Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
A baryonic decay of the ${B}_{c}^{+}$ meson, ${B}_{c}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}p\overline{p}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$, is observed for the first time

in $pp$ collision data collected with the LHCb detector and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $3.0\text{ }\text{ }{\text{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ taken at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV. With the ${B}_{c}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ decay as the normalization channel, the ratio of branching fractions is measured

to be $\mathcal{B}({B}_{c}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}p\overline{p}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+})/\mathcal{B}({B}_{c}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+})=0.14{3}_{\ensuremath{-}0.034}^{+0.039}(\text{stat})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.013(\text{syst})$. The mass of the ${B}_{c}^{+}$ meson is determined as $M({B}_{c}^{+})=6274.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.8(\text{stat})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4(\text{syst})\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}/{c}^{2}$, using the ${B}_{c}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}p\overline{p}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ channel.
Development of free/libre open source software is usually done by a community of people with an interest in the tool. For scientific software, however, this is less often the case. Most scientific software is written by only a few authors, often a student working on a thesis. Once the paper describing the tool has been published, the tool is no longer developed further and is left to its own device. Here we describe the broad, multidisciplinary community we formed around a set of tools for statistical genomics. The GenABEL project for statistical omics actively promotes open interdisciplinary development of statistical methodology and its implementation in efficient and user-friendly software under an open source licence. The software tools developed withing the project collectively make up the GenABEL suite, which currently consists of eleven tools. The open framework of the project actively encourages involvement of the community in all stages, from formulation of methodological ideas to application of software to specific data sets. A web forum is used to channel user questions and discussions, further promoting the use of the GenABEL suite. Developer discussions take place on a dedicated mailing list, and development is further supported by robust development practices including use of public version control, code review and continuous integration. Use of this open science model attracts contributions from users and developers outside the “core team”, facilitating agile statistical omics methodology development and fast dissemination.
The multicolor-banding (mcb) technique is a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-banding approach, which is based on region-specific microdissection libraries producing changing fluorescence intensity ratios along the chromosomes. The latter are used to assign different pseudocolors to specific chromosomal regions.

Here we present the first three available mcb-probe sets for the Mus musculus chromosomes 3, 6, and 18. In the present work, the creation of the microdissection libraries was done for the first time on mouse/human somatic cell hybrids.

During creation of the mcb-probes, the latter enabled an unambiguous identification of the, otherwise in GTG-banding, hardly distinguishable murine chromosomes.
Obesity during pregnancy has been shown to increase the risk of metabolic diseases in the offspring. However, the factors within the maternal milieu which affect offspring phenotypes and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The adipocyte hormone leptin plays a key role in regulating energy homeostasis and is known to participate in sex-specific developmental programming.

To examine the action of leptin on fetal growth, placental gene expression and postnatal offspring metabolism, we injected C57BL mice with leptin or saline on gestational day 12 and then measured body weights (BWs) of offspring fed on a standard or obesogenic diet, as well as mRNA expression levels of insulin-like growth factors and glucose and amino acid transporters.

Male and female offspring born to leptin-treated mothers exhibited growth retardation before and a growth surge after weaning. Mature male offspring, but not female offspring, exhibited increased BWs on a standard diet. Leptin administration prevented the development of hyperglycaemia in the obese offspring of both sexes. The placentas of the male and female foetuses differed in size and gene expression, and leptin injection decreased the fetal weights of both sexes, the placental weights of the male foetuses and placental gene expression of the GLUT1 glucose transporter in female foetuses. The data suggest that mid-pregnancy is an ontogenetic window for the sex-specific programming effects of leptin, and these effects may be exerted via fetal sex-specific placental responses to leptin administration.
A method for trace element concentration in the microwave accelerated reaction system MARS 5 is developed. The vapor-phase distillation was used to remove high-purity germanium dioxide matrix as volatile germanium tetrachloride (GeCl 4 ). We specified operating conditions of the microwave system and chose a halogenating agent and its volume. The method of quantitative chemical analysis of germanium dioxide by direct current arc atomic emission spectrometry (DCA AES) was developed. The unit for analysis is equipped with a multichannel spectrum analyzer MAÉS produced by «VMK-Optoélektronika». We also determined the residual content of germanium in the resulting solutions after vapor-phase distillation. The limits for detection of 46 trace elements in DCA AES analysis of germanium dioxide with preconcentration of trace elements ranged from 0.5 ng/g to 1 μg/g. We carried out validation of the combined procedure using «spike test».
The effect of an optical pulsed discharge created by CO2-laser with an average power of up to 2.2 kW on the aerodynamic drag of a model in a supersonic air flow is experimentally investigated. Experiments were carried out in a supersonic wind tunnel MAU-M (diameter of the nozzle outlet dc = 50 mm) on the modes M = 1.36, Re1 = 1.4– 3.8*107 1/m. To ensure a stable optical breakdown, a jet of argon gas was introduced into the focusing region of the laser beam.

As a result, a decrease in the aerodynamic force acting on the model was obtained. This decrease was 15% when a subsonic flow of argon was introduced into the main flow and another 15% when optical pulsed discharge was organized.
We present a theoretical formalism for scattering of twisted neutrons by nuclei in a kinematic regime where interference between the Coulomb interaction and the strong interaction is essential. Twisted neutrons have definite quantized values of an angular momentum projection along the direction of propagation, and we show that this results in novel observable effects for the scattering cross section, spin asymmetries, and polarization of the scattered neutrons. We demonstrate that additional capabilities provided by a beam's orbital angular momentum enable new techniques for measuring both real and imaginary parts of the scattering amplitude. Several possible observables are considered, for which the targets may be either well localized with respect to the spatial beam profile or the scattering occurs incoherently on nuclei in a bulk target. The developed approach can be applied to other nuclear reactions with strongly interacting twisted particles.
Система регуляции суточного ритма является одним из древнейших механизмов, позволяющих живым организмам оптимально адаптироваться к 24-часовым циклическим изменениям в среде обитания, обеспечивая упреждающую готовность к этим изменениям.

Хорошо известно, что основой функционирования этого механизма служат молекулярно-генетические осцилляторы
Background Triticum kiharae (A t A t GGDD, 2n = 42) is of interest for the improvement of bread wheat as a source of high grain protein and gluten content, as well as resistance to many diseases. The use of T. kiharae for the improvement of T. aestivum L. is complicated by the fact that the homology degree of their genomes is low and this leads to an unbalanced set of chromosomes in the gametes of its first generations and the elimination of some genotypes. The aim of this study was to analyze the nature of alien introgressions and their effect on the cytological stability of hybrids obtained from crossing of bread wheat varieties with T. kiharae . Results Using C-banding, the presence of entire chromosomes of T. kiharae in the karyotypes of hybrid lines (intergenomic substitution 2G/2B), chromosome arms (centric translocation Т2A t S:2AL) and large inserts in the form of terminal translocations involving chromosomes of 1st, 3rd and 5th homoeologous groups of B- and G-genomes were found. Molecular markers revealed short introgression of T. kiharae into the genome of common wheat varieties. The highest introgression frequency was shown for 1A, 1B, 2A, 5B, and 6A chromosomes, while no foreign chromatin was detected in 4A and 4B chromosomes. A high level of cytological stability (a meiotic index of 88.18–93.0%) was noted for the majority of introgression lines. An exception was found for the lines containing the structural reorganization of chromosome 5B, affecting the main genes of chromosome synapsis in terms of their functioning. Conclusions During the stabilization of hybrid karyotypes, the introgression of genetic material from T. kiharae into the genome of T. aestivum occurs in the form of short fragments detectable only by molecular markers and in the form of whole chromosomes (intergenomic substitution) and their large fragments (centric and terminal translocations). The level of cytological stability achieved in F 10 by the majority of introgression lines ensures the formation of functional gametes sufficient for the successful reproduction of the obtained hybrids.
Two-phase Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors (CRADs) with GEM and THGEM multipliers have become an emerging potential technique for charge recording in rare-event experiments.

In this work we present the performance of two-phase CRADs operated in Ar and Ar+N2. Detectors with sensitive area of 10 × 10 cm2, reaching a litre-scale active volume, yielded gains of the order of 1000 with a double-THGEM multiplier. Higher gains, of about 5000, have been attained in two-phase Ar CRADs with a hybrid triple-stage multiplier, comprising of a double-THGEM followed by a GEM.

The performance of two-phase CRADs in Ar doped with N2 (0.1–0.6%) yielded faster signals and similar gains compared to the operation in two-phase Ar. The applicability to rare-event experiments is discussed.
The hydrodynamical model is used for description of the process of charge transport in semiconductors with a high rate of reliability. It is a set of nonlinear partial differential equations with small parameters and specific conditions at the boundaries of field effect transistors (FETs), which essentially complicates the process of finding its stationary solutions.

To overcome these difficulties in the case of FETs with elements having different dielectric properties, a fast pseudospectral method has been developed.

This method was used for advanced numerical simulation of charge transport in DG-MOSFET.
We consider a scenario for achieving and preserving the longitudinal polarization of the electron beam in the Novosibirsk tau-charm factory. The storage ring for electrons will be equipped with 5 spin rotators ? the so-called Siberian Snakes. These Snakes strongly reduce the spin-orbit coupling and, thus, suppress the depolarization of the electron beam caused by quantum fluctuations of the synchrotron radiation. The proposed scheme provides a high polarization degree up to 80% ? 90% in the full energy range.
With the help of ultrasound examination (ultrasound), it is possible to visualize the skin of patients with suspected localized scleroderma, as well as to objectively determine the stage of the disease and assess the effectiveness of therapy. Three patients with linear, plaque forms of scleroderma, as well as lichen sclerosus, underwent skin ultrasound using a Skinscanner DUB TPM device with a 75 MHz transducer, 4 mm penetration, 21 m resolution in the area of lesions and in adjacent areas of healthy skin, using their ratio coefficient (RC) for comparative evaluation. The thickness of the epidermis and dermis, their echogenicity were determined. With a linear form of scleroderma, an increase in the thickness of the epidermis in the area of the focus (RC 0.850.0125) and a decrease in its echogenicity (RC 1.580.46) were observed. The echogenicity of the dermis was significantly reduced in the lesion (RC 3.021.17). The dermis thickness was slightly less in the center of the lesion (RC 1.09), at the periphery of the lesion it was moderately increased (RC 0.86). In the plaque form of scleroderma, a decrease in the echogenicity of the epidermis was observed in the foci (RC 1.320.49); an increase in the thickness of the dermis (RC 0.790.16) and a decrease in its e echogenicity (RC 1.260.57). In 7 of 11 foci, a subepidermal hypoechoic band was visualized. With lichen sclerosis in the foci, an increase in the thickness of the epidermis (RC 0.420.12) and its acoustic density (RC 0.630.0793), a decrease in the thickness and echo density of the dermis (RC 1.320.00943 and RC 1.550.6, respectively). With different forms of LS, a different ultrasound picture was observed, depending on the stage and activity of the process. The changes identified during treatment reflect the effectiveness of the therapy and the rate of restoration of the skin structure during therapy.
The SND detector has been operating at the VEPP-2000 collider (BINP, Russia) for several years.

We present its new DQM system. The system deals with multiple parameters being numbers, histograms or user opinions to form a data quality decision (good, bad, etc). It calculates SND subsystem and overall statuses and produces summaries available via web-interface. The system supports multiple parameter sets for different usages like daily checks, precise subsystem control, preparing data for processing, etc. The parameter values are analyzed using special ROOT macros yielding quality checks that could be supplemented or corrected by users. The system is a part of a new SND information system implemented as a web application using Node.js and MySQL. The ROOT macros are written by SND subsystems experts using a simple framework. Histograms are displayed using JSROOT.

The system is put into production. It is consistent, however there are some improvements to implement.
Non-Gaussian laser beams can open new opportunities for microfabrication, including ultrashort laser direct writing.

Using a model based on Maxwell's equations, we have investigated the dynamics of doughnut-shaped laser beams focused inside fused silica glass, in comparison with Gaussian pulses of the same energy. The laser propagation dynamics reveals intriguing features of beam splitting and sudden collapse toward the beam axis, overcoming the intensity clamping effect.

The resulting structure of light absorption represents a very hot, hollow nanocylinder, which can lead to an implosion process that brings matter to extreme thermodynamic states. Monitoring the simulations of the laser beam scattering has shown a considerable difference in both the blueshift and the angular distribution of scattered light for different laser energies, suggesting that investigations of the spectra of scattered radiation can be used as a diagnostic of laser-produced electron plasmas in transparent materials.
Origins of superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) discovered by recent SN surveys are still not known well. One idea to explain the huge luminosity is the collision of dense CSM and SN ejecta. If SN ejecta is surrounded by dense CSM, the kinetic energy of SN ejecta is efficiently converted to radiation energy, making them very bright. To see how well this idea works quantitatively, we performed numerical simulations of collisions of SN ejecta and dense CSM by using one-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics code STELLA and obtained light curves (LCs) resulting from the collision. First, we show the results of our LC modeling of SLSN 2006gy. We find that physical parameters of dense CSM estimated by using the idea of shock breakout in dense CSM (e.g., Chevalier & Irwin 2011, Moriya & Tominaga 2012) can explain the LC properties of SN 2006gy well. The dense CSM's radius is about 10 16 cm and its mass about 15 M ⊙ . It should be ejected within a few decades before the explosion of the progenitor. We also discuss how LCs change with different CSM and SN ejecta properties and origins of the diversity of H-rich SLSNe. This can potentially be a probe to see diversities in mass-loss properties of the progenitors. Finally, we also discuss a possible signature of SN ejecta-CSM interaction which can be found in H-poor SLSN.
Peptide-oligonucleotide conjugates (POCs) represent one of the increasingly successful albeit costly approaches to increasing the cellular uptake, tissue delivery, bioavailability, and, thus, overall efficiency of therapeutic nucleic acids, such as, antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNAs. This review puts the subject of chemical synthesis of POCs into the wider context of therapeutic oligonucleotides and the problem of nucleic acid drug delivery, cell-penetrating peptide structural types, the mechanisms of their intracellular transport, and the ways of application, which include the formation of non-covalent complexes with oligonucleotides (peptide additives) or covalent conjugation.

The main strategies for the synthesis of POCs are viewed in detail, which are conceptually divided into (a) the stepwise solid-phase synthesis approach and (b) post-synthetic conjugation either in solution or on the solid phase, especially by means of various click chemistries.

The relative advantages and disadvantages of both strategies are discussed and compared.
We propose a calibration‐free method to determine the number of receptors per cell, as well as the direct and the reverse reaction rate constants for a single receptor. The method is based on the analysis of the temporal evolution of the cells mean fluorescent intensity measured by a flow cytometer during the ligand–receptor (antigen–antibody) binding under the conditions of their comparable concentrations. We developed the kinetic approach accounting both for the delay between the dilution and the measurement and for the practical duration of the measurement itself.

The method was applied to determine the number of CD14 receptors on human blood mononuclear (granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes) cells of several donors. We also obtained the direct ( (5.6 ± 0.2) × 10 7 M −1 min −1 ) and reverse ( (1.3 ± 0.2) × 10 −2 min −1 ) rate constants of ligand–receptor interaction, and estimated the size of the binding site as b = 0.5 nm. The latter allows one to recalculate the rate constants for a different ligand, fluorescent label, medium viscosity, and/or temperature. The knowledge of the rate constants is essential for the calibration‐free determination of the number of receptors per cell from a single kinetic curve of the cells mean fluorescence intensity.
as predicted by Agafontsev and Zakharov [Nonlinearity 28, 2791 (2015).NONLE50951-771510.1088/0951-7715/28/8/2791]

We present an optical fiber experiment in which we examine the space-time evolution of a modulationally unstable plane wave initially perturbed by a small noise. Using a recirculating fiber loop as an experimental platform, we report the single-shot observation of the noise-driven development of breather structures from the early stage to the long-term evolution of modulation instability. Performing single-point statistical analysis of optical power recorded in the experiments

we observe decaying oscillations of the second-order moment together with the exponential distribution in the long-term evolution. Finally, we demonstrate experimentally and numerically that the autocorrelation of the optical power g^{(2)}(τ) exhibits some unique oscillatory features typifying the nonlinear stage of the noise-driven modulation instability and of integrable turbulence.
We develop a general method allowing one to construct the consistent theory of light pulse propagation through an atomic medium in arbitrary nonlinear regime with respect to the field strength, taking into account the light polarization, temporal (frequency), and spatial dispersions.

The method is based on the reduced Maxwell equation, atomic density matrix formalism, and adiabatic approximation. In order to demonstrate the efficiency of our method we investigate in detail the case of propagation of the pulses under conditions of coherent population trapping in a medium of two-level atoms with degenerate energy levels. Equations describing the evolution of various field parameters are derived.

It is shown that pulses of ellipticity and spatial orientation of polarization ellipse propagate with slowing. Analytical expressions for the slowing factor are obtained. Previously unknown effects of the stimulated phase modulation and the generation of a phase pilot pulse by the variation of spatial orientation of the polarization ellipse are predicted.
An influence of various organic compounds on aggregation of asphaltenes separated from Tartar oil was studied by small-angle X-ray scattering and scanning tunneling microscopy methods. The compounds such as cyclohexane, methanol, formic acid, heptane, tetrabutylammonium fluoride, acetonitrile, decane, hexanol-1, furfural, and octene-1, added to the solution of asphaltenes in toluene, were shown to produce a considerable aggregation of asphaltene particles of ∼10–13 nm size and of an oblong ellipsoid shape along the longer axis. Decalin, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, nitrobenzene, aniline, cyclohexanol, monoethanolamine, triethanolamine, 1-methylnaphtalene, and dichloroethane cause asphaltene aggregate sizes to decrease essentially. Acetone, glycerin, ethyl acetate, dioxane, benzyl alcohol, oleic acid, limonene, α-pinene, cycloheptatrien, and nitromethane were shown to influence weakly on aggregation/disaggregation processes of asphaltenes. Conceivable reasons of the observed effects are discussed from general physico-chemical properties of the compounds used.
We describe smelting furnaces found in southwestern Siberia, at the Tartas-1 ritual site, representing the eastern variant of the Pakhomovskaya culture. This is so far the only known site where the ritual complex, which includes post holes, and utility and ritual pits, adjoins a special manufacturing area with furnaces for smelting copper ore and processing bronze. The pits, differing in form, depth, and size, belonged to a structure. Furnaces are of two types: deep ones, dug into virgin soil, and shallow ones with domes. The former were destined for smelting ore, and the latter for processing metal. The construction of both types is described in detail. The smelting furnaces are peculiar and have no direct parallels in the Late Bronze Age settlements and sanctuaries of southwestern Siberia, while being somewhat similar to smelting furnaces of the Early Iron Age Itkul culture of the Trans-Urals. Furnaces of the second type resemble those of the local Late Irmen culture. Apparently, in the Baraba forest-steppe, where no copper ore outcrops are available, the ritual complexes included furnaces destined for both smelting ore and processing metal. The bronze metallurgy in the region may have been introduced by immigrants practicing both copper ore smelting and metal processing.