Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The article considers judicial functions in the activities of peasant superiors of the Tomsk Province after the introduction in 1898 of the "Temporary Regulation on Peasant Chiefs in the Provinces of Tobolsk, Tomsk, Yeniseisk and Irkutsk".The creation of this institution was intended to establish a uniform and effective mechanism for the collection of duties and control over all spheres of activity of the peasantry.The performance of judicial functions by peasant superiors is considered in this article as one of the criteria for assessing the effectiveness of their activities in the Tomsk province.The author considers main judicial and appellate functions of officials; analyzes the mechanism of filing appeals: from filing a complaint through the county court to its consideration at the county congress of peasant superiors.The main reasons for the applicants' appeals to peasant superiors are mentioned: fraudulent documents in court proceedings, incorrect testimony or kinship relations of the parties and witnesses, incorrect interpretation of facts by the court, prejudgment of judges.The author found that the judicial and appellate functions of the peasant superiors were effective and useful to the peasants.A large number of appeals filed against decisions of the county courts indicate the authority of the peasant superiors in this matter.The complaints mechanism was simple and understandable, and therefore actively used by peasants in everyday life.
Cold and drought are two of the most severe threats affecting the growth and productivity of the tea plant, limiting its global spread. Both stresses cause osmotic changes in the cells of the tea plant by decreasing their water potential. To develop cultivars that are tolerant to both stresses, it is essential to understand the genetic responses of tea plant to these two stresses, particularly in terms of the genes involved. In this study, we combined literature data with interspecific transcriptomic analyses (using Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum ) to choose genes related to cold tolerance. We identified 45 stress-inducible candidate genes associated with cold and drought responses in tea plants based on a comprehensive homologous detection method. Of these, nine were newly characterized by us, and 36 had previously been reported. The gene network analysis revealed upregulated expression in ICE1 -related cluster of bHLH factors, HSP70/BAM5 connected genes (hexokinases, galactinol synthases, SnRK complex, etc.) indicating their possible co-expression. Using qRT-PCR we revealed that 10 genes were significantly upregulated in response to both cold and drought in tea plant: HSP70, GST, SUS1, DHN1, BMY5, bHLH102, GR-RBP3, ICE1, GOLS1 , and GOLS3 . SnRK1.2, HXK1/2, bHLH7/43/79/93 were specifically upregulated in cold, while RHL41, CAU1, Hydrolase22 were specifically upregulated in drought. Interestingly, the expression of CIP was higher in the recovery stage of both stresses, indicating its potentially important role in plant recovery after stress. In addition, some genes, such as DHN3, bHLH79, PEI54, SnRK1.2, SnRK1.3 , and Hydrolase22 , were significantly positively correlated between the cold and drought responses. CBF1, GOLS1, HXK2 , and HXK3 , by contrast, showed significantly negative correlations between the cold and drought responses. Our results provide valuable information and robust candidate genes for future functional analyses intended to improve the stress tolerance of the tea plant and other species.
Sex chromosome evolution is accompanied by significant divergence in morphology and gene content and results in most genes of one of the sex chromosomes being present in two dosages in one sex and in one dosage in the other. To eliminate the difference in the expression levels of these genes between sexes and to restore equal expression levels of the genes between sex chromosomes and autosomes, mechanisms of dosage compensation have appeared.

Studies of three classical objects, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, and mammals, have shown that dosage compensation of X-linked genes can be achieved through completely different chromosome-wide mechanisms. New data on sex chromosome gene expression demonstrating that many sex chromosome genes can be expressed at different levels in males and females were recently obtained from birds and butterflies.

In this review, dosage compensation mechanisms in D. melanogaster, C. elegans, and mammals are considered and the data on sex chromosome gene expression in birds and butterflies, and their influence on our view of dosage compensation, are discussed.
The aim of the paper is to analyze the influence of a cloud layer horizontal inhomogeneity on radiation fluxes in the atmosphere using the models based on observation data of the optical thickness for stratus clouds. To reproduce the correlation structure and one-dimensional distributions of the observed stratus optical thickness fields we have developed numerical stochastic cloud models based on the inverse distribution function method and autoregressive schemes. We used Monte Carlo methods to simulate the radiation fluxes for visible and infrared ranges of wavelength.
Modern e + e − factories with high luminosity require fast response time of the detector subsystems to collect the data eﬃciently and suppress severe beam background. The prototype of the electromagnetic calorimeter based on the counter made of pure CsI crystal, novel wavelength shifter with nanostructured organosilicon luminophores and avalanche photodiodes Hamamatsu S8664-55 is discussed. Results of the measurement of the basic characteristics of the counter are presented.
We compare and contrast our S-CTC model with D-CTC and P-CTC models

We propose a new model, entitled S-CTC, for description of quantum systems in the presence of CTC – closed time-like curves. The model is based on the viewpoint on any quantum state as an observer’s state of knowledge of the system preparation procedure.

S-CTC shares special quantum features with both D-CTC and P-CTC. As far as the interaction of the quantum system with itself coming from the future concerns, S-CTC is formally equivalent to P-CTC. On the other hand, when calculating outcome probabilities for a measurement within the time interval between the entrance and exit of CTC, S-CTC becomes equivalent to D-CTC. Both these models require the concept of alternative realities (worlds) where different measurement outcomes are recorded and alternative connections of these realities by CTC.
Представлена математическая модель динамики асептического воспаления

адекватность которой подтверждается качественным и количественным согласием с лабораторными данными о динамике факторов воспаления в центральной зоне раневого повреждения
We experimentally and theoretically investigate complex temporal pulse reshaping that accompanies Kerr beam self-cleaning in multimode optical fibers. We also study the output beam shape dependence on initial conditions.
Purpose of the study : the aim of this work is to assess the association of 7 SNPs (rs499818 of the PHACTR1 gene, rs619203 of the ROS1 gene, rs10757278 (xr. 9), rs1376251 of the TAS2R50 gene, rs2549513 (xp. 16), rs4804611 of the ZNF627 gene and rs17465637 гена MIA3 ) with the severity of myocardial infarction.

M aterials and methods. Three samples were taken as objects of research. A population sample of patients with non-fatal MI (200 people: men – 129, women – 71), a sample of participants in the HAPIEE project with developed MI during the study (94 people: men – 56, women – 38). A sample of patients with myocardial infarction admitted to the intensive care unit of the city clinical hospital № 1. The sample size was 159 people (112 men, 47 women). The following SNPs were taken into the study: rs499818 (xp. 6), rs619203 of the ROS1 gene, rs10757278 (xr. 9), rs1376251 of the TAS2R50 gene, rs2549513 (xr. 16), rs4804611 of the ZNF627 gene and rs174653. To assess the association of SNP and the severity of the disease, we compared a population sample of patients with non-fatal MI versus a joint group from a sample of HAPIEE project participants with developed MI during the study, and a sample of MI patients admitted to the intensive care unit of City Clinical Hospital No 1.

Results. For two SNPs, statistically significant differences in genotype frequencies were obtained: rs10757278 AA vs AG + GG OR = 0.61 CI 0.39–0.94; p = 0.027 and rs619203 of the ROS1 gene in a group of men for genotype GG vs CG + CCOS = 0.59 CI 0.37–0.94; p = 0.033. C onclusions. The associations of seven SNPs were studied, which, according to international studies, are associated with the risk of development, poor prognosis and the severity of myocardial infarction in the population of residents of the city of Novosibirsk. Two SNPs (rs10757278 and rs619203) were identified, which are associated with the severity of myocardial infarction.
The incompressible three-dimensional Euler equations develop very thin pancake-like regions of increasing vorticity. These regions evolve with the scaling ωmax ∝ l−2/3 between the vorticity maximum and the pancake thickness, as was observed in the recent numerical experiments [D. S. Agafontsev et al., “Development of high vorticity structures in incompressible 3D Euler equations,” Phys. Fluids 27, 085102 (2015)]. We study the process of pancakes’ development in terms of the vortex line representation (VLR), which represents a partial integration of the Euler equations with the explicit conservation of the Cauchy invariants and describes the compressible dynamics of continuously distributed vortex lines. We present, for the first time, the numerical simulations of the VLR equations with high accuracy, which we perform in adaptive anisotropic grids of up to 15363 nodes. With these simulations, we show that the vorticity growth is connected with the compressibility of the vortex lines and find geometric properties responsible for the observed scaling ωmax ∝ l−2/3.
Nonspecific aortoarteritis (Takayasu's disease) is a systemic inflammatory disease characterized by granulomatous lesions of the aorta and its large branches. The article describes the clinical manifestations, methods of diagnosis and treatment of this pathology. It also describes a clinical observation that illustrates the delayed diagnosis of the disease in a 47-year-old man, where Takayasu arteritis with lesions of the root, ascending aorta, both common carotid arteries, thoracic and abdominal aorta (type V according to the angiographic classification proposed by Moriwaki R.) manifested a syncopal state, just a few days before the development of a life – threatening complication-aortic dissection of type I according to the DeBakey classification. From a clinical point of view, it is important that Takayasu's disease does not always develop in young people, women, and Asian origin, and, unfortunately, it is often very late to diagnose, although the effectiveness of therapy, including surgical correction of this disease, is entirely determined by the timeliness of its diagnosis.
We synthesized two new organogold derivatives of a nitronyl nitroxide (NN) with phosphine ligands, namely NN-Au-PtBuPh2 and NN-Au-PtBu2Ph. They were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, cyclic voltammetry, and ESR, IR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy.

The X-ray structural analysis revealed a tendency of the NN moiety to form a large number of short intermolecular contacts. This phenomenon is related to the anionic nature of the paramagnetic group NN, as evidenced by a significantly lower oxidation potential in comparison with purely organic derivatives of NN radicals. The cross-coupling reaction of NN-Au-PPh3, NN-Au-PtBuPh2, or NN-Au-PtBu2Ph with an activated bromoarene, namely, p-BrC6H4NO2, was investigated.

It was shown that regardless of the presence of the bulky tert-butyl substituent, all gold derivatives have similar activities in the cross-coupling reaction and give a cross-coupling product, NN-C6H4NO2, with comparable yields.
Six new metal-organic frameworks based on 2,5-thiophendicarboxylate (tdc2–) and zinc(II) ions were prepared in different reaction conditions, and their crystal structures were determined by XRD analysis.

The compound [Zn(tdc)(dabco)(H2O)]∙DMF (1) is based on mononuclear Zn(II) ions connected by tdc2– and dabco linkers into square-grid layered nets. The compound [Zn3(tdc)3(dabco)2] (2) is a rare example of monocoordinated dabco ligands in the metal-organic framework chemistry. Its crystal structure contains trinuclear linear carboxylate building units, connected into a distorted primitive cubic net. Similar trinuclear units were also found in [Zn5(tdc)4(Htdc)2(dabco)2]∙4DMF∙14H2O (3), although as a part of more complicated pentanuclear motives. The compound [Na2Zn(tdc)2(DMF)2] (4), quantitatively isolated by the addition of NaOH to the mixture of Zn(NO3)2 and H2tdc, is based on 1D chain motives, interconnected by tdc2– linkers into a three-dimensional framework. The compounds [Zn3(tdc)3(DMF)2]∙0.8DMF∙1.1H2O (5) and [Zn3(tdc)3(DMF)3]∙0.8DMF∙1.3H2O (6) were prepared in very similar reaction conditions, but with different times of heating, indirectly indicating higher thermodynamic stability of the three-dimensional metal-organic framework 6, compared to the two-dimensional metal-organic framework 5. The crystal structures of both 5 and 6 are based on the same trinuclear linear units as in 2.

Luminescence properties of the compounds 4–6 were studied and compared with those for Na2tdc salt. In particular, the luminescence spectra of 4 practically coincide with those for the reference Na2tdc, while 5 and 6 exhibit coherent shifts of peaks to higher energies. Such hypsochromic shifts are likely associated with a different effective charge on the tdc2– anions in Na2tdc and sodium-containing 4, compared to zinc-based 5 and 6.
A comparative numerical simulation of the supercritical fluid outflow on the thermodynamic equilibrium and non-equilibrium relaxation models of phase transition for different times of relaxation has been performed. The model for the fixed relaxation time based on the experimentally determined radius of liquid droplets was compared with the model of dynamically changing relaxation time, calculated by the formula (7) and depending on local parameters. It is shown that the relaxation time varies significantly depending on the thermodynamic conditions of the two-phase medium in the course of outflowing. The application of the proposed model with dynamic relaxation time leads to qualitatively correct results. The model can be used for both vaporization and condensation processes. It is shown that the model can be improved on the basis of processing experimental data on the distribution of the droplet sizes formed during the breaking up of the liquid jet.
Nowadays, secondary education provides a broad variety of different compulsory courses giving a solid basis for further student's progress at the university. However, there is an opinion that in this system we are losing the sense of adventures, discoveries and research. Now the main question is if we can efficiently combine compulsory subjects and open classrooms in order to support students in their self-realization needs and provoke interest in mundane school subjects. The educational course for pupils «Crystal Growth – from School Desk to Leading Scientific Research» began several years ago with close cooperation between Novosibirsk State University, the Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RAS and School #162 of Novosibirsk. The aim of the course is to provide further education in Chemistry and Crystallography via laboratory work and lectures, complementing the standard school program. We provide a targeted syllabus for students from 7 to 17 years old, covering related scientific topics starting from crystal symmetry to the basics of physical chemistry. Through close communication and interaction, pupils develop skills in growing crystals, paying particular attention to obtaining large single crystals of different substances. During the course, pupils crystallize more than 15 different substances using at least 5 different methods and their modifications. At the end of every year, the students are given the opportunity to carry out a personal project, calling on the new knowledge they have obtained from the course. Thus we can assume that an efficient program was developed and realized to support personal ideas and research for school students, based on compulsory subjects and modern experimental techniques. The work was supported by the grant of Dmitry Zimin Fund "Dynasty" "Entertaining Science for pupils" No.DP-55/13, Development Program of University Student Association, NSU, App. No.2012-PSO-225, City Hall grant for young scientists.
The stability of the laminar boundary layer on the surface of the Mach 6 contoured nozzle designed for short-duration wind tunnel Transit-M is investigated. The numerical simulation of the laminar flow inside the nozzle is performed using Ansys Fluent software. The obtained boundary layers profiles on the nozzle surface are used to calculate the growth rate of the first and second Mack mode and Görtler vortices in the framework of the linear stability theory. It has been shown that, for the Mach 6 nozzle, the Görtler vortices grow most rapidly, the first Mack mode grows slower, and the second mode is insignificant.
The early postnatal period is critical for the development of the nervous system. Stress during this period causes negative long-term effects, which are manifested at both behavioral and molecular levels. To simulate the elevated glucocorticoid levels characteristic of early-life stress, in our study we used the administration of dexamethasone, an agonist of glucocorticoid receptors, at decreasing doses at the first three days of life (0.5, 0.3, 0.1 mg/kg, s.c.). In adult male mice with neonatal dexamethasone treatment, an increase in the relative weight of the adrenal glands and a decrease in body weight were observed, while the basal level of corticosterone remained unchanged. Dexamethasone treatment in early life had a negative impact on the learning and spatial memory of adult mice in the Morris water maze. We analyzed the effect of elevated glucocorticoid levels in early life on the expression of the Crh , Avp , Gr , and Mr genes involved in the regulation of the HPA axis in the hypothalami of adult mice. The expression level of the mineralocorticoid receptor gene ( Mr ) was significantly downregulated, and the glucocorticoid receptor gene ( Gr ) showed a tendency towards decreased expression ( p = 0.058) in male mice neonatally treated with dexamethasone, as compared with saline administration. The expression level of the Crh gene encoding corticotropin-releasing hormone was unchanged, while the expression of the vasopressin gene ( Avp ) was increased in response to neonatal administration of dexamethasone. The obtained results demonstrate a disruption of negative feedback regulation of the HPA axis, which involves glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors, at the level of the hypothalamus. Malfunction of the HPA axis as a result of activation of the glucocorticoid system in early life may cause the development of cognitive impairment in the adult mice.
The influence of flow rate pulsations on the rivulet flow regime has been investigated. The experiments were carried out on the underside of a smooth polyethylene plate.

The investigation has shown that the influence of flow rate pulsations on the stream patterns is determined by flow peculiarities in the steady-state regime. Disturbances arising from pulsations of liquid flow rate can affect the stream liquid pattern of the rivulet.

Such disturbance can cause the development of latent instability at individual points situated along the length of rivulet. The greatest effect on the stream structure is observed for the flow rate pulsation at liquid discharge with the ambiguity of rivulet regime. If the flow rate pulsations affect periodically the meandering rivulet, then it is possible to reduce the degree of meandering and convert the stream into the straight rivulet. In the regime of unstable meandering, it is impossible to identify correctly the effects caused by the flow rate pulsations at the initial area of the rivulet because of great self-acting pulsations of flow rate appearing in different sections along the rivulet.
Proportional electroluminescence (EL) is the physical effect used in two-phase dark matter detectors, to optically record in the gas phase the ionization signal produced by particle scattering in the liquid phase. In our previous works the presence of a new EL mechanism in noble gases, namely that of neutral bremsstrahlung (NBrS), was demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally, in addition to the ordinary EL mechanism due to excimer emission. In this work we show that the similar theoretical approach can apply to noble liquids, namely to liquid helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon. In particular, the photon yields and spectra for NBrS EL in noble liquids have for the first time been calculated, using the electron energy and transport parameters obtained in the framework of Cohen-Lekner and Atrazhev theory. The relevance of the results obtained to the development of noble liquid detectors for dark matter searches and neutrino experiments is discussed.
Пространственное распределение факторов и результатов развития современной России меняется.Общая концентрация экономической активности сопровождается миграцией ресурсов экономической активности из периферии в центр, с востока на запад и из регионов добывающей в регионы обрабатывающей специализации.

В исследовании используется набор индикаторов экономической активности: население, занятость, основные фонды и ВРП.Рассматривается несколько направлений трансформации: запад -восток, «центр» -«периферия», регионы добывающей и обрабатывающей специализации.Методами исследования выступают индекс Тейла и оценки регрессионных уравнений.

Анализ показал, что наблюдается перемещение экономической активности с востока на запад, из «периферии» в «центр» и из добывающих в обрабатывающие регионы.Темпы данных процессов не очень высокие, и можно говорить, скорее, об эволюционной динамике.Однако при существующем достаточно высоком уровне межрегиональных различий в сочетании с низкой плотностью населения продолжение данных тенденций создаст проблемы связности и интегрированности пространства страны.Факторы, определяющие пространственные трансформации в России, имеют рыночную, технологическую и агломерационную природу, к ним относятся емкость и доступность внешних рынков, наличие крупных городских центров, концентрирующих ресурсы развития и извлекающих выгоды масштаба производства и разнообразия товаров и услуг.Результаты оценок регрессии методом инструментальных переменных показали, что вес ресурсной экономики, инвестиции федерального бюджета и доля городского населения не оказывают статистически значимого влияния на объемы
Domain walls existed only in the early universe and later they disappeared. So the problem of domain walls in this model does not exist. According to classical results there is a region of parameter space where the solutions with constant physical width exist.

These features are achieved through a postulated form of interaction between inflaton and a new scalar field. This scenario inspired a study of the related problem - evolution of the domain wall width in expanding universe. Numerical study of the problem demonstrates that initial configurations tend to these solutions with time.

We present a model where it is possible to generate cosmologically large domains of matter and antimatter separated by cosmologically large distances. However, we have found that the wall width can grow exponentially outside of that parameter region.