Clinical knowledge in LLMs does not translate to human interactions
Authors: name: Andrew M. Bean; name: Rebecca Payne; name: Guy Parsons; name: Hannah Rose Kirk; name: Juan Ciro; name: Rafael Mosquera; name: Sara Hincapié Monsalve; name: Aruna S. Ekanayaka; name: Lionel Tarassenko; name: Luc Rocher; name: Adam Mahdi
Published: 2025-04-26 13:32:49

Abstract: Global healthcare providers are exploring use of large language models (LLMs)
to provide medical advice to the public. LLMs now achieve nearly perfect scores
on medical licensing exams, but this does not necessarily translate to accurate
performance in real-world settings. We tested if LLMs can assist members of the
public in identifying underlying conditions and choosing a course of action
(disposition) in ten medical scenarios in a controlled study with 1,298
participants. Participants were randomly assigned to receive assistance from an
LLM (GPT-4o, Llama 3, Command R+) or a source of their choice (control). Tested
alone, LLMs complete the scenarios accurately, correctly identifying conditions
in 94.9% of cases and disposition in 56.3% on average. However, participants
using the same LLMs identified relevant conditions in less than 34.5% of cases
and disposition in less than 44.2%, both no better than the control group. We
identify user interactions as a challenge to the deployment of LLMs for medical
advice. Standard benchmarks for medical knowledge and simulated patient
interactions do not predict the failures we find with human participants.
Moving forward, we recommend systematic human user testing to evaluate
interactive capabilities prior to public deployments in healthcare.