Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
We established equilibrium and motion equations for media with internal structure, characterized by integral geometry parameters.

These equations are linear differential equations of the infinite order. Besides usual elastic waves, there are many waves with sufficiently lower velocities without bottom limit. Corresponding dispersion equations have both real and imaginary roots. Complex roots represent parametric resonances (catastrophes).

This model of structured continuum describes intermediate states between statics and dynamics. It means that the equilibrium equations are valid for large scales, while the dynamic equations are valid in small ones.
Germline-restricted chromosomes (GRCs) are accessory chromosomes that occur only in germ cells. They are eliminated from somatic cells through programmed DNA elimination during embryo development. GRCs have been observed in several unrelated animal taxa and show peculiar modes of non-Mendelian inheritance and within-individual elimination. Recent cytogenetic and phylogenomic evidence suggests that a GRC is present across the species-rich songbirds, but absent in non-passerine birds, implying that over half of all 10,500 bird species have extensive germline/soma genome differences.

Here, we review recent insights gained from genomic, transcriptomic, and cytogenetic approaches with regard to the genetic content, phylogenetic distribution, and inheritance of the songbird GRC.

While many questions remain unsolved in terms of GRC inheritance, elimination, and function, we discuss plausible scenarios and future directions for understanding this widespread form of programmed DNA elimination.
The study of the high-pressure polymorphism is still in its infancy.More often than not, the transformations give metastable forms, and not the thermodynamically preferable one.The following facts can indicate at the kinetically, and not thermodynamically controlled transformations: 1. Different forms are obtained at the same conditions from different starting polymorphs.2. Different forms are obtained on compression and on decompression, transformations are not reversible.3. Effect of pressure is different for single crystals and for powder samples.4. The transformation is characterized by a pronounced induction period, a hysteresis, is incomplete, or is extended in a wide pressure range.5. Different forms are observed, depending on how rapid compression / decompression were; on how long the sample was held at a selected pressure.6.The transformation is sensitive to the choice of the pressure-transmitting liquid (in which the sample is emerged in hydrostatic loading experiments) / to the presence of even traces of a liquid in a slurry.

This will be illustrated using a few examples.Crystallization of liquids, crystallization from solutions, and solid-state polymorphic transformations will be considered.
We review here two approaches to describe hard leptoproduction of transversally polarized rho-meson, based on recent calculation of the gamma*T -> rhoT impact factor up to twist 3 accuracy in the collinear factorization frame, including 2- and 3- particles Fock-states.

The first approach uses a model of the unintegrated gluon density (the proton impact factor) which allows a comparison of our predictions with H1 and ZEUS data for the ratios of helicity amplitudes T(gamma*T -> rhoT)/T(gamma*L -> rhoL) and T(gamma*T -> rhoL)/T(gamma*L -> rhoL). In the second approach, we transform the gamma*T -> rhoT impact factor into the impact parameter space.

We show that the transformed amplitude factorizes according to conventional dipole picture. We shortly discuss a way to implement the nucleon saturation effects in our approach.
The quark loop contribution to the Reggeon-Reggeon-gluon vertex is calculated in QCD, where the Reggeon is the Reggeized gluon. Compared with the vertex in the Born approximation, this contribution exhibits a new spin structure as well as the gluon loop one. A remarkable but not complete cancellation between gluon and quark contributions to this new spin structure takes place for the case of three massless quark flavors.
The Abri du Poisson rock shelter is famous for a very realistic and detailed bas-relief of a fish (salmon). Representations of fish are quite rare in Paleolithic cave art. Another image present in this rock shelter is a negative of a hand, made in black pigment (manganese oxide). Also, the National Museum of Prehistory in Les Eyzies de Tayac (Dordogne) owns several rock blocks, painted red, with relief representations belonging to the Aurignacian levels of Abri du Poisson. Since the early 1900s, studies at that site have mostly focused on the famous representations.

The 2016 field study was a preliminary stage in a new project. It focused on a detailed inspection, preceding the traceological analysis of engravings and bas-reliefs. During our examination, new drawings were discovered, and photogrammetry was used for their 3D visualization.

As a result, we have demonstrated that the newly discovered elements are indeed representations rather than natural lines.
Purpose. The article provides a detailed description of three sabers with wooden hilts stored in the funds of the National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan (PMO 3025-1.2, PMO 6265, PMO UK 8227), Astana.

Results. Based on the structural analysis of the items and their design, we identified that Saber 1 from the NMRC (PMO 3025-1.2) is one of the varieties of Persian Shamshirs. The blade with the shank, garda and a wooden sheath with hoop could have been made by Iranian or, less likely, Central Asian armorers in the 18th – middle of the 19th centuries. The wooden hilt with rivets, leather-covered scabbard and a metal tip were added while the saber was in the museum collection. A distinctive feature of Saber 2 of NMRC (PMO 6265), which originates from the territory of Southern Kazakhstan, is a relatively small bending of an acute-angled blade, an authentic wooden hilt and a leather case covering the hilt. The last two elements are not typical for products of Persian craftsmen but are quite often found on the weapons of the Uzbek and Kazakh soldiers of the New Age. According to the construction and design we conclude that Saber 2 could have been made by Central Asian, or, less likely, Iranian armorers in the 18th – mid 19th centuries (in the latter case, the hilt and the cover might have been made by Uzbek or Kazakh masters). Saber 3 (ПМО УК 8227) combines the classic “shamshirs” blade and a pommel with a wooden hilt and a relatively rare version of the guard. Based on the design features, the saber is dated to the end of the 18th – mid 19th centuries. The fastening system of its “cheeks” indicates that the wooden hilt might have been made and added in the 19th century.

Conclusion. The weapons of the series under review vividly illustrate the data from written sources on the prevalence of sabers with long blades imported from Iran and Central Asia among Kazakh soldiers during the 18th – 19th centuries.
We report measurements of the branching fractions and $CP$ asymmetries for ${D}_{s}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}\ensuremath{\eta}$, ${D}_{s}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$, and ${D}_{s}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}\ensuremath{\eta}$ decays, and the branching fraction for ${D}_{s}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$. Our results are based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $921\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ collected by the Belle detector at the KEKB ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ asymmetric-energy collider. Our measurements of $CP$ asymmetries in these decays are the most precise to date; no evidence for $CP$ violation is found.
All songbirds studied so far have a germline-restricted chromosome (GRC), which is present in the germ cells and absent in the somatic cells. It shows a wide variation in size, morphology, and genetic content between the songbird species.

In this paper, we analyzed GRC behavior in female and male meiosis of the great tit, using immunolocalization of meiotic proteins and FISH with GRC-derived DNA probes.

We found that, despite dozens of million years of independent evolution, the great tit GRC displays a striking similarity with the GRCs of two species of martins and two species of estrildid finches examined earlier. It was usually present in two copies in females forming recombining bivalent and in one copy in males forming a condensed heterochromatic body with dotted-like axial elements of the synaptonemal complex. We observed mosaicism for the GRC copy number in the female and male great tit. This indicates that one of the GRC copies might be passively lost during premeiotic germ cell divisions. After the meiotic prophase, the GRC was ejected from most male germ cells. The reverse and interspecies FISH with GRC-specific microdissected DNA probes indicates that GRCs of the great tit, pale martin, and zebra finch differ substantially in their genetic content despite similarities in the meiotic behavior.
Spin relaxation has been at the core of many studies since the early days of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and the underlying theory worked out by its founding fathers. This Bloch-Redfield-Abraham relaxation theory has been recently reinvestigated () in the perspective of Lindblad theory of quantum Markovian master equations in order to account for situations where the widely used semi-classical relaxation theory breaks down.

In this article, we review the conventional approach of quantum mechanical theory of NMR relaxation and show that, under the usual assumptions, it is equivalent to the Lindblad formulation.

We also comment on the debate on semi-classical versus quantum versions of spectral density functions involved in relaxation.
A new Wenlockian zircon U–Pb age (~426 Ma) of the Overmaraat-Gol nepheline syenite (foyaite, juvite) pluton in the SW Lake Hovsgol area (Northern Mongolia) prompts a long history of alkaline magmatism in the western Central Asian Orogenic Belt, exceeding the duration of the Devonian and Permian–Triassic events.

The LILE and HFSE patterns of pluton samples analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS) methods indicate intrusion in a complex tectonic setting during interaction of a mantle plume with accretionary-collisional complexes that previously formed on the active continental margin.

As a result, the parent magma had a heterogeneous source with mixed mantle (PREMA and EM) and crustal components. This source composition is consistent with Nd–Sr isotope ratios of the Overmaraat-Gol alkaline rocks, from −0.1 to −1.2 εNd(t) and from ~0.706 to 0.707 87Sr/86Sr(t).
The aim of the present study is to display the clinical and dermoscopic features of melanocytic nevi of more than 5 mm in diameter in psoriasis patients.

A total of 32 patients with psoriasis (21 male, 11 female; average age 37.4) formed the first study group. In 22 patients (68.8%), melanocytic nevi of 5 mm in diameter and bigger (total of 68 nevi) were clinically found. For a randomized trial, 100 people (21 male, 79 female; average age 27.8) without psoriasis were invited to form the second study group. Only 37 of them had nevi ≥5 mm in diameter (total of 60 nevi). Complete questionnaire, full body photometric skin examination, dermoscopy examination on the dermatoscope HEINE MINI 10X with 70% ethyl alcohol immersion, skin type identification according to the Fitzpatrick classification, and nevi assessment according to ABCD and ABC rules were obtained for all recruited people.

Our study showed that patients with psoriasis are more susceptible to melanocytic nevi of >5 mm in diameter (68.8%), while the result for the second group was 37%. As for nevi of dysplastic criteria, we found 32% in psoriasis patients vs. 42% in the monitoring group. Moreover, we should bear in mind the influencing factors of skin phototype II and artificial insolation (e.g., tanning, PUVA (Psoralen and ultraviolet A), and narrowband phototherapy 311 nm) obtained by the patients from the first group.
(1) Background: The way tobacco and tea spread among virgin populations is of major interest our understanding of how ancient economic and cultural practices could have influenced current habits. (2) Methods: hair concentrations of theobromine, theophylline, caffeine, nicotine, and cotinine were measured in hair samples from 47 frozen bodies of people from eastern Siberia, dated from the contact with Europeans to the assimilation of people into Russian society. (3) Results: hair concentration of theobromine, theophylline, and caffeine vary with the type of beverage consumed: green, black, or local herbal teas. Shortly after the first contacts, a few heavy consumers of tobacco were found among light or passive consumers. Tobacco-related co-morbidities began to be recorded one century after and heavy tea users were only found from the 19th century (4) Conclusions: Economic factors and social and family contacts seem to have played a decisive role in tobacco consumption very early on. Behavioral evolution governed the process of substance integration into Siberian culture and was a determinant for the continuity of its use across long periods of time. Analyzing the respective contributions of social and economic processes in the use of these substances opens avenues of investigation for today’s public health.
Artificial genetic constructs that direct the synthesis of self-replicating RNA molecules are used widely to induce gene silencing, for bioproduction, and for vaccination. Interestingly, one variant of the self-replicon has not been discussed in the literature: namely, transgenic organisms that synthesise alien replicons.

For example, plant cells may be easily genetically modified to produce bacteriophages or insect viruses. Alien replicon-producing organisms (ARPOs) may serve as a unique tool for biocontrol or to selectively influence the characteristics of a target organism. The ARPO approach would have to meet strict biosafety criteria, and its practical applications are problematic.

However, a discussion on ARPO applicability would be valuable to outline the full set of options available in the bioengineering toolbox. In this paper, RNA replicons for bioengineering are reviewed briefly, and the ARPO approach is discussed.
Reptiles are good objects for studying the evolution of sex determination, since they have different sex determination systems in different lineages. Lacertid lizards have been long-known for possessing ZZ/ZW type sex chromosomes. However, due to morphological uniformity of lacertid chromosomes, the Z chromosome has been only putatively cytologically identified. We used lampbrush chromosome (LBC) analysis and FISH with a W-specific probe in Eremiasvelox (Pallas, 1771) to unequivocally identify the ZW bivalent and investigate its meiotic behavior. The heterochromatic W chromosome is decondensed at the lampbrush stage, indicating active transcription, contrast with the highly condensed condition of the lampbrush W chromosomes in birds. We identified the Z chromosome by its chiasmatic association with the W chromosome as chromosome XIII of the 19 chromosomes in the LBC karyotype. Our findings agree with previous genetic and genomic studies, which suggested that the lacertid Z chromosome should be one of the smaller macrochromosomes.
The work is devoted to one of the approaches in the numerical simulation of filtration processes of a two-phase incompressible fluid. Bukley -Leverett problem is considered with solutions of a shock wave type.

Within the mixed finite element method upwind algorithm for solution to equation for saturation is proposed, which gives solutions without numerical oscillations at the discontinuity. Special attention is paid to a new approach to solving the degenerate Neumann problem in a mixed formulation for the pressure and total flow velocity.

The work is accompanied by an illustration of the results of numerical experiments for 3D problem.
BACKGROUND & nbsp;Perioperative bleeding is common in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic drug that may safely decrease such bleeding.

& nbsp;METHODS & nbsp;We conducted a trial involving patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to receive tranexamic acid (1-g intravenous bolus) or placebo at the start and end of surgery (reported here) and, with the use of a partial factorial design, a hypotension-avoidance or hypertension-avoidance strategy (not reported here). The primary efficacy outcome was life-threatening bleeding, major bleeding, or bleeding into a critical organ (composite bleeding outcome) at 30 days. The primary safety outcome was myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery, nonhemorrhagic stroke, peripheral arterial thrombosis, or symptomatic proximal venous thromboembolism (composite cardiovascular outcome) at 30 days. To establish the noninferiority of tranexamic acid to placebo for the composite cardiovascular outcome, the upper boundary of the one-sided 97.5% confidence interval for the hazard ratio had to be below 1.125, and the one-sided P value had to be less than 0.025.

& nbsp;RESULTS & nbsp;A total of 9535 patients underwent randomization. A composite bleeding outcome event occurred in 433 of 4757 patients (9.1%) in the tranexamic acid group and in 561 of 4778 patients (11.7%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67 to 0.87; absolute difference, -2.6 percentage points; 95% CI, -3.8 to -1.4; two-sided P < 0.001 for superiority). A composite cardiovascular outcome event occurred in 649 of 4581 patients (14.2%) in the tranexamic acid group and in 639 of 4601 patients (13.9%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.14; upper boundary of the one-sided 97.5% CI, 1.14; absolute difference, 0.3 percentage points; 95% CI, -1.1 to 1.7; one-sided P=0.04 for noninferiority).& nbsp;CONCLUSIONSAmong patients undergoing noncardiac surgery, the incidence of the composite bleeding outcome was significantly lower with tranexamic acid than with placebo. Although the between-group difference in the composite cardiovascular outcome was small, the noninferiority of tranexamic acid was not established.
The process of combustion of liquid hydrocarbons with spraying by a jet of superheated steam in a direct-flow burner is studied experimentally in this work at the example of diesel fuel.

The aim of research is to study the effect of regime parameters (steam and fuel flow rate) on the main characteristics of the process. Specific amount of heat and useful thermal power were determined from the measurements on a flow calorimeter, a gas analyzer Testo 350 was used to perform the gas analysis of combustion products. A regime map was plotted and results of characteristic combustion conditions were presented.

The regimes of high completeness of fuel combustion with low production of toxic combustion products were determined.
The effect of two-mode oscillations with frequencies that differ in a twofold is investigated under different energy contributions of each mode.

The results of a parametric study of influence of the forced two-mode oscillations of the profile section on the transonic streamline that do not cause either a buffeting or a flutter are obtained.

With power decreasing, the increase in lift force is reduced by almost the same factor. Quantitative difference is significant for the lift coefficient at high frequencies for all values of the oscillations power.
Mechanisms that ensure repair of double-stranded DNA breaks play a key role in the integration of foreign DNA into the genome of transgenic organisms. After pronuclear microinjection, exogenous DNA is usually found in the form of concatemer consisting of multiple co-integrated transgene copies.

We injected a pool of linear DNA molecules carrying unique barcodes at both ends into mouse zygotes and obtained 10 transgenic embryos with transgene copy number ranging from 1 to 300 copies. Sequencing of the barcodes allowed us to assign relative positions to the copies in concatemers and to detect recombination events that happened during integration.

Cumulative analysis of approximately 1000 integrated copies revealed that more than 80% of copies underwent recombination when their linear ends were processed by SDSA or DSBR. We also observed evidence of double Holliday junction (dHJ) formation and crossing-over during the formation of concatemers. Additionally, sequencing of indels between copies showed that at least 10% of the DNA molecules introduced into the zygote are ligated by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Our barcoding approach documents high activity of homologous recombination after exogenous DNA injection in mouse zygote.
Anti-inflammatory activity of amides of levopimaric acid (LpA) with acetylenic moiety and its esters with 4-R-triazolic substitutions was investigated

using histamine-induced mice paw edema model

The synthesized LpA derivatives possess anti-inflammatory activity comparable to the activity of indomethacin
Eisenia nordenskioldi (Eisen, 1879 ) is the only autochthonous Siberian earthworm with a large distribution that ranges from tundra to steppe and broadleaved forests. This species has a very high morphological, ecological, karyological, and genetic diversity, so it was proposed that E. nordenskioldi should be split into several species. However, the phylogeny of the complex was unclear due to the low resolution of the methods used and the high diversity that should have been taken into account. We investigated this question by (1) studying the diversity of the COI gene of E. nordenskioldi throughout its range and (2) sequencing transcriptomes of different genetic lineages to infer its phylogeny. We found that E. nordenskioldi is monophyletic and is split into two clades. The first one includes the pigmented genetic lineages widespread in the northern and western parts of the distribution, and the second one originating from the southern and southeastern part of the species' range and representing both pigmented and non-pigmented forms. We propose to split the E. nordenskioldi complex into two species, E. nordenskioldi and Eisenia sp. 1 (aff. E. nordenskioldi ), corresponding to these two clades. The currently recognized non-pigmented subspecies E. n. pallida will be abolished as a polyphyletic and thus a non-natural taxon, while Eisenia sp. 1 will be expanded to include several lineages earlier recognized as E. n. nordenskioldi and E. n. pallida .
Cellular and organismal aging are driven in part by the MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) pathway and rapamycin extends life span in C elegans, Drosophila and mice. Previously we found, in OXYS rats, an early development of age-associated pathological phenotypes similar to several geriatric disorders in humans, including cerebral dysfunctions.

Herein, we investigated effects of rapamycin on brain aging in OXYS rats. Rapamycin treatment (0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg as a food mixture daily from the age of 1.5 to 3.5 months) decreased anxiety and improved locomotor and exploratory behavior in OXYS rats. In untreated OXYS rats, MRI revealed an increase of the area of hippocampus, substantial hydrocephalus and 2-fold increased area of the lateral ventricles. Rapamycin treatment prevented these abnormalities. Levels of Tau and phospho-Tau (T181) were increased in OXYS rats (compared with Wistar). Rapamycin significantly decreased Tau and inhibited its phosphorylation in the hippocampus of OXYS and Wistar rats. Rapamycin treatment caused a compensatory increase in levels of S6 and correspondingly levels of phospo-S6 in the frontal cortex.

We conclude that rapamycin in low chronic doses can suppress brain aging.