Hieu-Pham/cpgQA huggingface dataset:
Background information

A paradigm shift in the use of OT for chronic non-terminal pain has paralleled this transformation in pain  care. Prior to the 1980s, OT was rarely used outside of severe acute injury or post-surgical pain, primarily due to concern for tolerance, physical dependence, and addiction. As the hospice and palliative care  movement began defining end-of-life care in the U.S. during the 1980s and emphasizing the importance of  pain relief, OT increasingly became a mainstay for cancer and end-of-life pain. Efforts to destigmatize the use of prescription opioids for chronic non-terminal pain encompassed primary care providers and the  public. The efforts led to an unprecedented increase in opioid prescribing for chronic non-terminal pain.  Chronic pain management became synonymous with LOT in the 1990s and the first decade of the 2000s  with significant numbers of patients in pain clinics receiving LOT. Despite the absence of long-term safety or efficacy data, OT for chronic non-terminal pain became a mainstay of therapy. However, as observational and epidemiologic data of harm from LOT accumulated, a much more cautious approach to  OT for chronic non-terminal pain has emerged in the decade of the 2010s.

Question: What was the state of long-term safety or efficacy data when OT for chronic non-terminal pain became a mainstay of therapy?
Answer: absence
Background information

A paradigm shift in the use of OT for chronic non-terminal pain has paralleled this transformation in pain  care. Prior to the 1980s, OT was rarely used outside of severe acute injury or post-surgical pain, primarily due to concern for tolerance, physical dependence, and addiction. As the hospice and palliative care  movement began defining end-of-life care in the U.S. during the 1980s and emphasizing the importance of  pain relief, OT increasingly became a mainstay for cancer and end-of-life pain. Efforts to destigmatize the use of prescription opioids for chronic non-terminal pain encompassed primary care providers and the  public. The efforts led to an unprecedented increase in opioid prescribing for chronic non-terminal pain.  Chronic pain management became synonymous with LOT in the 1990s and the first decade of the 2000s  with significant numbers of patients in pain clinics receiving LOT. Despite the absence of long-term safety or efficacy data, OT for chronic non-terminal pain became a mainstay of therapy. However, as observational and epidemiologic data of harm from LOT accumulated, a much more cautious approach to  OT for chronic non-terminal pain has emerged in the decade of the 2010s.

Question: When did a more cautious approach to OT for chronic non-terminal pain emerge?
Answer: in the decade of the 2010s
Background information

A paradigm shift in the use of OT for chronic non-terminal pain has paralleled this transformation in pain  care. Prior to the 1980s, OT was rarely used outside of severe acute injury or post-surgical pain, primarily due to concern for tolerance, physical dependence, and addiction. As the hospice and palliative care  movement began defining end-of-life care in the U.S. during the 1980s and emphasizing the importance of  pain relief, OT increasingly became a mainstay for cancer and end-of-life pain. Efforts to destigmatize the use of prescription opioids for chronic non-terminal pain encompassed primary care providers and the  public. The efforts led to an unprecedented increase in opioid prescribing for chronic non-terminal pain.  Chronic pain management became synonymous with LOT in the 1990s and the first decade of the 2000s  with significant numbers of patients in pain clinics receiving LOT. Despite the absence of long-term safety or efficacy data, OT for chronic non-terminal pain became a mainstay of therapy. However, as observational and epidemiologic data of harm from LOT accumulated, a much more cautious approach to  OT for chronic non-terminal pain has emerged in the decade of the 2010s.

Question: How did a more cautious approach to OT for chronic non-terminal pain emerge?
Answer: as observational and epidemiologic data of harm from LOT accumulated
Background information

The accumulation of evidence of harms and the absence of evidence of long-term benefits has warranted  a newly cautious approach to LOT that prioritizes safety. This approach coupled with the evidence of both the safety and efficacy for non-pharmacologic and non-opioid pharmacologic pain therapies has led to the  current transformation in the way in which pain is viewed and treated. The biopsychosocial model of pain recognizes pain as a complex multidimensional experience that requires multimodal and integrated care approaches. Within this context, non-pharmacologic treatments and non-opioid medications are the preferred treatments for chronic non-terminal pain. OT has a limited role, primarily in the treatment of severe acute pain, post-operative pain, and end-of-life pain.  

Question: What warranted a cautious approach to LOT prioritizing safety?
Answer: The accumulation of evidence of harms and the absence of evidence of long-term benefits
Background information

The accumulation of evidence of harms and the absence of evidence of long-term benefits has warranted  a newly cautious approach to LOT that prioritizes safety. This approach coupled with the evidence of both the safety and efficacy for non-pharmacologic and non-opioid pharmacologic pain therapies has led to the  current transformation in the way in which pain is viewed and treated. The biopsychosocial model of pain recognizes pain as a complex multidimensional experience that requires multimodal and integrated care approaches. Within this context, non-pharmacologic treatments and non-opioid medications are the preferred treatments for chronic non-terminal pain. OT has a limited role, primarily in the treatment of severe acute pain, post-operative pain, and end-of-life pain.  

Question: What was coupled with the newly cautious approach to LOT?
Answer: the evidence of both the safety and efficacy for non-pharmacologic and non-opioid pharmacologic pain therapies
Background information

The accumulation of evidence of harms and the absence of evidence of long-term benefits has warranted  a newly cautious approach to LOT that prioritizes safety. This approach coupled with the evidence of both the safety and efficacy for non-pharmacologic and non-opioid pharmacologic pain therapies has led to the  current transformation in the way in which pain is viewed and treated. The biopsychosocial model of pain recognizes pain as a complex multidimensional experience that requires multimodal and integrated care approaches. Within this context, non-pharmacologic treatments and non-opioid medications are the preferred treatments for chronic non-terminal pain. OT has a limited role, primarily in the treatment of severe acute pain, post-operative pain, and end-of-life pain.  

Question: How is pain recognized by the biopsychosocial model of pain?
Answer: as a complex multidimensional experience that requires multimodal and integrated care approaches
Background information

The accumulation of evidence of harms and the absence of evidence of long-term benefits has warranted  a newly cautious approach to LOT that prioritizes safety. This approach coupled with the evidence of both the safety and efficacy for non-pharmacologic and non-opioid pharmacologic pain therapies has led to the  current transformation in the way in which pain is viewed and treated. The biopsychosocial model of pain recognizes pain as a complex multidimensional experience that requires multimodal and integrated care approaches. Within this context, non-pharmacologic treatments and non-opioid medications are the preferred treatments for chronic non-terminal pain. OT has a limited role, primarily in the treatment of severe acute pain, post-operative pain, and end-of-life pain.  

Question: What are the preferred treatments for chronic non-terminal pain?
Answer: non-pharmacologic treatments and non-opioid medications
Background information

The accumulation of evidence of harms and the absence of evidence of long-term benefits has warranted  a newly cautious approach to LOT that prioritizes safety. This approach coupled with the evidence of both the safety and efficacy for non-pharmacologic and non-opioid pharmacologic pain therapies has led to the  current transformation in the way in which pain is viewed and treated. The biopsychosocial model of pain recognizes pain as a complex multidimensional experience that requires multimodal and integrated care approaches. Within this context, non-pharmacologic treatments and non-opioid medications are the preferred treatments for chronic non-terminal pain. OT has a limited role, primarily in the treatment of severe acute pain, post-operative pain, and end-of-life pain.  

Question: Where does OT have a limited role?
Answer: primarily in the treatment of severe acute pain, post-operative pain, and end-of-life pain
Background information

The accumulation of evidence of harms and the absence of evidence of long-term benefits has warranted  a newly cautious approach to LOT that prioritizes safety. This approach coupled with the evidence of both the safety and efficacy for non-pharmacologic and non-opioid pharmacologic pain therapies has led to the  current transformation in the way in which pain is viewed and treated. The biopsychosocial model of pain recognizes pain as a complex multidimensional experience that requires multimodal and integrated care approaches. Within this context, non-pharmacologic treatments and non-opioid medications are the preferred treatments for chronic non-terminal pain. OT has a limited role, primarily in the treatment of severe acute pain, post-operative pain, and end-of-life pain.  

Question: What is the role of OT in the treatment of severe acute pain, post-operative pain, and end-of-life pain?
Answer: limited
Background information

The increasing use of opioids, as well as the accompanying rise in morbidity and mortality associated with opioid use, has garnered increasing attention from federal and local officials as well as other policy makers. This public health issue, which has been labeled an epidemic,  became a focus of the President’s  National Drug Control Strategy in 2010 and has since remained a focus. Two main goals introduced in the  2010 strategy included curtailing illicit drug consumption in America and improving the health and safety of the American people by reducing the consequences of drug abuse. The 2015 strategy, and an accompanying presidential memorandum on preventing prescription drug abuse and heroin use, released in October 2015, encouraged the improvement of health and safety using evidence-based methods by calling for change in a number of key areas including preventing drug use in communities, seeking early intervention opportunities, and integrating SUD treatment and supporting recovery.

Question: What has accumulated growing attention from federal and local officials as well as other policymakers?
Answer: The increasing use of opioids, as well as the accompanying rise in morbidity and mortality associated with opioid use
Background information

The increasing use of opioids, as well as the accompanying rise in morbidity and mortality associated with opioid use, has garnered increasing attention from federal and local officials as well as other policy makers. This public health issue, which has been labeled an epidemic,  became a focus of the President’s  National Drug Control Strategy in 2010 and has since remained a focus. Two main goals introduced in the  2010 strategy included curtailing illicit drug consumption in America and improving the health and safety of the American people by reducing the consequences of drug abuse. The 2015 strategy, and an accompanying presidential memorandum on preventing prescription drug abuse and heroin use, released in October 2015, encouraged the improvement of health and safety using evidence-based methods by calling for change in a number of key areas including preventing drug use in communities, seeking early intervention opportunities, and integrating SUD treatment and supporting recovery.

Question: Which health issue has been identified as an epidemic?
Answer: The increasing use of opioids
Background information

The increasing use of opioids, as well as the accompanying rise in morbidity and mortality associated with opioid use, has garnered increasing attention from federal and local officials as well as other policy makers. This public health issue, which has been labeled an epidemic,  became a focus of the President’s  National Drug Control Strategy in 2010 and has since remained a focus. Two main goals introduced in the  2010 strategy included curtailing illicit drug consumption in America and improving the health and safety of the American people by reducing the consequences of drug abuse. The 2015 strategy, and an accompanying presidential memorandum on preventing prescription drug abuse and heroin use, released in October 2015, encouraged the improvement of health and safety using evidence-based methods by calling for change in a number of key areas including preventing drug use in communities, seeking early intervention opportunities, and integrating SUD treatment and supporting recovery.

Question: In 2010, what was the focus of National Drug Control Strategy?
Answer: The increasing use of opioids
Background information

The increasing use of opioids, as well as the accompanying rise in morbidity and mortality associated with opioid use, has garnered increasing attention from federal and local officials as well as other policy makers. This public health issue, which has been labeled an epidemic,  became a focus of the President’s  National Drug Control Strategy in 2010 and has since remained a focus. Two main goals introduced in the  2010 strategy included curtailing illicit drug consumption in America and improving the health and safety of the American people by reducing the consequences of drug abuse. The 2015 strategy, and an accompanying presidential memorandum on preventing prescription drug abuse and heroin use, released in October 2015, encouraged the improvement of health and safety using evidence-based methods by calling for change in a number of key areas including preventing drug use in communities, seeking early intervention opportunities, and integrating SUD treatment and supporting recovery.

Question: What were the goals of President’s National Drug Control strategy in 2010?
Answer: curtailing illicit drug consumption in America and improving the health and safety of the American people by reducing the consequences of drug abuse
Background information

The increasing use of opioids, as well as the accompanying rise in morbidity and mortality associated with opioid use, has garnered increasing attention from federal and local officials as well as other policy makers. This public health issue, which has been labeled an epidemic,  became a focus of the President’s  National Drug Control Strategy in 2010 and has since remained a focus. Two main goals introduced in the  2010 strategy included curtailing illicit drug consumption in America and improving the health and safety of the American people by reducing the consequences of drug abuse. The 2015 strategy, and an accompanying presidential memorandum on preventing prescription drug abuse and heroin use, released in October 2015, encouraged the improvement of health and safety using evidence-based methods by calling for change in a number of key areas including preventing drug use in communities, seeking early intervention opportunities, and integrating SUD treatment and supporting recovery.

Question: When was the 2015 National Drug Control strategy released?
Answer: October 2015
Background information

The increasing use of opioids, as well as the accompanying rise in morbidity and mortality associated with opioid use, has garnered increasing attention from federal and local officials as well as other policy makers. This public health issue, which has been labeled an epidemic,  became a focus of the President’s  National Drug Control Strategy in 2010 and has since remained a focus. Two main goals introduced in the  2010 strategy included curtailing illicit drug consumption in America and improving the health and safety of the American people by reducing the consequences of drug abuse. The 2015 strategy, and an accompanying presidential memorandum on preventing prescription drug abuse and heroin use, released in October 2015, encouraged the improvement of health and safety using evidence-based methods by calling for change in a number of key areas including preventing drug use in communities, seeking early intervention opportunities, and integrating SUD treatment and supporting recovery.

Question: What accompanied the 2015 National Drug Control strategy?
Answer: presidential memorandum on preventing prescription drug abuse and heroin use
Background information

The increasing use of opioids, as well as the accompanying rise in morbidity and mortality associated with opioid use, has garnered increasing attention from federal and local officials as well as other policy makers. This public health issue, which has been labeled an epidemic,  became a focus of the President’s  National Drug Control Strategy in 2010 and has since remained a focus. Two main goals introduced in the  2010 strategy included curtailing illicit drug consumption in America and improving the health and safety of the American people by reducing the consequences of drug abuse. The 2015 strategy, and an accompanying presidential memorandum on preventing prescription drug abuse and heroin use, released in October 2015, encouraged the improvement of health and safety using evidence-based methods by calling for change in a number of key areas including preventing drug use in communities, seeking early intervention opportunities, and integrating SUD treatment and supporting recovery.

Question: How did the 2015 National Drug Control strategy and an accompanying presidential memorandum encourage the improvement of health and safety using evidence-based methods regarding SUD treatments?
Answer: by calling for change in a number of key areas including preventing drug use in communities, seeking early intervention opportunities, and integrating SUD treatment and supporting recovery
Background information

With the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) in March 2010, the  Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee was created to coordinate pain research efforts  throughout federal government agencies. The Committee was tasked with summarizing advances in pain  care research, identifying gaps in research, and developing recommendations regarding ways to minimize  duplicative efforts, disseminate pain care information, and expand public/private research partnerships  and collaborations. The Committee published the National Pain Strategy in March 2016 in response to the  call from the National Academy of Medicine to increase awareness of pain as a significant public health  issue in the U.S. The strategy made recommendations in a number of areas including prevention and  care, professional education and training, and population research. The plan is aimed at decreasing the  prevalence of all types of pain (acute and chronic) in the U.S., as well as the disability and morbidity  associated with pain.

Question: How was the Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee created?
Answer: With the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) in March 2010
Background information

With the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) in March 2010, the  Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee was created to coordinate pain research efforts  throughout federal government agencies. The Committee was tasked with summarizing advances in pain  care research, identifying gaps in research, and developing recommendations regarding ways to minimize  duplicative efforts, disseminate pain care information, and expand public/private research partnerships  and collaborations. The Committee published the National Pain Strategy in March 2016 in response to the  call from the National Academy of Medicine to increase awareness of pain as a significant public health  issue in the U.S. The strategy made recommendations in a number of areas including prevention and  care, professional education and training, and population research. The plan is aimed at decreasing the  prevalence of all types of pain (acute and chronic) in the U.S., as well as the disability and morbidity  associated with pain.

Question: What was the purpose of  Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee?
Answer: coordinate pain research efforts  throughout federal government agencies
Background information

With the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) in March 2010, the  Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee was created to coordinate pain research efforts  throughout federal government agencies. The Committee was tasked with summarizing advances in pain  care research, identifying gaps in research, and developing recommendations regarding ways to minimize  duplicative efforts, disseminate pain care information, and expand public/private research partnerships  and collaborations. The Committee published the National Pain Strategy in March 2016 in response to the  call from the National Academy of Medicine to increase awareness of pain as a significant public health  issue in the U.S. The strategy made recommendations in a number of areas including prevention and  care, professional education and training, and population research. The plan is aimed at decreasing the  prevalence of all types of pain (acute and chronic) in the U.S., as well as the disability and morbidity  associated with pain.

Question: When was the Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee created?
Answer: March 2010
Background information

With the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) in March 2010, the  Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee was created to coordinate pain research efforts  throughout federal government agencies. The Committee was tasked with summarizing advances in pain  care research, identifying gaps in research, and developing recommendations regarding ways to minimize  duplicative efforts, disseminate pain care information, and expand public/private research partnerships  and collaborations. The Committee published the National Pain Strategy in March 2016 in response to the  call from the National Academy of Medicine to increase awareness of pain as a significant public health  issue in the U.S. The strategy made recommendations in a number of areas including prevention and  care, professional education and training, and population research. The plan is aimed at decreasing the  prevalence of all types of pain (acute and chronic) in the U.S., as well as the disability and morbidity  associated with pain.

Question: What was the tasks of Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee?
Answer: summarizing advances in pain  care research, identifying gaps in research, and developing recommendations regarding ways to minimize  duplicative efforts, disseminate pain care information, and expand public/private research partnerships  and collaborations