Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The justification of the standard approach shortcomings is proposed. Obtained data shows chemical reactions in hydrocarbons and cluster magic numbers for argon, obtained result is consistent with known data.

The possibility of using a high-voltage electron beam as an ionizer of supersonic clusters of argon and methane gas jets in molecular beam mass spectrometry are investigated. The formation of clusters occurs when the gas flows through the supersonic nozzle into the vacuum. The ionization of the flow is carried out by electrons with an energy of 10 keV. The diaphragm (skimmer) from jet forms a molecular beam, which passes into the input aperture of the mass spectrometer through the sections of the installation. The ion focusing is provided with the use of collimating diaphragms as electrostatic lenses. A quadrupole mass spectrometer is used as a cluster ion analyzer. The obtained mass spectra are compares with the signals observes with the usage of traditional molecular beam mass spectrometry, in which ionization of particles occurs in the electron analyzer's own block with energies of the 100 eV order.

Obtained data shows chemical reactions in hydrocarbons and cluster magic numbers for argon, obtained result is consistent with known data.
The authors discuss the problem of the integration approach to artificial intelligence, analyzing the content and positive aspects of the integration agent approach. It is noted that this approach implicitly follows the task approach. The paper gives answers to the questions that make up the essence of the task approach - where do the tasks come from, what is the task, what should be considered a solution to the problem. It also discusses the classification of intellectual problems into direct, inverse, and hybrid. It is noted that modern artificial intelligence focuses mainly on solving direct and inverse problems, leaving a huge and important class of hybrid problems outside its scope of attention. The paper describes the theoretical model approach to solving the whole variety of intellectual problems, called semantic modeling. It analyzes the advantages of the proposed conception, including the possibility of a flexible combination when solving hybrid problems of tools already created in artificial intelligence. It also discusses the problem of creating a “strong” / “general” artificial intelligence (AGI) in the framework of the task approach.
. The ability to solve problems of divergent type is one of the most intact functions in successful aging. However, neurophysiologic mechanisms that support the efficiency of creative thinking remain largely unknown. This study was aimed to investigate age-related difference in localized induced electroencephalogram (EEG) changes during creative idea evaluation stage of divergent problem-solving (Alternate Uses Task), using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography. Younger (45 women, 44 men, M age = 22.1 years, age range: 18–30 years) and older adults (46 women, 43 men, M age = 64.9 years, age range: 55–75 years) participated in the study. Higher synchronization in individually adjusted theta frequency band [from (individual alpha peak frequency −6 Hz) to (individual alpha peak frequency −4 Hz)] in anterior areas with the maximum values in anterior cingulate gyrus was revealed in older as compared with younger participants by group contrast. Higher desynchronization in wide beta range [from (individual alpha peak frequency +2 Hz) to 30 Hz] was localized in posterior brain regions with the highest values in posterior cingulate gyrus, precuneus, and parietal lobule in older adults. Induced beta 2 synchronization was positively correlated with originality (as measured by the mean frequency of ideas) in younger and years of education in older subjects. Based on the data, it was supposed that controlling the decision-making processes is more important for older adults while maintenance of the internal image of elements’ recombination may play essential role for younger subjects.
Transcriptome sequencing is a powerful technique to study molecular changes that underlie the differences in physiological conditions and disease progression. A typical question that is posed in such studies is finding genes with significant changes between sample groups. In this respect expression variability is regarded as a nuisance factor that is primarily of technical origin and complicates the data analysis. However, it is becoming apparent that the biological variation in gene expression might be an important molecular phenotype that can affect physiological parameters.

In this review we explore the recent literature on technical and biological variability in gene expression, sources of expression variability, (epi-)genetic hallmarks, and evolutionary constraints in genes with robust and variable gene expression. We provide an overview of recent findings on effects of external cues, such as diet and aging, on expression variability and on other biological phenomena that can be linked to it. We discuss metrics and tools that were developed for quantification of expression variability and highlight the importance of future studies in this direction. To assist the adoption of expression variability analysis, we also provide a detailed description and computer code, which can easily be utilized by other researchers.

We also provide a reanalysis of recently published data to highlight the value of the analysis method.
Two forms of cobalt in fiberglass materials: dimers of Co2+Td in the subsurface layer and isolated Co2+Oh in the bulk.
The differential cross-section as a function of rapidity has been measured for the exclusive production of J/ψ and ψ(2S) mesons in proton–proton collisions at TeV

using data collected by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 930 pb−1

The cross-sections times branching fractions to two muons having pseudorapidities between 2.0 and 4.5 are measured to be
The self-modulation instability is a key effect that makes possible the usage of nowadays proton beams as drivers for plasma wakefield acceleration. Development of the instability in uniform plasmas and in plasmas with a small density up-step is numerically studied with the focus at nonlinear stages of beam evolution. The step parameters providing the strongest established wakefield are found, and the mechanism of stable bunch train formation is identified.
The process of formation of disturbance waves in annular gas-liquid flow was studied using three-dimensional configuration of brightness-based laser-induced fluorescence technique in two ducts of different geometry in the proximity of the inlet. The process was found to consist of three stages: formation of initial two-dimensional high-frequency waves; fragmentation into localised chaotic 3D-waves and formation of large-scale quasi-2D disturbance waves. A method of quantitative characterisation of the degree of transverse coherence of film surface was developed and used to estimate the coordinates of the borders of the three stages. All the stages occur closer to the inlet at higher superficial gas velocities and lower liquid flow rates. It was found that the shape of the duct does not exert significant influence of the distance of existence of two-dimensional initial waves, whilst the disturbance waves are formed closer to the inlet in the circular duct.
The aim of the study was to assess the 10-year risk of fractures (FRAX®), taking into account the values of bone mineral density (BMD) and trabecular bone index (TBI) in a population sample of women over 55 years of age with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Materials and methods . The study was carried out on the material of the population cohort of the international project HAPIEE (Novosibirsk). The design of the study is «case-control». Random groups of women aged 55-84 with and without DM2 were formed in combination with the presence or absence of fractures in the history (n = 103, group 4). Standardized questionnaires, anthropometry, densitometry (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, DEXA), TBI and FRAX® fracture risk determination were performed on all people. Results. Women with DM2 who reported a history fracture (group 1) had lower T-criteria in the femoral neck than women with DM2 without fracture (group 2), p = 0.039. However, the history of fracture in women with DM2 was accompanied by higher T-criteria values (by 0.3-0.5 SD) in the vertebrae and hips compared to women without DM (group 3). We did not get a significant difference in the TBI parameter between all 4 groups studied. We also found no difference in the risk of repeated fracture among women with and without DM2 using FRAX® without densitometry and TBI-adjusted FRAX® (p = 0.841, p = 0.094, respectively). In group 1 with DM2 and fractures, the risk for FRAX with T-test was lower than in group 3 without DM with fractures (p = 0.034 for the main fractures, p = 0.002 for the hip). Conclusion. In the studied population groups «case-control» of women aged 55-84 years with diabetes mellitus and fractures in their history, the risk of FRAX® fractures is lower with regard to DEXA and does not differ significantly in terms of TBI in comparison with women without DM2 fractures. The data obtained reflect the difficulties in diagnostics and the need to search for additional methods of early diagnosis of increased risk of fractures in patients with DM2.
We develop mathematical models of moving contact lines over flat heated solid surfaces with spatial variation of wetting properties under the conditions when evaporation is significant. The gas phase is assumed to be pure vapor and a lubrication-type framework is employed for describing viscous flow in the liquid. Substrate wetting properties are modeled through disjoining pressure, with the main focus on how the contact line motion changes near the regions of localized spatial variation of wetting properties.
Aerosol SWCNTs are used for stretchable transparent supercapacitor fabrication, stable after 1000 stretching cycles to 120% and 1000 charge–discharge cycles.
This paper presents an apatite U–Pb and geochemistry archive for exposed plutons and metamorphic rocks of the Kyrgyz South Tian Shan (STS) within the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.

Apatite U–Pb dates and trace-element geochemistry are provided for 17 samples from late Carboniferous–early Permian I-type granites in the Terktinsky complex and A-type granites in the Kokshaal Range; early Devonian granites in the Kembel complex; Cryogenian granitoids and tuffs from the Middle Tian Shan and gneisses from the Atbashi metamorphic complex. These samples form a comprehensive selection of igneous and metamorphic rocks within the cores of Mesozoic basement highs that supplied detritus to adjacent basins such as the Tarim, Ferghana and Yarkand-Ferghana Basins. Generally, the granitoid samples preserve primary igneous apatite U–Pb ages that are within uncertainty of previously published zircon U–Pb dates. The apatites from the Atbashi metamorphic complex record anomalous Ordovician dates with large uncertainties that are interpreted as mixing ages between Cryogenian protolith formation and Carboniferous metamorphism. Principal component analysis discriminates apatite samples from the different bedrock terranes in the Kyrgyz STS based on their geochemical fingerprint and categorizes the samples with respect to an extensive apatite geochemical archive.

The combined apatite-zircon archive provides a novel framework for provenance studies on the Meso–Cenozoic sedimentary history of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.
The catalytic performance of the titanium-based metal–organic framework MIL-125 was evaluated in the selective oxidation of cyclohexene (CyH) with environmentally friendly oxidants, H2O2 and tBuOOH.

The catalytic activity of MIL-125 as well as the oxidant utilization efficiency and selectivity toward epoxide and epoxide-derived products can be greatly improved by acid additives (HClO4 or CF3SO3H). In the presence of 1 molar equivalent (relative to Ti) of a proton source, the total selectivity toward CyH epoxide and trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diol reached 75–80% at 38–43% alkene conversion after 45 min of reaction with 1 equivalent of 30% H2O2 at 50 °C. With 50% H2O2 as the oxidant, the total selectivity toward heterolytic oxidation products increased up to 92% at the same level of alkene conversion.

N2 adsorption, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy studies before and after the catalytic oxidations confirmed the absence of structural changes in the Metal–organic framework (MOF) structure. MIL-125 was stable toward titanium leaching, behaved as a truly heterogeneous catalyst, and could easily be recovered and reused several times without any loss of the catalytic properties.
With the help of advanced optical system having high spatial and time resolution, the dynamics of microbubbles was investigated during nucleate boiling of subcooled water flow in a mini-channel under localized heating from the wall. Substantial discrepancy in maximum bubble diameters was observed for the same experimental conditions. However, the growth rate for different bubbles within first 0.1 ms of their life time is almost the same. The data on the bubble dynamics was successfully generalized using available correlations from the literature. Data on the critical heat flux was obtained for different channel heights. A considerable effect of the channel height on the critical heat flux was found.
As previously reported, SN 2018aoq appears to be of intermediate brightness between subluminous and normal SNe II-P. SN 2018aoq was discovered in Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151, for which the distance is uncertain.

We present optical photometric observations of SN 2018aoq from 2 to 100 days after explosion, and 7 spectra at epochs from 11 to 71 days. The light curves and spectra are typical for SNe II-P. We utilised the Expanding Photosphere Method using three sets of filter combinations and velocities derived from the absorption minima of FeII lines and obtained a distance of 20.0 +-1.6 Mpc. The Standard Candle Method applied to SN 2018aoq yields a distance of 16.6 +-1.1 Mpc.

Both values are consistent with the distance measurements for NGC 4151 based on geometric method.
The article presents the DEA method. This method is used to assess the efficiency of socio-economic systems. The features of its application for oil and gas companies are considered. The advantages and disadvantages of this method are described. The features of selecting the model parameters are described.
In the present paper, a composite structure is considered.The structure is made of three homogeneous plates: two linear elastic adherents and a thin adhesive.It is assumed that elastic properties of the adhesive layer depend on its thickness ε as ε to the power of 3. Passage to the limit as ε goes to zero is justified and a limit model is found in which the influence of the thin adhesive layer is replaced by an interface condition between adherents.As a result, we have analog of the spring type condition in the plate theory.Moreover, a representation formula of the solution in the adhesive layer has been obtained.
Linear and nonlinear stages of the instability of a plane detonation wave (DW) and the subsequent process of formation of cellular detonation structure are investigated. A simple model with one-step irreversible chemical reaction is used. The linear analysis is employed to predict the DW front structure at the early stages of its formation. An emerging eigenvalue problem is solved with a global method using a Chebyshev pseudospectral method and the LAPACK software library. A local iterative shooting procedure is used for eigenvalue refinement. Numerical simulations of a propagation of a DW in plane and rectangular channels are performed with a shock capturing WENO scheme of 5th order. A special method of a computational domain shift is implemented in order to maintain the DW in the domain. It is shown that the linear analysis gives certain predictions about the DW structure that are in agreement with the numerical simulations of early stages of DW propagation. However, at later stages, a merger of detonation cells occurs so that their number is approximately halved. Computations of DW propagation in a square channel reveal two different types of spatial structure of the DW front, "rectangular" and "diagonal" types. A spontaneous transition from the rectangular to diagonal type of structure is observed during propagation of the DW.
We prove quantitative stability of isometries on the first Heisenberg group with sub-Riemannian geometry: every (1 + )-quasi-isometry of the John domain of the Heisenberg group is close to some isometry with order of closeness in the uniform norm and with the order of closeness+ in the Sobolev norm. An example demonstrating the asymptotic sharpness of the results is given.
The length and quality of life is important to us all, yet identification of promising drug targets for human ageing using genetics has had limited success. Here, we combine six large European-ancestry genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of human ageing traits—healthspan, father and mother lifespan, exceptional longevity, frailty index, and self-rated health—in a principal component framework that maximises their shared genetic architecture. The first principal component (GIP1) is more heritable than the original studies and shows strong genetic correlations with length of life as well as multiple indices of mental and physical wellbeing. We identify 27 genomic regions associated with GIP1, and provide additional, independent evidence for an effect on human ageing for loci near HTT and MAML3 using a study of Finnish and Japanese subject survival. Across the genome, GIP1 associations are enriched in genes involved in haem metabolism and pathways related to transcription, neurogenesis, homeostasis, proteolysis, intracellular signalling, immunity, and the muscle system. Finally, using proteome-wide two-sample Mendelian randomisation and colocalisation, we provide robust evidence for a detrimental effect of blood levels of apolipoprotein(a) (LPA) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) on GIP1. Together, our results demonstrate that combining multiple ageing traits using genetic principal components enhances power to detect biological targets for human ageing.
Infrared absorption and Raman spectra were compared with the known experimental data of synthetic and natural crystals.

Within the framework of the density functional theory (DFT) and the hybrid functional B3LYP by means of the CRYSTAL17 program code, the wavenumbers and intensities of normal oscillations of MgCO3, CaCO3, ZnCO3, CdCO3 in the structure of calcite; CaMg(CO3)2, CdMg(CO3)2, CaMn(CO3)2, CaZn(CO3)2 in the structure of dolomite; BaMg(CO3)2 in the structure of the norsethite type; and CaCO3, SrCO3, BaCO3, and PbCO3 in the structure of aragonite were calculated.

For lattice and intramolecular modes, linear dependences on the radius and mass of the metal cation are established. The obtained dependences have predictive power and can be used to study solid carbonate solutions. For trigonal and orthorhombic carbonates, the linear dependence of wavenumbers on the cation radius RM (or M–O distance) is established for the infrared in-plane bending mode: 786.2–65.88·RM and Raman in-plane stretching mode: 768.5–53.24·RM, with a correlation coefficient of 0.87.
A stationary thermocapillary rivulet structure formed in a film of a liquid falling over a semi-infinite heater is theoretically and experimentally investigated.

Nonlinear three-dimensional rivulets on the surface of a liquid film under constant wall temperature conditions are simulated numerically.

It is shown that the developed rivulet structure varies very little downstream. The results of calculations for small and moderate Reynolds numbers are in good agreement with experimental data.
In the present paper we have proved the existence of quasi-solutions of genuinely nonlinear forward-backward ultra-parabolic equations. Quasi-solutions are obtained with the help of the vanishing anisotropic temporal diffusion method. Moreover, at the present stage of our research we assume that various choices of temporal artificial diffusion coefficients lead to entropy solutions or to quasi-solutions. The latter assumption is the subject of our further scientific research.
The genes for major ribosomal RNA were localized on chromosomes 5pter-p15, 9q64-qter, and 13q38-qter of the house musk shrew, Suncus murinus (Insectivora, Soricidae)

by silver staining of mitotic metaphase and meiotic pachytene spreads and fluorescence in situ hybridization using the human 28S-RNA genes as a probe to mitotic metaphase spreads

The data presented indicate a correlation between sites of in situ hybridization and silver staining. The finding of nuclear materials in mitosis was in a good agreement with observation in meiosis: same chromosomes carried active NORs in both meiotic and mitotic cells.
Investigations of the interaction of stationary weak shock waves with a flow in the vicinity of the attachment line at the leading edges of the models and their influence on the laminar-turbulent transition are considered in this paper.

The experiments were conducted at Mach 2 and unit Reynolds number Re1 = 8×106 m-1 on the model of a flat steel plate with a sharp leading edge. The sticker placed on the test section wall was applied to induce the pair of weak shock waves.

It was found out that in the initial section, the presence of a longitudinal vortex has the greatest effect on the excitation of perturbations at a frequency of 40 kHz, in downstream direction it was detected the appearance of additional peaks in the amplitude spectra over β at frequencies f=1–40 kHz.
The zebrafish is a promising model species in biomedical research, including neurotoxicology and neuroactive drug screening. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) evokes degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and is commonly used to model Parkinson's disease (PD) in laboratory animals, including zebrafish. However, cognitive phenotypes in MPTP-evoked experimental PD models remain poorly understood. Here, we established an LD
We have studied the spin dynamics of a dense two-dimensional electron gas confined in a GaAs/AlGaAs triple quantum well by using time-resolved Kerr rotation and resonant spin amplification.

We model this anisotropy using an internal magnetic field and the inhomogeneity of the electron g-factor. The data analysis allows us to determine the direction and magnitude of this internal field in the range of a few mT for our studied structure, which decreases with the sample temperature and optical power.

Strong anisotropy of the spin relaxation time up to a factor of 10 was found between the electron spins oriented in-plane and out-of-plane when the excitation energy is tuned to an exciton bound to neutral donor transition. The dependence of the anisotropic spin relaxation was directly measured as a function of several experimental parameters: excitation wavelength, sample temperature, pump-probe time delay, and pump power.
There are significant changes in the structure of the upper tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves systemically infected with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) especially in the light green tissue (LGT). Dark green areas (DGI) had intermediate status between healthy tissue and LGT.

DGI contained significantly less infectious TMV and viral antigen than the LGT. The DGI, LGT and healthy tissues did not differ in the permeability of cell membranes and in the set of acidic pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins but the total content of PR-proteins in the healthy plants was higher than in the infected ones with the DGI being intermediate between healthy tissue and LGT.

The crude leaf extracts from DGI and LGT showed less total ribonuclease activity and ribonuclease isozymes in comparison with control.