Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
A source of epithermal neutrons based on a vacuum-insulated tandem accelerator and a lithium target was proposed and developed for the technique of boron neutron capture therapy. A stationary proton beam of 2 MeV with a current of up to 6 mA was produced by the accelerator. To optimize the injection of a beam of negative hydrogen ions into the accelerator, a wire scanner OWS-30 (D-Pace, Canada) was installed [1]. The main problem is that using the profilometer in the form in which it was provided does not allow us to determine the main beam parameters such as position and size. Also, the electron emission does not allow measurement of the total beam current and may lead to incorrect measurement of the beam profile.

We have modernized the scanner by placing metal rings in front and behind the scanner with a negative potential to suppress the secondary emission of electrons from the scanner wires. We have developed software in which methods for calculating the position and size of the beam, methods for calculating the total current are implemented. We are the first who proposed and implemented a new way of measurement of the beam emittance. A movable diaphragm was inserted in front of the wire scanner. Ion beams passing through the aperture of the diaphragm were measured by the wire scanner with а high level of detail when the diaphragm was moved along a radius.

Modernization of the scanner has made it possible to expand its capabilities. The suppression of the secondary electron emission made it possible to reconstruct the current profile of the ion beam and determine the value of the total current. The developed program allowed to display the coordinates of the beam, its dimensions and the total current. The use of a modernized scanner made it possible to detect the effect of space charge and the effect of the spherical aberrations of the focusing magnetic lenses on a beam of negative hydrogen ions. The use of the modernized scanner made it possible to optimize the injection of a beam of negative hydrogen ions into the accelerator, which led to an increase in the proton current and an improvement of the accelerator stability. The modernized scanner with an additional program for processing the results data and visualization has become a reliable device for beam diagnostics and for controlling beam entry into the accelerator.
Being one of the most dynamic entities in the human body, glycosylation of proteins fine-tunes the activity of the organismal machinery, including the immune system, and mediates the interaction with the human microbial consortium, typically represented by the gut microbiome. Using data from 194 healthy individuals, we conducted an associational study to uncover potential relations between the gut microbiome and the blood plasma N-glycome, including N-glycome of immunoglobulin G. While lacking strong linkages on the multivariate level, we were able to identify associations between alpha and beta microbiome diversity and the blood plasma N-glycome profile. Moreover, for two bacterial genera, namely, Bilophila and Clostridium innocuum, significant associations with specific glycans were also shown. The study's results suggest a non-trivial, possibly weak link between the total plasma N-glycome and the gut microbiome, predominantly involving glycans related to the immune system proteins, including immunoglobulin G. Further studies of glycans linked to microbiome-related proteins in well-selected patient groups are required to conclusively establish specific associations.
Functionalization of MFM-102 with -NO2 groups on phenyl groups leads to a 15% reduction in BET surface area in MFM-102-NO2.

Neutron diffraction and inelastic scattering experiments

We report the first example of crystallographic observation of acetylene binding to -NO2 groups in a metal-organic framework (MOF). However, this is coupled to a 28% increase in acetylene adsorption to 192 cm3 g-1 at 298 K and 1 bar, comparable to other leading porous materials. reveal the role of -NO2 groups, in cooperation with open metal sites, in the binding of acetylene in MFM-102-NO2.
Middle and Upper Paleolithic human migrations and dispersals throughout Central Asia are usually associated with middle altitudes and mild steppe and forest-steppe environments with herds of large game mammals. However, since at least the Middle Paleolithic, human populations penetrated areas of Central Asia characterized by extreme arid climatic and environmental conditions in modern times. Investigation of archaeological sites in such regions demands understanding whether Pleistocene environmental conditions were more favorable to human habitation, what types of adaptation pressures human populations faced, and what kinds of adaptive mechanisms were developed.

The Gobi Desert and Gobi Altai Mountains of southern Mongolia comprise one such region. Exposed and stratified Paleolithic sites there include Tsagaan Agui Cave and a variety of surface occurrences. Middle and Upper Paleolithic archaeological complexes at Tsagaan Agui are associated with various faunal species recovered in situ from sediments, allowing the reconstruction of the paleoenvironmental conditions of human habitation there. Following trilateral excavations conducted at Tsagaan Agui in 1995-2000, the longitudinal profile of the cave was uncovered in 2021 to collect sediments and other samples and a small test pit was excavated in the cave’s main chamber. Layers 2.1-4 of Test Pit 2021/2 yielded a bone industry, Paleolithic art mobilier, and a small collection of lithic artifacts, all in stratigraphic context. Evidence of episodic hyaena occupation was also revealed in Layer 2.2.

The 2021 Tsagaan Agui Cave excavation campaign provides clear rationale for further investigation of this site, especially excavations in the northern part of the cave that has not been previously studied, as well as garnering additional data for refined paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental reconstructions.
We present measurements of B+→¯¯¯D*0τ+ντ and B+→¯¯¯D0τ+ντ decays in a data sample of 657×106 B¯¯¯B pairs collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e+e− collider.

We find 446+58−56 B+→¯¯¯D*0τ+ντ events with a significance of 8.1 standard deviations, and 146+42−41 B+→¯¯¯D0τ+ντ events with a significance of 3.5 standard deviations.

The latter signal provides the first evidence for this decay mode. The measured branching fractions are B(B+→¯¯¯D*0τ+ντ)=(2.12+0.28−0.27(stat)±0.29(syst))% and B(B+→¯¯¯D0τ+ντ)=(0.77±0.22(stat)±0.12(syst))%.
Helicons (circularly-polarized electromagnetic waves) propagate in a plasma with density exceeded cut-off for its frequency, and provide effective energy delivery to plasma. Accordingly, helicon discharge is one of the most suitable way for production of high-density low-temperature plasma. Helicon plasma sources, operating in the MHz frequency range and respectively low magnetic fields (0.01-0.1 T), capable to create plasma with density up to 1013 cm−3. At the same time, next generation of linear plasma facilities for both for PMI studies and fusion applications requires production of plasma with density above this limit. Theoretical studies predict that such increasing of density can be achieved by application of powerful microwave sources of GHz range frequency. The aim of the presented experiments is experimental verification of theoretical predictions and search of conditions for effective delivery of electromagnetic power to plasma towards development of stationary source of dense plasma for linear facilities. Interaction of 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation with low-temperature plasma column, confined in a strong magnetic field, was studied on the GOL-3 facility. Plasma was created by external source (arc plasma gun) placed on the edge of the facility. Microwave power is transferred from moderate power (1.4 kW) magnetron source to o-ring antenna, separated from plasma column by quartz tube. Coupling of antenna with plasma (reflected-to-direct wave ratio) are measured for various magnetic fields in the facility. First results of the measurements are presented in the paper.
Generation of terahertz radiation in the magnetized plasma column due to the two-stream instability developing in the relativistic electron beam (REB) with a current of 10 kA is studied at the GOL-PET facility.

In the first series of the experiments, at the regular transverse plasma density gradients, power of the generated terahertz radiation increased thirty times. At a frequency of the upper-hybrid oscillations (0.2–0.3 THz) and pulse duration of few microseconds, it reached 4 MWs. In the next experiments, when the additional longitudinal density gradients were created in plasma, the radiation power exceeded 10 MWs.

These results are described in this paper.
Among mammals, gene mapping efforts have concentrated mainly on humans and house mice. However, although studies of these 2 species can add much to our understanding of eutherian genome evolution (for example, Ehrlich and others 1997), it is important to expand the range of species to be examined for a more complete picture of the genomic changes that have occurred during the eutherian radiation (O'Brien and others 1997). Gene mapping studies much more modest than those conducted on humans and mice can add enormously to our knowledge of eutherian genome evolution, especially if (1) species from a wide range of different eutherian orders are analyzed, and (2) the same set of comparative anchor loci are examined (O'Brien and others 1993, 1997). Because the relationship of many of the orders of eutherian mammals is difficult to infer (Novacek 1992), gene mapping studies on species from as many eutherian orders as possible are needed both to help clarify the relationships between the orders and to properly deduce the structure of the ancestral eutherian genome.

The order Insectivora includes shrews, hedgehogs, moles, and tenrecs. It is the third most speciose eutherian order (after Rodentia and Chiroptera), of which the shrew family (Soricidae) is particularly large. Morphologically, insectivores appear to be closer to the ancestral eutherian condition than other orders (Nowak 1991), and mitochondrial DNA sequences also suggest that insectivores are more basal within the eutherian phylogenetic tree than cetaceans, artiodactyls, primates, and rodents (Krettek and others 1995). Insectivores date back to the late Cretaceous in the fossil record (Stahl 1974). Given their status as a large group of primitive eutherians, insectivores are clearly an important model for gene mapping.

Among the Insectivora, the common shrew (Sorex araneus L. 1758) has been subjected to particularly detailed population genetic analysis, both with respect to chromosomes (see below) and to other genetic markers (Heikkila 1989; Taberlet and others 1994). (For recent studies see also Fredga and Searle 1996; Wojcik and Wolsan 1998.)
Proteoglycans (PGs) are heterogeneous macromolecules that can both suppress and induce mitotic activity and cell growth depending on their structure and experimental conditions. Possibly, their combination is necessary for the proper regulatory effect to the certain tissue.

In the present study, an influence of bovine liver total proteoglycans on the mitotic activity of different mouse embryonic tissues and mouse adenocarcinoma cells was investigated. Bovine liver proteoglycans suppressed cell proliferation in the mouse liver (1.8% mitotic cells versus 10.6 % in the control animals) but not in the other tissues. The antimitotic effect of the PGs was tissue-specific as it was shown by experiments with bovine spleen and lung PG preparations. An influence of the total proteoglycan preparation on tumor cell proliferation was studied by treatment of primary breast adenocarcinoma cells with bovine liver PGs before injection into experimental animals. The treatment suppressed tumor formation in mice – only 20% animals developed tumors on 26th day and 55% ones on 43rd day (versus 75% and 100% in a control group, respectively). Intraperitoneal injection of the proteoglycans into mice with induced Ehrlich ascite carcinoma decreased tumor weight and tumor volume by 50%.

These results indicate that bovine liver total proteoglycans are able to suppress cell proliferation in both fetal mouse tissues and orthotopic mammary carcinoma model in vivo. The effect is tissue-specific and species non-specific with optimal concentration 0.3-0.4 mg/g animal weight. The data suggest that total bovine proteoglycan preparations may be potential antimitotic compound to cell proliferation disorders for another animal species.
The article deals with the issues of execution of the obligation to pay taxes and fees. The subject of the tax obligation is only money, based on the concept of “tax” and the fact that the tax is one of the sources of the budget, which is a form of formation and expenditure of funds. The features of monetary obligation as a type of public-legal obligations are distinguished. The conditions of execution of the tax duty are analyzed. Discusses the problem of a tax debt in the liquidation of the organization, the time to enforce which the tax authority has expired. This problem leads to the need to apply to the arbitration court to recognize the tax debt as hopeless for collection and exclusion of the relevant record from the personal account of the taxpayer, which in turn leads to an increase in the period of liquidation and additional financial security. It is proposed to transfer to the tax authority the powers to write off and exclude tax debts, the period for compulsory collection of which has expired, in an administrative procedure.
The data sample of Λ0b→J/ψpK− decays acquired with the LHCb detector from 7 and 8 TeV pp collisions, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 fb−1, is inspected for the presence of J/ψp or J/ψK− contributions with minimal assumptions about K−p contributions. It is demonstrated at more than nine standard deviations that Λ0b→J/ψpK− decays cannot be described with K−p contributions alone, and that J/ψp contributions play a dominant role in this incompatibility. These model-independent results support the previously obtained model-dependent evidence for P+c→J/ψp charmonium-pentaquark states in the same data sample.Received 19 April 2016DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.082002This article is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.© 2016 CERN, for the LHCb CollaborationPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasQuark modelPhysical SystemsExotic baryonsParticles & Fields
Here, as an example, we study a "dark" type of atomic dipole transition Fg=1-->Fe=1 in D1 line of 87Rb, where usually the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) can be observed. In contrast of regular schemes for observing EIA signals (in a single travelling light wave in the Hanle configuration or in a bichromatic light field consisted of two travelling waves)

The method for observing the high-contrast and narrow-width resonances of electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) in the Hanle configuration under counterpropagating light waves is proposed. We theoretically analyze the absorption of a probe light wave in presence of counterpropagating one with the same frequency as the function of a static magnetic field applied along the vectors of light waves, propagating in a vapour cell. To obtain the EIA signal one should proper chose the polarizations of light waves and intensities.

The proposed scheme allows one to use buffer gas to significantly enhance properties of the resonance. Also the dramatic influence of atomic transition openness on contrast of the resonance is revealed, that gives great advantage in comparison with cyclic atomic transitions. The obtained results can be interesting in high-resolution spectroscopy, nonlinear and magneto-optics.
Based on the analysis of various reports of the large world organizations, the article shows that energy forecasting is an important part of forecasting social development, as it largely determines the development vectors of other sectors of national economy and the world as a whole. The paper gives the description and classification of energy development forecasts, i.e. the description of goals, benchmarks and scenarios, global economic situation during the forecast implementation period, etc.

Changes in the technological and spatial structure of generation, the structure of fuel and energy consumption, energy capacity, regional shifts in energy in the period 2000-2018 were analyzed.

It is shown that many organizations have changed the prerequisites, guidelines and the vision of future energy development over time; as a result, the possible options for the development of world energy have been revised. The major uncertainties in the dynamics have led to the emergence of many forecast options, whereas new developments in the world give rise to new types of forecasts. Key trends in energy development in Russia and the world were highlighted. It is shown that the conflict between new technologies and the previous energy systems is dampened solely due to the support of clean energy at both national and world economic levels by the major actors of the international community.
The structural and functional analyses of heterochromatin are essential to understanding how heterochromatic genes are regulated and how centromeric chromatin is formed. Because the repetitive nature of heterochromatin hampers its genome analysis, new approaches need to be developed. Here, we describe how, in double mutants for Su(var)3-9 and SuUR genes encoding two structural proteins of heterochromatin, new banded heterochromatic segments appear in all polytene chromosomes due to the strong suppression of under-replication in pericentric regions. FISH on salivary gland polytene chromosomes from these double mutant larvae allows high resolution of heterochromatin mapping. In addition, immunostaining experiments with a set of antibodies against euchromatic and heterochromatic proteins reveal their unusual combinations in the newly appeared segments: binding patterns for HP1 and HP2 are coincident, but both are distinct from H3diMetK9 and H4triMetK20. In several regions, partial overlapping staining is observed for the proteins characteristic of active chromatin RNA Pol II, H3triMetK4, Z4, and JIL1, the boundary protein BEAF, and the heterochromatin-enriched proteins HP1, HP2, and SU(VAR)3-7. The exact cytological position of the centromere of chromosome 3 was visualized on salivary gland polytene chromosomes by using the centromeric dodeca satellite and the centromeric protein CID. This region is enriched in H3diMetK9 and H4triMetK20 but is devoid of other proteins analyzed.
For a long time discoveries were recognized only in natural sciences. We can talk about “discoveries” in the social sciences only in some other sense. At the same time the accumulation of general theoretical knowledge in economics and sociology is not in doubt. Eleven criteria of “positive knowledge” (respectively, “discoveries” when such knowledge is first acquired) are formulated. Three groups of scientific and philosophical disciplines with similar indicators according to these criteria are distinguished. In philosophy (with the exception of logic and analytical philosophy) it is difficultto talk about discoveries and knowledge due to the lack of agreement regarding any non-trivial judgments with a philosophical level of generality and abstractness. At the same time the development of philosophy is more than the accumulation of ideas as optional opinions. To solve this difficulty the metaphor of “a lock” (obstacles to cognition), “a key” (intellectual means selected and created to obtain reliable knowledge) and “a view” (holistic meaningful image on “opening different doors”) was used. Even if philosophy does not produce full-fledged discoveries and generally accepted knowledge it progressively develops its ideas as heuristic “keys” for scientific research and as “views” that generalize heterogeneous, accumulated scientific knowledge connecting them with changing self-consciousness and values in human generations.
Efficient S phase entry is essential for development, tissue repair, and immune defences. However, hyperactive or expedited S phase entry causes replication stress, DNA damage and oncogenesis, highlighting the need for strict regulation. Recent paradigm shifts and conflicting reports demonstrate the requirement for a discussion of the G1/S transition literature.

Here, we review the recent studies, and propose a unified model for the S phase entry decision. In this model, competition between mitogen and DNA damage signalling over the course of the mother cell cycle constitutes the predominant control mechanism for S phase entry of daughter cells. Mitogens and DNA damage have distinct sensing periods, giving rise to three Commitment Points for S phase entry (CP1-3). S phase entry is mitogen-independent in the daughter G1 phase, but remains sensitive to DNA damage, such as single strand breaks, the most frequently-occurring lesions that uniquely threaten DNA replication. To control CP1-3, dedicated hubs integrate the antagonistic mitogenic and DNA damage signals, regulating the stoichiometric cyclin: CDK inhibitor ratio for ultrasensitive control of CDK4/6 and CDK2.

This unified model for the G1/S cell cycle transition combines the findings of decades of study, and provides an updated foundation for cell cycle research.
Рассматриваются методы моделирования рассуждений на основе прецедентов в задачах анализа и моделирования распространения сообщений в сети Интернет.

Предлагаемый подход позволяет строить последовательности
The underlying neurological events accompanying dog domestication remain elusive. To reconstruct the domestication process in an experimental setting, silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes) have been deliberately bred for tame vs aggressive behaviors for more than 50 generations at the Institute for Cytology and Genetics in Novosibirsk, Russia.

The hypothalamus is an essential part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and regulates the fight-or-flight response, and thus, we hypothesized that selective breeding for tameness/aggressiveness has shaped the hypothalamic transcriptomic profile. RNA-seq analysis identified 70 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Seven of these genes, DKKL1, FBLN7, NPL, PRIMPOL, PTGRN, SHCBP1L and SKIV2L, showed the same direction expression differences in the hypothalamus, basal forebrain and prefrontal cortex. Additionally, 159 transcripts from the hypothalamus demonstrated differences in the abundance of alternative spliced forms between the tame and aggressive foxes. Weighted gene coexpression network analyses also suggested that gene modules in hypothalamus were significantly associated with tame vs aggressive behavior.

The genes differentially expressed across the three tissues are involved in cell division, differentiation, adhesion and carbohydrate processing, suggesting an association of these processes with selective breeding. Pathways associated with these modules include signal transduction, interleukin signaling, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and peptide ligand-binding receptors (eg, G-protein coupled receptor [GPCR] ligand binding). Current studies show the selection for tameness vs aggressiveness in foxes is associated with unique hypothalamic gene profiles partly shared with other brain regions and highlight DEGs involved in biological processes such as development, differentiation and immunological responses. The role of these processes in fox and dog domestication remains to be determined.