Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The transition from laminar to turbulent fluid motion occurring at large Reynolds numbers is generally associated with the instability of the laminar flow. On the other hand, since the turbulent flow characteristically appears in the form of spatially localized structures (e.g., eddies) filling the flow field, a tendency to occupy such a structured state of the flow cannot be ruled out as a driving force for turbulent transition.

To examine this possibility, we propose a simple analytical model that treats the flow as a collection of localized spatial structures, each of which consists of elementary cells in which the behavior of the particles (atoms or molecules) is uncorrelated. This allows us to introduce the Reynolds number, associating it with the ratio between the total phase volume for the system and that for the elementary cell. Using the principle of maximum entropy to calculate the most probable size distribution of the localized structures, we show that as the Reynolds number increases, the elementary cells group into the localized structures, which successfully explains turbulent transition and some other general properties of turbulent flows. An important feature of the present model is that a bridge between the spatial-statistical description of the flow and hydrodynamic equations is established. We show that the basic assumptions underlying the model, i.e., that the particles are indistinguishable and elementary volumes of phase space exist in which the state of the particles is uncertain, are involved in the derivation of the Navier-Stokes equation.

Taking into account that the model captures essential features of turbulent flows, this suggests that the driving force for the turbulent transition is basically the same as in the present model, i.e., the tendency of the system to occupy a statistically dominant state plays a key role. The instability of the flow at high Reynolds numbers can then be a mechanism to initiate structural rearrangement of the flow to find this state.
This article gives a brief overview of the genesis of the development of incense culture in Japan through the determining function of aromatic wood in Buddhism, as well as the significance of Japanese classifications of agarwood (aquilaria) species which were developed in the 16th – 17th centuries.

Based on the analysis of written sources and museum collections, two classifications were studied, which are still used in Japan when assessing the quality of aromatic wood and wood products: a list of ‘61 kinds of aromatic wood’, developed using associations of odours with significant phenomena in Japanese society as its foundation – calendar holidays, religious concepts, political and literary characters, as well as the system of ‘Six Countries – Five Flavours’, which was based on geographical factors and the principle of reliance on taste and olfactory receptors.

Japanese masters invented ways of coding fragrances of aromatic wood through their characteristics of tastes and place of growth, as well as using metaphorical and figurative-symbolic meaning of each name. These techniques played a key role in the history of the traditional art of koudou (‘way of fragrance’) and in the development of female education during the Edo period (1603–1867).
The fiducial cross section for Y(1S) pair production in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV in the region where both Y(1S) mesons have an absolute rapidity below 2.0 is measured to be 79±11(stat)±6(syst)±3(B) pb assuming the mesons are produced unpolarized. The last uncertainty corresponds to the uncertainty in the Y(1S) meson dimuon branching fraction. The measurement is performed in the final state with four muons using proton-proton collision data collected in 2016 by the CMS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9fb−1. This process serves as a standard model reference in a search for narrow resonances decaying to Y(1S)μ+μ− in the same final state. Such a resonance could indicate the existence of a tetraquark that is a bound state of two b quarks and two b¯ antiquarks. The tetraquark search is performed for masses in the vicinity of four times the bottom quark mass, between 17.5 and 19.5 GeV, while a generic search for other resonances is performed for masses between 16.5 and 27 GeV. No significant excess of events compatible with a narrow resonance is observed in the data. Limits on the production cross section times branching fraction to four muons via an intermediate Y(1S) resonance are set as a function of the resonance mass.
In the standard Krugman (1979) non-CES trade model, several asymmetric countries typically lose from increasing trade costs.

Our explanation rests on market distortion and business destruction effects.

However, all countries transiently benefit from such increase at the moment of closing trade, under almost-prohibitive trade costs (i.e., near autarky, which is possible only under non-CES preferences). In other words, during trade liberalization the first step from autarky to trade is necessarily harmful.
Both diamonds exhibit a high degree of N aggregation state (60–70% B) suggesting their long residence in the mantle.

New findings of silicate-melt inclusions in two alluvial diamonds (from the Kholomolokh placer, northeastern Siberian Platform) are reported. Raman spectral analysis revealed that the composite inclusions consist of clinopyroxene and silicate glass. Hopper crystals of clinopyroxene were observed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopic analyses; these are different in composition from the omphacite inclusions that co-exist in the same diamonds. The glasses in these inclusions contain relatively high SiO2, Al2O3, Na2O and, K2O.

These composite inclusions are primary melt that partially crystallised at the cooling stage. Hopper crystals of clinopyroxene imply rapid cooling rates, likely related to the uplift of crystals in the kimberlite melt. The reconstructed composition of such primary melts suggests that they were formed as the product of metasomatised mantle. One of the most likely source of melts/fluids metasomatising the mantle could be a subducted slab.
This paper reports on the investigation of coherent structures in a high-swirl jet with vortex breakdown (Re = 5 000) and combustion of a methane/air mixture (with equivalence ratio equal to 0.7 and 1.4).

The measurements were performed by combined application of the stereo PIV, OH PLIF and HCHO PLIF techniques. The velocity data were processed by the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and the PLIF data was conditionally sampled according to the POD correlation coefficients.

For the non-reacting jet and lean flame, the POD has revealed presence of a coherent structure, consisted of helical vortex structures in the inner and outer mixing layers. Based on the PLIF data it was found that the inner spiraling vortex structure was correlated with positive fluctuations of the local heat release.
The objectives of our study were to survey the prevalence of genetic markers for Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., and Theileria spp. in Hyalomma anatolicum ticks collected in southwestern Tajikistan and to perform sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of fragments of the 16S rRNA gene and groESL ope-ron from Ehrlichia spp. and fragments of the 18S rRNA gene of Theileria spp. detected in H. anatolicum ticks. Hyalomma anatolicum ticks collected in the Tursunzade and Rudaki districts of Tajikistan were tested for DNA of Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., and Theileria spp. by PCR with specific primers. The amplified fragments were sequenced and analyzed. DNA of Ehrlichia spp. (3.3 %) and Theileria spp. (3.3 %) was detected only in H. anatolicum ticks collected from the Rudaki district, and DNA of Ehrlichia spp. (0.7 %) was found in H. anatolicum ticks from the Tursunzade district. Sequence analysis of fragments of the 16S rRNA gene and groESL operon from Ehrlichia spp. revealed high similarity to Ehrlichia spp. The Tajik isolates of Theileria spp. were genotyped as Theileriaannulata based on the analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that Ehrlichia spp. isolates are highly similar to Ehrlichia spp. circulating in China and Brazil. The isolate Tajikistan-5 is closely related to the putative novel species Ehrlichia mineirensis. The Tajik isolates of Theileria spp. were clustered with T. annulata isolates from Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, and China by phylogenetic analyses.
Introduction of a substance into medical practice requires the indispensable evidence of the substance purity as early as the stage of preclinical testing. The content of residual organic solvents, which can affect the pharmacological activity of the drug, is one of the indicators of the substance quality control. Four solvents are used during synthesis and isolation of the substance: dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methyl tert -butyl ether (MTBE), and n -hexane. Two methods of determining residual organic solvents in (2 R ,4 R ,4 aR ,7 R ,8 aR )-4,7-dimethyl-2-(thiophen-2-yl)octahydro-2 H -chromen-4-ol using gas chromatography are offered: i) introduction of a gas sample and separation of the components on a commercial HP-5ms capillary column (30 m × 0.35 mm × 0.25 ìm); ii) introduction of a liquid sample and separation on a capillary column (30 m × 0.32 mm × 0.30 ìm) filled with a modified poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1- propyne) (PTMS). Since the first method provides only determination of n -hexane and ethyl acetate, the procedure was developed and validated for determination of four residual solvents, i.e., dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methyl n -butyl ether, and n -hexane in test substance using gas chromatography on the column with a modified PTMSP-based phase. We detected trace amounts of ethyl acetate and methyl n -butyl ether; the content of dichloromethane and n -hexane in the substance appeared below the detection limits. The average content of ethyl acetate and MTBE in the substance for 9 parallel determinations (0.10 and 0.20 ppm) appeared 5 and 2.5 × 104 times lower than maximum permissible content (5000 ppm), respectively. The developed technique was assessed for: specificity, linearity of the calibration curve, correctness, precision at the level of the repeatability and intralaboratory precision, and stability of the chromatographic system. Standard deviations in the determination of ethyl acetate and MTBE in the substance do not exceed 0.03 and 0.09, respectively. The procedure is specific, accurate and reliable for determination of the residual organic solvents in the substance.
On reviewing the data in the literature it is obvious that the differences in the concentrations of certain special elements in human hair for a various number of people are too large to be used as standards or deviations from standards for determining the trace-elemental composition of hair. New questions have arisen with the publication of non-compatible data. What is the distribution of elements on the donor's head area? What is the character of this distribution? Is the distribution function identical for all elements? Hair samples were taken from five points on the heads of six people. The hair samples were analysed using the method of X-ray fluorescence excited by synchrotron radiation (SRXRF), and the results were compared with those from a similar sample analysed using the method of total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF). Elements which show a constant concentration all over the head are identified.
A theoretical model for the enrichment of nuclear spin isomers of molecules by two electromagnetic fields is developed. The fields are resonant with the rotational transitions in the ground electronic and vibrational state of the molecule. Numerical calculations reveal a complicated dependence of the isomer enrichment on the radiation frequencies that consists of three peaks with different shapes, widths and amplitudes.
We observe evidence for CP violation in the decay D+ → K(S)(0)π+ using a data sample with an integrated luminosity of 977 fb(-1) collected by the Belle detector at the KEKB e+ e- asymmetric-energy collider. The CP asymmetry in the decay is measured to be (-0.363±0.094±0.067)%, which is 3.2 standard deviations away from zero, and is consistent with the expected CP violation due to the neutral kaon in the final state.
Vapor condensation of the pure ethanol on the curvilinear fin was studied theoretically.

Optimized profile of the fin surface providing maximum condensate flow rate has been calculated. New experimental rig and condenser with the optimized fin profile have been designed and created. Numerical simulation of the average heat transfer coefficient in depends of temperature drop and interfin space has been performed.

It was found that the value of the flooding level of the interfin space significantly affects the intensity of condensation as a whole, however, it does not affect significantly the process of condensation on the upper convex part of the fin surface.
Temperature-induced oligomerization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was found at 500-773 K and ambient and high (3.5 GPa) pressures. The most intensive oligomerization at 1 bar and 3.5 GPa occurs at 740-823 K. PAH carbonization at high pressure is the final stage of oligomerization and occurs as a result of sequential oligomerization and polymerization of the starting material, caused by overlapping of π-orbitals, a decrease of intermolecular distances, and finally the dehydrogenation and polycondensation of benzene rings. Being important for building blocks of life, PAHs and their oligomers can be formed in the interior of the terrestrial planets with radii less than 2270 km.
To test the hypothesis that inaccurate DNA synthesis by mammalian DNA polymerase eta (pol eta) contributes to somatic hypermutation (SHM) of Ig genes, we measured the error specificity of mouse pol eta during synthesis of each strand of a mouse Ig kappa light chain transgene. We then compared the results to the base substitution specificity of SHM of this same gene in the mouse. The in vitro and in vivo base substitution spectra shared a number of common features. A highly significant correlation was observed for overall substitutions at A-T pairs but not for substitutions at G-C pairs. Sixteen mutational hotspots at A-T pairs observed in vivo were also found in spectra generated by mouse pol eta in vitro. The correlation was strongest for errors made by pol eta during synthesis of the non-transcribed strand, but it was also observed for synthesis of the transcribed strand. These facts, and the distribution of substitutions generated in vivo, support the hypothesis that pol eta contributes to SHM of Ig genes at A-T pairs via short patches of low fidelity DNA synthesis of both strands, but with a preference for the non-transcribed strand.
Phosphine-thioether ligands were coordinated to the Mo3S4 cluster

to afford [Mo3S4Cl3(PS)3]+ complexes

Their catalytic activity in nitrobenzene reduction reflects the different hemilabile behaviours of PS1, PS2 and PS3
To study the mechanisms underlying developmental pattern formation in a tissue, one needs to analyze the dynamics of the regulators in time and space across the tissue of a specific architecture. This problem is essential for the developmental regulators (morphogens) that distribute over the tissues anisotropically, forming there maxima and gradients and guiding cellular processes in a dose-dependent manner. Here we present the PlantLayout pipeline for MATLAB software, which facilitates the computational studies of tissue patterning. With its help, one can build a structural model of a two-dimensional tissue, embed it into a mathematical model in ODEs, perform numerical simulations, and visualize the obtained results - everything on the same platform. As a result, one can study the concentration dynamics of developmental regulators over the cell layout reconstructed from the real tissue. PlantLayout allows studying the dynamics and the output of gene networks guided by the developmental regulator in specific cells. The gene networks could be different for different cell types. One of the obstacles that PlantLayout removes semi-automatically is the determination of the cell wall orientation which is relevant when cells in the tissue have a polarity. Additionally, PlantLayout allows automatically extracting other quantitative and qualitative features of the cells and the cell walls, which might help in the modeling of a developmental pattern, such as the length and the width of the cell walls, the set of the neighboring cells, cell volume and cell perimeter. We demonstrate PlantLayout performance on the model of phytohormone auxin distribution over the plant root tip.
It is revealed that combustion of the coaxial hydrogen jet with growth of its speed efflux is accompanied by all scenarios, observed at study of the round and plane hydrogen microjets diffusion combustion.

Results of experimental studies of the round air microjet interaction with a coaxial hydrogen jet at its combustion for supersonic speed jets efflux are presented in this work.

It is shown that "bottleneck flame region" is transformed from Y-shaped to spherical shape in the activity of growth of a coaxial jet speed efflux. It is found that a round air microjet interaction with a coaxial hydrogen jet at its combustion is accompanied by several new phenomena: existence of cone-shaped area a coaxial jet combustion near a nozzle exit; existence of small-scale supersonic cells on a resultant flame; absence of the hydrogen combustion efflux from combustion region of a coaxial jet near nozzle exit; flame-out from combustion region of a coaxial jet near nozzle exit that leads to hydrogen ignition downstream, its intensive combustion and sharp acoustic noise occurrence; existence of a turbulent flame, to its separation from a nozzle exit and transition to supersonic combustion of a resultant jet.
The article presents an overview of key scientific and corporate events held between 2017–2019 hosted by the Oriental Studies and Foreign Languages Departments of the Institute of Humanities of Novosibirsk State University in close partnership with the Eurasia-Pacific University Network and the University of Vienna (Austria).

The listed conferences, expos and field trips were held at the academic sites of Austria, Russia and China (Hong Kong),

opening up prospective plans for joint research.
The present report is devoted to analysis of results obtained with modern molecular and molecular-cytogenetic methods in studies of karyotype and genome organization in various animal species.

Perspectives of their application for the study of karyotype and genome organization in plants are considered and discussed.
It is shown that the combustion scenario is connected with existence of the «bottleneck flame region». This fact correlates with the similar scenarios of the diffusion hydrogen microjet combustion at subsonic efflux velocity investigated by us earlier.

Results of experimental studies of features of the round hydrogen microjet combustion in a coaxial air jet are presented in this work.

It is revealed that the spherical shape of the "bottleneck flame region" is transformed to a cylindrical shape. It is found that the round hydrogen microjet combustion in a coaxial air jet at supersonic efflux velocity is accompanied by existence of supersonic cells both in a hydrogen microjet and in a wake of coaxial air jet. Round hydrogen microjet supersonic combustion in a coaxial air jet is connected with a flame separation from a nozzle exit.
Purpose. This article analyzes the archaeological materials gathered by French explorer of Hungarian descent Charles-Eugène Ujfalvy in the course of his expedition into Semirechye (Jetysu). In 1879 his work “French scientific expedition to Russia, Siberia and Turkestan” (“Expédition scientifique française en Russe, en Sibérie et dans le Turkestan”) was published in Paris, where the author expounded extensive and diverse materials on the history, demography, natural economic and cultural specificities of Central Asia. Results. Activities of the European explorers, French in particular, in the territory of Central Asia not once have been the subject of attention and research by specialists. However, only a few mentions in scientific literature can be found about the work of Ch.-E. Ujfalvy in the territory of Jetysu. They are particularly small in number and contain either mentions about the fact of that journey or general descriptions of the expedition. Analysis of archaeological materials gathered by scientists has not been carried out before. The expeditionary route passed through territories that the French author called the Russian Turkestan, by limiting it to Semey in the north, Zarafshan in the south, Fergana Valley in the east and Aral Sea in the west. Ch.-E. Ujfalvy was one of those whose work was distinguished by a great variety and volume of collected material on the history, geography, and traditional culture of the peoples living in the studied territories. Conclusion. Ch.-E. Ujfalvy’s monograph includes not only texts, but also illustrative material. He also outlined the archaeological sites and findings among the landscaping and natural attractions described by the explorer. He has covered some of them in text and some are simply sketched and attached as illustrations to the monograph. The scientist highlights several types of archaeological objects. The article provides a data review about archaeological antiquities of the Jetysu region, gathered by Ch.-E. Ujfalvy in the course of his expedition.
A new polymorph (β) was obtained for an active pharmaceutical ingredient, bis-muth tribenzoate, [Bi(C(6)H(5)CO(2))(3)]. The new β-polymorph is 1.05 times denser than the previously known polymorph [Rae et al. (1998 ▶). Acta Cryst. B54, 438-442].

In the β-polymorph, the Bi atom is linked with three benzoate anions, each of them acting as a bidentate ligand, and these assemblies with C(3) point symmetry can be considered as 'mol-ecules'. The structure of the β-polymorph has no polymeric chains, in contrast to the previously known polymorph. The 'mol-ecules' in the β-polymorph are stacked along [001], so that the phenyl rings of the neighbouring mol-ecules are parallel to each other.

Based on the pronounced difference in the crystal structures, one can suppose that two polymorphs should differ in the dissolution kinetics and bioavailability.
The apoplast plays an important role in plant defense against pathogens. Some extracellular PR-4 proteins possess ribonuclease activity and may directly inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi. It is likely that extracellular RNases can also protect plants against some viruses with RNA genomes. However, many plant RNases are multifunctional and the direct link between their ribonucleolytic activity and antiviral defense still needs to be clarified. In this study, we evaluated the resistance of Nicotiana tabacum plants expressing a non-plant single-strand-specific extracellular RNase against Cucumber mosaic virus.Severe mosaic symptoms and shrinkage were observed in the control non-transgenic plants 10 days after inoculation with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), whereas such disease symptoms were suppressed in the transgenic plants expressing the RNase gene. In a Western blot analysis, viral proliferation was observed in the uninoculated upper leaves of control plants, whereas virus levels were very low in those of transgenic plants. These results suggest that resistance against CMV was increased by the expression of the heterologous RNase gene.We have previously shown that tobacco plants expressing heterologous RNases are characterized by high resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus. In this study, we demonstrated that elevated levels of extracellular RNase activity resulted in increased resistance to a virus with a different genome organization and life cycle. Thus, we conclude that the pathogen-induced expression of plant apoplastic RNases may increase non-specific resistance against viruses with RNA genomes.