This question has been complicated for us. The question does not have all the necessary information, but using what we have we can try to answer. The dog is domestic, known and can be monitored, so we would have to wait for the observation period to pass and prophylaxis is not recommended. At this point we will only have to worry about the possible bacteremia that may be occurring in a patient with the possibility of high risk due to asplenia. The treatment of choice in dog bite is amoxicillin/clavulanic acid but it is not available, so we can use another treatment such as clindamycin plus cephalosporin or clindamycin + moxifloxacin but it is not contemplated among the alternatives. In a first attempt we answered 4, but the correct answer is 3, because of the second part of the question; it is a high risk patient with incipient signs of sepsis so he should be sent to the hospital, here the key more than the antibiotic is in the position to take, in the second part of each answer. It could be challenged since they do not say in which community the bite occurred (if it was in Ceuta or Melilla the protocol may vary).

This question has been complicated for us. The question does not have all the necessary information, but using what we have we can try to answer. The dog is domestic, known and can be monitored, so we would have to wait for the observation period to pass and prophylaxis is not recommended. At this point we will only have to worry about the possible bacteremia that may be occurring in a patient with the possibility of high risk due to asplenia. The treatment of choice in dog bite is amoxicillin/clavulanic acid but it is not available, so we can use another treatment such as clindamycin plus cephalosporin or clindamycin + moxifloxacin but it is not contemplated among the alternatives. In a first attempt we answered 4, but [HIDDEN], because of the second part of the question; it is a high risk patient with incipient signs of sepsis so he should be sent to the hospital, here the key more than the antibiotic is in the position to take, in the second part of each answer. It could be challenged since they do not say in which community the bite occurred (if it was in Ceuta or Melilla the protocol may vary).

Luis is a 25-year-old young man who underwent splenectomy after a bicycle accident 1 year ago. He has a dog that bit him 24 hours ago and has caused a small wound on his right hand. She comes to her health center (located 3 hours from the nearest hospital) with fever of 39°C, pain in the wound and general malaise. On examination, BP 100/60 mm Hg, HR 110 beats per minute, slight swelling in the wound without pus. Which of the following actions is most indicated at this time?

Send to hospital for rabies and tetanus vaccination and keep under observation.

Clean the wound and administer intramuscular nonspecific gamma globulin.

Give 400 mg of oral moxifloxacin and send to hospital.

Give clindamycin 600 mg orally every 8 hours and observation.

[Two severe tetanus cases infected in an urban area of Kawasaki City].

We report two cases of severe tetanus infection. Case 1: A 73-year-old non-vaccinated man who fell in a local park developed a wound on the left little finger. The wound was debrided and a tetanus toxin shot given on day 4 following the injury. He developed trismus on day 6 requiring deep sedation and mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit (ICU), with human anti-tetanus immune globulin (TIG) and antibiotics administered. Despite a very severe autonomic dysfunction, he recovered and was discharged mobile after 2 months of rehabilitation. Case 2: A 37-year-old woman fully vaccinated against tetanus in her childhood had apparently had booster vaccine for at least 20 years and was being treated for hyperthyroidism with thiamazole. She sustained two lacerations on the fingers of her right hand in her backyard. She noticed difficulty in opening her mouth on day 3 following the injury and was seen on day 7, for high fever and difficulty in speaking. She was diagnosed clinically as having tetanus and underwent wound debridement, and a shot of tetanus toxin, TIG, and antibiotics. On hospital admission day 2, she developed spasms and her blood pressure dropped drastically. She died the next day due to endotoxin shock caused by other bacteria. C. tetani is widely distributed in Japan, and these cases underscore the importance of maintaining adequate tetanus antibody levels through booster administration every 10 years in immune adults and appropriate post-exposure treatment with tetanus toxin and/or prophylactic TIG administration.

Bite Wounds Caused by a Wild Boar: A Case Report.

A 74-year-old man was attacked by a wild boar while on his way home from his farm in the daytime in winter 2017 on the rural Izu peninsula. He did not provoke the boar; however, hunters were hunting animals in the mountains near the farm around the same time. The boar bit his left leg, and the man fell to the ground. The boar continued biting the man's left leg, and the man delivered a few kicks to the boar's face with his right leg. The boar then bit his right foot and ran away. The man was taken to a hospital, and a physical examination revealed 3 bite wounds on his left leg and right foot. The wounds were irrigated with sterilized saline and closed with sutures under local anesthesia. He received antibiotics and a tetanus toxoid booster. The next day, his wounds were found to be infected, and pus was drained from them. After these treatments, his wounds healed successfully. Animal bite wounds are frequently contaminated. Accordingly, in addition to early proper wound treatment, close observation of the wound is required for both the early detection of any signs of infection and early medical intervention, including appropriate drainage of pus and irrigation as necessary.

Ludwig Rehn

Ludwig Rehn's most famous surgery occurred on 7 September 1896. This surgery opened the field of cardiac surgery. Before this successful surgery, wounds of the heart were considered fatal. The patient, Willhelm Justus, was a 22-year-old gardener who had been discharged from the military because of an irregular heartbeat. On 7 September he was wounded by a knife and a passerby found him. He arrived at the State Hospital at 3:30 am. At the hospital, he was described as deathly pale with labored breathing and a barely palpable pulse. He had a non-bleeding 1.5cm wound in the left side of his heart. On 8 September the patient had developed a hemothorax, a collection of blood in the space between the chest wall and the lung. Orders thus far had been to apply ice bags to the wound and to apply a camphor, a pain relieving, topical cream. Willhelm had a fever of 100.76 °F and a respiratory rate of 68 breaths/min, a normal one is 12-20 breaths/min. On 9 September his pulse was weak and

[The hospital-borne tetanus in the reference service of the Donka National Hospital in Conakry (2001-2011)].

Become almost non-existent in the developed countries, the hospital-borne tetanus always stays of current events in our country in spite of the forensic problem which it puts. The objectives of this study were to determine prevalence of this affection, to describe its clinical picture and to determine its lethality. It is about a retrospective study of a duration of 11 years realized in the service of the infectious diseases of Conakry. Among 8649 hospitalizations from 2001 till 2012 we brought together 239 cases of tetanus (2.7%) among which 60 hospital-borne tetanus (0.7%). Men represented 73% of these cases, with a sex-ratio M/F of 2.7. The age bracket of 20-40 years was the most affected with 32 cases (53.3%). A single patient had begun his vaccinal calendar which had remained incomplete. Both national hospitals of the CHU of Conakry and private hospitals were the biggest suppliers of this hospital-borne tetanus with respectively 22 and 27 cases (36.6 and 45%). Tetanus related to IM of quinine represented 26 cases (43.3%) whereas the hernial cure was found in 16 cases (26.6%). The average duration of invasion and incubation was respectively 1.5 days and 6 days for the dead (n = 45.7%) and 2 days and 10.5 days for the survivors. Three-quarters of 60 patients died. The fight against this type of tetanus passes inevitably by an improvement of the working conditions, a strict application of the rules of asepsis and the in-service training of the medical and paramedical staff.

Traumatic hand injuries: the emergency clinician's evidence-based approach.

At the start of your Saturday afternoon shift, you are not surprised to see that several patients are waiting to be seen for physical injuries. The first patient is a 34-year-old woman who sustained injury to her hand while skiing, 2 hours prior to her arrival. She reports falling with her hand still tethered to the pole's grip, landing on her outstretched right hand. She felt a painful snap in her right thumb, which still hurts, but otherwise she did not sustain any other trauma. Her only complaint currently is pain at the base of the right thumb. The patient is otherwise completely healthy, has no past medical or surgical history, and takes no medications. Upon examination, the affected hand appears to be surprisingly normal except for mild tenderness and swelling over the ulnar aspect of her first metacarpophalangeal joint and mildly decreased strength in her pincher grasp. X-ray reveals no fracture. You wonder if there is additional testing that should be done to evaluate this injury. You move on to a second patient, a 24-year-old man who cut his ring finger knuckle when he punched a wall 2 days ago. Physical examination reveals a small puncture wound over the IV metacarpophalangeal joint with mild swelling, erythema, warmth, and decreased range of motion secondary to pain. X-ray reveals no fracture, but there's something suspicious about this case. A third patient is a 37-year-old industrial worker whose finger contacted the stream of a high-powered grease injector. Physical examination reveals a small puncture wound over the volar proximal interphalangeal joint of his left long finger, mild tenderness to palpation over the area, and slight decreased range of motion secondary to pain. You wonder if the injury is as benign as it looks.

[Did we forget tetanus?].

Currently, in our country (Republic of Serbia) tetanus is a rarely occurring disease, mainly affecting people older than 65 years of age. A small number of reported cases is mainly due to appropriate immunization. Therefore, each case of tetanus may be considered as failure of health care system to provide adequate immunization. A 71-year-old woman was injured in her garden. She sustained laceration in the left coccygeal region. The next day the wound was treated by a surgeon, but tetanus postexposure prophylaxis was not administrated. On the fifth day following the incident, the symptoms and signs of tetanus became apparent, and the patient died two days later. Postmortem examination revealed the wound that was not adequately treated, since there was a foreign body and a dressing inserted in the wound. Signs of acute (aerobic) infection were also present. Tetanus is a severe, potentially lethal disease that is absolutely preventable. Mistakes in immunization and surgical treatment of the wound can be considered as medical malpractice.

Two contrasting post-zoster dermatomal phenomena.

A 29-year-old, normotensive, nondiabetic man presented with a 9-day history of a scaly, pruritic eruption involving the right chest, axilla, and arm. He had a history of herpes zoster involving the same areas about 4 weeks ago. The present eruption started after the herpetic lesions had healed. Examination revealed scaly, erythematous plaques and papules involving the right side of the chest, axilla, and arm in a dermatomal pattern (figure 1). Removal of the scales revealed underlying bleeding points (positive Auspitz sign). The rest of the body, including scalp, palms, soles, and nails, were normal. There was no history suggestive of psoriasis in any family member. Systemic examination and routine investigations were noncontributory. A clinical diagnosis of psoriasis was made and confirmed by histopathologic examination of a skin biopsy sample. The patient was prescribed a topical clobetasol cream and oral levocetirizine. The eruption resolved completely after 3 weeks. A 43-year-old normotensive, nondiabetic woman presented with a 2-day history of fever, arthalgias, and generalized erythematous dermatitis. Five days ago, the patient had a toothache for which she was prescribed injectable ampicillin. After receiving ampicillin for 3 days, she developed fever, myalgias, and arthalgias, which was followed several hours later by an erythematous eruption. The dermatitis started on the trunk and, over a period of several hours, progressed to involve the face and limbs. The eruption was slightly pruritic. History revealed herpes zoster 7 months ago involving left thoracic dermatomes, for which the patient was treated with valacyclovir (1 g thrice a day x 7 days) and analgesics. There was no history of post-zoster neuralgia. On examination, the patient was febrile (oral temperature 102 degrees F), her heart rate was 118 beats per minute, and her blood pressure was 110/70 mm Hg. Cutaneous examination revealed an erythematous, maculopapular dermatitis involving the face and limbs in a bilaterally symmetrical pattern; the palms and soles were also bilaterally involved. The whole of the trunk was involved with erythematous and, in places, violaceous, maculopapular eruption except for a small area on the left side corresponding to T8 and T9 thoracic dermatomes (Figure 2). Complete blood cell counts revealed eosinophilia (9%) and liver function tests, kidney function tests, random blood sugar, routine urine examination, and blood and urine cultures were noncontributory. Histopathologic examination of lesional skin biopsy revealed an intense mononuclear cell infiltration with many eosinophils and an interface dermatitis with hydropic degeneration of basal keratinocytes, while in the spared area, only slight lymphocytic infiltration was present in a perivascular distribution. Based on the history and examination, a diagnosis of ampicillin-induced drug dermatitis was made. The ampicillin was stopped and the patient was put on a short course of oral prednisolone, antipyretics, and topical calamine. The patient was afebrile in 2 days and the eruption resolved completely in 8 days.

Results of treatment of patients with severe tetanus. A study o 18 cases.

From 1964 to 1980 a total of 18 patients with tetanus were treated at Tampere Central Hospital, 5 (28%) of whom died. No assurance regarding earlier immunization could be obtained in 15 cases. In 13 cases the site of infection was a small scratch on the finger, the legs or the face. The mean incubation period was 8 days. Ten patients suffered from severe tetanus and 8 from moderate tetanus. Eight patients, of whom 2 died, were treated in an ordinary ward. After the surgical intensive care unit was set up, 10 patients received treatment there. Three died. The mean duration of hospitalization was 27 days and the mean treatment period in the intensive care unit 24 days. Seven patients were asymptomatic when discharged and 6 had minor after-effects. Cardiovascular complications can be prevented by intensive care, but pulmonary embolism remains the commonest cause of death. Special attention should be paid to its prevention.

Utility of smartphone camera in patient management in urology.

To describe the utility of the smartphone camera in patient management in urology. Clinical scenarios were collected retrospectively in which photographs that were taken on smartphone and transmitted by multimedia messaging service (MMS) served an important role in making a diagnosis and/or helped in the self-monitoring of urologic issues by patients. Scenario 1 - a 39-year-old male that presented to the emergency room (ER) with scrotal pain, bruising, and swelling 1 day after bilateral vasectomy. The on call urologist requested that the ER physician send a photograph of the wound using his smartphone. After examining the photograph, the urologist concluded that the hematoma could be managed conservatively. Scenario 2 - a 40-year-old female who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor a month ago and had recurrence of gross hematuria. The surgeon asked the patient to monitor her urine color and to use her smartphone to periodically send a photograph of her urine until it turned clear. At our institution urology consults have been requested for postoperative patients owning to unfamiliarity with postoperative urology examination. By communicating with the on call urologist through MMS images of incisions or urine color, management of these patients has become more timely and efficient. Smartphone camera use can also decrease the in house time spent by on call residents, thus aiding in conforming to duty hours restrictions. Furthermore, this technology has potential for helping patients monitor their disease course, thus reducing hospital visits, anxiety, and healthcare costs.

[Comparative evaluation of risk factors in acute generalized tetanus].

The investigations included a group of 26 patients with acute generalized tetanus, cared for in the Clinic according to a unitary method. A number of 17 prognostic, clinical and laboratory criteria were analyzed from the viewpoint of the pathogenic and clinicoevolutive incidence and significance. According to the severity, lethal course of the disease the following sequence was established in order of gravity: serum sickness, kypokaliemia, hyperpyruvicemia greater than an incubation of less 6 days, invasion within less than 24 hours, hyperlactacidemia greater than age over 60 years, persistent hypertension and tachycardia, hyperazoltemia, hyperglycemia, frequent paroxysmal contractions (before sedation) greater than late admission to hospital, associated cardiopulmonary pathology, hyponatriemia insufficient dressing of the wound and rural environment. The importance of the biological indices is emphasized, both as elements of prognosis and as orientative criteria for the treatment of the case.

Case of skin injuries due to stings by crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci).

A case of skin injuries due to stings by crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci, in a 53-year-old Okinawan woman is reported. She went to a beach to gather shellfish on 8 April 2001 and fell to the ground with her left palm on a crown-of-thorns starfish that happened to be close to her. She hurried to the emergency section of our hospital. An emergency doctor sterilized the wound and administered an antibiotic, an analgesic agent and an injection of a tetanus antitoxin. He tried to remove the remaining spines from the palm with great difficulty. Because swelling and subcutaneous indurations of the left palm had persisted thereafter, oral and topical administration of corticosteroid started on 13 April. Physical examination at the dermatology section revealed approximately 10 stab wounds of the left palm with pus, subcutaneous bleeding and many abrasions around them. X-rays of the left hand showed foreign bodies, 2-10 mm in size, located on the lesions. The patient was treated with a topical injection of 2 mg triamcinolone acetonide (Kenacort-A), diluted fivefold with 1% Xylocaine, once a week. Some of the foreign body granulomatous lesions improved but pain and subcutaneous indurations persisted in most of the lesions. Because the X-ray photographs showed many remaining spines, surgical excision to remove them was performed under local anesthesia 3 months after the injury. All the symptoms improved after the operation. Scanning electron microscopic examination of the spines revealed that their tips had fragile lattice-like structures.

[Tetanus associated with medical treatments: about a case].

Tetanus prophylaxis in routine wound management is a major strategy for tetanus prevention in health care settings. Failed wound management interventions leave patient dangerously exposed to this disease. We report the case of a patient with tetanus occurred after medical treatment for head injury performed in a healthcare facility without appropriate tetanus prophylaxis. This study aims to remind clinicians of the importance of prophylaxis in previously unvaccinated wounded patients or with a doubtful immune status. A 52-year-old patient who had not previously been vaccinated against tetanus was admitted to Yalgado Ouédraogo University Hospital CHU/YO with cervical pain, dysphagia, difficulty walking and opening the mouth. The patient had a personal history of deep wound on his forehead sutured without previous anti-tetanus prophylaxis approximately three weeks before. Physical examination on admission showed loose lockjaw, abdominal spasm, dysphagia, a body temperature of 36,5 °C and a scar on his forehead measuring about 7 cm. The diagnosis of generalized tetanus (stage II) infection occurring after forehead wound was retained. Treatment outcome was favorable and the patient was dismissed on September 18, 2015. The prevention of tetanus associated with an appropriate treatment requires rigorous application of aseptic techniques, systematization of antitetanus serum therapy in the management of previously unvaccinated patients or with a doubtful immune status presenting with a deep wound.

Appropriate Prophylactic Antibiotic Use in Clean Wound Surgery Under Local Anesthesia.

Although guidelines to prevent surgical site infections (SSIs) were published more than a decade ago, prophylactic antibiotics are still used subjectively in clinical practice. In this study, we evaluated the safety of single-dose preoperative intravenous antibiotics without postoperative antibiotics in the field of clean wound surgery performed under local anesthesia. We also surveyed the present clinical conditions for prophylactic antibiotic use in the plastic surgery departments of training hospitals in Korea. A total of 360 consecutive patients who underwent clean wound surgery under local anesthesia in an outpatient clinic from March 2018 to October 2018 were reviewed. In the study group, a single surgeon administered first-generation cephalosporins intravenously within 1 hour of skin incision and did not prescribe additional antibiotics. In the control group, 2 other surgeons prescribed oral first-generation cephalosporins postoperatively for 2 to 3 days without preoperative antibiotics. A telephone survey about perioperative antibiotic regimens was conducted at the departments of plastic surgery in training hospitals. There were 128 patients in the study group and 232 patients in the control group. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups regarding SSIs and other surgical complications. A total of 41 training hospitals answered the survey and every hospital had protocols of prescribing postoperative oral antibiotics routinely at the time of discharge with a mean duration of 3.9 days. Only 11 hospitals (26.8%) prescribed parenteral antibiotics before surgery as well as postoperative oral antibiotics. Intravenous injection of single-dose first-generation cephalosporins 1 hour before surgery without postoperative antibiotics did not increase the incidence of SSIs compared with the usual practice of giving only postoperative antibiotics prescription for 2 to 3 days in cases of clean wound surgery performed under local anesthesia. Proper antibiotic prophylaxis should be performed by surgeons in training hospitals without hesitation.

[Clinical study on the application of covered vacuum sealing drainage technology to the bite of venomous snakes of Trimeresurus stejnegeri in Guangxi].

To established the diagnostic criteria for venomous snakebite of Trimeresurus stejnegeri in Guangxi by ourselves, and explore the clinical effect and mechanism of covered vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) in the treatment for venomous snakebite of Trimeresurus stejnegeri in Guangxi. According to the Chinese emergency medicine for snakebite and the Chinese snake, the diagnostic criteria for venomous snakebite of Trimeresurus stejnegeri in Guangxi were formulated: (1) the responsible venomous snake was identified as Trimeresurus stejnegeri in Guangxi; (2) the appearance and morphology of the venomous snake described by the patient basically conformed to the characteristics of Trimeresurus stejnegeri in Guangxi; (3) clinical manifestations of hematotoxin included local swelling, severe wound pain, and subcutaneous ecchymosis in some patients; having (1) or both (2) and (3) could be diagnosed. The patients with venomous snakebite of Trimeresurus stejnegeri in Guangxi admitted to Snake Injury Treatment Base in Central and Northern Guangxi/Liuzhou Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Snake Injury Treatment Center from January 2016 to January 2020 were enrolled. The patients were divided into the general treatment group and the covered VSD technology group, with 60 patients in each group. The general treatment group was treated with antivenom, anti-tetanus, closed injection around the wound, anti-inflammatory, magnesium sulfate gauze applied on the affected limb, symptomatic support treatment. The covered VSD technique was used in the covered VSD technology group based on the treatment options of the general treatment group. Treatment cycle of both groups were calculated from the next day of admission and lasted for 7 days. In the treatment cycle, blood was collected at 08:00 every day. The red blood cell count (RBC) and hemoglobin (Hb) were detected by automatic blood cell analyzer. The prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and fibrinogen (Fib) were detected by automatic blood coagulation analyzer, and the affected limb swelling degree and the appearance of subcutaneous ecchymosis were recorded. At different time points in the treatment cycle, the dynamic change trends of PT, APTT and Fib in the covered VSD technology group and the general treatment group were significantly different. Fib in both groups decreased on the 1-4 days, and gradually rose on the 5th day, and the lowest Fib value in the covered VSD technology group on the 4th day was higher than that in the general treatment group (g/L: 0.70±0.03 vs. 0.41±0.01, P < 0.05). In the treatment cycle, PT of both groups increased in the early and middle stage, but decreased in the later stage. The peak value of PT of the covered VSD technology group on the 5th day was significantly lower than that of the general treatment group (s: 25.2±0.1 vs. 35.4±0.2, P < 0.05), and the PT of the covered VSD technology group returned to the normal range on the 7th day, while the PT of the general treatment group was still abnormal. APTT in both groups increased at the beginning of the treatment cycle and gradually decreased. The peak value of APTT of the covered VSD technology group on the 3th day was lower than that in the general treatment group (s: 47.3±0.1 vs. 55.7±0.2, P < 0.05), and the rate of increase and decline was also more gradual than that in the general treatment group. There was no significant difference in RBC or Hb between the two groups. With the passage of time, the degree of affected limb swelling was relieved to different degrees in both groups, and the remission degree in the covered VSD technology group was more obvious than that in the general treatment group, and there was significant difference between the two groups (χ <sup2</sup = 86.060, P = 0.000). The occurrence rate of subcutaneous ecchymosis in the covered VSD technology group was significantly lower than that in the general treatment group (13.3% vs. 40.0%, χ <sup2</sup = 10.909, P = 0.002). The application of covered VSD technology to the venomous snakebite of Trimeresurus stejnegeri in Guangxi does not aggravate the bleeding. It is beneficial to the reduction of the swelling of the affected limb, and also promotes the recovery of coagulation function, which can better control the occurrence of adverse events caused by coagulation dysfunction.

CICATRIZATION OF WOUNDS : IX. INFLUENCE ON THE HEALING OF WOUNDS OF VARIATIONS IN THE OSMOTIC TENSION OF THE DRESSING.

In the study of the action of non-antiseptic substances on the rate of cicatrization, the chief obstacle encountered is the facility with which wounds become reinfected under an aseptic dressing. At the beginning of Experiment 1 the wound was sterile. It was subjected to flushing with distilled water for 2 hours, then to flushing with 30 per cent sodium chloride solution for another 2 hours. During that time no special precaution was taken to sterilize the wound and the dressing was left intact until the following morning. It was then found that the wound contained from 30 to 50 bacteria per field. The following day, after the wound had been subjected to the same treatment, the number of bacteria had increased to 50 and 100 per field, and as an immediate consequence the surface of the wound increased from 12 to 12.6 sq. cm. in 2 days. The wound was then dressed antiseptically and was found to be sterile 3 days later. Reinfection again took place the following day in spite of antiseptic dressing with chloramine paste 4 parts per 1,000, which was applied for 20 hours. In Experiment 2 similar results were observed. After 2 days of flushing with distilled water, the number of bacteria had increased to 50 per field. The wound was thereupon sterilized, but new reinfection ensued a few days later. Another wound on the same patient became reinfected under the same conditions after 1 day of sterile dressing. In none of the patients could the wounds be kept in a sterile condition throughout the whole experiment. It was impossible to maintain the sterility of a wound under aseptic dressing. Dakin's solution was therefore injected every 4 hours, or less often, according to the degree of infection, or chloramine paste was applied during the night. If there were 3 or 4 bacteria per field, the experiment was discontinued in order that the wound might be sterilized again. The cicatrization and bacteriological curves of Experiment 4 show that by the application of chloramine paste a wound may be maintained in an appropriately bacteriological condition for carrying out an experiment. Nevertheless, in spite of the antiseptic precautions taken, it was necessary to interrupt this experiment on two occasions, on December 13 to 15 and on December 18 to 22, in order that a complete sterilization of the wound might be effected. When the sterilization was performed as soon as the bacteria were discovered, little retardation occurred in the process of cicatrization. Moreover, the reinfection from the skin was often due to fine bacilli which have but mild retarding action on the rate of healing. The use of at least six flushings in 2 hours with Dakin's solution or of 12 hours' dressing with chloramine paste 10 parts per 1,000, was necessary to keep the wound in a condition of surgical asepsis. The action of distilled water was studied in Experiments 1, 2, and 3. In Experiment 1 the wound was subjected to flushing with distilled water first for 2 hours, then 4 hours, and later for 8 hours per day. The wound was maintained in a condition of mild infection. No marked modification, either acceleration or retardation, was noted in the rate of repair during the period that the treatment was applied. From November 21 to 25 the wound was almost clean and the observed curve remained parallel to the calculated curve, showing that distilled water did not retard the rate of healing. In Experiment 2 the wound was subjected to uninterrupted flushing with distilled water, first for 2 and 8 hours, then for 24 hours. It was continued from November 24 to 30; viz., for 112 hours out of 120, without the occurrence of any marked modification of the course of healing. The bacteriological curve showed that from November 22 to 27 inclusive the wound was kept aseptic. The slight retardation which occurred afterwards was probably brought about by the infection. In Experiment 3 the wound was subjected to flushing with distilled water, first for 2, then for 4, 6, and 8 hours, a total of 20 hours in 4 days. From November 21 to 24 the wound remained surgically aseptic. No modification in the rate of healing occurred. The action of the hypertonic sodium chloride solution was studied in a similar way. In Experiment 4 the wound was flushed at first with 40 per cent sodium chloride solution, from December 4 to 9 for 12 hours a day, and from December 10 to 13 for 24 hours a day, making a total of 144 hours out of 240 hours. At the end of this time the surface area of the wound coincided exactly with the calculated area. Owing to reinfection the experiment was suspended. From December 24 to 29 the wound was kept in contact with 50 per cent sodium chloride solution for 54 hours, and after December 30 flushing with 80 per cent solution for 24 hours a day was resorted to. The total amount of time involved in the above treatments was 174 hours with 40 per cent solution, 72 hours with 50 per cent solution, and 120 hours with 80 per cent solution. On January 1, the surface measured 11 sq. cm. and the calculated surface was 11.3 sq. cm. On January 5 the. surface observed was 10 sq. cm. and the calculated surface was 9 sq. cm. It should be noticed that on January 5 the bacteria numbered 4 per field, which might account for the difference. In Experiment 5 the wound was flushed for 24 hours every day with 50 per cent sodium chloride solution from December 11 to 18, a total of 192 hours. From December 18 to 24 the wound was dressed with agar-agar cakes containing 40 per cent sodium chloride. The concentration was raised to 50 per cent from December 24 to 27. The cicatrization curve indicates only a slight retardation of the repair which can be attributed to infection when both cicatrization and infection curves are compared. The temporary acceleration on the 13th may have been due to the influence of the dressing, but as it did not occur again an experimental error is probably the cause of the change observed in the curve. In Experiment 6 two practically identical wounds at a distance of but a few centimeters from each other were located on the right thigh of Patient 721. The areas of the wounds were respectively 40 and 33 sq. cm. One of the wounds was flushed with distilled water only. The other was subjected to the action of 40 per cent sodium chloride solution. From December 20 to 25 both wounds were in a condition of surgical asepsis. However, the cicatrization curves show that in spite of the difference of treatment the rate of healing was not modified. The rate of healing of the wounds did not therefore apparently undergo any measurable modification under the influence of distilled water or hypertonic salt solution. It is well known that the osmotic changes of the medium have a marked influence on tissues deprived of circulation. But it seems that a tissue with normal circulation is protected by it against the changes of the osmotic pressure occurring at its surface. The above experiments show that apparently the conditions of the tissues of a wound are not modified by the changes of the osmotic pressure of the dressing. The beneficial effects of hypertonic sodium chloride solution on the sterilization of wounds and on the rate of healing recently described by various surgeons are possibly an illusion due to lack of precise technique.

[Not Available].

D Dosseh Ékoué, A Doleaglenou, Y-K Fortey, A-E Ayite Objective: to see whether there was a difference in therisk of local infection for surgical wounds in a tropical settingdepending on whether a wound was dressed or left open beyond 48hours post-operatively. Over a four month period, 102 patients undergoingintra-abdominal surgery classified as clean or clean-contaminatedwere randomized into two equal groups. The "with dressing" groupunderwent a wound dressing change and re-application every two days.In the "without dressing" group, the wound wasleft open to the air after a first dressing change at 48 hours. There was no difference in post-operative temperaturecurve; post-operative wound infection rate was 2% in eachgroup. Suture removal was performed two days earlier in the "withoutdressing" group and hospital stay was decreased by twodays. The expense of repeated dressing changes was also lessened. There is no benefit to leaving a wound dressingin place longer than 48 hours after surgery; costs related to prolongedhospitalization and expenses of dressing changes are decreased bya policy of leaving incisions undressed after 48 hours.

Osimertinib: Another medication related to osteonecrosis of the jaws? A case report and literature review.

<bIntroduction:</b Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is an oral complication in cancer patients being treated with either antiresorptives, mainly denosumab and bisphosphonates, or antiangiogenic drugs. Osimertinib is a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) for the treatment of patients with EGFR T790M advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). TKI-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw has been reported in recent years, but these cases almost occur in combination with bisphosphonates, and the data on MRONJ associated to osimertinib is scarce. <bCase report:</b We reported a case of MRONJ associated only with osimertinib. A 69-year-old female patient with NSCLC developed MRONJ after 4 years of treatment with osimertinib. Six months ago, she felt persistent pain and swelling in the right maxilla. After 3 months of pain, her dentist extracted one tooth in the right maxilla under local anesthesia. We examined her gingiva and found fistula and pus spillage. A digital volume tomography scan revealed sequestrum. The patient underwent surgical debridement of the necrotic bone under general anesthesia and administered intravenous antibiotics at the hospital. Histopathological analysis of the bone biopsy revealed a diagnosis of MRONJ. <bConclusion:</b This report provides evidence that osimertinib monotherapy can cause MRNOJ, and has a contribution to explore the formation mechanism of MRONJ. For those patients who take osimertinib, routine oral examinations and monitoring should be performed before and during treatment, as well as prompt closure of wounds and antibiotic treatment to avoid infection after invasive oral surgery such as tooth extraction.

[Surveillance of the course of 6030 surgical wounds].

This report describes a 4-year prospective study of post-operative wound infections, utilizing a program of wound surveillance. Surgical wounds after 6030 operations of a general surgery service were surveyed by the authors and a specialist nurse, daily, and in the follow-up clinic for 30 days. The rates of infections showed a decline over the years of surveillance. On the first year there was a 6.37 per cent incidence of infections, and the fourth year, of 4.7 per cent. This represented an improvement in hospitalization days and expenses.

[Remarks on injuries which were the source of tetanus and were based on observations from the Clinic of Infectious Diseases in Cracow].

From 1992 to 1996, 95 patients with tetanus were treated in the Chair and Department of Infectious Diseases in Cracow. Most of them came from rural area, and at old age (median 68 years). Small, trivial skin injuries were the most often identified portal of entry. Only few patients applied to doctor after injury for prophylaxis against tetanus. The authors emphasise that small skin injuries, which may be portal of entry for tetanus, should not be left abandoned.

The gift that keeps on giving.

Case 1: A 39-year-old man with chronic lower extremity lymphedema was admitted to the hospital with acute fever, chills, and left lower extremity pain, swelling, and erythema for the third time in as many months. Examination revealed a temperature of 39 degrees C (102.2 degrees F), and erythmatous induration on the left leg (Figure). The patient was treated with IV clindamycin and cefazolin, with clinical improvement. He was discharged with azithromycin, 500 mg daily for 3 days, done twice monthly. Case 2: A 52-year-old morbidly obese man with stasis dermatitis presented with acute lower extremity pain, swelling, and associated fever. He had been taking prophylactic antibiotics for his recurrent cellulitis for more than a decade and had significantly decreased his number of reoccurrences while on this therapy. He was admitted to the hospital, treated with IV cefazolin, and had a rapid improvement over 48 hours. He was subsequently discharged with continued suppressive antibiotic therapy.

[A study about the epidemiological characteristics of rabies of the cases of medical treatment from a certain hospital in Beijing from 2011 to 2020].

From 2011 to 2020, there were 111 213 cases of rabies exposed people recruited from the rabies immunization clinic of a hospital in Beijing. The monthly distribution of patients in each year was not statistically significant (<iP</i>0.05). The distribution of patients showed remarkable seasonality, with the exposure peak from May to October. The ratio of male to female was 1∶1.3. The majority of patients were aged 20-29 years old (39.1%) and in-service personnel (56.5%). Level-Ⅱ wounds (84.2%) were more common than level-Ⅲ wounds (14.9%). The number of visits to level-Ⅲwounds increased rapidly since 2017. The most common injured body part was hand (60.7%). Dogs were the most common animal for injuries (60.6%), followed by cats (32.3%), of which most were host animals (75.5%). The vaccination rate from 2016 to 2020 [49.8% (24 276/48 703)] was significantly higher than that from 2011 to 2015[18.6% (6 559/35 272)](<iχ²=</i8597.18, <iP</i<0.001).

Gabapentin

The oral bioavailability of gabapentin is approximately 80% at 100 mg administered three times daily once every 8 hours, but decreases to 60% at 300 mg, 47% at 400 mg, 34% at 800 mg, 33% at 1,200 mg, and 27% at 1,600 mg, all with the same dosing schedule. Drugs that increase the transit time of gabapentin in the small intestine can increase its oral bioavailability; when gabapentin was co-administered with oral morphine, the oral bioavailability of a 600 mg dose of gabapentin increased by 50%. Gabapentin at a low dose of 100 mg has a Tmax (time to peak levels) of approximately 1.7 hours, while the Tmax increases to 3 to 4 hours at higher doses. Food does not significantly affect the Tmax of gabapentin and increases the Cmax and area-under-curve levels of gabapentin by approximately 10%.

Surgery_Schwartz

among woolsorters in England in the late 1800s. The largest recent epidemic of inhalational anthrax occurred in 1979 in Sverdlovsk, Russia, after accidental release of anthrax spores from a military facility. Inhalational anthrax develops after a 1to 6-day incubation period, with nonspe-cific symptoms, including malaise, myalgia, and fever. Over a short period of time these symptoms worsen, with development of respiratory distress, chest pain, and diaphoresis. Character-istic chest roentgenographic findings include a widened medi-astinum and pleural effusions. Rapid antigen tests are under development for identification of this gram-positive rod, so a key element of establishing the diagnosis is eliciting an expo-sure history. Postexposure prophylaxis consists of administra-tion of either ciprofloxacin or doxycycline.100 If an isolate is demonstrated to be penicillin-sensitive, the patient should be switched to amoxicillin. Inhalational exposure followed by the development of symptoms

[Human hand bite causing soft tissue infection and finger amputation: a case report].

A 50-year-old female patient presented to our institution with a human bite wound on her left hand. Her complaints started 15 days ago after her husband bit her hand. Oral antibiotics and local wound treatment had been given by another medical center to which she first presented. The treatment was changed to intramuscular antibiotics after her complaints worsened. The patient was neither hospitalized nor immobilized. She then presented to our clinic with deep wound infection. After hospitalization, intravenous (IV) antibiotics were given and open debridement was performed. F b hemolytic streptococci were isolated in cultures and IV antibiotic therapy was revised. The wound care and circulation of the second digit worsened despite the new therapy. As a result, ray-amputation through the second proximal metacarpal was performed. After amputation, the wound responded well to antibiotics and infection was resolved at the wound site. After one-year follow-up, she had minimal functional disability and all hand joints had full range of motion. In conclusion, hospitalization, IV antibiotic therapy and effective debridement should be performed in elderly patients who are at risk to achieve a favorable outcome.

[Tetanus in the Murcia region: the clinico-epidemiological characteristics of 150 cases].

150 tetanus cases registered on the region of Murcia have been retrospectively analyzed, they have been collected from the patients admitted at a Intensive Care Unit during a period of 18 years; the clinical together with the epidemiological features, as well as their variations, have been studied through out the years. The impact of a vaccination program in adults which was performed in our region during 1981 has been also evaluated in relationship with the incidence of disease and the economical cost of it. Incidence remained homogeneous until 1982, from that date on a sudden decrease on the number of cases was observed, related with the vaccination program [Period previous to the vaccination program: mean 10 cases/year, versus 5 cases/year since it was started (p < 0.001)]. Regarding the epidemiological characteristics, it is remarkable the shift of the disease toward a more advanced age of onset together with a predominance on females beginning in 1978, but without reaching statically significance. More frequent route of infection is nowadays the intramuscular suppurative injection. Besides this fact the severity of the cases have been increasing (from 59% to 71%, p < 0.005), which has determined that the global mortality of the disease remains almost the same (38%). Mortality has no relationship with age, but is related with being a female (p < 0.05), with intramuscular injection as route of infection (p < 0.025), with the clinical stage (p < 0.001) and with a short incubation period (p < 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Leg ulcers and hydroxyurea: report of three cases with essential thrombocythemia.

CASE 1: A 65-year-old woman with essential thrombocythemia (ET) had been taking oral hydroxyurea (HU), 1,000 mg daily, for 7 years. Six months ago, she developed an ulcer on the outer part of her left ankle, which healed spontaneously within 2 months. She presented with a new, tender, shallow ulcer, 2 cm x 2 cm in size, at the same site. Doppler examination revealed thrombosis of the left common femoral vein and a calcified atheroma plaque of the left common femoral artery. The dosage of HU was decreased to 500 mg daily when the platelet counts were found to be within normal levels. The ulcer completely healed within 2 months with occlusive wound dressings, and has not recurred within the follow-up period of 1 year. CASE 2: A 56-year-old women presented with multiple, painful, leg ulcers of 1 year duration. She had been diagnosed as having ET and had been on HU therapy, 1,500 mg/day, for the past 5 years. Interferon-alpha-2b was started 3 months ago, in addition to HU, which was tapered to 1,000 mg daily. She had suffered from hypertension for 20 years treated with nifedipine and enalapril, and had recently been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus which was controlled by diet. Examination revealed three ulcers located on the lateral aspects of both ankles and right distal toe. Arterial and venous Doppler examinations were within normal limits. Histopathology of the ulcer revealed nonspecific changes with a mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate around dermal vessels. The ulcers completely healed within 10 weeks with topical hydrocolloid dressings. After healing, she was lost to follow-up. A year later, it was learned that she had developed a new ulcer at her right heel, 3 months after her last visit (by phone call). This ulcer persisted for 8 months until HU was withdrawn. CASE 3: A 64-year-old woman with ET presented with a painful leg ulcer of 6 months' duration. She had been taking oral HU for 5 years. She had a 20-year history of hypertension treated with lisinopril. Examination revealed a punched-out ulcer of 2 cm x 2 cm over the right lateral malleolus. Doppler examination of the veins revealed insufficiency of the right greater saphenous and femoral veins. Angiography showed multiple stenoses of the right popliteal and femoral arteries. As her platelet count remained high, HU was continued. During the follow-up period of 13 months, the ulcer showed only partial improvement with local wound care.

[Tetanus in Poland in 2010].

Epidemiological assessment of the incidence of tetanus in Poland in 2010 was based on the analysis of aggregate data provided by the State Sanitary Inspection and published an annual newsletter: Infectious diseases and intoxications in Poland in 2010, compiled by MP Czarkowski, E Cielebak, B Kondej, E Staszewska, Warsaw in 2011 and based on an annual newsletter: Vaccinations in Poland in 2010, compiled by MP Czarkowski, E Cielebak, B Kondej, E Staszewska, Warsaw 2011. A more accurate characterization of disease was based on the individual reports sent to the Department of Epidemiology, NIPH-NIH. In the last decade the incidence of tetanus has remained below 0.08/100 000 inhabitants. The average annual incidence was lower than in the previous decade, but within the last ten years to the annual variation is difficult to assign a distinct incidence tendency. Rather, they correspond to random fluctuations. In 2010, 16 cases were reported, including which occurred in 2009. All cases was reported as probable--diagnosis based on clinical signs and information about injuries. Overall incidence was 0.042/100 000, which was small and not significanty different from incidence in 2009 (0.05/100 000). All cases in 2010, were over 59 years of age, which is a strong expression of the trend observed for years that the disease is present in older age groups where the level of vaccination against tetanus is particularly low. Among people infected, there were three men and 13 women. Four cases ended with deaths. Three of these were women, among whom mortality was 23.1%, and one death occurred in a man, mortality 33.3%. Three deaths occurred among the 6 cases in people over 79 years of age, mortality 50%. The incubation period of the disease in 3 cases was less than 7 days, in 4 cases 8-14 days, in 4 cases 15-21 days, in 2 cases 22 days and more. Portals of entry of infection in 7 cases accounted for abrasion or laceration, in 6 cases the puncture wound in one it was bitten wound, and in 2 cases, the gates of infection remained unknown. In 3 cases involved people getting vaccinated, and 13 were not given information about the vaccination. No case has not occurred in a person with a documented vaccination. High degree of vaccination of children and adolescents against tetanus makes the tetanus, in these age groups almost completely eliminated, and the few cases occured in people in older age groups. But this is not a disease that can be eliminated from the environment and the risk of non-vaccinated people will always be in the case of injury with rupture of skin and contamination of the wound. Therefore it is important to maintain the current level of children and adolescents vaccinated against tetanus and pay attention to vaccination after injuries and adequate supply of injuries. This is particularly true of the elderly population.

The Bolognese surgeon Giuseppe Ruggi: how and why the aseptic surgery was introduced in Bologna in the middle half of the XIX century.

The first reliable statistic data about perioperatory mortality were published in 1841 by the French Joseph-Francois Malgaigne (1806-1863): he referred to a mean mortality of 60% for amputations and this bad result was to be attributed mainly to hospital acquired diseases. The idea of "hospital acquired disease" although vague, included five infective nosologic entities, which at that time were diagnosed more frequently: erysipelas, tetan, pyemia, septicemia, and gangrene. Nonetheless, the suppuration with pus production was considered from most of the surgeons and doctors of that time as a necessary and unavoidable step in the process of wound healing. During the end of the eighteenth century, hospitals of the main European cities were transforming into aggregations of several wards, where the high concentration of patients created poor sanitary conditions and a consistent increase of perioperatory mortality. In 1865, Lister applied his first antiseptic dressing on the surface of an exposed fracture. These experimental attempts lead to an effective reduction of wound infections respect to the dressing with strings used previously. Lister's innovations in the field of wound treatment were based on two brand new concepts: germs causing rot were ubiquitarious and the wound infection was not a normal step in the process of wound healing. The concept of antisepsis was hardly accepted in the European surgical world: "Of all countries, Italy is the most indifferent and uninterested in experimenting this method, which has been so favorably judged from the greatest surgical societies in Germany". This quotation from the young surgeon Giuseppe Ruggi (1844-1925) from Bologna comes from his article where he presented his first experiences on aseptic medications started the previous year in the Surgical Department of Maggiore Hospital in Bologna. In his report, Ruggi described the adopted technique and suggested that the medication should be extended to all the surgical patients of the hospital:"… this is needed to totally remove from the hospital all those elements of infection which grow in the wounds dressed with the old method". The experimentation of this new dressing for the few treated cases was rigorous and concerned both the sterilization of surgical tools with the fenic acid (5%) and the shaving of the skin. Ruggi also observed that there was no correlation between the seriousness of the wound and its extension or way of healing: when "simple" cases that "should heal without complication" showed fever he often realized that "it was often due to a medication performed without following the rules for an accurate disinfection and dressing". Ruggi thought that the fever was connected to "reabsorption of pyrogenic substances, which can be removed cleaning and disinfecting the wound" in cases of wounds not accurately dressed and rarely medicated. Frequent postoperative medications of the wound were able to eliminate the fever within 2 h. Ruggi's attitude toward the fine reasoning lead him to introduce the concept of immunodeficiency related to physical deterioration: "… patients treated for surgical disease may sometimes suffer from complications of medical conditions, which initially escape the most accurate investigations… The surgical operation could, in some cases, hold the balance of power". The obtained results, published in 1879, appear extremely interesting. As he wrote in 1898, for the presentation of his case record of more than 1000 laparotomies, he had started "… operating as a young surgeon without any tutor, helped only by his mind and what he could deduce from publications existing at the moment …".

[An unvaccinated man with a painful arm and jaw].

Clostridium tetani is a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium that produces toxins and grows under anaerobic conditions. Infections with this bacterium can lead to local or generalised forms of tetanus. An 83-year-old man presented to the acute cardiac care unit with a painful left arm and jaw. Because the patient had a hypertonic left arm and was unable to open his mouth fully, the neurologist was consulted. The patient had been to the emergency department 9 days earlier for an infected wound after falling in the garden. He had not been actively or passively immunised against tetanus at that time. On inquiry, it appeared that the patient had also not been vaccinated as a child. We made a clinical diagnosis of tetanus. The patient was admitted and treated with tetanus immunoglobulin, metronidazole, diazepam and painkillers. He was also administered tetanus toxoid and the wound was cleaned. After 1 month and 7 months, the patient was again administered tetanus toxoid. Patients with a wound that may have come into contact with road grime, dirt or manure, should always be asked for their vaccination status, especially people from high-risk groups, such as the elderly.

Postcesarean analgesia: the efficacy of bupivacaine wound instillation with and without supplemental diclofenac.

To assess the analgesic efficacy of diclofenac when administered as an adjuvant to bupivacaine wound instillation. Prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Large referral hospital. 90 women recovering from cesarean delivery performed via a Pfannenstiel incision. A standard intrathecal anesthetic was administered. On completion of surgery, a multiorifice 20-gauge epidural catheter was placed within the surgical wound. Postoperatively, the catheter was attached to a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) device programmed to deliver 9 mL with a 60-minute lockout time and no basal infusion. In group bupivacaine-diclofenac, the PCA device delivered 0.25% bupivacaine, and 20 minutes before the end of surgery, patients received intravenous diclofenac (75 mg/100 mL saline). Thereafter, oral diclofenac (50 mg) was administered every 8 hours. In group bupivacaine-placebo, 0.25% bupivacaine and an equal volume of intravenous saline or oral placebo were administered 20 minutes before the end of surgery and every 8 hours thereafter. In group placebo-diclofenac, wound instillation was with sterile water, and 20 minutes before the end of surgery, patients received intravenous diclofenac (75 mg/100 mL saline) and thereafter oral diclofenac (50 mg) at 8-hour intervals. During the first 6 postoperative hours, a coinvestigator administered "rescue" morphine (2 mg, intravenously). Thereafter, subcutaneous morphine (0.05 mg/kg) was administered on patient request for additional analgesia. The number of attempts to activate the PCA device was significantly higher in group bupivacaine-placebo (39 +/- 32) when compared with group bupivacaine-diclofenac (24 +/- 28). During the first 6 postoperative hours, the number of patients requiring rescue morphine and the total rescue morphine administered were significantly different between the groups. During the subsequent 18 hours, subcutaneous morphine administration was significantly higher in group bupivacaine-placebo. Postoperative pain scores were significantly higher in group bupivacaine-placebo when compared with those recorded in groups placebo-diclofenac and bupivacaine-diclofenac. Finally, patient satisfaction was significantly lower in group bupivacaine-placebo. In the context of this study, the bupivacaine wound instillation with adjuvant diclofenac administration is associated with similar postoperative analgesia to that induced by diclofenac alone.

Tetanus in a 67-year-old man.

A fatal case of generalized tetanus in a 67-year-old man is presented. The incubation period following finger damage was short, and the diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Clostridium tetani. Subsequently, a partial surgical amputation of the infected finger during the clinically active stage of the disease did not remove all the infecting organisms. Although convincing evidence of any previous active immunization was lacking, no form of tetanus antitoxin was given at the time of injury. This case illustrates the potential dangers of unfamiliarity with tetanus owing to its low incidence in developed countries.

Cervicofacial necrotising fasciitis by clindamycin-resistant and methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) in a young healthy man.

An otherwise healthy 24-year-old man presented with 1 week of fever, facial pain and swelling. He initially sought care at an outside hospital, where he was diagnosed with folliculitis and sent home with oral antibiotics. On arrival at our institution, CT neck was ordered, which demonstrated diffuse submental phlegmon, prompting incision and drainage. After initial improvement, the patient experienced high fevers and increased swelling just 12 hours later. The decision was made to take the patient for operative exploration, and wide debridement was performed due to suspicion for necrotising fasciitis intraoperatively that was ultimately confirmed on final pathology. Final speciation of intraoperative culture demonstrated a clindamycin-resistant and methicillin-resistant strain of <iStaphylococcus aureus</i The patient was managed with intravenous antibiotics, additional debridement and careful wound care. Delayed partial closure of wound was eventually performed once patient showed marked and persistent clinical improvement. The patient was discharged on hospital day 12 with close follow-up.