Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The article considers the stages of healthcare sector reforms in Russia and the impact of this process on public health as the main indicator of the social state. A definition of public health is given; the scientific significance and relevance of the research are justified. The works of foreign and domestic authors, their approaches to the study of factors affecting public health are analysed. The analysis of the state of public health in 80s-90s of the last century during the political and economic crisis is made; the transition process from the so-called “budget-funded” financing model to the “insurance” one is described. Based on statistics and expert assessments, as well as international confrontations, conclusions are drawn about the multi-year underfunding of the healthcare sector, primarily from the state budget. A new stage of reforms is analysed: since 2014, the Russian government has begun the so-called “optimization” of healthcare. Its goals, results, feedbacks from doctors and patients are stated. They show the new reform is a negative process for health system. The blunders of health care reform have been sharply marked with the beginning of the pandemic of coronavirus infection. The facts of the self-sacrificing work of the doctors and nursing personnel during the pandemic period, the measures of the Government and the society to support medical workers were described.
Chromosomes of the males of five species of Odontura, belonging to the subgenera Odontura and Odonturella, were analyzed.

Karyotype evolution was accompanied by tandem autosome fusions and interspecific autosomal and sex chromosome differentiation involving changes in the locations of nucleolar organizer regions, NORs, which were revealed by silver impregnation and confirmed by FISH using an 18S rDNA probe.

Intensive evolution of the karyotype was recorded, both in terms of changes in the numbers of chromosomes (from 2n = 31 to 27) and the sex chromosome system (from X0 to neo-XY and X0 to neo-X1X2Y). O. (Odonturella) aspericauda is a polytypic species with X0 and neo-X1X2Y sex determination. The latter system is not common in tettigoniids. It possibly originated by a translocation of a distal segment of the original X chromosome onto a medium sized autosome, resulting in a shortened neo-X1 and a metacentric neo-Y. The remaining autosome homologue became the neo-X2 chromosome. This shift from X0 to neo-X1X2Y is supported by the length of the X chromosome and location of the NOR/rDNA.
It is shown that a mechanism of PBH formation from high-baryon bubbles with log-normal mass spectrum naturally leads to the central mass of the PBH distribution close to ten solar masses independently of the model details. This result is in good agreement with observations.
We synthesized two new organogold derivatives of a nitronyl nitroxide (NN) with phosphine ligands, namely NN-Au-PtBuPh2 and NN-Au-PtBu2Ph. They were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, cyclic voltammetry, and ESR, IR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The X-ray structural analysis revealed a tendency of the NN moiety to form a large number of short intermolecular contacts. This phenomenon is related to the anionic nature of the paramagnetic group NN, as evidenced by a significantly lower oxidation potential in comparison with purely organic derivatives of NN radicals. The cross-coupling reaction of NN-Au-PPh3, NN-Au-PtBuPh2, or NN-Au-PtBu2Ph with an activated bromoarene, namely, p-BrC6H4NO2, was investigated. It was shown that regardless of the presence of the bulky tert-butyl substituent, all gold derivatives have similar activities in the cross-coupling reaction and give a cross-coupling product, NN-C6H4NO2, with comparable yields.
We report the first observation of Y(5S) -> Y(nS) pi0 pi0 decays. The neutral partner of the Zb+-(10610), the Zb0(10610) decaying to Y(2,3S) pi0, is observed for the first time

with a 6.5 sigma significance using a Dalitz analysis of Y(5S) -> Y(2,3S) pi0 pi0 decays. The results are obtained with a 121.4 fb^-1 data sample collected with the Belle detector at the Y(5S) resonance at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e+e- collider
A central part of crystal structure prediction is to assess the relative stabilities of proposed structures.This is normally done by calculation of crystal energies or enthalpies (H).However it is well known that differences in entropies (S) can be sufficiently large to alter the order of stability of polymorphs with temperature (T), as expressed by the Gibbs equation G = H -TS. Indeed, in spite of recent success in prediction of crystal structures, polymorphs remain elusive [1].We demonstrate how differences in solid state entropies of polymorphic compounds can be obtained by analysis of the anisotropic displacement parameters derived from X-ray or neutron diffraction experiments [2][3][4].This approach paves the way for understanding how molecular vibrations contribute to the stabilities of crystals.The results may thus provide guidance for the development of computational approaches to entropy estimation.We provide examples where the approach has been applied to the polymorphs of pyrazinamide, paracetamol [5], famotidine [6] and the epimeric xylitol and ribitol crystals [4,7], compare the experimental results to periodic DFT calculations [8,9] and discuss the merits and limitations of the approach as a tool for crystal structure prediction and crystal engineering.
Ring chromosome 18 is a rare chromosomal disorders that usually originate de novo and correlate with clinical manifestation: developmental delay as well as microcephaly, brain and ocular malformations, hypotonia and skeletal abnormalities. We generate iPSC clonal cell line ICGi024-A with pluripotency properties which were demonstrated in vitro by three germ layer differentiation capacity. ICGi024-A can be used for disease modeling and fundamental investigation of ring chromosome instability.
ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТЫ ПО АМБИПОЛЯРНОМУ УДЕРЖАНИЮ ПЛАЗМЫ В УСТАНОВКЕ ГДЛА

В.Аникеев
Рассматриваются уравнения, описывающие трехмерные нестационарные движения смесей теплопроводных вязких сжимаемых жидкостей в рамках многоскоростного подхода.

Доказана теорема существования, в целом по времени и входным данным, обобщенного (диссипативного) решения начально-краевой задачи, соответствующей течениям в ограниченной области.

Библиография: 36 наименований.
We provide a perspective overview of the emerging field of nonlinear optics in multimode optical fibers.

These fibers enable new methods for the ultrafast light-activated control of temporal, spatial, and spectral degrees of freedom of intense, pulsed beams of light,

for a range of different technological applications.
Photo-chemically induced nuclear polarization yields to NMR signal-to-noise enhancement and can be tuned by chemical modification of one of the radical-pair partners.
In the quark model, two baryonic resonances with quark content bds are expected in this mass region: the spin-parity JP=(1/2)+ and JP=(3/2)+ states, denoted Ξ'−b and Ξ*−b.

Two structures are observed close to the kinematic threshold in the Ξ0bπ− mass spectrum in a sample of proton-proton collision data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.0 fb−1, recorded by the LHCb experiment.

Interpreting the structures as these resonances, we measure the mass differences and the width of the heavier state to be m(Ξ'−b)−m(Ξ0b)−m(π−)=3.653±0.018±0.006 MeV/c2, m(Ξ*−b)−m(Ξ0b)−m(π−)=23.96±0.12±0.06 MeV/c2, Γ(Ξ*−b)=1.65±0.31±0.10 MeV, where the first and second uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively. The width of the lighter state is consistent with zero, and we place an upper limit of Γ(Ξ'−b)<0.08 MeV at 95% confidence level. Relative production rates of these states are also reported.
We consider the optical fiber channel modelled by the nonlinear Schr"{o}dinger equation with additive white Gaussian noise and with large signal-to-noise ratio.

For the small dispersion case we present the approach to analyze the stochastic nonlinear Schr"{o}dinger equation. Taking into account the averaging procedure (frequency filtering) of the output signal detector we find the first corrections in small dispersion parameter to the correlators of the input signal recovered by the backward propagation.

These correlators are the important ingredients for the calculation of the channel capacity and the optimal input signal distribution. We assert that the information channel characteristics essentially depend on the procedures of the output signal filtering and the recovery of the transmitted signal.
Generation of magneto-optic effects by the interaction of the CMB with cosmic magnetic fields is studied. Effects which generate polarization such as the Cotton–Mouton effect, vacuum polarization and photon–pseudoscalar mixing in external magnetic field are studied.

Considering the CMB linearly polarized at decoupling time, it is shown that photon–pseudoscalar mixing in external magnetic field, the Cotton–Mouton effect in plasma and the vacuum polarization in cosmic magnetic field, would generate elliptic polarization of the CMB depending on the photon frequency and magnetic field strength.

Among standard magneto-optic effects, the Cotton–Mouton effect in plasma turns out to be the dominant effect in the generation of CMB elliptic polarization in the low frequency part ν0∼108–109Hz with degree of circular polarization PC(T0)≃10−10–10−6 for magnetic field amplitude Be0∼1nG–100nG. The vacuum polarization in magnetic field is the dominant process in the high frequency part ν0≥1010Hz where the degree of circular polarization at present is PC(T0)≲10−11 in the best scenario. The effect of pseudoscalar particles on the CMB polarization is also studied. It is shown that photon–pseudoscalar particle mixing in cosmic magnetic field generates elliptic polarization of the CMB as well and even in the case of initially unpolarized CMB. New limits/constraints on the pseudoscalar parameter space are found. By using current limit on the degree of circular polarization of the CMB, the upper limit of |gϕγ|<4.29×10−19(G/Be0)GeV−1 for mϕ<1.6×10−14eV in the weak mixing case is found. If |gϕγ|<1.17×10−24(G/Be0)GeV−1, a value of the order |gϕγ|≃10−26(G/Be0)GeV−1 for mϕ≃1.6×10−14eV in the resonant case, from large scale temperature anisotropy is obtained. Prior decoupling CMB polarization due to pseudoscalar particles is also discussed.
We search for the decay Y(1S) -> gamma A0, A0 -> gg or ss-bar, where A0 is the pseudoscalar light Higgs boson predicted by the next-to-minimal supersymmetric standard model. We use a sample of (17.6 +- 0.3)x 10^6 Y(1S) mesons produced in the BaBar experiment via e+e- -> Y(2S) -> pi+pi-Y(1S). We see no significant signal and set 90%-confidence-level upper limits on the product branching fraction B(Y(1S) -> gamma A0) x B(A0 -> gg or ss-bar) ranging from 10^-6 to 10^-2 for A0 masses in the range 0.5 to 9.0GeV/c^2.
Two-phase gas-liquid flow in microchannels occurs in a variety of modern industrial applications. Using high-speed video recording, laser scanning and method LIF the characteristics of upward gas-liquid flow in rectangular microchannels with inlet T-mixer are considered. Statistical characteristics of gas-liquid flow and distributions of the phases in cross-section of a microchannel, with hydraulic diameter less than the capillary constant, were identified in a wide range of liquid and gas flow rates. Experiments were carried out for the flow of water-nitrogen in microchannels with cross section 42×280 μm and 720×1500 μm.
The paper concerns an identification of rigidity parameters for thin inclusions located inside elastic bodies. A delamination of the inclusions is assumed thus providing a crack between inclusions and the elastic matrix. Inequality type boundary conditions are imposed at the crack faces to exclude a mutual penetration. We consider elastic as well as rigid inclusions and solve an optimal control problem for finding a rigidity parameter minimizing a suitable cost functional. The cost functional characterizes a displacement of the inclusion, and a rigidity parameter serves as a control function. We prove a solution existence of the problems formulated.
The main task of the article was to identify the dynamics of changing social characteristics of graduate students from research institutes of Novosibirsk Academgorodok. For the comparative analysis we used the data of polls conducted in 2005 and 2018. We compared such variables as the reasons for admission to graduate school, assessments of the current state of the main elements of scientific activity, the expectations of graduate students about their future profession, primarily a scientific career, criteria and factors of its success. Based on these results we planned to identify the main trends inherent in graduate studies as the main method of training personnel for Russian science. It is concluded that at present the system of training highly qualified scientific personnel in the country is in an unstable state. As a result, there is an active discussion in the professional community about ways of further reforming graduate school.
The article extends the results of Honkapohja and Mitra (2006) and Kolyuzhnov (2011) and provides criteria and sufficient conditions for stability in a structurally heterogeneous economy under heterogeneous adaptive learning of agents. The criteria for stability under heterogeneous mixed RLS/SG learning for four classes of models – without lags and with lags of the endogenous variable and with t or t – 1 – dating of expectations – and sufficient conditions for stability for the cases of the diagonal structure of the shock process behavior or the heterogeneous RLS learning are presented in terms of the corresponding Jacobian matrices. In addition, the study presents a very useful criterion for the stability for all types of models under mixed RLS/SG learning with equal degrees of inertia for each type of learning algorithm in terms of stability of a suitably defined average economy with two agents. The derived criteria and sufficient conditions for stability are based on the results of the theory of stochastic approximation and are presented in terms of mixture of structural and learning heterogeneity, which are essential to get sufficient and necessary conditions for stability irrespective of heterogeneity in learning presented in terms of E-stability of suitably defined aggregate economies, the “same sign” conditions and the E-stability of a suitably defined average economy and its subeconomies. The fundamental nature of the approach adopted in the paper makes it possible to apply the results to a vast majority of the existing and prospective linear and linearized economic models (including estimated DSGE models) with adaptive learning of agents.
The infection of a cell with influenza virus comprises the stages of receptor binding to the cell membrane, endocytosis of virus particle, and fusion of the virus envelope and cell endosome membrane, which is determined by the conformational changes in hemagglutinin, a virus envelope protein, caused by pH decrease within the endosome. The pH value that induces conformation rearrangements of hemagglutinin molecule considerably varies for different influenza virus strains, first and foremost, due to the differences in amino acid structure of the corresponding proteins. The main goal of this study was to construct a model making it possible to assess the critical pH value characterizing the fusogenic activity of influenza virus hemagglutinin from the data on hemagglutinin structure and experimental verification of this model. Under this model, we assume that when the electrostatic force between interacting hemagglutinin molecules in the virus envelop exceeds a certain value, the hemagglutinin HA1 subunits are arranged so that they form a cavity sufficient for penetration of water molecules. This event leads to an irreversible hydration of the inner fragments of hemagglutinin molecule in a trimer and to the completion of conformational changes. The geometry of electrostatic field in hemagglutinin trimer was calculated taking into account the polarization effects near the interface of two dielectrics, aqueous medium and protein macromolecule. The critical pH values for the conformational changes in hemagglutinin were measured by the erythrocyte hemolysis induced by influenza virus particles when decreasing pH. The critical pH value conditionally separating the pH range into the regions with and without the conformational changes was calculated for several influenza virus H1N1 and H3N2 strains based on the data on the amino acid structure of the corresponding hemagglutinin molecules. Comparison of the theoretical and experimental values of critical pH values for influenza virus strains suggests that the proposed model of the interaction between water molecules and influenza virus envelope proteins has a high prediction efficiency.
At mid-ocean ridges volcanism generally decreases with spreading rate but surprisingly massive volcanic centres occur at the slowest spreading ridges. These volcanoes can host unexpectedly strong earthquakes and vigorous, explosive submarine eruptions. Our understanding of the geodynamic processes forming these volcanic centres is still incomplete due to a lack of geophysical data and the difficulty to capture their rare phases of magmatic activity. We present a local earthquake tomographic image of the magma plumbing system beneath the Segment 8 volcano at the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge. The tomography shows a confined domain of partial melt under the volcano. We infer that from there melt is horizontally transported to a neighbouring ridge segment at 35 km distance where microearthquake swarms and intrusion tremor occur that suggest ongoing magmatic activity. Teleseismic earthquakes around the Segment 8 volcano, prior to our study, indicate that the current magmatic spreading episode may already have lasted over a decade and hence its temporal extent greatly exceeds the frequent short-lived spreading episodes at faster opening mid-ocean ridges.
The studies of the structural transformation of BiSbTeSe 2 topological insulator during Co deposition were carried out.

It was shown that Co, being deposited on BiSbTeSe 2 (0001) at 330°C, substantially modifies topmost part of the substrate. Reciprocal space mapping studies using RHEED data analysis reveal formation of the well-ordered layer with the modified composition and crystalline structure.

It was found that this layer consists of three orthorhombic structural domains oriented at 120° to each other. Each domain has Pmnn space group characteristic fot CoTe x Se 2-x . The lattice parameters and epitaxial relations were found.
Contrary to a common opinion about intrinsic poor diffraction quality of type Ib diamonds

characterization of single-crystalline (111) plates prepared from type Ib diamonds with nitrogen content of 100-150 ppm and (100) plates prepared from IIa diamond by means of high-resolution rocking curve imaging (RCI)

RCI showed the presence of nearly defect-free areas of several mm2 in the central part of the (111)-oriented diamond plates. In comparison with the (100)-oriented IIa diamond plates prepared by the same HPHT setup the Ib diamonds possess better diffraction quality. The observed broadening of the rocking curves associates with the cutting and polishing processes, causing strains around the edges of the plates and rare defects. An improvement of preparation technique will thus allow to make single-crystalline diamond plates for Laue and Bragg monochromators and beam splitters from type Ib diamond with areas large enough to be used as wavefront-preserving optical elements at 4th generation synchrotron facilities.
The purpose of the «Marchuk Scientific Readings» conference series is to gather specialists in numerical analysis, applied mathematics, mathematical modeling, computational technologies, information systems, artificial intelligence, and machine learning to discuss, identify and systematize current results, applications, and promising directions in computational mathematics and computer science.

Due to the risk of spreading coronavirus infection, the meeting took place virtually. Technologically, the meeting was carried out on the Zoom platform. Plenary talks were broadcast on youtube.com. This conference was the second one carried out with the help of the Zoom platform, and most of the technical issues were already solved in the previous year.

In pandemic conditions, the virtual conference seems to be the most appropriate format to share the research results without exposing the community to the risk of infection.
The article will analyze the work of the colloquiums of novelists, scholars and professors of law schools in Europe and Asia, conducted in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, and their impact on the process of studying Roman law in the modern period. It is concluded that colloquiums were an important factor in the development of international cooperation and the international institution of civil society.
The new radiofrequency (RF) gun making an intensive high-quality electron beam for injecting in Novosibirsk microtron recuperator (ERL) and driving Free Electron Laser (FEL) is made in Budker INP SB RAS.

Bench tests of RF gun demonstrated good results in strict accordance with the calculations predicting average current of a bunch of 100 мА, energy of particles of 400 keV and normalized emittance less than 15 microns. The RF gun stand testing showed reliable work, unpretentious for vacuum conditions and stable in long-term operation.

The additional injection beamline built-in to the existing system of the NovoFEL injector with the static gun is developed and designed.
Halorubrum sp. strain 48-1-W was isolated from a water sample from a saline lake (Novosibirsk Region, Russia, 54°14'N 78°13'E). The sequenced and annotated genome

is 3,584,929 bp and contains 3,506 genes.
Nitroxides are broadly used as molecular probes and labels in biophysics, structural biology, and biomedical research. Resistance of a nitroxide group bearing an unpaired electron to chemical reduction with low-molecular-weight antioxidants and enzymatic systems is of critical importance for these applications. The redox properties of nitroxides are known to depend on the ring size (for cyclic nitroxides) and electronic and steric effects of the substituents.

Here, two highly strained nitroxides, 5-(tert-butyl)-5-butyl-2,2-diethyl-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-oxyl (4) and 2-(tert-butyl)-2-butyl-5,5-diethyl-3,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-oxyl (5), were prepared via a reaction of the corresponding 2-tert-butyl-1-pyrroline 1-oxides with butyllithium. Thermal stability and kinetics of reduction of the new nitroxides by ascorbic acid were studied.

Nitroxide 5 showed the highest resistance to reduction.
Antiphon (c. 480–411 BCE) was famous in antiquity for his forensic speeches as well as more theoretical works, such as The Truth and On concord. He is also credited with the invention of logography as a profession. The majority of his heritage is now lost. The present publication contains a collection of scant doxographic evidence about Antiphon’s life and writings. The evidences are based on A. Lask and G. Most’ Early Greek Philosophy (2016).