Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The paper shows that the basis for the construction of 'natural' classifications, 'natural' concepts and integrated information is the same property of the objects of the external world - the high correlation of attributes describing the objects of 'natural' classes. The hypothesis that the information processes of the brain and mind tuned in the course of evolution to extract highly correlated structure attributes of 'natural' objects by forming 'natural' concepts of the objects was suggested. This hypothesis is justified by references to a number of famous works.

Besides, the original mathematical model is proposed, which formalizes the 'natural' classifications, 'natural' concepts and the integrated information by G. Tononi, based on a mathematical representation of the system, closed upon itself by causal relationships that form a certain 'resonance' of mutual predictions of highly correlated set of attributes of objects of 'natural' classes.

The results of computer modeling of building 'natural' classes and concepts for coded digits are introduced.
Aim . To evaluate the basic clinical and laboratory parameters and their relationship with the 14-year risk of cardiovascular death in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Material and methods . A prospective case-control study of a sample of Novosibirsk residents with T2D was performed. An initial examination was conducted as part of the HAPIEE project in 2003-2005. The follow-up period lasted until 2017 and amounted to 13,7±0,7 years. The case group consisted of 145 people (mean age — 62,0±5,7 years) with recorded cardiovascular death. Control group — 272 people (mean age — 57,9±6,6 years) without recorded death as of December 31, 2017. Persons with a history of non-fatal myocardial infarction and/or stroke at the initial examination were excluded. Blood pressure (BP), biochemical, anthropometric and socio-demographic data were determined. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the association of clinical and laboratory parameters with the risk of cardiovascular death.

Results . T2D subjects with recorded cardiovascular death at the initial examination had a longer duration of the disease, higher fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and anthropometric parameters (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) (in women)), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). In individuals of both sexes, the risk of cardiovascular death increased 2,2 times with WC >95 cm, 2,3 times with an increased WC/HC ratio, 2,2 times with a BMI ≥30 kg/m 2 , 1,9 times with physical activity <3 hours/week, 2 times for smokers and those with a single marital status, 3,5 times for hypertensive people, 2 times with FPG ≥7,5 mmol/L and longer duration of diabetes. Conclusion . Fourteen-year follow-up revealed that individuals with T2D have associations of cardiovascular death with both conventional risk factors such as hypertension, abdominal obesity, low level of physical activity, smoking, single marital status, and diabetes-related ones — FPG and the duration of diabetes.
Autophagy is a dynamic cellular process involved in the turnover of proteins, protein complexes, and organelles through lysosomal degradation. It is particularly important in neurons, which do not have a proliferative option for cellular repair. Autophagy has been shown to be suppressed in the striatum of a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Cystatin C is one of the potent regulators of autophagy. Changes in the expression and secretion of cystatin C in the brain have been shown in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, and in some animal models of neurodegeneration, thus proving a protective function of cystatin C. It has been suggested that cystatin C plays the primary role in amyloidogenesis and shows promise as a therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases). Cystatin C colocalizes with the amyloid β-protein in the brain during Alzheimer’s disease. Controlled expression of a cystatin C peptide has been proposed as a new approach to therapy for Alzheimer’s disease. In Parkinson’s disease, serum cystatin C levels can predict disease severity and cognitive dysfunction, although the exact involvement of cystatin C remains unclear. The aim: to study the role of cystatin C in neurodegeneration and evaluate the results in relation to the mechanism of autophagy. In our study on humans, a higher concentration of cystatin C was noted in cerebrospinal fluid than in serum; much lower concentrations were observed in other biological fluids (intraocular fluid, bile, and sweat). In elderly persons (61–80 years old compared to practically healthy people at 40–60 years of age), we revealed increased cystatin C levels both in serum and intraocular fluid. In an experiment on C57Bl/6J mice, cystatin C concentration was significantly higher in brain tissue than in the liver and spleen: an indication of an important function of this cysteine protease inhibitor in the brain. Using a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (5 months old), we demonstrated a significant increase in osmotic susceptibility of brain lysosomes, depending on autophagy, while in a murine model of Alzheimer’s disease, this parameter did not differ from that in the appropriate control.
Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder with poorly understood pathogenic mechanisms and a lack of effective therapies. Therefore, the search for new MS treatments remains very important. This study was performed on a commonly used cuprizone animal model of multiple sclerosis. It evaluated the effect of a plant-derived substance called Ropren® (containing approximately 95% polyprenols or long-chain isoprenoid alcohols) on cuprizone- induced demyelination. The study was performed on 27 eight-week old male CD-1 mice. To induce demyelination mice were fed 0.5% cuprizone in the standard diet for 10 weeks. Ropren® was administered in one daily intraperitoneal injection (12mg/kg), beginning on the 6th week of the experiment. On the 11th week, the corpus callosum in the brain was evaluated in all animals using magnetic resonance imaging with an 11.7 T animal scanner using T2- weighted sequence. Cuprizone treatment successfully induced the model of demyelination with a significant decrease in the size of the corpus callosum compared with the control group (p<0.01). Mice treated with both cuprizone and Ropren® did not exhibit demyelination in the corpus callosum (p<0.01). This shows the positive effect of polyprenols on cuprizone-induced demyelination in mice.
. We estimate variations of the crustal thickness beneath the Nepal Himalayas based on tomographic inversion of regional earthquake data. We have obtained a low-velocity anomaly in the upper part of the model down to depths of 40 to 80 km and proposed that the lower limit of this anomaly represents variations of the Moho depth. This statement was supported by results of synthetic modeling. The obtained variations of crustal thickness match fairly well with the free-air gravity anomalies: thinner crust patterns correspond to lower gravity values and vice versa. There is also some correlation with magnetic field: higher magnetic values correspond to the major areas of thicker crust. We propose that elevated magnetic values can be associated with more rigid segments of the incoming Indian crust which cause more compression in the thrust zone and lead to stronger crustal thickening.
Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is an orphan genetic disease with autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance characterised by varying degrees of hearing loss accompanied by skin, hair and iris pigmentation abnormalities. Four types of WS differing in phenotypic characteristics are now described. We performed a Sanger sequencing of coding regions of genes PAX3, MITF, SOX10 and SNAI2 in the patient with WS from a Yakut family living in the Sakha Republic. No changes were found in the PAX3, SOX10 and SNAI2 coding regions while a previously reported heterozygous transition c.772C>T (p.Arg259*) in exon 8 of the MITF gene was found in this patient. This patient presents rare phenotype of WS type 2: congenital unilateral hearing loss, unilateral heterochromia of irises, and absence of skin/hair depigmentation and dystopia canthorum. Audiological variability in WS type 2, caused by the c.772C>T (p.Arg259*) variant in the MITF gene, outlines the importance of molecular analysis and careful genotype–phenotype comparisons in order to optimally inform patients about the risk of hearing loss. The results of this study confirm the association of pathogenic variants in the MITF gene with WS type 2 and expanded data on the variability of audiological features of the WS.
The Chair of Physics and Technology of the Physics Department trains specialists in the field of software and hardware for physical experiments, storage, and processing of information.

The program of the courses involves the study of programming methods, information technologies and hardware for experimental installations in addition to fundamental education in physics and mathematics, which all students of the physics department of NSU receive.

The graduates of the chair are specialists in the field of information technology with universal general physical training.
The paper deals with molecular dynamics simulation of fluid flow characteristics in nanochannels. A new MD algorithm is developed to simulate plane flow with a pressure drop along the channel. Fluids of hard spheres and Lennard-Jones molecules are considered. Emphasis is on the study of the dependence of the hydraulic flow resistance on the fluid structure. An analysis was made of (i) the density distribution across and along the channel; (ii) radial distribution function of the fluid near the channel wall and in bulk; (iii) influence of the interaction law of the molecules with the wall; (iv) the dependence of the flow resistance coefficient on the Reynolds and Knudsen numbers.
The scientific literature shows that people with high levels of social interaction have better health than those with low levels. Therefore, it is important to study the changes in the social support factor in the population as one of the protective social mechanisms that mitigate the negative consequences of stress.

Cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted in 1000 males using a representative sample formed by the method of «random numbers» taken from the electoral lists of the Central Administrative District of Tyumen, the response was 85.0%. Social support was evaluated using the Beckmann‑Sim test on the basis of the World Health Organization questionnaire «MONICA‑psychosocial».

The patterns established in men of an open urban population according to the levels of social support are the scientific basis for planning socially-oriented preventive programs in medium-urbanized Siberian cities.
Astronomical observations of recent years show that the universe at high redshifts (about ten) is densely populated by early formed objects: bright galaxies, quasars, gamma-bursters, and it contains a lot of metals and dust. Such a rich variety of early formed objects have not been expected in the standard model of formation of astrophysical objects. There is serious tension between the standard theory and the observations. We describe the model which relaxes this tension and nicely fits the data. The model naturally leads to the creation of cosmologically significant antimatter which may be abundant even in the Galaxy. Phenomenological consequences of our scenario and the possibility of distant registration of antimatter are discussed.
В работе изучаются динамика и факторы пространственной концентрации экономической активности в России, эмпирическими методами тестируются гипотезы агломерационной экономики.

Анализ показал, что в России идет рост неравномерности распределения ресурсов и результатов производства, причем скорость этого процесса достаточно высока.

Факторами, определяющими межрегиональную дивергенцию в России, являются плотность населения, размер и доступность рынков, а также структура экономики, т. е. те детерминанты, которые имеют рыночную основу и которые выдвигает в качестве ключевых агломерационная экономика.Результаты анализа не подтвердили эффективность межрегиональных трансфертов и государственных инвестиций для снижения различий между
A simple model has been suggested for describing self-organization of localized charges and quantum scattering in undoped GaAs/AlGaAs structures with 2D electron or hole gas created by applying respective gate bias. It has been assumed that these metal / dielectric / undoped semiconductor structures exhibit predominant carrier scattering at localized surface charges which can be located at any point of the plane imitating the GaAs / dielectric interface. The suggested model considers all these surface charges and respective image charges in metallic gate as a closed thermostated system. Electrostatic self-organization in this system has been studied numerically for thermodynamic equilibrium states using the Metropolis algorithm over a wide temperature range. We show that at T &gt; 100 K a simple formula derived from the theory of single-component 2D plasma yields virtually the same behavior of structural factor at small wave numbers as the one given by the Metropolis algorithm. The scattering times of gate-induced carriers are described with formulas in which the structural factor characterizes frozen disorder in the system. The main contribution in these formulas is due to behavior of the structural factor at small wave numbers. Calculation using these formulas for the case of disorder corresponding to infinite T has yielded 2–3 times lower scattering times than experimentally obtained ones. We have found that the theory agrees with experiment at disorder freezing temperatures T ≈ 1000 K for 2D electron gas specimen and T ≈ 700 K for 2D hole gas specimen. These figures are the upper estimates of freezing temperature for test structures since the model ignores all the disorder factors except temperature.
Several experimental groups observed temporary modulations of some nuclei strong and weak decay constants, which are of the order of 10 −3 and with periods of one year, solar day, i.e. 24 hours and some others.

In our experiments the decay rates were measured for 55 Fe e-capture and 60 Co β -decay during 2012–2020. Altogether, six decay rate dips of the order 10 −2 – 10 −3 and with duration from 40 to 208 hours were found, they deviate essentially from exponential decay rate fit.

It is shown that their occurrence correlate with x-ray solar flares with significant reliability. Besides, two long term deviations of 55 Fe decay rate of 62 and 41 days were observed in 2017–2018, it’s argued that they are related to the change of 11 year solar cycle stages.
The three factor model, suggested by T.V. Kornilova, demonstrated poor fit to the data.

The article presents the results of the examination of the Tolerance-intolerance of ambiguity new questionnaire on the sample of 505 subjects. The exploratory factor analysis did not reveal the factor structure of the questionnaire.

The results could be explained due to samples differences. The role of additional variables determining the dimension of the construct is discussed.
The collocation and least residuals (CLR) method combines the methods of collocations (CM) and least residuals. Unlike the CM, in the CLR method an approximate solution of the problem is found from an overdetermined system of linear algebraic equations (SLAE).

The solution of this system is sought under the requirement of minimizing a functional involving the residuals of all its equations. On the one hand, this added complication of the numerical algorithm expands the capabilities of the CM for solving boundary value problems with singularities. On the other hand, the CLR method inherits to a considerable extent some convenient features of the CM.

In the present paper, the CLR capabilities are illustrated on benchmark problems for 2D and 3D Navier–Stokes equations, the modeling of the laser welding of metal plates of similar and different metals, problems investigating strength of loaded parts made of composite materials, boundary-value problems for hyperbolic equations.
Evolution of thin liquid films sheared by co-current gas stream in a vertical 11.7 mm pipe is studied experimentally using BBLIF technique. The main goal is to investigate the transition of wave patterns due to increase in the gas stream velocity, VG, from 0 to 24 m/s. Apart from relatively weak quantitative changes in the characteristics of the primary waves, replacement of capillary precursor by slow secondary waves is found. The transition is indentified in the range of VG = 8 - 16 m/s for all liquid flow rates. It is observed that the appearing secondary waves may be the main reason of the decay of the capillary precursor. The experimental results are compared to prediction of evolutionary theoretical model, showing qualitative agreement on secondary waves generation, but with no agreement on precursor's disappearance. Introducing artificial perturbations mimicking the action of turbulent pulsations in the gas phase is recommended to improve the model.
We demonstrate the possibility of measuring the forbidden 1S-2S transition frequency (121 nm) of hydrogen atom by the method of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) when atom from the 1S level moves to the 2S level through the intermediate 3P level. The frequency of the pumping field (103 nm) is close to the frequency of transition 3P-1S, and the frequency of the stimulated scattering (656 nm) - to the frequency of transition 3P-2S.
The paper deals with initial-boundary value problems for the linear wave equation whose solutions stabilize to zero in a finite time. We prove that problems in this class remain exponentially stable in L2 as well as in C2 under small bounded perturbations of the wave operator. To show this for C2, we prove a smoothing result implying that the solutions to the perturbed problems become eventually C2-smooth for any H1 × L2-initial data.
Apart from a lot of fundamental interest, vector Bessel beams are widely used in optical manipulation, material processing, and imaging. However, the existing description of such beams remains fragmentary, especially when their scattering by small particles is considered.

We propose a general classification of all existing vortex Bessel beam types in an isotropic medium based on the superposition of transverse Hertz vector potentials. This theoretical framework contains duality and coordinate rotations as elementary matrix operations and naturally describes all relations between various beam types. We also discuss quadratic functionals of the fields (such as the energy density and Poynting vector) and derive orthogonality relations between various beam types. Next, we generalize the formalism of the Mueller scattering matrices to arbitrary Bessel beams accounting for their vorticity. Finally, we implement these beams in the adda code---an open-source parallel implementation of the discrete dipole approximation.

This leads to various bases for Bessel beams and uncovers a different beam type with circularly symmetric energy density. Altogether, it provides a comprehensive reference of all properties of Bessel beams that may be relevant for applications. This enables easy and efficient simulation of Bessel beam scattering by particles with arbitrary shape and internal structure.
The concept of laser space cleaning entails using powerful lasers to knock debris out of its original orbit so that it moves to a lower orbit and ultimately burns up in the atmosphere. Alexander Rubenchik and co-workers have now studied the optical effects of transmitting such powerful beams through the atmosphere and conclude that nonlinear effects such as self-focusing, stimulated Raman scattering and turbulent broadening of the beam will need to be mitigated.

A ground-based laser system for space-debris cleaning will use powerful laser pulses that can self-focus while propagating through the atmosphere. We demonstrate that for the relevant laser parameters, this self-focusing can noticeably decrease the laser intensity on the target. We show that the detrimental effect can be, to a great extent, compensated for by applying the optimal initial beam defocusing. The effect of laser elevation on the system performance is discussed.

A study of ground-based laser schemes for removing space debris concludes that beam self-focusing may be an issue. Fortunately, locating the laser at an altitude of 4000 m above sea level and carefully controlling its beam size, pulse duration and initial defocusing can help to compensate for such nonlinear effects and thus make the approach feasible.
We use light deflection by a Coulomb field, due to non-linear quantum electrodynamics effects, as an opportunity for a pedagogical discussion of the electrodynamical analog of the Aichelburg-Sexl ultraboost.
Employers and teachers have long been concerned about students majoring in various disciplines whose poor written English prevents them from reaching their full potential in university and in their professional lives. In engineering and construction management programs in particular, the workplace success of new graduates is ultimately affected by their oral and written communication skills. However, these students’ academic preparation for industry’s needs in terms of written communication has been widely acknowledged as inadequate. For instance, the consistently low results on the communication skills section of the required American Institute of Constructors exam taken by the students majoring in Construction Management show the urgent need for discipline-specific writing instruction. It is, therefore, imperative that such students be offered help with discipline-specific written discourse. Yet the number of writing intensive classes for such students and the number of professionals who specialize in developing writing programs and services for these students are rather small.

This empirical study fills this gap by investigating how project-directed supplemental writing assistance affects writing quality in a junior-level construction management class. By using both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection and analysis, the researchers examined the students’ progress in writing two drafts of a proposal and assessed students’ performance on the following commonly problematic areas: Formatting, clarity of data/results presentation, and appropriateness of writing for intended audience.

The results of the study suggest that supplemental writing assistance has a significant overall positive effect on student writing, and is especially beneficial in heightening their audience awareness. The results of this study indicate that more writing opportunities and project-directed instruction in on disciplinary writing should be provided to students to help them become successful in their future careers.