Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Combined lengthening of the cavity of a passive mode-locked fibre master oscillator and implementation of a new concept of intra-cavity power management

led to achievement of a record-high pulse energy directly at the output of the mode-locked fibre master oscillator (without any subsequent amplification) exceeding 12 µJ

Output powers at the level of > 12 µJ obtainable from a long-cavity mode-locked fibre master oscillator open new possibilities of application of all pulse types that can be generated in such oscillators
In this present paper an experimental study of a dry patch formation of the water layer on the sapphire plate is presented. With help of IR-camera the heat transfer processes are studied and visualised in water liquid layer. These results will be used for the heat transfer solution inside sapphire plate. The first of this research is to determine the temperature distribution on the upper part of sapphire glass to solve heat transfer equation for full sapphire glass.
. In this study we present a new regional tomography model of the upper mantle beneath Italy and the surrounding area derived from the inversion of travel times of P and S waves from the updated International Seismological Centre (ISC) catalogue. Beneath Italy, we identify a high-velocity anomaly which has the appearance of a long, narrow "sausage" with a steeply dipping part down to a depth of 400 km and then expanding horizontally over approximately 400 km. Rather than to interpret it as a remnant of the former Tethyan oceanic slab, we consider that it is made up of the infra continental lithospheric mantle of Adria, which is progressively delaminated, whereas its overlying crust becomes progressively accreted into the Apenninic tectonic wedge.
This paper describes measurements of mass distribution along a microparticle jet with the use of synchrotron radiation (SR) from the VEPP-3 collider. The SR "soft" spectrum made it possible to measure microparticle jets of a record (minimum) density of about 1 mg/cm3.

Simultaneous recording of microparticle jets using piezoelectric sensors made it possible to compare and mutually complement their readings.
Signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) is a promising hyperpolarization technique, which makes use of spin-order transfer from parahydrogen (the H2 molecule in its singlet spin state) to a to-be-polarized substrate in a transient organometallic complex, termed the SABRE complex. In this work, we present an experimental method for measuring the magnetic field dependence of the SABRE effect over an ultrawide field range, namely, from 10 nT to 10 T. This approach gives a way to determine the complete magnetic field dependence of SABRE-derived polarization. Here, we focus on SABRE polarization of spin-1/2 hetero-nuclei, such as 13 C and 15 N and measure their polarization in the entire accessible field range; experimental studies are supported by calculations of polarization. Features of the field dependence of polarization can be attributed to level anticrossings in the spin system of the SABRE complex. Features at magnetic fields of the order of 100 nT-1 μT correspond to "strong coupling" of protons and hetero-nuclei, whereas features found in the mT field range stem from "strong coupling" of the proton system. Our approach gives a way to measuring and analyzing the complete SABRE field dependence, to probing NMR parameters of SABRE complexes and to optimizing the polarization value.
In present work the equation for the saturated gain is derived from one-level gain equations describing the energy evolution inside the laser cavity. It is shown how to derive the parameters of the mathematical model from the experimental results. The numerically-estimated energy and spectrum of the signal are in good agreement with the experiment. Also, the optimization of the output energy is performed for a given set of model parameters.
Formic acid is a valuable chemical derived from biomass, as it has a high hydrogen-storage capacity and appears to be an attractive source of hydrogen for various applications. Hydrogen production via formic acid decomposition is often based on using supported catalysts with Pt-group metal nanoparticles. In the present paper, we show that the decomposition of the acid proceeds more rapidly on single metal atoms (by up to 1 order of magnitude). These atoms can be obtained by rather simple means through anchoring Pt-group metals onto mesoporous N-functionalized carbon nanofibers. A thorough evaluation of the structure of the active site by aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (ac-STEM) in high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) mode and by CO chemisorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and quantum-chemical calculations reveals that the metal atom is coordinated by a pair of pyridinic nitrogen atoms at the edge of graphene sheets. The chelate binding provides an ionic/electron-deficient state of these atoms that prevents their aggregation and thereby leads to an excellent stability under the reaction conditions. Catalysts with single atoms have also shown very high selectivity. Evidently, the findings can be extended to hydrogen production from other chemicals and can be helpful for improving other energy-related and environmentally benign catalytic processes.
РАДИОБИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ЭФФЕКТЫ ПУЧКА УСКОРИТЕЛЬНОГО ИСТОЧНИКА НЕЙТРОНОВ В ИНСТИТУТЕ ЯДЕРНОЙ ФИЗИКИ ИМ. Г.И. БУДКЕРА СО РАНКаныгин В.В. 1 , Кичигин А
Aim : to study the association between hereditary/acquired thrombophilia and premature detachment of normally located placenta. Materials and methods . The participating women were divided into 2 groups: the main group (n = 38) and the control group (n = 43). The main group included women, whose pregnancy or delivery was complicated by premature detachment of normally located placenta. The control group included women without previous obstetric or thrombotic complications, who gave birth to full-term live babies with an Apgar score of 8-10. The key coagulogram parameters, the presence of hyperhomocysteinemia, antiphospholipide syndrome, and polymorphisms of the hemostasis genes (by real-time polymerase chain reaction) were determined. Results . A statistically significant increase in the concentration of fibrinogen and D-dimer was found in patients of the main group. In addition, allele A of the G1691A polymorphic locus of the factor V gene and allele 4G of the 5G/4G 675 polymorphic locus of the PAI-1 gene are risk factors of placental detachment development. Conclusion . Hereditary and acquired thrombophilia are significant factors in the development of premature detachment of the normally located placenta.
The studies under extreme conditions offer insight into the fine structural changes that occur as a function of temperature or pressure variations.Molecular crystals are of special interest both from fundamental and applied point of view.Many of them are promising as pharmaceuticals, materials for electronics, optics and soft robotics.Despite new developments in high-pressure instrumentation and diffraction techniques, the quality of diffraction data and a way of performing diffraction experiment still remain critically important for obtaining reliable information on crystal structure behavior at high pressures.In this contribution several examples of single-crystal studies at high pressures on laboratory and synchrotron facilities will be discussed.In each of the examples pressure variation protocol, data collection time, hardware and facility type influenced strongly not only the quality and completeness of experimental data, but even the crystal structures of resulting high pressure phases.Advantages and disadvantages of different instrumentation will also be discussed along with information which high-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction can provide for studying solid state processes.
The study of thermal behaviors of magnesium hydroxide before and after modifying by high energy electron beam irradiation demonstrated that the initial temperature of mass loss of the irradiated sample is lower than that of the sample without irradiation. Moreover, the quantities of released water and carbon dioxide gas of irradiated specimen are also higher than these values of non-irradiated one. The DSC results showed that the endothermic effects of decomposition reaction of irradiated sample are stronger than that of the sample without irradiation. It was found that magnesium hydroxide particles size greatly decreased, from 74,2 µm of the non-irradiated sample to 33,9 µm at the irradiation dose of 40 kGy.
We consider a model nondispersive nonlinear optical fiber channel with an additive Gaussian noise. Using Feynman path-integral technique, we find the optimal input signal distribution maximizing the channel's per-sample mutual information at large signal-to-noise ratio in the intermediate power range. The optimal input signal distribution allows us to improve previously known estimates for the channel capacity. We calculate the output signal entropy, conditional entropy, and per-sample mutual information for Gaussian, half-Gaussian, and modified Gaussian input signal distributions. We demonstrate that in the intermediate power range the capacity (the per-sample mutual information for the optimal input signal distribution) is greater than the per-sample mutual information for half-Gaussian input signal distribution considered previously as the optimal one. We also show that the capacity grows as $loglogP$ in the intermediate power range, where $P$ is the signal power.
Evidence for the hadronic annihilation decay mode $ {B^{+}}\to D_s^{+}\phi $ is found with greater than 3 σ significance.

The branching fraction and CP asymmetry are measured to be $ \begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\quad\;\mathcal{B}\left( {{B^{+}}\to D_s^{+}\phi } \right)=\left( {1.87_{-0.73}^{+1.25}\left( {\mathrm{stat}} \right)\pm 0.19\left( {\mathrm{syst}} \right)\pm 0.32\left( {\mathrm{norm}} \right)} \right)\times {10^{-6 }},} \hfill \\ {\,\,{{\mathcal{A}}_{CP }}\left( {{B^{+}}\to D_s^{+}\phi } \right)=-0.01\pm 0.41\left( {\mathrm{stat}} \right)\pm 0.03\left( {\mathrm{syst}} \right).} \hfill \\ \end{array} $ The last uncertainty on $ \mathcal{B}\left( {{B^{+}}\to D_s^{+}\phi } \right) $ is from the branching fractions of the $ {B^{+}}\to D_s^{+}{{\overline{D}}^0} $ normalization mode and intermediate resonance decays.

Upper limits are also set for the branching fractions of the related decay modes $ B_{(c)}^{+}\to D_{(s)}^{+}{K^{*0 }},\;B_{(c)}^{+}\to D_{(s)}^{+}{{\overline{K}}^{*0 }} $ and $ B_c^{+}\to D_s^{+}\phi $ , including the result $ \mathcal{B}\left( {{B^{+}}\to {D^{+}}{K^{*0 }}} \right)<1.8\times {10^{-6 }} $ at the 90% credibility level.
One of the promising ways of removing large heat fluxes from the surface of heat-stressed elements of electronic devices is the use of evaporating thin layer of liquid film, moving under the action of the gas flow in a flat channel.

In this work, a prototype of evaporative cooling system for high heat flux removal with forced circulation of liquid and gas coolants, capable to remove heat flux of up to 1 kW/cm2 and higher is presented. The peculiarity of the test section used in the present work is that the width of the channel is equal to the width of the heating element (1 cm).

It was found that the configuration of the test section allows to get higher values of the heat flux compared with the case when the channel width is higher than the width of the heater, since in the latter case some portion of liquid is deviating from the heater due to the thermocapillary forces.
Three-spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a well-known model organism that is routinely used to explore microevolution processes and speciation, and the number of studies related to this fish has been growing recently. The main reason for the increased interest is the processes of freshwater adaptation taking place in natural populations of this species. Freshwater three-spined stickleback populations form when marine water three-spined sticklebacks fish start spending their entire lifecycle in freshwater lakes and streams. To boot, these freshwater populations acquire novel biological traits during their adaptation to a freshwater environment. The processes taking place in these populations are of great interest to evolutionary biologists. Here, we present differential gene expression profiling in G. aculeatus gills, which was performed in marine and freshwater populations of sticklebacks. In total, 2,982 differentially expressed genes between marine and freshwater populations were discovered. We assumed that differentially expressed genes were distributed not randomly along stickleback chromosomes and that they are regularly observed in the "divergence islands" that are responsible for stickleback freshwater adaptation.
Hyperpolarized forms of 1-13C-acetates and 1-13C-pyruvates are used as diagnostic contrast agents for molecular imaging of many diseases and disorders.

Here, we report the synthetic preparation of 1-13C isotopically enriched and pure from solvent acetates and pyruvates derivatized with unsaturated ester moiety. The reported unsaturated precursors can be employed for NMR hyperpolarization of 1-13C-acetates and 1-13C-pyruvates via parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP). In this PHIP variant, Side arm hydrogenation (SAH) of unsaturated ester moiety is followed by the polarization transfer from nascent parahydrogen protons to 13C nucleus via magnetic field cycling procedure to achieve hyperpolarization of 13C nuclear spins. This work reports the synthesis of PHIP-SAH precursors: vinyl 1-13C-acetate (55% yield), allyl 1-13C-acetate (70% yield), propargyl 1-13C-acetate (45% yield), allyl 1-13C-pyruvate (60% yield), and propargyl 1-13C-pyruvate (35% yield).

Feasibility of PHIP-SAH 13C hyperpolarization was verified by 13C NMR spectroscopy: hyperpolarized allyl 1-13C-pyruvate was produced from propargyl 1-13C-pyruvate with 13C polarization of ∼3.2% in CD3OD and ∼0.7% in D2O. 13C magnetic resonance imaging is demonstrated with hyperpolarized 1-13C-pyruvate in aqueous medium.
The experiments by Gregor Mendel, which formed the background for genetics, were performed with the characters of intraspecific difference (alternative characters). Mendelian protein-coding genes are responsible for these characters. Until recently, these genes were regarded as the only and main hereditary factors responsible for ontogenesis and phylogenesis. The review outlines the information about another category of biological characters (the characters of intraspecific similarity) and, correspondingly, of a special category of genes responsible for these characters (ontogenes). The study into mutations of ontogenes in drosophila experiments suggests that (1) ontogenes control the construction of cell ensembles and trigger protein-coding genes in cells; (2) the program of individual development is encoded in ontogenes and “edited” in germline cells; (3) ontogenes fulfill a regulatory function without any contacts and chemical intermediaries, which suggests a kind of biophysical activity; and (4) two categories of cells—stem cells and terminally differentiated cells—correspond to these two categories of genes. Ontogenes are active in stem cells and protein-coding genes, in terminally differentiated cells.
This paper is devoted to modeling the properties of composite materials and reinforced composite beams. Mathematical relations describing the nonlinear elastic three-point bending of isotropic and reinforced beams with account of different strength and stiffness behavior in tension and compression are obtained. An algorithm for numerical solution of corresponding boundary-value problems is proposed and implemented. Results of numerical analysis were compared to acquired data for polymer matrix and structural carbon fiber reinforced plastics.
An analytical solution in a closed form is obtained for the three-dimensional elastic strain distribution in an unlimited medium containing an inclusion with a coordinate-dependent lattice mismatch (an eigenstrain). Quantum dots consisting of a solid solution with a spatially varying composition are examples of such inclusions. It is assumed that both the inclusion and the surrounding medium (the matrix) are elastically isotropic and have the same Young modulus and Poisson ratio. The inclusion shape is supposed to be an arbitrary polyhedron, and the coordinate dependence of the lattice misfit, with respect to the matrix, is assumed to be a polynomial of any degree. It is shown that, both inside and outside the inclusion, the strain tensor is expressed as a sum of contributions of all faces, edges and vertices of the inclusion. Each of these contributions, as a function of the observation point's coordinates, is a product of some polynomial and a simple analytical function, which is the solid angle subtended by the face from the observation point (for a contribution of a face), or the potential of the uniformly charged edge (for a contribution of an edge), or the distance from the vertex to the observation point (for a contribution of a vertex). The method of constructing the relevant polynomial functions is suggested. We also found out that similar expressions describe an electrostatic or gravitational potential, as well as its first and second derivatives, of a polyhedral body with a charge/mass density that depends on coordinates polynomially.
Recent genome wide association studies identified a polymorphism in PICALM gene rs3851179 as a risk factor for AD (Harold et al., 2009; Lambert et al., 2009). The normal brain undergoes a substantial decrease of functional connections within resting-state networks during aging, but PICALM-related differences in functional connectivity remain unknown. The present study aimed to determine the possible PICALM genotype -related differences of the alterations of brain functional connectivity in normal aging. We examined PICALM genotype and age-related differences in resting state EEG relative power and functional connectivity assessed by interhemispheric EEG coherence in 145 non-demented volunteers (age range 20–80 years), subdivided into subgroups of those younger and older than 50 years of age and stratified by PICALM rs3851179 genotype. Informed written consent was obtained from all participants. All subjects underwent a neurological examination and cognitive screening. The significance of the differences between the EEG parameters in different groups was estimated using ANOVA in the GLM. The analysis was adjusted for ApoE genotype. Interhemispheric coherence of different EEG bands was found to decrease with age in all examined groups. The decline of interhemispheric alpha2 and beta coherence in aging was attenuated in the carriers of PICALM-A protective allele, whereas the homozygous presence of AD risk variant PICALM GG was associated with greater decline in interhemispheric coherence. The PICALM GG genotype was also associated with neurophysiological signs of hyperexcitability and cortical disinhibition, as described previously (Ponomareva et al., 2016). The reduction of alpha interhemispheric coherence of in elderly subjects correlated with the worse performance in verbal memory test. The results indicate that altered functional connectivity in normal aging is associated with PICALM genotype. The progressive decline in interhemispheric connectivity contributes to memory decrement and suggests the impact of age-related disconnection process in pathogenesis of AD in the carriers of PICALM GG genotype. Supported by Russian Science Foundation grant No 14–44–00077 (Aging-related genetic-EEG association study); in part by Russian Science Foundation grant No 14–15–01121 (genotyping of AD-gene), the grants from the Government of the Russian Federation (No14.B25.31.0033), and NIH/NIA AG029360, by RFBR grant No 15–04–08744-a.
Effective model theory is the subject that analyzes the typical notions and results of model theory to determine their effective content and counterparts. The subject has been developed both in the former Soviet Union and in the west with various names (recursive model theory, constructive model theory, etc.) and divergent terminology. (We use “effective model theory” as the most general and descriptive designation. Harizanov [6] is an excellent introduction to the subject as is Millar [13].) The basic subjects of model theory include languages, structures, theories, models and various types of maps between these objects. There are many ways to introduce considerations of effectiveness into the area. The two most prominent derive from starting, on the one hand, with the notion of a theory and its models or, on the other, with just structures. If one begins with theories, then a natural version of effectiveness is to consider decidable theories (i.e., ones with a decidable (equivalently, computable or recursive) set of theorems). When one moves to models and wants them to be effective, one might start with the requirement that the model (of any theory) have a decidable theory (i.e., Th ( ), the set of sentences true in , is decidable). Typically, however, one wants to be able to talk about the elements of the model as well as its theory in the given language. Thus one naturally considers the model as a structure for the language expanded by adding a constant a i , for each element a i of . Of course, one requires that the mapping from the constants to the corresponding elements of be effective (computable). We are thus lead to the following basic definition: A structure or model is decidable if there is a computable enumeration a i of A , the domain of , such that Th( , a i ,) is decidable. (Of course, a i , is interpreted as a i , for each i Є ω .)
The serotonin transporter plays an important role in serotonergic neuromodulation. It is known that polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter gene are linked to the dysregulation of emotions.

In the current study, we aimed to investigate the impact of variation in the gene encoding serotonin transporter polymorphism on oscillatory dynamics during inhibition of planned movement in the stop signal paradigm. During performance the stop signal paradigm, electroencephalograms (EEGs) were recorded in 90 healthy Caucasian children (39 girls) from 7 to 12 years. Buccal epithelium probes were taken from all participants. The La, Lg, and S alleles of serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism were detected in the DNA samples using PCR.

LaLa genotype carriers did not differ from LaS\LgS and LgS\LgLg\SS carriers in a number of successful inhibitions of a prepotent response. Carriers of LaLa exhibit higher alpha and beta event-related spectral perturbations (ERSP) in parietal and occipital cortices after the presentation of signal of inhibition of movement than LaS\LgS and LgS\LgLg\SS carriers. Results are consistent with current literature and confirm that S allele carriers are more predisposed to disturbances in cognitive control.
The experimental study of the effect of weak shock waves on the supersonic boundary layer of the flat plate with a blunt leading edge (the radius of bluntness was r = 2.5 mm) with Mach number M = 2.5 and zero angle of attack was carried out.

The measurements were carried out using the constant temperature anemometer. The paper presents a complex flow structure on the surface of the model. High-intensity peaks were found in the regions of the disturbed flow. Also the spectral analysis of perturbations was performed.

It is found that the supersonic boundary layer on a flat plate is very sensitive to the effect of weak shock waves.