Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
We present a 3‐D anisotropic seismic model of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Taiwan region based on the tomographic inversion of traveltime data from regional earthquakes. In the crust beneath eastern Taiwan, we observe coast‐parallel anisotropy that perfectly delineates the major geological structures. In westernmost Taiwan, we distinguish a crustal block corresponding to the Peikang High at the margin of the Eurasian Plate, where coast‐perpendicular anisotropy within a high‐velocity anomaly is observed. In the uppermost mantle, the direction of anisotropy beneath central Taiwan turns perpendicular to the coast, which may indicate eastward underthrusting of the Peikang Block that was induced by collisional processes. To the NE of Taiwan, the anisotropy forms circular patterns coinciding with the shape of the Ryukyu arc, which may reflect the distribution of the deformations and fractures in the accretion and arc complex.
In plants, salicylic acid (SA) is a hormone that mediates a plant's defense against pathogens. SA also takes an active role in a plant's response to various abiotic stresses, including chilling, drought, salinity, and heavy metals. In addition, in recent years, numerous studies have confirmed the important role of SA in plant morphogenesis.

In this review, we summarize data on changes in root morphology following SA treatments under both normal and stress conditions.

Finally, we provide evidence for the role of SA in maintaining the balance between stress responses and morphogenesis in plant development, and also for the presence of SA crosstalk with other plant hormones during this process.
International theoretical and empirical studies have shown that regional development and economic growth largely depend on spatial and non-spatial proximity of regions, which generates knowledge spillovers. Moreover, we analysed foreign and domestic approaches to studying spatial and non-spatial proximity and obtained new results.

We developed a methodological approach to measuring and visualising spatial and structural-technological proximity affecting regional knowledge spillovers. We tested the techniques of the cartographic visualisation of the proximity of Russian regions. We described the stages constituting a methodology for the quantitative assessment of different types of regional proximity. Additionally, we proposed a method for constructing a typology of regions based on the coefficients of the non-spatial proximity matrix, calculated according to the indicator 'gross value added' for 15 sectors of the Russian National Classifier of Economic Activities (OKVED) for Russian regions. Using the data for the Novosibirsk region in 2005 and 2016, we applied methodological techniques for measuring and visualising geographical and structural-technological proximity (STB) of a region in relation to other constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The Novosibirsk region is located in the middle of the country and has a diversified structure of economic activities and science. For this particular region, there has been an increase in the likelihood of the emergence of knowledge spillover channels with various European regions of Russia and some regions of the Urals and the Far East. Proximity matrices can be used in econometric studies to test hypotheses about the impact of different forms of proximity on regional economic growth. Recommendations to enhance knowledge spillover coincide with the proposals to support the areas of innovative development stated in The Strategy of Spatial Development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2025.
Endonuclease VIII (Nei) excises oxidatively damaged pyrimidines from DNA and shares structural and functional homology with formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase. Although the structure of Escherichia coli Nei is solved [Zharkov et al. (2002) EMBO J. 21, 789-800], the functions of many of its amino acid residues involved in catalysis and substrate specificity are not known. We constructed a series of Nei mutants that interfere with eversion of the damaged base from the helix (QLY69-71AAA, DeltaQLY69-71) or perturb the conserved zinc finger (R171A, Q261A). Steady-state kinetics were measured with these mutant enzymes using substrates containing 5,6-dihydrouracil, two enantiomers of thymine glycol, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine, and an abasic site positioned opposite each of the four canonical DNA bases. To some extent, all Nei mutants were deficient in processing damaged DNA, with mutations in the zinc finger generally having a more profound effect. Wild-type Nei showed prominent opposite-base specificity (G > C approximately = T > A) when the lesion was 5,6-dihydrouracil or cis-(5S,6R)-thymine glycol but not for other lesions tested. Mutations in the Q69-Y71 loop eliminated this effect. Only wild-type Nei and Nei-Q261A mutants could be reductively cross-linked to damaged base-containing DNA. Experiments involving trapping with NaBH4 and the kinetics of DNA cleavage catalyzed by Nei-Q261A suggested that this mutant was deficient in regenerating free enzyme from the Nei-DNA covalent complex formed during the reaction. We conclude that the opposite-base specificity of Nei is primarily governed by residues in the Q69-Y71 loop and that both this loop and the zinc finger contribute significantly to the substrate specificity of Nei.
We analyze the formation of localized structures in cavity-enhanced second-harmonic generation. We focus on the phase-matched limit, and consider that fundamental and generated waves have opposite signs of group velocity dispersion. We show that these states form due to the locking of domain walls connecting two stable homogeneous states of the system, and undergo collapsed snaking. We study the impact of temporal walk-off on the stability and dynamics of these localized states.
The human body, like any other, is an intermediate component of the nitrogen cycle in nature. Consuming nitrogen from the external environment in the form of various compounds, the body processes it into ammonia - one of the final products of exchange of nitrogen-containing substances [1], which is removed from the body in the form of urea. The most active ammonia producers are organs with high exchange of amino acids and biogenic amines - nerve tissue, liver, intestine, and muscles.

In a state of nitrogen equilibrium, the adult body consumes and releases about 15 g of nitrogen per day, temporary or permanent disruption of nitrogen balance results in a great number of physiological conditions and diseases, and the need to stabilize it is well known.

However, despite a huge number of studies on the role of nitrogen metabolism and its compounds in the clinic, to date we have not been able to find any conciliation document in the world literature on the classification of ammonia-ammonium levels in human blood and approaches to the correction of hyperammonemia, which was the basis for the emergence of this consensus.
The gene composition, function and evolution of B-chromosomes (Bs) have been actively discussed in recent years. However, the additional genomic elements are still enigmatic. One of Bs mysteries is their spatial organization in the interphase nucleus. It is known that heterochromatic compartments are not randomly localized in a nucleus.

Using microdissection of Bs and autosome centromeric heterochromatic regions of the yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis) we obtained DNA probes for further two-dimensional (2D)- and three-dimensional (3D)- fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies. Simultaneous in situ hybridization of obtained here B-specific DNA probes and autosomal C-positive pericentromeric region-specific probes further corroborated the previously stated hypothesis about the pseudoautosomal origin of the additional chromosomes of this species.

Analysis of the spatial organization of the Bs demonstrated the peripheral location of B-specific chromatin within the interphase nucleus and feasible contact with the nuclear envelope (similarly to pericentromeric regions of autosomes and sex chromosomes). It is assumed that such interaction is essential for the regulation of nuclear architecture. It also points out that Bs may follow the same mechanism as sex chromosomes to avoid a meiotic checkpoint.
Wolbachia symbionts are maternally inherited bacteria that are widely distributed among Arthropoda hosts. Wolbachia influence their host biology in diverse ways. They may induce reproductive abnormalities, protect hosts against pathogens and parasites, or benefit hosts through metabolic provisioning. The progeny of an infected female are ordinarily infected with Wolbachia; however, Wolbachia have no future in male host progeny because they cannot transmit the symbiont to the next generation.

Here, we analyze native and invasive populations of the four-eyed fir bark beetle (Polygraphus proximus) for Wolbachia prevalence and symbiont genetic diversity. This species is a dangerous pest of Siberian fir (Abies sibirica) forests. The native range of P. proximus includes the territories of the Russian Far East, Japan, Korea, and Northeast China, whereas its invasive range includes West Siberia, with further expansion westward.

Surprisingly, we revealed a difference in the patterns of Wolbachia prevalence for males and females. Infection rate and Wolbachia titers were higher in females than in males. ST-533, the only haplotype of Wolbachia supergroup B, was associated with a minimum of three out of the five described mitochondrial haplotypes.
The biostability of the polyurethanes Tecoflex EG-80A and Pellethane 2363-80A, used as basic polymers of the vascular grafts (VGs) produced by electrospinning, as well as the tensile strength of Tecoflex VGs, are studied.

Solutions of Tecoflex or Pellethane with gelatin and bivalirudin in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol are used for VG production. After 1, 12, and 24 weeks of VG implantation in the infrarenal position of the abdominal aorta of Wistar rats, VGs are explanted, fixed in formalin, freed from outer tissues, dialyzed, and dried. The polyurethanes are extracted from VGs by dispersion/extraction in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and freed from the excess of THF-insoluble biopolymers. The stability of polyurethanes is assessed by IR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography.

Pellethane has emerged to be stable at all experimental points. Tecoflex loses approximately 10% of its molecular weight (both Mn and Mw) after 3 months and restored its initial value within 6 months of its functioning as a graft. Mechanical testing demonstrates a 30% reduction in the tensile strength after 3 months in VG and a 10% increase after 6 months. The stability and mechanical properties of polyurethane-based VGs demonstrate their utility for the reconstitution of damaged arteries.
The review gives an insight into amaranth, a very promising crop for the whole world. This crop has a long history dating back to the days of the Aztecs and Incas, for whom it was one of the most important crops, along with corn. However, unlike the latter, amaranth lost its nutritional value after being introduced into Europe. Only in the 20th century, largely thanks to Nikolai Vavilov, amaranth attracted great interest as a food and feed crop. Amaranth is a plant unique in its nutritional properties. It is characterized by a high content of protein saturated with essential amino acids, especially lysine, and a large number of bioactive compounds, such as vitamin C, amaranthine, rutin, carotenoids, etc. Of particular value is grain oil saturated with various lipid compounds: squalene, vitamin E, phytosterols, and fatty acids. These lipid compounds have a number of important properties from the point of view of functional nutrition: as natural antioxidants they bind free radicals, normalize lipid metabolism, and help to decrease blood cholesterol levels. The review focuses on genes that determine the content of the main, valuable biochemical components: squalene, vitamin C, and lysine. The genetic pathways that control the biosynthesis of these components have been studied in detail in various model plant objects. The presence of the complete genomic sequence of Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. makes it possible to identify orthologs of key biosynthetic genes. At the moment, only few genes in amaranth have been identified, including the squalene synthase (SQS) gene, the VTC2 ascorbic acid synthesis gene, and the key genes for lysine synthesis – AK and DHDPS. The article discusses the prospects and trends of marker-assisted selection of this crop as well as the difficulties of its systematization and genotyping, which have to be overcome to successfully solve plant breeding problems.
The paper describes a method of the charged particle identification, developed for the \mbox{CMD-3} detector, installed at the VEPP-2000 $e^{+}e^{-}$ collider. The method is based on the application of the boosted decision trees classifiers, trained for the optimal separation of electrons, muons, pions and kaons in the momentum range from 100 to $1200~{\rm MeV}/c$. The input variables for the classifiers are linear combinations of the energy depositions of charged particles in 12 layers of the liquid xenon calorimeter of the \mbox{CMD-3}. The event samples for training of the classifiers are taken from the simulation. Various issues of the detector response tuning in simulation and calibration of the calorimeter strip channels are considered. Application of the method is illustrated by the examples of separation of the $e^+e^-(\gamma)$ and $\pi^+\pi^-(\gamma)$ final states and of selection of the $K^+K^-$ final state at high energies.
Parthenogenesis, unisexuality and triploidy are interesting but poorly studied phenomena occurring in some reptile species. The mourning gecko (Lepidodactylus lugubris) represents a complex of diploid and triploid parthenogenetic mostly all-female populations (males occur quite rarely) widely distributed in coastal areas of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Here, we study karyotypes of a male and two female L. lugubris (LLU) triploid individuals (3n = 66) using comparative painting with Gekko japonicus, Hemidactylus turcicus and H. platyurus chromosome specific probes to visualize the homologous regions and to reveal genus specific rearrangements. Also, we applied a 28S ribosomal DNA probe and Ag-staining to detect nucleolus organizer regions (NORs).

Our results suggest that the karyotype of L. lugubris underwent a chromosome fission and a fusion after its divergence from a common ancestor of the Gekko-Hemidactylus group. The NORs were found to be located on one out of three homologs on each of LLU8, LLU15 and LLU18, thus further confirming a hybrid origin of triploid individuals. It seems that three different bisexual populations might have contributed to the origin of this triploid parthenogenetic population. We postulate that the heterozygosity in NOR localization is maintained in the triploid clone studied by the absence of recombination as described in whiptail lizards. The pattern of NOR localizations and homologous regions in males and females, as well as the absence of other detectable karyotypic differences, suggest that males arise spontaneously in all female populations and do not arise from independent hybridizations with different species.
The paper is devoted to an experimental and theoretical study of effect of small angle of attack on disturbances evolution and laminar-turbulent transition in a supersonic boundary layer on swept wing at Mach number M=2. The experiments are conducted at the low nose supersonic wind tunnel T-325 of ITAM. Model is a symmetrical wing with a 45° sweep angle, a 3 percent-thick circular-arc airfoil. The transition location is determined using a hot-wire anemometer. Confirmed monotonous growth of the transition Reynolds numbers with increasing of angle of attack from -2° to 2.5°. The experimental data on the influence of the angle of attack on the disturbances evolution in the supersonic boundary layer on the swept wing model are obtained. Calculations on the effect of small angles of attack on the development of perturbations are made in the framework of the linear theory of stability. A good qualitative correspondence of theoretical and experimental data are obtained.
A series of 2'-deoxy and novel 2'-O-methyl and 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) (2'-MOE) oligonucleotides with internucleotide methanesulfonyl (mesyl, μ) or 1-butanesulfonyl (busyl, β) phosphoramidate groups has been synthesized for evaluation as potential splice-switching oligonucleotides.

Evaluation of their splice-switching activity in spinal muscular atrophy patient-derived fibroblasts revealed no significant difference in splice-switching efficacy between 2'-MOE mesyl oligonucleotide and the corresponding phosphorothioate (nusinersen). Yet, a survival study with model neonatal mice has shown the antisense 2'-MOE mesyl oligonucleotide to be inferior to nusinersen at the highest dose of 40 mg/kg.

A reason for their lower activity in vivo as ascertained by cellular uptake study by fluorescent confocal microscopy in HEK293 cell line could possibly be ascribed to compromised endosomal release and/or nuclear uptake of the 2'-OMe or 2'-MOE μ- and β-oligonucleotides compared to their phosphorothioate analog.
Gene expression profiling data contains more information than is routinely extracted with standard approaches. Notably, some of the fold-change-specific GO terms are invisible by classical algorithms for functional gene enrichment, Singular Enrichment Analysis (SEA), and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA).

Here we present Fold-Change-Specific Enrichment Analysis (FSEA), a new method for functional annotation of differentially expressed genes from transcriptome data with respect to their fold changes. FSEA identifies Gene Ontology (GO) terms, which are shared by the group of genes with a similar magnitude of response, and assesses these changes. FSEA is implemented as the FoldGO Bioconductor R package and a web-server.

We demonstrate that many responses to abiotic factors, mutations, treatments, and diseases occur in a fold-change-specific manner. FSEA analyses suggest that there are two prevailing responses of functionally-related gene groups, either weak or strong. These are GO terms not enriched compared to the genome background but strictly regulated by a factor within specific fold-change intervals. FSEA analysis of a cancer-related transcriptome suggested that the gene groups with a tightly coordinated response can be the valuable source to search for possible regulators, markers, and therapeutic targets in oncogenic processes.
We study magneto-optical trap (MOT) of Mg atoms operating on the closed triplet 3P2→3D3 (λ = 383.3 nm) transition formed by the light waves with elliptical polarization ( configuration). Compare to well-known trap formed by light waves with circular polarization (σ+–σ− configuration) the suggested configuration offer the lower sub-Doppler temperature for trapped Mg atoms, that can't be reached in conventional σ+–σ− MOT.
A new efficient method of confinement is proposed for use in linear traps. The plasma equilibrium in a linear trap at high β can evolve into a kind of diamagnetic "bubble" with a very small field inside. If the vacuum magnetic field of the trap has a quasi-uniform stretch near its minimum, the roughly cylindrical "bubble" with non-paraxial ends will occupy just this stretch. The "bubble" radius is determined by the balance of particle and energy fluxes, while the force balance corresponds to β ≈ 1 at any radius. The effective mirror ratio of the trap in this diamagnetic regime can become very large, stifling the axial losses, but the cross-field transport inside it increases. The total confinement time can be found from solution of the system of equilibrium and transport equations and is shown to be τE≈τ‖τ⊥. This means that the diamagnetic confinement at high β allows construction of relatively short linear traps as fusion reactors.
DNA polymerase β (Polβ) is considered the main repair DNA polymerase involved in the base excision repair (BER) pathway, which plays an important part in the repair of damaged DNA bases usually resulting from alkylation or oxidation. In general, BER involves consecutive actions of DNA glycosylases, AP endonucleases, DNA polymerases, and DNA ligases. It is known that protein-protein interactions of Polβ with enzymes from the BER pathway increase the efficiency of damaged base repair in DNA.

This review summarizes data on the in silico prediction of the effects of Polβ SNPs on DNA repair efficacy; available data on cancers associated with SNPs of Polβ; and experimentally tested variants of Polβ.

Analysis of the literature indicates that amino acid substitutions could be important for the maintenance of the native structure of Polβ and contacts with DNA; others affect the catalytic activity of the enzyme or play a part in the precise and correct attachment of the required nucleotide triphosphate. Moreover, the amino acid substitutions in Polβ can disturb interactions with enzymes involved in BER, while the enzymatic activity of the polymorphic variant may not differ significantly from that of the wild-type enzyme. Therefore, investigation regarding the effect of Polβ natural variants occurring in the human population on enzymatic activity and protein-protein interactions is an urgent scientific task.
To compare the photochemical properties of UV filter molecules present in the human lens (kynurenine, KN; 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3OHKN; 3-hydroxykynurenine O-β-D-glucoside, 3OHKG; 4-(2-aminophenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid, AHA; and glutathionyl-kynurenine, GSH-KN) with the use of the following parameters: excited singlet lifetime τ(S), fluorescence quantum yield Φ(fl), triplet quantum yield Φ(T), and photodecomposition quantum yield Φ(dec).

The excited singlet lifetimes were measured with the use of fluorescence upconversion (time resolution, 210 fs) and pump-probe transient absorption (time resolution, 200 fs) methods. The fluorescence quantum yields were determined relative to an aqueous solution of quinine bisulfate. The triplet quantum yields were measured with the use of nanosecond laser flash photolysis. The photodecomposition quantum yields were determined by steady state photolysis followed by the high-performance liquid chromatography analysis.

The secondary UV filters--AHA and GSH-KN are better photosensitizers than the primary ones--KN, 3OHKN and 3OHKG: the singlet state lifetimes of the secondary UV filters are longer, and the quantum yields of fluorescence and triplet state formation are higher.With aging, the ratio primary/secondary UV filters in the human lens decreases from approximately 10:1 to 2:1. The obtained results demonstrate that the quality of the secondary UV filters is inferior compared to the primary ones, which may result in a higher susceptibility of old lenses to UV light. That might be an important factor for the development of the age-related cataract.