FAST: Efficient Action Tokenization for Vision-Language-Action Models
Authors: name: Karl Pertsch; name: Kyle Stachowicz; name: Brian Ichter; name: Danny Driess; name: Suraj Nair; name: Quan Vuong; name: Oier Mees; name: Chelsea Finn; name: Sergey Levine
Published: 2025-01-16 18:57:04

Abstract: Autoregressive sequence models, such as Transformer-based vision-language
action (VLA) policies, can be tremendously effective for capturing complex and
generalizable robotic behaviors. However, such models require us to choose a
tokenization of our continuous action signals, which determines how the
discrete symbols predicted by the model map to continuous robot actions. We
find that current approaches for robot action tokenization, based on simple
per-dimension, per-timestep binning schemes, typically perform poorly when
learning dexterous skills from high-frequency robot data. To address this
challenge, we propose a new compression-based tokenization scheme for robot
actions, based on the discrete cosine transform. Our tokenization approach,
Frequency-space Action Sequence Tokenization (FAST), enables us to train
autoregressive VLAs for highly dexterous and high-frequency tasks where
standard discretization methods fail completely. Based on FAST, we release
FAST+, a universal robot action tokenizer, trained on 1M real robot action
trajectories. It can be used as a black-box tokenizer for a wide range of robot
action sequences, with diverse action spaces and control frequencies. Finally,
we show that, when combined with the pi0 VLA, our method can scale to training
on 10k hours of robot data and match the performance of diffusion VLAs, while
reducing training time by up to 5x.