Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
A test facility developed at the Budker Institute is designed for experimental simulation of effects of ITER-scale transient heat loads on plasma facing materials.

Employing a long-pulse electron beam for creation of transients has advantages of low direct pressures on surface of material and lesser limitation of power density by vapor shielding. In addition, relative modest attendant background light allows using a set of diagnostics for observation of erosion dynamics.

The set includes fast imaging in the near infrared, scattering of light of continuous wave laser on target surface and on droplets ejected from the melt layer.
Such sensors are commonly avoided in practice since close arrangement of short FBGs results in distortion of the spectrum caused by mutual interference between gratings.

In our work the temperature sensor contained 50 FBGs with the length of 0.95 mm, edge-to-edge distance of 0.05 mm and arranged in the 1500–1600 nm spectral range. Instead of solving the direct peak detection problem for distorted signal, we applied DNNs to predict temperature distribution from entire reflectance spectrum registered by the sensor. We propose an experimental calibration setup where the dense FBG sensor is located close to an array of sparse FBG sensors. The goal of DNNs is to predict the positions of the reflectance peaks of the reference sparse FBG sensors from the reflectance spectrum of the dense FBG sensor.

We show that a convolution neural network is able to predict the positions of FBG reflectance peaks of sparse sensors with mean absolute error of 7.8 pm that is slightly higher than the hardware reused interrogator equal to 5 pm. We believe that dense FBG sensors assisted with DNNs have a high potential to increase spatial resolution and also extend the length of a fiber optical sensors.
A model for the onset of the reduction in SRF cavity quality factor, the so-called Q-drop, at high accelerating electric fields is presented. Breakdown of the surface barrier against magnetic flux penetration at the cavity equator is considered to be the critical event that determines the onset of Q-drop. The worst case of triangular grooves with low field of first flux penetration Hp, as analyzed previously by Buzdin and Daumens, [1998 Physica C 294: 257], was adapted. This approach incorporates both the geometry of the groove and local contamination via the Ginzburg-Landau parameter kappa, so the proposed model allows new comparisons of one effect in relation to the other. The model predicts equivalent reduction of Hp when either roughness or contamination were varied alone, so smooth but dirty surfaces limit cavity performance about as much as rough but clean surfaces do. When in combination, contamination exacerbates the negative effects of roughness and vice-versa. To test the model with actual data, coupons were prepared by buffered chemical polishing and electropolishing, and stylus profilometry was used to obtain distributions of angles. From these data, curves for surface resistance generated by simple flux flow as a function of magnetic field were generated by integrating over the distribution of angles for reasonable values of kappa. This showed that combined effects of roughness and contamination indeed reduce the Q-drop onset field by ~30%, and that that contamination contributes to Q-drop as much as roughness. The latter point may be overlooked by SRF cavity research, since access to the cavity interior by spectroscopy tools is very difficult, whereas optical images have become commonplace. The model was extended to fit cavity test data, which indicated that reduction of the superconducting gap by contaminants may also play a role in Q-drop.
The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the effect of hydrophobic fluoropolymer coating on the multiscale characteristics of heat transfer at water boiling.

New experimental data on dynamics of vapor bubble growth and detachment, evolution of contact line, nucleation site density, heat transfer coefficient were obtained using high-speed imaging techniques, including infrared thermography and video recording from the bottom side of transparent ITO heater.

It was shown, that the using of hydrophobic fluoropolymer coating leads to heat transfer enhancement, to decrease of the superheat temperature at the onset of boiling, to increase of the active nucleation site density and to significant change in the dynamics of growth and departure of vapor bubbles and the evolution of the triple contact line.
Gene order in prokaryotes is conserved to a much lesser extent than protein sequences. Only some operons, primarily those that encode physically interacting proteins, are conserved in all or most of the bacterial and archaeal genomes. Nevertheless, even the limited conservation of operon organisation that is observed provides valuable evolutionary and functional clues through multiple genome comparisons.

With the rapid growth in the number and diversity of sequenced prokaryotic genomes, functional inferences for uncharacterized genes located in the same conserved gene neighborhood with well-studied genes are becoming increasingly important.

In this review, we discuss various computational approaches for identification of conserved gene strings and construction of local alignments of gene orders in prokaryotic genomes.
It was shown that in contrast to silver(I) and copper(II) nitrates, copper(II) chloride forms discrete complexes instead of coordination polymers.

Two binuclear coordination compounds of Cu(II) chloride with the bitopic ligand 1,1,2,2-tetrakis(pyrazol-1-yl)ethane (Pz4) of the composition [Cu2(µ2-Pz4)(DMSO)2Cl4]·4H2O and [Cu2(µ2-Pz4)(DMSO)2Cl4]∙2DMSO were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and powder diffraction analysis. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of vibrational frequencies of the ligand and its copper(II) complex allowed for assigning IR bands to specific vibrations.

The supramolecular structure of the complex [Cu2(µ2-Pz4)(DMSO)2Cl4]·4H2O with lattice water molecules is formed by OH···Cl and OH···O hydrogen bonds.
A measurement of $$J/\psi $$ and $$\psi (2\mathrm {S})$$ production is presented. It is based on a data sample from Pb+Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm {NN}}} = 5.02~\mathrm {TeV}$$ and pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s} = 5.02~\mathrm {TeV}$$ recorded by the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2015, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $$0.42~\mathrm {nb}^{-1}$$ and $$25~\mathrm {pb}^{-1}$$ in Pb+Pb and pp, respectively.

The measurements of per-event yields, nuclear modification factors, and non-prompt fractions are performed in the dimuon decay channel for $$9< p_{T}^{\mu \mu } < 40$$ GeV in dimuon transverse momentum, and $$-2< y_{\mu \mu } < 2$$ in rapidity.

Strong suppression is found in Pb+Pb collisions for both prompt and non-prompt $$J/\psi $$ , increasing with event centrality. The suppression of prompt $$\psi (2\mathrm {S})$$ is observed to be stronger than that of $$J/\psi $$ , while the suppression of non-prompt $$\psi (2\mathrm {S})$$ is equal to that of the non-prompt $$J/\psi $$ within uncertainties, consistent with the expectation that both arise from b-quarks propagating through the medium. Despite prompt and non-prompt $$J/\psi $$ arising from different mechanisms, the dependence of their nuclear modification factors on centrality is found to be quite similar.
A large number of model particles is shown necessary for quantitatively correct simulations of the kinetic beam-plasma instability with the clouds-in-cells method.

The required number of particles scales inversely with the expected growth rate

as in the kinetic regime only a narrow interval of beam velocities is resonant with the wave.
The shape of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectral line depends on the ratio of the vibrational and electronic contributions to the third-order susceptibility of the material. The G-mode (1590 cm-1) of graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibits opposite features in the CARS spectrum, showing 'dip' and 'peak,' respectively.

Here, we consider the CARS spectra of graphene and carbon nanotubes in terms of Fano formalism describing the line shapes of CARS resonances.

We show that imaging at only 1590 cm-1 is not sufficient to separate the constituents of a composite material consisting of both graphene and CNTs. We propose an algorithm to map the graphene and CNTs in a composite material.
One of the promising approaches of macroeconomic modeling and quantitative assessment of the impact of external and internal factors on macroeconomy of a country, which is actively used abroad, is a Bayesian approach to the description of macroeconomic processes.

In this paper we examine Bayesian vector autoregression model (BVAR) to assess the impact of external shocks, such as the price of Brent crude oil, the volatility index VIX and the Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite index, on Russian macroeconomic indicators.

The results allow us to estimate the contribution of external factors as a significant in the dynamics of Russia economic variables. This approach can be successfully applied for the analysis of Russian data, which was confirmed by the results presented in the article.
Гидрогеохимический мониторинг разработки нефтяной залежи горизонта Ю 1
The article discusses the ways of developing skills and abilities to effectively solve problems when describing methods for solving equations and inequalities, clarifying theoretical knowledge, the basics of forming skills for practical application. The formation of mathematical concepts through solving problems in teaching mathematics opens the way to the development of mathematical thinking, the application of knowledge in practice, and the development of search skills. To master a mathematical concept, along with its definition, it is necessary to know its features and properties. This can be achieved primarily through problem solving and exercise. Problem solving is based on the development of new methods, the creation of algorithms, ways of developing practical skills in the methods and techniques mastered with the help of tasks.In addition, transforming equations and inequalities through the development of thinking skills helps to identify common or special properties in order to draw correct conclusions. Solving various problems, it shows what operations should be used to determine the situation in which a solution was found, and what features of the solution allow choosing the most effective methods. Thanks to the theoretical substantiation of the general article, it is possible to master convenient methods for solving equations and inequalities of various structures.
A search for new particles decaying into a pair of top quarks is performed using proton-proton collision data recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=13\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$ corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $36.1\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.

Events consistent with top-quark pair production and the fully hadronic decay mode of the top quarks are selected by requiring multiple high transverse momentum jets including those containing $b$-hadrons. Two analysis techniques, exploiting dedicated top-quark pair reconstruction in different kinematic regimes, are used to optimize the search sensitivity to new hypothetical particles over a wide mass range. The invariant mass distribution of the two reconstructed top-quark candidates is examined for resonant production of new particles with various spins and decay widths.

No significant deviation from the Standard Model prediction is observed and limits are set on the production cross-section times branching fraction for new hypothetical ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ bosons, dark-matter mediators, Kaluza-Klein gravitons and Kaluza-Klein gluons. By comparing with the predicted production cross sections, the ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ boson in the topcolor-assisted-technicolor model is excluded for masses up to 3.1--3.6 TeV, the dark-matter mediators in a simplified framework are excluded in the mass ranges from 0.8 to 0.9 TeV and from 2.0 to 2.2 TeV, and the Kaluza-Klein gluon is excluded for masses up to 3.4 TeV, depending on the decay widths of the particles.
Prior to this work, existence of solutions to this problem was only known under special symmetry and smallness assumptions.

In the paper we solve the key difficulties in applying Leray's invading domains method and, as a consequence, prove the existence of $D$-solutions in the whole plane for arbitrary compactly supported force. The main tools here are two new estimates for general Navier-Stokes solutions, which have rather simple forms. They control the difference between mean values of the velocity over two concentric circles in terms of the Dirichlet integral in the annulus between them.

Hence, our method produces large class of new solutions with prescribed spatial limits. Moreover, we show the uniqueness of $D$-solutions to this problem in a perturbative regime. The boundary condition at infinity are verified in two different scenarios: (I) the limiting velocity is sufficient large with respect to the external force, (II) both the total integral of force and the limiting velocity vanish.
Bows with similar frontal rigid plates have parallels in the burial complexes of the Altai Mountains dating from the first half of the 1st millennium AD.

In the course of field archaeological works, the recovered materials made it possible to interpret the studied object as a settlement complex. The items with bone carving are described. The total number of artifacts made of horn and bone is 79 specimens, which were recovered from 14 out of 74 excavation pits, their brief description is provided. Spatial analysis bone carving products distribution was carried out at excavation pit No. 9 of excavation trench No. 3.

The derived information provide the insight into bone carving technology at the settlement sites of the transitional Tagar-Tashtyk period and its place in the culture of the ancient population living at the foothills of the Western Sayan Mountains, in the periphery of the taiga and forest-steppe zones, in the Askiz River basin. Hence, this object can be dated to the 3rd-5th centuries AD.
The article presents qualitative data on the study of the process of diffusion combustion during the outflow of a gas jet from a nozzle apparatus with a certain arrangement of nozzles. The nozzle apparatus is a round nozzle with a straight channel and a coaxially located annular slot. In the experiments, hydrogen or methane was supplied through an annular slot, and the air was supplied through a central circular micro nozzle. The main features of the diffusion combustion of hydrogen and methane during the outflow from the nozzle apparatus are revealed and a qualitative comparison of the processes is carried out. In both cases, at the initial stage, laminar combustion is observed near the nozzle exit and a breakthrough of the flame front occurs with the release of an incombustible mixture of combustible gas and air. At a high flow rate, the flame separates from the nozzle exit. The fundamental difference is that hydrogen exhibits significantly better combustion stabilization characteristics at the nozzle exit.
Many mammals are well adapted to surviving in extremely cold environments. These species have likely accumulated genetic changes that help them efficiently cope with low temperatures. It is not known whether the same genes related to cold adaptation in one species would be under selection in another species. The aims of this study therefore were: to create a compendium of mammalian genes related to adaptations to a low temperature environment; to identify genes related to cold tolerance that have been subjected to independent positive selection in several species; to determine promising candidate genes/pathways/organs for further empirical research on cold adaptation in mammals. After a search for publications containing keywords: "whole genome", "transcriptome or exome sequencing data", and "genome-wide genotyping array data" authors looked for information related to genetic signatures ascribable to positive selection in Arctic or Antarctic mammalian species. Publications related to Human, Arctic fox, Yakut horse, Mammoth, Polar bear, and Minke whale were chosen. The compendium of genes that potentially underwent positive selection in >1 of these six species consisted of 416 genes. Twelve of them showed traces of positive selection in three species. Gene ontology term enrichment analysis of 416 genes from the compendium has revealed 13 terms relevant to the scope of this study. We found that enriched terms were relevant to three major groups: terms associated with collagen proteins and the extracellular matrix; terms associated with the anatomy and physiology of cilium; terms associated with docking. We further revealed that genes from compendium were over-represented in the lists of genes expressed in the lung and liver. A compendium combining mammalian genes involved in adaptation to cold environment was designed, based on the intersection of positively selected genes from six Arctic and Antarctic species. The compendium contained 416 genes that have been positively selected in at least two species. However, we did not reveal any positively selected genes that would be related to cold adaptation in all species from our list. But, our work points to several strong candidate genes involved in mechanisms and biochemical pathways related to cold adaptation response in different species.
Spatio-temporal evolution of disturbance waves and ripple waves in annular gas-liquid flow was studied using high-speed modification of laser-induced fluorescence technique. Both flow regimes with and without entrainment were studied.

It was shown that all the ripples in regimes with entrainment arise due to instability of back slopes of the disturbance waves, and their further evolution is predefined by the point of appearance. In regimes without entrainment two types of waves were detected, where waves of one type arise due to instability of back slopes of waves of the other type.

Thus, similarity of wavy structure of flow regimes with and without entrainment was established.
The physical modelling of elastic waves reflected from the boundary between the water and the model of low-velocity azimuthally anisotropic medium was carried out.

The model of anisotropic medium was made using 3D printer.

The results of experiments showed that the reflection coefficients are practically independent from the azimuth at the angles of incidence less than 25°. At larger angles of incidence, the azimuthal dependence of the reflection coefficients is observed, which is most pronounced at azimuths from 45° to 75°. The results of measurements in the layering direction are in good agreement with the theoretical reflection coefficients for the boundary of isotropic media.
Th, Dat1, Snca and Bdnf were the genes whose mRNA levels in the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain were measured in male mice that were victorious in 20 daily agonistic interactions and in a group of such victorious mice that had later not been allowed to fight for 14 days.

This experiment demonstrated increased Th, Dat1 and Snca but not Bdnf mRNA levels in the former group as compared to the controls. In the latter group, the expression of the Th and Dat1 genes was still enhanced, while the level of Snca mRNA did not differ from that in the controls.

These findings suggest that positive fighting experience enhances the expression of the genes concerned with dopaminergic systems and this enhanced expression is preserved for a long time afterwards. Significant positive correlations were found between the level of aggression and Th and Snca mRNA levels in the winners.
An unprecedented silver-centered P-tetracapped [Ag@Ag4(μ3-P)4] tetrahedron inscribed within a N12 icosahedral cage has been discovered in the novel family of luminescent clusters.

The latter are easily self-assembled by reacting AgI salts with tris(2-pyridyl)phosphine (Py3P).
Presently available high-energy proton beams in circular accelerators carry enough momentum to accelerate high-intensity electron and positron beams to the TeV energy scale over several hundred meters of the plasma with a density of about 1e15 1/cm^3. However, the plasma wavelength at this density is 100-1000 times shorter than the typical longitudinal size of the high-energy proton beam. Therefore the self-modulation instability (SMI) of a long (~10 cm) proton beam in the plasma should be used to create the train of micro-bunches which would then drive the plasma wake resonantly. Changing the plasma density profile offers a simple way to control the development of the SMI and the acceleration of particles during this process. We present simulations of the possible use of a plasma density gradient as a way to control the acceleration of the electron beam during the development of the SMI of a 400 GeV proton beam in a 10 m long plasma. This work is done in the context of the AWAKE project --- the proof-of-principle experiment on proton driven plasma wakefield acceleration at CERN.
The variety of the ATLAS Distributed Computing infrastructure requires a central information system to define the topology of computing resources and to store different parameters and configuration data which are needed by various ATLAS software components. The ATLAS Grid Information System (AGIS) is the system designed to integrate configuration and status information about resources, services and topology of the computing infrastructure used by ATLAS Distributed Computing applications and services. Being an intermediate middleware system between clients and external information sources (like central BDII, GOCDB, MyOSG), AGIS defines the relations between experiment specific used resources and physical distributed computing capabilities. Being in production during LHC Runl AGIS became the central information system for Distributed Computing in ATLAS and it is continuously evolving to fulfil new user requests, enable enhanced operations and follow the extension of the ATLAS Computing model. The ATLAS Computing model and data structures used by Distributed Computing applications and services are continuously evolving and trend to fit newer requirements from ADC community. In this note, we describe the evolution and the recent developments of AGIS functionalities, related to integration of new technologies recently become widely used in ATLAS Computing, like flexible computing utilization of opportunistic Cloud and HPC resources, ObjectStore services integration for Distributed Data Management (Rucio) and ATLAS workload management (PanDA) systems, unified storage protocols declaration required for PandDA Pilot site movers and others. The improvements of information model and general updates are also shown, in particular we explain how other collaborations outside ATLAS could benefit the system as a computing resources information catalogue. AGIS is evolving towards a common information system, not coupled to a specific experiment.
We report the first measurement of the lepton forward-backward asymmetry AFB as a function of the squared four-momentum of the dilepton system, q2, for the electroweak penguin process B→Xsℓ+ℓ− with a sum of exclusive final states, where ℓ is an electron or a muon and Xs is a hadronic recoil system with an s quark.

The results are based on a data sample containing 772×106 B¯B pairs recorded at the Υ(4S) resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB e+e− collider. AFB for the inclusive B→Xsℓ+ℓ− is extrapolated from the sum of 10 exclusive Xs states whose invariant mass is less than 2 GeV/c2.

For q2>10.2 GeV2/c2, AFB<0 is excluded at the 2.3σ level, where σ is the standard deviation. For q2<4.3 GeV2/c2, the result is within 1.8σ of the standard model theoretical expectation.