Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Silicon carbonitride films were deposited by PECVD from hexamethyldisilazane. Scanning probe microscopy was applied for surface investigation and roughness parameters determination. Mechanical properties (hardness, Young’s modulus and elastic recovery) of the films were studied by nanoindentation method. It was found that hardness and Young’s modulus are rising with deposition temperature increase. Elastic recovery is close to 100 % at low deposition temperature (lower than 250 °C) and tends to decrease with further synthesis temperature rise. The results are explained by increase in concentration of covalent bonds and other changes in chemical and phase composition.
Time-dependent CP violation is measured in the $B^0\rightarrow J/ψπ^+π^-$ channel for each $π^+π^-$ resonant final state using data collected with an integrated luminosity of 3.0 fb$^{-1}$ in $pp$ collisions using the LHCb detector.

The final state with the largest rate, $J/ψρ^0(770)$, is used to measure the CP-violating angle $2β^{\rm eff}$ to be $(41.7\pm 9.6_{-6.3}^{+2.8})^{\circ}$. This result can be used to limit the size of penguin amplitude contributions to CP violation measurements in, for example, $B_s^0\rightarrow J/ψϕ$ decays. Assuming approximate SU(3) flavour symmetry and neglecting higher order diagrams, the shift in the CP-violating phase $ϕ_s$ is limited to be within the interval [$-1.05^\circ$, +$1.18^\circ$] at 95% confidence level.

Changes to the limit due to SU(3) symmetry breaking effects are also discussed.
The analysis of experimental data on the observation of photoresponse in narrow gap semiconductor Pb1–xSnxTe:In films grown by the method of molecular beam epitaxy

exposing samples to the powerful radiation of the Novosibirsk free electron laser (wavelength range of about 70–240 μm) under different measurement conditions

Both the positive and negative photoconductivities were detected. In a magnetic field, the resonance-type photoconductivity was observed. The results are discussed within the framework of the model taking into account the existence of different capture levels in PbSnTe.
We report results of experiments performed with the KEDR detector at the VEPP-4M e+e− collider.

They include precise measurement of the D0 and D± meson masses, determination of the ψ(3770) resonance parameters, and a search for narrow resonances in e+e− annihilation at center-of-mass energies between 1.85 and 3.1 GeV.
Conjugates of 2'-deoxyguanosine, L-tryptophan and benzophenone designed to study pathways of fast radical reactions by the photo Chemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (photo-CIDNP) method

were obtained by the phosphotriester block liquid phase synthesis

The phosphotriester approach to the oligonucleotide synthesis was shown to be a versatile and economic strategy for preparing the required amount of high quality samples of nucleotide-amino acid conjugates
In contrast to fractals and the Fourier filtering methods frequently used for stochastic cloud modeling

A simple and fast algorithm for generating two correlated stochastic two-dimensional (2D) cloud fields is described. The algorithm is illustrated with two broken cumulus cloud fields: cloud optical depth and cloud-top height retrieved from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Only two 2D fields are required as an input. The algorithm output is statistical realizations of these two fields with approximately the same correlation and joint distribution functions as the original ones. The major assumption of the algorithm is statistical isotropy of the fields. the proposed method is based on spectral models of homogeneous random fields. To retain the same probability density function as the (first) original field, the method of inverse distribution function is used. When the spatial distribution of the first field has been generated, a realization of the correlated second field is simulated using a conditional distribution matrix.

This paper serves as a theoretical justification of the publicly available software 'Simulation of a two-component cloud field,' which has been recently released. Although 2D rather than full 3D, the stochastic realizations of two correlated cloud fields that mimic statistics of given fields have proven to be very useful to study 3D radiative transfer features of broken cumulus clouds for a better understanding of shortwave radiation and the interpretation of remote sensing retrievals.
The article spans the growth of journalism as a profession, analyzes the process of its institutionalization in Europe, the USA and in Russia at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries. The focus of the article is the genesis and development of professional organizations associated with internal corporate professional reflection. The journalism as a profession was established and recognized by society and the professional community almost simultaneously in European countries, in the USA, and in Russia, in the late 19th – early 20th centuries.

The article studies the goals and functions declared by public professional journalistic organizations. As a result of investigation the author identifies several types among these institutions: organizations that maintained and broadcasted ethical and professional standards; organizations that fought for the rights of members of the corporation; organizations that provided financial support to members of the corporation; organizations that provided training for journalists; organizations that solved commercial, business problems through the intercorporate cooperation, protection of commercial interests in relations with the state.

Organizations from different countries gave priority to various aspects of journalistic activity. Whereas the first European professional journalism organizations usually joined forces of the editors, journalists, and publishers to solve ethical and social problems, in the United States commercial interests and professional ethics came to the fore, so the fight for the rights and struggle for freedom of speech were far less important. The experience of journalists of the 'Progressive Era' and the 'Muckrakers' indicates that this is primarily due to the characteristics of political system and traditions of the country. In Russia, the process of institutionalization of corporate relations developed in accordance with global trends, but, unlike them, under state control. The main functions of professional associations were supporting members financially, establishing and codifying ethical standards.
A small family composed of BRI1 KINASE INHIBITOR1 (BKI1) and MEMBRANE‐ASSOCIATED KINASE REGULATORS (MAKRs) has recently captured the attention of plant biologists, due to their involvement in developmental processes downstream of hormones and Receptor‐Like Kinases (RLK) signalling. BKI1/MAKRs are intrinsically disordered proteins (so‐called unstructured proteins) and as such lack specific domains. Instead, they are defined by the presence of two conserved linear motifs involved in the interaction with lipids and proteins, respectively. Here, we first relate the discovery of the MAKR gene family. Then, we review the individual function of characterized family members and discuss their shared and specific modes of action. Finally, we explore and summarize the structural, comparative and functional genomics data available on this gene family. Together, this review aims at building a comprehensive reference about BKI1/MAKR protein function in plants.
Herein, we report the EPR spectroscopic study of the bioinspired catalyst systems for selective hydrocarbon oxofunctionalizations based on dinuclear ferric complexes with TPA* and PDP* aminopyridine ligands, hydrogen peroxide, and acetic acid (TPA* = tris(3,5-dimethyl-4-methoxypyridyl-2-methyl)amine, PDP* = bis(3,5-dimethyl-4-methoxypyridyl-2-methyl)-(S,S)-2,2′-bipyrrolidine). Using very low temperatures, −75 to −85 °C, the extremely unstable and reactive iron–oxygen intermediates, directly reacting with olefins even at −85 °C, have been detected for the first time. Their EPR parameters (g1 = 2.070–2.071, g2 = 2.005–2.008, g3 = 1.956–1.960) were very similar to those of the known oxoiron(V) complex [(TMC)FeV═O(NC(O)CH3)]+ (g1 = 2.053, g2 = 2.010, g3 = 1.971, TMC = 1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane). On the basis of EPR and reactivity data, the detected intermediates were assigned to the FeV═O active oxidizing species of the catalyst systems studied.
We demonstrate the possibility of existence of indirect moving Wannier-Mott excitons in graphene.Electron-hole binding is conditioned by the trigonal warping of conic energy spectrum.The binding energies are found for the lowest exciton states.These energies essentially depend on the value and direction of exciton momentum and vanish when the exciton momentum tends to the conic points.The ways to observe the exciton states are discussed.The opportunity of experimental observation of zero-gap excitons by means of external electron scattering is examined.
The study of free supersonic jets showed that the condensation process leads to the Van-der-Waals clusters formation. Supersonic flows clustering leads to a change of the first jet dimensions and to the formation of a secondary structure ("trace"). When the jet is ionized by an electron beam, this structure has a weakly fading glow outside the ionization region.

The authors of this work explore the processes leading to the formation of this glow.

The condensation influence on the background gas penetration into the jet, the energy exchange effect between jet particles and background particles, and particle lifetime in the "trace's" glow process are studied.
Terahertz (THz) surface plasmons (SPs) are very promising for developing transmission lines and new photonic devices. Energy losses during propagation of SPs plays important role for these applications.

We experimentally studied attenuation of SPs along plane and convex (curvature radius of 60 mm) gold surfaces coated with submicron dielectric (ZnS) layers using monochromatic radiation (λ = 130 μm) of the Novosibirsk free-electron laser.

The optimal dielectric thicknesses d*, corresponding to the minimum energy losses of SPs, were found. The SP attenuation coefficients α were about 100 times higher for convex surfaces than for plane surfaces, which means intensive radiative losses on the surface bend. A ZnS coating with d1*≈0.025 μm on a plane gold surface reduced α by 20 % as compared with bare gold; coating with d2*≈1 μm on convex surface, three times.
The Kuril Archipelago is a part of the Circum-Pacific Belt (Ring of Fire). These islands have numerous thermal springs. There are very few studies on these microbial communities, and none of them have been conducted by modern molecular biological methods. Here we performed the first metagenomic study on two thermophilic microbial communities of Kunashir Island. Faust Lake is hot (48 °C) and highly acidic (pH 2.0). We constructed 28 metagenome-assembled genomes as well as 17 16S ribosomal RNA sequences. We found that bottom sediments of Faust Lake are dominated by a single species of red algae belonging to the Cyanidiaceae family. Archaeans in Faust Lake are more diverse than bacteria but less abundant. The Tretyakovsky Thermal Spring is also hot (52 °C) but only weakly acidic (pH 6.0). It has much higher microbial diversity (233 metagenome-assembled genomes; 93 16S ribosomal RNAs) and is dominated by bacteria, with only several archaeans and one fungus. Despite their geographic proximity, these two thermal springs were found to not share any species. A comparison of these two lakes with other thermal springs of the Circum-Pacific Belt revealed that only a few members of the communities are shared among different locations.
Unusual plasmons, excited by an evanescent wave in narrow slits in a periodic array of nanowires overlying a dielectric substrate, are found from Maxwell's equations by a modified boundary element method. The evanescent wave appears when the incident plane wave runs onto the boundary from the substrate under the angle of total internal reflection.

On the basis of Floquet's theorem, the effective Green's function is derived by reducing the infinite structure to one elementary cell. The method is tested by simulation of the known Rayleigh–Wood's anomalies.

The plasmon resonance is found to have a sharp dependence on the angle of incidence.
Представлены литературный обзор и оригинальные материалы исследований нестационарных сверхзвуковых течений газов

Проанализированы закономерности движения переднего и заднего фронтов в импульсных струях при различных режимах истечения.Определены времена запуска струй, сформированных в виде импульсов конечной длительности

Результаты обобщены в безразмерных параметрах подобия.Описаны конструкции устройств формирования импульсных газовых потоков, приведены рекомендации по выбору клапанной системы
The energy spectra of the 3D velocity field, induced by various vortex filaments configurations are reviewed. The especial attention is paid to configurations generating the Kolmogorov type energy spectrum E(k)∝k−5/3. The motivation of this work is related to the problem of modeling classical turbulence with a set of chaotic vortex filaments. The quantity ⟨v(k)v(-k)⟩ can be exactly calculated, provided that we know the probability distribution functional P({s(ξ,t)}) of vortex loops configurations. The knowledge of P({s(ξ,t)}) is identical to the full solution of the problem of quantum turbulence and, in general, P is unknown. One of the simplifications is to investigate various truthful vortex configurations which can be elements of real vortex tangles. These configurations are: the uniform and nonuniform vortex arrays, the straight lines with excited Kelvin waves on it and the reconnecting vortex filaments. We demonstrate that the spectra E(k), generated by the these configurations, are close to the Kolmogorov dependence ∝k−5/3, and discuss the reason for this as well as the reason for deviation.
The majority of neuronal proteins involved in cellular signaling undergo different posttranslational modifications significantly affecting their functions. One of these modifications is a covalent attachment of a 16-C palmitic acid to one or more cysteine residues (S-palmitoylation) within the target protein. Palmitoylation is a reversible modification, and repeated cycles of palmitoylation/depalmitoylation might be critically involved in the regulation of multiple signaling processes. Palmitoylation also represents a common posttranslational modification of the neurotransmitter receptors, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ligand-gated ion channels (LICs). From the functional point of view, palmitoylation affects a wide span of neurotransmitter receptors activities including their trafficking, sorting, stability, residence lifetime at the cell surface, endocytosis, recycling, and synaptic clustering. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the palmitoylation of neurotransmitter receptors and its role in the regulation of receptors functions as well as in the control of different kinds of physiological and pathological behavior.
Investigations of the frequency combs in χ (3) microresonators have passed a critical point when the soliton based regimes are well established and realized on different platforms. For χ (2) microresonators, where the first harmonic (FH) and second harmonic (SH) envelopes are coupled via the SH generation and optical parametric oscillation, the comb-soliton studies are just starting. Here we report on a vast accessible dual χ (2) soliton-comb family in high- Q microresonators with the SH and FH combs centered at the pump frequency ω p and its half ω p /2. Vicinity of the point of equal FH and SH group velocities λ c , available via proper radial poling, is found to be the most advantageous for the generation of spectrally broad dual FH-SH combs. Our predictions as applied to lithium niobate resonators include the dependence of comb and dissipative soliton parameters on the pump power, the deviation λ p − λ c , the modal quality factors and frequency detunings, and the necessary parameters of radial poling of the resonator. These predictions form a solid basis for the realization of χ (2) frequency combs.
The technology of solid-state light source is associated with the future of a number of sectors of the economy. The duration of failure-free operation, optical radiation power and other output characteristics of the LEDs are closely linked with p-n junction temperature, which makes the development of the cooling systems an important step in creating LED systems. In this work, we have created a new experimental setup for studying heat transfer from a local heat source, modelling the LED chip. The boiling heat transfer on the local heaters with a diameter of 5 and 10 mm has been investigated at the saturation temperature in bulk liquid. It is shown that on the finned surfaces the overheating relative to the saturation temperature in comparison with a smooth surface decreases up to one and a half times for the heater with a diameter of 10 mm, and up to three times for the heater with a diameter of 5 mm. There is up to two times increase in heat transfer coefficient on finned surfaces as compared to the smooth ones. For finned surfaces on the heater with a diameter of 1 mm the surface overheating relative to the saturation temperature decreases four times. More than three times increase is observed for the heat transfer coefficient on finned surfaces as compared to the smooth ones.
The method for the computation of the conditional probability density function for the nonlinear Schr"odinger equation with additive noise is developed. We present in a constructive form the conditional probability density function in the limit of small noise and analytically derive it in a weakly nonlinear case.

The general theory results are illustrated using fiber-optic communications as a particular, albeit practically very important, example.
Human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells are a powerful tool for biomedical research. The ability to create patient-specifc pluripotent cells and their subsequent diﬀerentiation into any somatic cell type makes hiPS cells a valuable object for creating in vitro models of human diseases, screening drugs and a future source of cells for regenerative medicine. To realize entirely a potential of hiPScells, eﬀective and precise methods for their genome editing are needed. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is the most widely used method for introducing site-specifc double-stranded breaks into DNA. It allows genes of interest to be knocked out with high efciency. However, knock-in into the target site of the genome is a much more difcult task. Moreover, many researchers have noted a low efciency of introducing target constructs into the hiPS cells’ genome. In this review, I attempt to describe the currently known information regarding the matter of increasing efciency of targeted insertions into hiPS cells’ genome. Here I will describe the most eﬀective strategies for designing the donor template for homology-directed repair, methods to manipulate the double-strand break repair pathways introduced by a nuclease, including control of CRISPR/Cas9 delivery time. A low survival rate of hiPS cells following genome editing experiments is another difculty on the way towards successful knock-in, and here several highly eﬀective approaches addressing it are proposed. Finally, I describe the most promising strategies, one-step reprogramming and genome editing, which allows gene-modifed integration-free hiPS cells to be efciently generated directly from somatic cells.
Intergalactic magnetic fields in the voids of the large-scale structure can be probed via measurements of secondary gamma-ray emission from gamma-ray interactions with extragalactic background light. Lower bounds on the magnetic field in the voids were derived from the non-detection of this emission. It is not clear a priori what kind of magnetic field is responsible for the suppression of the secondary gamma-ray flux: a cosmological magnetic field that might be filling the voids or the field spread by galactic winds driven by star formation and active galactic nuclei. We used IllustrisTNG cosmological simulations to study the effect of magnetized galactic wind bubbles on the secondary gamma-ray flux. We show that within the IllustrisTNG model of baryonic feedback, the galactic wind bubbles typically provide energy-independent secondary flux suppression at the level of about 10%. The observed flux suppression effect has to be due to the cosmological magnetic field in the voids. This might not be the case for a special case when the primary gamma-ray source has a hard intrinsic gamma-ray spectrum that peaks in the energy range above 50 TeV. In this case, the observational data may be strongly affected by the magnetized bubble that is blown by the source host galaxy.
Exosomes are 40–100 nm nanovesicles containing RNA and different proteins. Exosomes containing proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and microRNAs are important in intracellular communication and immune function. Exosomes from different sources are usually obtained by combination of centrifugation and ultracentrifugation and according to published data can contain from a few dozens to thousands of different proteins. Crude exosome preparations from milk of eighteen horses were obtained for the first time using several standard centrifugations. Exosome preparations were additionally purified by FPLC gel filtration. Individual preparations demonstrated different profiles of gel filtration showing well or bad separation of exosome peaks and one or two peaks of co-isolating proteins and their complexes. According to the electron microscopy, well purified exosomes displayed a typical exosome-like size (30–100 nm) and morphology. It was shown that exosomes may have several different biological functions, but detection of their biological functions may vary significantly depending on the presence of exosome contaminating proteins and proteins directly into exosomes. Exosome proteins were identified before and after gel filtration by MALDI MS and MS/MS spectrometry of protein tryptic hydrolyzates derived by SDS PAGE and 2D electrophoresis. The results of protein identification were unexpected: one or two peaks co-isolating proteins after gel-filtration mainly contained kappa-, beta-, alpha-S1-caseins and its precursors, but these proteins were not found in well-purified exosomes. Well-purified exosomes contained from five to eight different major proteins: CD81, CD63 receptors, beta-lactoglobulin and lactadherin were common to all preparations, while actin, butyrophilin, lactoferrin, and xanthine dehydrogenase were found only in some of them. The article describes the morphology and the protein content of major horse milk exosomes for the first time. Our results on the decrease of major protein number identified in exosomal preparations after gel filtration may be important to the studies of biological functions of pure exosomes.
A new method of the cyclic process of boiling-condensation of hydrate-forming gas in a closed volume was developed at Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics based on the previous studies. This method compares favorably with previously developed techniques by its simplicity because it does not require a constant supply of gas and there is no need for a mixing device.