Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Spectral analysis methods are widely used to assess the condition of plants during normal growth and the development of infections. In combination with mathematical methods of pattern recognition from reflection spectra, different indices are constructed, which vary for plants in different studied physiological (and pathophysiological) states. This approach involves setting up indices for specific shared states. Information about the content of pigments is more universal, and allows to talk about the state of the plant on the basis of physiological concepts, regardless of the task being solved. Methods of reflective spectroscopy have recently been developed to obtain information about the content of pigments. The absorption spectrum is estimated from the diffuse reflection spectrum based on the light propagation model in a disperse medium. One of the models of this type is the model Kubelka-Munch. In the case of the large optical thickness of the sample, when the flow passing through the sample at the output is almost zero, one can use a simplified formula, which does not include the thickness of the sample. In other cases, it is necessary to measure this thickness, which is problematic for such biological objects as a plant leaf, because of the complex relief of the leaf surface. The article presents the measurement method and results of studying the applicability of the formula Kubelka-Munch for obtaining absorption spectra from reflection spectra of a wheat leaf without measuring its thickness. The formula is derived for calculation of Kubelka-Munch function (ratio of the absorption coefficient to the diffusion coefficient) by two measurements of diffusion scattering coefficients from the sample, which are performed with absorbing and reflecting substrates. The method allows to calculate the ratio of the absorption coefficient to the diffusion coefficient without measuring the thickness of the sample under study. This index can be used as an assessment criteria of the absorption spectrum with some proportionality factor. It is possible to recommend the method described as the most valid and accurate one for the determination of the absorption coefficient to the diffusion coefficient ratio of a leaf in the laboratory conditions.
Experimental data on the RNA content and RNA base composition in different microisolated cell compartments, and on the synthesis and processing of ribosomal RNA in cells of the Chironomus thummi salivary gland are presented. The nucleolus of a Chironomus salivary gland cell contains about 250 pg RNA representing nearly 50% of the RNA of chromosomal material. The RNA content of chromosomes I–III from 82, 79 and 73 pg corresponds well to their relative lengths. The base composition of nucleolar RNA (46.5% G + C) is similar to that of cytoplasmic RNA (47% G + C) but different from Balbiani ring RNA (37% G + C).

The synthesis and processing of precursor and ribosomal RNA were studied in vitro by incubation of glands in Cannon's insect medium supplemented with [ 3 H]uridine and [ 3 H]cytidine, and in vivo by injection of the isotopes into animals followed by gel electrophoresis of RNA extracted from microisolated nuclear components (nucleolus, chromosomes, nuclear sap) and cytoplasm.

During 1 h of incubation, mainly one RNA fraction with a molecular weight of about 3 × 10 6 (38‐S RNA) is synthesized within the nucleolus. This becomes converted into smaller RNA molecules of 1.66 ×10 6 (30‐S) and 0.96 × 10 6 (23‐S) during long‐term labelling (or under chase conditions). In some of the nucleolar RNA preparations 0.72 × 10 6 (18‐S) RNA was also detected. Low‐molecular‐weight RNA in the 4–5‐S range is present after all incubation times, but without a distinct 4‐S peak while 5‐S RNA increases in amount with time of incubation. An additional low‐molecular‐weight RNA possessing a molecular weight of about 0.77 × 10 5 was detected in preparations of nucleolar RNA labelled for at least 3 h. RNA from chromosomes I–III contains, besides HRNA and low‐molecular‐weight RNA, RNAs with molecular weights 1.55 × 10 6 (“30‐S”), 0.96 × 10 6 (23‐S) and/or 0.72 × 10 6 (18‐S) representing (pre)‐rRNA species. “30‐S” and 18‐S RNA are also present in the nuclear sap while a distinct 23‐S peak is absent. Although in whole larvae mature rRNAs can only be found after 1‐h labelling, clear rRNA peaks in cytoplasmic RNA from salivary glands are not found earlier than after a 6‐h incubation. An RNA of molecular weight 0.65 × 10 5 first observed in nucleolar RNA preparations and accumulated in cytoplasm is suggested to be (pre)‐rRNA formed during processing by an endonucleolytic activity.
Observations of exotic structures in the J/ψp channel, which we refer to as charmonium-pentaquark states, in Λ0b→J/ψK−p decays are presented. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 3 fb−1 acquired with the LHCb detector from 7 and 8 TeV pp collisions. An amplitude analysis of the three-body final state reproduces the two-body mass and angular distributions. To obtain a satisfactory fit of the structures seen in the J/ψp mass spectrum, it is necessary to include two Breit-Wigner amplitudes that each describe a resonant state. The significance of each of these resonances is more than 9 standard deviations. One has a mass of 4380±8±29 MeV and a width of 205±18±86 MeV, while the second is narrower, with a mass of 4449.8±1.7±2.5 MeV and a width of 39±5±19 MeV. The preferred JP assignments are of opposite parity, with one state having spin 3/2 and the other 5/2.2 MoreReceived 13 July 2015DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.072001This article is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.© 2015 CERN, for the LHCb Collaboration
The effects of parity violation in the interaction of relativistic polarized protons with $$^{{12}}{\text{C}}$$ and $$^{{16}}{\text{O}}$$ nuclei are discussed.

Within the Glauber approach, estimates are obtained for P -odd asymmetries in the total and elastic scattering cross sections, the dissociation cross section, and in the inelastic scattering cross section with meson production.

Our calculations show that asymmetry should be most noticeable in the elastic cross section and in the dissociation cross section.
The system of averaged equations of motion, continuity, and transport equations for normal Reynolds stresses and dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy is employed in the thin shear layer approximation to describe a flow in swirling turbulent jets. The turbulent shear stresses are determined from the non-equilibrium algebraic relations of Rodi. The numerical realization of the model is based on the application of a finite-difference algorithm on moving grids, preserving the laws of momentum and angular momentum conservation. As an example to model a swirling turbulent jet, numerical simulation of swirling turbulent wake flows with varied total momentum and angular momentum is performed. A modification of diffusion terms in the transport equations is considered, based on the improved algebraic Ilyushin approximations of third-order moments that take into account the flow swirl. The computation results are in satisfactory agreement with the known experimental data of Lavrentyev Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (LIH SB RAS). A numerical analysis of the self-similarity of decay for the far turbulent wake with zero excess momentum and nonzero angular momentum is made. The computation results for swirling turbulent wake behind a towed sphere are presented.
Surface states of topological insulators (TIs) have been playing the central role in the majority of outstanding investigations in low-dimensional electron systems for more than 10 years. TIs based on high-quality strained HgTe films demonstrate a variety of subtle physical effects. The strain leads to a bulk band gap but limits a maximum HgTe strained film thickness, and therefore, the majority of experiments were performed on films with a thickness of less than 100 nm. Since a spatial separation of topological states is crucial for the study of a single-surface response, it is essential to increase the HgTe thickness further.

In this work, by combining transport measurements together with capacitance spectroscopy, we perform an analysis of a 200-nm partially relaxed HgTe film. The Drude fit of the classical magnetotransport reveals the ambipolar electron-hole transport with a high electron mobility. A detailed analysis of Shubnikov--de Haas oscillations in both conductivity and capacitance allows us to distinguish three groups of electrons, identified as electrons on top and bottom surfaces and bulk electrons.

The indirect bulk energy gap value is found to be close to zero. It is established that the significant gap decrease does not affect the surface states, which are found to be well resolved and spin nondegenerate. The presented techniques allow investigations of other three-dimensional TIs, regardless of the presence of bulk conductivity.
Irradiation of the Keggin-type [PW11O39{Ru(NO)}]4− (Ru-NO) polyoxometalate in CH3CN results in rapid NO ligand elimination with the formation of [PW11O39{RuIII(CH3CN)}]4− (Ru-CH3CN). This complex offers an easy entry into the Ru-based chemistry of the {PW11Ru} complex. Attempts to substitute N3− for CH3CN in the presence of an NaN3 excess lead a variety of products: (i) [PW11O39{RuIII(N3)}]4− (Ru-N3); (ii) [PW11O39{RuIII(N4HC-CH3)}]4− (Ru-Tz) as a click-reaction product; and (iii) [PW11O39{RuII(N2)}]5− (Ru-N2). UV-VIS, CV, and HR-ESI-MS techniques were used for the reaction monitoring and characterization of the products.
Heat exchangers used in various industries, most often work in conditions of variable flows and temperatures. At the same time, the existing theories of calculation of heat exchanger modes are based on the use of constant dimensionless parameters in any mode of operation. The purpose of this work is to obtain dependencies to determine the effect of coolant temperatures on the variable parameter of the heat exchanger. Using the simulation method, dependencies were found that describe the change in the heat exchanger parameter which made it possible to obtain a general formula for the change in the heat exchanger parameter at varying coolant temperatures. To test the applicability of the existing relations describing the change in the heat exchanger parameter and the formula obtained, a large number of heat exchangers were calculated in variable operating modes. Comparison with the simulation results showed that the ratios of the known theories of heat exchangers do not work in all modes and their application can lead to significant errors. A formula has been obtained allows one to find the effect of coolant temperatures on the variable parameter of the heat exchanger. The formula can be used to predict the modes of large systems.
Effective model theory is the subject that analyzes the typical notions and results of model theory to determine their effective content and counterparts. The subject has been developed both in the former Soviet Union and in the west with various names (recursive model theory, constructive model theory, etc.) and divergent terminology.

The basic subjects of model theory include languages, structures, theories, models and various types of maps between these objects. There are many ways to introduce considerations of effectiveness into the area. The two most prominent derive from starting, on the one hand, with the notion of a theory and its models or, on the other, with just structures. If one begins with theories, then a natural version of effectiveness is to consider decidable theories (i.e., ones with a decidable (equivalently, computable or recursive) set of theorems). When one moves to models and wants them to be effective, one might start with the requirement that the model (of any theory) have a decidable theory (i.e., Th ( ), the set of sentences true in , is decidable). Typically, however, one wants to be able to talk about the elements of the model as well as its theory in the given language. Thus one naturally considers the model as a structure for the language expanded by adding a constant a i , for each element a i of . Of course, one requires that the mapping from the constants to the corresponding elements of be effective (computable).

We are thus lead to the following basic definition: A structure or model is decidable if there is a computable enumeration a i of A , the domain of , such that Th( , a i ,) is decidable. (Of course, a i , is interpreted as a i , for each i Є ω .)
We demonstrate different types of breathing soliton complexes in a mode-locked fibre laser

multi-breather molecules, and molecular complexes arising from the binding of two breather-pair molecules or a breather-pair molecule and a single breather
Antibodies (Abs) containing two different antigen-binding sites in one molecule are called bispecific. Bispecific Abs (BsAbs) were first described in the 1960s, the first monoclonal BsAbs were generated in the 1980s by hybridoma technology, and the first article describing the therapeutic use of BsAbs was published in 1992, but the number of papers devoted to BsAbs has increased significantly in the last 10 years. Particular interest in BsAbs is due to their therapeutic use. In the last decade, two BsAbs – catumaxomab in 2009 and blinatumomab in 2014, were approved for therapeutic use. Papers published in recent years have been devoted to various methods of BsAb generation by genetic engineering and chemical conjugation, and describe preclinical and clinical trials of these drugs in a variety of diseases. This review considers diverse BsAb-production methods, describes features of therapeutic BsAbs approved for medical use, and summarizes the prospects of practical application of promising new BsAbs. Keywords: bispecific antibodies, therapeutic antibodies, monoclonal antibodies
An unprecedented intramolecular As-As coupling, induced by divalent samarium, is depicted on the cover.

The coupling takes place within the coordination sphere of polyarsenide transition metal complexes.

These are the first complexes of the lanthanides featuring an open chain-like polyarsenide structure.
The World Health Organization (WHO) regards atherosclerosis-related myocardial infarction and stroke as the main causes of death in humans. Susceptibility to atherogenesis-associated diseases is caused by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

Using our previously developed public web-service SNP_TATA_Comparator, we estimated statistical significance of the SNP-caused alterations in TATA-binding protein (TBP) binding affinity for 70 bp proximal promoter regions of the human genes clinically associated with diseases syntonic or dystonic with atherogenesis. Additionally, we did the same for several genes related to the maintenance of mitochondrial genome integrity, according to present-day active research aimed at retarding atherogenesis.

Our results uncovered SNPs near clinical SNP markers as the basis of neutral drift accelerating atherogenesis and SNPs of genes encoding proteins related to mitochondrial genome integrity and microRNA genes associated with instability of the atherosclerotic plaque as a basis of directional natural selection slowing atherogenesis. Their sum may be stabilizing the natural selection that sets the normal level of atherogenesis.
Microbusinesses are embedded in wider social processes, and it is the nature of this social embeddedness that is the principal focus of the article. In particular, ‘domestic embedding’ of petty commerce is crucial, and involves a mixture of competition, domination, negotiation, and custom (Wheelock and Mariussen, 1997). Furthermore, as a socio-economic group, petty traders and producers occupy an ambivalent position in the class structure, as they are vulnerable both to upward and downward social mobility. While the petty capital class has the advantage of possessing property assets, many members lack significant symbolic and cultural assets. Nonetheless, property assets offer the most robust bases for class formation (Savage et al., 1992). In addition, the embedding of petty commerce can be both ‘identity-sensitive’ and ‘identity-neutral’ (Sayer, 1995; 2000; Fraser, 1995). Extra-ethnic factors are significant in this process.

The research uses formal interviews and ‘quasi-ethnographic’ methodology to explore the different contexts in which restaurateurs and market traders operated in Birmingham, UK. The article draws critically on several literatures on industrial organisation, economic sociology, family businesses and minority ethnic businesses.

One aim is to give the rather indifferent concept of ‘embedding’ substantive content, and in this way to make an empirically informed contribution to ‘new economic sociology’.
A new mathematical model for the four-point bending of reinforced concrete beams is developed and investigated. The model takes into account multi-modulus concrete behavior, nonlinear stress-strain relationships, and damage evolution. An algorithm for a numerical implementation of the model is proposed. The corresponding boundary value problem is solved by the hp-version of the least-squares collocation method in combination with an acceleration of an iterative process based on Krylov subspaces and parallelizing. Special attention is given to the influence of mathematical model parameters on the results of numerical simulation. The results are compared with experimental data and three-dimensional simulation. A satisfactory agreement is shown
AIM: The work aimed to reveal structural signs of autophagy in the cytoplasm of isolated hepatocytes in the dynamics of their cultivation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cultivated hepatocyte culture cell cycle was studied by flow cytofluorometry. The cells were cultured for 1, 24, and 48 hours. Morphometric analysis was performed using of the computer program Image J. The diameters of the nuclei and cytoplasm of hepatocytes, the volumes of nuclei and cytoplasm, and the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio were determined. The concentration of intracellular organelles and autophagy was evaluated with magnification by 30000 times.

RESULTS: The cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 stage after 24 hours of hepatocyte cultivation and the preservation of their viability by hour 48 of the experiment without increase in the percentage of cells in the apoptosis stage were revealed. The decrease in the absolute count of cells was registered, as well as an increase in the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio indicating a decrease in the proportion of hepatocyte cytoplasm in the course of cultivation. After 24 hours of cultivation, autophagosomes with fragments of cytoplasm, glycogen rosettes, and autolysosomes with partially degraded material were revealed in the cell cytoplasm. By hour 48 of the study, a significant decrease in the volume density of glycogen and mitochondria was noted, as well as an increase in basal autophagy in hepatocytes, with a prevalence of glycophagy and mitophagy. CONCLUSIONS: Autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis of isolated hepatocytes under standard culture conditions, as evidenced by a decrease in the volume density of glycogen and mitochondria, and an increase in basal autophagy in the hepatocyte cytoplasm. The findings indicate the contribution of autophagy to the survival of the primary culture of hepatocytes and can be used as an indicator of the adequacy of culturing conditions.
We formulate equations governing flows of suspensions of rod-like particles. Such suspensions include linear polymer solutions, FD-virus, and worm-like micelles.

To take into account the particles that form and their rotation, we treat the suspension as a Cosserat continuum and apply the theory of micropolar fluids. Anisotropy of suspensions is determined through the inclusion of the microinertia tensor in the rheological constitutive equations. We check that the model is consistent with the basic principles of thermodynamics.

In addition to anisotropy, the theory also captures gradient banding instability, coexistence of isotropic and nematic phases, sustained temporal oscillations of macroscopic viscosity, shear thinning and hysteresis. For the flow between two planes, we also establish that the total flow rate depends not only on the pressure gradient, but on the history of its variation as well.
The article raises the issues on the abuse of the right to perform abortions, which has always been relevant for the modern society. The article gives the historical outline of the Russian demographic policy for legalizing (and/or sponsoring) abortion and analyzes possible positive/negative socio-economic consequences thereof. The work presents a brief overview of the formation of modern cultural and religious ethos of the contemporary Russia, which inter alia is supposed to influence the indicator under study. The article puts forward a hypothesis which is tested on religious composition data of the Russian population and on the quantitative level of abortions by the regions for 2 periods. On the basis of regression analysis, it can be concluded that today there is an existing link between the share of atheists in the modern society and the quantitative abortion rate in the Russian Federation.
Back pain (BP) is a common condition of major social importance and poorly understood pathogenesis. Intervertebral lumbar disc degeneration in all its guises is one of the major biological risk factors for BP. Previously, we identified the locus at 8q24.21 associated with chronic BP, which has been found elsewhere associated with sciatica after surgery for lumbar disc herniation.

In the current study we used co-localisation methods to identify the gene most likely to harbor the causal variant. We show that the same functional variant at the 8q24.21 locus is responsible for both lumbar disc degeneration and BP, and we also studied the effects of this locus on related phenotypes.

Our results link the locus to intervertebral disc and bone mineral density, but not to anthropometric measurements, thus corroborating the epidemiological evidence. Moreover, the same functional variant at the locus is more likely to affect the expression of the nearby FAM49B gene, rather than the GSDMC gene, which was previously proposed as a causative one for BP.
Atrial fibrillation is one of the most common heart rhythm disorders. The most prominent risk factor for atrial fibrillation is advanced age. Population ageing contributes to an increase in both the prevalence of this pathology and socio-economic burden of the disease for society in general and the patient in particular.

Adequate therapy and prevention of atrial fibrillation requires the search for novel prognostic risk markers for disease development, progression, and patients response to therapy. One of these markers is the length of telomeres structures at the ends of chromosomes that protect them from degradation during cell division.

The article provides an overview of world studies, both confirming and disproving the role of leukocyte telomere length in atrial fibrillation development.
A simple and general approach to the synthesis (from commercial precursors) of eight out of nine possible (benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methanols fluorinated on the benzene ring is reported. Molecular and crystalline structures of most compounds were solved by X-ray diffraction analysis. This made it possible to reveal the influence of the number and arrangement of fluorine atoms in the benzene cycle on the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. It was found that the more fluorine atoms are present in a compound, the higher the dimensionality of the H-bonded structure is. Moreover, the presence of fluorine atoms in the synthesized compounds leads to the emergence of C–F…π interactions affecting crystal packing. The synthesized fluorinated (benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methanols may serve as excellent bench compounds for the synthesis of a systematic series of fluorine-containing derivatives to study structure–property correlations in various fields of research from medicine to materials science.