Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Hyperpolarized gases revolutionize functional pulmonary imaging. Hyperpolarized propane is a promising emerging contrast agent for pulmonary MRI. Unlike hyperpolarized noble gases, proton‐hyperpolarized propane gas can be imaged using conventional MRI scanners with proton imaging capability. Moreover, it is non‐toxic odorless anesthetic. Furthermore, propane hyperpolarization can be accomplished by pairwise addition of parahydrogen to propylene. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of propane hyperpolarization via hydrogenation of cyclopropane with parahydrogen. 1 H propane polarization up to 2.4 % is demonstrated here using 82 % parahydrogen enrichment and heterogeneous Rh/TiO 2 hydrogenation catalyst. This level of polarization is several times greater than that obtained with propylene as a precursor under the same conditions despite the fact that direct pairwise addition of parahydrogen to cyclopropane may also lead to formation of propane with NMR‐invisible hyperpolarization due to magnetic equivalence of nascent parahydrogen protons in two CH 3 groups. NMR‐visible hyperpolarized propane demonstrated here can be formed only via a reaction pathway involving cleavage of at least one C–H bond in the reactant molecule. The resulting NMR signal enhancement of hyperpolarized propane was sufficient for 2D gradient echo MRI of ∼5.5 mL phantom with 1×1 mm 2 spatial resolution and 64×64 imaging matrix despite relatively low chemical conversion of cyclopropane substrate.
In the infinite case, emission requires intermediate generation of electromagnetic plasma eigenmodes.

In this paper, electromagnetic emissions produced in a thin beam-plasma system are studied using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. For the first time, the problem of emission generation in such a system is considered in the realistic formulation allowing for the continuous injection of a relativistic electron beam through the plasma boundary. Specific attention is given to the thin plasma case in which the transverse plasma size is comparable to the typical wavelength of beam-driven oscillations.

Emission from a thin plasma does not require intermediate generation of electromagnetic plasma eigenmodes, as in the infinite case, and is more similar to the regular antenna radiation. In this work, we determine how efficiently the fundamental and second harmonic emissions can be generated in previously modulated and initially homogeneous plasmas.
The Helical Plasma Thruster [1] is intended to work as the main megawatt-class thruster for interplanetary missions or inter-orbital tug shuttles. Its plasma accelerator channel has a strong axial magnetic field for wall insulation, ending with a magnetic nozzle. These features, as well as the ability to change the exhaust velocity and thrust in flight, are similar to that of the well-known VASIMR engine [2].

However, the plasma acceleration method of rotating plasmas in helically corrugated field is original. It is not relying on the cyclotron (or other) resonances and can thus work with ion mixtures and even with partially ionized plasmas. However, the plasma rotation needs biased electrodes, so that erosion might be a problem.

This paper describes an optimized design of the thruster for protection of electrodes. There is also a possibility for effective reduction of the engine volume.
We study the asymptotic behavior of the survival probability of a multi-type branching process in a random environment. In the one-dimensional situation, the class of processes considered corresponds to the strongly subcritical case. We also prove a conditional limit theorem describing the distribution of the number of particles in the process given its survival for a long time.
The article deals with the issue of petroleum-contaminated water resources. The authors have analyzed the dynamics of oil spills, including the world's largest ones, and claimed the issue to be global.

The modern methods of mitigating oil spill effects have been studied, as well as the modern techniques of water resource treatment.

The particular attention is paid to peat sorbent production, which is considered a promising trend of petroleum-contaminated water treatment.
Among mammals, gene mapping efforts have concentrated mainly on humans and house mice. However, although studies of these 2 species can add much to our understanding of eutherian genome evolution (for example, Ehrlich and others 1997), it is important to expand the range of species to be examined for a more complete picture of the genomic changes that have occurred during the eutherian radiation (O'Brien and others 1997). Gene mapping studies much more modest than those conducted on humans and mice can add enormously to our knowledge of eutherian genome evolution, especially if (1) species from a wide range of different eutherian orders are analyzed, and (2) the same set of comparative anchor loci are examined (O'Brien and others 1993, 1997). Because the relationship of many of the orders of eutherian mammals is difficult to infer (Novacek 1992), gene mapping studies on species from as many eutherian orders as possible are needed both to help clarify the relationships between the orders and to properly deduce the structure of the ancestral eutherian genome. The order Insectivora includes shrews, hedgehogs, moles, and tenrecs. It is the third most speciose eutherian order (after Rodentia and Chiroptera), of which the shrew family (Soricidae) is particularly large. Morphologically, insectivores appear to be closer to the ancestral eutherian condition than other orders (Nowak 1991), and mitochondrial DNA sequences also suggest that insectivores are more basal within the eutherian phylogenetic tree than cetaceans, artiodactyls, primates, and rodents (Krettek and others 1995). Insectivores date back to the late Cretaceous in the fossil record (Stahl 1974). Given their status as a large group of primitive eutherians, insectivores are clearly an important model for gene mapping. Among the Insectivora, the common shrew (Sorex araneus L. 1758) has been subjected to particularly detailed population genetic analysis, both with respect to chromosomes (see below) and to other genetic markers (Heikkila 1989; Taberlet and others 1994). (For recent studies see also Fredga and Searle 1996; Wojcik and Wolsan 1998.) This
C- and N-bearing species in reduced fluids weree studied experimentally in C–O–H–N and muscovite–C–O–H–N systems and in natural carbonate-bearing samples at mantle P–T parameters. The experiments reproduced three types of reactions leading to formation of hydrocarbons (HCs) at 3.8–7.8 GPa and 800–1400 °C and at hydrogen fugacity (fH2) buffered by the Fe–FeO (IW) + H2O or Mo–MoO2 (MMO) + H2O equilibria: (i) Thermal destruction of organic matter during its subduction into the mantle (with an example of docosane), (ii) hydrogenation of graphite upon interaction with H2-enriched fluids, and (iii) hydrogenation of carbonates and products of their reduction in metamorphic clayey rocks. The obtained quenched fluids analyzed after the runs by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and electronic ionization mass-spectrometry (HR–MS) contain CH4 and C2H6 as main carbon species. The concentrations of C2-C4 alkanes in the fluids increase as the pressure and temperature increase from 3.8 to 7.8 GPa and from 800 to 1400 °C, respectively. The fluid equilibrated with the muscovite–garnet–omphacite–kyanite–rutile ± coesite assemblage consists of 50–80 rel.% H2O and 15–40 rel.% alkanes (C1 > C2 > C3 > C4). Main N-bearing species are ammonia (NH3) in the C–O–H–N and muscovite–C–O–H–N systems or methanimine (CH3N) in the fluid derived from the samples of natural pelitic rocks. Nitrogen comes either from air or melamine (C3H6N6) in model systems or from NH4+ in the runs with natural samples. The formula CH3N in the quenched fluid of the C–O–H–N system is confirmed by HR–MS. The impossibility of CH3N incorporation into K-bearing silicates because of a big CH3NH+ cation may limit the solubility of N in silicates at low fO2 and hence may substantially influence the mantle cycle of nitrogen. Thus, subduction of slabs containing carbonates, organic matter, and N-bearing minerals into strongly reduced mantle may induce the formation of fluids enriched in H2O, light alkanes, NH3, and CH3N. The presence of these species must be critical for the deep cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen.
Nonlinear polarizability of erythrocytes in non-uniform alternating electric field (NUAEF) was proved theoretically and experimentally by dielectrophoresis method. The paper presents experimental evidence of the nonlinear polarizability of erythrocytes in the non-uniform alternating electric field. The rotation of erythrocyte around its own axis at more than one revolution per second in the non-uniform alternating electric field in the frequency range and the electric field intensity is the evidence of its nonlinear polarizability. The theoretical analysis of the density of electric charges capable of overcoming the membrane potential was carried out on the basis of statistical mechanics, the thermal equilibrium in which the particle stays. The nonlinear polarizability of the erythrocyte emerges if the voltage on the membrane exceeds , which was theoretically proved. The alternating electric field from the donor erythrocyte with the amplitude exceeding forms the constant component of the current in the cytoplasm of the recipient erythrocyte whose energy can be considered as a signal one. The nonlinear equivalent electric circuit of the cell was proposed.
The set of equations which describes a non-steady 3D flow of non-isothermal liquid film in the presence of thermocapillary effect is deduced in the long-wave approach. The used model is applicable for moderate Reynolds's numbers Re∼10 and does not imply in advance set the profile of temperature in a film.

The linear analysis of a stability of a film in relation to perturbations in spanwise direction is carried out and dispersion relations are gained. Nonlinear development of instability is investigated numerically in cases of 2D and 3D flow and appearance of quasistationary rivulet structure.

Influence of dimensionless parameteres on characteristic scales of rivulet structures is revealed.
Experimental studies of an axisymmetric hydrogen-fueled detonation ramjet model 1.05-meter long and 0.31 m in diameter with an expanding annular combustor were performed in a pulse wind tunnel under conditions of approaching air stream Mach number ranging from 4 to 8 with the stagnation temperature of 293 K. In a supersonic air flow entering the combustor, continuous and longitudinally pulsating modes of hydrogen detonation with the corresponding characteristic frequencies of 1250 and 900 Hz were obtained. The maximum measured values of the fuel-based specific impulse and total thrust were 3600 s and 2200 N.
Let [Formula: see text] be the generating function for the number [Formula: see text] of spanning trees in the circulant graph C n (s 1 , s 2 , …, s k ). We show that F(x) is a rational function with integer coefficients satisfying the property F(x) = F(1/x). A similar result is also true for the circulant graphs C 2n (s 1 , s 2 , …, s k , n) of odd valency. We illustrate the obtained results by a series of examples.
The outer surface of isolated metaphase chromosomes has been investigated by a method of thermally activated tritium labelling.

We show that both chromosomal proteins and DNA are tritium-labelled. Fractionation of the chromosomal proteins reveals that scaffold proteins are the most labelled in condensed and EDTA-decondensed chromosomes. Exposition of some scaffold proteins on the outer surface of metaphase chromosomes is suggested.
Pre-eclampsia is the most common complication occurring during pregnancy. In the majority of cases, it is concurrent with other pathologies in a comorbid manner (frequent co-occurrences in patients), such as diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes and obesity. Providing bronchial asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, certain neurodegenerative diseases and cancers as examples, we have shown previously that pairs of inversely comorbid pathologies (rare co-occurrences in patients) are more closely related to each other at the molecular genetic level compared with randomly generated pairs of diseases. Data in the literature concerning the causes of pre-eclampsia are abundant. However, the key mechanisms triggering this disease that are initiated by other pathological processes are thus far unknown.

The aim of this work was to analyse the characteristic features of genetic networks that describe interactions between comorbid diseases, using pre-eclampsia as a case in point. The use of ANDSystem, Pathway Studio and STRING computer tools based on text-mining and database-mining approaches allowed us to reconstruct associative networks, representing molecular genetic interactions between genes, associated concurrently with comorbid disease pairs, including pre-eclampsia, diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes and obesity.

It was found that these associative networks statistically differed in the number of genes and interactions between them from those built for randomly chosen pairs of diseases. The associative network connecting all four diseases was composed of 16 genes (PLAT, ADIPOQ, ADRB3, LEPR, HP, TGFB1, TNFA, INS, CRP, CSRP1, IGFBP1, MBL2, ACE, ESR1, SHBG, ADA). Such an analysis allowed us to reveal differential gene risk factors for these diseases, and to propose certain, most probable, theoretical mechanisms of pre-eclampsia development in pregnant women. The mechanisms may include the following pathways: [TGFB1 or TNFA]-[IL1B]-[pre-eclampsia]; [TNFA or INS]-[NOS3]-[pre-eclampsia]; [INS]-[HSPA4 or CLU]-[pre-eclampsia]; [ACE]-[MTHFR]-[pre-eclampsia]. For pre-eclampsia, diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes and obesity, we showed that the size and connectivity of the associative molecular genetic networks, which describe interactions between comorbid diseases, statistically exceeded the size and connectivity of those built for randomly chosen pairs of diseases. Recently, we have shown a similar result for inversely comorbid diseases. This suggests that comorbid and inversely comorbid diseases have common features concerning structural organization of associative molecular genetic networks.
The metaSOL is designed using two different hexagonal unit cells to improve the efficiency and properties of the conventional transparent–opaque zoning approach.

The performance of an ultrathin (thickness < 0.04 λ 0 ) metasurface superoscillatory lens (metaSOL) is experimentally demonstrated in the terahertz (THz) range. The focusing metastructure produces, at a frequency f exp = 295 GHz, a sharp focal spot 8.9 λ exp away from its output surface with a transversal resolution of 0.52 λ exp (≈25% below the resolution limit imposed by diffraction), a power enhancement of 18.2 dB, and very low side lobe level (−13 dB).

Resolution below the diffraction limit is demonstrated in a broad fractional operation bandwidth of 18%. The focusing capabilities of the proposed metaSOL show its potential use in a range of applications such as THz imaging, microscopy, and communications.
Random field simulation methods that can be used to simulate the stochastic structure of three-dimensional clouds are discussed.

Examples of homogeneous random field realizations that reproduce one-dimensional distributions and correlation functions of experimental fields of stratus optical thicknesses are presented.
Inhalation of air-dispersed sub-micrometre and nano-sized particles presents a risk factor for animal and human health.

Here, we show that nasal aerodynamics plays a pivotal role in the protection of the subterranean mole vole Ellobius talpinus from an increased exposure to nano-aerosols. Quantitative simulation of particle flow has shown that their deposition on the total surface of the nasal cavity is higher in the mole vole than in a terrestrial rodent Mus musculus (mouse), but lower on the olfactory epithelium. In agreement with simulation results, we found a reduced accumulation of manganese in olfactory bulbs of mole voles in comparison with mice after the inhalation of nano-sized MnCl2 aerosols. We ruled out the possibility that this reduction is owing to a lower transportation from epithelium to brain in the mole vole as intranasal instillations of MnCl2 solution and hydrated nanoparticles of manganese oxide MnO · (H2O)x revealed similar uptake rates for both species.

Together, we conclude that nasal geometry contributes to the protection of brain and lung from accumulation of air-dispersed particles in mole voles.
The carbon coating hinders the sintering of the δ-Al2O3 phase. The stabilization of the nanosized oxide particles in the Al2O3@C system is considered as the decisive factor preventing their transformation to the α-Al2O3 phase.
Regular data taking with the CMD-3 at the electron-positron collider VEPP-2000 is under way since 2010. The collected data sample corresponds to about 200 inverse picobarns of integrated luminosity per detector in the energy range from 0.32 up to 2 GeV, with a goal to collect about 1 fb −1 during next five years. Some of the recent results from the CMD-3 detector are discussed.
B chromosomes (Bs) are known for more than hundred years but their origin, structure and pattern of evolution are not well understood. In the past few years new methodological approaches, involving isolation of Bs followed by whole DNA amplification, DNA probe generation, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) or the B chromosome DNA sequencing, has allowed detailed analysis of their origin and molecular structure in different species.

In this study we explored the origin of Bs in the yellow-necked wood mouse, Apodemus flavicollis, using generation of microdissected DNA probes followed by FISH on metaphase chromosomes. Bs of A. flavicollis were successfully isolated and DNA was used as the template for B-specific probes for the first time.

We revealed homology of DNA derived from the analyzed B chromosomes to the pericentromeric region (PR) of sex chromosomes and subtelomeric region of two pairs of small autosomes, but lower homology to the rest of the Y chromosome. Moreover, all analysed Bs had the same structure regardless of their number per individual or the great geographic distance between examined populations from the Balkan Peninsula (Serbia) and Eastern Europe (south region of Russia and central Belarus). Therefore, it was suggested that B chromosomes in A. flavicollis have a unique common origin from the PR of sex chromosomes, and/or similar evolutionary pattern.
The first imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope as a part of the TAIGA (Tunka Advanced Instrument for cosmic rays and Gamma Astronomy) detector was put into commission in the Tunka valley in December 2016. The reflector of the telescope follows the Davis-Cotton design. It is composed of 34 glassmirror tiles, each of 60 cm diameter, and has a diameter of 4.3 m. The focal length is 4.75 m. The imaging camera includes 560 photomultiplier-based pixels, providing a FoV of ~10×10 degrees. The imaging camera is made by using a modular principle and includes trigger, data acquisition and processing systems based on MAROC3 chips. The slow control system monitors the count rate and the PMT anode currents as well as controls the high voltage. For monitoring performance of the camera a dedicated calibration system based on nanosecond pulsed LED light source was developed.
The complexes of Fe II and Co II with phthalocyanines are extremely good catalysts for oxidation of organic compounds with molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide.Their solubility and reactivity are increased by conjugation with oligonucleotides and by formation of dimeric complexes between negatively and positively charged phthalocyanines.

In our work such complexes were formed directly on single-stranded DNA through interaction between negatively charged Co II phthalocyanine in conjugate and positively charged Fe II phthalocyanine in solution.

The resulting oppositely charged phthalocyanine complexes showed significant increase of catalytic activity compared with monomeric forms of phthalocyanines Fe II .The site-directed modification of single-and double-stranded DNA by H 2 O 2 in the presence of dimeric complexes of negatively charged Co II and positively charged Fe II phthalocyanines was detected.These complexes catalyzed the DNA oxidation with high efficacy and led to direct DNA strand cleavage.
Specificity of hydrogeological aspects of the Siberian sedimentary basins is most pronounced in their Arctic part where the saltless type the cross section grades into saline type in the direction from the Yamal Peninsula (as part of the West Siberian sedimentary basin), passing through the Yenisei-Khatanga basin as far as the Anabar-Khatanga basin with salt domes in its structure. It has been established that the modern chemistry of groundwaters and brines of petroleum-bearing deposits is a product of long-term geological evolution affected by many geological and hydrogeological factors.

Slightly metamorphosed groundwaters and weak brines of sodium chloride, chloride-bicarbonate sodium and sodium bicarbonate-chloride composition, with the TDS value varying from 2 to 63.3 g/dm3 (after S. A. Shchukarev) are widely developed within the West Siberian and the Yenisei-Khatanga basins. Subsurface brines from the areas adjacent to the Anabar-Khatanga basin are found to be dominantly sodium chloride in composition, with TDS value varying from 52.3 to 312.3 g/dm3, while those identified in the adjacent areas of the Siberian platform are strongly metamorphosed, of sodium chloride, sodium-calcium and calcium composition, with the TDS value up to 480 g/dm3.

Results of the detailed hydrogeochemistry analysis of petroleum reservoirs and paleohydrological history of Arctic parts of the Siberian sedimentary basins have prompted the presence of three genetic groups of subsurface waters in their section: infiltrogenic, sedimentogenic and condensatogenic. The first group includes modern and ancient infiltrogenic waters and brines resulting from salt domes leaching; the second group is composed of sedimentogenic waters (including brines), lithogenic waters and cryopegs. Comprising condensatogenic waters formed syngenetically with the hydrocarbon pools, the third group represents a special type, since the 'water-rock-gas-organic matter' system has largely affected the processes of formation of their chemical composition.
Population structure is an important factor in the genetic association studies but often remains underexplored for many human populations.

We identified exome variants in 39 Siberian Caucasian individuals from Novosibirsk, Russia and compared their genetic allele frequencies with European populations from 1000 Genomes Project. The study participants were from Novosibirsk and represented people with monogenic diabetes, healthy individuals and a cohort from the tick-borne encephalitis study. Isolated DNA was enriched using Agilent SureSelect V5 kit and sequenced on Illumina HiSeq 4000 and genetic variants were identified using GATK pipeline. To estimate the patterns of the population structure we used PCA and ADMIXTURE analysis. Pharmocogenetically and medically important variants were annotated based on PharmGKB and ClinVar databases.

The analysis identified low, but highly significant population differentiation attributed to numerous loci between the Siberian Caucasian population and other European population samples as well as a higher proportion of the Finnish genetic component in the studied sample. The medical and pharmacogenetic annotation of highly significantly differentiated variants between the Novosibirsk and the combined European populations revealed a number of important genetic polymorphisms located in such genes as FCGR3B, TYR, OCA2, FABP1, CHEK2 and SLC4A1. The study reports for the first time an exome-wide comparison of a population from Russia with European samples and emphasizes the importance of population studies with medical annotation of variants.