Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Every year, about six million people die from tobacco use. Respiratory epithelium is the first line of defense against exogenous invasion, in particular, harmful inhaled particles, pathogens and allergens. However, the epithelium of the respiratory tract is also a regulator of immunological and inflammatory reactions through secretion of inflammation and immune cell recruitment mediators. An important component of the pulmonary immune system is the surfactant, and, in particular, its proteins SP-A and SP-D, synthesized mainly by type II pneumocytes. Aim . To assess the levels of surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D in the blood of smoking patients without bronchopulmonary diseases. Materials and мethods . The study included 59 patients admitted to the department of internal medicine with hypertension. The general group was divided into subgroups: non-smoking patients ( n = 31) and healthy smokers ( n = 28). All patients underwent clinical, functional, diagnostic and laboratory tests. The content of surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D in the blood was determined by enzyme immunoassay. Results. The subgroups did not differ in sex, age, height, body weight, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and the distribution of comorbidities. The subgroups differed in the platelet level; in other main parameters of complete blood count and blood biochemistry no differences were revealed. It was found that the blood levels of surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D in the subgroup of healthy smokers were significantly higher in comparison with the subgroup of non-smoking patients. The correlation analysis revealed a direct relationship between surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D and smoking ( R = 0.360, p = 0.006, R = 0.274, p = 0.037), a negative correlation between SP-D protein and age ( R = –0.315, p = 0.016), and a direct relationship between SP-A protein and diastolic blood pressure ( R = 0.271, p = 0.039). In the non-smoking subgroup, a negative correlation between SP-D and age ( R = –0.438, p = 0.016) and between SP-D and systolic blood pressure ( R = –0.433, p = 0.017) was identified. Conclusion. The direct relationship between higher levels of the surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D and smoking in the group of healthy smokers is justified (inflammatory changes, structural abnormalities in the lung parenchyma under the influence of cigarette smoke). The SP-D protein is more significant in comparison with the SP-A protein in vascular wall remodeling, lung tissue matrix, oxidative lung tissue damage, and apoptosis, which explains its negative correlation with age and systolic blood pressure.
Apoptosis or programmed cell death is important for multicellular organisms to keep cell homeostasis and for the clearance of mutated or infected cells. Apoptosis can be induced by intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli.

To analyse procaspase-8 and -10 cleavage, cells are stimulated with a death ligand for different time intervals, lysed and subjected to Western blot analysis using anti-caspase-8 and anti-caspase-10 antibodies.

This allows monitoring the caspase cleavage products and thereby induction of apoptosis.
The most effective learning occurs during sensitive periods. Olfactory plasticity to main social olfactory cues is limited to a critical period to a large degree. The objective was to evaluate the influence of early olfactory experience on the behavioral and neuronal responses of males to con- and heterospecific odors of receptive females in two species, M. musculus (subspecies musculus, wagneri) and M. spicilegus, and thus to determine the potential role of epigenetic contribution in the formation of precopulatory isolation.Males were reciprocally cross-fostered shortly after the birth and were tested for response to con- and heterospecific urine odors of estrus females using two-choice tests at 70-85 days of age. Neuronal activity of non- and cross-fostered males was evaluated at 90-110 days of age in the MOB and AOB to con- and heterospecific female odor using fMRI (MEMRI). Non-cross-fostered males of three taxa demonstrated a strong preference for odor of conspecific females compared to odor of heterospecific ones. Spicilegus-nursed musculus preferred odor of heterospecific females. Wagneri-nursed spicilegus and spicilegus-nursed wagneri did not demonstrate significant choice of con - or heterospecific female odor. The level of MRI signal obtained from the evaluation of manganese accumulation in AOB neurons was significantly higher when the odor of conspecific estrus females was exposed, compared to urine exposure of heterospecific females. The response pattern changed to the opposite in males raised by heterospecific females. Response patterns of neuronal activity in the MOB to con- and heterospecific female odors were different in cross-fostered and control males.The maternal environment, including odor, had a greater effect on the level of MRI signal in the AOB than the genetic relationships of the recipient and the donor of the odor stimulus. Behavioral and neuronal responses to con- and heterospecific odors changed in closely related Mus taxa as a result of early experience. We demonstrated the importance of early learning in mate choice in adulthood in mice and the possibility of epigenetic contribution in the formation of precopulatory reproductive isolation.
We analyze the applicability of the smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) to the solution of boundary value problems involving large deformation of solids. The main focus is set on such issues as the reduction of artificial edge effects by implementing corrected kernels and their gradients, accurate and efficient computation of the deformation gradient tensor, evaluation of the internal forces from the given stress field.

For demonstration purposes, a hyperelastic body of neo-Hookean type and a visco-elastic body of Maxwell type are considered; the formulation of the Maxwell material is based on the approach of Simo and Miehe (1992). For the implementation of constitutive relations efficient and robust numerical schemes are used. A solution for a series of test problems is presented. The performance of the implemented algorithms is assessed by checking the preservation of the total energy of the system.

As a result, a functional combination of SPH-techniques is identified, which is suitable for problems involving large strains, rotations and displacements coupled to inelastic material behaviour. The accuracy of the SPH-computations is assessed using nonlinear FEM as a benchmark.
analytical two-soliton solutions of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation

numerical simulations of breather interactions in the nonintegrable Zakharov equation for envelope describing gravity waves on the surface of deep water

The relative phase of the breathers is shown to be the key parameter determining the dynamics of the interaction. The maximum of the amplitude amplification can significantly exceed the sum of the breather amplitudes. The breathers lose up to a few percent of their energy during the collisions due to radiation of incoherent waves and in addition exchange energy with each other. The level of the energy loss increases with large values of the wave steepness, and also with certain synchronisation of breather phases. Each of the breathers can gain or lose the energy after collision resulting in the increase or decrease of the amplitude. The magnitude of the space shifts that breathers acquire after collisions depends on the relative phase and can be either positive or negative.
The antimicrobial bioactivity of silver nanoparticles is well known, and they can be used widely in many applications, becoming especially important in the biomedical industry. On the other hand, the electrospun nanofibers possess properties that can enhance silver nanoparticle applicability. However, silver nanoparticle bioactivity differs depending on the loading of silver ions into electrospun nanofibers. This review is aimed at comparing different silver incorporation methods into electrospun nanofibers and their antimicrobial activity, discussing each procedure’s limitations, and presenting the most promising one. This review showed that the preferred techniques for incorporating silver nanoparticles were direct blending and ultraviolet irradiation methods due to their simplicity and efficient results. Besides, polyacrylonitrile nanofibers (PAN) have been the most reported system loaded with silver nanoparticles. Finally, independently of the technique used, silver nanoparticle-loaded nanofibers show high antimicrobial activity in all cases.
The standard treatment of acute leukemias (AL) is becoming more efficacious and more selective toward the mechanisms via which to suppress hematologic cancers. This tendency in hematology imposes additional requirements on the identification of molecular-genetic features of tumor clones. MicroRNA (miRNA, miR) expression levels correlate with cytogenetic and molecular subtypes of acute leukemias recognized by classification systems.

A total of 114 cytological samples obtained by sternal puncture and aspiration biopsy of bone marrow (22 ALLs, 44 AMLs, and 48 NTPs) were analyzed by real-time PCR regarding preselected 25 miRNAs. For the classification of the samples, logistic regression was used with balancing of comparison group weights.

Our results indicated potential feasibility of (i) differentiating ALL+AML from a nontumor hematopoietic pathology with 93% sensitivity and 92% specificity using miR-150:miR-21, miR-20a:miR-221, and miR-24:nf3; (ii) diagnosing ALL with 81% sensitivity and 81% specificity using miR-181b:miR-100, miR-223:miR-124, and miR-24:nf3; and (iii) diagnosing AML with 81% sensitivity and 84% specificity using miR-150:miR-221, miR-100:miR-24, and miR-181a:miR-191. The results presented herein allow the miRNA expression profile to be used for differentiation between AL and NTP, no matter what AL subtype.
A method is implemented to perform “fast” adiabatic variation of the spin Hamiltonian by imposing the constant adiabaticity condition. The method is applied to improve the performance of singlet-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments, specifically, for efficient generation and readout of the singlet spin order in coupled spin pairs by applying adiabatically ramped RF-fields. Test experiments have been performed on a specially designed molecule having two strongly coupled 13C spins and on selectively isotopically labelled glycerol having two pairs of coupled protons. Optimized RF-ramps show improved performance in comparison, for example, to linear ramps. We expect that the methods described here are useful not only for singlet-state NMR experiments but also for other experiments in magnetic resonance, which utilize adiabatic variation of the spin Hamiltonian.
The concept of the so-called computer capacity was proposed in 2012 and applied for analysis of processors of different kinds. Here, we analyze the evolution of processors using the computer capacity as the main tool of analysis. It is shown that during the transition “from old to new” the manufacturers change the parameters that affect the computer capacity. It allows us to predict the values of parameters of following processors. Intel processors are used as the main example due to their high popularity and the accessibility of detailed description of all the technical characteristics.
Coherent bremsstrahlung is a specified type of radiation at colliders with short bunches.

In the present paper I calculate the main characteristics of CBS of the LHC collider and for the RHIC collider.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among the global youth and commonly results in long-lasting sequelae, including paralysis, epilepsy, and a host of mental disorders such as major depressive disorder. Previous studies were mainly focused on severe TBI as it occurs in adults.

This study explored the long-term adverse effect of mild TBI in juvenile animals (mTBI-J). Male Sprague Dawley rats received mTBI-J or sham treatment at six weeks old, then underwent behavioral, biochemical, and histological experiments three weeks later (at nine weeks old). TTC staining, H&E staining, and brain edema measurement were applied to evaluate the mTBI-J induced cerebral damage. The forced swimming test (FST) and sucrose preference test (SPT) were applied for measuring depression-like behavior. The locomotor activity test (LAT) was performed to examine mTBI-J treatment effects on motor function. After the behavioral experiments, the dorsal hippocampus (dHip) and ventral hippocampus (vHip) were dissected out for western blotting to examine the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB). Finally, a TrkB agonist 7,8-DHF was injected intraperitoneally to evaluate its therapeutic effect on the mTBI-J induced behavioral abnormalities at the early adult age.

Results showed that a mild brain edema occurred, but no significant neural damage was found in the mTBI-J treated animals. In addition, a significant increase of depression-like behaviors was observed in the mTBI-J treated animals; the FST revealed an increase in immobility, and a decrease in sucrose consumption was found in the mTBI-J treated animals. There were no differences observed in the total distance traveled of the LAT and the fall latency of the rotarod test. The hippocampal BDNF expression, but not the TrkB, were significantly reduced in mTBI-J, and the mTBI-J treatment-induced depression-like behavior was lessened after four weeks of 7,8-DHF administration. Collectively, these results indicate that even a mild juvenile TBI treatment that did not produce motor deficits or significant histological damage could have a long-term adverse effect that could be sustained to adulthood, which raises the depression-like behavior in the adult age. In addition, chronic administration of 7,8-DHF lessens the mTBI-J treatment-induced depression-like behaviors in adult rats. We suggest the potential usage of 7,8-DHF as a therapeutic agent for preventing the long-term adverse effect of mTBI-J.
This article presents a comparative analysis of flow characteristics behind a hydraulic turbine runner in air and water. Swirling flow with a precessing vortex core (PVC) was investigated using a laser Doppler anemometer and pressure pulsation sensors. The experiments were conducted on aerodynamic and hydrodynamic test rigs over a wide range of hydraulic turbine operating conditions. Part-load modes of hydraulic turbine operation were investigated using the Fourier transform of pressure pulsations obtained from acoustic sensors. The features of the swirling flow were shown for the range of operating conditions from deep partl-load to overload.
We examine moderate CO 2 laser heating as a method of forming negative effective radius variations in conventional optical fiber. Fiber samples were subjected to focused CO 2 laser radiation in the form of 100 ms pulses with power 0.36 to 1.3 W and thermalization time up to 2.2 s. Fiber temperatures reached 200 to 300 degrees Celsius in each pulse. The temper atures are significantly smaller than the glass transformation temperature, which is nearly 1500 °C. We show that short CO 2 laser pulses may introduce negative variations up to 5 nm. The magnitude of the introduced variation increases roughly linearly for up to 6 pulses, and then fiber saturation is achieved. We reveal that it is possible to produce optical whispering gallery modes resonators in low-temperature heating mode and create a triangular-shape microresonator solely with the negative variations. The negative variations may also occur in peripheral areas of high-temperature heated fiber while introducing positive effective radius variations. To eliminate it, we propose low-temperature fiber annealing before high-temperature variations introducing. The negative variations may also be implemented to develop a new independent approach of shaping optical whispering gallery modes microresonators.
the professionalization of the sciences in the nineteenth century

tracing general societal trends and developments within both disciplines, divided into five periods

offer practitioners of both disciplines an insight into the others' intellectual framework, and thereby foster better understanding and opportunities for future cooperation
This process serves as a standard model reference in a search for narrow resonances decaying to Y(1S)μ+μ− in the same final state. Such a resonance could indicate the existence of a tetraquark that is a bound state of two b quarks and two b¯ antiquarks.

The measurement is performed in the final state with four muons using proton-proton collision data collected in 2016 by the CMS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9fb−1. The tetraquark search is performed for masses in the vicinity of four times the bottom quark mass, between 17.5 and 19.5 GeV, while a generic search for other resonances is performed for masses between 16.5 and 27 GeV.

No significant excess of events compatible with a narrow resonance is observed in the data. Limits on the production cross section times branching fraction to four muons via an intermediate Y(1S) resonance are set as a function of the resonance mass.
Experimental and numerical investigation of the interaction of supersonic jets is performed. The localization of jets is restricted by the walls of the semi-open channel. The jets intersect at a single point. The values of pressures on the surface of the channel as well as the total pressure at the exit of the channel were obtained. The shadow photography is applied for registering the flow structure. The strong influence of the prechamber pressure as well as the ratio of area of the inlet holes to the area of the channel output section on the formation of the flow structure is shown.
The first 4d/4f polyphosphides were obtained from reactions of the divalent metallocenes [Cp*2Ln(thf)2] (Ln = Sm, Yb) with [{CpMo(CO)2}2(μ,η2:2-P2)] or [Cp*Mo(CO)2(η3-P3)]. New aggregation of the central phosphorus scaffold in combination with P–P bond formation within the coordination sphere of the transition metal was observed.
The paper describes a frequency synthesizer for expanding applications and improving the accuracy of a laser device for measuring ultra-small displacements. Such devices are used to measure Earth’s crust deformations. The specified device allows measuring the increment of lengths based on 25 m in two mutually orthogonal directions. Year-round use of such device in an observatory tunnel inside a mountain, such as, for example, in the Talaya Observatory near Lake Baikal, allows for detailed recording of Earth’s crust deformations by studying the long-term and relatively short-term components of these vibrations. The main use of these results consists in registering a nonstandard change in the deformations, which can serve as a precursor of earthquakes, which causes the highest relevance of these studies. The device contains two lasers tied to each other in frequency with a frequency difference defined from the outside. The binding is carried out by a phase locked loop system, and a reference sample oscillator forms the external frequency. For some applications, the highest accuracy of the frequency tuning of the reference oscillator is required, which is achieved only by using a frequency synthesizer specially designed for this purpose. The paper describes the main circuit solutions for this synthesizer and the results of its use as part of the specified high-precision laser gauge of displacements and deformations of Earth’s crust.
РЕКОНСТРУКЦИЯ МИРОСИСТЕМНОГО ПОДХОДА В КОНТЕКСТЕ ИНТЕГРАЦИОННЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ЕВРАЗИИ* А. А. Обухов, Н. В. Головко (Новосибирск, Россия) Проблема и цель.Миросистемный подход И. Валлерстайна является одной из наиболее известных макросоциологических парадигм, описывающих явления и структуры исторической динамики.Цель статьина основании анализа геополитической и геоэкономической межгосударственной интеграции на территории современной Евразии обобщить результаты И. Валлерстайна, в первую очередь,понятие «ядра» мир-системы в контексте формирующейся в последние несколько лет «дуоцентрической» модели геополитики, особую роль в которой играют США и Китай.Методология.Методологическую основу исследования представляет собой концепция «мир-системы» И. Валлерстайна.Мы рассматриваем концепцию «мир-системы» как исследовательскую программу по И. Лакатосу и анализируем ее положительные эвристики, выдвигая вспомогательные гипотезы, которые предлагают «более сложную "модель" реальности», с целью показать прогрессивный характер концепции «мир-системы» как программы.В качестве основной «эмпирической базы» рассматриваются основания и перспективы развития международной политической и экономической систем, стратегически следующие за тремя основными, на наш взгляд, интеграционными проектами в регионе: развитием Евразийского экономического союза, Шанхайской организации сотрудничества, а также комплексного проекта КНР «Один поясодин путь»
The use of nuclear polarized fuel, i.e. polarized D, T or $^3$He, for coming fusion reactors promises to increase their energy output and to optimize the complete fusion process in various ways.

But before these advantages can be utilized, several questions must be answered and technical issues must be overcome.

Among others, the members of the PREFER collaboration started to investigate the different challenges of 'polarized fusion'.
Olivine from the deep mantle-derived rocks, such as ultramafic lamprophyres, carries important information about the composition of the mantle source, the processes of mantle metasomatism, the origin of specific silicate-carbonate melts, as well as the composition and mechanisms of crystallization of these rocks. Textures and compositions of olivine from the carbonate-rich ultramafic lamprophyres (aillikites) of the Terina complex, along with their mineral and melt inclusions, exposed that olivines have different sources. Two populations of olivines were considered: macrocrysts (>1 mm) and groundmass olivines (<1 mm). Groundmass olivines are phenocrysts and characterized by weak variations in Mg# (84–86.5), a sharp increase in Ca and Ti contents, and a decrease in Ni and Cr from core to rim. They have higher concentrations of Li, Cu, Ti, and Na compared to macrocrysts. Among the macrocrysts, the following populations are observed: (1) high-Mg olivines (Mg# 89–91) with high Ni and low Ti contents, which are interpreted as xenocrysts from the slightly depleted lherzolite mantle; (2) high-Ca olivines (Mg# 84–88, CaO 0.13–0.21 wt %), which have patterns similar to groundmass olivines and are interpreted as cumulates of early portions of aillikite melt; (3) macrocrysts with wide variations in Mg# (73–88), low CaO contents (0.04–0.11 wt %), and positive slope in Ca vs. Al and negative slope in Ca vs. Mn, which are interpreted as disintegrated megacrysts from the Cr-poor megacryst suite. The megacryst suite could have been formed in the pre-trap period during the melting of the metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). The aillikite melt evolution is traced by secondary melt inclusions in olivine macrocrysts: early phlogopite-diopside-calcite-apatite association, containing Ti-magnetite and ilmenite, is followed by an association with magnetite and sulfides (pyrrhotite and pentlandite); finally, at a late stage, inclusions with a predominance of Ca-Na-carbonates and sulfates and enriched in U, Th, Y, REEs, Sr, and Ba were captured.
Изучение коллекций искусства стран Восточной и Юго-Восточной Азии, которые в силу ряда исторических причин оказались в музеях Европы, представляет собой важную научную и методологическую проблему.

Цель проекта состоит в анализе музеефикации азиатского искусства в Европейском пространстве.Изучение историко-культурных, художественных практик и анализ просветительской деятельности специализированных европейских музеев (главным образом, Германии, Великобритании, Франции, Австрии, Греции, Польши, Швеции и некоторых других).

Одна из задач проекта