Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Basic problems of acousto-optic interaction in terahertz region of electromagnetic spectrum are considered.

We obtained experimental results that are fitted by generalized theoretical model developed with the goals to describe the interaction in detail. Our analysis showed that crystalline germanium is one of the best materials to observe the acousto-optic interaction in the terahertz range.

The carried out study proved that a germanium based acousto-optic device could be used for fast and reliable deflection of monochromatic radiation in the terahertz spectral region.
We consider the decay modes of the heavy $q^\prime\bar{q^\prime}$ bound states originating from Higgs boson exchange between quark -- anti-quark pair.

In case of a small coupling between the fourth and lower generation the main decay mode is $q^\prime\bar{q^\prime}$ annihilation. We show that for a vector state the dominant decay modes are Higgs-gamma and Higgs-Z decays, while for a pseudoscalar state the strong two-gluon decay mode dominates.

The bound states are very narrow. The ratio of the total width to the binding energy is less than 1% if we are not extremely close to the critical quark mass where the binding energy is very small. The discussed decay modes exist for any fermion-antifermion bound states including heavy leptons and heavy neutrinos if their masses are high enough to form a bound state due to attractive Higgs boson exchange potential.
Background . Recent studies demonstrated immunosuppressive properties of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) and identified VEGF-A as a key mediator of tumor-induced immunosuppression. Placental growth factor (PlGF) is another member of VEGF family in which dramatic elevation is associated with effective immune adaptation in successful pregnancy, whereas low concentrations are related to pregnancy complications resulting from the activation of immune system. Previously, we have shown that activated T cells express VEGF receptor type 1 (VEGFR-1), and PlGF inhibits T cell proliferation in VEGFR-1–dependent manner. The aim of the present study was to further characterize PlGF effects on T cell responses in vitro . Materials and methods. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors were stimulated with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies (a-CD3) in the absence or presence of PlGF and assessed for IL-10 production, programmed cell death and the expression of inhibitory receptors (PD-1, CTLA-4, Tim-3) in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets. Results. The addition of PlGF to PBMC cultures activated with a-CD3 resulted in increased percentages of IL- 10-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Besides, PlGF promoted CD8+ T cells apoptosis while did not affect programmed cell death within CD4+ T cells. Notable, T cell activation with a-CD3 in the presence of PlGF was accompanied by the enhancement of PD-1-expressing cells in CD8+ T cell subset and Tim-3-expressing cells in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and by the increased expression of PD-1 and Tim-3 on T cells. Conclusion. Our in vitro findings indicate that PlGF can inhibit T cell responses due to the increasing interleukin-10 (IL-10) production, promoting CD8+ T cell apoptosis and enhancing the expression of PD-1 and Tim-3 inhibitory receptors. Given the elevated levels of PlGF in successful pregnancy and its decrease in gestation complications, the obtained data also suggest that PlGF-mediated suppression may be implicated into the governing immune evasion in pregnancy.
The problem on linear stability of stationary spatial flows of an inviscid compressible fluid entirely occupying a certain volume with quiescent solid impenetrable boundary in absence of external mass forces is studied.

Applying the direct Lyapunov method, such flows are proved to be absolutely unstable under small three-dimensional (3D) perturbations.

Constructive conditions for linear practical instability are obtained. The a priori exponential lower estimate for the growth of the considered perturbations in time is found.
A direct correlation between the concentration of cell-free and cell-surface-bound circulating DNA (cfDNA and csbDNA, respectively) was demonstrated. Based on an inverse correlation between blood plasma DNase activity and the cfDNA concentration, blood DNases are supposed to regulate the cfDNA concentration. However, no correlation was found between the DNase activity in blood plasma and the csbDNA concentration, indicating that blood DNases are not involved in csbDNA dissociation from the cell surface. The possibility of DNA redistribution between cfDNA and csbDNA indicates that the total pool of circulating DNA (cfDNA + csbDNA) should be used for a correct analysis of marker DNA concentrations and data standardization.
The recent interest in a light gauge boson in the framework of an extra U(1) symmetry motivates searches in the mass range below 1 GeV.

We present a search for such a particle, the dark photon, in e+e−→Uγ, U→π+π− based on 28 million e+e−→π+π−γ events collected at DAΦNE by the KLOE experiment. The π+ π− production by initial-state radiation compensates for a loss of sensitivity of previous KLOE U→e+e−, μ+μ− searches due to the small branching ratios in the ρ–ω resonance region.

We found no evidence for a signal and set a limit at 90% CL on the mixing strength between the photon and the dark photon, ε2, in the U mass range between 527 and 987MeV. Above 700 MeV this new limit is more stringent than previous ones.
Задача о конкордантности и кобордантности узлов является известной классической задачей маломерной топологии.

Цель настоящей работы - показать, что для нечетных свободных узлов - свободных узлов со всеми нечетными перекрестками - вопрос о срезанности (конкордантности тривиальному узлу) имеет непосредственный ответ, основанный на возможности или невозможности спаривания хорд диаграммы узла.

Библиография: 8 названий.
Income approach based on the method of discounted cash flows (DCF) seems to be the main instrument to evaluate economic efficiency of investment projects when developing oil and gas fields. However, at early stages of exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbon resources, uncertainty and risks of investors are very high, which limits the use of traditional methods.

It is necessary to develop valuation tools accounting high uncertainty of input data on the exploitation of oil and natural gas resources, flexibility of their development by formation of rational production strategy with volatility of the operating parameters such as the world oil prices and the size and value of oil and gas reserves. In this article presents the real options approach which accounts the potential of flexible and adaptive project management providing advantages in assessing development projects as compared to the traditional income methods.

Implementation of this method is exemplified by the case of oil and gas fields in the east of the Siberian platform.
The COVID-19 pandemic, which began at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, has affected 220 countries and territories to date.

In the present study, we studied humoral immunity in samples of the blood sera of COVID-19 convalescents of varying severity and patients who died due to this infection, using native SARS-CoV-2 and its individual recombinant proteins. The cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV (2002) was also assessed. We used infectious and inactivated SARS-CoV-2/human/RUS/Nsk-FRCFTM-1/2020 strain, inactivated SARS-CoV strain (strain Frankfurt 1, 2002), recombinant proteins, and blood sera of patients diagnosed with COVID-19. The blood sera from patients were analyzed by the Virus Neutralization test, Immunoblotting, and ELISA.

The median values and mean ± SD of titers of specific and cross-reactive antibodies in blood sera tested in ELISA were mainly distributed in the following descending order: N > trimer S > RBD. ELISA and immunoblotting revealed a high cross-activity of antibodies specific to SARS-CoV-2 with the SARS-CoV antigen (2002), mainly with the N protein. The presence of antibodies specific to RBD corresponds with the data on the neutralizing activity of blood sera. According to the neutralization test in a number of cases, higher levels of antibodies that neutralize SARS-CoV-2 were detected in blood serum taken from patients several days before their death than in convalescents with a ranging disease severity. This high level of neutralizing antibodies specific to SARS-CoV-2 in the blood sera of patients who subsequently died in hospital from COVID-19 requires a thorough study of the role of humoral immunity as well as comorbidity and other factors affecting the humoral response in this disease.
Molecular mechanisms of human disease progression often have complex genetic underpinnings, and sophisticated sequencing approaches coupled with advanced analytics [...].
This paper describes an intelligent adaptive PID controller design procedure. The controller consists of a discrete time PID and an auto-tuning neural network unit. First system identification with a nonlinear autoregressive model (NARX) was performed. This model was then used to train the neural PID tuner. A special MATLAB toolbox “SmatPID Toolbox” was developed to automate the process of controller synthesis. The resulting controller was tested in a laboratory coal-gas furnace control system to track specified air flow rates.
An experimental study of the influence of thermo-capillary forces and shear stresses with the side of the gas flow to the evaporation flow rate has been made. The experiments were carried out at various thicknesses of the liquid layer and constant gas velocity. The influence of the thickness of the liquid layer on the evaporation flow rate (the intensity of evaporation) has been analyzed. It is shown that the thermocapillary forces have a direct effect on the evaporation flow rate of the liquid layer.
Mixed‐valence compounds constitute a group of molecules in which molecular mobility persists even in solids.

Herein, we investigate a novel set of polarizing agents—mixed‐valence compounds—by theoretical and experimental methods and demonstrate their performance in high‐field dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) NMR experiments in the solid state.

Consequently, such polarizing agents can be used to perform Overhauser‐DNP experiments in the solid state, with favorable conditions for dynamic nuclear polarization formation at ultra‐high magnetic fields.
Selective regulation of gene expression by means of RNA interference has revolutionized molecular biology. This approach is not only used in fundamental studies on the roles of particular genes in the functioning of various organisms, but also possesses practical applications. A variety of methods are being developed based on gene silencing using dsRNA—for protecting agricultural plants from various pathogens, controlling insect reproduction, and therapeutic techniques related to the oncological disease treatment. One of the main problems in this research area is the successful delivery of exogenous dsRNA into cells, as this can be greatly affected by the localization or origin of tumor. This overview is dedicated to describing the latest advances in the development of various transport agents for the delivery of dsRNA fragments for gene silencing, with an emphasis on cancer treatment.
The PreProcessor of the ATLAS Level-1 Calorimeter Trigger prepares the analogue trigger signals sent from the ATLAS calorimeters by digitising, synchronising, and calibrating them to reconstruct transverse energy deposits, which are then used in further processing to identify event features.

During the first long shutdown of the LHC from 2013 to 2014, the central components of the PreProcessor, the Multichip Modules, were replaced by upgraded versions that feature modern ADC and FPGA technology to ensure optimal performance in the high pile-up environment of LHC Run 2.

This paper describes the features of the new Multichip Modules along with the improvements to the signal processing achieved.
The mechanism of aerosol formation in coal mines during the operation of a longwall shearer was studied using a diffusion battery, optical counter, and by means of Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The aerosol number concentration was measured to be (2–5) × 105 cm–3. The aerosol size spectrum contained three modes, at about 10, 100, and 1000 nm. The first mode relates to single (primary) particles formed by the homogeneous nucleation of supersaturated organic vapor. This vapor is formed by the evaporation of organic matter from coal due to the release of frictional heat at the interface between the cutting pick and coal. The second mode relates to the particles that are aggregates formed by coagulation of primary particles. The third mode relates to the particles formed by direct grinding of coal by the cutting picks. The laboratory studies of organic aerosol formation in a flow coal grinding machine showed that the size spectrum and morphology of aerosol from the grinding machine were close to those in the coal mine. This fact confirms the thesis that the release of frictional heat is the driving force for the formation of organic aerosol. The analysis of gas-phase products in the outflow of the grinding machine showed that along with aerosol formation, gas products such as CO, CO2, CH4, C2H6, H2O are released from coal due to the frictional heat. Methane and ethane concentrations in the flow reached 10 and 5 vol. %, respectively. To demonstrate the explosibility of organic aerosol, the combustion of organic aerosol in the air was studied. It was shown that the lower explosive limit for organic aerosol is less than 50 g m–3. A conclusion is made that the formation of organic aerosol is to be taken into account when estimating the safety limits in coal mines.
We investigate the mathematical model of the 2D acoustic waves propagation in a heterogeneous domain. The hyperbolic first order system of partial differential equations is considered and solved by the Godunov method of the first order of approximation. This is a direct problem with appropriate initial and boundary conditions.

We solve the coefficient inverse problem (IP) of recovering density. IP is reduced to an optimization problem, which is solved by the gradient descent method. We introduce a new approach for computing a gradient in the descent method in order to use as much IP data as possible on each iteration of descent.

The quality of the IP solution highly depends on the quantity of IP data and positions of receivers.
At mid-ocean ridges volcanism generally decreases with spreading rate but surprisingly massive volcanic centres occur at the slowest spreading ridges. These volcanoes can host unexpectedly strong earthquakes and vigorous, explosive submarine eruptions. Our understanding of the geodynamic processes forming these volcanic centres is still incomplete due to a lack of geophysical data and the difficulty to capture their rare phases of magmatic activity.

We present a local earthquake tomographic image of the magma plumbing system beneath the Segment 8 volcano at the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge. The tomography shows a confined domain of partial melt under the volcano.

We infer that from there melt is horizontally transported to a neighbouring ridge segment at 35 km distance where microearthquake swarms and intrusion tremor occur that suggest ongoing magmatic activity. Teleseismic earthquakes around the Segment 8 volcano, prior to our study, indicate that the current magmatic spreading episode may already have lasted over a decade and hence its temporal extent greatly exceeds the frequent short-lived spreading episodes at faster opening mid-ocean ridges.
Аннотация.Для QTL на пшеничной хромосоме 2A, ассоциированного с активностью липоксигеназы в условиях засухи, было выявлено 19 кандидатных генов с взаимосвязанными функциями.Среди них гены метаболических путей полифосфатов инозита, альдо
Novel nitrogen-doped carbon hybrid materials consisting of multiwalled nanotubes and porous graphitic layers have been produced by chemical vapor deposition over magnesium-oxide-supported metal catalysts. CN x nanotubes were grown on Co/Mo, Ni/Mo, or Fe/Mo alloy nanoparticles, and MgO grains served as a template for the porous carbon. The simultaneous formation of morphologically different carbon structures was due to the slow activation of catalysts for the nanotube growth in a carbon-containing gas environment. An analysis of the obtained products by means of transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy methods revealed that the catalyst's composition influences the nanotube/porous carbon ratio and concentration of incorporated nitrogen. The hybrid materials were tested as electrodes in a 1M H 2 SO 4 electrolyte and the best performance was found for a nitrogen-enriched material produced using the Fe/Mo catalyst. From the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data, it was concluded that the nitrogen doping reduces the resistance at the carbon surface/electrolyte interface and the nanotubes permeating the porous carbon provide fast charge transport in the cell.
The postnatal period is important for brain development and behavioral programming. Here, we hypothesized that females’ stressful experience early in life can lead to disruption of mother–offspring interactions with their own progeny. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of mothers’ stressful experience, early‐life stress, or both on the behavior of adult male mice. In this study, female mice were allowed to raise their pups either without exposure to stress (normal rearing conditions, NC) or with exposure to maternal separation (3 hr/day, maternal separation, MS). Adult F1 female mice who had experienced MS (stressed mothers, SM) or had been reared normally (undisturbed mothers, UM) were used for generating F2 offspring, which was then exposed (or not exposed) to early‐life stress. We assessed anxiety‐like behavior, exploratory activity, locomotor activity, aggression, and cognition in four groups of adult F2 males (UM+NC, UM+MS, SM+NC, and SM+MS). We found that SM+MS males become more aggressive if agonistic contact is long enough; these results point to a change in their social coping strategy. Moreover, these aggressive males tended to show better long‐term spatial memory. Overall, our findings suggest that mothers’ early‐life experience may have important implications for the adult behavior of their offspring.
To identify and compare the frequency of alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, levels of main macronutrients, vitamins and mineral elements consumption in patients with acute (AP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) and pancreatic cancer (PC).

At the observational clinical cross-sectional uncontrolled case-study 65 patients with AP or CP (group 1) and 45 patients with PC (group 2) were examined. A survey of patients was carried out: questionnaire on tobacco smoking, a frequency questionnaire on alcohol consumption, a questionnaire for assessing the frequency of food consumption.

There were no differences in the frequency of smoking and alcohol consumption between patients with AP and CP and PC. The highest indices of the main macronutrients, daily energy content of the diet, micronutrients (except for vitamins A, E) were found in PC than in the group of patients with AP and CP. Among patients with AP and CP with excretory pancreatic insufficiency, a lower intake of fat-soluble vitamins was noted and associations of hypercholesterolemia with deficient intake of vitamin E were obtained.
We demonstrate beam self-cleaning in a tapered Ytterbium-doped graded-index multimode fiber in both active and passive configurations, without accompanying self-phase modulation induced spectral broadening or frequency conversion.
The word 'melanin' refers to a group of high molecular weight, black and brown pigments formed through the oxidation and polymerization of phenolic compounds. This pigment is present in all kingdoms of living organisms, but it remains the most enigmatic pigment in plants. The poor solubility of melanin in particular solvents and its complex polymeric nature significantly constrain its study.

Plant melanin synthesis is mostly associated with the enzymatic browning reaction that occurs in wounded plant tissues. This reaction occurs when, due to the disruption of cellular compartmentation, the chloroplast-located polyphenol oxidases release from the chloroplast and interact with their vacuolar substrates to produce o-quinones, which in turn polymerize to melanin. Furthermore, the presence of melanin in intact seed tissues has been demonstrated by diagnostic physicochemical tests.

Unlike the well-studied enzymatic browning reaction, little is known about how melanin is formed in seeds. Recent data have shown that it is a tightly controlled genetic process that involves many genes, among which the genes encoding polyphenol oxidases might be key. The present article aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge on melanin in plants and to discuss future perspectives on its study in light of recent findings.
The article is devoted to the study of didactic practices used by Russian teachers of the 19 th -21 st centuries to implement a problem approach in teaching history.Cognitive tasks are one of the main tools of problem-based history teaching.For the first time they were developed by I.Ya.Lerner.The heyday of the genre occurred in the 1990s.It was then that collections of cognitive tasks on history began to be called "problem books".The most famous of them were the problem books of S.G.Smirnov, A.T. Stepanishchev and S.G.Goryainov.If the tasks of I.Y.Lerner were distinguished by their binding to a specific educational and methodological context and information minimalism, then the problem books of the 1990s assumed possession of broad historical contexts and the presence of erudition that went beyond the school course.The tasks have become more diverse from a methodological point of view.In the 2000s -2010s, historical tasks (with a division into cognitive and problematic ones) became a permanent section of basic educational and methodological complexes.History problem books began to be used in universities, and their subjects became more specialized.There were problem books devoted to certain historical periods, certain topics of national and regional history.Published in 2021, the taskbook edited by E.V. Burlutskaya for the first time in the history of the genre turned out to focus not on event history, but on the history of everyday life.

However, there is a level of history teaching at which it is impossible to use tasks -this is the level of formation of the initial fund of knowledge.On it, the educational material is assimilated in a "ready-made form", receptively, through its presentation during explanations by the teacher.In search of ways to implement the problem approach at this level, it will be useful to turn to the legacy of Russian pedagogy of the 19th century, namely to the pedagogical experiments of V.A. Zhukovsky.Organizing the teaching of history to the heir to the throne, and later to his own children, Zhukovsky developed special tables (still unpublished) in which historical material was encoded using a special system of signs.Unlike A.F. Yazvinsky, Zhukovsky managed to combine the clarity of the table and the coherence of the narrative.The encoding and decoding of the text, the folding of the word into a symbol and the unfolding of the symbol into a word formed the essence of his didactic tools and allowed to

* Долгушин Дмитрий Владимирович, доктор филологических наук, Новосибирский государственный университет, Новосибирск, Россия,
A direct numerical simulation of the influence of a local energy release region on the development of the combustion propagation process in a high-speed flow of homogeneous fuel-air mixture (Н2 + air) is carried out. The mathematical model of the energy source describes the physical phenomena characteristic for pulsed energy supply using laser radiation. The energy supply and ignition are modeled taking into account a given kinetic scheme. The results on the spatial and temporal evolution of the ignition region are presented. The dependence of the position of the ignition region on the flow velocity is investigated.