Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The problem of constructing effective statistical tests for random number generators (RNG) is considered. Currently, there are hundreds of RNG statistical tests that are often combined into so-called batteries, each containing from a dozen to more than one hundred tests. When a battery test is used, it is applied to a sequence generated by the RNG, and the calculation time is determined by the length of the sequence and the number of tests. Generally speaking, the longer the sequence, the smaller deviations from randomness can be found by a specific test. So, when a battery is applied, on the one hand, the "better" tests are in the battery, the more chances to reject a "bad" RNG. On the other hand, the larger the battery, the less time can be spent on each test and, therefore, the shorter the test sequence. In turn, this reduces the ability to find small deviations from randomness. To reduce this trade-off, we propose an adaptive way to use batteries (and other sets) of tests, which requires less time but, in a certain sense, preserves the power of the original battery. We call this method time-adaptive battery of tests.
The paper presents an overview of plasma-material interaction studies at the Siberian Synchrotron and Terahertz Radiation Centre. The measurements of recrystallization and surface texturing are demonstrated. The growth of grain size after the exposure by electron beam was detected using two-dimensional diffractometry. The orientation of crystal structure was detected in the tungsten irradiated by deuterium plasma. The residual stresses in irradiated tungsten were measured. The predicted structure of deformations after pulsed heat load is confirmed. First in-situ experiments confirmed the presence of crystal plane rotation effect during a pulsed heat load.
The evolution of a system of two droplets of heavy gas after the passage of a shock wave through it is studied

in a two-dimensional unsteady approximation using the previously formulated mathematical model of the mechanics of a two-velocity two-temperature mixture of light gas and heavy gas

Satisfactory agreement with experiment is obtained
Naturally coloured cotton is environmentally friendly, since bleaching and chemical dyeing are not needed during textile production. Studying molecular-genetic mechanisms underpinning pigment production may facilitate breeding cotton with coloured fibre. In the current review we summarize the known data on structural and regulatory genes involved in biosynthesis of flavonoid pigments proanthocyanidins (PAs) in brown and caffeic acid (CA) in green fibre. The first chapter considers the first studies on fibre cotton inheritance, from the beginning of the last century. Then, we briefly review the biochemical and physico-chemical methods proving the presence of PAs in brown fibre and derivatives of CA in green cotton fibre.

The biochemical analysis of coloured cotton fibre was followed by genetic studies of structural genes coding for enzymes participating in PA and CA biosynthesis, transport and oxidation processes. We summarize the data on the genes coding for transcription factors from the MBW (MYB-bHLH-WD40) regulatory complex, which controls flavonoid biosynthesis in coloured cotton fibre.

The regulatory gene most interesting as a target for markers-assisted breeding and genome editing is GhTT2-3A.
The Belle experiment, running at the KEKB e+e− asymmetric energy collider during the first decade of the century

achieved its original objective of precisely measuring differences between particles and antiparticles in the B system. After collecting 1000 fb−1 of data at various Υ resonances

Belle also obtained the many other physics results described in this article
For Ni/CeZrO catalyst prepared in supercritical isopropanol main features of methane dry reforming reaction mechanism were studied by the pulse microcalorimetric technique. The reaction scheme is described by a step-wise redox mechanism with independent stages of CH4 transformation on Ni/support interface producing syngas with participation of support oxygen bridging species (the rate-limiting stage) and fast reoxidation of support sites by CO2 yielding CO regenerating reactive oxygen species.
Natural languages are introspective, and here is an obvious discrepancy between feeling the language and theorizing about it by the means of a traditional linguistic metalanguage. This discrepancy conceals from our eyes some important issues. The aim consists in considering one of them and discussing the possibility of using pictorial-verbal modality for simulating introspective verbal language within man-machine communication. Principles of realization and general challenges of the approach are also discussed.
The system for insertion of a laser beam into the vacuum chamber of high-energy storage ring is described. The main part of the system is the high-vacuum viewport for the IR radiation, based on ZnSe or GaAs crystals.

The design of the viewports is presented.
Cellular and organismal aging are driven in part by the MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) pathway and rapamycin extends life span in C elegans, Drosophila and mice. Herein, we investigated effects of rapamycin on brain aging in OXYS rats. Previously we found, in OXYS rats, an early development of age-associated pathological phenotypes similar to several geriatric disorders in humans, including cerebral dysfunctions. Behavioral alterations as well as learning and memory deficits develop by 3 months. Here we show that rapamycin treatment (0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg as a food mixture daily from the age of 1.5 to 3.5 months) decreased anxiety and improved locomotor and exploratory behavior in OXYS rats. In untreated OXYS rats, MRI revealed an increase of the area of hippocampus, substantial hydrocephalus and 2-fold increased area of the lateral ventricles. Rapamycin treatment prevented these abnormalities, erasing the difference between OXYS and Wistar rats (used as control). All untreated OXYS rats showed signs of neurodegeneration, manifested by loci of demyelination. Rapamycin decreased the percentage of animals with demyelination and the number of loci. Levels of Tau and phospho-Tau (T181) were increased in OXYS rats (compared with Wistar). Rapamycin significantly decreased Tau and inhibited its phosphorylation in the hippocampus of OXYS and Wistar rats. Importantly, rapamycin treatment caused a compensatory increase in levels of S6 and correspondingly levels of phospo-S6 in the frontal cortex, indicating that some downstream events were compensatory preserved, explaining the lack of toxicity. We conclude that rapamycin in low chronic doses can suppress brain aging.
We present the result of the search for the rare $B$ meson decay of ${B}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ with $\ensuremath{\ell}=\mathrm{e},\ensuremath{\mu}$. For the search the full data set recorded by the Belle experiment of $711\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ integrated luminosity near the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}(4\mathrm{S})$ resonance is used. Signal candidates are reconstructed for photon energies ${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ larger than 1 GeV using a novel multivariate tagging algorithm. The novel algorithm fully reconstructs the second $B$ meson produced in the collision using hadronic modes and was specifically trained to recognize the signal signature in combination with hadronic tag-side $B$ meson decays. This approach greatly enhances the performance. Background processes that can mimic this signature, mainly charmless semileptonic decays and continuum processes, are suppressed using multivariate methods. The number of signal candidates is determined by analyzing the missing mass squared distribution as inferred from the signal side particles and the kinematic properties of the tag-side $B$ meson. No significant excess over the background-only hypothesis is observed and upper limits on the partial branching fraction $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}\mathcal{B}$ with ${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}>1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ individually for electron and muon final states as well as for the average branching fraction of both lepton final states are reported. We find a Bayesian upper limit of $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}\mathcal{B}({B}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}\ensuremath{\gamma})0.24\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ at 90% CL.
The paper presents the results of the study of large-scale vortex structures in a model chamber.

Methods of forming quasi-stationary vortices of various shapes by changing the geometric parameters of the chamber have been proposed. In the model chamber with a tangential swirl of the flow, a rectilinear vortex, single helical and double helical vortices were obtained. The double helical structure of the vortex is unique due to its immovability around the axis of the chamber. The resulting structures slowly oscillate around their own axes, which is called the vortex core precession; while the oscillation frequency depends linearly on the liquid flow rate.

The use of stationary vortex structures in power plants will increase the efficiency of combustion chambers and reduce slagging.
In the present work, a series of two-component Ni-Mg-O oxide systems were prepared using a sol-gel technique at varied pH of hydrolysis procedure. The aqueous solutions of nitric acid or ammonia were added to control the pH values. The xerogel samples obtained after drying were analysed using a thermogravimetric approach. The oxide systems were characterized by a set of physicochemical methods (low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed reduction method). The thermal stability of the samples was examined in a testing reaction of CO oxidation in a prompt thermal aging regime. It was revealed that the pH value during the magnesium methoxide hydrolysis stage significantly affects the properties of the intermediate hydroxide and final oxide nanomaterials. The thermal decomposition of nitric acid or ammonia is accompanied by exothermal effects, which noticeably influence the textural characteristics. Moreover, the pH of the hydrolysing solution defines the strength of the nickel interaction with the MgO matrix. An increase in pH facilitates the formation of the NixMg1-xO solid solution with a higher amount of incorporated nickel, which is characterized by the reproducible broad temperature range of the hydrogen uptake and the enhanced thermal stability.
The paper demonstrates an algorithm for using physics-informed neural networks in workflow of processing microseismic data regarding the problem of localization of microseismic events.

The proposed algorithm involves the use of a physics-informed neural network solution to the eikonal equation to calculate the traveltimes of the first arrivals. As a result, the network solution is compared with the observed arrival times to solve the inverse kinematic problem to determine the coordinates of the event locations.

Using a synthetic 3D example, it was shown that the average absolute error of the arrival time misfit was less than 0.25 ms, and the average localization error did not exceed 4.5 meters.
highlighting the superior performance of this novel large bandgap chalcogenide nonlinear crystal to generate tunable coherent radiation over its full MIR transparency range (0.47–18 μm)

We report on the first BaGa4Se7 nanosecond optical parametric oscillator pumped by Q-switched Nd:YLiF4 laser at 1053 nm. The oscillator exhibits a pump threshold energy as low as 0.25 mJ. Mid-infrared (MIR) idler wave tuning from 2.6 μm to 10.4 μm is demonstrated with an angle-tuned type-I (o-ee) y-cut sample

The phase-matching data are used to identify the most accurate dispersion relations of this compound among three recently published Sellmeier equations. Damage threshold measurements yielded values as high as 2.04 J cm−2 at 100 Hz pulse repetition rate, one of the largest among existing MIR χ(2)nonlinear materials.
Chronic musculoskeletal pain has a negative impact on all aspects of human life. Genetic studies of pain are complicated by the high complexity and heterogeneity of pain phenotypes.

In this research, we aimed to reduce phenotype heterogeneity and reveal genes and pathways shared by chronic musculoskeletal pain at four locations: back, neck/shoulder, hip, and knee. Our study was based on the results of genome-wide association studies performed using UK Biobank data with a total sample size of 456,000 individuals. We applied principal component analysis based on the matrix of genetic covariances between the studied pain traits and constructed four genetically independent phenotypes (GIPs).

The leading GIP (GIP1) explains the largest proportion of the genetic variance of and covariance between the analyzed phenotypes (78.4%), and the later GIPs (GIP2-4) explain progressively less. We identified and replicated five loci associated with GIP1 and one locus associated with GIP2. The genes decisively prioritized for the GIP1-associated loci were SLC39A8 , ECM1 , and FOXP2 . For the remaining two GIP1-associated loci, we proposed several candidates ( AMIGO3 , BSN , RBM6 , FAM212A , RNF123 , UBA7 and MIR7114 , NSMF , NOXA1 , GRIN1 ), but were unable to prioritize any of them convincingly. The most likely causal gene in the locus associated with GIP2 was GDF5 . For GIP1, gene set/tissue/cell type enrichment analyses identified multiple terms related to the nervous system. Genetic correlations analysis revealed a genetic overlap between GIP1 and osteoarthritis as well as a set of anthropometric (such as overweight and waist circumference), sociodemographic (such as age of first birth and college completion) and psychiatric/personality (such as depressive symptoms and neuroticism) traits. We suggest that GIP1 represents a biopsychological component of chronic musculoskeletal pain, related to physiological and psychological aspects and likely reflecting pain perception and processing.
Similar to regularly spaced nucleosomes in chromatin, long tandem DNA arrays are composed of regularly alternating monomers that have almost identical primary DNA structures. Such a similarity in the structural organization makes these arrays especially interesting for studying the role of intrinsic DNA preferences in nucleosome positioning. We have studied the nucleosome formation potential of DNA tandem repeat families with different monomer lengths (ML). In total, 165 plant tandem repeat families from the PlantSat database (http://w3lamc.umbr.cas.cz/PlantSat/) were divided into two classes based on the number of nucleosome repeats in one DNA monomer. For predicting nucleosome formation potential, we developed the Phase method, which combines the advantages of multiple bioinformatics models. The Phase method was able to distinguish interfamily differences and intrafamily monomer variation and identify the influence of nucleotide context on nucleosome formation potential. Three main types of nucleosome arrangement in DNA tandem repeat arrays – regular, partially regular (partial), and flexible – were distinguished among a great variety of Phase profiles. The regular type, in which all nucleosomes of the monomer array are positioned in a context-dependent manner, is the most representative type of the class 1 families, with ML equal to or a multiple of the nucleosome repeat length (NRL). In the partially regular type, nucleotide context influences the positioning of only a subset of nucleosomes. The influence of the nucleotide context on nucleosome positioning has the least effect in the flexible type, which contains the greatest number of families (65). The majority of these families belong to class 2 and have nonmultiple ML to NRL ratios.
Measurements of the azimuthal anisotropy in lead-lead collisions at sNN = 5.02 TeV are presented using a data sample corresponding to 0.49 nb-1 integrated luminosity collected by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC in 2015. The recorded minimum-bias sample is enhanced by triggers for "ultra-central" collisions, providing an opportunity to perform detailed study of flow harmonics in the regime where the initial state is dominated by fluctuations.

The anisotropy of the charged-particle azimuthal angle distributions is characterized by the Fourier coefficients, v2 - v7 , which are measured using the two-particle correlation, scalar-product and event-plane methods. The goal of the paper is to provide measurements of the differential as well as integrated flow harmonics vn over wide ranges of the transverse momentum, 0.5 

Results from different methods are compared and discussed in the context of previous and recent measurements in Pb+Pb collisions at sNN = 2.76 TeV and 5.02 TeV . In particular, the shape of the pT dependence of elliptic or triangular flow harmonics is observed to be very similar at different centralities after scaling the vn and pT values by constant factors over the centrality interval 0-60% and the pT range 0.5
The history of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) was marked by several major events of magmatism which produced large volumes of volcanic and intrusive (mafic-ultramafic and granitic) rocks within a relatively short time span (30–40 Ma) over a vast area. The magmatic activity postdated the orogenic stages of accretionary-collisional belts in Central Asia and likely resulted from the impact of mantle plumes that formed Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs).

The formation of the Tarim–South Mongolia LIP at 300–270 Ma is the best known among the major Permian events of basaltic and granitic magmatism. Early Permian igneous rocks (volcanic, subvolcanic and intrusive suites that vary from ultramafic to felsic compositions) of the same age range (300 to 270 Ma) have been recently found also in Eastern Kazakhstan, within the late Paleozoic Altai collisional system.

The compositions and ages of the rocks suggest that the Eastern Kazakhstan magmatism was the northward expansion of the Tarim LIP. The spread of the Tarim LIP was apparently facilitated by lithospheric extension after the Siberia-Kazakhstan collision. The extension led to rheological weakening of the lithosphere whereby deep mantle melts could penetrate to shallower depths. The early Permian history of Eastern Kazakhstan was controlled by the interplay of plate tectonic and plume processes: plate-tectonic accretion and collision formed the structural framework, and the Tarim mantle plume was a heat source maintaining voluminous magma generation.
We demonstrate a flow‐cytometric method to measure length and diameter of single Escherichia coli cells with sub‐diffraction precision. The method is based on the original scanning flow cytometer that measures angle‐resolved light‐scattering patterns (LSPs) of individual particles. We modeled the shape of E. coli cells as a cylinder capped with hemispheres of the same radius, and simulated light scattering by the models using the discrete dipole approximation. We computed a database of the LSPs of individual bacteria in a wide range of model parameters and used it to solve the inverse light‐scattering problem by the nearest‐neighbor interpolation. The solution allows us to determine length and diameter of each individual bacterium, including uncertainties of these estimates. The developed method was tested on two strains of E. coli. The resulting precision of bacteria length and diameter measurements varied from 50 nm to 250 nm and from 5 nm to 25 nm, respectively. The measured distributions of samples over length and diameter were in good agreement with measurements performed by optical microscopy and literature data. The described approach can be applied for rapid morphological characterization of any rod‐shaped bacteria. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) is well known for its induction of pathogenesis-related proteins and systemic acquired resistance; SA also has specific effects on plant growth and development.

Here we analyzed the effect of SA on Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root development. We show that exogenous SA treatment at low (below 50 µM) and high (greater than 50 µM) concentrations affect root meristem development in two different PR1-independent ways. Low-concentration SA promoted adventitious roots and altered architecture of the root apical meristem, whereas high-concentration SA inhibited all growth processes in the root. All exposures to exogenous SA led to changes in auxin synthesis and transport. A wide range of SA treatment concentrations activated auxin synthesis, but the effect of SA on auxin transport was dose dependent. Mathematical modeling of auxin synthesis and transport predicted auxin accumulation or depletion in the root tip following low- or high-concentration SA treatments, respectively.

SA-induced auxin accumulation led to the formation of more layers of columella initials, an additional cortical cell layer (middle cortex), and extra files of epidermis, cortex, and endodermis cells. Suppression of SHORT ROOT and activation of CYCLIN D6;1 mediated the changes in radial architecture of the root. We propose that low-concentration SA plays an important role in shaping root meristem structure and root system architecture.
The study of vertebrate genome evolution is currently facing a revolution, brought about by next generation sequencing technologies that allow researchers to produce nearly complete and error-free genome assemblies. Novel approaches however do not always provide a direct link with information on vertebrate genome evolution gained from cytogenetic approaches. It is useful to preserve and link cytogenetic data with novel genomic discoveries. Sequencing of DNA from single isolated chromosomes (ChromSeq) is an elegant approach to determine the chromosome content and assign genome assemblies to chromosomes, thus bridging the gap between cytogenetics and genomics. The aim of this paper is to describe how ChromSeq can support the study of vertebrate genome evolution and how it can help link cytogenetic and genomic data. We show key examples of ChromSeq application in the refinement of vertebrate genome assemblies and in the study of vertebrate chromosome and karyotype evolution. We also provide a general overview of the approach and a concrete example of genome refinement using this method in the species
Long-lived spin states of hyperpolarized propane-d6 gas were demonstrated following pairwise addition of parahydrogen gas to propene-d6 using heterogeneous parahydrogen-induced polarization (HET-PHIP).

Hyperpolarized molecules were synthesized using Rh/TiO2 solid catalyst with 1.6 nm Rh nanoparticles. Hyperpolarized (PH ∼ 1%) propane-d6 was detected at high magnetic field (9.4 T) spectroscopically and by high-resolution 3D gradient-echo MRI (4.7 T) as the gas flowed through the radiofrequency coil with a spatial and temporal resolution of 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 mm3 and 17.7 s, respectively. Stopped-flow hyperpolarized propane-d6 gas was also detected at 0.0475 T with an observed nuclear spin polarization of PH ∼ 0.1% and a relatively long lifetime with T1,eff = 6.0 ± 0.3 s.

Importantly, it was shown that the hyperpolarized protons of the deuterated product obtained via pairwise parahydrogen addition could be detected directly at low magnetic field. Importantly, the relatively long low-field T1,eff of HP propane-d6 gas is not susceptible to paramagnetic impurities as tested by exposure to ∼0.2 atm oxygen. This long lifetime and nontoxic nature of propane gas could be useful for bioimaging applications including potentially pulmonary low-field MRI. The feasibility of high-resolution low-field 2D gradient-echo MRI was demonstrated with 0.88 × 0.88 mm2 spatial and ∼0.7 s temporal resolution, respectively, at 0.0475 T.