Hieu-Pham/cpgQA huggingface dataset:
Recommendations

As substance misuse in patients on LOT is more than 30% in some series,[107] UDT and confirmatory  testing is used as an additional method of examining for patient substance misuse and adherence to the  prescribed regimen. UDTs, used in the appropriate way, help to address safety, fairness, and trust with OT.  Availability of accurate and timely confirmatory testing (e.g., gas chromatography-mass spectrometry  [GCMS]) is critical due to the false positive and negative rates associated with UDTs.[53] Interpretation of a  UDT and confirmatory results requires education and knowledge of the local procedures and clinical  scenario. Local education and access to expert interpretation is necessary. UDT results are helpful and can help identify active SUD or possible diversion. Accordingly, clinicians should obtain UDT prior to initiating or continuing LOT and periodically thereafter. When a patient is referred for  SUD treatment or is engaged in on-going treatment there should be close communication between the  SUD and pain management providers. The ideal approach is an interdisciplinary format (see  Recommendation 16). For more information, see Appendix B on UDT and confirmatory testing. 

Question: What do UDTs do when used appropriately?
Answer: help to address safety, fairness, and trust with OT
Recommendations

As substance misuse in patients on LOT is more than 30% in some series,[107] UDT and confirmatory  testing is used as an additional method of examining for patient substance misuse and adherence to the  prescribed regimen. UDTs, used in the appropriate way, help to address safety, fairness, and trust with OT.  Availability of accurate and timely confirmatory testing (e.g., gas chromatography-mass spectrometry  [GCMS]) is critical due to the false positive and negative rates associated with UDTs.[53] Interpretation of a  UDT and confirmatory results requires education and knowledge of the local procedures and clinical  scenario. Local education and access to expert interpretation is necessary. UDT results are helpful and can help identify active SUD or possible diversion. Accordingly, clinicians should obtain UDT prior to initiating or continuing LOT and periodically thereafter. When a patient is referred for  SUD treatment or is engaged in on-going treatment there should be close communication between the  SUD and pain management providers. The ideal approach is an interdisciplinary format (see  Recommendation 16). For more information, see Appendix B on UDT and confirmatory testing. 

Question: What is critical due to the false positive and negative rates associated with UDTs?
Answer: Availability of accurate and timely confirmatory testing (e.g., gas chromatography-mass spectrometry  [GCMS])
Recommendations

As substance misuse in patients on LOT is more than 30% in some series,[107] UDT and confirmatory  testing is used as an additional method of examining for patient substance misuse and adherence to the  prescribed regimen. UDTs, used in the appropriate way, help to address safety, fairness, and trust with OT.  Availability of accurate and timely confirmatory testing (e.g., gas chromatography-mass spectrometry  [GCMS]) is critical due to the false positive and negative rates associated with UDTs.[53] Interpretation of a  UDT and confirmatory results requires education and knowledge of the local procedures and clinical  scenario. Local education and access to expert interpretation is necessary. UDT results are helpful and can help identify active SUD or possible diversion. Accordingly, clinicians should obtain UDT prior to initiating or continuing LOT and periodically thereafter. When a patient is referred for  SUD treatment or is engaged in on-going treatment there should be close communication between the  SUD and pain management providers. The ideal approach is an interdisciplinary format (see  Recommendation 16). For more information, see Appendix B on UDT and confirmatory testing. 

Question: Availability of accurate and timely confirmatory testing (e.g., gas chromatography-mass spectrometry  [GCMS]) is critical due to what?
Answer: the false positive and negative rates associated with UDTs
Recommendations

As substance misuse in patients on LOT is more than 30% in some series,[107] UDT and confirmatory  testing is used as an additional method of examining for patient substance misuse and adherence to the  prescribed regimen. UDTs, used in the appropriate way, help to address safety, fairness, and trust with OT.  Availability of accurate and timely confirmatory testing (e.g., gas chromatography-mass spectrometry  [GCMS]) is critical due to the false positive and negative rates associated with UDTs.[53] Interpretation of a  UDT and confirmatory results requires education and knowledge of the local procedures and clinical  scenario. Local education and access to expert interpretation is necessary. UDT results are helpful and can help identify active SUD or possible diversion. Accordingly, clinicians should obtain UDT prior to initiating or continuing LOT and periodically thereafter. When a patient is referred for  SUD treatment or is engaged in on-going treatment there should be close communication between the  SUD and pain management providers. The ideal approach is an interdisciplinary format (see  Recommendation 16). For more information, see Appendix B on UDT and confirmatory testing. 

Question: What does require education and knowledge of the local procedures and clinical  scenario?
Answer: Interpretation of a  UDT and confirmatory results
Recommendations

As substance misuse in patients on LOT is more than 30% in some series,[107] UDT and confirmatory  testing is used as an additional method of examining for patient substance misuse and adherence to the  prescribed regimen. UDTs, used in the appropriate way, help to address safety, fairness, and trust with OT.  Availability of accurate and timely confirmatory testing (e.g., gas chromatography-mass spectrometry  [GCMS]) is critical due to the false positive and negative rates associated with UDTs.[53] Interpretation of a  UDT and confirmatory results requires education and knowledge of the local procedures and clinical  scenario. Local education and access to expert interpretation is necessary. UDT results are helpful and can help identify active SUD or possible diversion. Accordingly, clinicians should obtain UDT prior to initiating or continuing LOT and periodically thereafter. When a patient is referred for  SUD treatment or is engaged in on-going treatment there should be close communication between the  SUD and pain management providers. The ideal approach is an interdisciplinary format (see  Recommendation 16). For more information, see Appendix B on UDT and confirmatory testing. 

Question: What is required by the interpretation of a UDT and confirmatory results?
Answer: education and knowledge of the local procedures and clinical  scenario
Recommendations

As substance misuse in patients on LOT is more than 30% in some series,[107] UDT and confirmatory  testing is used as an additional method of examining for patient substance misuse and adherence to the  prescribed regimen. UDTs, used in the appropriate way, help to address safety, fairness, and trust with OT.  Availability of accurate and timely confirmatory testing (e.g., gas chromatography-mass spectrometry  [GCMS]) is critical due to the false positive and negative rates associated with UDTs.[53] Interpretation of a  UDT and confirmatory results requires education and knowledge of the local procedures and clinical  scenario. Local education and access to expert interpretation is necessary. UDT results are helpful and can help identify active SUD or possible diversion. Accordingly, clinicians should obtain UDT prior to initiating or continuing LOT and periodically thereafter. When a patient is referred for  SUD treatment or is engaged in on-going treatment there should be close communication between the  SUD and pain management providers. The ideal approach is an interdisciplinary format (see  Recommendation 16). For more information, see Appendix B on UDT and confirmatory testing. 

Question: What can identify active SUD or possible diversion?
Answer: UDT results
Recommendations

As substance misuse in patients on LOT is more than 30% in some series,[107] UDT and confirmatory  testing is used as an additional method of examining for patient substance misuse and adherence to the  prescribed regimen. UDTs, used in the appropriate way, help to address safety, fairness, and trust with OT.  Availability of accurate and timely confirmatory testing (e.g., gas chromatography-mass spectrometry  [GCMS]) is critical due to the false positive and negative rates associated with UDTs.[53] Interpretation of a  UDT and confirmatory results requires education and knowledge of the local procedures and clinical  scenario. Local education and access to expert interpretation is necessary. UDT results are helpful and can help identify active SUD or possible diversion. Accordingly, clinicians should obtain UDT prior to initiating or continuing LOT and periodically thereafter. When a patient is referred for  SUD treatment or is engaged in on-going treatment there should be close communication between the  SUD and pain management providers. The ideal approach is an interdisciplinary format (see  Recommendation 16). For more information, see Appendix B on UDT and confirmatory testing. 

Question: What can UDT results do?
Answer: help identify active SUD or possible diversion
Recommendations

As substance misuse in patients on LOT is more than 30% in some series,[107] UDT and confirmatory  testing is used as an additional method of examining for patient substance misuse and adherence to the  prescribed regimen. UDTs, used in the appropriate way, help to address safety, fairness, and trust with OT.  Availability of accurate and timely confirmatory testing (e.g., gas chromatography-mass spectrometry  [GCMS]) is critical due to the false positive and negative rates associated with UDTs.[53] Interpretation of a  UDT and confirmatory results requires education and knowledge of the local procedures and clinical  scenario. Local education and access to expert interpretation is necessary. UDT results are helpful and can help identify active SUD or possible diversion. Accordingly, clinicians should obtain UDT prior to initiating or continuing LOT and periodically thereafter. When a patient is referred for  SUD treatment or is engaged in on-going treatment there should be close communication between the  SUD and pain management providers. The ideal approach is an interdisciplinary format (see  Recommendation 16). For more information, see Appendix B on UDT and confirmatory testing. 

Question: What should clinicians obtain prior to initiating or continuing LOT and periodically thereafter?
Answer: UDT
Recommendations

As substance misuse in patients on LOT is more than 30% in some series,[107] UDT and confirmatory  testing is used as an additional method of examining for patient substance misuse and adherence to the  prescribed regimen. UDTs, used in the appropriate way, help to address safety, fairness, and trust with OT.  Availability of accurate and timely confirmatory testing (e.g., gas chromatography-mass spectrometry  [GCMS]) is critical due to the false positive and negative rates associated with UDTs.[53] Interpretation of a  UDT and confirmatory results requires education and knowledge of the local procedures and clinical  scenario. Local education and access to expert interpretation is necessary. UDT results are helpful and can help identify active SUD or possible diversion. Accordingly, clinicians should obtain UDT prior to initiating or continuing LOT and periodically thereafter. When a patient is referred for  SUD treatment or is engaged in on-going treatment there should be close communication between the  SUD and pain management providers. The ideal approach is an interdisciplinary format (see  Recommendation 16). For more information, see Appendix B on UDT and confirmatory testing. 

Question: When should clinicians obtain UDT?
Answer: prior to initiating or continuing LOT and periodically thereafter
Recommendations

As substance misuse in patients on LOT is more than 30% in some series,[107] UDT and confirmatory  testing is used as an additional method of examining for patient substance misuse and adherence to the  prescribed regimen. UDTs, used in the appropriate way, help to address safety, fairness, and trust with OT.  Availability of accurate and timely confirmatory testing (e.g., gas chromatography-mass spectrometry  [GCMS]) is critical due to the false positive and negative rates associated with UDTs.[53] Interpretation of a  UDT and confirmatory results requires education and knowledge of the local procedures and clinical  scenario. Local education and access to expert interpretation is necessary. UDT results are helpful and can help identify active SUD or possible diversion. Accordingly, clinicians should obtain UDT prior to initiating or continuing LOT and periodically thereafter. When a patient is referred for  SUD treatment or is engaged in on-going treatment there should be close communication between the  SUD and pain management providers. The ideal approach is an interdisciplinary format (see  Recommendation 16). For more information, see Appendix B on UDT and confirmatory testing. 

Question: What should be done when a patient is referred for  SUD treatment or is engaged in on-going treatment?
Answer: close communication between the  SUD and pain management providers
Recommendations

As substance misuse in patients on LOT is more than 30% in some series,[107] UDT and confirmatory  testing is used as an additional method of examining for patient substance misuse and adherence to the  prescribed regimen. UDTs, used in the appropriate way, help to address safety, fairness, and trust with OT.  Availability of accurate and timely confirmatory testing (e.g., gas chromatography-mass spectrometry  [GCMS]) is critical due to the false positive and negative rates associated with UDTs.[53] Interpretation of a  UDT and confirmatory results requires education and knowledge of the local procedures and clinical  scenario. Local education and access to expert interpretation is necessary. UDT results are helpful and can help identify active SUD or possible diversion. Accordingly, clinicians should obtain UDT prior to initiating or continuing LOT and periodically thereafter. When a patient is referred for  SUD treatment or is engaged in on-going treatment there should be close communication between the  SUD and pain management providers. The ideal approach is an interdisciplinary format (see  Recommendation 16). For more information, see Appendix B on UDT and confirmatory testing. 

Question: What is the format of the ideal approach to communicate between the  SUD and pain management providers when a patient is referred for  SUD treatment or is engaged in ongoing treatment?
Answer: interdisciplinary
Recommendations

Naloxone administration has been identified as a life saving measure following opioid overdose. A  systematic review of 22 observational studies provided moderate quality evidence that take home  naloxone programs are effective in improving overdose survival and decreasing mortality, with a low rate  of adverse events.[108] One meta-analysis of nine studies determined that take home naloxone kits were  used approximately nine times within the first three months of follow-up for every 100 individuals  trained.[109] Further, studies have shown that naloxone administration has been efficacious whether  given by medical personnel or lay people, with more than 26,000 reversals documented by the CDC from  1996-2014.[110,111] In addition, prescription of naloxone rescue and accompanying education has also  been found to reduce opioid-related emergency department visits.[112] Distribution of naloxone for  reversal is supported by SAMHSA, the American Medical Association (AMA), and other medical societies,  and is facilitated through the VA via Pharmacy Benefits Management. Clinical efficacy has been established  for its use on short-acting opioids, but not for its use on long-acting opioids such as methadone or  exceptionally potent opioids.[108]  

Question: What is a life-saving measure following opioid overdose?
Answer: Naloxone administration
Recommendations

Naloxone administration has been identified as a life saving measure following opioid overdose. A  systematic review of 22 observational studies provided moderate quality evidence that take home  naloxone programs are effective in improving overdose survival and decreasing mortality, with a low rate  of adverse events.[108] One meta-analysis of nine studies determined that take home naloxone kits were  used approximately nine times within the first three months of follow-up for every 100 individuals  trained.[109] Further, studies have shown that naloxone administration has been efficacious whether  given by medical personnel or lay people, with more than 26,000 reversals documented by the CDC from  1996-2014.[110,111] In addition, prescription of naloxone rescue and accompanying education has also  been found to reduce opioid-related emergency department visits.[112] Distribution of naloxone for  reversal is supported by SAMHSA, the American Medical Association (AMA), and other medical societies,  and is facilitated through the VA via Pharmacy Benefits Management. Clinical efficacy has been established  for its use on short-acting opioids, but not for its use on long-acting opioids such as methadone or  exceptionally potent opioids.[108]  

Question: When to administer Naloxone?
Answer: as a life saving measure following opioid overdose
Recommendations

Naloxone administration has been identified as a life saving measure following opioid overdose. A  systematic review of 22 observational studies provided moderate quality evidence that take home  naloxone programs are effective in improving overdose survival and decreasing mortality, with a low rate  of adverse events.[108] One meta-analysis of nine studies determined that take home naloxone kits were  used approximately nine times within the first three months of follow-up for every 100 individuals  trained.[109] Further, studies have shown that naloxone administration has been efficacious whether  given by medical personnel or lay people, with more than 26,000 reversals documented by the CDC from  1996-2014.[110,111] In addition, prescription of naloxone rescue and accompanying education has also  been found to reduce opioid-related emergency department visits.[112] Distribution of naloxone for  reversal is supported by SAMHSA, the American Medical Association (AMA), and other medical societies,  and is facilitated through the VA via Pharmacy Benefits Management. Clinical efficacy has been established  for its use on short-acting opioids, but not for its use on long-acting opioids such as methadone or  exceptionally potent opioids.[108]  

Question: Is there any evidence that take-home naloxone programs are effective in improving overdose survival and decreasing mortality, with a low rate of adverse events?
Answer: A  systematic review of 22 observational studies provided moderate quality evidence
Recommendations

Naloxone administration has been identified as a life saving measure following opioid overdose. A  systematic review of 22 observational studies provided moderate quality evidence that take home  naloxone programs are effective in improving overdose survival and decreasing mortality, with a low rate  of adverse events.[108] One meta-analysis of nine studies determined that take home naloxone kits were  used approximately nine times within the first three months of follow-up for every 100 individuals  trained.[109] Further, studies have shown that naloxone administration has been efficacious whether  given by medical personnel or lay people, with more than 26,000 reversals documented by the CDC from  1996-2014.[110,111] In addition, prescription of naloxone rescue and accompanying education has also  been found to reduce opioid-related emergency department visits.[112] Distribution of naloxone for  reversal is supported by SAMHSA, the American Medical Association (AMA), and other medical societies,  and is facilitated through the VA via Pharmacy Benefits Management. Clinical efficacy has been established  for its use on short-acting opioids, but not for its use on long-acting opioids such as methadone or  exceptionally potent opioids.[108]  

Question: What has reduced opioid-related emergency department visits?
Answer: prescription of naloxone rescue and accompanying education
Recommendations

Naloxone administration has been identified as a life saving measure following opioid overdose. A  systematic review of 22 observational studies provided moderate quality evidence that take home  naloxone programs are effective in improving overdose survival and decreasing mortality, with a low rate  of adverse events.[108] One meta-analysis of nine studies determined that take home naloxone kits were  used approximately nine times within the first three months of follow-up for every 100 individuals  trained.[109] Further, studies have shown that naloxone administration has been efficacious whether  given by medical personnel or lay people, with more than 26,000 reversals documented by the CDC from  1996-2014.[110,111] In addition, prescription of naloxone rescue and accompanying education has also  been found to reduce opioid-related emergency department visits.[112] Distribution of naloxone for  reversal is supported by SAMHSA, the American Medical Association (AMA), and other medical societies,  and is facilitated through the VA via Pharmacy Benefits Management. Clinical efficacy has been established  for its use on short-acting opioids, but not for its use on long-acting opioids such as methadone or  exceptionally potent opioids.[108]  

Question: Who supports the distribution of naloxone for the reversal?
Answer: SAMHSA, the American Medical Association (AMA), and other medical societies
Recommendations

Naloxone administration has been identified as a life saving measure following opioid overdose. A  systematic review of 22 observational studies provided moderate quality evidence that take home  naloxone programs are effective in improving overdose survival and decreasing mortality, with a low rate  of adverse events.[108] One meta-analysis of nine studies determined that take home naloxone kits were  used approximately nine times within the first three months of follow-up for every 100 individuals  trained.[109] Further, studies have shown that naloxone administration has been efficacious whether  given by medical personnel or lay people, with more than 26,000 reversals documented by the CDC from  1996-2014.[110,111] In addition, prescription of naloxone rescue and accompanying education has also  been found to reduce opioid-related emergency department visits.[112] Distribution of naloxone for  reversal is supported by SAMHSA, the American Medical Association (AMA), and other medical societies,  and is facilitated through the VA via Pharmacy Benefits Management. Clinical efficacy has been established  for its use on short-acting opioids, but not for its use on long-acting opioids such as methadone or  exceptionally potent opioids.[108]  

Question: Who facilitates the distribution of naloxone for the reversal?
Answer: the VA via Pharmacy Benefits Management