Hieu-Pham/cpgQA huggingface dataset:
Background information

Chronic pain is a national public health problem as outlined in the 2011 study by the National Academy of Medicine (previously the Institute of Medicine [IOM]). At least 100 million Americans suffer from some form of chronic pain. Until recently, the treatment of chronic pain with opioids was increasing at an alarming rate. The increase in prescriptions of these medications has been accompanied by an epidemic of opioid-related adverse events.

Question: What was the National Academy of Medicine formerly known as?
Answer: the Institute of Medicine [IOM]
Background information

Chronic pain is a national public health problem as outlined in the 2011 study by the National Academy of Medicine (previously the Institute of Medicine [IOM]). At least 100 million Americans suffer from some form of chronic pain. Until recently, the treatment of chronic pain with opioids was increasing at an alarming rate. The increase in prescriptions of these medications has been accompanied by an epidemic of opioid-related adverse events.

Question: How many Americans suffer from some form of chronic pain?
Answer: At least 100 million
Background information

Chronic pain is a national public health problem as outlined in the 2011 study by the National Academy of Medicine (previously the Institute of Medicine [IOM]). At least 100 million Americans suffer from some form of chronic pain. Until recently, the treatment of chronic pain with opioids was increasing at an alarming rate. The increase in prescriptions of these medications has been accompanied by an epidemic of opioid-related adverse events.

Question: What was increasing at an alarming rate until recently?
Answer: the treatment of chronic pain with opioids
Background information

Chronic pain is a national public health problem as outlined in the 2011 study by the National Academy of Medicine (previously the Institute of Medicine [IOM]). At least 100 million Americans suffer from some form of chronic pain. Until recently, the treatment of chronic pain with opioids was increasing at an alarming rate. The increase in prescriptions of these medications has been accompanied by an epidemic of opioid-related adverse events.

Question: What was accompanying the increase in prescriptions of opioid medications?
Answer: an epidemic of opioid-related adverse events
Background information

From 2000 through 2010, the proportion of pain visits during which opioid and non-opioid pharmacologic therapies were prescribed increased from 11.3% to 19.6% and from 26% to 29%, respectively. In 2012, for every 100 persons in the United States (U.S.), 82.5 opioid prescriptions and 37.6 benzodiazepine prescriptions were written by healthcare providers. In the emergency department, at least 17% of discharges included prescriptions for opioids.

Question: From 2000 through 2010, what was the increment of the proportion of pain visits during which opioid was prescribed?
Answer: from 11.3% to 19.6%
Background information

From 2000 through 2010, the proportion of pain visits during which opioid and non-opioid pharmacologic therapies were prescribed increased from 11.3% to 19.6% and from 26% to 29%, respectively. In 2012, for every 100 persons in the United States (U.S.), 82.5 opioid prescriptions and 37.6 benzodiazepine prescriptions were written by healthcare providers. In the emergency department, at least 17% of discharges included prescriptions for opioids.

Question: From 2000 through 2010, what was the increment of the proportion of pain visits during which non-opioid pharmacologic therapies were prescribed?
Answer: from 26% to 29%
Background information

From 2000 through 2010, the proportion of pain visits during which opioid and non-opioid pharmacologic therapies were prescribed increased from 11.3% to 19.6% and from 26% to 29%, respectively. In 2012, for every 100 persons in the United States (U.S.), 82.5 opioid prescriptions and 37.6 benzodiazepine prescriptions were written by healthcare providers. In the emergency department, at least 17% of discharges included prescriptions for opioids.

Question: In 2012, how many opioid prescriptions were written by healthcare providers for every 100 persons in the U.S.?
Answer: 82.5
Background information

From 2000 through 2010, the proportion of pain visits during which opioid and non-opioid pharmacologic therapies were prescribed increased from 11.3% to 19.6% and from 26% to 29%, respectively. In 2012, for every 100 persons in the United States (U.S.), 82.5 opioid prescriptions and 37.6 benzodiazepine prescriptions were written by healthcare providers. In the emergency department, at least 17% of discharges included prescriptions for opioids.

Question: In 2012, how many benzodiazepine prescriptions were written by healthcare providers for every 100 persons in the U.S.?
Answer: 37.6
Background information

From 2000 through 2010, the proportion of pain visits during which opioid and non-opioid pharmacologic therapies were prescribed increased from 11.3% to 19.6% and from 26% to 29%, respectively. In 2012, for every 100 persons in the United States (U.S.), 82.5 opioid prescriptions and 37.6 benzodiazepine prescriptions were written by healthcare providers. In the emergency department, at least 17% of discharges included prescriptions for opioids.

Question: How many discharges in the emergency department included prescriptions for opioids?
Answer: at least 17%
Background information

There has been limited research on the effectiveness of LOT for non-end-of-life pain. At the same time, there is mounting evidence of the ill effects of LOT, including increased mortality, OUD, overdose, sexual dysfunction, fractures, myocardial infarction, constipation, and sleep-disordered breathing. Despite increasing awareness of the known harms of opioids, 259 million opioid prescriptions were still written in 2012.

Question: What is the state of research on the effectiveness of LOT for non-end-of-life pain?
Answer: limited
Background information

There has been limited research on the effectiveness of LOT for non-end-of-life pain. At the same time, there is mounting evidence of the ill effects of LOT, including increased mortality, OUD, overdose, sexual dysfunction, fractures, myocardial infarction, constipation, and sleep-disordered breathing. Despite increasing awareness of the known harms of opioids, 259 million opioid prescriptions were still written in 2012.

Question: What are the adverse effects of LOT?
Answer: increased mortality, OUD, overdose, sexual dysfunction, fractures, myocardial infarction, constipation, and sleep-disordered breathing
Background information

There has been limited research on the effectiveness of LOT for non-end-of-life pain. At the same time, there is mounting evidence of the ill effects of LOT, including increased mortality, OUD, overdose, sexual dysfunction, fractures, myocardial infarction, constipation, and sleep-disordered breathing. Despite increasing awareness of the known harms of opioids, 259 million opioid prescriptions were still written in 2012.

Question: How many opioid prescriptions were written in 2012?
Answer: 259 million
Background information

The increase in opioid prescribing is matched by a parallel increase in morbidity, mortality, opioid-related  overdose death rates, and substance use disorders (SUD) treatment admissions from 1999 to 2008.  In 2009, drug overdose became the leading cause of injury-related death in the U.S., surpassing deaths from traffic accidents. In 2014, 1.9 million Americans were affected by an OUD related to non-medical  use of prescription pain relievers, and in the same year, 18,893 individuals died as a result of a  prescription drug overdose. There has been a four-fold increase in the absolute number of deaths  associated with use of opioids since 2000, and a 14% increase between 2013 and 2014 alone. In a survey of patients prescribed opioids for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) and their family members, 34% of patients reported that they thought they were “addicted” or “dependent” on opioid pain medication, 34% said that they used the medication for “fun” or to “get high,” while 22% used the medication to relieve day-to-day stress.

Question: From 1999 to 2008, what is increasing in parallel with the increment of opioid prescribing?
Answer: morbidity, mortality, opioid-related  overdose death rates, and substance use disorders (SUD) treatment admissions
Background information

The increase in opioid prescribing is matched by a parallel increase in morbidity, mortality, opioid-related  overdose death rates, and substance use disorders (SUD) treatment admissions from 1999 to 2008.  In 2009, drug overdose became the leading cause of injury-related death in the U.S., surpassing deaths from traffic accidents. In 2014, 1.9 million Americans were affected by an OUD related to non-medical  use of prescription pain relievers, and in the same year, 18,893 individuals died as a result of a  prescription drug overdose. There has been a four-fold increase in the absolute number of deaths  associated with use of opioids since 2000, and a 14% increase between 2013 and 2014 alone. In a survey of patients prescribed opioids for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) and their family members, 34% of patients reported that they thought they were “addicted” or “dependent” on opioid pain medication, 34% said that they used the medication for “fun” or to “get high,” while 22% used the medication to relieve day-to-day stress.

Question: What was the leading cause of injury-related death in the U.S. in 2009?
Answer: drug overdose
Background information

The increase in opioid prescribing is matched by a parallel increase in morbidity, mortality, opioid-related  overdose death rates, and substance use disorders (SUD) treatment admissions from 1999 to 2008.  In 2009, drug overdose became the leading cause of injury-related death in the U.S., surpassing deaths from traffic accidents. In 2014, 1.9 million Americans were affected by an OUD related to non-medical  use of prescription pain relievers, and in the same year, 18,893 individuals died as a result of a  prescription drug overdose. There has been a four-fold increase in the absolute number of deaths  associated with use of opioids since 2000, and a 14% increase between 2013 and 2014 alone. In a survey of patients prescribed opioids for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) and their family members, 34% of patients reported that they thought they were “addicted” or “dependent” on opioid pain medication, 34% said that they used the medication for “fun” or to “get high,” while 22% used the medication to relieve day-to-day stress.

Question: What was the statistics of the events related to OUD or prescription drug overdose in 2014?
Answer: 1.9 million Americans were affected by an OUD related to non-medical  use of prescription pain relievers, and in the same year, 18,893 individuals died as a result of a  prescription drug overdose
Background information

The increase in opioid prescribing is matched by a parallel increase in morbidity, mortality, opioid-related  overdose death rates, and substance use disorders (SUD) treatment admissions from 1999 to 2008.  In 2009, drug overdose became the leading cause of injury-related death in the U.S., surpassing deaths from traffic accidents. In 2014, 1.9 million Americans were affected by an OUD related to non-medical  use of prescription pain relievers, and in the same year, 18,893 individuals died as a result of a  prescription drug overdose. There has been a four-fold increase in the absolute number of deaths  associated with use of opioids since 2000, and a 14% increase between 2013 and 2014 alone. In a survey of patients prescribed opioids for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) and their family members, 34% of patients reported that they thought they were “addicted” or “dependent” on opioid pain medication, 34% said that they used the medication for “fun” or to “get high,” while 22% used the medication to relieve day-to-day stress.

Question: How many Americans were affected by an OUD related to non-medical  use of prescription pain relievers in 2014?
Answer: 1.9 million
Background information

The increase in opioid prescribing is matched by a parallel increase in morbidity, mortality, opioid-related  overdose death rates, and substance use disorders (SUD) treatment admissions from 1999 to 2008.  In 2009, drug overdose became the leading cause of injury-related death in the U.S., surpassing deaths from traffic accidents. In 2014, 1.9 million Americans were affected by an OUD related to non-medical  use of prescription pain relievers, and in the same year, 18,893 individuals died as a result of a  prescription drug overdose. There has been a four-fold increase in the absolute number of deaths  associated with use of opioids since 2000, and a 14% increase between 2013 and 2014 alone. In a survey of patients prescribed opioids for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) and their family members, 34% of patients reported that they thought they were “addicted” or “dependent” on opioid pain medication, 34% said that they used the medication for “fun” or to “get high,” while 22% used the medication to relieve day-to-day stress.

Question: How many Americans died as a result of a  prescription drug overdose in 2014?
Answer: 18,893
Background information

The increase in opioid prescribing is matched by a parallel increase in morbidity, mortality, opioid-related  overdose death rates, and substance use disorders (SUD) treatment admissions from 1999 to 2008.  In 2009, drug overdose became the leading cause of injury-related death in the U.S., surpassing deaths from traffic accidents. In 2014, 1.9 million Americans were affected by an OUD related to non-medical  use of prescription pain relievers, and in the same year, 18,893 individuals died as a result of a  prescription drug overdose. There has been a four-fold increase in the absolute number of deaths  associated with use of opioids since 2000, and a 14% increase between 2013 and 2014 alone. In a survey of patients prescribed opioids for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) and their family members, 34% of patients reported that they thought they were “addicted” or “dependent” on opioid pain medication, 34% said that they used the medication for “fun” or to “get high,” while 22% used the medication to relieve day-to-day stress.

Question: What kind of increase has there been in the absolute number of deaths associated with the use of opioids since 2000?
Answer: a four-fold increase
Background information

The increase in opioid prescribing is matched by a parallel increase in morbidity, mortality, opioid-related  overdose death rates, and substance use disorders (SUD) treatment admissions from 1999 to 2008.  In 2009, drug overdose became the leading cause of injury-related death in the U.S., surpassing deaths from traffic accidents. In 2014, 1.9 million Americans were affected by an OUD related to non-medical  use of prescription pain relievers, and in the same year, 18,893 individuals died as a result of a  prescription drug overdose. There has been a four-fold increase in the absolute number of deaths  associated with use of opioids since 2000, and a 14% increase between 2013 and 2014 alone. In a survey of patients prescribed opioids for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) and their family members, 34% of patients reported that they thought they were “addicted” or “dependent” on opioid pain medication, 34% said that they used the medication for “fun” or to “get high,” while 22% used the medication to relieve day-to-day stress.

Question: What kind of increase has there been in the absolute number of deaths associated with the use of opioids between 2013 and 2014 alone?
Answer: 14% increase
Background information

The increase in opioid prescribing is matched by a parallel increase in morbidity, mortality, opioid-related  overdose death rates, and substance use disorders (SUD) treatment admissions from 1999 to 2008.  In 2009, drug overdose became the leading cause of injury-related death in the U.S., surpassing deaths from traffic accidents. In 2014, 1.9 million Americans were affected by an OUD related to non-medical  use of prescription pain relievers, and in the same year, 18,893 individuals died as a result of a  prescription drug overdose. There has been a four-fold increase in the absolute number of deaths  associated with use of opioids since 2000, and a 14% increase between 2013 and 2014 alone. In a survey of patients prescribed opioids for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) and their family members, 34% of patients reported that they thought they were “addicted” or “dependent” on opioid pain medication, 34% said that they used the medication for “fun” or to “get high,” while 22% used the medication to relieve day-to-day stress.

Question: As found from a survey of patients prescribed opioids for chronic non-cancer pain and their family members, how many patients reported that they thought they were addicted/dependent on opioid pain medication?
Answer: 34%
Background information

The increase in opioid prescribing is matched by a parallel increase in morbidity, mortality, opioid-related  overdose death rates, and substance use disorders (SUD) treatment admissions from 1999 to 2008.  In 2009, drug overdose became the leading cause of injury-related death in the U.S., surpassing deaths from traffic accidents. In 2014, 1.9 million Americans were affected by an OUD related to non-medical  use of prescription pain relievers, and in the same year, 18,893 individuals died as a result of a  prescription drug overdose. There has been a four-fold increase in the absolute number of deaths  associated with use of opioids since 2000, and a 14% increase between 2013 and 2014 alone. In a survey of patients prescribed opioids for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) and their family members, 34% of patients reported that they thought they were “addicted” or “dependent” on opioid pain medication, 34% said that they used the medication for “fun” or to “get high,” while 22% used the medication to relieve day-to-day stress.

Question: As found from a survey of patients prescribed opioids for chronic non-cancer pain and their family members, how many patients reported that they used the medication for fun or to get high?
Answer: 34%
Background information

The increase in opioid prescribing is matched by a parallel increase in morbidity, mortality, opioid-related  overdose death rates, and substance use disorders (SUD) treatment admissions from 1999 to 2008.  In 2009, drug overdose became the leading cause of injury-related death in the U.S., surpassing deaths from traffic accidents. In 2014, 1.9 million Americans were affected by an OUD related to non-medical  use of prescription pain relievers, and in the same year, 18,893 individuals died as a result of a  prescription drug overdose. There has been a four-fold increase in the absolute number of deaths  associated with use of opioids since 2000, and a 14% increase between 2013 and 2014 alone. In a survey of patients prescribed opioids for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) and their family members, 34% of patients reported that they thought they were “addicted” or “dependent” on opioid pain medication, 34% said that they used the medication for “fun” or to “get high,” while 22% used the medication to relieve day-to-day stress.

Question: As found from a survey of patients prescribed opioids for chronic non-cancer pain and their family members, how many patients reported that they used the medication to relieve day-to-day stress?
Answer: 22%
Background information

The increase in opioid prescribing is matched by a parallel increase in morbidity, mortality, opioid-related  overdose death rates, and substance use disorders (SUD) treatment admissions from 1999 to 2008.  In 2009, drug overdose became the leading cause of injury-related death in the U.S., surpassing deaths from traffic accidents. In 2014, 1.9 million Americans were affected by an OUD related to non-medical  use of prescription pain relievers, and in the same year, 18,893 individuals died as a result of a  prescription drug overdose. There has been a four-fold increase in the absolute number of deaths  associated with use of opioids since 2000, and a 14% increase between 2013 and 2014 alone. In a survey of patients prescribed opioids for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) and their family members, 34% of patients reported that they thought they were “addicted” or “dependent” on opioid pain medication, 34% said that they used the medication for “fun” or to “get high,” while 22% used the medication to relieve day-to-day stress.

Question: What was the outcome of the survey of patients prescribed opioids for chronic non-cancer pain and their family members?
Answer: 34% of patients reported that they thought they were “addicted” or “dependent” on opioid pain medication, 34% said that they used the medication for “fun” or to “get high,” while 22% used the medication to relieve day-to-day stress
Background information

The increase in opioid prescribing is matched by a parallel increase in morbidity, mortality, opioid-related  overdose death rates, and substance use disorders (SUD) treatment admissions from 1999 to 2008.  In 2009, drug overdose became the leading cause of injury-related death in the U.S., surpassing deaths from traffic accidents. In 2014, 1.9 million Americans were affected by an OUD related to non-medical  use of prescription pain relievers, and in the same year, 18,893 individuals died as a result of a  prescription drug overdose. There has been a four-fold increase in the absolute number of deaths  associated with use of opioids since 2000, and a 14% increase between 2013 and 2014 alone. In a survey of patients prescribed opioids for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) and their family members, 34% of patients reported that they thought they were “addicted” or “dependent” on opioid pain medication, 34% said that they used the medication for “fun” or to “get high,” while 22% used the medication to relieve day-to-day stress.

Question: What is CNCP?
Answer: chronic non-cancer pain
Background information

Concurrent with the increase in prescription opioid use, the rate of heroin overdose deaths increased  nearly four-fold between 2000 and 2013. According to a survey of patients entering SUD treatment for  heroin use, the prescription opioid epidemic has resulted in a marked shift in how and which opioids are  abused. In the 1960s, 80% of people entering treatment for heroin use started using heroin as their first opioid, while in the 2000s, 75% of people entering treatment for heroin use started using prescription opioids as their first opioid. This increase in the use of opioids, as well as associated morbidity, mortality, and other adverse outcomes, has called attention to the need for a paradigm shift in pain and in the way it is treated. Consult the VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders (VA/DoD SUD CPG) for further information. 

Question: Between 2000 and 2013, what increased along with the increment of prescription opioid use?
Answer: the rate of heroin overdose deaths
Background information

Concurrent with the increase in prescription opioid use, the rate of heroin overdose deaths increased  nearly four-fold between 2000 and 2013. According to a survey of patients entering SUD treatment for  heroin use, the prescription opioid epidemic has resulted in a marked shift in how and which opioids are  abused. In the 1960s, 80% of people entering treatment for heroin use started using heroin as their first opioid, while in the 2000s, 75% of people entering treatment for heroin use started using prescription opioids as their first opioid. This increase in the use of opioids, as well as associated morbidity, mortality, and other adverse outcomes, has called attention to the need for a paradigm shift in pain and in the way it is treated. Consult the VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders (VA/DoD SUD CPG) for further information. 

Question: How much did the rate of heroin overdose deaths increase between 2000 and 2013?
Answer: nearly four-fold