Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
LiGaS 2 crystals are grown, and the high thermal conductivity is established.

Analysis of temperature dependences of various properties reveals side phases, and isotropic points in birefringence, photo-, thermo-, and pyroluminescence.
Among the many diseases of spring wheat caused by pathogenic fungi, loose smut Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Jens. remains to be a dangerous disease with a wide range of distribution. In fields where there is no control over the emergence and spread of the disease, the yield reduction can be up to 10 %, and in the case of highly susceptible varieties, up to 40–50 %. Taking into account the increasing cost of seed protectants and their environmental damage, the cultivation of varieties resistant to loose smut is still the most affordable way to protect plants, reducing the pesticide load on agrocenoses. The crucial point in breeding for resistance is the use of resistant varieties as parental forms.

The aim of our research was to isolate samples of spring wheat that are immune to loose smut against the background of artificial infection of plants with a population specific to the West Siberian region. The article presents the results of long-lasting studies of 350 genotypes of spring wheat of different ecological and geographical origin for resistance to disease. Physiological specialization of races was carried out on the basis of a differentiating set consisting of six varieties of soft wheat and three varieties of durum spring wheat.

The obtained results in combination with literature data reveal changes in the racial composition of the pathogen population over the past 30–35 years. Varieties of foreign and domestic selection resistant to the West Siberian population of loose smut have been identified. Based on the analysis of pedigree samples, highly and practically resistant to loose smut, we concluded that in breeding for immunity to U. tritici , the same sources of resistance genes are most often used. Among the gene pool of spring wheat of foreign selection, the largest number of genotypes resistant to loose smut is assigned to the countries of the North American geographical zone (USA, Canada, Mexico). These are largely samples containing Ut1 genes, genes from spring wheat ‘Thatcher’ and its sister line ‘DC II-21-44’. Resistance genes in Russian wheat varieties can be traced from cultivars Beloturka, Poltavka, Selivanovsky Hare (using Saratovskaya 29 and its derivatives), and genes from wheatgrass lines AGIS 1 and Grecum 114.
The article presents the study results of hydrodynamic zoning of hydrocarbon reservoirs of the Yamal-Kara depression located in the north West Siberian megabasin. The study area has two types of natural water-driven systems: expelled system (geostatic and geodynamic) in the basin centre and infiltration system in the basin margins. Piezominimum zones extending along the main oil and gas seeps (Bolshayakheta and Kara megasyneclises) have been found that correspond to the largest petroleum plays (Vankor-Suzunskaya, Bovanenkovskaya, Urengoiskaya and others).
This work has started as a project for the summer school in molecular and theoretical biology. Efficient teaching and learning modern methods of molecular biology and population genetics in a two-week study course for high school students needs an attractive subject. We chose phylogeography of the domestic cat as the subject of our project because 1) everybody likes cats; 2) cats are polymorphic for several coat color mutations, which can be easily detected by street survey or in the photographs; 3) samples for DNA extraction are easy to collect without posing ethical and biosafety problems; 4) rich background information of geographical distribution of coat color alleles and variation in mtDNA is available; 5) phylogeography of cat population in Russia is poorly studied and therefore new data collected in this large territory may shed a light on the global cat distribution and on the origin of the fancy breeds. During the project students studied coat color and mitotype distribution across Russian random bred cats. The basics of field (observations of natural cat populations, hair collection), formal (inheritance of coat colors), mathematical population (allele frequency distributions and their comparisons, building phylogenetic trees, multidimensional scaling), and molecular (DNA extraction and amplification, quality control of DNA sequencing data) genetics were covered. We scored coat color phenotypes in 1182 cats and sequenced mtDNA control region from hair samples of 38 cats from 18 geographical sites. Analysis of coat color alleles frequencies and mitotype distribution confirmed relative homogeneity of gene pools of Russian cat populations, indicating their recent origin. We found several unique mitotypes and demonstrated that OL1 mitotype, previously found only in Siberian fancy breed, was present in random bred cats from several Russian cities. This contributes to the discussion on the origin of the Siberian breed of cats, and supports the view that Siberians is a recent breed created in the 1980s by breeding of selected representatives of the random bred population.
Based on Chinese written sources and the authors' research field materials, the paper analyzes features of Taoist Buddhist practices using incense, as well as the purport of the 24 combinations that arise during fortune telling using three incense sticks – a practice used in rituals dating back to the early Middle Ages which still occupies a prominent place among China's religious practices today. The techniques that are concurrently characteristic of Buddhist practices, Taoist services as well as traditional folk beliefs hold a prominent place during the ritual. General terminology is primarily used in the comments supplementing the rituals in the original sources. These religious rituals involve ancient representations of Heaven as a “source of moral definitions” which reacts to human deeds through various signs, the teachings of the all-encompassing Qi as the energy of the universe and its numerological embodiment, worldview ideas including ancient Taoist beliefs and practices related to the cult of ancestors as well as worship of Heaven and various spirits, and basic Buddhist postulates of rebirth, karma and retribution for committed acts. Conducting fortune telling rituals using incense naturally embodied folk beliefs, which was instrumental in the ongoing teachings of morality to many generations across almost two millennia. Tables and comments on the 24 fortune telling combinations are published in Russian for the first time.
Paracetamol (p-hydroxyacetanilide, Pbca), acetotoluidine (p-methylacetanilide, P21/c) and methacetin (p-methoxyacetanilide, Pbca) contain acetamide group included in molecular fragments, which play an important role in many drugs and proteins. As all of them are derivatives of acetanilide used in medicine, and due to the presence of the amide bond, their charge density analysis is important for better understanding amide infinite peptide chains. Thus, comparing the data obtained for paracetamol with acetotoluidine and with methacetin charge density data can provide deeper insight into NH···O bonding. Another point of interest is the possibility of methyl group rotation that remains to be ambiguous in these acetanilide molecule based compounds.

In the present study we have attempted to elucidate these problems using precise X-ray diffraction at 100K with subsequent charge density topological analysis. All charge density refinements were based on the Hansen and Coppens multipolar atom model. The topologies of the inter- and intramolecular interactions are carefully analyzed for compounds. The atomic charges, bond orders, and the electrostatic energy in molecules are discussed.

The topological characteristics in the critical point of the NH···O bond of paracetamol, acetotoluidine and methacetin are shown in the table below. In contrast to similarity in NH···O bonds for all studied compounds, intermolecular interactions between the double bonded oxygen atom and the hydrogen of dimer's methyl group are different. In acetotoluidine and methacetin the (3, –1) critical points with the same topological characteristics were detected between these atoms. In comparison to them, paracetamol with disordered methyl group [1, 2] has no such point. That can be related to the absence of the methyl group disorder in acetotoluidine and methacetin.
The article describes geological structure of Gorevsky polymetallic deposit and its adjacent territories, according to data from previous geological reports and data, received by author during his work on this deposit.
We study the effect of magnetic field on the properties of a high-mobility gated two-dimensional electron gas in a field-effect transistor with the Hall bar geometry.

When approaching the current saturation when the drain side of the channel becomes strongly depleted, we see a number of unusual effects related to the magnetic field induced redistribution of the electron density in the conducting channel.

The experimental results obtained in the nonlinear regime have been interpreted based on the results obtained in the linear regime by a simple theoretical model, which describes quite well our observations.
Humans and fruit flies demonstrate similarity in sleep-wake behavior, e.g., in the pattern of sleep disturbances caused by an exposure to high temperature. Although research has provided evidence for a clear connection between sleeping problems and infertility in women, very little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying this connection. Studies of dysgenic crosses of fruit flies revealed that an exposure to elevated temperature induces sterility in female intra-specific hybrids exclusively in one of two cross directions (progeny of Canton-S females crossed with Harwich males). Given the complexity and limitations of human studies, this fruit flies’ model of temperature-sensitive sterility might be used for testing whether the effects of high temperature on fertility and on 24-h sleep pattern are inter-related. To document this pattern, 315 hybrids were kept for at least five days in constant darkness at 20 °C and 29 °C. No evidence was found for a causal link between sterility and sleep disturbance. However, a diminished thermal responsiveness of sleep was shown by females with temperature-induced sterility, while significant responses to high temperature were still observed in fertile females obtained by crossing in the opposite direction (i.e., Canton-S males with Harwich females) and in fertile males from either cross.
The review briefly presents two academic courses, 'A History of China' and 'A History of Chinese Studies' by S. V. Dmitriev published online on the 'Youtube' platform.

The creation of high-quality, publicly available educational resources significantly expands the opportunities for the study of historical sinological disciplines and sets a new standard for their teaching both in higher and supplementary education.
Experiments on obtaining Freon 134a gas hydrate were carried out by a method based on explosive boiling of a liquefied gas layer in the water volume during decompression. It is shown that this method combines several factors leading to an intensification of the hydrate formation process, which leads to a rapid growth of gas hydrates. The influence of the ratio of the initial mass of the gas to the initial mass of water in the vessel on the fraction of the gas hydrate in the resulting sample was studied experimentally.
This paper discusses the physical nature and the numerical modeling of a novel approach of periodic structures for applications as photonic sensors. The sensing is based on the high sensitivity to the cover index change of the notch wavelength. This sensitivity is due to the effect of abnormal blocking of the guided wave propagating along the silicon wire with periodic strips overhead it through the silica buffer. The structure sensing is numerically modeled by 2D and 3D finite difference time domain (FDTD) method, taking into account the waveguide dispersion. The modeling of the long structures (more than 1000 strips) is accomplished by the 2D method of lines (MoL) with a maximal implementation of the analytical feature of the method. It is proved that the effect of abnormal blocking could be used for the construction of novel types of optical sensors.
This work presents results on CO 2 hydrogenation to dimethyl ether (DME) over bifunctional catalysts consisting of In 2 O 3 , supported on natural clay halloysite nanotubes (HNT), and HNT modified with Al-MCM-41 silica arrays. The catalysts were characterized by TEM, STEM, EDX-mapping, NH 3 -TPD, XRD, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, TPO, and H 2 -TPR techniques. Catalytic properties of In 2 O 3 /HNT and In 2 O 3 /Al-MCM-41/HNT in the CO 2 hydrogenation to DME were investigated in a fixed-bed continuous flow stainless steel reactor at 10–40 atm, in the temperature range of 200–300°C, at GHSV = 12,000 h −1 and molar ratio of H 2 :CO 2 = 3:1. The best catalyst for CO 2 hydrogenation was In 2 O 3 /Al-MCM-41/HNT that provided DME production rate 0.15 g DME ·(g cat ·h) −1 with DME selectivity 53% and at 40 bar, GHSV = 12,000 h −1 , and T = 250°C. It was shown that In 2 O 3 /Al-MCM-41/HNT exhibited stable operation for at least 40 h on stream.
The analysis of the initiation of a detonation wave (DW) and the emergence of a multi-front structure of the DW-front are presented. It is shown that the structure of the DW arises spontaneously at the stage of a strong overdriven of the wave. The hypothesis of the gradual enhancement of small perturbations on an initially smooth initiating blast wave, traditionally used in the numerical simulation of multi-front detonation, does not agree with the experimental data. The instability of the DW is due to the chemical energy release of the combustible mixture Q. A technique for determining the Q-value of mixture was proposed, based on reconstruction of the trajectory of the expanding wave from the position of the strong explosion model. The wave trajectory at the critical initiation of a multifront detonation in a combustible mixture is compared with the trajectory of an explosive wave from the same initiator in an inert mixture whose gas-dynamic parameters are equivalent to the parameters of the combustible mixture. The energy release of a mixture is defined as the difference in the joint energy release of the initiator and the fuel mixture during the critical initiation and energy release of the initiator when the blast wave is excited in an inert mixture. Observable deviations of the experimental profile of Q from existing model representations were found.
The Cas9 endonuclease is an essential component of the CRISPR–Cas-based genome editing tools. The attainment of high specificity and efficiency of Cas9 during targetted DNA cleavage is the main problem that limits the clinical application of the CRISPR–Cas9 system. A deep understanding of the Cas9 mechanism and its structural-functional relationships is required to develop strategies for precise gene editing.

Here, we present the first attempt to describe the solution structure of Cas9 from S. pyogenes using hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) coupled to molecular dynamics simulations. HDX data revealed multiple protein regions with deuterium uptake levels varying from low to high. By analysing the difference in relative deuterium uptake by apoCas9 and its complex with sgRNA, we identified peptides involved in the complex formation and possible changes in the protein conformation.

The REC3 domain was shown to undergo the most prominent conformational change upon enzyme-RNA interactions. Detection of the HDX in two forms of the enzyme provided detailed information about changes in the Cas9 structure induced by sgRNA binding and quantified the extent of the changes. The study demonstrates the practical utility of HDX-MS for the elucidation of mechanistic aspects of Cas9 functioning.
A compact accelerator-based neutron source has been proposed and created at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics in Novosibirsk, Russia. An original design tandem accelerator is used to provide a proton beam. The proton beam energy can be varied within a range of 0.6-2.3 MeV, keeping a high-energy stability of 0.1%. The beam current can also be varied in a wide range (from 0.3 mA to 10 mA) with high current stability (0.4%). In the device, neutron flux is generated as a result of the
The article considers judicial functions in the activities of peasant superiors of the Tomsk Province after the introduction in 1898 of the 'Temporary Regulation on Peasant Chiefs in the Provinces of Tobolsk, Tomsk, Yeniseisk and Irkutsk'. The creation of this institution was intended to establish a uniform and effective mechanism for the collection of duties and control over all spheres of activity of the peasantry.

The performance of judicial functions by peasant superiors is considered in this article as one of the criteria for assessing the effectiveness of their activities in the Tomsk province. The author considers main judicial and appellate functions of officials; analyzes the mechanism of filing appeals: from filing a complaint through the county court to its consideration at the county congress of peasant superiors. The main reasons for the applicants' appeals to peasant superiors are mentioned: fraudulent documents in court proceedings, incorrect testimony or kinship relations of the parties and witnesses, incorrect interpretation of facts by the court, prejudgment of judges.

The author found that the judicial and appellate functions of the peasant superiors were effective and useful to the peasants. A large number of appeals filed against decisions of the county courts indicate the authority of the peasant superiors in this matter. The complaints mechanism was simple and understandable, and therefore actively used by peasants in everyday life.
Chronic infections with the flatworm parasites Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis and Schistosoma haematobium are classified as group 1 biological carcinogens, i.e. definitive causes of cancer. In addition, we reported findings that support the inclusion of Opisthorchis felineus in this list of biological carcinogens. By contrast, infections with close phylogenetic relatives including Fasciola hepatica have not been associated with carcinogenesis. Earlier reports revealed of oxysterol metabolites of Opisthorchis liver fluke origin conjugated with DNA bases, suggesting that the generation of these DNA-adducts may underlie the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of the infection with these food-borne pathogens. Here we employed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to investigate, compare and contrast spectrograms of soluble extracts from F. hepatica adult worms from bile ducts of cattle with those from O. viverrini and O. felineus from experimentally-infected hamsters. F. hepatica displayed a complex spectrophotometric profile. F. hepatica and Opisthorchis spp. shared several common compounds including oxysterol-like metabolites, bile acids and DNA-adducts, but the spectrometric profiles of these Opisthorchis species included far fewer compounds than F. hepatica . These findings support the postulate that oxysterol-like metabolites of parasite origin can initiate carcinogenesis and they point to a molecular basis for the inconsistencies among major groups of liver flukes concerning infection-induced malignancy. Author Summary Several species of trematodes are parasites of the human hepatobiliary tract. Infection with two of these flukes, Clonorchis sinsensis and Opisthorchis viverrini , fresh water fish-borne parasites that occur in East Asia is classified as group 1 carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), i.e. definitive causes of cancer in humans. By contrast, infection with a different liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica , does not lead to malignant transformation of the biliary tract. Given the close phylogeny of all three parasites, this difference in carcinogenicity is intriguing and, if explained, likely of value in novel therapeutic approaches. The importance of the current findings is informative because they present a mass spectrometric analysis and catalog of the similarities and differences between fluke of the genus Opisthorchis and F. hepatica , potentially identifying carcinogenic metabolites of liver fluke origin. These metabolites can be expected to provide deeper understanding of helminth infection induced malignancy.
Research background: This paper studies the impact of a new so-called green factor on the capitalization of petroleum companies, which is becoming highly relevant in view of the signing of the Paris agreements in 2015 and the support for clean energy. Although society, international organizations, and government authorities encourage companies to reduce their environmental impact, one of the main reasons for responsible behavior is still economic efficiency. The oil industry, on the one hand, faces one of the most volatile markets and, on the other hand, has one of the largest environmental impacts of any industry. That requires a detailed study of interconnections between market capitalization and the green factor. Purpose of the article: A comprehensive study of factors affecting the level of capitalization of oil and gas companies in Russia and identification of the most significant among them with a special focus on the green factor. Methods: Econometric analysis of panel data for Russian petroleum companies. The database includes indicators for six major Russian oil companies from 2011 to 2018. The following groups of factors are analyzed to explain the change in the companies? capitalization: macroeconomic (GDP and inflation in Russia), microeconomic (companies? revenue, net profit, tax payment, return on assets, return on equity, ratio of borrowed capital to equity), industrial (oil export, refining, production and proven reserves of the companies), and the green factor. Findings & Value added: The selection of factors showed that the size of capitalization has been influenced most significantly by the following: the volume of the company's proven reserves, net profit, tax burden, and the green factor based on the policy of minimizing environmental damage. This result shows that investors consider companies with high environmental performance to be more valuable than companies with similar financial results but lower environmental ratings.
N/C-Hydroxylated spirofused derivatives of 2,5-dihydroimidazole which were synthesized by condensation of 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexanone with aryl hydroxylaminoalkyl ketones in the presence of ammonia were determined to be trans-ee-isomers of 1,4-cyclohexane framework by NMR spectroscopy.Oxidation of the cyclic hydroxylamino moiety followed by acylation of the phenolic hydroxyl group with 4-alkyloxybenzoic acid chlorides led to the corresponding spirocyclic nitroxides bearing two mesogenic fragments.