Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
A model is proposed for describing the self-organization of localized charges and quantum scattering in undoped GaAs/AlGaAs structures in which a two-dimensional gas of electrons or holes is created by the corresponding gate voltage. We assume that in such a metal-dielectric-undoped semiconductor structure carrier scattering on surface charges localized at the interface between GaAs and the dielectric dominates. Proposed model considers these charges and the corresponding image charges in the metal gate as a closed system in a thermostat. The electrostatic self-organization for this system in thermodynamic equilibrium is studied numerically using the Metropolis algorithm in a wide temperature range. It is shown that, at T > 100 K, a simple formula derived from the theory of two-dimensional one-component plasma gives almost the same behavior of the structural factor at low wave numbers as the Monte Carlo calculation. The scattering times of gate-induced carriers are described by formulas in which the structural factor characterizes the frozen disorder in the given system. In these formulas, the behavior of the structural factor at small wave numbers is decisive. A calculation using these formulas with disorder corresponding to infinite T gives two to three times shorter scattering times than in the corresponding experiments. We found that the theory is consistent with experiment at a freezing point of disorder T ≈ 1000 K for a sample with a two-dimensional electron gas and T ≈ 700 K for a sample with a two-dimensional hole gas. The found values are an upper estimate of the freezing temperature in the studied structures, since the model ignores sources of disorder other than temperature.
The infrastructural component of Russia’s scientific and technological development requires a significant update of the methodology for evaluating the relevant investment projects.

The article covers the issue of simultaneous assessment of financial and economic efficiency of research infrastructure projects and justification of the need for government participation for successful implementation of such projects. The suggested methods and models are based on the transition from financial to economic indicators of the project through the adjustment of cash flows, identification of public effects significant for such projects (social, environmental, indirect, price, tax), and allocation of synergistic effects in their composition. These methods and models were tested for the innovative project of the Center for Collective Use “Experimental Catalyst Production”, which was proposed by the Institute of Catalysis in 2018 within the framework of the Novosibirsk regional programme “Akademgorodok 2.0”.

The results show that the stimulation of investment in research infrastructure is justified by a significant excess of the project economic efficiency compared to its financial efficiency and it significantly depends on the choice of an adequate mechanism for government support
Progress in genome sequencing, assembly and analysis allows for a deeper study of agricultural plants' chromosome structures, gene identification and annotation. The published genomes of agricultural plants proved to be a valuable tool for studing gene functions and for marker-assisted and genomic selection.

Pangenome sequencing and analysis technologies provide a large-scale study of genomic variation and resources for an evolutionary research, functional genomics and crop breeding. This review provides an analysis of agricultural plants' pangenome studies. Pangenome structural features, methods and programs for bioinformatic analysis of pangenomic data are described.

However, large structural genome changes, including gene copy number variations (CNVs) and gene presence/absence variations (PAVs), prevail in crops. These genomic variations play an important role in the functional set of genes and the gene composition in individuals of the same species and provide the genetic determination of the agronomically important crops properties. A high degree of genomic variation observed indicates that single reference genomes do not represent the diversity within a species, leading to the pangenome concept. The pangenome represents information about all genes in a taxon: those that are common to all taxon members and those that are variable and are partially or completely specific for particular individuals.
Using ethylmethansulphonate the chemical mutagenesis of the pea laboratory line SGE was performed.

During analysis of 425 families (2069 plants) of М2 progeny 45 putative mutants were selected, among them 30 mutants forming ineffective nodules (Fix– phenotype), 13 mutants unable to form nodules (Nod– phenotype), and 2 mutants forming a few nodules (Nod+/– phenotype). For 1 Nod– and 5 Fix– mutants monogenic inheritance and recessive phenotype manifestation were demonstrated. For Fix– mutant SGEFix–-9 an additional mutation leading to Nod+/– phenotype was shown.

Complementation analysis showed that the mutant phenotype of the SGEFix-5 line is caused by a mutation in the sym33 gene, of the SGEFix–-6 line in the sym40 gene, of the SGEFix–-7 line in the sym27 gene, and of the SGEFix–-8 line in the sym25 gene.
The aim of this work is to study the effect of agents combining fragments of monoterpenoids and 3,7diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane(bispidine) on the performance of mice.

Physical endurance was studied using two tests: exhaustive swimming with a load of 7% of body weight (after single dosing) and exhaustive treadmill running (after single dosing and a 7-day administration).

It has been shown for the first time that derivatives of monoterpenoids with 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanemoiety containing methyl substituents at positions 1 and 5 have a stimulatory effect on the performance of mice, which exceeds the effect of the reference drug bromantane after single dosing.Compound K1-458, which contains (-)-myrtenal residues linked to a bispidine fragment via amino groups, is the most effective in increasing the duration of running and swimming at a dose of 100 mg/kg after single intragastric administration.It has been also established that the LD50 for these compounds exceeds 1,000 mg/kg.
Two Japanese sugar beet line with incomplete monogermity, TK-80-2BR2mm-CMS and its maintainer TK-80-2BR 2mm-O, were analyzed with a probe linked with a major gene of monogermity, M-m, for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).

The relationship between monogermity and the RFLP pattern was suggested

although the ambiguous phenotypes were sometimes observed.
The preparation of 2D stacked layers combining flakes of different nature gives rise to countless numbers of heterostructures where new band alignments, defined at the interfaces, control the electronic properties of the system. Among the large family of 2D/2D heterostructures, the one formed by the combination of the most common semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides, WS 2 /MoS 2 , has awakened great interest owing to its photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical properties. Solution as well as dry physical methods have been developed to optimize the synthesis of these heterostructures.

Here, a suspension of negatively charged MoS 2 flakes is mixed with a methanolic solution of a cationic W 3 S 4 ‐core cluster, giving rise to a homogeneous distribution of the clusters over the layers. In a second step, a calcination of this molecular/2D heterostructure under N 2 leads to the formation of clean WS 2 /MoS 2 heterostructures, where the photoluminescence of both counterparts is quenched, proving an efficient interlayer coupling.

Thus, this chemical method combines the advantages of a solution approach (simple, scalable, and low‐cost) with the good quality interfaces reached by using more complicated traditional physical methods.
The explosive vaporization of two-component mixtures of ethanol-water and three-component mixtures of acetone-ethanol-water during pulse thermal loads on the microheater during isobaric heating has been investigated.

Microheater fabricated using MEMS technology presents the multilayer thin-film structure with the central Ta-Al layer heated by pulse electric current. The optical method based on measuring the laser intensity reflected from resistor surface recorded the characteristics of explosive vaporization.

The dependence of the temperature of nucleation and the time of explosive vaporization on the rate of temperature growth and heat flux density are obtained.
The article presents the results of an experimental study of pressure and velocity pulsations in the model of improved vortex furnace with distributed air supply and vertically oriented nozzles of the secondary blast. Investigation of aerodynamic characteristics of a swirling flow with different regime parameters was conducted in an isothermal laboratory model (in 1:25 scale) of vortex furnace using laser Doppler measuring system and pressure pulsations analyzer. The obtained results have revealed a number of features of the flow structure, and the spectral analysis of pressure and velocity pulsations allows to speak about the absence of large-scale unsteady vortical structures in the studied design.
A finite group G is called a DCI-group if two Cayley digraphs over G are isomorphic if and only if their connection sets are conjugate by a group automorphism. We prove that the group C 2 5 × C p , where p is a prime, is a DCI-group if and only if p ≠ 2 . Together with the previously obtained results, this implies that a group G of order 32 p , where p is a prime, is a DCI-group if and only if p ≠ 2 and G ≅ C 2 5 × C p .
The program system of the management of assessment tools for educational process described in the article. The system reduces the time that the teacher spends on the preparation of test materials, allowing you to create a set of assessment documents in a semi-automatic mode. The system implements the ability to create and manage task banks. Each task in the bank has a set of attributes that are involved in the process of generating assessment documents. The system also implements the ability to automatically generate the required number of variants of the assessment documents. At the same time, the algorithm for generating a set of assessment documents works in such a way that, on the one hand, one set includes the most similar variants of assessment documents in structure, and on the other hand, each assessment document in the set is unique. The algorithm for generating a set of assessment documents is based on the clustering algorithm for categorical data. In this paper a modification of the CLOPE algorithm was submitted, which allows you to automatically determine the required number of clusters, depending on the input data. Also, this modification solves the problem of small clusters and the problem of categorical clustering of numerical attributes. The paper also describes an iterative algorithm for the generation of a set of assessment documents.
Marxism and the theory of post-industrial society are two competing but largely similar approaches to the interpretation of social development. The emergence of the hypothesis of the transition to a new, post-industrial stage of history was a challenge for Marxist theorists. They responded with a series of arguments, more or less valid, attempting to refute the main tenets of the competing theory. By now, the dispute is not over. However, it became clear that the key points of both approaches needed further justification.
We consider the equations of a multi-velocity model of a binary mixture of viscous compressible fluids (two-fluid medium) in the case of one-dimensional barotropic motions.

We prove the global (in time) existence and uniqueness of a strong solution to the initial-boundary value problem describing the motion in a bounded spatial domain.
Under the third screening of the WHO program MONICA and sub-program 'MONICA-psychosocial' (MOPSY) random representative sample of women aged 25-64 years (n = 870) were surveyed in Novosibirsk in 1994; 284 persons in group 25-44y.

In 2016 within the framework of the screening studies covered by state task reg.# 01201282292 a random representative sample of women aged 25-44 years was examined in the same district of Novosibirsk (n = 540). Questionnaire MOPSY 'Awareness and attitude towards the health' was used to estimate adherence towards cardiovascular diseases prevention, behavioral characteristics and awareness about the health.

The analysis showed there is a positive trend in self-rated health in female population aged 25-44 years. Despite this 50% of women rate their health negatively and 96% consider the existence of high chance to be ill with serious disease within next 5-10 years. Majority of women believed in the possibilities of modern medicine for the prevention of heart disease but there is extremely low level of healthcare utilization as prevention measure and it doesn't exceed 10% in those women (p < 0.05). There is a growth of job stress levels and upward trends in family status changes over 23 years in an open population of women aged 25-44 years. Some changes in behavioral status were found over 1994-2016 yy: increased share of people quit smoking and doing regular physical exercises, improved diet behavior. We showed a positive trend in CVD risk factors prevention in women 25-44y. In spite of this, half of the women negatively evaluate their health and using of healthcare resources is deficient. There are adverse changes in the social gradient over the follow-up period.
Effects of strong electric fields on hopping conductivity are studied theoretically. Monte Carlo computer simulations show that the analytical theory of Nguyen and Shklovskii [Solid State Commun. 38, 99 (1981)] provides an accurate description of hopping transport in the limit of very high electric fields and low concentrations of charge carriers as compared to the concentration of localization sites and also at the relative concentration of carriers equal to 0.5.

Monte Carlo computer simulations show that the analytical theory of Nguyen and Shklovskii [Solid State Commun. 38, 99 (1981)] provides an accurate description of hopping transport in the limit of very high electric fields and low concentrations of charge carriers as compared to the concentration of localization sites and also at the relative concentration of carriers equal to 0.5. At intermediate concentrations of carriers between 0.1 and 0.5, computer simulations evidence essential deviations from the results of the existing analytical theories.

The theory of Nguyen and Shklovskii also predicts a negative differential hopping conductivity at high electric fields. Our numerical calculations confirm this prediction qualitatively. However the field dependence of the drift velocity of charge carriers obtained numerically differs essentially from the one predicted so far. Analytical theory is further developed so that its agreement with numerical results is essentially improved.
Helical spin textures with marked spin polarizations of topological surface states have been unveiled for the first time by state-of-the-art spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy for two promising topological insulators, Bi(2)Te(2)Se and Bi(2)Se(2)Te.

state-of-the-art spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy

Their highly spin-polarized natures are found to be persistent across the Dirac point in both compounds. This novel finding paves a pathway to extending the utilization of topological surface states of these compounds for future spintronic applications.
A comprehensive description of the spin dynamics underlying the formation of Ortho-Deuterium Induced Polarization (ODIP) is presented. ODIP can serve as a tool for enhancing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) signals of 2H nuclei, being important probes of molecular structure and dynamics. To produce ODIP, in the first step, the D2 gas is brought to thermal equilibrium at low temperature, here 30 K, so that the ortho-component, corresponding to the total spin of the 2H nuclei equal to 0 and 2, is enriched, here to 92%. In the second step, the orthodeuterium molecule is attached to a substrate molecule using a suitable hydrogenation catalyst such that the symmetry of the two 2H nuclei is broken. As a result, the non-thermal spin order of orthodeuterium is converted into enhancement of observable NMR signals. In this work, we perform a theoretical study of ODIP and calculate the shape of ODIP spectra and their dependence on the magnetization flip angle. These results are compared with experiments performed for a number of substrates; good agreement between experimental and calculated ODIP spectra is found. We also discuss the performance of NMR techniques for converting anti-phase ODIP spectral patterns into in-phase patterns, which are more suitable for signal detection and for transferring ODIP to heteronuclei, here to 13C spins. Experimental procedures reported here allowed us to reach signal enhancement factors of more than 1000 for 2H nuclei in the liquid phase. These results are useful for extending the scope of spin hyperpolarization to the widely used 2H nuclei.
The recent precise measurements of the e + e − → K + K − and e + e − → K S K L cross sections and the hadronic spectral function of the τ − → K − K S ν τ decay

are used to extract the isoscalar and isovector electromagnetic kaon form factors and their relative phase in a model independent way

The experimental results are compared with a fit based on the vector-meson-dominance model
It is generally assumed that different electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency bands are somehow related to different computational modes in the brain. Integration of these computational modes is reflected in the phenomenon of cross-frequency coupling (CFC). On slow temporal scales, CFC may reflect trait-like properties, which posits a question of its developmental trends.

This is the first study that explored source-level CFC measures in a developmental perspective using both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.

CFC measures demonstrated good test-retest stability and proved to be higher in adults in cortical areas participating in sensory-motor integration, response inhibition, and attentional control. In children, greater CFC was observed in parietal regions involved in self-centered cognition. Over the period from 7 to 10 years, CFC demonstrated nonlinear growth trajectories. Introversion was associated with higher CFC in cortical areas related to emotion, attention, and social cognition, implying that the association between introversion and CFC appears early in the development.
Nowadays, improving the accuracy of computational methods to solve the initial value problem of the Zakharov-Shabat system remains an urgent problem in optics. In particular, increasing the approximation order of the methods is important, especially in problems where it is necessary to analyze the structure of complex waveforms. In this work, we propose two finite-difference algorithms of fourth order of approximation in the time variable. Both schemes have the exponential form and conserve the quadratic invariant of Zakharov-Shabat system. The second scheme allows applying fast algorithms with low computational complexity (fast nonlinear Fourier transform).
Seed storage is important to farmers, breeders and for germplasm preservation. During storage, seeds accumulate damage at the structural and metabolic level, which disrupt their function and reduce resistance to adverse external conditions. In this regard, issues related to seed aging prove to be relevant for maintaining the viability of genetic collections.

We analyzed morphological characteristics of grains and their coat color for 44 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of bread wheat grown in four different seasons, 2003, 2004, 2009 and 2014. Our investigations were performed in 2020. For 19 RILs from the same seasons germination was evaluated. To identify the trend between changes in grain characteristics and harvesting year, we estimated correlation coefficients between them.

Our results demonstrate that genotype significantly affects the variability of all seed traits, and the year of harvesting affects about 80% of them (including all the traits of shape and size). No significant trend was detected for the grain shape/size traits, while 90% of the color traits demonstrated such a trend. The most significant negative correlations were found between the harvesting year and the traits of grain redness: the greater the storage time, the more intensive is red color component for the grains. At the same time, it was shown that grains of longer storage time (earlier harvesting year) have lighter coat. Analysis of linear correlations between germination of wheat seeds of different genotypes and harvesting years and their seed traits revealed a negative linear relationship between the red component of coat color and germination: the redder the grains, the lower their germination rate. The results obtained demonstrate manifestations of metabolic changes in the coat of grains associated with storage time and their relationship with a decrease of seed viability.
In this article we presented the casual photographic records of butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) made along with the studies on the Odonata fauna in 33 localities of two eastern provinces of Cambodia, Ratanakiri and Mondilkiri in 2013-2018. The butterflies were photographed in purely natural conditions without any restriction of their freedom and mobility, using two cameras, Olympus Camedia C8080 and Canon EOS 350D, the latter with the lens Sigma AF 24-70 mm F2.8 EX DG MACRO. Coordinates were obtained with Garmine eTrex H personal GPS navigator and revised with Google Earth; elevations were retrieved from Google Earth. In total, we identified 118 and provisionally identified five species; 19 species (Abisara cf. bifasciata, Poritia cf. hewitsoni, Ahmetia achaja, Arhopala nicevillei, Sinthusa chandrana, Virachola sp. cf. kessuma, Zizeera maha, Tirumala limniace, Junonia hierta, Yoma sabina, Terinos clarissa, Euripus nyctelius, Lethe rohria, Bibasis sena, Caprona agama, C. alida, Aeromachus cf. pygmaeus, Gangara thyrsis, and Udaspes folus) and one subspecies (Kallima inachus alboinachus) are reported for Cambodia for the first time. We also illustrated these species as well as some more provisionally identified and unidentified for this region.
The glow discharge in silane-hydrogene plasma is simulated by the Particle-In-Cell method. For the sake of simplicity just two collisional processes are considered.

The implementation of null collision technique with PyTorch library is presented. PyTorch provides portability, flexibility and high precision of computations. The mathematical basics of the technique are given, and the Python code is listed.

The diagnostics that help to understand the physical process under study as well as the correctness of the simulation are also given: energy distribution function, the number of electron collision events and the number of model particles.