasyamani; name: Syed M. Shahid; name: Jean-Christophe Mourrat; name: Lavr Vetoshkin; name: Renas Bacho; name: Vincent Ginis; name: Aleksandr Maksapetyan; name: Florencia de la Rosa; name: Xiuyu Li; name: Guillaume Malod; name: Leon Lang; name: Julien Laurendeau; name: Fatimah Adesanya; name: Julien Portier; name: Lawrence Hollom; name: Victor Souza; name: Yuchen Anna Zhou; name: Yiğit Yalın; name: Gbenga Daniel Obikoya; name: Luca Arnaboldi; name: Rai; name: Filippo Bigi; name: Kaniuar Bacho; name: Pierre Clavier; name: Gabriel Recchia; name: Mara Popescu; name: Nikita Shulga; name: Ngefor Mildred Tanwie; name: Thomas C. H. Lux; name: Ben Rank; name: Colin Ni; name: Alesia Yakimchyk; name: Huanxu; name: Liu; name: Olle Häggström; name: Emil Verkama; name: Himanshu Narayan; name: Hans Gundlach; name: Leonor Brito-Santana; name: Brian Amaro; name: Vivek Vajipey; name: Rynaa Grover; name: Yiyang Fan; name: Gabriel Poesia Reis e Silva; name: Linwei Xin; name: Yosi Kratish; name: Jakub Łucki; name: Wen-Ding Li; name: Justin Xu; name: Kevin Joseph Scaria; name: Freddie Vargus; name: Farzad Habibi; name: Long; name: Lian; name: Emanuele Rodolà; name: Jules Robins; name: Vincent Cheng; name: Declan Grabb; name: Ida Bosio; name: Tony Fruhauff; name: Ido Akov; name: Eve J. Y. Lo; name: Hao Qi; name: Xi Jiang; name: Ben Segev; name: Jingxuan Fan; name: Sarah Martinson; name: Erik Y. Wang; name: Kaylie Hausknecht; name: Michael P. Brenner; name: Mao Mao; name: Yibo Jiang; name: Xinyu Zhang; name: David Avagian; name: Eshawn Jessica Scipio; name: Muhammad Rehan Siddiqi; name: Alon Ragoler; name: Justin Tan; name: Deepakkumar Patil; name: Rebeka Plecnik; name: Aaron Kirtland; name: Roselynn Grace Montecillo; name: Stephane Durand; name: Omer Faruk Bodur; name: Zahra Adoul; name: Mohamed Zekry; name: Guillaume Douville; name: Ali Karakoc; name: Tania C. B. Santos; name: Samir Shamseldeen; name: Loukmane Karim; name: Anna Liakhovitskaia; name: Nate Resman; name: Nicholas Farina; name: Juan Carlos Gonzalez; name: Gabe Maayan; name: Sarah Hoback; name: Rodrigo De Oliveira Pena; name: Glen Sherman; name: Hodjat Mariji; name: Rasoul Pouriamanesh; name: Wentao Wu; name: Gözdenur Demir; name: Sandra Mendoza; name: Ismail Alarab; name: Joshua Cole; name: Danyelle Ferreira; name: Bryan Johnson; name: Hsiaoyun Milliron; name: Mohammad Safdari; name: Liangti Dai; name: Siriphan Arthornthurasuk; name: Alexey Pronin; name: Jing Fan; name: Angel Ramirez-Trinidad; name: Ashley Cartwright; name: Daphiny Pottmaier; name: Omid Taheri; name: David Outevsky; name: Stanley Stepanic; name: Samuel Perry; name: Luke Askew; name: Raúl Adrián Huerta Rodríguez; name: Abdelkader Dendane; name: Sam Ali; name: Ricardo Lorena; name: Krishnamurthy Iyer; name: Sk Md Salauddin; name: Murat Islam; name: Juan Gonzalez; name: Josh Ducey; name: Russell Campbell; name: Maja Somrak; name: Vasilios Mavroudis; name: Eric Vergo; name: Juehang Qin; name: Benjámin Borbás; name: Eric Chu; name: Jack Lindsey; name: Anil Radhakrishnan; name: Antoine Jallon; name: I. M. J. McInnis; name: Alex Hoover; name: Sören Möller; name: Song Bian; name: John Lai; name: Tejal Patwardhan; name: Summer Yue; name: Alexandr Wang; name: Dan Hendrycks
Published: 2025-01-24 05:27:46

Abstract: Benchmarks are important tools for tracking the rapid advancements in large
language model (LLM) capabilities. However, benchmarks are not keeping pace in
difficulty: LLMs now achieve over 90\% accuracy on popular benchmarks like
MMLU, limiting informed measurement of state-of-the-art LLM capabilities. In
response, we introduce Humanity's Last Exam (HLE), a multi-modal benchmark at
the frontier of human knowledge, designed to be the final closed-ended academic
benchmark of its kind with broad subject coverage. HLE consists of 3,000
questions across dozens of subjects, including mathematics, humanities, and the
natural sciences. HLE is developed globally by subject-matter experts and
consists of multiple-choice and short-answer questions suitable for automated
grading. Each question has a known solution that is unambiguous and easily
verifiable, but cannot be quickly answered via internet retrieval.
State-of-the-art LLMs demonstrate low accuracy and calibration on HLE,
highlighting a significant gap between current LLM capabilities and the expert
human frontier on closed-ended academic questions. To inform research and
policymaking upon a clear understanding of model capabilities, we publicly
release HLE at https://lastexam.ai.