Performance Prediction for Large Systems via Text-to-Text Regression
Authors: name: Yash Akhauri; name: Bryan Lewandowski; name: Cheng-Hsi Lin; name: Adrian N. Reyes; name: Grant C. Forbes; name: Arissa Wongpanich; name: Bangding Yang; name: Mohamed S. Abdelfattah; name: Sagi Perel; name: Xingyou Song
Published: 2025-06-26 19:10:08

Abstract: In many industries, predicting metric outcomes of large systems is a
fundamental problem, driven largely by traditional tabular regression. However,
such methods struggle on complex systems data in the wild such as configuration
files or system logs, where feature engineering is often infeasible. We propose
text-to-text regression as a general, scalable alternative. For predicting
resource efficiency on Borg, Google's massive compute cluster scheduling
system, a 60M parameter encoder-decoder, trained from random initialization,
achieves up to a near perfect 0.99 (0.9 average) rank correlation across the
entire fleet, and 100x lower MSE than tabular approaches. The model also easily
adapts to new tasks in only 500 few-shot examples and captures the densities of
complex outcome distributions. Ablation studies highlight the importance of
using encoders, increasing sequence length, and the model's inherent
uncertainty quantification. These findings pave the way for universal
simulators of real-world outcomes.