Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
This study focuses on the early human occupation of the arctic part of the West Siberian Plain and introduces the finds at the Paleolithic site Kushevat (Shuryshkarsky District, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug), discovered in 2020. Geological and geomorphological characteristics of the Lower Ob region are provided, the chronology of the key Middle and Late Neopleistocene sequences is assessed, and criteria underlying the search for Paleolithic sites in the area are outlined. We describe the discovery and excavations at Kushevat, its stratigraphy and its faunal remains. On the basis of correlation with neighboring key Late Neopleistocene sections with a representative series of absolute dates, the age of the site is estimated at cal 50–35 ka BP. Results of a traceological study of a possibly human-modified reindeer antler are provided. Findings at Kushevat and the available information on the early peopling of northern Eurasia suggest that the boundary of the inhabited part of that region must be shifted ~200 km to the north. The Ob, therefore, is one of the last major Siberian rivers where traces of the Early Upper Paleolithic culture have been found. The discovery of a stratified site in its lower stretch is a milestone in the Paleolithic studies in the region. A large area over which faunal remains are distributed, and the presence of lithics among the surface finds, suggest that Kushevat is a highly prospective site for future archaeological studies of the early stages in the human peopling of the region.
Medium Spiny Neurons (MSNs) comprise the main body of dorsal striatum neurons and represent dopaminoceptive GABAergic neurons. The cAMP- mediated cascade of excitation and inhibition responses involved in dopaminergic neurotransmission is crucial for neuroscience research due to its involvement in the motor and behavioral functions. In particular, all types of addictions are related to MSNs.

A mouse model of chronic social conflicts was used to analyze dorsal striatum neurons implicated in cAMP-mediated phosphorylation activation pathways specific for Medium Spiny Neurons (MSNs). Based on expression correlation analysis, we succeeded in dissecting Drd1- and Drd2-dopaminoceptive neurons (D1 and D2, correspondingly) gene pathways. Based on alternative transcript isoforms expression analysis, it was assumed that many genes ( Drd1, Adora1, Pde10, Ppp1r1b, Gnal ), specifically those in D1 neurons, apparently remain transcriptionally repressed via the reversible mechanism of promoter CpG island silencing.

We also found that D1 neurons feature previously reported two states, passive and active ones, represented in our analysis by distinct, negatively correlated gene clusters. The correlation based gene pathways strongly corroborate the phosphorylation cascades highlighted in the previous studies, implying that the expression-based viewpoint corresponds to phosphorylation/dephosphorylation interplay in each type of neurons. Notably, D2 neurons showed the largest Ppp1r1b (encoding DARPP-32 ) expression modulation impact, implying that Ppp1r1b expression dynamics is mostly associated with neuroendocrine response mediated by Penk/Pdyn genes expression in D2 neurons. We observed that under defeat stress in chronic social conflicts mice exhibited reduced motor activity as well as overall depression of dopamine-mediated MSNs activity, while aggressive mice exhibited motor hyperactivity and an increase in both D1-active phase and D2 MSNs genes expression. In this paper MSNs steady states will be elucidated based on pooled tissue RNA-Seq data not explicitly outlined before and connected with dynamic dopamine neurotransmission cycles.
Background Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures,that protect the ends of chromosomes during cell divisions [1,2,3]. Previously it was found, that average telomere length in immune cells is reduced in atopic and autoimmunity disorders.This fact indicates an early immune aging in immune-mediated diseases [4,5]. The distribution of telomere repeats on different chromosomes has an individual telomere profile in humans [6] and may be a congenital feature, that accelerates immunosenescence.

Methods The study included 6 patients with RA and 6 healthy donors (the median age 51.5 (50–54) and 51.5 (49–53) years respectively). Metaphase spreads obtained from PBMCs were used in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from each person enrolled in the study. At the time of sampling, RA inpatients characterized with acute exacerbation of the disease received treatment at the Clinic of Immunopathology,Novosibirsk. RA was diagnosed by clinicians according to ACR/EULAR 2010. For measurement of the telomere length on individual chromosome arms we used Q-FISH with (C3TA2)3 PNA-probe. Inverted DAPI banding was used for chromosome identification according to ISCN 2013. The new MeTeLen software was developed to estimate the telomere repeats relative quantity (http://www.bionet.nsc.ru/en/development/application-development/development-of-a-computer/metelen.html)in metaphase images.

Conclusions The revealed features of telomeric profiles of patients with RA may be an indication of a proliferative stress, that occurs as a result of the mass immune cell proliferation in the immunopathology. It can be assumed, that the presence of a great number of shortened telomeres can promote cell death through apoptosis. The observed shortening of the telomere length on chromosome 16 p in RA may be relevant in its pathogenesis. It is known, that telomere shortening can lead to increased gene expression near the telomere DNA region. Thus, in 16 p 13 a number of genes is localized, that are associated with RA or may be involved in its development.
The source of O. felineus infection for humans and carnivores is fish of the family Cyprinidae. This is the most numerous family, 14 species live in the middle Ob River basin, which includes 6 commercial species and 8 non-commercial species.

We investigated 4 non-commercial species (tench, sunbleak, common bleak, gudgeon), which are highly abundant in water bodies. The identification of metacercariae was confirmed by morphological methods and PCR diagnostics.

Opisthorchis felineus metacercariae were recorded in muscles of all the examined fish species. Tench and sunbleak are the main sources of opisthorchiasis infection in the floodplain lakes of the Ob River basin. The epizootic state of water bodies in the middle Ob River basin remains unfavorable in relation to opisthorchiasis. Tench, common bleak and sunbleak, along with ide and dace, are the main source of infection for humans and animals.
The formation of hollow nanoparticles of alumina was detected when nanostructured carbon–aluminum material, synthesized by composite electrode sputtering in an electric arc, was annealed in oxygen.

The synthesized material was characterized by the methods of transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, and roentgen-phase analysis.

It is shown that the alumina is the γ-phase; the typical size of particles is 6 - 12 nm and they have a wall thickness of 2 - 3 nm. The mechanism of formation of the hollow nanoparticles of alumina is suggested.
The two-phase gas-liquid flow regimes in the horizontal rectangular microchannel using the high-speed video camera and dual-laser scanning were studied. Experiments were carried out in the microchannel with cross section 217x370 μm for the water-nitrogen mixture. The T-shaped mixer was used for gas-liquid flow formation. The influence of T-shaped entrance on the length of a gas and liquid bridges in the microchannel was established. The total pressure drop was measured in the microchannel taking into account the distribution of the gas and liquid bridges.
The TAIGA-Muon scintillation array is located in the Tunka Valley. It is a part of the single TAIGA experimental complex. Its construction has started in the summer of 2019. By the autumn of 2019, the first three clusters were installed.

We describe the design of the TAIGA-Muon array, the data acquisition (DAQ) sistem, reading and control systems.
Helicobacter pylori causes a wide range of human diseases including cancer. Carcinogenic foodborne trematodes Opisthorchis viverrini , Clonorchis sinensis, and O . felineus might promote transmission and spread of H . pylori infection in the definitive mammalian host, which in turn might contribute to the liver fluke-associated malignancy. Our objectives were to find out whether liver flukes O . felineus , O . viverrini , and C . sinensis are carriers of Helicobacter pylori and to determine whether H . pylori is present in feces, bile, and stomach samples from the experimentally infected hamsters. We found that liver flukes are not reservoirs of H . pylori . Nevertheless, the prevalence of H . pylori and the H . pylori ureA gene copy number were significantly elevated after the infection. Overall, although the liver flukes O . felineus , C . sinensis , and O . viverrini are not reservoirs of H . pylori , the infection with the liver flukes significantly modifies the biliary and gut microbiota by increasing H . pylori abundance. This may be a feature of any liver fluke pathogenesis that have not previously been taken into account. Our findings appear to be novel in terms of comparative assessment of the host microbiota and Helicobacter abundance during epidemiologically important liver fluke infections.
The Kuril Archipelago is a part of the Circum-Pacific Belt (Ring of Fire). These islands have numerous thermal springs. There are very few studies on these microbial communities, and none of them have been conducted by modern molecular biological methods.

Here we performed the first metagenomic study on two thermophilic microbial communities of Kunashir Island. Faust Lake is hot (48 °C) and highly acidic (pH 2.0). We constructed 28 metagenome-assembled genomes as well as 17 16S ribosomal RNA sequences. The Tretyakovsky Thermal Spring is also hot (52 °C) but only weakly acidic (pH 6.0).

We found that bottom sediments of Faust Lake are dominated by a single species of red algae belonging to the Cyanidiaceae family. Archaeans in Faust Lake are more diverse than bacteria but less abundant. It has much higher microbial diversity (233 metagenome-assembled genomes; 93 16S ribosomal RNAs) and is dominated by bacteria, with only several archaeans and one fungus. Despite their geographic proximity, these two thermal springs were found to not share any species. A comparison of these two lakes with other thermal springs of the Circum-Pacific Belt revealed that only a few members of the communities are shared among different locations.
This is the first large-scale Russian study describing semen quality and reproductive hormone levels among young men.The aim of the study was to compare semen quality and reproductive hormone levels in young men of four cities and three ethnic groups living in the Siberian region of Russia and to find out ethnic or environmental reasons for regional differences.The study population consisted of 1291 young men from Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Ulan-Ude, and Yakutsk, including 1013 men of three most numerous ethnic groups: Slavs, Buryats, and Yakuts. Each participant provided one sperm and blood sample, information about lifestyle and ethnicity. Anthropometric parameters, semen quality and reproductive hormone levels, were evaluated.Significant regional and ethnic differences were detected for semen and reproductive hormone parameters. Median sperm concentrations in Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Ulan-Ude, and Yakutsk were 54.6, 39.9, 34.7, 33.1 × 106 /ml; total sperm counts-202.5, 138.7, 97.9, 93.4 × 106 ; percentages of morphologically normal spermatozoa-7.8%, 6.5%, 6.3%, 5.0%, respectively. Median sperm concentrations in Slavs, Buryats, and Yakuts were 43.7, 37.0, 30.6 × 106 /ml; total sperm counts-150.0, 102.3 and 74.8 × 106 ; percentages of morphologically normal spermatozoa-6.8%, 6.8%, 4.8%, respectively.The young men in Novosibirsk and Kemerovo, populated by Slavs, had a higher semen quality compared to Ulan-Ude and Yakutsk, populated by Buryats and Yakuts, apparently due to the higher testicular function in Slavic compared to Asian ethnicity. Impaired spermatogenesis in young men in Kemerovo compared to Novosibirsk, located in the same climatic zone and having a socio-cultural and ethnic identity, may be due to the influence of a polluted environment.The findings suggest that ethnic composition and environment may be responsible for regional differences in semen and reproductive hormone parameters.
Bi(iii) particles were immobilized into the cages of mesoporous chromium oxoterephthalate MIL-101. The material obtained possesses enhanced photocatalytic activity in comparison with bulk BiOCl synthesized under the same conditions.
The long history of potato breeding includes the numerous introgressions of resistance genes from many wild species of South and Central America as well as from cultivated species into the breeding genepool. Most R genes belong to the NLR family with nucleotide-binding site–leucine-rich repeat.

The aim of this research concerns an evaluation of NLR genes expression in transcriptomes of three potato cultivars (Evraziya, Siverskij, Sudarynya), which combine genetic material from wild and cultivated potato species, and each bears intragenic markers of RB/Rpi-blb1/Rpi-sto1 genes conferring broad-range resistance to late blight. The transcriptomes of the cultivars were compared before and 24 h after the Phytophthora infestans inoculation.

The induction of RB/Rpi-blb1/Rpi-sto1 transcript after 24 h of inoculation was detected in the resistant cultivars Siverskij and Sudarynya but not in susceptible cv. Evraziya. This demonstrates the importance of transcriptomic assay for understanding the results of marker-assisted selection and phenotyping. Interestingly, assembling the transcriptomes de novo and analysis with NLR-parser tool revealed significant fractions of novel NLR genes with no homology to the reference genome from 103 (cv. Siverskij) to 160 (S. stoloniferum, 30514/15). Comparison of novel NLRs demonstrated a relatively small intersection between the genotypes that coincided with their complex pedigrees with several interspecific hybridization events. These novel NLRs may facilitate the discovery of new efficient R genes.
Mechanically Responsive Molecular Crystals

Crystal structure, Crystals, Deformation, Energy, Stress analysis

Findings on mechanically responsive properties of molecular crystals
Single base mutations G→A at position 663 and G→T at position 666 of intron 6 of the human tryptophan oxygenase gene ( TDO2 ) are associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders [Comings, D.E. et al. (1996) Pharmacogenetics 6, 307–318].

Binding of rat liver nuclear extract proteins to synthetic double‐strand oligonucleotides corresponding to three allelic states of the region between 651 bp and 680 bp of human TDO2 intron 6 has been studied by gel shift assay. With the aid of computer analysis and using specific anti‐YY‐1 antibodies

It has been demonstrated that to each allelic state of the region there corresponds a specific set of proteins that interacts with it. It has been shown that both mutations damage the YY‐1 transcription factor binding site.
Porous nitrogen-doped and nitrogen-free carbon materials possessing high specific surface areas (400–1000 m2 g−1) were used for deposition of Ni by impregnation with nickel acetate followed by reduction.

The nitrogen-doped materials synthesized by decomposition of acetonitrile at 973, 1073, and 1173 K did not differ much in the total content of incorporated nitrogen (4–5 at%), but differed in the ratio of the chemical forms of nitrogen. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study showed that the rise in the synthesis temperature led to a strong growth of the content of graphitic nitrogen on the support accompanied by a reduction of the content of pyrrolic nitrogen. The content of pyridinic nitrogen did not change significantly.

The prepared nickel catalysts supported on nitrogen-doped carbons showed by a factor of up to two higher conversion of formic acid as compared to that of the nickel catalyst supported on the nitrogen-free carbon. This was related to stabilization of Ni in the state of single Ni2+ cations or a few atoms clusters by the pyridinic nitrogen sites. The nitrogen-doped nickel catalysts possessed a high stability in the reaction at least within 5 h and a high selectivity to hydrogen (97%).
Flow boiling experiments were conducted in mini- and microchannel with different ratio of heater width to a channel width.

Particularities of boiling phenomena in these conditions were observed by means of high-speed visualization

Decrease in critical heat flux is observed in transition from wide channel to channel with width equal to a heater width, which provided an explanation to heat flux reduction.
Biologists more and more have to deal with objects with non-numeric descriptions: texts (e.g. genetic sequences or even whole genomes), graphs, images, etc. There even could be no variables or descriptions at all when variability of objects is defined by similarity matrix. It is also possible to have too many variables (e.g. a magnitude of millions is reachable in mass spectrometry or genome research). In this case it is necessary to switch to object similarity matrices which drastically reduces dimensionality to hundreds or thousands. It is software developer’s responsibility to keep this use cases in mind and provide means for working with such data instead of shifting the problem to the users. Software should be more convenient for them and allow solving wider range of problems with fairly simple mathematical apparatus. In particular principal component analysis (PCA) is rather popular among biologists. But, the necessity of variables is an illusion. It’s enough to have a matrix of Euclidean distances between objects and apply method of the principal coordinates (PCo) (or multidimensional scaling for dissimilarity matrix, MDS) [1]. In the late 70s of the last century B. Efron proposed generating a set of new samples from the source sample EDF as a model for sample’s general distribution to get confidence estimation. He called it “bootstrap” [2]. For the statistical software developers this primarily means that PCo, MDS, and bootstrap should be implemented. Further, the use of bootstrap results in huge increase of repetitions of data analysis (from hundreds to millions of times) which is impossible to do in interactive mode. Therefore a part of the analysis requiring bootstrap should be written as a script in its entirety. Further user interaction should be eliminated. Obviously this process could be efficiently done in parallel. There are multitude of tools for doing it varying from scripting languages like R or Python to specialized software packages like PAST, CANOCO, Chemostat, STATISTICA, and MATLAB. Researchers who are not versed in software development tend to use tools like PAST, even if they may not cover all their needs, including automating frequently performed tasks. However, automatic analysis is a key element for the upcoming era of bootstrap analysis. We developed a simple and convenient package JACOBI4, which allows researchers without programming experience to automate multidimensional statistical analysis. Package and methods implemented in it can be useful in studies of both medical (gene expression for various diseases) and biological (regularities of molecular sequence variability) data. It goes without saying that the use of JACOBI4 is in no way limited to these examples. The package can be used directly, taking already developed scripts and editing them to fit own needs. Package JACOBI4 is freely available at [w1]. There are also articles available in which JACOBI4 is used to process real world data, as well as supplemental files containing JACOBI4 scripts and data for them.
Synthesis of new chiral fused pyridines and pyrimidines with pinane carbon frame prospective as bioactive compounds is described.Heterocylisations of pinane-derived ßenaminoaldehyde, need generally more rigid conditions than for o-aminobenzaldehyde, probably, both due to sterical and electronic reasons. Introduction.Readily accessible monoterpenes α-pinene and ß-pinene are of interest as starting material for preparation of certain chiral derivatives, annelated heterocycles in particular.Recently utilisation of pinanederived α,β-unsaturated ketones for the synthesis of phenantrolines (1) and pyridines (2) fused with pinane frame were reported.The heterocycles cited are prospective chiral auxiliaries.The alternative route to heterocycles annelated with the pinane carbon frame is the use of pinocarvone oxime, which is readily prepared via nitrosochlorination of α-pinene.We reported earlier preparation of pyrazole and isoxazole-type heterocycles annelated with pinane skeleton (3).Isoxazoles and ß-enaminocarbonyl compounds are known to be the convenient starting material for preparation of different types of azaheterocycles (4,5,6).Now we report the synthesis of pinane-derived enaminoaldehyde and new annelated heterocycles of pyridine and pyrimidine type. Results and discussion.Isoxazole 2 (both optically active and racemic) was prepared from (-)-a-pinene and (±)-a-pinene correspondingly according to published procedure (3).In order to obtain ß-enaminocarbonyl derivative of pinane type we studied hydrogenolysis of isoxazole 2 (Scheme 1).Surprisingly, hydrogenation of isoxazole 2 proceeds at ambient pressure to give enaminoaldehyde 3 in noticeable yield only in the presence of significant amount of the catalyst 5% Pd/C (1:1 w/w).However, hydrogenation of compound 2 at 4-5 atm H 2 over 5% Pd/C catalyst (10:1 w/w) gave enaminoaldehyde 3 in 89% yield.Despite chemistry of aminoaldehydes has been scrupulously reviewed, only few examples of the use of aliphatic enaminoaldehydes for preparation of heterocyclic compounds are known(7).Reactions of chiral
We explore a probabilistic model of an artistic text: words of the text are chosen independently of each other in accordance with a discrete probability distribution on an infinite dictionary.The words are enumerated 1, 2, . .., and the probability of appearing the i'th word is asymptotically a power function.Bahadur proved that in this case the number of different words as a function of the length of the text, again, asymptotically behaves like a power function.On the other hand, in the applied statistics community there are statements known as the Zipf's and Heaps' laws that are supported by empirical observations.We highlight the links between Bahadur results and Zipf's/Heaps' laws, and introduce and analyse a corresponding statistical test.
We performed direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the turbulent annular jet flow for the Reynolds number Re = 8900 with three different values of the inner-to-outer diameter ratio (a = d / D = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7). The time-averaged velocity fields and fluctuations were analyzed. The low aspect ratio results in the shortest recirculation zone while for high a value the stagnation point features high level of turbulent kinetic energy. This is the evidence of the accompanying low-frequency oscillations of the recirculation zone.
In [Bardakov and Gongopadhyay, Palindromic width of free nilpotent groups, J. Algebra 402 (2014) 379–391] the authors provided a bound for the palindromic widths of free abelian-by-nilpotent group AN n of rank n and free nilpotent group N n,r of rank n and step r.

In the present paper, we study palindromic widths of groups [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. We denote by [Formula: see text] the quotient of the group G n = 〈x 1 , …, x n 〉, which is free in some variety by the normal subgroup generated by [Formula: see text].

We prove that the palindromic width of the quotient [Formula: see text] is finite and bounded by 3n. We also prove that the palindromic width of the quotient [Formula: see text] is precisely 2(n - 1). As a corollary to this result, we improve the lower bound of the palindromic width of N n,r . We also improve the bound of the palindromic width of a free metabelian group. We prove that the palindromic width of a free metabelian group of rank n is at most 4n - 1.