Hieu-Pham/cpgQA huggingface dataset:
Background information

A comprehensive pain assessment includes a biopsychosocial interview and focused physical exam. Elements of the biopsychosocial pain interview include a pain-related history, assessment of pertinent  medical and psychiatric comorbidities including personal and family history of SUD, functional status and  functional goals, coping strategies, and a variety of psychosocial factors such as the patient’s beliefs and  expectations about chronic pain and its treatment. Patients with chronic pain may also experience  worsened quality of life, mental health, immune system function, physical function, sleep, employment  status, and impaired personal relationships. Worsening of some of these factors (e.g., quality of  life, change in employment status) seems to also be associated with pain severity and the presence of  psychiatric comorbidities. Patients with chronic pain report psychological complaints (e.g.,  depression, anxiety, poor self-efficacy, poor general emotional functioning) more often than patients  without chronic pain. Further, there can be social and psychological consequences such as decreased  ability to successfully maintain relationship and career roles and increased depression, fear, and anxiety as  a result of pain.

Question: What are some examples of social and psychological consequences on account of chronic pain?
Answer: decreased  ability to successfully maintain relationship and career roles and increased depression, fear, and anxiety as  a result of pain
Background information

Chronic pain is among the most common, costly, and disabling chronic medical conditions in the U.S. In the U.S., approximately 100 million adults experience chronic pain, and pain is associated with  approximately 20% of ambulatory primary care and specialty visits. Since the late 1990s and early 2000s, the proportion of pain visits during which patients  received opioids has increased significantly, as have opioid-related morbidity, mortality, overdose death,  and SUD treatment admissions. Approximately one in five patients with non-cancer pain or pain related diagnoses is prescribed opioids in office-based settings. According to the CDC, sales of  prescription opioids U.S. quadrupled from 1999 and 2014. The absolute number of deaths associated  with use of opioids has increased four-fold since 2000, including by 14% from 2013 to 2014 alone.  Between 1999 and 2015, more than 183,000 people died from overdoses related to prescription  opioids. In one survey, approximately one-third of patients receiving OT for CNCP (or their family  members) indicated thinking that they were “addicted” to or “dependent” on the medication or used the  medication for “fun” or to “get high.” From 2000 through 2013, the rate of heroin overdose deaths  increased nearly four-fold. In the 2000s, the majority of people entering treatment for heroin use used  prescription opioids as their first opioid.

Question: What is one of the most common chronic medical conditions in the U.S.?
Answer: Chronic pain
Background information

Chronic pain is among the most common, costly, and disabling chronic medical conditions in the U.S. In the U.S., approximately 100 million adults experience chronic pain, and pain is associated with  approximately 20% of ambulatory primary care and specialty visits. Since the late 1990s and early 2000s, the proportion of pain visits during which patients  received opioids has increased significantly, as have opioid-related morbidity, mortality, overdose death,  and SUD treatment admissions. Approximately one in five patients with non-cancer pain or pain related diagnoses is prescribed opioids in office-based settings. According to the CDC, sales of  prescription opioids U.S. quadrupled from 1999 and 2014. The absolute number of deaths associated  with use of opioids has increased four-fold since 2000, including by 14% from 2013 to 2014 alone.  Between 1999 and 2015, more than 183,000 people died from overdoses related to prescription  opioids. In one survey, approximately one-third of patients receiving OT for CNCP (or their family  members) indicated thinking that they were “addicted” to or “dependent” on the medication or used the  medication for “fun” or to “get high.” From 2000 through 2013, the rate of heroin overdose deaths  increased nearly four-fold. In the 2000s, the majority of people entering treatment for heroin use used  prescription opioids as their first opioid.

Question: What is one of the most costly chronic medical conditions in the U.S.?
Answer: Chronic pain
Background information

Chronic pain is among the most common, costly, and disabling chronic medical conditions in the U.S. In the U.S., approximately 100 million adults experience chronic pain, and pain is associated with  approximately 20% of ambulatory primary care and specialty visits. Since the late 1990s and early 2000s, the proportion of pain visits during which patients  received opioids has increased significantly, as have opioid-related morbidity, mortality, overdose death,  and SUD treatment admissions. Approximately one in five patients with non-cancer pain or pain related diagnoses is prescribed opioids in office-based settings. According to the CDC, sales of  prescription opioids U.S. quadrupled from 1999 and 2014. The absolute number of deaths associated  with use of opioids has increased four-fold since 2000, including by 14% from 2013 to 2014 alone.  Between 1999 and 2015, more than 183,000 people died from overdoses related to prescription  opioids. In one survey, approximately one-third of patients receiving OT for CNCP (or their family  members) indicated thinking that they were “addicted” to or “dependent” on the medication or used the  medication for “fun” or to “get high.” From 2000 through 2013, the rate of heroin overdose deaths  increased nearly four-fold. In the 2000s, the majority of people entering treatment for heroin use used  prescription opioids as their first opioid.

Question: What is one of the most disabling chronic medical conditions in the U.S.?
Answer: Chronic pain
Background information

Chronic pain is among the most common, costly, and disabling chronic medical conditions in the U.S. In the U.S., approximately 100 million adults experience chronic pain, and pain is associated with  approximately 20% of ambulatory primary care and specialty visits. Since the late 1990s and early 2000s, the proportion of pain visits during which patients  received opioids has increased significantly, as have opioid-related morbidity, mortality, overdose death,  and SUD treatment admissions. Approximately one in five patients with non-cancer pain or pain related diagnoses is prescribed opioids in office-based settings. According to the CDC, sales of  prescription opioids U.S. quadrupled from 1999 and 2014. The absolute number of deaths associated  with use of opioids has increased four-fold since 2000, including by 14% from 2013 to 2014 alone.  Between 1999 and 2015, more than 183,000 people died from overdoses related to prescription  opioids. In one survey, approximately one-third of patients receiving OT for CNCP (or their family  members) indicated thinking that they were “addicted” to or “dependent” on the medication or used the  medication for “fun” or to “get high.” From 2000 through 2013, the rate of heroin overdose deaths  increased nearly four-fold. In the 2000s, the majority of people entering treatment for heroin use used  prescription opioids as their first opioid.

Question: How many adults in the U.S. experience chronic pain?
Answer: approximately 100 million
Background information

Chronic pain is among the most common, costly, and disabling chronic medical conditions in the U.S. In the U.S., approximately 100 million adults experience chronic pain, and pain is associated with  approximately 20% of ambulatory primary care and specialty visits. Since the late 1990s and early 2000s, the proportion of pain visits during which patients  received opioids has increased significantly, as have opioid-related morbidity, mortality, overdose death,  and SUD treatment admissions. Approximately one in five patients with non-cancer pain or pain related diagnoses is prescribed opioids in office-based settings. According to the CDC, sales of  prescription opioids U.S. quadrupled from 1999 and 2014. The absolute number of deaths associated  with use of opioids has increased four-fold since 2000, including by 14% from 2013 to 2014 alone.  Between 1999 and 2015, more than 183,000 people died from overdoses related to prescription  opioids. In one survey, approximately one-third of patients receiving OT for CNCP (or their family  members) indicated thinking that they were “addicted” to or “dependent” on the medication or used the  medication for “fun” or to “get high.” From 2000 through 2013, the rate of heroin overdose deaths  increased nearly four-fold. In the 2000s, the majority of people entering treatment for heroin use used  prescription opioids as their first opioid.

Question: Since when has there been a significant increment of opioid prescriptions during pain visits?
Answer: the late 1990s and early 2000s
Background information

Chronic pain is among the most common, costly, and disabling chronic medical conditions in the U.S. In the U.S., approximately 100 million adults experience chronic pain, and pain is associated with  approximately 20% of ambulatory primary care and specialty visits. Since the late 1990s and early 2000s, the proportion of pain visits during which patients  received opioids has increased significantly, as have opioid-related morbidity, mortality, overdose death,  and SUD treatment admissions. Approximately one in five patients with non-cancer pain or pain related diagnoses is prescribed opioids in office-based settings. According to the CDC, sales of  prescription opioids U.S. quadrupled from 1999 and 2014. The absolute number of deaths associated  with use of opioids has increased four-fold since 2000, including by 14% from 2013 to 2014 alone.  Between 1999 and 2015, more than 183,000 people died from overdoses related to prescription  opioids. In one survey, approximately one-third of patients receiving OT for CNCP (or their family  members) indicated thinking that they were “addicted” to or “dependent” on the medication or used the  medication for “fun” or to “get high.” From 2000 through 2013, the rate of heroin overdose deaths  increased nearly four-fold. In the 2000s, the majority of people entering treatment for heroin use used  prescription opioids as their first opioid.

Question: Since when has there been a significant increment of opioid-related morbidity, mortality, overdose death, and SUD treatment admissions?
Answer: the late 1990s and early 2000s
Background information

Chronic pain is among the most common, costly, and disabling chronic medical conditions in the U.S. In the U.S., approximately 100 million adults experience chronic pain, and pain is associated with  approximately 20% of ambulatory primary care and specialty visits. Since the late 1990s and early 2000s, the proportion of pain visits during which patients  received opioids has increased significantly, as have opioid-related morbidity, mortality, overdose death,  and SUD treatment admissions. Approximately one in five patients with non-cancer pain or pain related diagnoses is prescribed opioids in office-based settings. According to the CDC, sales of  prescription opioids U.S. quadrupled from 1999 and 2014. The absolute number of deaths associated  with use of opioids has increased four-fold since 2000, including by 14% from 2013 to 2014 alone.  Between 1999 and 2015, more than 183,000 people died from overdoses related to prescription  opioids. In one survey, approximately one-third of patients receiving OT for CNCP (or their family  members) indicated thinking that they were “addicted” to or “dependent” on the medication or used the  medication for “fun” or to “get high.” From 2000 through 2013, the rate of heroin overdose deaths  increased nearly four-fold. In the 2000s, the majority of people entering treatment for heroin use used  prescription opioids as their first opioid.

Question: What is the ratio of patients with non-cancer pain or pain-related diagnoses who receive opioid prescriptions in office-based settings?
Answer: Approximately one in five
Background information

Chronic pain is among the most common, costly, and disabling chronic medical conditions in the U.S. In the U.S., approximately 100 million adults experience chronic pain, and pain is associated with  approximately 20% of ambulatory primary care and specialty visits. Since the late 1990s and early 2000s, the proportion of pain visits during which patients  received opioids has increased significantly, as have opioid-related morbidity, mortality, overdose death,  and SUD treatment admissions. Approximately one in five patients with non-cancer pain or pain related diagnoses is prescribed opioids in office-based settings. According to the CDC, sales of  prescription opioids U.S. quadrupled from 1999 and 2014. The absolute number of deaths associated  with use of opioids has increased four-fold since 2000, including by 14% from 2013 to 2014 alone.  Between 1999 and 2015, more than 183,000 people died from overdoses related to prescription  opioids. In one survey, approximately one-third of patients receiving OT for CNCP (or their family  members) indicated thinking that they were “addicted” to or “dependent” on the medication or used the  medication for “fun” or to “get high.” From 2000 through 2013, the rate of heroin overdose deaths  increased nearly four-fold. In the 2000s, the majority of people entering treatment for heroin use used  prescription opioids as their first opioid.

Question: What were the changes in the sales of prescription opioids in the U.S. from 1999 and 2014, according to CDC?
Answer: quadrupled
Background information

Chronic pain is among the most common, costly, and disabling chronic medical conditions in the U.S. In the U.S., approximately 100 million adults experience chronic pain, and pain is associated with  approximately 20% of ambulatory primary care and specialty visits. Since the late 1990s and early 2000s, the proportion of pain visits during which patients  received opioids has increased significantly, as have opioid-related morbidity, mortality, overdose death,  and SUD treatment admissions. Approximately one in five patients with non-cancer pain or pain related diagnoses is prescribed opioids in office-based settings. According to the CDC, sales of  prescription opioids U.S. quadrupled from 1999 and 2014. The absolute number of deaths associated  with use of opioids has increased four-fold since 2000, including by 14% from 2013 to 2014 alone.  Between 1999 and 2015, more than 183,000 people died from overdoses related to prescription  opioids. In one survey, approximately one-third of patients receiving OT for CNCP (or their family  members) indicated thinking that they were “addicted” to or “dependent” on the medication or used the  medication for “fun” or to “get high.” From 2000 through 2013, the rate of heroin overdose deaths  increased nearly four-fold. In the 2000s, the majority of people entering treatment for heroin use used  prescription opioids as their first opioid.

Question: How much has the absolute number of deaths associated with the use of opioids increased since 2000?
Answer: four-fold
Background information

Chronic pain is among the most common, costly, and disabling chronic medical conditions in the U.S. In the U.S., approximately 100 million adults experience chronic pain, and pain is associated with  approximately 20% of ambulatory primary care and specialty visits. Since the late 1990s and early 2000s, the proportion of pain visits during which patients  received opioids has increased significantly, as have opioid-related morbidity, mortality, overdose death,  and SUD treatment admissions. Approximately one in five patients with non-cancer pain or pain related diagnoses is prescribed opioids in office-based settings. According to the CDC, sales of  prescription opioids U.S. quadrupled from 1999 and 2014. The absolute number of deaths associated  with use of opioids has increased four-fold since 2000, including by 14% from 2013 to 2014 alone.  Between 1999 and 2015, more than 183,000 people died from overdoses related to prescription  opioids. In one survey, approximately one-third of patients receiving OT for CNCP (or their family  members) indicated thinking that they were “addicted” to or “dependent” on the medication or used the  medication for “fun” or to “get high.” From 2000 through 2013, the rate of heroin overdose deaths  increased nearly four-fold. In the 2000s, the majority of people entering treatment for heroin use used  prescription opioids as their first opioid.

Question: How much has the absolute number of deaths associated with the use of opioids increased from 2013 to 2014?
Answer: 14%
Background information

Chronic pain is among the most common, costly, and disabling chronic medical conditions in the U.S. In the U.S., approximately 100 million adults experience chronic pain, and pain is associated with  approximately 20% of ambulatory primary care and specialty visits. Since the late 1990s and early 2000s, the proportion of pain visits during which patients  received opioids has increased significantly, as have opioid-related morbidity, mortality, overdose death,  and SUD treatment admissions. Approximately one in five patients with non-cancer pain or pain related diagnoses is prescribed opioids in office-based settings. According to the CDC, sales of  prescription opioids U.S. quadrupled from 1999 and 2014. The absolute number of deaths associated  with use of opioids has increased four-fold since 2000, including by 14% from 2013 to 2014 alone.  Between 1999 and 2015, more than 183,000 people died from overdoses related to prescription  opioids. In one survey, approximately one-third of patients receiving OT for CNCP (or their family  members) indicated thinking that they were “addicted” to or “dependent” on the medication or used the  medication for “fun” or to “get high.” From 2000 through 2013, the rate of heroin overdose deaths  increased nearly four-fold. In the 2000s, the majority of people entering treatment for heroin use used  prescription opioids as their first opioid.

Question: How many people died between 1999 and 2015 from overdoses related to prescription opioids?
Answer: more than 183,000
Background information

From fiscal years 2004 to 2012, the prevalence of opioid prescriptions among Veterans increased from  18.9% to 33.4%, an increase of 76.7%. The groups with the highest prevalence of opioid use were women and young adults (i.e., 18-34 years old). In a sample of non-treatment-seeking members of the military who were interviewed within three months of returning from Afghanistan, 44% reported chronic pain and  15% reported using opioids—percentages much higher than in the general population. Chronic pain was also associated with poorer physical function, independent of comorbid mental health concerns in  Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) Veterans. In a study of Veterans with chronic pain who had been on opioids for at least 90 days, over 90% continued to use opioids one year later and nearly 80% continued to use opioids after completion of the 3.5 year follow-up period; while, in a study of civilian patients who had been on opioids for at least 90 days,  approximately 65% remained on opioids through the 4.8 year follow-up period. Rates of continuation in Veterans, based on this study, appeared to be related to age, marital status, race,  geography, mental health comorbidity, and dosage. Compared to others, those who were aged 50-65 years,  were married, were of a race other than African American, and who lived in a rural setting were more likely to continue using opioids. Veterans on higher doses of opioids were more likely to continue their use.  Notably, those with mental health diagnoses were less likely to continue opioids, including those with schizophrenia and bipolar diagnoses.

Question: What was the increment of the prevalence of opioid prescriptions among Veterans from fiscal years 2004 to 2012?
Answer: from  18.9% to 33.4%, an increase of 76.7%
Background information

From fiscal years 2004 to 2012, the prevalence of opioid prescriptions among Veterans increased from  18.9% to 33.4%, an increase of 76.7%. The groups with the highest prevalence of opioid use were women and young adults (i.e., 18-34 years old). In a sample of non-treatment-seeking members of the military who were interviewed within three months of returning from Afghanistan, 44% reported chronic pain and  15% reported using opioids—percentages much higher than in the general population. Chronic pain was also associated with poorer physical function, independent of comorbid mental health concerns in  Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) Veterans. In a study of Veterans with chronic pain who had been on opioids for at least 90 days, over 90% continued to use opioids one year later and nearly 80% continued to use opioids after completion of the 3.5 year follow-up period; while, in a study of civilian patients who had been on opioids for at least 90 days,  approximately 65% remained on opioids through the 4.8 year follow-up period. Rates of continuation in Veterans, based on this study, appeared to be related to age, marital status, race,  geography, mental health comorbidity, and dosage. Compared to others, those who were aged 50-65 years,  were married, were of a race other than African American, and who lived in a rural setting were more likely to continue using opioids. Veterans on higher doses of opioids were more likely to continue their use.  Notably, those with mental health diagnoses were less likely to continue opioids, including those with schizophrenia and bipolar diagnoses.

Question: Which groups had the highest prevalence of opioid use?
Answer: women and young adults (i.e., 18-34 years old)
Background information

From fiscal years 2004 to 2012, the prevalence of opioid prescriptions among Veterans increased from  18.9% to 33.4%, an increase of 76.7%. The groups with the highest prevalence of opioid use were women and young adults (i.e., 18-34 years old). In a sample of non-treatment-seeking members of the military who were interviewed within three months of returning from Afghanistan, 44% reported chronic pain and  15% reported using opioids—percentages much higher than in the general population. Chronic pain was also associated with poorer physical function, independent of comorbid mental health concerns in  Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) Veterans. In a study of Veterans with chronic pain who had been on opioids for at least 90 days, over 90% continued to use opioids one year later and nearly 80% continued to use opioids after completion of the 3.5 year follow-up period; while, in a study of civilian patients who had been on opioids for at least 90 days,  approximately 65% remained on opioids through the 4.8 year follow-up period. Rates of continuation in Veterans, based on this study, appeared to be related to age, marital status, race,  geography, mental health comorbidity, and dosage. Compared to others, those who were aged 50-65 years,  were married, were of a race other than African American, and who lived in a rural setting were more likely to continue using opioids. Veterans on higher doses of opioids were more likely to continue their use.  Notably, those with mental health diagnoses were less likely to continue opioids, including those with schizophrenia and bipolar diagnoses.

Question: In a sample of non-treatment-seeking members of the military who were interviewed within three months of returning from Afghanistan, how many reported chronic pain?
Answer: 44%