Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The author analyzes the history of the unique mountain-shaped ancient ritual vessels – Boshanlu (博山爐) censers, known in China since the Western Han era (202 BC – 8 AD), based on research obtained through written, archaeological and museum sources, as well as material from the author’s field research in East Asia. The mountain-shaped censer openly embodies symbols of Taoist interpretations of the holy 仙 xian and the search for immortality. Subsequently, once the incense burners began to incorporate Buddhist symbols, they gained great importance in Buddhist ritual practices. The design of these vessels gradually transformed under the influence of Buddhism, as Taoist symbols were phased out in favor of various Buddhist attributes. These incense burners became an integral decorative element of the Buddhist altar (alongside flower vases and candlesticks). Having ceased its time of mass use in the post-Han years, Boshanlu censer have not completely disappeared. Their memory has survived among burial imagery, cave and stone bas-reliefs and Buddhist-themed sculptural compositions. The article provides the research of the most prominent issues of the Southern Liang, Northern Qi and Sui dynasties’ cultural heritage (second half of the 6th century) and shows their influence on the Boshanlu censers’ exterior and similarities of the latter with the gilt-bronze Baekje (百済金銅大香爐) incense burner. After a profound analysis, taking into account latest research, the symbolism which encompassed Baekje incense burners (at the turn of the 6–7th centuries) has been found to contain common features with the Chinese mountain-shaped censers, characterized by elements that allow this vessel to be classified as a unique item, symbolically reflecting an entire complex of various religious and philosophical representations, including Taoist-Buddhist concepts, local cults and local versions of palace ceremonies and everyday practices of the people of the state of Baekje.
The present paper is dedicated to the development of a method for the nitrobenzene production using solid acid catalysts, as an alternative to industrial nitration, based on a mixture of concentrated acids.

The influence of key parameters of the nitration process (temperature, reagent flow rate, nitrating agent concentration etc.) on the conversion of the initial substrate, the degree of decomposition of nitric acid and the quantity of resulting oxygenates was studied. Recommendations for the selection of effective catalytic systems (high content of Brønsted acid sites with Ho < −4, high specific surface and resistance to HNO3) were developed and the best conditions for process reactions (temperature 200 °C, aqueous solution of nitric acid with concentration of 30 wt%, "nitric acid:benzene" ratio = 0.76) were found. A method for regeneration of the catalytic activity without unloading the catalyst was proposed. As an example, MoO3/SiO2 sample was tested in a dual-mode nitration/regeneration process, which allowed us to increase the flow rates of reagents and obtain catalyst efficiency of up to STY = 4.09 g/(gcat ⋅ h).

Several of the most promising catalysts (MoO3/SiO2, WO3/ZrO2 and Nafion/support composite) for the process were tested in identical conditions.
Let G be a finite connected graph on n vertices with Laplacian spectrum 0 = λ1 < λ2 ≤ . . .≤ λn.The Kirchhoff index of G is defined by the formulaThe aim of this paper is to find an explicit analytical formula for the Kirchhoff index of Möbius ladder graph Mn = C2n(1, n) and Prism graph P rn = Cn × P2.The obtained formulas provide a simple asymptotical behavior of both invariants as n is going to the infinity.
Oxidative kinetic resolution of 1-phenylethanol in the presence of manganese complexes, bearing conformationally nonrigid achiral bis-amine-bis-pyridine ligands, in the absence of any exogenous chiral additives, is reported. The only driving force for the chiral discrimination is the small initial enantiomeric imbalance of the scalemic (nonracemic) substrate: the latter dynamically controls the chirality of the catalyst, serving itself as the chiral auxiliary. In effect, the ee of 1-phenylethanol increases monotonously over the reaction course. This dynamic control of catalyst chirality by the substrate has been unprecedented; a consistent kinetic model for this process is presented. The reported catalyzed substrate self-enantioenrichment mechanism is discussed in relation to the problem of prebiotic chirality amplification.
Polyploid genomes present a challenge for cytogenetic and genomic studies, due to the high number of similar size chromosomes and the simultaneous presence of hardly distinguishable paralogous elements. The karyotype of the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) contains around 250 chromosomes and is remarkable for the presence of paralogs from two rounds of whole-genome duplications (WGD).

In this study, we applied the sterlet-derived acipenserid satDNA-based whole chromosome-specific probes to analyze the Siberian sturgeon karyotype.

We demonstrate that the last genome duplication event in the Siberian sturgeon was accompanied by the simultaneous expansion of several repetitive DNA families. Some of the repetitive probes serve as good cytogenetic markers distinguishing paralogous chromosomes and detecting ancestral syntenic regions, which underwent fusions and fissions. The tendency of minisatellite specificity for chromosome size groups previously observed in the sterlet genome is also visible in the Siberian sturgeon. We provide an initial physical chromosome map of the Siberian sturgeon genome supported by molecular markers. The application of these data will facilitate genomic studies in other recent polyploid sturgeon species.
Study on mass transfer in cells under different factors is of great significance for improving the output capacity of direct methanol fuel cells. The influence of flow-field orientations on mass transfer in anode interdigitated channels of a liquid-feed direct methanol fuel cell is experimentally studied. The cell is at an angle of 30°, 60°, and 90° in the clockwise and counterclockwise direction, and characteristics of carbon dioxide bubbles and methanol solution flow are observed since the two-phase flow is directly related to the supply of reactants and discharge of products. Results show that the velocities of the carbon dioxide bubbles decrease as the channel rotates closer to the horizontal direction. The voltage decreases as the rotation angles increase.
The article presents accurate solutions for the problem for two elastic half‐spaces with an arbitrary curvilinear interface. Our study shows that dilatation solutions (Poisson integrals) are dependent on neither an overall compression modulus nor the Poisson ratio, and depend only on the velocity of longitudinal waves. These specific solutions can be supplemented by general solutions for an incompressible elastic medium, and the boundary conditions of the rigid contact for the sum of the solutions can thus be satisfied. Relatively simple calculations make it possible to determine the divergence of the displacement field and reduce the entire problem solving process to a study of Poisson equations with a known divergence. Furthermore, predictions of volumetric compression or extension are important for geological investigations, since the zones characterized by reduced pressure rates may act as fluid attractors.
The Gene Transcription Regulation Database (GTRD; http://gtrd.biouml.org/) contains uniformly annotated and processed NGS data related to gene transcription regulation: ChIP-seq, ChIP-exo, DNase-seq, MNase-seq, ATAC-seq and RNA-seq.

With the latest release, the database has reached a new level of data integration. All cell types (cell lines and tissues) presented in the GTRD were arranged into a dictionary and linked with different ontologies (BRENDA, Cell Ontology, Uberon, Cellosaurus and Experimental Factor Ontology) and with related experiments in specialized databases on transcription regulation (FANTOM5, ENCODE and GTEx).

The updated version of the GTRD provides an integrated view of transcription regulation through a dedicated web interface with advanced browsing and search capabilities, an integrated genome browser, and table reports by cell types, transcription factors, and genes of interest.
The Metropolis Monte Carlo (MMC) method is used to extract reaction kinetics from a given equilibrium distribution of states of a complex system. The approach is illustrated by the folding/unfolding reaction for two proteins: a model β-hairpin and α-helical protein α_{3}D. For the β-hairpin, the free energy surfaces (FESs) and free energy profiles (FEPs) are employed as the equilibrium distributions of states, playing a role of the potentials of mean force to determine the acceptance probabilities of new states in the MMC simulations. Based on the FESs and PESs for a set of temperatures that were simulated with the molecular dynamics (MD) method, the MMC simulations are performed to extract folding/unfolding rates. It has been found that the rate constants and first-passage time (FPT) distributions obtained in the MMC simulations change with temperature in good agreement with those from the MD simulations. For α_{3}D protein, whose equilibrium folding/unfolding was studied with the single-molecule FRET method [Chung et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 115, 3642 (2011)1089-563910.1021/jp1009669], the FRET-efficiency histograms at different denaturant concentrations were used as the equilibrium distributions of protein states. It has been found that the rate constants for folding and unfolding obtained in the MMC simulations change with denaturant concentration in reasonable agreement with the constants that were extracted from the photon trajectories on the basis of theoretical models. The simulated FPT distributions are single-exponential, which is consistent with the assumption of two-state kinetics that was made in the theoretical models. The promising feature of the present approach is that it is based solely on the equilibrium distributions of states, without introducing any additional parameters to perform simulations, which suggests its applicability to other complex systems.
Using a novel small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) method for determination of fractional and subfractional composition of lipoproteins (LPs), a significant elevation of total cholesterol-lipop- roteins (C-LP) and, especially, total triglyceride- lipoproteins (TG-LP), was shown in this work. Among the LP fractions, poloxamer 407 was shown to significantly increase proatherogenic total C-LDL, TG-LDL and, especially, their precursors C-VLDL and TG-VLDL, while only exhibiting a moderate increase in the antiatherogenic C-HDL and TG-HDL fractions. With regard to the VLDL subfractions, significant elevations were observed in both subfractions studied; namely, C-VLDL1-2 and C-VLDL3-5. Similar chang- es were noted in the TG-VLDL1-2 and TG- VLDL3-5 subfractions. The C-IDL and TG-IDL subfractions were increased significantly (?20- to 30- fold), while the C-LDL1-3 subfraction was moderately (?3- to 5-fold) increased at 48 hrs and at day 4. In the moderately elevated (?2- to 4-fold) anti-atherogenic HDL fraction, the C-HDL2 subfraction was increased more significantly (?4- fold) compared to the C-HDL3 subfraction; how- ever, both C-HDL subfractions returned to base- line by day 4. The elevation in the TG-HDL2 subfraction was observed only at 24 hrs. Mouse models of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis are useful to evaluate the role of “individual” LPs, as well as their fractions and subfractions, in hyperlipidemia and the genesis of atherosclerosis.
Ranaviruses are a group of double-strand DNA viruses that infect fish, amphibians and reptiles. These viruses are responsible for mass fish and amphibian mortality events worldwide, both in the wild and at fish and amphibian farms. The number of detected epizootics has grown significantly in recent years. In Eastern Europe and Northern Asia, including Russia, very few ranavirus monitoring studies have been conducted, in contrast with Western Europe and America. In the present work, we used a qPCR assay to survey for the first time the amphibian populations of West Siberia (Russia) for the presence of ranaviruses. In total, we studied 252 tissue samples from six amphibian species, collected across West Siberia from the south to the Arctic regions. We report a single infected sample: a common toad ( Bufo bufo ) captured near Tyumen city. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the detected virus strain belongs to the CMTV lineage. This is only the second observation of Ranavirus in Russia.
In this study, we examined the in vivo toxicity of the liposomes F consisting of 1,26-bis(cholest-5-en-3-yloxycarbonylamino)-7,11,16,20-tetraazahexacosan tetrahydrochloride, lipid-helper 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine and folate lipoconjugate (O-{2-[rac-2,3-di(tetradecyloxy)prop-1-yloxycarbonyl]aminoethyl}-O’-[2-(pteroyl-L-glutam-5-yl)aminoethyl]octadecaethyleneglycol) and investigated the antitumor effect of combined antitumor therapy consisting of MDR1-targeted siMDR/F complexes and conventional polychemotherapy using tumor xenograft initiated in immunodeficient mice.

Detailed analysis of acute and chronic toxicity of this liposomal formulation in healthy C57BL/6J mice demonstrated that formulation F and parent formulation L (without folate lipoconjugate) have no acute and chronic toxicity in mice. The study of the biodistribution of siMDR/F lipoplexes in SCID mice with xenograft tumors formed by tumor cells differing in the expression level of folate receptors showed that the accumulation in various types of tumors strongly depends on the abandons of folate receptors in tumor cells and effective accumulation occurs only in tumors formed by cells with the highest FR levels. Investigating the effects of combined therapy including anti-MDR1 siRNA/F complexes and polychemotherapy on a multidrug-resistant KB-8-5 tumor xenograft in SCID mice demonstrated that siMDR/F increases the efficiency of polychemotherapy: the treatment leads to pronounced inhibition of tumor growth, reduced necrosis and inflammation, and stimulates apoptosis in KB-8-5 tumor tissue.

At the same time, it does not induce liver toxicity in tumor-bearing mice. These data confirm that folate-containing liposome F mediated the extremely efficient delivery of siRNA in FR-expressing tumors in vivo and ensured the safety and effectiveness of its action.
A new approach is suggested herein for the synthesis of pyrazole derivatives by reacting 4-nitrosemicarbazide with acetylacetone. Additional studies were done on the reaction of acetylacetone with semicarbazide and its derivatives (4-aminosemicarbazide, methylsemicarbazide, and dimethylsemicarbazide). The study on the reaction with acetylacetone resulted in monocyclic 3,5-dimethyl-N-nitropyrazole-1-carboxamide, monocyclic 5-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyrazoline, and bicyclic bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazole-1-carbonyl)hydrazine, and conditions for the formation of acetone semicarbazone were identified. The structures of the resultant compounds were validated by physicochemical analytical methods, including X-ray diffraction. The computer-aided screening in the PASS prediction software discovered a high biological activity of the newly obtained compounds.
Senescence-accelerated OXYS rats are an experimental model of accelerated aging that was established from Wistar stock via selection for susceptibility to cataractogenic effects of a galactose-rich diet and via subsequent inbreeding of highly susceptible rats. Currently, we have the 102nd generation of OXYS rats with spontaneously developing cataract and accelerated senescence syndrome, which means early development of a phenotype similar to human geriatric disorders, including accelerated brain aging. In recent years, our group found strong evidence that OXYS rats are a promising model for studies of the mechanisms of brain aging and neurodegenerative processes similar to those seen in Alzheimer disease (AD). The manifestation of behavioral alterations and learning and memory deficits develop since the fourth week of age, i.e., simultaneously with first signs of neurodegeneration detectable on magnetic resonance imaging and under a light microscope. In addition, impaired long-term potentiation has been demonstrated in OXYS rats by the age of 3 months. With age, neurodegenerative changes in the brain of OXYS rats become amplified. We have shown that this deterioration happens against the background of overproduction of amyloid precursor protein (AβPP), accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ), and hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein in the hippocampus and cortex. The development of AMD-like retinopathy in OXYS rats is also accompanied by increased accumulation of Aβ in the retina. These published data suggest that the OXYS strain may serve as a spontaneous rat model of AD-like pathology and could help to decipher the pathogenesis of AD.
The redox properties of heterometallic anionic (CO) 13 ] -, [Os 3 Co(CO) 13 ] -and neutral Cp * MOs 3 (CO) 10 (µ-H)(µ-Cl) (M = Rh, Ir) clusters were studied by electrochemical methods at platinum, glassed carbon and dropping mercury electrodes in acetonitrile and dichloromethane solutions.It was established that redox transformations of these heterometallic clusters results in the elimination of M-containing (М = Fe, Co, Rh, Ir) fragments and the formation of homometallic trinuclear osmium clusters, which undergoes further electrochemical reactions.
Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Purpose To determine the effect of vital exhaustions (VE) on risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in male population aged 25-64 years in Russia/Siberia. Methods Within the framework of WHO program MONICA-psychosocial a representative sample of men 25-64 years was examined in 1994 year in Novosibirsk. Total sample of 657 males were measured for VE symptoms at baseline with the use of the MONICA - psychosocial Interview - Vital Exhaustion scale. The incidence of new-onset MI cases was revealed over 14-years of follow-up in frame budgetary issue # AAAA-A17-117112850280-2. Cox - proportional regression model was used for an estimation of hazard ratio (HR). Results Prevalence of VE in cohort of men with AH was 73.7%. 58% men had high level of VE and 15.7% - an average level of VE. The risk MI incidence over the first 5 years of follow-up in a group with VE was 2.7-fold higher compare o those without VE. Within 10 years HR = 2.25, within 14 years HR = 2,1 for males with VE (p for all &lt;0.05). In the multivariate Cox regression model after controlling for social factors (education, occupation, marital status) and age, the influence of vital exhaustion on MI risk decreased but remained statistically significant HR = 1.16 (p &lt;0.05). Marital status as divorced and primary degree (elementary school) increased risk of MI more significantly in men with VE. Conclusions Vital exhaustion is a predictor of higher risk of MI in middle-age men. Level of MI risk influenced by social gradient.
Hydrogen bonds between ions are identified by the first deuteron quadrupole coupling constants (DQCCs) for protic ionic liquids (PILs), measured by solid-state NMR spectroscopy.

D. I. Kolokolov, R. Ludwig, et al. show that this NMR parameter is a sensitive probe of the doubly ionic hydrogen bonds present in PILs.

The picture shows the NMR spectra as bridges symbolizing the doubly ionic hydrogen bonds between oppositely charged ions in PILs and mimicking the rocky mountains in the background.
Seismic attenuation mechanisms receive increasing attention for the characterization of fractured formations because of their inherent sensitivity to the hydraulic and elastic properties of the probed media. Attenuation has been successfully inferred from seismic data in the past, but linking these estimates to intrinsic rock physical properties remains challenging. A reason for these difficulties in fluid‐saturated fractured porous media is that several mechanisms can cause attenuation and may interfere with each other. These mechanisms notably comprise pressure diffusion phenomena and dynamic effects, such as scattering, as well as Biot's so‐called intrinsic attenuation mechanism.

In order to do this, we perform a comparative study involving wave propagation modelling in a transmission set‐up based on Biot's low‐frequency dynamic equations and numerical upscaling based on Biot's consolidation equations. The former captures all aforementioned attenuation mechanisms and their interference, whereas the latter only accounts for pressure diffusion phenomena. A comparison of the results from both methods therefore allows to distinguish between dynamic and pressure diffusion phenomena and to shed light on their interference. To this end, we consider a range of canonical models with randomly distributed vertical and/or horizontal fractures.

We observe that scattering attenuation strongly interferes with pressure diffusion phenomena, since the latter affect the elastic contrasts between fractures and their embedding background. Our results also demonstrate that it is essential to account for amplitude reductions due to transmission losses to allow for an adequate estimation of the intrinsic attenuation of fractured media. The effects of Biot's intrinsic mechanism are rather small for the models considered in this study.
Objective. To study etiologic factors and pathogenetic mechanisms of scoliosis development. Material and Methods. We investigated vertebral body growth plates (GP) from convex and concave sides of the curve, intervertebral discs (IVD), and vertebral bone tissue – surgical material obtained from 100 patients at the age from 10 to 14 years with III–IV grade idiopathic scoliosis (IS). Structural components of the spine of 12–14 years old children obtained from the forensic medicine department were used as controls. The methods of morphohistochemistry, biochemistry, and ultrastructural analysis were used to study glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), oxidation-reduction enzymes, alkali and acid phosphatases, RNA, DNA, qualitative and quantitative composition of GAGs. The expression of proteoglycan genes of cartilage tissue and their protein products was investigated with molecular genetic assays. Results. Pathogenetic mechanism of spine deformity formation in idiopathic scoliosis was formulated. It was shown that idiopathic scoliosis development is predetermined by a disorder in regulation and synthesis of proteoglycans in vertebral GP. The decrease of chondroitin sulphate and increase of keratan sulphate components in proteoglycans indicate the change of proteoglycan spectrum in IS. The revealed keratan sulphate fraction is a result of increased expression of lumikan gene in condition of sharp decrease of aggrecan gene expression and its protein product quantity in chondroblasts of patients with III–IV grade IS. Conclusion. Alteration in aggrecan gene expression at the level of transcription and translation testifies for its involvement in scoliosis development.
conventional perturbation-based approach of fiber nonlinearity compensation

modification of the conventional perturbation-based approach, model based on perturbation analysis of an inverse Manakov problem, use received signal as initial condition, solve Manakov equations in reversed direction, perturbative digital backward propagation enhanced by machine learning techniques, employ machine learning methods using training set of transmitted symbols

achieve 0.5 dB and 0.2 dB Q 2-factor improvement for 2000 km transmission of 11 × 256 Gbit/s DP-16QAM signal compared to chromatic dispersion equalization and one step per span two samples per symbol digital back-propagation technique, quantify trade-off between performance and complexity