Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
As an RNA virus, hepatitis C virus (HCV) is able to rapidly acquire drug resistance, and for this reason the design of effective anti-HCV drugs is a real challenge. The HCV subgenomic replicon-containing cells are widely used for experimental studies of the HCV genome replication mechanisms, for drug testing in vitro and in studies of HCV drug resistance. The NS3/4A protease is essential for virus replication and, therefore, it is one of the most attractive targets for developing specific antiviral agents against HCV. We have developed a stochastic model of subgenomic HCV replicon replication, in which the emergence and selection of drug resistant mutant viral RNAs in replicon cells is taken into account. Incorporation into the model of key NS3 protease mutations leading to resistance to BILN-2061 (A156T, D168V, R155Q), VX-950 (A156S, A156T, T54A) and SCH 503034 (A156T, A156S, T54A) inhibitors allows us to describe the long term dynamics of the viral RNA suppression for various inhibitor concentrations. We theoretically showed that the observable difference between the viral RNA kinetics for different inhibitor concentrations can be explained by differences in the replication rate and inhibitor sensitivity of the mutant RNAs. The pre-existing mutants of the NS3 protease contribute more significantly to appearance of new resistant mutants during treatment with inhibitors than wild-type replicon. The model can be used to interpret the results of anti-HCV drug testing on replicon systems, as well as to estimate the efficacy of potential drugs and predict optimal schemes of their usage.
A brief review is given of the studies in combustion chemistry and decomposition kinetics of forest fuels (FF). The methods used in the study to investigate the FF pyrolysis kinetics and the combustion of the Siberian forests are described. The experiments on FF pyrolysis were conducted at high heating rates (150 K/s) in a flow reactor by the method of differential mass-spectrometric thermal analysis (DMSTA) in situ using probe molecular-beam mass spectrometry, and at low heating rates (0.17 K/s) by the thermogravimetric method. The kinetic parameters of Siberian FF pyrolysis have been determined for oxidative and inert media and simulation of FF pyrolysis has been conducted using the multi-component devolatilization mechanism. The flame structure of a pine branch has been studied by probe molecular-beam mass spectrometry. Species have been identified in the dark and luminous flame zones; the width of the flame zone has been measured.
Thermal ablation (TA) is known as an alternative therapy to surgery to treat tumors. However, TA-based therapy requires advanced approaches in order to prevent causing damage to healthy tissue around the tumor and selectively target the desired area. Nanoparticles are considered as a promising tool in biomedicine to fulfill these requirements. This study was carried out in order to analyze the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles on the temperature increment during radiofrequency ablation therapy of porcine liver. In addition, this research aimed to experimentally evaluate the impact of two solvents such as agarose and chitosan on the temperature change, when magnetic nanoparticles were dispersed in them. The iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by the solvothermal method demonstrating the magnetic properties by acting to the external magnetic field. To increase the local heat superparamagnetic nanoparticles (iron oxide magnetic nanoparticle (IONPs)) of the average size of 20 nm in size and the concentrations from 1 to 10 mg/mL of MNPs with a step size of 1 mg/mL were tested in 10 replicates for each concentration and solvent. Moreover, the temperature changes for dry liver, and 0 mg/mL concentration was checked for calibration and reference purposes. As a sensing system, advanced 16-FBG optical fiber sensors connected to an interrogator were employed allowing the temperature change to be monitored accurately in real time. A maximum temperature of about 142 °C was recorded by a 5 mg/mL concentration of iron oxide nanoparticles dispersed in the agarose solvent.
Based on the analysis of economic publications of EconLit database in JEL macro categories as at the end of 2018, it has been revealed that the number of foreign and domestic publications on digitalization of agro-food complex for the period 2010-2018 is generally insufficient, with no any significant increase in the publications in this category being found.

The proposed approach for the first time links such categories as digital technology, needs and agro-food complex by taking into account a set of consumer characteristics of agricultural and food products and production technologies. In order to assess the sectoral digital needs, the article considers such significant characteristics as the end-product complexity index, high value added products environment within the product category and their relationship with production technologies. The study proposes a methodology for determining digital priorities of agro-food products based on such characteristics as complexity index of products, product environment and its relationship with production technologies.

The proposed approach develops the modern theory of economic complexity and allows us to assess the possibilities of using artificial intelligence technologies and big data analysis based on the linkage between upstream and downstream in value chain cycle activities.
A panel of specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against synthetic pentasaccharide β-D-Galf-(1→5)-[β-D-Galf-(1→5)]3-α-D-Manp, structurally related to Aspergillus fumigatus galactomannan, was generated using mice immunized with synthetic pentasaccharide-BSA conjugate and by hybridoma technology.

Two selected mAbs, 7B8 and 8G4, could bind with the initial pentasaccharide with affinity constants of approximately 5.3 nM and 6.4 nM, respectively, based on surface plasmon resonance-based biosensor assay. The glycoarray, built from a series of synthetic oligosaccharide derivatives representing different galactomannan fragments, demonstrated that mAb 8G4 could effectively recognize the parental pentasaccharide while mAb 7B8 recognizes its constituting trisaccharide parts. Immunofluorescence studies showed that both 7B8 and 8G4 could stain A. fumigatus cells in culture efficiently, but not the mutant strain lacking galactomannan. In addition, confocal microscopy demonstrated that Candida albicans, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus plantarum, and numerous gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were not labeled by mAbs 7B8 and 8G4.

The generated mAbs can be considered promising for the development of a new specific enzyme-linked assay for detection of A. fumigatus, which is highly demanded for medical and environmental controls.
The work continues a series of articles devoted to the peculiarities of solving coefficient inverse problems for nonlinear singularly perturbed equations of the reaction-diffusion-advection-type with data on the position of the reaction front.

In this paper, we place the emphasis on some problems of the numerical solving process. One of the approaches to solving inverse problems of the class under consideration is the use of methods of asymptotic analysis. These methods, under certain conditions, make it possible to construct the so-called reduced formulation of the inverse problem. Usually, a differential equation in this formulation has a lower dimension/order with respect to the differential equation, which is included in the full statement of the inverse problem. In this paper, we consider an example that leads to a reduced formulation of the problem, the solving of which is no less a time-consuming procedure in comparison with the numerical solving of the problem in the full statement. In particular, to obtain an approximate numerical solution, one has to use the methods of the numerical diagnostics of the solution's blow-up.

Thus, it is demonstrated that the possibility of constructing a reduced formulation of the inverse problem does not guarantee its more efficient solving. Moreover, the possibility of constructing a reduced formulation of the problem does not guarantee the existence of an approximate solution that is qualitatively comparable to the true one. In previous works of the authors, it was shown that an acceptable approximate solution can be obtained only for sufficiently small values of the singular parameter included in the full statement of the problem. However, the question of how to proceed if the singular parameter is not small enough remains open. The work also gives an answer to this question.
An analysis of B0->D K*0 decays is presented, where D represents an admixture of D0 and D0b mesons reconstructed in four separate final states: K-pi+, pi-K+, K+K- and pi+pi-. The data sample corresponds to 3.0fb-1 of proton-proton collision, collected by the LHCb experiment.

Measurements of several observables are performed, including CP asymmetries. The most precise determination is presented of rB(DK*0), the magnitude of the ratio of the amplitudes of the decay B0->D K+ pi- with a b->u or a b->c transition, in a K pi mass region of +/-50 MeV/c2 around the K*(892) mass and for an absolute value of the cosine of the K*0 helicity angle larger than 0.4.
Stem/progenitor cells are considered an alternative method of heart failure therapy by promoting regeneration of damaged myocardium in myocardial infarction. Effectiveness of cell therapy depends on the population composition and functional activity of the cell graft, and, in turn, it depends on the conditions of microenvironment.

We studied some effects of short-term incubation of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) with erythropoietin upon cellular phenotype, cell cycle, apoptosis and their proliferative potential. BM-MNCs were isolated from bone marrow aspirate from patients with CHD in a density gradient, then incubated for 60 minutes with erythropoietin (33.4 IU/ml). Using flow cytometric assay of the total BM-MNCs pool, we have shown there endothelial progenitor cells at different stages of maturation and differentiation, mesenchymal stem cells are.

Short-term incubation of BM-MNCs with erythropoietin reduces expression of CD184 molecules on CD34+ cells, and causes increase of CD184 on CD31+ cells. Erythropoietin causes a delay of CD34+ cells in the resting phase (G0G1), reduce a proportion of cells in the synthetic phase (S) and mitosis (G2/M), and does not affect apoptosis. Erythropoietin had no significant effects on expression on BM-MNCs surface molecules involved in providing adhesion. MTT-method has shown that the short-term preincubation of BM-MNCs with erythropoietin contributed to a significant decrease in proliferative activity of BM-MNCs. However, there was a tendency towards increased resistance of erythropoietin-pretreated BM-MNCs to oxidative stress. We have also revealed a correlation between the numbers of endothelial progenitor cells at different stages of differentiation, and numbers of hematopoietic stem cells in the total BM-MNCs pool.
Process of thermal decomposition at different temperatures of the Zr/Ti sol-xerogels, chemically identical but prepared by different methods (mixed and binary), was studied by SAXS/WAXD with the use of synchrotron radiation. Primary particles in mixed and binary Zr/Ti sols have different structure and size. Using the qualitative contrast-variation method it was suggested that primary particle in mixed system consists of Ti nuclear surrounded by Zr atoms in the outer layer and the size of primary particle is about 20 nm. Primary particle in binary system consists of Zr nuclear surrounded by Ti atoms in the outer layer and the size of primary particle is about 5 nm. Multistage thermal decomposition of the Zr/Ti xerogels proceeds through an intermediate phase formation. The intermediate phase of mixed Zr/Ti sol has an amorphous anatase (TiO2) structure, which is formed presumably inside the primary particle. The intermediate phase of binary Zr/Ti sol has an amorphous structure consisting probably of the disordered metal atoms surrounded by water molecules. The final product of mixed Zr/Ti system with the crystallite size about of 10÷15 nm is formed during the third stage. The final product of binary Zr/Ti system with the crystallite size about of 20÷25 nm is formed during the second and third stages.
The retention of supernumerary chromosomes in the germ-line of Sciara coprophila is part of a highly-intricate pattern of chromosome behaviours that have fascinated cytogeneticists for over 80 years. Germ-line limited (termed L or “limited”) chromosomes are cytologically heterochromatic and late-replicating, with more recent studies confirming they possess epigenetic hallmarks characteristic of constitutive heterochromatin. Little is known about their genetic constitution although they have been found to undergo cycles of condensation and de-condensation at different stages of development. Unlike most supernumeraries, the L chromosomes in S. coprophila are thought to be indispensable, although in two closely related species Sciara ocellaris and Sciara reynoldsi the L chromosomes, have been lost during evolution. Here, we review what we know about L chromosomes in Sciara coprophila. We end by discussing how study of the L chromosome condensation cycle has provided insight into the site and timing of both the erasure of parental “imprints” and also the placement of a putative “imprint” that might be carried by the sperm into the egg.
Auxin response factors (ARFs), together with auxin/indole acetic acid proteins (Aux/IAAs), are transcription factors that play key roles in regulating auxin-responsive transcription in plants. Current models for auxin signaling predict that auxin response is dependent on ARF-Aux/IAA interactions mediated by the related protein-protein interaction domain (i.e., referred to as the CTD) found in the ARF and Aux/IAA C-terminal regions. When auxin concentrations in a cell are low, ARF activators residing on the promoters of auxin response genes are thought to be inactive because of the association with dominant Aux/IAA repressors. When auxin concentrations are elevated, the Aux/IAA repressors are recruited to auxin receptors and degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Destruction of the Aux/IAA repressors allows the ARF activators to function in derepressing/activating auxin response genes. While this auxin signaling pathway is simple and attractive, it is unclear whether auxin-regulated gene expression is solely dependent on ARF-Aux/IAA interactions. Here we show that auxin can affect the expression of auxin response genes in a manner that is independent of the ARF activator CTD.
Spike shape and morphometric characteristics are among the key characteristics of cultivated cereals associated with their productivity. Identification of the genes controlling these traits requires morphometric data at harvesting and analysis of numerous plants, which could be automatically done using technologies of digital image analysis. A method for wheat spike morphometry utilizing 2D image analysis is proposed. Digital images are acquired in two variants: a spike on a table (one projection) or fixed with a clip (four projections). The method identifies spike and awns in the image and estimates their quantitative characteristics (area in image, length, width, circularity, etc.). Section model, quadrilaterals, and radial model are proposed for describing spike shape. Parameters of these models are used to predict spike shape type (spelt, normal, or compact) by machine learning. The mean error in spike density prediction for the images in one projection is 4.61 (~18%) versus 3.33 (~13%) for the parameters obtained using four projections.
The locus-specific methylation of three genes (GSTP1, RNF219, and KIAA1539 (also known as FAM214B)) in the blood plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of 20 patients with prostate cancer (PCa), 18 healthy donors (HDs), and 17 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was studied via the MiSeq platform.

The methylation status of two CpGs within the same loci were used as the diagnostic feature for discriminating the patient groups. Many variables had good diagnostic characteristics, e.g., each of the variables GSTP1.C3.C9, GSTP1.C9, and GSTP1.C9.T17 demonstrated an 80% sensitivity at a 100% specificity for PCa patients vs. the others comparison. The analysis of RNF219 gene loci methylation allowed discriminating BPH patients with absolute sensitivity and specificity.

The data on the methylation of the genes GSTP1 and RNF219 allowed discriminating PCa patients, as well as HDs, with absolute sensitivity and specificity. Thus, the data on the locus-specific methylation of cfDNA (with single-molecule resolution) combined with a diagnostic approach considering the simultaneous methylation of several CpGs in one locus enabled the discrimination of HD, BPH, and PCa patients.
The magnetic field dependence of Chemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (CIDNP) in solid-state systems is analyzed theoretically with the aim to explain the puzzling sign change of polarization found at low fields [D. Gräsing et al., Sci. Rep. 7, 12111 (2017)].

We exploit the analysis of polarization in terms of level crossings and level anti-crossings trying to identify the positions of features in the CIDNP field dependence with specific crossings between spin energy levels of the radical pair. Theoretical treatment of solid-state CIDNP reveals a strong orientation dependence of polarization due to the spin dynamics conditioned by anisotropic spin interactions. Specifically, different anisotropic CIDNP mechanisms become active at different magnetic fields and different molecular orientations.

Consequently, the field dependence and orientation dependence of polarization need to be analyzed together in order to rationalize experimental observations. By considering both magnetic field and orientation dependence of CIDNP, we are able to explain the previously measured CIDNP field dependence in photosynthetic reaction centers and to obtain a good qualitative agreement between the experimental observations and theoretical results.
Facial pain resembling trigeminal neuralgia is not a common clinical feature of cervical spinal cord tumor. Depending on nature of the facial pain, differential diagnosis tends to include neurovascular conflict, multiple sclerosis, cerebellopontine angle tumors, herpes zoster, facial injuries, and other conditions involving trigeminal nerve, ganglion, and root. Here, we present a unique case of pain in trigeminal distribution due to an intramedullary tumor in the upper cervical spinal cord.A 27-year-old male was admitted with complaints of intense facial pain on the right side lasting for several years. MRI revealed an intramedullary lesion at the C1 level and no signs of a neurovascular conflict or a demyelination. This lesion was removed microsurgically, with the subtotal resection immediately abolishing the pain and causing no additional neurological deficit. Histological analysis revealed ganglioglioma, Grade 1. After 5-day hospital stay, the patient was discharged home; 2-year follow-up showed no tumor recurrence on MRI and persistent relief of facial pain.Secondary trigeminal neuralgia may be explained by a pathological process in vicinity of the spinal trigeminal nuclei. Removing the tumor may be expected to provide complete and lasting pain relief.
Reflectors are the preferred high-gain antenna for ground base stations and radar applications. However, they are bulky and heavy for airborne applications. Hence, planar arrays such as microstrip antenna arrays are favored in airborne use.

Unfortunately, losses in the array feeding network are unacceptable at Terahertz (THz) frequencies due to the significant absorption of any material/substrate in this range (D. Grischkowsky et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 7, 2006, 1990).

Therefore, high-gain reflectarrays are the preferred practical solution for high data rate THz airborne applications.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by death of motor neurons. To date, neither etiology nor pathogenesis of ALS are known, which leads to the absence of an effective treatment strategy.

ALS patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent an excellent tool for the disease study. We obtained iPSCs line from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the patient with homozygous Asp90Ala mutation in the SOD1 gene using non-integrating episomal vectors.

The iPSCs line retained pathological genotype and expressed pluripotency markers. It also displayed a normal karyotype and the ability to differentiate into derivatives of three germ layers.
Analysis of the laser cut surface morphology remain topical. It is related with the fact that the surface roughness is the main index of the cut quality. The present paper deals with the experimental study of the relatively unstudied type of defects on the laser cut surface, dimples, or craters. According to the measurement results, amount of craters per unit of the laser cut surface area rises as the sheet thickness rises. The crater diameter rises together with the sheet thickness and distance from the upper sheet edge. The obtained data permit concluding that the defects like craters are observed predominantly in the case of thick sheets. The results agree with the hypothesis of crater formation as impact structures resulting from the melt drops getting on the cut channel walls upon separation from the cut front by the gas flow.
We estimate variations of the crustal thickness beneath the Nepal Himalayas based on tomographic inversion of regional earthquake data. We have obtained a low-velocity anomaly in the upper part of the model down to depths of 40 to 80 km and proposed that the lower limit of this anomaly represents variations of the Moho depth. This statement was supported by results of synthetic modeling.

The obtained variations of crustal thickness match fairly well with the free-air gravity anomalies: thinner crust patterns correspond to lower gravity values and vice versa. There is also some correlation with magnetic field: higher magnetic values correspond to the major areas of thicker crust. We propose that elevated magnetic values can be associated with more rigid segments of the incoming Indian crust which cause more compression in the thrust zone and lead to stronger crustal thickening.
Recent progress in mastering multidimensional nonlinear wave patterns has an interdisciplinary character. It bridges different areas, ranging from nonlinear wave collapse and turbulence phenomena in plasmas, the formation of highly coherent structures, such as solitons in nonlinear optics (so-called "light bullets"), to liquid crystals and Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) [1] – [3] . Such soliton-like structures could provide unprecedented energy condensation, and lead to a breakthrough in the information capacity of photonic networks and multimode microresonators for optical comb generation [4] – [6] .

Here we numerically demonstrate that multidimensional wave pattern stabilization can be substantially enhanced by introducing graded dissipation in a multimode fiber (MMF), which is closely connected with the concept of distributed Kerr-lens mode-locking in an all-fiber lasers [7] .
We conducted a detailed study of the morphology of diamond crystals partially dissolved in a water-bearing kimberlite melt at pressure of 6.3 GPa, temperature of 1400 °C, and two oxygen fugacities (fO2) corresponding to the Re-ReO2 buffer and near the magnetite–hematite (MH) buffer. The triangular etch pits on the {111} faces, which formed during experimental diamond dissolution, were found to completely correspond to negative trigons on natural diamond crystals in the shape and sidewalls inclination angle. Furthermore, two experimental fO2 values were associated with two relief types of the rounded tetrahexahedroid surfaces typical of natural rounded diamonds. Therefore, the surface microrelief on rounded natural diamond crystals was concluded to be an indicator of the redox conditions of natural diamond resorption.