Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Hermaphroditic animals face the fundamental evolutionary optimization problem of allocating their resources to their male vs. female reproductive function (e.g. testes and sperm vs. ovaries and eggs), and this optimal sex allocation can be affected by both pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection. For example, local sperm competition (LSC) - the competition between related sperm for the fertilization of a partner's ova - occurs in small mating groups and can favour a female-biased sex allocation, because, under LSC, investment into sperm production is predicted to show diminishing fitness returns. Here, we test whether higher testis investment increases an individual's paternity success under sperm competition, and whether the strength of this effect diminishes when LSC is stronger, as predicted by sex allocation theory. We created two subsets of individuals of the simultaneously hermaphroditic flatworm Macrostomum lignano - by sampling worms from either the highest or lowest quartile of the testis investment distribution - and estimated their paternity success in group sizes of either three (strong LSC) or eight individuals (weak LSC). Specifically, using transgenic focal individuals expressing a dominant green-fluorescent protein marker, we showed that worms with high testis investment sired 22% more offspring relative to those with low investment, corroborating previous findings in M. lignano and other species. However, the strength of this effect was not significantly modulated by the experienced group size, contrasting theoretical expectations of more strongly diminishing fitness returns under strong LSC. We discuss the possible implications for the evolutionary maintenance of hermaphroditism in M. lignano.
No previously reported structural phase transitions in L-alanine and DL-alanine have been observed up to 12.3 and 8.3 GPa, respectively. In both compounds at about 1.5-2 GPa (close to the pressure of the previously reported phase transition in L-alanine into a tetragonal phase, 2.3 GPa [1], [2]), the cell parameters a and b become accidentally equal to each other, but without a change in the space group symmetry. Neither could be a polymorphic transformation in L-alanine from tetragonal into a monoclinic phase at about 9 GPa confirmed, the changes in the cell parameters till the highest measured pressures being continuous and the cell metrics remaining orthorhombic.

The effect of pressure on L-alanine and DL-alanine has been studied by X-ray powder diffraction, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and optical microscopy. Our Raman experiments confirmed the effects described previously for the spectra of L-alanine [1] and DL-alanine [3]. During a slow decompression of L-alanine single crystal (in a methanol-ethanol 4:1 mixture as a pressure-transmitting liquid) from about 6 GPa, new phases crystallized in the diamond anvil cell in the pressure range between 0.8-4.7 GPa, which recrystallized into L-alanine below 0.8 GPa.

These previously unknown phases were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy and seem to be a solvate of L-alanine. We have shown that the spectral changes are continuous and are not related to structural phase transitions.
In the framework of classical fluctuation theory an analytical formula is derived for the reversible work of formation of just detached carbon cap on the surface of catalyst nanoparticle (NP). This cap is considered as single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) formation center.

Using the derived formula for this work an expression for the rate of SWCNT formation is determined. From this expression the SWCNT diameter distributions can be obtained. To determine the function I(R(S)) for nanotubes of a certain diameter d, formulas for catalyst∕amorphous carbon mutual solubilities as functions of NP radius are derived in the framework of the rigorous Gibbs theory of interface. Using the derived formulas an expression giving the dependence I(R(S)) is obtained.

The obtained distributions have sharp maxima. It is found that the modal SWCNT diameter d(m) increases weakly with μC being in the narrow window of 1.0 < d(m) < 1.8 nm when changing the source carbon chemical potential in a wide range. The determined diameter distributions proved to be in a good agreement with the typical values of the SWCNT diameters as experimentally measured in the chemical vapor deposition process. The increase of d(m) is accompanied by the increase of the distribution width Δd. The selectivity d(m)/Δd is a function of μC, the higher values of μC the worse selectivity is observed. The expression predicts an increase of I with the radius R(S). The estimations carried out for the metal/carbon interface surface tension of 1000 mN/m show that the SWCNT formation rate increases by a few orders of magnitude with the radius increase from 1 to 10 nm.
The research analyzes the changes in economic relations between the state and economic entities in the electronics market. It is for the first time when we discuss the author’s classification, which identifies four types of models of interaction between the state and Russian electronics companies depending on changes in the business cycle and instability of the economy: an inert or passive observer, a crisis model, dynamic and rational participation, and a model of active and multi-agency interactions. Specific characteristics of the proposed models are identified, and the features of interaction between government structures and companies are systematized. The research shows an increasing role of the state in supporting and financing new directions of the development of integrated structures in electronics, despite the processes of globalization and liberalization of the national economy. The novelty of the research is in the development of a comprehensive view on the institutional structure of state support for electronics. An active process of formation of complex-structured economic entities at the industry, inter-industry and interregional levels on the basis of state strategies for the development of electronics is analyzed. The specificity of modern behaviour of Russian electronics companies in the digital economy and the coronavirus pandemic is revealed on the basis of generalization of stylized facts of the specific companies’ activities
Knowing the band structure of materials is one of the prerequisites to understanding their properties. Therefore, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) has become a highly demanded experimental tool to investigate the band structure. However, especially in thin film materials with a layered structure and several capping layers, access to the electronic structure by ARPES is limited. Therefore, several alternative methods to obtain the required information have been suggested. Here we directly invert the results by cyclotron resonance experiments to obtain the band structure of a two-dimensional (2D) material. This procedure is applied to the mercury telluride quantum well with a critical thickness which is characterized by a 2D electron gas with linear dispersion relations. The Dirac-like band structure in this material could be mapped both on the electron and on the hole side of the band diagram. In this material, purely linear dispersion of the holelike carriers is in contrast to detectable quadratic corrections for the electrons.
The formation of supramolecular structures forming a transition region at the oil-nanofluid interface with a low surface tension is studied as a result of a synergistic effect in the interaction of planar graphene nanoparticles and silicon carbide nanoparticles coated with graphene layers (Core-shell). In model experiments on a Hele-Shaw cell, it was shown that in a porous medium such hybrid nanofluids have a high displacing ability of residual oil. At the same time, the oil – nanofluid interface remains stable, without the formation of sticky fingers. In the process of research using power electron microscopy, a transition region was observed, in the structuring of which nanoparticles were directly involved. The efficiency of displacement by hybrid nanofluid depends on the concentration of nanoparticles and their interaction.
The review focuses on describing the specific role of parents in the development of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The main directions of modern research in this field are allocated.

Relations of attachment, components of social development in children with ASD and such characteristics of parents as sensitivity, responsiveness, insightfulness, synchrony are considered. Features of relationships of parents and childrens emotional regulation, parent emotional co-regulation in children as an important factor of child with ASD development are described. Factors of parental stress and its possible impact on the children development have been analysed. Ideas about the broader phenotype of ASD as a possible cause of some parent features and its impact on children with ASD are given.

A conclusion about the promising directions of research in the field under consideration and their practical significance was made.
The study assessed the role of non-commercial cyprinid species in maintaining the opisthorchiasis focus in the middle Ob River basin, Tomsk region, Russia. The source of O. felineus infection for humans and carnivores is fish of the family Cyprinidae. This is the most numerous family, 14 species live in the middle Ob River basin, which includes 6 commercial species and 8 non-commercial species. This study aimed to investigate the current situation on infestation of non-commercial cyprinids with O. felineus metacercariae and their role in maintaining and spreading the natural focus of opisthorchiasis in the middle Ob River basin. We investigated 4 non-commercial species (tench, sunbleak, common bleak, gudgeon), which are highly abundant in water bodies. Tench, common bleak and gudgeon are objects of amateur fishing. These species are traditionally included in the diet of the local population. Opisthorchis felineus metacercariae were recorded in muscles of all the examined fish species. The identification of metacercariae was confirmed by morphological methods and PCR diagnostics. Tench and sunbleak are the main sources of opisthorchiasis infection in the floodplain lakes of the Ob River basin (the prevalence of tench infection is 89.3% and mean intensity of infection is 11.2 metacercariae per fish, the prevalence of sunbleak infection is 50.9% and the intensity of infection is 4.25 metacercariae per fish). The prevalence of infection in the introduced common bleak from the rivers of the middle Ob River basin is rapidly increasing from 2.4 (2016-2018) to 37.5% (2020-2021), and mean intensity of infection increased from 1 to 4.15. The epizootic state of water bodies in the middle Ob River basin remains unfavorable in relation to opisthorchiasis. Tench, common bleak and sunbleak, along with ide and dace, are the main source of infection for humans and animals, which is evidenced by high infection with Opisthorchis felineus metacercariae in these numerous fish species. They pose the greatest danger of infection of people and animals with opisthorchiasis. These species should be included in the campaign to avoid raw and poorly cooked fish in the diet. In addition, such species as roach, bream and sunbleak also pose the danger of infection with opisthorchiasis, but to a lesser extent.
A report on the scientific journey to the Ningxia-Hui Autonomous Region of the PRC in July 2019 is presented. During the journey the authors consulted Chinese rock art specialists, visited the Historical Museum of the Ningxia Province, Museum of Western Xia (Xi Xia), Helankou Rock Art Museum and the Helankou and Damaidi rock art sites in Helan and Zhongwei counties of the Ningxia-Hui Autonomous Region. Brief descriptions of the rock art sites and museum collections are given.
In the present paper we summarize the methods and results of calculations for the theoretical informational quantities obtained in our works for the nondispersive optical fiber channel.

We considered two models: the per-sample model and the model where the input signal depends on time. For these models we found the approach for the calculation of the mutual information exactly in the nonlinearity parameter but for the large signal-to-noise power ratio.

Using this approach for the per-sample model we found the lower bound of the channel capacity in the intermediate power range.
This work for the first time analyses the impact of cosmic radiation on quartz cells with rubidium vapour and buffer gas, as well as the ensuing change in stability of atomic frequency standards (AFS) relying on such cells. It is demonstrated that the main effect consists in variation of partial pressure of nitrogen, which is a part of the buffer gas mix. This leads to degraded AFS stability. It was established by modelling that this effect is not significant because material degradation of the AFS stability is only likely to happen over a long period of time, as long as several decades. It can be concluded on the basis of the proposed analysis that a gas cell with rubidium vapour and buffer gas is the most reliable element of a satellite-borne AFS and that it is less affected by exposure to ionising radiation than electronic components of AFS.
We perform Direct numerical simulations of the flow over a cylinder to study the influence of the thermal boundary conditions on the Nusselt number distribution.

The results show very good agreement with some data from the literature.

The total Nusselt number for the constant heat flux (CHF) boundary condition is higher for some 15% than for the constant wall temperature (CWT) condition for both Re < 200 and 1000.
We demonstrate a hybrid method based on field ionization and state-selective de-excitation capable of measuring the lifetimes of high-lying Rydberg states.

For nS Rydberg states of Rb atoms with principal quantum number $60\leq n\leq88$, we measure both the individual target state lifetimes and those of the ensemble of Rydberg states populated via black-body radiation-induced transitions.

We find good overall agreement with numerical calculations of the expected lifetimes in both cases. However, for the target state lifetimes, we find a local deviation towards shorter lifetimes for states around $n=72$, which we interpret as a signature of a modified black-body spectrum in the finite volume in which our experiments take place.
The role of beamstrahlung in high-energy e(+)e(-) storage-ring colliders (SRCs) is examined.

Particle loss due to the emission of single energetic beamstrahlung photons is shown to impose a fundamental limit on SRC luminosities at energies 2E(0)≳140 GeV for head-on collisions and 2E(0)≳40 GeV for crab-waist collisions. With beamstrahlung taken into account, we explore the viability of SRCs in the 2E(0)=240-500 GeV range, which is of interest in the precision study of the Higgs boson.

At 2E(0)=240 GeV, SRCs are found to be competitive with linear colliders; however, at 2E(0)=400-500 GeV, the attainable SRC luminosity would be a factor 15-25 smaller than desired.
Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation Dispersion (NMRD) of protons was studied in the pentapeptide Met-enkephalin and the amino acids, which constitute it. Experiments were run by using high-resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) in combination with fast field-cycling, thus enabling measuring NMRD curves for all individual protons. As in earlier works, Papers I–III, pronounced effects of intramolecular scalar spin-spin interactions, J-couplings, on spin relaxation were found. Notably, at low fields J-couplings tend to equalize the apparent relaxation rates within networks of coupled protons. In Met-enkephalin, in contrast to the free amino acids, there is a sharp increase in the proton T1-relaxation times at high fields due to the changes in the regime of molecular motion. The experimental data are in good agreement with theory. From modelling the relaxation experiments we were able to determine motional correlation times of different residues in Met-enkephalin with atomic resolution. This allows us to draw conclusions about preferential conformation of the pentapeptide in solution, which is also in agreement with data from two-dimensional NMR experiments (rotating frame Overhauser effect spectroscopy). Altogether, our study demonstrates that high-resolution NMR studies of magnetic field-dependent relaxation allow one to probe molecular mobility in biomolecules with atomic resolution.
Lipid metabolism disorders underlie the pathogenesis of a number of diseases. Indigenous peoples of Siberia have a specific genetically determined type of metabolism supporting such lipid blood parameters that favor increased consumption (in comparison with Caucasians) of animal products. At the same time, indigenous Siberian ethnic groups are less susceptible to metabolic diseases.

The objective of the presented study was to investigate the allele frequencies of lipid metabolism genes in indigenous populations of Siberia to identify the ethnic features of allele frequency distribution for polymorphic variants in genes CETP ( G1264A , rs5882), LPL ( C1791G , rs328) and FTO ( C83401A , rs8050136) in the samples taken from Buryats, Teleuts and Russians of Eastern Siberia, and to compare them with data on world populations. Samples of the Eastern ( N = 132) and Western ( N = 278) Buryats, Teleuts ( N = 120), Russians ( N = 122) and persons of mixed Buryat-Russian origin ( N = 56) were genotyped by real-time PCR using competitive TaqMan-probes.

The obtained results have for the first time demonstrated that the CETP and FTO allele frequencies in the Buryat samples are intermediate between European and East Asian populations. Significantly lower incidence of the obesity-assossiated 83401A allele of the FTO gene has been shown in Buryats, compared with Russians, which is consistent with lower susceptibility of the indigenous ethnic groups to metabolic disorders. There have been no population differences in the distribution of LPL gene polymorphic variants associated with dyslipidemia, which means they probably do not contribute to the ethnic characteristics of the lipid profile. The intermediate frequencies of the CETP 1264G and FTO 83401A alleles found in the metis group demonstrate that the metabolic disorders associated with these variants can be rather expected in the descendants of mixed marriages than among Buryats. It has also been demonstrated that Teleuts differ by FTO 83401A allele frequency from some of the European groups and have the lowest detected frequency of the allele CETP 1264G associated with the favorable lipid blood parameters.
We present a search for the rare leptonic decays B+→e+νe and B+→μ+νμ, using the full Υ(4S) data sample of 772×106 B¯B pairs collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e+e− collider.

One of the B mesons from the Υ(4S)→B¯B decay is fully reconstructed in a hadronic mode, while the recoiling side is analyzed for the signal decay.

We find no evidence of a signal in any of the decay modes. Upper limits of the corresponding branching fractions are determined as B(B+→e+νe)<3.5×10−6 and B(B+→μ+νμ)<2.7×10−6 at 90% confidence level.
Unlike the classical statement when the vacuum magnetic field obeys the div-curl system of pre-Maxwell dynamics

to better understand the influence of the electric field in vacuum we do not neglect the displacement current in the vacuum region and consider the Maxwell equations for electric and magnetic fields. The process of derivation of this estimate is based on various methods, including a secondary symmetrization of the vacuum Maxwell equations, the derivation of a hyperbolic evolutionary equation for the interface function and the construction of a degenerate Kreiss-type symmetrizer for an elliptic-hyperbolic problem for the total pressure.

Under the necessary and sufficient stability condition for a planar interface found earlier by Trakhinin, we prove an energy a priori estimate for the linearized constant coefficient problem.
Based on the use of panel data, the work establishes the relationship between the development of renewable energy sources and (1) the price of fossil energy, (2) the supply of oil and gas consumption through its own production, (3) the factor of the country's technological development and (4) the influence of non-competitive political institutions. The period of high prices for fossil energy (1999-2014) became the catalyst for changes in the structure of the energy balance, especially in Europe, with an increase in the production of renewable energy. However, the fall in prices in 2014 - to the present has led to stagnation in the production of renewable energy with a rapid increase in the use of fossil fuels. In the context of this work, the significance of the factors under study on the consumption of renewable energy sources is proved.
The research analyzes the changes in economic relations between the state and economic entities in the electronics market. It is for the first time when we discuss the author's classification, which identifies four types of models of interaction between the state and Russian electronics companies depending on changes in the business cycle and instability of the economy

Specific characteristics of the proposed models are identified, and the features of interaction between government structures and companies are systematized. The research shows an increasing role of the state in supporting and financing new directions of the development of integrated structures in electronics, despite the processes of globalization and liberalization of the national economy

The novelty of the research is in the development of a comprehensive view on the institutional structure of state support for electronics. An active process of formation of complex-structured economic entities at the industry, inter-industry and interregional levels on the basis of state strategies for the development of electronics is analyzed. The specificity of modern behaviour of Russian electronics companies in the digital economy and the coronavirus pandemic is revealed on the basis of generalization of stylized facts of the specific companies' activities
We study a coupled cavity laser configuration where a passively Q-switched Nd:YAG microchip laser is combined with an extended cavity, including a doped multimode fiber.

For appropriate coupling levels with the extended cavity, we observed that beam self-cleaning was induced in the multimode fiber thanks to nonlinear modal coupling, leading to a quasi-single mode laser output.

In the regime of beam self-cleaning, laser pulse duration was reduced from 525 to 225 ps. We also observed a Q-switched mode-locked operation, where spatial self-cleaning was accompanied by far-detuned nonlinear frequency conversion in the active multimode fiber.
Reverse transcriptases (RTs) are a standard tool in both fundamental studies and diagnostics. RTs should possess elevated temperature optimum, high thermal stability, processivity and tolerance to contaminants.

Here, we constructed a set of chimeric RTs, based on the combination of the Moloney murine leukaemia virus (M‐MuLV) RT and either of two DNA‐binding domains: the DNA‐binding domain of the DNA ligase from Pyrococcus abyssi or the DNA‐binding Sto7d protein from Sulfolobus tokodaii.

The processivity and efficiency of cDNA synthesis of the chimeric RT with Sto7d at the C‐end are increased several fold. The attachment of Sto7d enhances the tolerance of M‐MuLV RT to the most common amplification inhibitors: NaCl, urea, guanidinium chloride, formamide, components of human whole blood and human blood plasma. Thus, fusing M‐MuLV RT with an additional domain results in more robust and efficient RTs.
Recently CMS and ATLAS announced that they had measured the Higgs boson parity.

In this note we show that their approach can determine this parity only under the additional assumption that an extension of Standard Model of some special type is realized in Nature.