Hieu-Pham/cpgQA huggingface dataset:
Background information

With the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) in March 2010, the  Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee was created to coordinate pain research efforts  throughout federal government agencies. The Committee was tasked with summarizing advances in pain  care research, identifying gaps in research, and developing recommendations regarding ways to minimize  duplicative efforts, disseminate pain care information, and expand public/private research partnerships  and collaborations. The Committee published the National Pain Strategy in March 2016 in response to the  call from the National Academy of Medicine to increase awareness of pain as a significant public health  issue in the U.S. The strategy made recommendations in a number of areas including prevention and  care, professional education and training, and population research. The plan is aimed at decreasing the  prevalence of all types of pain (acute and chronic) in the U.S., as well as the disability and morbidity  associated with pain.

Question: Who published the National Pain Strategy?
Answer: The Committee
Background information

With the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) in March 2010, the  Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee was created to coordinate pain research efforts  throughout federal government agencies. The Committee was tasked with summarizing advances in pain  care research, identifying gaps in research, and developing recommendations regarding ways to minimize  duplicative efforts, disseminate pain care information, and expand public/private research partnerships  and collaborations. The Committee published the National Pain Strategy in March 2016 in response to the  call from the National Academy of Medicine to increase awareness of pain as a significant public health  issue in the U.S. The strategy made recommendations in a number of areas including prevention and  care, professional education and training, and population research. The plan is aimed at decreasing the  prevalence of all types of pain (acute and chronic) in the U.S., as well as the disability and morbidity  associated with pain.

Question: When was the National Pain Strategy published?
Answer: March 2016
Background information

With the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) in March 2010, the  Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee was created to coordinate pain research efforts  throughout federal government agencies. The Committee was tasked with summarizing advances in pain  care research, identifying gaps in research, and developing recommendations regarding ways to minimize  duplicative efforts, disseminate pain care information, and expand public/private research partnerships  and collaborations. The Committee published the National Pain Strategy in March 2016 in response to the  call from the National Academy of Medicine to increase awareness of pain as a significant public health  issue in the U.S. The strategy made recommendations in a number of areas including prevention and  care, professional education and training, and population research. The plan is aimed at decreasing the  prevalence of all types of pain (acute and chronic) in the U.S., as well as the disability and morbidity  associated with pain.

Question: How was the National Pain Strategy published?
Answer: in response to the  call from the National Academy of Medicine to increase awareness of pain as a significant public health  issue in the U.S.
Background information

With the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) in March 2010, the  Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee was created to coordinate pain research efforts  throughout federal government agencies. The Committee was tasked with summarizing advances in pain  care research, identifying gaps in research, and developing recommendations regarding ways to minimize  duplicative efforts, disseminate pain care information, and expand public/private research partnerships  and collaborations. The Committee published the National Pain Strategy in March 2016 in response to the  call from the National Academy of Medicine to increase awareness of pain as a significant public health  issue in the U.S. The strategy made recommendations in a number of areas including prevention and  care, professional education and training, and population research. The plan is aimed at decreasing the  prevalence of all types of pain (acute and chronic) in the U.S., as well as the disability and morbidity  associated with pain.

Question: In which areas the National Pain Strategy made recommendations?
Answer: prevention and  care, professional education and training, and population research
Background information

With the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) in March 2010, the  Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee was created to coordinate pain research efforts  throughout federal government agencies. The Committee was tasked with summarizing advances in pain  care research, identifying gaps in research, and developing recommendations regarding ways to minimize  duplicative efforts, disseminate pain care information, and expand public/private research partnerships  and collaborations. The Committee published the National Pain Strategy in March 2016 in response to the  call from the National Academy of Medicine to increase awareness of pain as a significant public health  issue in the U.S. The strategy made recommendations in a number of areas including prevention and  care, professional education and training, and population research. The plan is aimed at decreasing the  prevalence of all types of pain (acute and chronic) in the U.S., as well as the disability and morbidity  associated with pain.

Question: What was the aim of the National Pain Strategy?
Answer: decreasing the  prevalence of all types of pain (acute and chronic) in the U.S., as well as the disability and morbidity  associated with pain
Background information

Government agencies, including the VA, DoD, and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services  Administration (SAMHSA), have also launched initiatives to improve the study and treatment of pain and  adverse events associated with opioid analgesics such as OUD and overdose. By August 2013, the VA  deployed the Opioid Safety Initiative (OSI) requirements to all Veterans Integrated Service Networks  (VISNs) with the aim of ensuring opioids are used in a safe, effective, and judicious manner. The goals of  the OSI related to such topics as increased education, monitoring, use of safe and effective prescribing and  management methods, tool development, collaboration, and use of alternative pain treatment. The OSI  uses the Veterans Health Administration (VHA’s) electronic health record to identify patients who may be  high-risk for adverse outcomes with use of opioids and providers whose prescribing practices do not  reflect best evidence so that patient care can be improved. The OSI requirements include specific  indicators (e.g., the number of unique pharmacy patients dispensed an opioid, the unique patients on LOT who have received UDT). As part of the OSI, the VA launched the Opioid Overdose Education and  Naloxone Distribution (OEND) program, which was implemented as a risk mitigation strategy aimed at  reducing deaths from opioid overdose. The program components included education and training  regarding the following topics: opioid overdose prevention, recognition, and rescue response; risk  mitigation strategies; and issuing naloxone kits, which can be used as an antidote to opioid  overdose.

Question: Which government agencies launched initiatives to improve the study and treatment of pain and  adverse events associated with opioid analgesics?
Answer: VA, DoD, and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services  Administration (SAMHSA)
Background information

Government agencies, including the VA, DoD, and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services  Administration (SAMHSA), have also launched initiatives to improve the study and treatment of pain and  adverse events associated with opioid analgesics such as OUD and overdose. By August 2013, the VA  deployed the Opioid Safety Initiative (OSI) requirements to all Veterans Integrated Service Networks  (VISNs) with the aim of ensuring opioids are used in a safe, effective, and judicious manner. The goals of  the OSI related to such topics as increased education, monitoring, use of safe and effective prescribing and  management methods, tool development, collaboration, and use of alternative pain treatment. The OSI  uses the Veterans Health Administration (VHA’s) electronic health record to identify patients who may be  high-risk for adverse outcomes with use of opioids and providers whose prescribing practices do not  reflect best evidence so that patient care can be improved. The OSI requirements include specific  indicators (e.g., the number of unique pharmacy patients dispensed an opioid, the unique patients on LOT who have received UDT). As part of the OSI, the VA launched the Opioid Overdose Education and  Naloxone Distribution (OEND) program, which was implemented as a risk mitigation strategy aimed at  reducing deaths from opioid overdose. The program components included education and training  regarding the following topics: opioid overdose prevention, recognition, and rescue response; risk  mitigation strategies; and issuing naloxone kits, which can be used as an antidote to opioid  overdose.

Question: What is SAMHSA?
Answer: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services  Administration
Background information

Government agencies, including the VA, DoD, and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services  Administration (SAMHSA), have also launched initiatives to improve the study and treatment of pain and  adverse events associated with opioid analgesics such as OUD and overdose. By August 2013, the VA  deployed the Opioid Safety Initiative (OSI) requirements to all Veterans Integrated Service Networks  (VISNs) with the aim of ensuring opioids are used in a safe, effective, and judicious manner. The goals of  the OSI related to such topics as increased education, monitoring, use of safe and effective prescribing and  management methods, tool development, collaboration, and use of alternative pain treatment. The OSI  uses the Veterans Health Administration (VHA’s) electronic health record to identify patients who may be  high-risk for adverse outcomes with use of opioids and providers whose prescribing practices do not  reflect best evidence so that patient care can be improved. The OSI requirements include specific  indicators (e.g., the number of unique pharmacy patients dispensed an opioid, the unique patients on LOT who have received UDT). As part of the OSI, the VA launched the Opioid Overdose Education and  Naloxone Distribution (OEND) program, which was implemented as a risk mitigation strategy aimed at  reducing deaths from opioid overdose. The program components included education and training  regarding the following topics: opioid overdose prevention, recognition, and rescue response; risk  mitigation strategies; and issuing naloxone kits, which can be used as an antidote to opioid  overdose.

Question: When did VA deploy the Opioid Safety Initiative requirements to all Veterans Integrated Service Networks?
Answer: August 2013
Background information

Government agencies, including the VA, DoD, and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services  Administration (SAMHSA), have also launched initiatives to improve the study and treatment of pain and  adverse events associated with opioid analgesics such as OUD and overdose. By August 2013, the VA  deployed the Opioid Safety Initiative (OSI) requirements to all Veterans Integrated Service Networks  (VISNs) with the aim of ensuring opioids are used in a safe, effective, and judicious manner. The goals of  the OSI related to such topics as increased education, monitoring, use of safe and effective prescribing and  management methods, tool development, collaboration, and use of alternative pain treatment. The OSI  uses the Veterans Health Administration (VHA’s) electronic health record to identify patients who may be  high-risk for adverse outcomes with use of opioids and providers whose prescribing practices do not  reflect best evidence so that patient care can be improved. The OSI requirements include specific  indicators (e.g., the number of unique pharmacy patients dispensed an opioid, the unique patients on LOT who have received UDT). As part of the OSI, the VA launched the Opioid Overdose Education and  Naloxone Distribution (OEND) program, which was implemented as a risk mitigation strategy aimed at  reducing deaths from opioid overdose. The program components included education and training  regarding the following topics: opioid overdose prevention, recognition, and rescue response; risk  mitigation strategies; and issuing naloxone kits, which can be used as an antidote to opioid  overdose.

Question: What was the aim of the Opioid Safety Initiative?
Answer: ensuring opioids are used in a safe, effective, and judicious manner.
Background information

Government agencies, including the VA, DoD, and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services  Administration (SAMHSA), have also launched initiatives to improve the study and treatment of pain and  adverse events associated with opioid analgesics such as OUD and overdose. By August 2013, the VA  deployed the Opioid Safety Initiative (OSI) requirements to all Veterans Integrated Service Networks  (VISNs) with the aim of ensuring opioids are used in a safe, effective, and judicious manner. The goals of  the OSI related to such topics as increased education, monitoring, use of safe and effective prescribing and  management methods, tool development, collaboration, and use of alternative pain treatment. The OSI  uses the Veterans Health Administration (VHA’s) electronic health record to identify patients who may be  high-risk for adverse outcomes with use of opioids and providers whose prescribing practices do not  reflect best evidence so that patient care can be improved. The OSI requirements include specific  indicators (e.g., the number of unique pharmacy patients dispensed an opioid, the unique patients on LOT who have received UDT). As part of the OSI, the VA launched the Opioid Overdose Education and  Naloxone Distribution (OEND) program, which was implemented as a risk mitigation strategy aimed at  reducing deaths from opioid overdose. The program components included education and training  regarding the following topics: opioid overdose prevention, recognition, and rescue response; risk  mitigation strategies; and issuing naloxone kits, which can be used as an antidote to opioid  overdose.

Question: What is OSI?
Answer: Opioid Safety Initiative
Background information

Government agencies, including the VA, DoD, and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services  Administration (SAMHSA), have also launched initiatives to improve the study and treatment of pain and  adverse events associated with opioid analgesics such as OUD and overdose. By August 2013, the VA  deployed the Opioid Safety Initiative (OSI) requirements to all Veterans Integrated Service Networks  (VISNs) with the aim of ensuring opioids are used in a safe, effective, and judicious manner. The goals of  the OSI related to such topics as increased education, monitoring, use of safe and effective prescribing and  management methods, tool development, collaboration, and use of alternative pain treatment. The OSI  uses the Veterans Health Administration (VHA’s) electronic health record to identify patients who may be  high-risk for adverse outcomes with use of opioids and providers whose prescribing practices do not  reflect best evidence so that patient care can be improved. The OSI requirements include specific  indicators (e.g., the number of unique pharmacy patients dispensed an opioid, the unique patients on LOT who have received UDT). As part of the OSI, the VA launched the Opioid Overdose Education and  Naloxone Distribution (OEND) program, which was implemented as a risk mitigation strategy aimed at  reducing deaths from opioid overdose. The program components included education and training  regarding the following topics: opioid overdose prevention, recognition, and rescue response; risk  mitigation strategies; and issuing naloxone kits, which can be used as an antidote to opioid  overdose.

Question: What is VISNs?
Answer: Veterans Integrated Service Networks
Background information

Government agencies, including the VA, DoD, and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services  Administration (SAMHSA), have also launched initiatives to improve the study and treatment of pain and  adverse events associated with opioid analgesics such as OUD and overdose. By August 2013, the VA  deployed the Opioid Safety Initiative (OSI) requirements to all Veterans Integrated Service Networks  (VISNs) with the aim of ensuring opioids are used in a safe, effective, and judicious manner. The goals of  the OSI related to such topics as increased education, monitoring, use of safe and effective prescribing and  management methods, tool development, collaboration, and use of alternative pain treatment. The OSI  uses the Veterans Health Administration (VHA’s) electronic health record to identify patients who may be  high-risk for adverse outcomes with use of opioids and providers whose prescribing practices do not  reflect best evidence so that patient care can be improved. The OSI requirements include specific  indicators (e.g., the number of unique pharmacy patients dispensed an opioid, the unique patients on LOT who have received UDT). As part of the OSI, the VA launched the Opioid Overdose Education and  Naloxone Distribution (OEND) program, which was implemented as a risk mitigation strategy aimed at  reducing deaths from opioid overdose. The program components included education and training  regarding the following topics: opioid overdose prevention, recognition, and rescue response; risk  mitigation strategies; and issuing naloxone kits, which can be used as an antidote to opioid  overdose.

Question: In which topics the goals of the OSI is related to?
Answer: increased education, monitoring, use of safe and effective prescribing and  management methods, tool development, collaboration, and use of alternative pain treatment
Background information

Government agencies, including the VA, DoD, and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services  Administration (SAMHSA), have also launched initiatives to improve the study and treatment of pain and  adverse events associated with opioid analgesics such as OUD and overdose. By August 2013, the VA  deployed the Opioid Safety Initiative (OSI) requirements to all Veterans Integrated Service Networks  (VISNs) with the aim of ensuring opioids are used in a safe, effective, and judicious manner. The goals of  the OSI related to such topics as increased education, monitoring, use of safe and effective prescribing and  management methods, tool development, collaboration, and use of alternative pain treatment. The OSI  uses the Veterans Health Administration (VHA’s) electronic health record to identify patients who may be  high-risk for adverse outcomes with use of opioids and providers whose prescribing practices do not  reflect best evidence so that patient care can be improved. The OSI requirements include specific  indicators (e.g., the number of unique pharmacy patients dispensed an opioid, the unique patients on LOT who have received UDT). As part of the OSI, the VA launched the Opioid Overdose Education and  Naloxone Distribution (OEND) program, which was implemented as a risk mitigation strategy aimed at  reducing deaths from opioid overdose. The program components included education and training  regarding the following topics: opioid overdose prevention, recognition, and rescue response; risk  mitigation strategies; and issuing naloxone kits, which can be used as an antidote to opioid  overdose.

Question: What does the OSI use to identify patients who may be  high-risk for adverse outcomes with use of opioids?
Answer: Veterans Health Administration (VHA’s) electronic health record
Background information

Government agencies, including the VA, DoD, and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services  Administration (SAMHSA), have also launched initiatives to improve the study and treatment of pain and  adverse events associated with opioid analgesics such as OUD and overdose. By August 2013, the VA  deployed the Opioid Safety Initiative (OSI) requirements to all Veterans Integrated Service Networks  (VISNs) with the aim of ensuring opioids are used in a safe, effective, and judicious manner. The goals of  the OSI related to such topics as increased education, monitoring, use of safe and effective prescribing and  management methods, tool development, collaboration, and use of alternative pain treatment. The OSI  uses the Veterans Health Administration (VHA’s) electronic health record to identify patients who may be  high-risk for adverse outcomes with use of opioids and providers whose prescribing practices do not  reflect best evidence so that patient care can be improved. The OSI requirements include specific  indicators (e.g., the number of unique pharmacy patients dispensed an opioid, the unique patients on LOT who have received UDT). As part of the OSI, the VA launched the Opioid Overdose Education and  Naloxone Distribution (OEND) program, which was implemented as a risk mitigation strategy aimed at  reducing deaths from opioid overdose. The program components included education and training  regarding the following topics: opioid overdose prevention, recognition, and rescue response; risk  mitigation strategies; and issuing naloxone kits, which can be used as an antidote to opioid  overdose.

Question: What does the OSI use to identify providers whose prescribing practices do not  reflect best evidence so that patient care can be improved?
Answer: Veterans Health Administration (VHA’s) electronic health record
Background information

Government agencies, including the VA, DoD, and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services  Administration (SAMHSA), have also launched initiatives to improve the study and treatment of pain and  adverse events associated with opioid analgesics such as OUD and overdose. By August 2013, the VA  deployed the Opioid Safety Initiative (OSI) requirements to all Veterans Integrated Service Networks  (VISNs) with the aim of ensuring opioids are used in a safe, effective, and judicious manner. The goals of  the OSI related to such topics as increased education, monitoring, use of safe and effective prescribing and  management methods, tool development, collaboration, and use of alternative pain treatment. The OSI  uses the Veterans Health Administration (VHA’s) electronic health record to identify patients who may be  high-risk for adverse outcomes with use of opioids and providers whose prescribing practices do not  reflect best evidence so that patient care can be improved. The OSI requirements include specific  indicators (e.g., the number of unique pharmacy patients dispensed an opioid, the unique patients on LOT who have received UDT). As part of the OSI, the VA launched the Opioid Overdose Education and  Naloxone Distribution (OEND) program, which was implemented as a risk mitigation strategy aimed at  reducing deaths from opioid overdose. The program components included education and training  regarding the following topics: opioid overdose prevention, recognition, and rescue response; risk  mitigation strategies; and issuing naloxone kits, which can be used as an antidote to opioid  overdose.

Question: Why does the OSI use Veterans Health Administration (VHA’s) electronic health record?
Answer: to identify patients who may be  high-risk for adverse outcomes with use of opioids and providers whose prescribing practices do not  reflect best evidence so that patient care can be improved