What Makes for Text to 360-degree Panorama Generation with Stable
  Diffusion?
Authors: name: Jinhong Ni; name: Chang-Bin Zhang; name: Qiang Zhang; name: Jing Zhang
Published: 2025-05-28 08:54:04

Abstract: Recent prosperity of text-to-image diffusion models, e.g. Stable Diffusion,
has stimulated research to adapt them to 360-degree panorama generation. Prior
work has demonstrated the feasibility of using conventional low-rank adaptation
techniques on pre-trained diffusion models to generate panoramic images.
However, the substantial domain gap between perspective and panoramic images
raises questions about the underlying mechanisms enabling this empirical
success. We hypothesize and examine that the trainable counterparts exhibit
distinct behaviors when fine-tuned on panoramic data, and such an adaptation
conceals some intrinsic mechanism to leverage the prior knowledge within the
pre-trained diffusion models. Our analysis reveals the following: 1) the query
and key matrices in the attention modules are responsible for common
information that can be shared between the panoramic and perspective domains,
thus are less relevant to panorama generation; and 2) the value and output
weight matrices specialize in adapting pre-trained knowledge to the panoramic
domain, playing a more critical role during fine-tuning for panorama
generation. We empirically verify these insights by introducing a simple
framework called UniPano, with the objective of establishing an elegant
baseline for future research. UniPano not only outperforms existing methods but
also significantly reduces memory usage and training time compared to prior
dual-branch approaches, making it scalable for end-to-end panorama generation
with higher resolution. The code will be released.