Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Background Drosophila Merlin, the homolog of the human Neurofibromatosis 2 ( NF2 ) gene, is important for the regulation of cell proliferation and receptor endocytosis. Male flies carrying a Mer 3 allele, a missense mutation (Met 177 →Ile) in the Merlin gene, are viable but sterile; however, the cause of sterility is unknown.

Results Testis examination reveals that hemizygous Mer 3 mutant males have small seminal vesicles that contain only a few immotile sperm. By cytological and electron microscopy analyses of the Mer 3 , Mer 4 (Gln 170 →stop), and control testes at various stages of spermatogenesis, we show that Merlin mutations affect meiotic cytokinesis of spermatocytes, cyst polarization and nuclear shaping during spermatid elongation, and spermatid individualization. We also demonstrate that the lethality and sterility phenotype of the Mer 4 mutant is rescued by the introduction of a wild-type Merlin gene. Immunostaining demonstrates that the Merlin protein is redistributed to the area associated with the microtubules of the central spindle in telophase and its staining is less in the region of the contractile ring during meiotic cytokinesis. At the onion stage, Merlin is concentrated in the Nebenkern of spermatids, and this mitochondrial localization is maintained throughout sperm formation. Also, Merlin exhibits punctate staining in the acrosomal region of mature sperm.

Conclusion Merlin mutations affect spermatogenesis at multiple stages. The Merlin protein is dynamically redistributed during meiosis of spermatocytes and is concentrated in the Nebenkern of spermatids. Our results demonstrated for the first time the mitochondrial localization of Merlin and suggest that Merlin may play a role in mitochondria formation and function during spermatogenesis.
The work is devoted to the study of the regularities of laminar-turbulent transition in supersonic boundary layers.

New experimental data are presented on the evolution downstream of natural disturbances in the boundary layer of a flat plate. The experiments were carried out in a low-noise supersonic wind tunnel T-325 of ITAM SB RAS at Mach number M=2.5. The measurements were made by a constant-temperature hot-wire anemometer in the scanning mode. The procedure of decomposition of the fluctuations of the boundary layer into temperature and mass flux disturbances is carried out.
B chromosomes (Bs) or supernumerary chromosomes are extra chromosomes in the species karyotype that can vary in its copy number. Bs are widespread in eukaryotes. Usually, the Bs of specimens collected from natural populations are the object of the B chromosome studies.

We applied another approach analyzing the Bs in animals maintained under the laboratory conditions as lines and cultures. In this study, three species of the Macrostomum genus that underwent a recent whole-genome duplication (WGD) were involved. In laboratory lines of M. lignano and M. janickei, the frequency of Bs was less than 1%, while in the laboratory culture of M. mirumnovem, it was nearer 30%. Their number in specimens of the culture varied from 1 to 14. Mosaicism on Bs was discovered in parts of these animals. We analyzed the distribution of Bs among the worms of the laboratory cultures during long-term cultivation, the transmission rates of Bs in the progeny obtained from crosses of worms with different numbers of Bs, and from self-fertilized isolated worms. The DNA content of the Bs in M. mirumnovem was analyzed with the chromosomal in situ suppression (CISS) hybridization of microdissected DNA probes derived from A chromosomes (As).

Bs mainly consisted of repetitive DNA. The cytogenetic analysis also revealed the divergence and high variation in large metacentric chromosomes (LMs) containing numerous regions enriched for repeats. The possible mechanisms of the appearance and evolution of Bs and LMs in species of the Macrostomum genus were also discussed.
We report measurements of the branching fractions and $CP$ asymmetries for ${D}_{s}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}\ensuremath{\eta}$, ${D}_{s}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$, and ${D}_{s}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}\ensuremath{\eta}$ decays, and the branching fraction for ${D}_{s}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$.

Our results are based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $921\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ collected by the Belle detector at the KEKB ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ asymmetric-energy collider.

Our measurements of $CP$ asymmetries in these decays are the most precise to date; no evidence for $CP$ violation is found.
We say that finite groups are isospectral if they have the same sets of orders of elements. It is known that every nonsolvable finite group G isospectral to a finite simple group has a unique nonabelian composition factor, that is, the quotient of G by the solvable radical of G is an almost simple group.

To this end, we consider a general situation when G is an arbitrary group with unique nonabelian composition factor, not necessarily isospectral to a simple group, and study the prime graph of G, where the prime graph of G is the graph whose vertices are the prime numbers dividing the order of G and two such numbers r and s are adjacent if and only if r≠s and G has an element of order rs.

The main goal of this paper is to prove that this almost simple group is a cyclic extension of its socle. Namely, we establish some sufficient conditions for the prime graph of such a group to have a vertex adjacent to all other vertices. Besides proving the main result, this allows us to refine a recent result by Cameron and Maslova concerning finite groups almost recognizable by prime graph.
The black color of seeds is a ubiquitous trait among plants.Black pigments are caused by polyphenolic polymeric compounds called melanins.The study of plant melanin is hampered because of its complex structure and chemical inertness.At the same time, an adaptive role of black pigments in unfavorable environments has been previously demonstrated.The aim of the current work was to compare near-isogenic barley lines carrying different alleles of the Blp locus controlling accumulation of melanins in the hull and grain pericarp under salinity, drought and cadmium toxicity.It was demonstrated that the lines did not differ in germination rate while they responded differently to stress exposures at the seedling stage.The pronounced decline in root and shoot length in the black-spiked line compared with the yellow-spiked one was observed under drought stress conditions, while under salinity and cadmium toxicity, slightly increased values of the relative shoot length of the black-and yellow-spiked lines were observed, respectively.The data obtained demonstrated that neither the Blp gene nor black pigmentation controlled by this gene confer any advantages on barley plants at the seedling stage under stress conditions tested.
THE PURPOSE. The main purpose of the study is to develop the calculation algorithm of energy efficiency indicators. To develop an algorithm, it is necessary to consider the features of the power supply system of the oil and gas production enterprise. Then, the power and electricity balance calculation algorithm should be designed to evaluate the share of the technological processes’ consumption, analyze losses, and determine the source of imbalance. The assessment of energy efficiency indicators will require adaptation of the parameter’s identification method for rotating electrical machines in operating modes. To calculate the specific equipment energy, it is necessary to use power tracing in the algorithm. The final stage is to develop a visualization of a software prototype for monitoring and control energy efficiency indicators of an oil and gas production enterprise. METHODS. The equipment parameters identification method based on actual measurements is used for designing a mathematical model. To calculate the steady-state, the nodal-voltage method is used in couple with an addressing matrix for tracing power flows. RESULTS. The paper proposes an algorithm for calculating energy efficiency indicators of equipment for an oil and gas production enterprise. The algorithm is based on the processing and analysis of actual data from the electricity metering devices installed at the enterprise. Analysis of the power consumption information together with the oil production indicators will reveal the most efficient operating mode of the equipment. The calculating algorithm for the specific electricity consumption is considered in the example of a typical hierarchy of metering devices at a field. Further, the paper discusses the possibility of applying the targeting flow distribution principle for reducing power losses. A parameters identification technique is presented for multi equipment nodes to assess energy efficiency and monitor operating parameters. CONCLUSION. The algorithm considered in the paper was introduced into the information system of the production control center at the field as an additional module for assessing energy efficiency. The large deviation of the indicator's values from the specified ones is messaging about the equipment's normal mode violations. It allows creating an optimal schedule of organizational and technical measures to regulate energy consumption and improve the energy efficiency of the enterprise.
In cereals, photosynthetically active parts of the ear significantly contribute to seed size and weight at the grain-filling stage. In barley, ear tissues may accumulate melanin pigments synthesized in chloroplast-derived melanoplasts. Effects of such pigments on yield parameters of seeds have not been evaluated to date.

Seed weight and size assessed by image analysis were compared between two near-isogenic barley lines differing in alleles of the Blp1 gene, which determines melanin accumulation in ear tissues. Data on grainrelated parameters were collected during 6 years and include data on seeds grown either in the field or under greenhouse conditions.

A negative effect of the Blp1 locus on the weight of 1000 seeds harvested in the field but not in the greenhouse was revealed. To determine whether this effect is related to grain size, a comparison of two-dimensional linear parameters of seeds between the lines was performed. It was shown that unlike the length and the area of seeds, the width of seeds was also negatively affected by the Blp1 locus. Although the same factors affected the weight of 1000 seeds and the width of seeds, a correlation between them was not found, implying a dependence of seed weight on other factors such as thickness and its related parameter, seed volume. Effects of barely ear pigmentation and of the gene controlling it on yield-related parameters of seeds were studied here for the first time. The observed negative impact of the Blp1 locus on seed weight and size may be mediated by an interfering chloroplast activity and/or accumulation of assimilates via melanogenesis. Additional studies are necessary to test this supposition and to investigate the interaction of melanin synthesis and photosynthetic activity of the tissues accumulating this pigment.
Genome evolution entails changes in the DNA sequence of genes and intergenic regions, changes in gene numbers, and also changes in gene order along the chromosomes. Genes are reshuffled by chromosomal rearrangements such as deletions/insertions, inversions, translocations, and transpositions.

Here we report a comparative study of genome organization in the main African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, relative to the recently determined sequence of the Drosophila melanogaster genome. The ancestral lines of these two dipteran insects are thought to have separated ∼250 Myr, a long period that makes this genome comparison especially interesting. Sequence comparisons have identified 113 pairs of putative orthologs of the two species. Chromosomal mapping of orthologous genes reveals that each polytene chromosome arm has a homolog in the other species.

Between 41% and 73% of the known orthologous genes remain linked in the respective homologous chromosomal arms, with the remainder translocated to various nonhomologous arms. Within homologous arms, gene order is extensively reshuffled, but a limited degree of conserved local synteny (microsynteny) can be recognized.
Molecular mobility has been traditionally invoked to explain physical and chemical stability of diverse pharmaceutical systems. Although the molecular mobility concept has been credited with creating a scientific basis for stabilization of amorphous pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals, it has become increasingly clear that this approach represents only a partial description of the underlying fundamental principles.

An additional mechanism is proposed herein to address 2 key questions: (1) the existence of unfrozen water (i.e., partial or complete freezing inhibition) in aqueous solutions at subzero temperatures and (2) the role of water in the chemical stability of amorphous pharmaceuticals. These apparently distant phenomena are linked via the concept of water clusters. In particular, freezing inhibition is associated with the confinement of water clusters in a solidified matrix of an amorphous solute, with nanoscaled water clusters being observed in aqueous glasses using wide-angle neutron scattering.

The chemical instability is suggested to be directly related to the catalysis of proton transfer by water clusters, considering that proton transfer is the key elementary reaction in many chemical processes, including such common reactions as hydrolysis and deamidation.
The aim of the work was to establish levels of social support in an open urban population for men aged 25–64 years. Material and Methods . Cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted in 1000 males using a representative sample formed by the method of «random numbers» taken from the electoral lists of the Central Administrative District of Tyumen, the response was 85.0%. Social support was evaluated using the Beckmann‑Sim test on the basis of the World Health Organization questionnaire «MONICA‑psychosocial». The results of the study showed that in an open urban population in men aged 25–64 years and in certain age groups, a predominantly low and medium index of close contacts was established. Men of working age are dominated by the medium-high and average index of social ties; in the sixth decade of life, the low index of social ties reaches an absolute maximum, a high index of social ties-an absolute minimum. Discussion . The scientific literature shows that people with high levels of social interaction have better health than those with low levels. Therefore, it is important to study the changes in the social support factor in the population as one of the protective social mechanisms that mitigate the negative consequences of stress. Conclusion . The patterns established in men of an open urban population according to the levels of social support are the scientific basis for planning socially-oriented preventive programs in medium-urbanized Siberian cities.
Macromolecular proton fraction (MPF) has been established as a quantitative clinically-targeted MRI myelin biomarker based on recent demyelination studies.

This study aimed to assess the capability of MPF to quantify remyelination using the murine cuprizone-induced reversible demyelination model. MPF was measured in vivo using the fast single-point method in three animal groups (control, cuprizone-induced demyelination, and remyelination after cuprizone withdrawal) and compared to quantitative immunohistochemistry for myelin basic protein (MBP), myelinating oligodendrocytes (CNP-positive cells), and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC, NG2-positive cells) in the corpus callosum, caudate putamen, hippocampus, and cortex.

In the demyelination group, MPF, MBP-stained area, and oligodendrocyte count were significantly reduced, while OPC count was significantly increased as compared to both control and remyelination groups in all anatomic structures (p < 0.05). All variables were similar in the control and remyelination groups. MPF and MBP-stained area strongly correlated in each anatomic structure (Pearson's correlation coefficients, r = 0.80-0.90, p < 0.001). MPF and MBP correlated positively with oligodendrocyte count (r = 0.70-0.84, p < 0.01 for MPF; r = 0.81-0.92, p < 0.001 for MBP) and negatively with OPC count (r = -0.69--0.77, p < 0.01 for MPF; r = -0.72--0.89, p < 0.01 for MBP). This study provides immunohistological validation of fast MPF mapping as a non-invasive tool for quantitative assessment of de- and remyelination in white and gray matter and indicates the feasibility of using MPF as a surrogate marker of reparative processes in demyelinating diseases.
The antimicrobial action of the peptide antibiotic alamethicin (Alm) is commonly related to peptide self-assembling resulting in the formation of voltage-dependent channels in bacterial membranes

which induces ion permeation
A search for Bs -> mu+ mu- and B0 -> mu+ mu- decays is performed using 1.0 fb^-1 of pp collision data collected at \sqrt{s}=7 TeV with the LHCb experiment at the Large Hadron Collider.

For both decays the number of observed events is consistent with expectation from background and Standard Model signal predictions.

Upper limits on the branching fractions are determined to be BR(Bs -> mu+ mu-) < 4.5 (3.8) x 10^-9 and BR(B0 -> mu+ mu-) < 1.0 (0.81) x 10^-9 at 95% (90%) confidence level.
Spectral analysis methods are widely used to assess the condition of plants during normal growth and the development of infections. In combination with mathematical methods of pattern recognition from reflection spectra, different indices are constructed, which vary for plants in different studied physiological (and pathophysiological) states. This approach involves setting up indices for specific shared states. Information about the content of pigments is more universal, and allows to talk about the state of the plant on the basis of physiological concepts, regardless of the task being solved. Methods of reflective spectroscopy have recently been developed to obtain information about the content of pigments.

The absorption spectrum is estimated from the diffuse reflection spectrum based on the light propagation model in a disperse medium. One of the models of this type is the model Kubelka-Munch. In the case of the large optical thickness of the sample, when the flow passing through the sample at the output is almost zero, one can use a simplified formula, which does not include the thickness of the sample. In other cases, it is necessary to measure this thickness, which is problematic for such biological objects as a plant leaf, because of the complex relief of the leaf surface. The article presents the measurement method and results of studying the applicability of the formula Kubelka-Munch for obtaining absorption spectra from reflection spectra of a wheat leaf without measuring its thickness. The formula is derived for calculation of Kubelka-Munch function (ratio of the absorption coefficient to the diffusion coefficient) by two measurements of diffusion scattering coefficients from the sample, which are performed with absorbing and reflecting substrates.

The method allows to calculate the ratio of the absorption coefficient to the diffusion coefficient without measuring the thickness of the sample under study. This index can be used as an assessment criteria of the absorption spectrum with some proportionality factor. It is possible to recommend the method described as the most valid and accurate one for the determination of the absorption coefficient to the diffusion coefficient ratio of a leaf in the laboratory conditions.
The adoption of powerful software tools and computational methods from the software industry by the scientific research community has resulted in a renewed interest in integrative, large-scale biological simulations. These typically involve the development of computational platforms to combine diverse, process-specific models into a coherent whole.

The OpenWorm Foundation is an independent research organization working towards an integrative simulation of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, with the aim of providing a powerful new tool to understand how the organism's behaviour arises from its fundamental biology.

In this perspective, we give an overview of the history and philosophy of OpenWorm, descriptions of the constituent sub-projects and corresponding open-science management practices, and discuss current achievements of the project and future directions.
The first list of the rare grasshoppers of the Baraba and Kulunda steppes is presented. Two sets of distribution data are compared: (1) for the first half of 20 th century and (2) for 1972–2019. A series of digital maps was generated by MapInfo 12.03. The distribution patterns of several species, namely Asiotmethis muricatus (Pallas), Notostaurus albicornis (Eversmann), Eremippus simplex (Eversmann), Myrmeleotettix antennatus (Fieber), Gomphocerippus rufus (Linnaeus), Mesasippus arenosus (Bey-Bienko), Mecostethus parapleurus (Hagenbach), Locusta migratoria Linnaeus, did not change significantly. Four taxa ( Asiotmethis jubatus (Uvarov), Arcyptera fusca (Pallas), Stenobothrus carbonarius (Eversmann), Sphingonotus coerulipes Uvarov) were relatively often in the first half of 20 th century and nowadays they are extremely rare. Two species, namely Megaulacobothrus aethalinus (Zubovsky) and Aeropedellus variegatus (Fischer de Waldheim), were recently found near the south-eastern and north-eastern boundaries of the region respectively. There are also the type localities of Asiotmethis jubatus and Mesasippus arenosus in the Kulunda steppe.
c‐ fos gene expression in two types of mouse sarcoma cells of spontaneous origin and in revertants to pseudonormal phenotype has been investigated. In the latter cells the content of c‐ fos mRNA is similar to that in normal fibroblasts. Activity of transcription factors interacting with the regulatory elements, SRE, DSE and TRE, in the c‐ fos promoter do not correlate with the c‐ fos mRNA concentration. However, experiments with cells transformed with the indicator plasmid, fos ‐CAT, showed that the 600 bp c‐fos promoter region provides the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity correlating with c‐ fos mRNA expression in cell revertants to a pseudonormal phenotype.
We use 772$\times 10^6$ $B \bar{B}$ meson pairs collected at the $\Upsilon(4S)$ resonance with the Belle detector to measure the branching fraction for $\bar{B} \rightarrow X_s \gamma$. Our measurement uses a sum-of-exclusives approach in which 38 of the hadronic final states with strangeness equal to $+1$, denoted by $X_s$, are reconstructed. The inclusive branching fraction for $M_{X_s}<$ 2.8 GeV/$c^2$, which corresponds to a minimum photon energy of 1.9 GeV, is measured to be ${\cal B}(\bar{B} \rightarrow X_s \gamma)=(3.51\pm0.17\pm0.33)\times10^{-4}$, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic.
The intensity of NMR signals can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude by using various techniques for the hyperpolarization of different molecules. Such approaches can overcome the main sensitivity challenges facing modern NMR/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, whilst hyperpolarized fluids can also be used in a variety of applications in material science and biomedicine. This Focus Review considers the fundamentals of the preparation of hyperpolarized liquids and gases by using dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization ( d ‐DNP) and parahydrogen‐based techniques, such as signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) and parahydrogen‐induced polarization (PHIP), in both heterogeneous and homogeneous processes. The various new aspects in the formation and utilization of hyperpolarized fluids, along with the possibility of observing NMR signal enhancement, are described.