Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Background Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of loci influencing complex human traits, however, their biological mechanism of action remains mostly unknown. Recent accumulation of functional genomics ('omics') including metabolomics data opens up opportunities to provide a new insight into the functional role of specific changes in the genome. Functional genomic data are characterized by high dimensionality, presence of (strong) statistical dependencies between traits, and, potentially, complex genetic control. Therefore, analysis of such data asks for development of specific statistical genetic methods.

Results We propose a network-based, conditional approach to evaluate the impact of genetic variants on omics phenotypes (conditional GWAS, cGWAS). For each trait of interest, based on biological network, we select a set of other traits to be used as covariates in GWAS. The network could be reconstructed either from biological pathway databases or directly from the data. We evaluated our approach using data from a population-based KORA study (n=1,784, 1.7 M SNPs) with measured metabolomics data (151 metabolites) and demonstrated that our approach allows for identification of up to five additional loci not detected by conventional GWAS. We show that this gain in power is achieved through increased precision of genetic effect estimates, and in presence of specific 'contra-intuitive' pleiotropic scenarios (when genetic and environmental sources of covariance are acting in opposite manner). We justify existence of such scenarios, and discuss possible applications of our method beyond metabolomics.

Conclusions We demonstrate that in context of metabolomics network-based, conditional genome-wide association analysis is able to dramatically increase power of identification of loci with specific 'contra-intuitive' pleiotropic architecture. Our method has modest computational costs, can utilize summary level GWAS data, and is applicable to other omics data types. We anticipate that application of our method to new and existing data sets will facilitate progress in understanding genetic bases of control of molecular and complex phenotypes.
The mandarin vole, Lasiopodomys mandarinus, is one of the most intriguing species among mammals with non-XX/XY sex chromosome system. It combines polymorphism in diploid chromosome numbers, variation in the morphology of autosomes, heteromorphism of X chromosomes, and several sex chromosome systems the origin of which remains unexplained.

Here we elucidate the sex determination system in Lasiopodomys mandarinus vinogradovi using extensive karyotyping, crossbreeding experiments, molecular cytogenetic methods, and single chromosome DNA sequencing. Among 205 karyotyped voles, one male and three female combinations of sex chromosomes were revealed. The chromosome segregation pattern and karyomorph-related reproductive performances suggested an aberrant sex determination with almost half of the females carrying neo-X/neo-Y combination.

The comparative chromosome painting strongly supported this proposition and revealed the mandarin vole sex chromosome systems originated due to at least two de novo autosomal translocations onto the ancestral X chromosome. The polymorphism in autosome 2 was not related to sex chromosome variability and was proved to result from pericentric inversions. Sequencing of microdissection derived of sex chromosomes allowed the determination of the coordinates for syntenic regions but did not reveal any Y-specific sequences. Several possible sex determination mechanisms as well as interpopulation karyological differences are discussed.
The CFD modelling of the ramjet start with low losses of the stagnation pressure was carried out. The basic feature of this start technology was the jet of compressed air creating effect of a throttle which aids in preliminary decelerating of the flow up to transonic velocities. The comparison with experiment was performed for the hydrogen burning. We studied the axial and near-wall supply of gas fuel. The physical mechanisms stimulating stable presence of transonic mode in the part with constant section were investigated within the frameworks URANS approach. It was shown that fuel supply blockage is a way to control near-wall supplying of gaseous fuel at considerably low pressure falls. And blocking the ignition processes is a way to control the axial supply at quite high pressure falls.
In this paper, a pulsed wire method (PWM) for magnetic measurements was described.

Experimental setup was developed and assembled. The results of measurements on superconductive 38-pole 0.75 T undulator are given. Two different wires were used – 200 µm and 140 µm diameter. For 140 µm the calibration curve was obtained, wire position sensor has high sensitivity – 0.28 V/μm. A dispersion correction algorithm was applied to the raw data from sensor and corrected signals were given.

The results and further works are being discussed.
In a majority of mammals, male infants have heavier body mass and grow faster than female infants. Accordingly, male offspring nursing requires a much greater maternal energy contribution to lactation. It is possible that the maternal-fetal immunoendocrine dialog plays an important role in female preparation for lactation during pregnancy. Immune system genes are an integral part of gene regulatory networks in lactation and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is a proinflammatory cytokine that also plays an important role in normal mammary gland development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the sex of calf and/or the -824A/G polymorphism in the promoter region of TNFα gene on milk performance traits in Black Pied cattle over the course of lactation. We also studied the allele frequency differences of -824A/G variants across several cattle breeds, which were bred in different climatic conditions. The G allele frequency decreased gradually over the course of lactation events in the Black Pied dairy cattle because of a higher culling rate of cows with the G/G genotype (p<0.001). In contrast to the genotypes A/A and A/G, cows with G/G genotype showed significant variability of milk and milk fat yield subject to sex of delivered calf. Milk yield and milk fat yield were significantly higher in the case of birth of a bull calf than with a heifer calf (p<0.03). The G allele frequency varies from 48% to 58% in Grey Ukrainian and Black Pied cattle to 77% in aboriginal Yakut cattle. Our results suggest that the TNFα -824A/G gene polymorphism may have an influence on the reproductive efforts of cows over the course of lactation events depending on the sex of progeny. Allocation of resources according to sex of the calf allows optimizing the energy cost of lactation. This may be a probable reason for high G allele frequency in Yakut cattle breeding in extreme environmental conditions. Similarly, the dramatic fall in milk production after birth of a heifer calf increases the probability of culling for the cows with the G/G genotype in animal husbandry. Keywords: Cattle; TNFα Gene; Single Nucleotide Polymorphism; Milk Production; Sex of Progeny
We report the first example of crystallographic observation of acetylene binding to -NO2 groups in a metal-organic framework (MOF). Functionalization of MFM-102 with -NO2 groups on phenyl groups leads to a 15% reduction in BET surface area in MFM-102-NO2. However, this is coupled to a 28% increase in acetylene adsorption to 192 cm3 g-1 at 298 K and 1 bar, comparable to other leading porous materials. Neutron diffraction and inelastic scattering experiments reveal the role of -NO2 groups, in cooperation with open metal sites, in the binding of acetylene in MFM-102-NO2.
We calculate impact factors for Reggeon-gluon transition in supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory with four supercharges at large number of colours Nc. In the next-to-leading order impact factors are not uniquely defined and must accord with BFKL kernels and energy scales. We obtain the impact factor corresponding to the kernel and the energy evolution parameter, which is invariant under Moebius transformation in momentum space, and show that it is also Moebius invariant up to terms taken into account in the BDS ansatz.
Now, the work aimed at extracting maximum information about archaeological objects using geophysical methods is relevant. The possibilities for this give us the integration of various geophysical methods. In 2018–2019, electrical exploration works were carried out at the archaeological site Ust-Tartas mounds (Western Siberia). The sites for these works were selected based on magnetic survey data. The purpose of the research was to obtain additional information on the parameters of archaeological objects and to compare the possibilities of different geophysical methods. Several different magnetic anomalies were chosen for the studies. Methods of electromagnetic frequency sounding, electrotomography and georadiolocation were used. We were able to refine the length, width, depth of objects, and their configuration. The type of objects studied (burial or pit, settlement complex) is defined. The most informative results, which complement the magnetic survey data, are obtained using the electrotomography method.
In-plane hole g-factors measured in quantum point contacts based on p-type heterostructures strongly depend on the orientation of the magnetic field with respect to the electric current. This effect, first reported a decade ago and confirmed in a number of publications, has remained an open problem.

In this work, we present systematic experimental studies to disentangle different mechanisms contributing to the effect and develop the theory which describes it successfully.

We show that there is a new mechanism for the anisotropy related to the existence of an additional $B_+k_-^4\sigma_+$ effective Zeeman interaction for holes, which is kinematically different from the standard single Zeeman term $B_-k_-^2\sigma_+$ considered until now.
Pyrrolidine nitroxides with four bulky alkyl substituents adjacent to N-O group are known for their high resistance to bioreduction. The 3,4-unsubstituted 2-tert-butyl-2-ethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyls were prepared from the corresponding 2-tert-butyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxides via either the addition of ethinylmagnesium bromide with subsequent hydrogenation or via treatment with ethyllithium. The new nitroxides showed excellent stability to reduction with ascorbate with no evidence for additional large hyperfine couplings in the EPR spectra.
For classes of graph mappings constructed from CH1 -mappings of nilpotent graded groups

we prove area formula on sub-Lorentzian structures of arbitrary depth with multi-dimensional time
The genome assembly of Anopheles darlingi consists of 2221 scaffolds (N50 = 115,072 bp) and has a size spanning 136.94 Mbp. This assembly represents one of the smallest genomes among Anopheles species. Anopheles darlingi genomic DNA fragments of ~37 Kb were cloned, end-sequenced, and used as probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with salivary gland polytene chromosomes. In total, we mapped nine DNA probes to scaffolds and autosomal arms. Comparative analysis of the An. darlingi scaffolds with homologous sequences of the Anopheles albimanus and Anopheles gambiae genomes identified chromosomal rearrangements among these species. Our results confirmed that physical mapping is a useful tool for anchoring genome assemblies to mosquito chromosomes.
Curved mountain belts, commonly referred as to oroclines that result from bending of quasi-linear orogenic belts, have fascinated generations of geologists. Such structures are widely recognized in modern and ancient orogens, and are fundamentally important for understanding geodynamics of convergent plate boundaries. However, how and why orogenic belts become bent has been in debate. Here we investigate the Kazakhstan Orocline in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt with an aim at understanding the geodynamics of oroclinal bending in accretionary orogens.
Bergamaksky Ostrog is the westernmost element in the chain of fortified points, designed to ensure safe and uninterrupted traffic along the section of the Moscow-Siberian Route from Tara to Tomsk. The history of this defensive fortification is presented in the works of several researchers, however the complete picture has not been presented in available literature so far. The reason for this is that different types of sources were looked at separately, and the most informative evidence of contemporaries has remained out of sight of the researchers.

The source base is represented by archival documents on the history of the Bergamaksky Ostrog, published by various researchers, information from travel diaries of D. G. Messerschmidt (1721) and J. G. Gmelin (1741), materials from archaeological excavations of 1996 and 1998 (L. V. Tataurova and S. F. Tataurov), the results of dendrochronological dating of wooden structures selected during archaeological research.

A comprehensive and interlinked consideration of all types of sources made it possible to form a complete picture of the history of the Bergamaksky Ostrog and identify a number of erroneous statements entrenched in scientific literature. It is established that before 1668, there were no Russian settlements on the site of the modern village of Bergamak in the Omsk Oblast. The records that report that the Bergamak settlement appeared in 1627 are false, since it belonged to the Tatar village of Bergamak. It has been established that the Ostrog was built in the settlement in 1670. By the turn of the 17th – 18th centuries it fell into complete disrepair and was not mentioned as a defensive fortification in the office administration. As a result of the introduction of new sources (travel diaries of D. G. Messerschmidt and J. G. Gmelin), it was established that no earlier than 1721, a second Bergamaksky Ostrog was constructed in a new place. The article developed a hypothesis about its localization and a graphic and descriptive reconstruction of its layout plan was completed.
Being a superluminous supernova, PTF12dam can be explained by a 56 Ni-powered model, a magnetar-powered model, or an interaction model.

We propose that PTF12dam is a pulsational pair-instability supernova, where the outer envelope of a progenitor is ejected during the pulsations. Thus, it is powered by a double energy source: radioactive decay of 56 Ni and a radiative shock in a dense circumstellar medium. To describe multicolor light curves and spectra, we use radiation-hydrodynamics calculations of the STELLA code.

We found that light curves are well described in the model with 40 M ⊙ ejecta and 20–40 M ⊙ circumstellar medium. The ejected 56 Ni mass is about 6 M ⊙ , which results from explosive nucleosynthesis with large explosion energy (2–3) × 10 52 erg. In comparison with alternative scenarios of pair-instability supernova and magnetar-powered supernova, in the interaction model, all the observed main photometric characteristics are well reproduced: multicolor light curves, color temperatures, and photospheric velocities.
The results of cartographic modeling of the temperature fields of soils of the land fund of the Novosibirsk region using satellite data obtained by the MODIS/Terra spectroradiometer are considered.

The developed cartographic models give a clear idea of the spatial structure of the temperature fields of the soil cover of the Novosibirsk region and the qualitative changes in the temperature regime of soils in different years. According to the data of daytime and nighttime surveys, the peculiarities of the temperature distribution of the soil cover for 2001 and 2010 were established. The values of the average annual temperature of the underlying surface for 2001–2014 were calculated.

It is assumed that thermal resources not reflected in the generalization of zonal zoning can be identified on cartographic models. These resources have independent ecological significance and characterize the diversity of landscape, anthropogenic and other types of climate.
We search for the process ${B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ using the full Belle data set of $711\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, corresponding to $772\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}B\overline{B}$ pairs, collected at the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}(4S)$ resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collider.

We reconstruct one $B$ meson in a hadronic decay and search for the ${B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ process in the remainder of the event.

No significant signal is observed and an upper limit of $\mathcal{B}({B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}})<2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ is obtained at the 90% confidence level.
Using a 1 --> 2 transition as an analytically tractable model, we discuss in detail magneto-optical resonances of both electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) types in the Hanle configuration.

The analysis is made for an arbitrary rate of depolarizing collisions in the excited state and an arbitrary elliptical field polarization. The role of the finite atom-light interaction time is briefly discussed. In addition we study nontrivial peculiarities of the resonance line shape related to the velocity spread in a gas.

The obtained results clearly show that the main reason for the EIA subnatural resonance is the spontaneous transfer of anisotropy from the excited level to the ground level. In the EIA case we predict the negative structures in the absorption resonance at large field detuning.
A growing number of researchers studying horse domestication come to a conclusion that this process happened in multiple locations and involved multiple wild maternal lines.

The most promising approach to address this problem involves mitochondrial haplotype comparison of wild and domestic horses from various locations coupled with studies of possible migration routes of the ancient shepherds. Here, we sequenced complete mitochondrial genomes of six horses from burials of the Ukok plateau (Russia, Altai Mountains) dated from 2.7 to 1.4 thousand years before present and a single late Pleistocene wild horse from the neighboring region (Denisova cave).

Sequencing data indicates that the wild horse belongs to an extinct pre-domestication lineage. Integration of the domestic horse data with known Eurasian haplotypes of a similar age revealed two distinct groups: the first one widely distributed in Europe and presumably imported to Altai, and the second one specific for Altai Mountains and surrounding area.
Multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is based on a combination of well-established building blocks for polarization transfer. These blocks are used to design correlation experiments through one or a few chemical bonds or through space.

Here, we introduce a building block that enables polarization transfer across all NMR-active nuclei in a coupled network of spins: isotropic mixing at zero and ultralow field (ZULF). Exploiting mixing under ZULF-NMR conditions, heteronuclear TOtal Correlation SpectroscopY (TOCSY) experiments were developed to highlight coupled spin networks. We demonstrate 1H-13C and 1H-15N correlations in ZULF-TOCSY spectra of labeled amino acids, which allow one to obtain cross-peaks among all heteronuclei belonging to the same coupled network, even when the direct interaction between them is negligible.

We also demonstrate the potential of ZULF-TOCSY to analyze complex mixtures on a growth medium of isotope-labeled biomolecules. ZULF-TOCSY enables the quick identification of individual compounds in the mixture by their coupled spin networks. The ZULF-TOCSY method will lead to the development of a new toolbox of experiments to analyze complex mixtures by NMR.
This paper presents a study of the pyrolysis products organic raw materials (bio-oil and sludge sediments of treatment facilities) by chromatographic methods. A feature of the work is to optimize the sample preparation procedure by fractionating the pyrolysis products. Using the method of gel permeation chromatography, molecular weight distribution of pyrolysis products was assessed. Determination of the water content in these objects (by Karl Fischer titration) was used to assess the possibility of their direct analysis by gas chromatography. A sample of sludge pyrolysis and several fractions obtained from a bio-oil sample were analyzed. By the method of two-dimensional gas chromatography, where a selfdeveloped column based on an ionic liquid was used as the first measurement column, the pyrolysate of sludge sediments and the ether fraction of bio-oil were analyzed. The obtained chromatograms and quantitative results are presented
Unreduced gametes. The absence of a strict pachytene checkpoint in plants presents an opportunity to study meiosis in polyhaploid organisms. In the present study, we demonstrate that meiosis is coordinated in hybrids between disomic wheat–rye substitution lines 1Rv(1A), 2R(2D), 5R(5D), 6R(6A) and rye (Triticum aestivum L. × Secale cereale L., 4x = 28, ABDR). By using in situ hybridization with a centromere pAet6-09 probe and immunostaining with H3Ser10ph-, CENH3-, and α-tubulin-specific antibodies, we distinguished four chromosome behaviour types. The first one is a mitotic-like division that is characterized by mitotic centromere architecture, robust bipolar spindle, one-step loss of arm and centromere cohesion, and sister chromatid separation in the first and only meiotic division. The second type involves a monopolar spindle formation, which appears as a hat-shaped group of chromosomes moving in one direction, wherein MT bundles are co-oriented polewards. It prevents chromosome segregation in meiosis I, with a bipolar spindle distributing sister chromatids to the poles in meiosis II. These events subsequently result in the formation of unreduced microspores. The other two meiotic-like chromosome segregation patterns known as reductional and equational plus reductional represent stand-alone types of cell division rather than intermediate steps of meiosis I. Only sterile pollen is produced as a result of such meiotic-like chromosome behaviours. Slightly variable meiotic phenotypes are reproducibly observed in hybrids under different growth conditions. The 2R(2D)xR genotype tends to promote reductional division. In contrast, the genotypes 1Rv(1A)xR, 5R(5D)xR, and 6R(6A)xR promote equational chromosome segregation and monopolar spindle formation in addition to reductional and equational plus reductional division types.
We give direct experimental evidence for the observation of the full transverse self-modulation of a relativistic proton bunch propagating through a dense plasma.

The bunch exits the plasma with a density modulation resulting from radial wakefield effects with a period reciprocal to the plasma frequency. We show that the modulation is seeded by using an intense laser pulse co-propagating with the proton bunch which creates a relativistic ionization front within the bunch.

We show by varying the plasma density over one order of magnitude that the modulation period scales with the expected dependence on the plasma density.