Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Most young patients with hyperglycemia have type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes but up to 10% of all cases of the disease occur in MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young). Published abstracts show features of the debut, laboratory and genetic characteristics of MODY in the Russian population. However there is a small amount of data on the clinical course of this nosology in the Russian Federation. Aim: To investigate the characteristics of the 3-year course of GCK-MODY diagnosed after 18 years. Materials and methods : 85 probands and 46 relatives of the first and second degrees of kinship with a clinical diagnosis of GCK-MODY were examined: biochemical and hormonal blood tests, ultrasound, molecular genetic studies. Patients were invited for a follow-up visit 3 years after verification of the pathogenic mutations associated with GCK-MODY. Examination, biochemical and hormonalanalyzes , ultrasound were done in second visit. Results: The diagnosis GCK-MODY was verified by a molecular genetic study in 25 probands (29.4%). In 33 of 46 (71.7%) relatives of patients with GCK-MODY were diagnosed identical mutations. In 31 patients with GCK-MODY diagnosed after 18 years, a dynamic observation was performed for three years. Most patients over 18 years of age did not have clinical manifestations of carbohydrate metabolism disorders when diagnosing GCK-MODY and follow up visit. Skin rashes and allergic reactions prevailed among concomitant pathologies. Patients with GCK-MODY had preserved β-cell secretion, HbA1c targets were achieved. Low fasting hyperglycemia prevailed which persisted even after treatment correction. Among the characteristics of carbohydrate metabolism, biochemical, lipid and hormonal parameters during GCK-MODY verification and after three years of observation no significant differences were obtained, which indicates a stable course of the disease. Half of the patients achieved normoglycemia by rational nutrition, two people with GCK-MODY within three years after determining the diagnosis were transferred from insulin therapy to oral glucose-lowering drugs. Among oral glucose-lowering drugs prior to GCK-MODY verification most patients used metformin, 3 years later — dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Conclusion. The results of a three-year follow-up of a group of patients with GCK-MODY demonstrate a non-progressive course of this type of diabetes with stable indicators of carbohydrate metabolism and low fasting hyperglycemia that persists after 3 years of observation. With the verification of GCK-MODY and the achievement of the target values of glycated hemoglobin and postprandial glycaemia by rational nutrition, even if a low level of fasting hyperglycemia is determined, the prescription of oral glucose-lowering drugs is not indicated in most cases.
We suggest a scenario of spontaneous (or dynamical) C and CP violation according to which it is possible to generate domains of matter and antimatter separated by cosmologically large distances. Such C(CP) violation existed only in the early universe and later it disappeared with the only trace of generated matter and antimatter domains. So this scenario does not suffer from the problem of domain walls. According to this scenario the width of the domain wall should grow exponentially to prevent annihilation at the domain boundaries. Though there is a classical result obtained by Basu and Vilenkin that the width of the wall tends to the one of the stationary solution (constant physical width).

That is why we considered thick domain walls in a de Sitter universe following paper by Basu and Vilenkin. However, we were interested not only in stationary solutions found therein, but also investigated the general case of domain wall evolution with time. When the wall thickness parameter, δ0 , is smaller than where H is the Hubble parameter in de Sitter space-time, then the stationary solutions exist, and initial field configurations tend with time to the stationary ones. However, there are no stationary solutions for We have calculated numerically the rate of the wall expansion in this case

and have found that the width of the wall grows exponentially fast for An explanation for the critical value is also proposed.
Implementation of innovative projects at first stages is associated with risks determined by high uncertainty of cash flows. As such, the application of standard methods to analyze the project’s economic efficiency does not allow us to give reliable estimates of the forecast dynamics of economic indicators. All this requires the development of special techniques for the analysis of the effectiveness of innovation spending.

The use of real options as well as fuzzy sets approach seems to be a basic conceptual focus for the further improvement of these methods. The paper contains the results of the effectiveness estimation for an innovative project aimed at establishing motor fuel production from high energy biomass with the use of option and fuzzy sets analysis. The use of the proposed fuzzy sets methods makes it possible to complement the traditional financial analysis and quantitatively estimates sustainability of different indicators of the innovative project efficiency to a change in exogenous parameters. Besides, it could be rather useful to identify the project’s bottlenecks. Moreover, the application of this method allows to quantitatively estimate reliability of the calculated project effectiveness indicators.

Hardly can such estimations be made by means of traditional methods of financial analysis; either low or high reliability of the obtained effectiveness indicators could serve as an additional argument in favor of negative or positive decision on the project finance, allowing a venture capital fund to allocate the resources among the analyzed innovative projects more efficiently. On the whole, the use of the real options combined with the fuzzy sets method is sure to expand venture capital tools used for financial justification of submitted projects.
The problem of quantum turbulence in a channel with an inhomogeneous counterflow of superfluid turbulent helium is studied. The counterflow velocity $V_{ns}^{x}(y)$ along the channel is supposed to have a parabolic profile in the transverse direction $y$. Such statement corresponds to the recent numerical simulation by Khomenko et al. [Phys. Rev. B \textbf{91}, 180504 (2015)]. The authors reported about a sophisticated behavior of the vortex line density (VLD) $\mathcal{L}(\mathbf{r},t)$, different from $% \mathcal{L}\propto V_{ns}^{x}(y)^{2}$, which follows from the naive, straightforward application of the conventional Vinen theory. It is clear, that Vinen theory should be refined by taking into account transverse effects and the way it ought to be done is the subject of active discussion in the literature.

In the work we discuss several possible mechanisms of the transverse flux of VLD $\mathcal{L}(\mathbf{r},t)$ which should be incorporated in the standard Vinen equation to describe adequately the inhomogeneous quantum turbulence (QT).

It is shown that the most effective among these mechanisms is the one that is related to the phase slippage phenomenon. The use of this flux in the modernized Vinen equation corrects the situation with an unusual distribution of the vortex line density, and satisfactory describes the behavior $\mathcal{L}(\mathbf{r},t)$ both in stationary and nonstationary situations. The general problem of the phenomenological Vinen theory in the case of nonuniform and nonstationary quantum turbulence is thoroughly discussed.
The present research is devoted to the evaporation of micro-sized water droplets on a smooth silicon substrate heated from below. The study of this process is relevant for the development of spray cooling systems. Due to the extreme complexity of this phenomenon the mechanism of spray cooling is not fully understood yet. In our experiment the silicon substrate is open to the atmosphere. Evaporation of sessile droplets with the size of the order of 10 μm is studied at the substrate temperature ranging from 23 to 100°C. A shadow method coupled with a high-speed camera is used in the experiment to determine the geometric characteristics of the droplet profile and to calculate the droplet evaporation rate.
The numerical code for solving the Boltzmann equation on the hybrid computational cluster using the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method showed that on Tesla K40 accelerators computational performance drops dramatically with increase of percentage of occupied GPU memory. Testing revealed that memory access time increases tens of times after certain critical percentage of memory is occupied. Moreover, it seems to be the common problem of all NVidia's GPUs arising from its architecture. Few modifications of the numerical algorithm were suggested to overcome this problem. One of them, based on the splitting the memory into "virtual" blocks, resulted in 2.5 times speed up.
Genetic analysis of nuclear-cytoplasm incompatibilities is not straightforward and requires an elaborated experimental design. A number of species have been genetically studied, but notable advances in genetic mapping of nuclear loci involved in nuclear-plastid incompatibility have been achieved only in wheat and pea. This review focuses on the study of the genetic background underlying nuclear-plastid incompatibilities, including cases where the molecular genetic basis of such incompatibility has been unveiled, such as in tobacco, Oenothera, pea, and wheat.
The all-fiber highly-chirped dissipative soliton (HCDS) oscillator was realised at 1.5 μm wavelength. A normal net cavity dispersion was achieved by using a conventional dispersion compensating fiber (DCF). To separate effects of the amplitude self-modulation and dissipative soliton formation, we exploit in the laser cavity both standard single mode fiber and polarization maintaining single mode fiber. The properties of the generated pulses have been varied by changing spectral filter bandwidth and DCF lengths. After compression of the nJ-level ~6ps HCDS in the external fiber compressor, we measured the output pulse duration of 165 fs (an estimated chirp parameter 40).
In this study, we developed a discrete theory of the charge transport in thin dielectric films by trapped electrons or holes, that is applicable both for the case of countable and a large number of traps. It was shown that Shockley-Read-Hall-like transport equations, which describe 1D transport through dielectric layers, might incorrectly describe the charge flow through the ultra-thin layers with a countable number of traps, taking into account injection-from and extraction-to electrodes (contacts). A comparison with other theoretical models shows a good agreement. The developed model can be applied to one-, two- and three-dimensional systems. The model, formulated in a system of linear algebraic equations, can be implemented in the computational code using different optimized libraries. We demonstrated that analytical solutions can be found for stationary cases for any trap distribution and for dynamics of system evolution for special cases. These solutions can be used to test the code and for studying of charge transport properties of thin dielectric films.
This work demonstrates the methane clusters formation in supersonic free jets of methane mixtures with helium and argon. The dependence of the clusterization process properties on the carrier gas, the volume fraction of methane in the mixture at the selected of gas jet parameters is shown.

Impact of the methane dissociative ionization, and methane clusters fragmentation in the detector of the mass spectrometer on the process of condensation was demonstrated.

The presence of protonated cluster ions of methane and the increase in their proportion with growing size of clusters was established. The formation of cluster ions with an attached methyl, methylene or methylidene was discovered.
The spatial resolution of GEM based tracking detectors has been simulated and measured.

The simulation includes the GEANT4 based transport of high energy electrons with careful accounting for atomic relaxation processes including emission of fluorescent photons and Auger electrons and custom post-processing, including accounting for diffusion, gas amplification fluctuations, the distribution of signals on readout electrodes, electronics noise and a particular algorithm of the final coordinate calculation (center of gravity). The spatial resolution of low-material triple-GEM detectors for the DEUTRON facility at the VEPP-3 storage ring is measured at the extracted beam facility of the VEPP-4M collider. The amount of material in these detectors is reduced by etching the copper of the GEMs electrodes and using a readout structure on a thin kapton foil rather than on a glass fibre plate. The exact amount of material in one DEUTRON detector is measured by studying multiple scattering of 100 MeV electrons in it.

The simulation demonstrates that a minimum of the spatial resolution of about 10 μ m can be achieved with strip pitches from 250 μ m to 300 μ m. For larger pitches the resolution is quickly degrading reaching 80-100 μ m at a pitch of 500 μ m. The result of these measurements is X/X0 = 2.4×10 −3 corresponding to a thickness of the copper layers of the GEM foils of 3 μ m. The spatial resolution of one DEUTRON detector is measured with 500 MeV electrons and the measured value is equal to 35 ± 1 μ m for orthogonal tracks.
In this paper, we investigate the movement of an inverted pendulum, the suspension point of which performs high-frequency oscillations along a line making a small angle with the vertical. We prove that under certain conditions on the function describing the oscillations of the suspension point of the pendulum, a periodic motion of the pendulum arises, and it is asymptotically stable.
The Leishmania donovani species complex consists of all L. donovani and L. infantum strains mainly responsible for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). It was suggested that genome rearrangements in Leishmania spp. occur very often, thus enabling parasites to adapt to the different environmental conditions. Some of these rearrangements may be directly linked to the virulence or explain the reduced efficacy of antimonial drugs in some isolates. In the current study, we focused on a large-scale analysis of putative gene conversion events using publicly available datasets. Previous population study of L. donovani suggested that population variability of L. donovani is relatively low, however the authors used masking procedures and strict read selection criteria. We decided to re-analyze DNA-seq data without masking sequences, because we were interested in the most dynamic fraction of the genome. The majority of samples have an excess of putative gene conversion/recombination events in the noncoding regions, however we found an overall excess of putative intrachromosomal gene conversion/recombination in the protein coding genes, compared to putative interchromosomal gene conversion/recombination events.
冥王代地球の大気には，遊離酸素はほとんど含まれず，一方で大量の二酸化炭素(数気圧)が存在していたと考えられている

そのような冥王代表層において，岩石⊖水相互作用がどのように進むかを熱水実験で定量的に評価したのが上田・澤木
Using optical methods: ellipsometry, IR spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, thin films obtained by centrifugation from blood sera of healthy people and patients with liver fibrosis of various stages (light and pronounced) were investigated.

It is shown that the values of refractive index, shape of IR and Raman spectra of films of individuals of these groups are significantly different, which may be due to profound changes in the metabolism in the body with the development of pathology.

This fact can significantly increase the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy index, as well as achieve real results in the diagnosis of not only pronounced stages of fibrosis, but also provides an opportunity to detect mild unexpressed fibrosis of a liver. This is promising in the screening minimally invasive determination of the stages of the disease in diffuse pathologies of the liver of various genesis.
Plug flow regime in immiscible liquid-liquid flow in a T-shaped microchannel is experimentally studied in the present work. For three different immiscible liquids plug length is measured using high-speed visualization of the flow. Micro-PIV technique is applied for instantaneous velocity field measurements in plugs. Velocity circulation in plugs is calculated for different bulk flow rates.
The universal value of the Faraday rotation angle close to the fine structure constant ($\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\approx}1/137$) is experimentally observed in thin HgTe quantum wells with a thickness on the border between trivial insulating and the topologically nontrivial Dirac phases. The quantized value of the Faraday angle remains robust in the broad range of magnetic fields and gate voltages. Dynamic Hall conductivity of the holelike carriers extracted from the analysis of the transmission data shows a theoretically predicted universal value of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{xy}={e}^{2}/h$, which is consistent with the doubly degenerate Dirac state. On shifting the Fermi level by the gate voltage, the effective sign of the charge carriers changes from positive (holes) to negative (electrons). The electronlike part of the dynamic response does not show quantum plateaus and is well described within the classical Drude model.
We continue studying of the random walk introduced in [1].The distribution of the random walk jumps changes under successive achievement regulatory boundaries.The regulation is intended to keep under control the range of trajectories.At the same time the structure of the process allows the trajectories stay some time outside the band adjustments.The paper establishes limit theorems for the distribution of the maximum possible excess of the upper regulatory barrier.
This study advances the cross-cultural temperament literature by comparing temperament ratings of toddlers from 14 nations.

Multilevel modeling (MLM) procedures were utilized to regress negative emotionality (NE) and component subscales on Hofstede's cultural value dimensions while controlling for age and gender.

More individualistic values were associated with lower NE, and component discomfort, fear, motor activity, perceptual sensitivity, and soothability scales. The discomfort subscale was negatively associated with power distance and positively associated with masculine cultural values. Higher ratings of shyness were related to a more long-term cultural orientation. Results illustrate the feasibility of an MLM approach to cross-cultural research and provide a new perspective on the intersection of culture and temperament development. Limitations and future implications are discussed.
Melanins are a class of darkly pigmented biopolymers which are widely distributed among living organisms. The molecular and cellular mechanisms adopted by bacteria, fungi and animals to synthesize melanin, have been well described, but less is known regarding their production in plants.

Here, a pair of barley near isogenic lines, bred to differ with respect to the pigmentation of the spike, was compared in order to understand the tissue and cellular location of melanin deposition. The melanic nature of the pigments purified from black spikes was confirmed by a series of solubility tests and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. An analysis of grains harvested at various stages of their development revealed that intracellular pigmented structures first appeared in the pericarp and the husk of black spike plants at early dough stage. The co-localization of these structures with red autofluorescence suggested that they form in chloroplast-derived plastids, here designated 'melanoplasts'. Differences in dynamics of plastid internal structure during grain ripening were detected between the lines by transmission electron microscopy.

Both lines accumulated plastoglobuli inside plastids, which persisted in black grain pericarp tissue up to the hard dough stage, while neither plastoglobuli nor any plastids were observed in grain of the control line at this stage. The role of plastoglobuli in melanin synthesis is discussed.
The effects of milling ball mass, size and material are isolated for a model mechanochemical co-crystallisation.
The life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) makes possible the realization of regulatory strategies that can lead to complex dynamical behavior of the system. We analyze the strategy which is based on two feedback mechanisms, one mediating a positive regulation of the virus replication by Tat protein via the antitermination of the genomic RNAs transcription on TAR (transactivation responsive) element of the proviral DNA and the second mechanism providing a negative regulation of the splicing of the full-length (9 kb) RNAs and incompletely spliced (4 kb) RNAs via their transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Although the existence of these two regulatory feedback loops has been considered in other mathematical models, none of them examined the conditions for the emergence of complex oscillatory patterns in the intracellular dynamics of viral components.

We developed a mechanistic mathematical model for the Tat-Rev mediated regulation of HIV-1 replication, which considers the activation of proviral DNA transcription, the Tat-specific antitermination of transcription on TAR-element, resulting in the synthesis of the full-length 9 kb RNA, the splicing of the 9 kb RNA down to the 4 kb RNA and the 4 kb RNA to 2 kb RNA, the transport of 2 kb mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm by the intracellular mechanisms, the multiple binding of the Rev protein to RRE (Rev Response Element) sites on 9 kb and 4 kb RNA resulting in their export to the cytoplasm and the synthesis of Tat and Rev proteins in the cytoplasm followed by their transport into the nucleus. The degradation of all viral proteins and RNAs both in the cytoplasm and the nucleus is described. The model parameters values were derived from the published literature data. The model was used to examine the dynamics of the synthesis of the viral proteins Tat and Rev, the mRNAs under the intracellular conditions specific for activated HIV-1 infected macrophages. In addition, we analyzed alternative hypotheses for the re-cycling of the Rev proteins both in the cytoplasm and the nuclear pore complex.

The quantitative mathematical model of the Tat-Rev regulation of HIV-1 replication predicts the existence of oscillatory dynamics which depends on the efficacy of the Tat and TAR interaction as well as on the Rev-mediated transport processes. The biological relevance of the oscillatory regimes for the HIV-1 life cycle is discussed.
To better determine the history of modern birds, we performed a genome-scale phylogenetic analysis of 48 species representing all orders of Neoaves using phylogenomic methods created to handle genome-scale data.

We recovered a highly resolved tree that confirms previously controversial sister or close relationships. We identified the first divergence in Neoaves, two groups we named Passerea and Columbea, representing independent lineages of diverse and convergently evolved land and water bird species.

Among Passerea, we infer the common ancestor of core landbirds to have been an apex predator and confirm independent gains of vocal learning. Among Columbea, we identify pigeons and flamingoes as belonging to sister clades. Even with whole genomes, some of the earliest branches in Neoaves proved challenging to resolve, which was best explained by massive protein-coding sequence convergence and high levels of incomplete lineage sorting that occurred during a rapid radiation after the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction event about 66 million years ago.