Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Perfect integration eludes the real world, so we suggest a realistic benchmark standard for judging the extent of market integration in various economies.

We estimate the degree of integration in the US product market, widely acknowledged to be the most integrated among geographically large economies, so as to provide a reference for measuring Russian market integration. Prices for 27 grocery items across 29 cities of the United States in the first quarter of 2000 are used as empirical data. The roles of other factors that could potentially cause segmentation of the US market are also analyzed.

The estimated degree of integration turns out to be very close to values obtained for Russia for 2000. Apparently, market integration in Russia has in recent years moved toward conditions found in advanced market economies.
Summary The parasitic plant Striga hermonthica invades the host root through the formation of a haustorium and has detrimental impacts on cereal crops. The haustorium is derived directly from the differentiation of the Striga radicle. Currently, how Striga root cell lineages are patterned and the molecular mechanisms leading to radicle differentiation shortly after germination remain unclear. In this study, we determined the developmental-morphodynamic programs that regulate terminal haustorium formation in S. hermonthica at spatiotemporal and cellular resolutions. We showed that in S. hermonthica roots, meristematic cells first undergo multiplanar divisions, which decrease during growth and correlate with reduced expression of the stem cell regulator PLETHORA1. We also found that PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins undergo a shift in polarity. Using the layout of the root structure and the polarity of outer-membrane PIN proteins, we constructed a mathematical model of auxin transport that explains the auxin distribution patterns observed during S. hermonthica root growth. Our results reveal a fundamental molecular and cellular framework governing the switch of S. hermonthica roots from the vegetative to the invasive state by inducing meristem differentiation through auxin excretion to the environment and explain how asymmetric PIN polarity controls auxin distribution to maintain meristem activity and sustain root growth.
Objective: Mutations in TP53 lead to loss of function or gain of function (GOF) of the corresponding protein, p53, and have a different effect on the tumor. We aimed to determine the spectrum of TP53 mutations in BRCA1/2 associated serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). Methods: The study population comprised of HGSOCs with mutations in BRCA1 (78) or BRCA2 (21). Only chemo-naive and platinum-sensitive patients were included in this study. The case group of the IARC database (n = 1249) with HGSOC not stratified by BRCA status was used as a reference. A custom NGS panel was used for sequencing TP53 and mutation hot-spots of other genes, p53 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry for 68 cases of HGSOCs. Results: TP53 mutation (95) or inhibition of wild-type p53 expression (3) was observed in 98 cases. The sample with normal p53 had CDKNA1 mutations. The frequency of truncating mutations was significantly higher than in the reference cohort (30.3% vs 21.0%, p = 0.01). Most of the samples (41/68) demonstrated low (or absent) expression of p53 and 17 samples overexpressed p53. LOH was typical for TP53 nonsense mutations (14/15). In total, 68/95 samples were LOH positive and showed LOH in all tumorous cells thus indicates the driver effect of TP53 mutations. Three specimens had KRAS, BAX, APC, and CTNNB1 subclones mutations. Conclusion: High frequency of truncating mutations, the low expression of mutant p53, and the lack of oncogenes mutations indicate the low manifestation of the potential GOF properties of p53 in BRCA1/2 associated HGSOC.
The study of PCR-profiles of isozyme loci Me1 and Adh1 in common wheat lines obtained by means of treatment of initial cultivar Alem with detergent Triton X-100 was carried out by the modified ISSR-amplification method.

It was demonstrated that exposure to Triton X-100 causes changes of PCR-profiles of enzyme loci.

The obtained data are suggestive of the role of chromatin and nuclear membrane interaction in structural-functional genome organization.
Subjects and methods. The study included patients with IDC (group 1; n=111, 89.2% men, average age 51.7±9.7 years) and ICM (group 2; n=110, 91.5% men, average age 58.7±8.4 years). All patients (IDC and ICM) underwent coronary angiography. Based on the anamnesis data and instrumental studies, those patients who could be said to have no risk factors for the development of dilatation of the heart cavities were identified in the group 1. And those patients who were reliably diagnosed with coronary artery disease were in the group 2, that is, dilatation of the heart cavities is due to a previous myocardial infarction, existing angina pectoris. The control group (n=121, average age 53.6±4.8 years) included patients who had no manifestations of cardiovascular diseases.

The patients underwent laboratory and instrumental studies, as well as molecular and genetic studies of the A/G polymorphism of the SCN5A gene (rs1805124). Results. In the group with IDC 51.4% of patients were carriers of the common homozygous AA genotype, the heterozygous AG genotype-40.5%, and the rare homozygous GG genotype-8.1%. In the control group 63.3% of patients were identified as carriers of a homozygous genotype by a common allele, and 33.5% were carriers heterozygous genotype, and homozygous genotype for a rare allele – 3.2%. The analysis revealed a statistically significant decrease in the frequency of carrying the homozygous AA genotype in patients with IDC compared to the control group of the rs1805124 polymorphism of the SCN5A gene. In the group of patients with ICM, the А allele (69.5% vs. 80.1%, p=0.003) and the AA genotype (50.9% vs. 63.3%, p=0.030) were significantly less common than in the control group. The rare homozygous GG genotype was statically more common in patients with ICM compared to the control group (11.8% vs. 3.2%, p=0.004). Also, the G allele in the group of patients with ICM was detected statically significantly more often than in the control group (30.5% vs. 19.9%, p= 0.003).

Conclusion. The polymorphic locus rs1805124 of the SCN5A gene is associated with both IDC and ICM. Homozygous genotype AA and allele A are conditionally protective factors for the development of these conditions in men.
Opisthorchiasis caused by the liver fluke Opisthorchis felineus is one of the most common helminthic infections in the Russian Federation. The largest area affected by opisthorchiasis felinea occupies almost the entire territory of Western Siberia and extends to northern Kazakhstan and a part of the Ural region. Natural endemic regions of opisthorchiasis also exist in the European part of Russia, and in the regions of Western and Eastern Europe. According to the official statistics of the Russian Federation, up to 40 000 patients with opisthorchiasis are registered annually in the country. Opisthorchiasis felinea affects the hepatobiliary system and causes serious liver disorders, including cancer of the biliary tract. Other parasitoses, opisthorchiasis viverrini and clonorchiasis, are widespread in the Southeast Asia and China. The causative agents of these diseases, liver flukes O. viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis , are officially recognized as Group 1 biological carcinogens and are classified as the main risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma. O. felineus is included in Group 3 of biological carcinogens and is not officially considered carcinogenic to humans.

Studies on the carcinogenic potential of this liver fluke and the epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma in the Russian Federation have started in earnest quite recently. In this review, we focus on the relevant characteristics of the biology and epidemiology of this helminth as well as experimental data on opisthorchiasis felinea; this information might clarify the carcinogenicity of O. felineus to humans.

Nevertheless, we have some evidence that infection with O. felineus leads to a precancerous state of the bile duct epithelium. This state, combined with additional risk factors, poses a real risk of cholangiocarcinoma. In our opinion, taking into consideration the accumulated facts, the classification of the carcinogenic potential of O. felineus requires revision.
Heterostructures with InAs/AlAs quantum dots are grown on GaAs/Si hybrid substrates.

The experimentally observed low-temperature (5–80 K) photoluminescence spectra of InAs/AlAs/GaAs/Si heterostructures exhibit bands defined by excitonic recombination in quantum dots and a wetting layer, i.e., a thin quantum well lying at the base of the array of quantum dots.

Temperature quenching of the photoluminescence of quantum dots occurs due to the direct trapping of charge carriers at defects localized in the AlAs matrix, in the vicinity of the quantum dots.
Laser scanning methods for surface geometry reconstruction have become a common tool in many areas of application due to relative simplicity, high accuracy, and versatility. Nevertheless, scanning of glossy or translucent surfaces still poses a problem for these techniques.

The present work aims at assessing the applicability of the laser line scanning method for evaluation of the height profile of a waste stream on a conveyor belt, taking into account that the waste stream may contain a large number of semi-transparent objects.

In particular, preliminary results of height profile measurements with regard to the laser emission wavelength for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles with various degrees of transparency, common in the municipal solid wastes, are reported in the paper.
IgGs from patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) purified on MBP-Sepharose in contrast to canonical proteases hydrolyze effectively only myelin basic protein (MBP), but not many other tested proteins. Here we have shown for the first time that anti-MBP SLE IgGs hydrolyze nonspecific tri- and tetrapeptides with an extreme low efficiency and cannot effectively hydrolyze longer 20-mer nonspecific oligopeptides corresponding to antigenic determinants (AGDs) of HIV-1 integrase. At the same time, anti-MBP SLE IgGs efficiently hydrolyze oligopeptides corresponding to AGDs of MBP. All sites of IgG-mediated proteolysis of 21-and 25-mer encephalytogenic oligopeptides corresponding to two known AGDs of MBP were found by a combination of reverse-phase chromatography, TLC, and MALDI spectrometry. Several clustered major, moderate, and minor sites of cleavage were revealed in the case of 21- and 25-mer oligopeptides. The active sites of anti-MBP abzymes are localised on their light chains, while heavy chains are responsible for the affinity of protein substrates. Interactions of intact globular proteins with both light and heavy chains of abzymes provide high affinity to MBP and specificity of this protein hydrolysis. The affinity of anti-MBP abzymes for intact MBP is approximately 1000-fold higher than for the oligopeptides. The data suggest that all oligopeptides interact mainly with the light chains of different monoclonal abzymes of total pool of IgGs, which possesses a lower affinity for substrates, and therefore, depending on the oligopeptide sequences, their hydrolysis may be less specific than globular protein and can occur in several sites.
The Russian punctuation is a system of signs with its own functions and its own formal organization, different from the organization of alphabetic characters, numbers and other written signs of the Russian language. In terms of formal organization, punctuation marks differ from two-dimension characters in geometry and in onedimensionality or even zero-dimensionality. In terms of function, they are used as signs of articulation and organization of the text (as the metatext by A. Wierzbicka). Punctuation marks are located between graphic (linguistic-visual) and paragraphic (nonlinguistic visual) systems of writing. They perform their function in combination with the system of spaces (word space, arbitrary line end, empty part of the page, empty page) and paragraph tools. The punctuation is similar in function to road signs and computer text markup but unlike them punctuation marks are situated on the line alternately with the main objects of the writing.
We describe degenerations of four-dimensional Zinbiel and four-dimensional nilpotent Leibniz algebras over C.

In particular, we describe all irreducible components in the corresponding varieties.
Identifying authorship correctly and efficiently is a difficult problem when the literature is abundant, but poorly recorded. Homonyms are tedious to differentiate.

This paper describes how the field of economics has organized itself with respect to author identification. We describe the RePEc project with a special emphasis on the
We prove that the dialgebras, which are obtained by the Cayley-Dickson process from the two-dimensional commutative associative dialgebra D

are disimple noncommutative Jordan dialgebras

Furthermore, a decomposition holds for them into the direct sum of a composition algebra and the equating ideal of the dialgebra.
The topological approach, based on Bader theory, is compared to the common thermodynamical methodology to study chemical reactivity. It is shown how the former indeed has numerous advantages and provides a more detailed description with respect to the latter about the course of the reaction. The comparison between the two approaches is performed by considering a classical reaction, i.e. the decomposition of PX5 (X = H, F). The topological investigation was supported by using different state-of-the-art topological tools, such as the source function, Espinosa indexes, delocalisation indexes, and domain-averaged Fermi hole analysis. Furthermore, in this work a new topological descriptor, the Bader energy density, PBADER, is introduced and applied to the study case. For the first time since Bader theory was introduced, the distribution of atomic energies in the atomic basins was analysed in detail and used to explain the chemical reactivity a priori.
In this work, titanium carbonitrides were synthesized by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) in nitrogen. For the first time, the synthesis of titanium carbonitrides by combustion was realized in nitrogen at atmospheric pressure.

The synthesis was carried out by subjecting high-energy ball-milled titanium-carbon black powder mixtures to combustion in a nitrogen atmosphere. The influence of the ball milling time on the phase composition of the products of SHS conducted in the Ti+0.3C reaction mixture was studied.

It was found that the titanium-carbon black mixtures need to be milled for a certain period of time for the combustion synthesis to yield a single-phase carbonitride product.
There is a huge number of small lakes in south of West Siberia and such lakes are very useful local for climate and environmental reconstructions. The previously studied objects in the area are mostly peat-bogs and geologic sections; the lake history and natural interactions between paleoenvironmental and climate changes in the region are understudied. Here we present results of multiproxy investigation of three lakes located in different parts of the Baraba forest-steppe region along a 300km north-south transect: Bolshie Toroki, Chany (Yarkov subbasin), and Malye Chany. Vibrational drilling technology method was used to recover undisturbed columns of lake sediments and penetrate to non-lacustrine substrata. The obtained cores were investigated basically by sedimentological and palynological analyses (with the reconstruction of vegetational cover) and radiocarbon dating, additionally we used other paleontological (diatom, ostracod, chironomid analyses), geophysical, and biogeochemical methods to obtain information about environmental and climate changes, as well as lake level, biotic, ecosystem, and geochemical changes. This and our previous studies showed complicated picture of lake evolution histories and climate change in the south of West Siberia. According to our data most of investigated lakes (Chany, Malye Chany, Beloye, Minzelinskoye, Bolshie Toroki, and Kirek) are very young and started to form in the middle Holocene or later as marshy lowland with peaty sediments. Then they became deeper with mostly sapropel sediments.
This study has been triggered by the development of Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors (CRADs) with optical readout in the NIR using combined THGEM/GAPD multiplier, which may come to be in demand in coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering and dark matter search experiments.

A methodology to measure Near Infrared (NIR) scintillations in gaseous and liquid Ar, using Geiger-mode APDs (GAPDs) sensitive in the NIR and pulsed X-ray irradiation, is described. A new approach to measure the NIR scintillation yield at cryogenic temperatures has been developed, namely using GAPDs in single photoelectron counting mode with time resolution.

The time structure of NIR scintillations and their light yield were measured both for primary scintillations and that of secondary at moderate electric fields (electroluminescence), in gaseous and liquid Ar.
Nucleosome Positioning Region Database (NPRD), which is compiling the available experimental data on locations and characteristics of nucleosome formation sites (NFSs), is the first curated NFS-oriented database. The object of the database is a single NFS described in an individual entry. When annotating results of NFS experimental mapping, we pay special attention to several important functional characteristics, such as the relationship between type of gene activity and nucleosome positioning, the influence of non-histone proteins on nucleosome formation, type of the variant of nucleosome positioning (translational or rotational), indication of tissue types and states of cell activity, description of experimental methods used and accuracy of nucleosome position determination, and the results of applying theoretical and computer methods to the analysis of contextual and conformational DNA properties. At present, the NPRD database contains 438 entries and integrates the data described in 124 original papers. The database URL: http://srs6.bionet.nsc.ru/srs6/. Then click the button 'Databank' and open the link NUCLEOSOME.
The article examines the observance of the rights of young and minor children of the peasant class in the Tomsk province in the late 19 th -early 20 th centuries.The mechanism for establishing peasant guardianship and trusteeship is described in detail.On the basis of clerical sources, the stages of establishing guardianship are analyzed: appointment of a guardian and an inventory of property, and a report on property management.Violations and conflict situations at each of these stages were revealed.The author concludes that one of the most important social functions of the community was performed consistently and clearly, despite the lack of regulation of this procedure in official legislation.Normatively, the rights of a guardian were enshrined, who could dispose of the property of orphans: to farm on the land, or to rent it out along with yard buildings and livestock.The guardian could invest the proceeds in a savings bank account until the orphans come of age, or use these funds for their needs with the permission of the village gathering.As a rule, children remained with their mother or next of kin, guardians from outsiders were appointed extremely rarely.It is established that the struggle for resources between relatives of deceased peasants and widows did not affect the financial situation of orphans.All violations were carefully recorded, the instructions for their elimination were promptly executed.This testifies to the observance of the rights of orphans.
In this report we show that human DNA Topoisomerase I (Top1) forms DNA‐protein adducts with nicked and gapped DNA structures lacking a conventional Top1 cleavage site. The radioactively labeled crosslinking products were identified by SDS‐gel electrophoresis. The chemical structure of the groups at 5′ or 3′ end of the nick does not have an effect on the formation of these covalent adducts. Therefore, all kinds of nicks, either directly induced by ionizing radiation or reactive oxygen species or indirectly induced in the course of base excision repair (BER) are targets for Top1 that competes with BER proteins and other nick‐sensors. Top1‐DNA covalent adducts formed in cells exposed to DNA damaging agents can promote genetic instability. © 2008 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 60(2): 130–134, 2008
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness in developed countries, and the molecular pathogenesis of early events in AMD is poorly understood. Senescence-accelerated OXYS rats develop AMD-like retinopathy. The aim of this study was to explore the differences in retinal gene expression between OXYS and Wistar (control) rats at age 20 d and to identify the pathways of retinal cell death involved in the OXYS retinopathy initiation and progression. Retinal mRNA profiles of 20-day-old OXYS and Wistar rats were generated at the sequencing read depth 40 mln, in triplicate, using Illumina GAIIx. A terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed to measure the apoptosis level. GeneMANIA was used to construct interaction networks for differentially expressed (DE) apoptosis-related genes at ages 20 d and 3 and 18 months. Functional analysis was suggestive of a developmental process, signal transduction, and cell differentiation as the most enriched biological processes among 245 DE genes at age 20 d An increased level of apoptosis was observed in OXYS rats at age 20 d but not at advanced stages. We identified functional clusters in the constructed interaction networks and possible hub genes (Rasa1, cFLAR, Birc3, Cdk1, Hspa1b, Erbb3, and Ntf3). We also demonstrated the significance of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway at preclinical, early, and advanced stages of retinopathy development. Besides the cell death signaling pathways, immune system-related processes and lipid-metabolic processes showed overrepresentation in the clusters of all networks. These characteristics of the expression profile of the genes functionally associated with apoptosis may contribute to the pathogenesis of AMD-like retinopathy in senescence-accelerated OXYS rats.
Replication protein A (RPA) and the xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA) protein are indispensable for both pathways of nucleotide excision repair (NER).

Here we analyze the interaction of RPA and XPA with DNA containing a flap and different size gaps that imitate intermediates of the late NER stages. Using gel mobility shift assays, we found that RPA affinity for DNA decreased when DNA contained both extended gap and similar sized flap in comparison with gapped-DNA structure. Moreover, crosslinking experiments with the flap-gap DNA revealed that RPA interacts mainly with the ssDNA platform within the long gap and contacts flap in DNA with a short gap. XPA exhibits higher affinity for bubble-DNA structures than to flap-gap-containing DNA. Protein titration analysis showed that formation of the RPA-XPA-DNA ternary complex depends on the protein concentration ratio and these proteins can function as independent players or in tandem. Using fluorescently-labelled RPA, direct interaction of this protein with XPA was detected and characterized quantitatively.

The data obtained allow us to suggest that XPA can be involved in the post-incision NER stages via its interaction with RPA.