Hieu-Pham/cpgQA huggingface dataset:
Background information

Government agencies, including the VA, DoD, and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services  Administration (SAMHSA), have also launched initiatives to improve the study and treatment of pain and  adverse events associated with opioid analgesics such as OUD and overdose. By August 2013, the VA  deployed the Opioid Safety Initiative (OSI) requirements to all Veterans Integrated Service Networks  (VISNs) with the aim of ensuring opioids are used in a safe, effective, and judicious manner. The goals of  the OSI related to such topics as increased education, monitoring, use of safe and effective prescribing and  management methods, tool development, collaboration, and use of alternative pain treatment. The OSI  uses the Veterans Health Administration (VHA’s) electronic health record to identify patients who may be  high-risk for adverse outcomes with use of opioids and providers whose prescribing practices do not  reflect best evidence so that patient care can be improved. The OSI requirements include specific  indicators (e.g., the number of unique pharmacy patients dispensed an opioid, the unique patients on LOT who have received UDT). As part of the OSI, the VA launched the Opioid Overdose Education and  Naloxone Distribution (OEND) program, which was implemented as a risk mitigation strategy aimed at  reducing deaths from opioid overdose. The program components included education and training  regarding the following topics: opioid overdose prevention, recognition, and rescue response; risk  mitigation strategies; and issuing naloxone kits, which can be used as an antidote to opioid  overdose.

Question: What does the OSI requirements include?
Answer: specific  indicators (e.g., the number of unique pharmacy patients dispensed an opioid, the unique patients on LOT who have received UDT)
Background information

Government agencies, including the VA, DoD, and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services  Administration (SAMHSA), have also launched initiatives to improve the study and treatment of pain and  adverse events associated with opioid analgesics such as OUD and overdose. By August 2013, the VA  deployed the Opioid Safety Initiative (OSI) requirements to all Veterans Integrated Service Networks  (VISNs) with the aim of ensuring opioids are used in a safe, effective, and judicious manner. The goals of  the OSI related to such topics as increased education, monitoring, use of safe and effective prescribing and  management methods, tool development, collaboration, and use of alternative pain treatment. The OSI  uses the Veterans Health Administration (VHA’s) electronic health record to identify patients who may be  high-risk for adverse outcomes with use of opioids and providers whose prescribing practices do not  reflect best evidence so that patient care can be improved. The OSI requirements include specific  indicators (e.g., the number of unique pharmacy patients dispensed an opioid, the unique patients on LOT who have received UDT). As part of the OSI, the VA launched the Opioid Overdose Education and  Naloxone Distribution (OEND) program, which was implemented as a risk mitigation strategy aimed at  reducing deaths from opioid overdose. The program components included education and training  regarding the following topics: opioid overdose prevention, recognition, and rescue response; risk  mitigation strategies; and issuing naloxone kits, which can be used as an antidote to opioid  overdose.

Question: What was launched by the VA as part of the OSI?
Answer: the Opioid Overdose Education and  Naloxone Distribution (OEND) program
Background information

Government agencies, including the VA, DoD, and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services  Administration (SAMHSA), have also launched initiatives to improve the study and treatment of pain and  adverse events associated with opioid analgesics such as OUD and overdose. By August 2013, the VA  deployed the Opioid Safety Initiative (OSI) requirements to all Veterans Integrated Service Networks  (VISNs) with the aim of ensuring opioids are used in a safe, effective, and judicious manner. The goals of  the OSI related to such topics as increased education, monitoring, use of safe and effective prescribing and  management methods, tool development, collaboration, and use of alternative pain treatment. The OSI  uses the Veterans Health Administration (VHA’s) electronic health record to identify patients who may be  high-risk for adverse outcomes with use of opioids and providers whose prescribing practices do not  reflect best evidence so that patient care can be improved. The OSI requirements include specific  indicators (e.g., the number of unique pharmacy patients dispensed an opioid, the unique patients on LOT who have received UDT). As part of the OSI, the VA launched the Opioid Overdose Education and  Naloxone Distribution (OEND) program, which was implemented as a risk mitigation strategy aimed at  reducing deaths from opioid overdose. The program components included education and training  regarding the following topics: opioid overdose prevention, recognition, and rescue response; risk  mitigation strategies; and issuing naloxone kits, which can be used as an antidote to opioid  overdose.

Question: What was the purpose of the OEND program?
Answer: implemented as a risk mitigation strategy aimed at  reducing deaths from opioid overdose
Background information

Government agencies, including the VA, DoD, and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services  Administration (SAMHSA), have also launched initiatives to improve the study and treatment of pain and  adverse events associated with opioid analgesics such as OUD and overdose. By August 2013, the VA  deployed the Opioid Safety Initiative (OSI) requirements to all Veterans Integrated Service Networks  (VISNs) with the aim of ensuring opioids are used in a safe, effective, and judicious manner. The goals of  the OSI related to such topics as increased education, monitoring, use of safe and effective prescribing and  management methods, tool development, collaboration, and use of alternative pain treatment. The OSI  uses the Veterans Health Administration (VHA’s) electronic health record to identify patients who may be  high-risk for adverse outcomes with use of opioids and providers whose prescribing practices do not  reflect best evidence so that patient care can be improved. The OSI requirements include specific  indicators (e.g., the number of unique pharmacy patients dispensed an opioid, the unique patients on LOT who have received UDT). As part of the OSI, the VA launched the Opioid Overdose Education and  Naloxone Distribution (OEND) program, which was implemented as a risk mitigation strategy aimed at  reducing deaths from opioid overdose. The program components included education and training  regarding the following topics: opioid overdose prevention, recognition, and rescue response; risk  mitigation strategies; and issuing naloxone kits, which can be used as an antidote to opioid  overdose.

Question: What are the components of the OEND program?
Answer: education and training  regarding the following topics: opioid overdose prevention, recognition, and rescue response; risk  mitigation strategies; and issuing naloxone kits, which can be used as an antidote to opioid  overdose
Background information

Other initiatives are aimed at improving the safe use of opioids, including the OSI Toolkit and the patient  guide “Taking Opioids Responsibly for Your Safety and the Safety of Others: Patient Information Guide on  Long-term Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain”. The OSI Toolkit was developed to provide clinicians with  materials to inform clinical decision-making regarding opioid therapy and safe opioid prescribing. The  toolkit materials can be found at the following link: https://www.va.gov/PAINMANAGEMENT/Opioid_Safety_Initiative_Toolkit.asp. “Taking Opioids Responsibly  for Your Safety and the Safety of Others: Patient Information Guide on Long-term Opioid Therapy for  Chronic Pain” is aimed at providing information to patients as well as their providers regarding the safe use  of opioids. More information can be found at the following link: http://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/Pain/cot/OpiodTheraphyforChronicPainPatientTool20May20 13print.pdf. To further promote safety and patient centered care, the VHA issued a policy in 2014 requiring  standardized education and signature informed consent for all patients receiving LOT for non-cancer  pain. 

Question: Name two initiatives that are aimed at improving the safe use of opioids? 
Answer: OSI Toolkit and the patient  guide “Taking Opioids Responsibly for Your Safety and the Safety of Others: Patient Information Guide on  Long-term Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain”
Background information

Other initiatives are aimed at improving the safe use of opioids, including the OSI Toolkit and the patient  guide “Taking Opioids Responsibly for Your Safety and the Safety of Others: Patient Information Guide on  Long-term Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain”. The OSI Toolkit was developed to provide clinicians with  materials to inform clinical decision-making regarding opioid therapy and safe opioid prescribing. The  toolkit materials can be found at the following link: https://www.va.gov/PAINMANAGEMENT/Opioid_Safety_Initiative_Toolkit.asp. “Taking Opioids Responsibly  for Your Safety and the Safety of Others: Patient Information Guide on Long-term Opioid Therapy for  Chronic Pain” is aimed at providing information to patients as well as their providers regarding the safe use  of opioids. More information can be found at the following link: http://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/Pain/cot/OpiodTheraphyforChronicPainPatientTool20May20 13print.pdf. To further promote safety and patient centered care, the VHA issued a policy in 2014 requiring  standardized education and signature informed consent for all patients receiving LOT for non-cancer  pain. 

Question: What was the purpose of the OSI toolkit?
Answer: provide clinicians with  materials to inform clinical decision-making regarding opioid therapy and safe opioid prescribing
Background information

Other initiatives are aimed at improving the safe use of opioids, including the OSI Toolkit and the patient  guide “Taking Opioids Responsibly for Your Safety and the Safety of Others: Patient Information Guide on  Long-term Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain”. The OSI Toolkit was developed to provide clinicians with  materials to inform clinical decision-making regarding opioid therapy and safe opioid prescribing. The  toolkit materials can be found at the following link: https://www.va.gov/PAINMANAGEMENT/Opioid_Safety_Initiative_Toolkit.asp. “Taking Opioids Responsibly  for Your Safety and the Safety of Others: Patient Information Guide on Long-term Opioid Therapy for  Chronic Pain” is aimed at providing information to patients as well as their providers regarding the safe use  of opioids. More information can be found at the following link: http://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/Pain/cot/OpiodTheraphyforChronicPainPatientTool20May20 13print.pdf. To further promote safety and patient centered care, the VHA issued a policy in 2014 requiring  standardized education and signature informed consent for all patients receiving LOT for non-cancer  pain. 

Question: Where can the OSI toolkit materials be found? 
Answer: https://www.va.gov/PAINMANAGEMENT/Opioid_Safety_Initiative_Toolkit.asp
Background information

Other initiatives are aimed at improving the safe use of opioids, including the OSI Toolkit and the patient  guide “Taking Opioids Responsibly for Your Safety and the Safety of Others: Patient Information Guide on  Long-term Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain”. The OSI Toolkit was developed to provide clinicians with  materials to inform clinical decision-making regarding opioid therapy and safe opioid prescribing. The  toolkit materials can be found at the following link: https://www.va.gov/PAINMANAGEMENT/Opioid_Safety_Initiative_Toolkit.asp. “Taking Opioids Responsibly  for Your Safety and the Safety of Others: Patient Information Guide on Long-term Opioid Therapy for  Chronic Pain” is aimed at providing information to patients as well as their providers regarding the safe use  of opioids. More information can be found at the following link: http://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/Pain/cot/OpiodTheraphyforChronicPainPatientTool20May20 13print.pdf. To further promote safety and patient centered care, the VHA issued a policy in 2014 requiring  standardized education and signature informed consent for all patients receiving LOT for non-cancer  pain. 

Question: What is the aim of the patient guide?
Answer: providing information to patients as well as their providers regarding the safe use  of opioids
Background information

Other initiatives are aimed at improving the safe use of opioids, including the OSI Toolkit and the patient  guide “Taking Opioids Responsibly for Your Safety and the Safety of Others: Patient Information Guide on  Long-term Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain”. The OSI Toolkit was developed to provide clinicians with  materials to inform clinical decision-making regarding opioid therapy and safe opioid prescribing. The  toolkit materials can be found at the following link: https://www.va.gov/PAINMANAGEMENT/Opioid_Safety_Initiative_Toolkit.asp. “Taking Opioids Responsibly  for Your Safety and the Safety of Others: Patient Information Guide on Long-term Opioid Therapy for  Chronic Pain” is aimed at providing information to patients as well as their providers regarding the safe use  of opioids. More information can be found at the following link: http://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/Pain/cot/OpiodTheraphyforChronicPainPatientTool20May20 13print.pdf. To further promote safety and patient centered care, the VHA issued a policy in 2014 requiring  standardized education and signature informed consent for all patients receiving LOT for non-cancer  pain. 

Question: Where can more information be found on the patient guide?
Answer: http://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/Pain/cot/OpiodTheraphyforChronicPainPatientTool20May20 13print.pdf
Background information

Other initiatives are aimed at improving the safe use of opioids, including the OSI Toolkit and the patient  guide “Taking Opioids Responsibly for Your Safety and the Safety of Others: Patient Information Guide on  Long-term Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain”. The OSI Toolkit was developed to provide clinicians with  materials to inform clinical decision-making regarding opioid therapy and safe opioid prescribing. The  toolkit materials can be found at the following link: https://www.va.gov/PAINMANAGEMENT/Opioid_Safety_Initiative_Toolkit.asp. “Taking Opioids Responsibly  for Your Safety and the Safety of Others: Patient Information Guide on Long-term Opioid Therapy for  Chronic Pain” is aimed at providing information to patients as well as their providers regarding the safe use  of opioids. More information can be found at the following link: http://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/Pain/cot/OpiodTheraphyforChronicPainPatientTool20May20 13print.pdf. To further promote safety and patient centered care, the VHA issued a policy in 2014 requiring  standardized education and signature informed consent for all patients receiving LOT for non-cancer  pain. 

Question: Who issued a policy requiring  standardized education and signature informed consent for all patients receiving LOT for non-cancer  pain? 
Answer: the VHA
Background information

Other initiatives are aimed at improving the safe use of opioids, including the OSI Toolkit and the patient  guide “Taking Opioids Responsibly for Your Safety and the Safety of Others: Patient Information Guide on  Long-term Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain”. The OSI Toolkit was developed to provide clinicians with  materials to inform clinical decision-making regarding opioid therapy and safe opioid prescribing. The  toolkit materials can be found at the following link: https://www.va.gov/PAINMANAGEMENT/Opioid_Safety_Initiative_Toolkit.asp. “Taking Opioids Responsibly  for Your Safety and the Safety of Others: Patient Information Guide on Long-term Opioid Therapy for  Chronic Pain” is aimed at providing information to patients as well as their providers regarding the safe use  of opioids. More information can be found at the following link: http://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/Pain/cot/OpiodTheraphyforChronicPainPatientTool20May20 13print.pdf. To further promote safety and patient centered care, the VHA issued a policy in 2014 requiring  standardized education and signature informed consent for all patients receiving LOT for non-cancer  pain. 

Question: Why did VHA issue a policy requiring  standardized education and signature informed consent for all patients receiving LOT for non-cancer  pain? 
Answer: To further promote safety and patient centered care
Background information

Other initiatives are aimed at improving the safe use of opioids, including the OSI Toolkit and the patient  guide “Taking Opioids Responsibly for Your Safety and the Safety of Others: Patient Information Guide on  Long-term Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain”. The OSI Toolkit was developed to provide clinicians with  materials to inform clinical decision-making regarding opioid therapy and safe opioid prescribing. The  toolkit materials can be found at the following link: https://www.va.gov/PAINMANAGEMENT/Opioid_Safety_Initiative_Toolkit.asp. “Taking Opioids Responsibly  for Your Safety and the Safety of Others: Patient Information Guide on Long-term Opioid Therapy for  Chronic Pain” is aimed at providing information to patients as well as their providers regarding the safe use  of opioids. More information can be found at the following link: http://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/Pain/cot/OpiodTheraphyforChronicPainPatientTool20May20 13print.pdf. To further promote safety and patient centered care, the VHA issued a policy in 2014 requiring  standardized education and signature informed consent for all patients receiving LOT for non-cancer  pain. 

Question: When did VHA issue a policy requiring  standardized education and signature informed consent for all patients receiving LOT for non-cancer  pain? 
Answer: in 2014
Background information

Other initiatives are aimed at improving the safe use of opioids, including the OSI Toolkit and the patient  guide “Taking Opioids Responsibly for Your Safety and the Safety of Others: Patient Information Guide on  Long-term Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain”. The OSI Toolkit was developed to provide clinicians with  materials to inform clinical decision-making regarding opioid therapy and safe opioid prescribing. The  toolkit materials can be found at the following link: https://www.va.gov/PAINMANAGEMENT/Opioid_Safety_Initiative_Toolkit.asp. “Taking Opioids Responsibly  for Your Safety and the Safety of Others: Patient Information Guide on Long-term Opioid Therapy for  Chronic Pain” is aimed at providing information to patients as well as their providers regarding the safe use  of opioids. More information can be found at the following link: http://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/Pain/cot/OpiodTheraphyforChronicPainPatientTool20May20 13print.pdf. To further promote safety and patient centered care, the VHA issued a policy in 2014 requiring  standardized education and signature informed consent for all patients receiving LOT for non-cancer  pain. 

Question: What are the requirements in the policy issued by the VHA to further promote safety and patient centered care?
Answer: standardized education and signature informed consent for all patients receiving LOT for non-cancer  pain
Background information

The presidential memorandum of October 2015 mandated that executive departments and agencies shall, to the extent permitted by law, provide training on the appropriate and effective prescribing of opioid medications to all employees who are health care professionals and who prescribe controlled substances as part of their federal responsibilities and duties. The DoD Opioid Prescriber Safety  Training Program, launched accordingly, includes modules on pain management and opioid prescribing safety, the recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guideline, and the identification of substance misuse and referral to specialized services. Defense Centers of  Excellence for Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury is sponsoring the training and related management support. Training is available online at http://opstp.cds.pesgce.com/hub.php.  

Question: What was mandated by the presidential memorandum of October 2015?
Answer: executive departments and agencies shall, to the extent permitted by law, provide training on the appropriate and effective prescribing of opioid medications to all employees who are health care professionals and who prescribe controlled substances as part of their federal responsibilities and duties
Background information

The presidential memorandum of October 2015 mandated that executive departments and agencies shall, to the extent permitted by law, provide training on the appropriate and effective prescribing of opioid medications to all employees who are health care professionals and who prescribe controlled substances as part of their federal responsibilities and duties. The DoD Opioid Prescriber Safety  Training Program, launched accordingly, includes modules on pain management and opioid prescribing safety, the recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guideline, and the identification of substance misuse and referral to specialized services. Defense Centers of  Excellence for Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury is sponsoring the training and related management support. Training is available online at http://opstp.cds.pesgce.com/hub.php.  

Question: Who mandated training on the appropriate and effective prescribing of opioid medications to all employees who are health care professionals?
Answer: The presidential memorandum of October 2015
Background information

The presidential memorandum of October 2015 mandated that executive departments and agencies shall, to the extent permitted by law, provide training on the appropriate and effective prescribing of opioid medications to all employees who are health care professionals and who prescribe controlled substances as part of their federal responsibilities and duties. The DoD Opioid Prescriber Safety  Training Program, launched accordingly, includes modules on pain management and opioid prescribing safety, the recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guideline, and the identification of substance misuse and referral to specialized services. Defense Centers of  Excellence for Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury is sponsoring the training and related management support. Training is available online at http://opstp.cds.pesgce.com/hub.php.  

Question: Who mandated training on the appropriate and effective prescribing of opioid medications to all employees who prescribe controlled substances as part of their federal responsibilities and duties?
Answer: The presidential memorandum of October 2015