Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Archaeological findings on the western Caspian coast indicate that this part of the Caucasus was populated throughout the Pleistocene. The earliest human habitation in the region is dated back to around 2 million years ago (2 Ма), which corresponds to the period of initial expansion of early Homo beyond Africa. Information on the environment and the features of the early human material culture is crucial for our understanding of the Caucasus’ earliest history. It was alternating processes of transgression and regression of the Caspian Sea throughout the Pleistocene that determined the paleoenvironment in the eastern Caucasus. The Early Pleistocene landscape of the southeastern part of Eastern Europe and northeastern Caucasus was similar to African open landscapes nowadays. The Khapry faunal complex characterizes the environment of that period. Its vertebrate composition is close to that typical for African savanna. Both animal communities included similar types of large herbivores: the elephant, rhinoceros, antelope, giraffe, ostrich and others. The African savanna carnivore community included the lion, guepard, hyena and jakal. The Khapry complex included the hyena, large sabre toothed Felidae, guepard and others.

The earliest artifact collections in the Northeastern Caucasus are the artifact assemblage from stratum 5 at Rubas-1 in southeastern Dagestan and the archaeological materials from Ainikab-1, Mukhai-1 and 2 in Central Dagestan. The artifact age has been estimated in the range of ~ 2.3–1.8 Ma. Results. The initial stage of human habitation of the Northeastern Caucasus is characterized by two distinct lithic industries: the small tool industry (Rubas-1, stratum 5) and the Oldowan / pebble-flake industry (the Akushinski group of sites). Early human populations dispersed rather rapidly over the low-altitude savannas in the relative proximity to the seashore under the favorable environmental conditions of the initial Pleistocene. After the initial peopling stage, human communities set apart in particular regions where lithic industries were formed and developed. The first major region represents the Caspian shores (the small tool industry: Rubas-1); the second zone is the higher plateaus at the altitude not exceeding 1 500 m asl (pebble-flake industry: Dmanisi, Central Dagestan sites).

It is asserted that the early human populations migrating out of Africa through Western Asia to the Caucasus, and its eastern part in particular, remained in the habitual environment, and it did not require any substantial changes in the adaptation strategies including stone working techniques and lithic tool production.
Generation of mature red blood cells, consisting mainly of hemoglobin, is a remarkable example of coordinated action of various signaling networks. Chromatin condensation is an essential step for terminal erythroid differentiation and subsequent nuclear expulsion in mammals. Here, we profiled 3D genome organization in the blood cells from ten species belonging to different vertebrate classes. Our analysis of contact maps revealed a striking absence of such 3D interaction patterns as loops or TADs in blood cells of all analyzed representatives. We also detect large-scale chromatin rearrangements in blood cells from mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians: their contact maps display strong second diagonal pattern, representing an increased frequency of long-range contacts, unrelated to TADs or compartments. This pattern is completely atypical for interphase chromosome structure. We confirm that these principles of genome organization are conservative in vertebrate erythroid cells.
The article considers the impact of CH. Perelman’s new rhetorical theory on post-truth phenomenon. Although the term “post-truth” appeared in the 1990s the peak of its popularity is the 2016–2020s. In 2016 the Oxford dictionary ranked it as the most used word in the media. The reason for this popularity according the most researchers is related to the spread and functioning of social networks where objective facts are less important in comparison with emotions and personal beliefs. The last five years are characterized by an increasing number of works in which the phenomenon of post-truth is investigated in the aspects of political science, social sociology, psychology, ethics. However, over the years not a single publication has appeared that treats post-truth as rhetorical phenomenon. The author of the article tries to fill this gap and highlight the main characteristic of post-truth rhetoric. Such features include a biased selection of facts and the way they are placed in media text, rigid scheme which includes four elements: a media person, criminal plot, step by step development of narrative and non-finished final. In the first of the scheme the media person can act as an organizer of an actual or imaginary event or as on object of extremal influence (a victim). The criminal nature of the plot is associated with a violation of the normal course of things. Moreover, such a violation should not be a one-time act but should assume development through the accumulation of new details. Also, to become a post-truth the event must contain the development potential associated with collision of opposite version explaining its meaning. In a situation of post-truth the role of the speaker in relation to audience changes. The speaker seeks not so much to join those who disagree with his point of view as to strengthen the split of the recipients who oppose each other. Thus, the post-truth as a method of information warfare and / or mastering the mass consciousness has become possible thanks to radical change in the media space excluding control over it. At the same time, its hidden premises appeal to the new rhetorical theory of Ch. Perelman.
We search for the rare radiative decay D0→γγ using a data sample with an integrated luminosity of 832 fb−1 recorded by the Belle detector at the KEKB e+e− asymmetric-energy collider. We find no statistically significant signal and set an upper limit on the branching fraction of B(D0→γγ)<8.5×10−7 at 90% confidence level. This is the most restrictive limit on the decay channel to date.Received 10 December 2015DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.93.051102© 2016 American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Branching fractionResearch AreasParticle phenomenaParticle decaysBranching fractionResearch AreasBranching fractionLeptonic, semileptonic & radiative decaysRare decaysPhysical SystemsCharmed mesonsParticles & Fields
B chromosomes (Bs) revealed more than a hundred years ago remain to be some of the most mysterious elements of the eukaryotic genome. Their origin and evolution, DNA composition, transcriptional activity, impact on adaptiveness, behavior in meiosis, and transfer to the next generation require intensive investigations using modern methods. Over the past years, new experimental techniques have been applied and helped us gain a deeper insight into the nature of Bs. Here, we consider mammalian Bs, taking into account data on their DNA sequencing, transcriptional activity, positions in nuclei of somatic and meiotic cells, and impact on genome functioning. Comparative cytogenetics of Bs suggests the existence of different mechanisms of their formation and evolution. Due to the long and complicated evolvement of Bs, the similarity of their morphology could be explained by the similar mechanisms involved in their development while the difference between Bs even of the same origin could appear due to their positioning at different stages of their evolution. A complex analysis of their DNA composition and other features is required to clarify the origin and evolutionary history of Bs in the species studied. The intraspecific diversity of Bs makes this analysis a very important element of B chromosome studies.
The aim of the work was to study jet flows produced by gas-gas ejector with annular primary flow nozzle and central duct for secondary flow in case of its consequent usage as a liquids atomizer. A complex experimental and numerical study of a coaxial jet has been performed. A set of probe methods for diagnosing flows provides new data on the characteristic of the flow: the effective area of the ejector nozzle critical section, the gas velocity profiles and the ejection coefficient. Experimental data on the coaxial flows are extremely important for the verification of developing theoretical models of liquid destruction by a gas flow using annular ejectors.
A junction between an n- and p-type semiconductor results in the creation of a depletion region whose properties are at the basis of nowadays electronics. If realized using topological insulators as constituent materials, p-n junctions are expected to manifest several unconventional effects with great potential for applications. Experimentally, all these fascinating properties remained unexplored so far, mainly because prototypical topological PNJs, which can be easily realized and investigated, were not readily available. Here, we report on the creation of topological PNJs which can be as narrow as few tenths of nm showing a built-in potential of 110meV. These junctions are intrinsically obtained by a thermodynamic control of the defects distribution across the crystal. Our results make Bi2Te3 a robust and reliable platform to explore the physics of topological p-n junction.
An algorithm is described for tagging the flavour content at production of neutral B mesons in the LHCb experiment. The algorithm exploits the correlation of the flavour of a B meson with the charge of a reconstructed secondary charm hadron from the decay of the other b hadron produced in the proton-proton collision. Charm hadron candidates are identified in a number of fully or partially reconstructed Cabibbo-favoured decay modes. The algorithm is calibrated on the self-tagged decay modes B+ → J/ψ K+ and B0 → J/ψ K*0 using 3.0 fb−1 of data collected by the LHCb experiment at pp centre-of-mass energies of 7 TeV and 8 TeV. Its tagging power on these samples of B → J/ψ X decays is (0.30 ± 0.01 ± 0.01)%.
We introduce a novel approach for determination of volume and shape of individual blood platelets modeled as an oblate spheroid from angle-resolved light scattering with flow-cytometric technique.

The light-scattering profiles (LSPs) of individual platelets were measured with the scanning flow cytometer and the platelet characteristics were determined from the solution of the inverse light-scattering problem using the precomputed database of theoretical LSPs. We revealed a phenomenon of parameter compensation, which is partly explained in the framework of anomalous diffraction approximation. To overcome this problem, additional a priori information on the platelet refractive index was used. It allowed us to determine the size of each platelet with subdiffraction precision and independent of the particular value of the platelet aspect ratio.

The shape (spheroidal aspect ratio) distributions of platelets showed substantial differences between native and activated by 10 μM adenosine diphosphate samples. We expect that the new approach may find use in hematological analyzers for accurate measurement of platelet volume distribution and for determination of the platelet activation efficiency.
Transition form factors γ* → γf2 (1270) and γ* → γa2 (1320) and corresponding e+e− → γ* → f2γ and e+e− → γ* → a2γ cross sections are considered up to high energies. It is shown that the QCD asymptotics of the amplitudes of the e+e− → γ* → f2γ and e+e− → γ* → a2γ reactions can be reached only by taking into account a compensation of contributions of ρ(770), ω(782) with contributions of their radial excitations. Recent BABAR measurement of the e+e− → f2γ → π+π−γ cross section at 10.58 GeV gives hope for detailed investigation of the γ*(s) → f2γ and γ*(s) → a2γ transition form factors at high energy region. Recent Belle data on the γ*(Q2)γ → f2 transition up to Q2 = 30 GeV2 are taken into account.
The ratio of branching fractions of the radiative B decays B0 -> K*0 gamma and Bs0 phi gamma has been measured using an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb-1 of pp collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s)=7 TeV. The value obtained is BR(B0 -> K*0 gamma)/BR(Bs0 -> phi gamma) = 1.23 +/- 0.06(stat.) +/- 0.04(syst.) +/- 0.10(fs/fd), where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is the experimental systematic uncertainty and the third is associated with the ratio of fragmentation fractions fs/fd. Using the world average value for BR(B0 -> K*0 gamma), the branching fraction BR(Bs0 -> phi gamma) is measured to be (3.5 +/- 0.4) x 10^{-5}. The direct CP asymmetry in B0 -> K*0 gamma decays has also been measured with the same data and found to be A(CP)(B0 -> K*0 gamma) = (0.8 +/- 1.7(stat.) +/- 0.9(syst.))%. Both measurements are the most precise to date and are in agreement with the previous experimental results and theoretical expectations.
Analysis of the frequencies of chromosomes carrying various classes of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) and combinations of these classes was performed in the swine species Sus scrofa L.

by using maps constructed in two principal component coordinates. Four population clusters can be recognized in the maps. Cluster 1 is formed by wild boars, cluster 2 by domestic meat breeds, cluster 3 by meat-and-lard (universal) breeds, and cluster 4 by miniature pigs.

The maps indicate that modern domesticated swine meat breeds are the closest to the wild type. Meat-and-lard domestic swine breeds are more distant from wild boars, and miniature pigs are diverged the most. The maps showed that microevolution processes associated with PERV carriership frequency had two basic dimensions, or vectors: the vector of fat deposition variation and the 'minus' selection vector (determination of commercial traits). Thus, PERVs may cause variation in pig physiology.
Cell volume regulation is a critical mechanism for cell homeostasis and depends on the osmotic water permeability (Pf) of the cell plasma membrane. The Pf of human mesothelial cells is unknown although they contribute to serosal fluid turnover.

In this study we measured the osmotic water permeability of benign human mesothelial cells (MeT-5A) and of epithelioid (M14K) and sarcomatoid (ZL34) malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) cells in response to acute hyperosmotic stress. We also assessed the changes in their Pf after preconditioning with 4% glucose for 24 hours. In both cases we also assessed the role of AQP1 inhibition (0.1 mM HgCl2) on the Pf. Finally, we assessed corresponding changes in the AQP1 plasma membrane availability by immunofluorescence.

We report that MeT-5A cells have a significantly higher Pf as compared to M14K and ZL34 MPM cells [4.85E-03±2.37E-03 cm/sec (n=17) versus 2.74E-03±0.74E-03 cm/sec (n=11) and 2.86E-03±0.11E-03 cm/sec (n=11)]. AQP1 inhibition significantly decreased the Pf in all cells lines (p<0.001 in all cases). High glucose preconditioning for 24 hours significantly increased MeT-5A Pf (p<0.001), did not influence M14K Pf (p=0.19) and significantly reduced ZL34 Pf (p=0.02). Comparing cell lines after high glucose preconditioning, MeT-5A Pf was significantly higher than that of M14K and ZL34 MPM cells and the AQP1 inhibition effect was significant in MeT-5A and M14K cells. These results were corroborated by AQP1 immunofluorescence.We provide evidence for a differential regulation of Pf in benign and MPM cells that require further mechanistic investigation.
the first Belle study

using the initial-state radiation technique, analysis based on a data sample collected with the Belle detector with an integrated luminosity of 951 fb⁻¹

accuracy of the cross section measurement is increased by a factor of 2, first angular analysis of the e⁺e⁻→D*±D*∓ process and decompose this exclusive cross section into three components corresponding to the D* helicities
The starting point is the reduced model of global marine fisheries designated by W-3. The main variables of an ordinary differential equation are: the stock of bioresource, its net natural increase, as well as the catch value, which linearly depends on exogenous effort and nonlinearly on available biomass. In W-4, the effort became endogenous as a result of its positive feedback from biomass. In both models, there are values of control parameters in the catch equations, in which the value of the latter can be maintained for a long time at the maximum stable level, with the exception of transition sections. The principle of necessary precaution is fulfilled for small fish stocks more reliably in W-4 than in W-3, thanks to the transformation of the saddle into an unstable node with a common stable node.

For these one-dimensional models, the author proposed an original generalization - the R-1 model of two nonlinear ordinary differential equations. In the latter effort, a new phase variable appears, subordinated to proportional control and derivative regulation. Biomass serves as a "prey", and the effort appears as a "predator". For two key control parameters, areas of change were identified for which the target stationary state is a locally asymptotically stable node or focus in R-1. Optimization over a wide time frame (from 40 to 400 years) allows us to calculate the values of the selected control parameters for which the integral catch volume in R-1 is higher than in W-4 for the same initial values of stock, effort and catch. Social constraints from below on the magnitude of the effort, as well as the desired nature of the transition to the target stationary state, are taken into account.

A policy has been proposed for the restoration of depleted fish stocks and a transition to a long-term maximum sustainable harvest has been determined. The danger of biomass collapse is overcome, unlike previous models.
The Kitaev chain model exhibits topological order that manifests as topological degeneracy, Majorana edge modes and Z2 topological invariant of the bulk spectrum. This model can be obtained from a transverse field Ising model(TFIM) using the Jordan–Wigner transformation. TFIM has neither topological degeneracy nor any edge modes. Topological degeneracy associated with topological order is central to topological quantum computation.

In this paper, we explore topological protection of the ground state manifold in the case of Majorana fermion models which exhibit Z2 topological order. We show that there are at least two different ways to understand this topological protection of Majorana fermion qubits: one way is based on fermionic mode operators and the other is based on anti-commuting symmetry operators. We also show how these two different ways are related to each other. We provide a very general approach to understanding the topological protection of Majorana fermion qubits in the case of lattice Hamiltonians.

We then show how in topological phases in Majorana fermion models gives rise to new braid group representations. So, we give a unifying and broad perspective of topological phases in Majorana fermion models based on anti-commuting symmetry operators and braid group representations of Majorana fermions as anyons.
Hybrid materials bearing organic and inorganic motifs have been extensively discussed as playgrounds for the implementation of atomically resolved inorganic sites within a confined environment, with an exciting similarity to enzymes.

We describe the synthesis and characterization of an Fe-containing MOF that comprises the desired antiferromagnetically coupled high-spin species in a coordination environment closely resembling that of the enzyme. An electrochemical synthesis method is used to build the microporous MOF matrix while integrating the atomically dispersed Fe active sites in the crystalline scaffold.

The model mimics the catalytic C–H activation behavior of the enzyme to produce methanol and shows that the key to this reactivity is the formation of isolated oxo-bridged Fe units.
We develop a concept of atomic clocks where the blackbody radiation shift and its fluctuations can be suppressed by 1--3 orders of magnitude independent of the environmental temperature.

The suppression is based on the fact that in a system with two accessible clock transitions (with frequencies ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$) which are exposed to the same thermal environment, there exists a ``synthetic'' frequency ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{syn}}$ $\ensuremath{\propto}$ (${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{12}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$) largely immune to the blackbody radiation shift. We also propose a realization of our method with the use of an optical frequency comb generator stabilized to both frequencies ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$, where the frequency ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{syn}}$ is generated as one of the components of the comb spectrum.

For example, in the case of $^{171}\mathrm{Yb}^{+}$ it is possible to create a synthetic-frequency-based clock in which the fractional blackbody radiation shift can be suppressed to the level of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ in a broad interval near room temperature ($300\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$).
We study asymptotic behavior of the distribution of the sojourn time of a random walk over growing level.

We assume here regular variation of the right tail distribution of summands and existence of the second moment.

Some two-sided asymptotic bounds for the sojourn time distribution are established.
Experimental results of investigation of the form and structure of the flow of ethanol and propylene glycol into a highly rarefied medium (vacuum) through a capillary are presented. It is shown that when liquid flows vertically along gravity into a vacuum with a pressure of residual gases significantly less than the pressure of saturated vapors at the outlet temperature, the liquid jet, in contrast to the flow into a dense gas medium, is statistically unstable, subject to bending deformations and explosive spray.
The unexpected enhanced transmittance for s-polarization (i.e.without spoof plasmons) was previously numerically demonstrated in subwavelength slits arrays.However, subsequently no experimental work has been devoted to this unexpected Extraordinary Transmission neither in subwavelength slits nor in subwavelength holes.

In this paper Anomalous Extraordinary Transmission (ET) is reported for s-polarization of low loss doubly periodic subwavelength hole arrays patterned on polypropylene (PP) substrates by conventional contact photolithography at the so-called THz-gap (1-10 THz).Here, numerical study and experimental results of the Anomalous ET and the symmetric and antisymmetric transmittance modes associated with the already well-known p-polarization ET are shown alongside a systematically analysis of the frequency peaks as a function of hole size for both incident polarizations.
The approach to the problem of hydraulic fracturing design optimization is proposed which combines three modules: a fracture geometry module, an oil production module and an economic module. The approach is based on the genetic algorithm — the universal multivariate and multiobjective optimization method. The optimization process involves subsequent determination of the fracture geometry, calculation of the oil production depending on the number of fractures, and description of the investment–return cash flows. Iterated by the genetic algorithm for different set of input parameters, this approach allows determination of the optimal design of a multiply fractured well for a given set of geological and economical information. The results show that the proposed method is plausible and can be useful for achieving projected objectives.