Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Aim: To study the effects of metformin in prediabetes.

Methods: This was an observational, non-interventional, uncontrolled study of the effects of the immediate-release formulation of metformin in 551 people with pre-diabetes, according to diagnostic criteria from the American Diabetes Association (ADA).

Results:The study population was predominantly female (66%), and on average was middle-aged (mean age 54 [SD 12] years) and obese (mean body mass index 32 kg/m2 [SD 6]) at baseline.Treatment with metformin for 12 weeks was associated with a mean reduction in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of -0.8 mmol/L (95%CI -0.8 to -0.9) from a baseline value of 6.3 mmol/L (SD 0.5).FPG was normalised, according to ADA criteria (75% in 93% of the population).Metformin was well tolerated, with common finding of mild-to-moderate gastrointestinal side-effects, as expected. Conclusion:These real-world data add further evidence in support for a role for metformin in the management of people with prediabetes.
There was previously proposed a topos unified view-point both to relativistic and quantum physics [4-5] on the basis of Belnapian branching space-time [3]. In the context of this approach, to any event of the branching space-time there can be associated a local orthocomplemented lattice (logic) of 'physically reasonable' propositions made by a localized observer. Elements of these local orthologics are special collections of the so-called Belnapian worlds (maximal upward directed subsets of events) which the local event belongs to. In the ordinary quantum setting, the counterpart of any local orthologic is the lattice of closed subspaces of Hilbert space of the observer's environment. The present work suggests a natural scheme of inserting truth probabilities of the 'physically reasonable' propositions into the topos framework. To this end, the concept of Chu spaces is used. The role of hypothesis for the state of environment is played by an element of local 'retro-causal' orthologic. Sufficient condition of functorial character of the law by which Chu space is related to any event is pointed and proved, i.e. a functor is constructed from the branching space-time to the category of all Chu spaces. There presented a theorem on category nature of Bayesian reassessment of hypothesis likelihood made by the local observer.
We investigate and compare soliton turbulence appearing as a result of modulational instability of the homogeneous wave train in three nonlinear models for surface gravity waves: the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, the super compact Zakharov equation, and the fully nonlinear equations written in conformal variables. We show that even at a low level of energy and average wave steepness, the wave dynamics in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation fundamentally differ from the dynamics in more accurate models. We study energy losses of wind waves due to their breaking for large values of total energy in the super compact Zakharov equation and in the exact equations and show that in both models, the wave system loses 50% of energy very slowly, during few days.
We report a novel bioluminescent aptasensor, which consists of 2'-F-RNA aptamer modules joined into a bi-specific aptamer construct. One aptamer module binds the analyte, then after structural rearrangement the second module recruits non-covalently Ca2+-dependent photoprotein obelin from the solution, thus providing a bioluminescent signal. This concept allows using free protein as a reporter, which brings such advantages as no need for aptamer-protein conjugation, a possibility of thermal re-folding of aptamer component with no harm to a protein, and simpler detection protocol. We developed the new 2'-F-RNA aptamer for obelin, and proposed the strategy for engineering structure-switching bi-modular aptamer constructs which bind the analyte and the obelin in a sequential manner. With the use of hemoglobin as a model analyte, we showed the feasibility of utilizing the aptasensor in a fast and straightforward bioluminescent microplate assay. With a proper design of a secondary structure, this strategy of aptasensor engineering might be further extended to bi-specific aptamer-based bioluminescent sensors for other analytes of interest.
The research results of processes proceeding in supersonic jets of light hydrocarbons, activated by an electron beam are presented.It is shown, that condensation suppressed at activation by electrons in the initial stage of condensation.The developed condensation conditions mode leads to increasing of a part of heavy corpuscles in activated stream and not only owing to stimulation of condensation but because of formation of heavy hydrocarbonic molecules.
The fidelity of gene expression is regulated by chromosome-associated protein complexes. A traditional approach to characterizing complexes bound to chromosomes requires their release from the DNA to solubilize them.

Here we develop an alternative approach, BioTAP-XL, that allows identification of protein–protein interactions while complexes remain linked to the DNA. We focus on protein interactions and genome localization of human EZH2 and two of its relatively uncharacterized interactors, C10orf12 and C17orf96.

Our results provide strong evidence for diversity in human Polycomb repressive complexes, which are composed of factors essential for gene silencing during development in higher organisms. We propose that BioTAP-XL is an effective general approach for investigating the composition and subunit diversity of chromosome-associated complexes.
Genomic diversity of anonymous regions across the genome, most probably including coding and noncoding amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), was examined in 20 individuals of the blind mole–rat, Spalax galili, one of four allospecies of the Spalaxehrenbergi superspecies of blind subterranean mole–rats in Israel. We compared 10 individuals from two nearby populations in Upper Galilee, separated by only a few dozen to hundreds of metres and living in two sharply contrasting ecologies: white chalk and rendzina soil with Sarcopterium spinosum and Majorana syriaca versus black volcanic basalt soil with Carlina hispanica-Psorelea bitominosa and Alhagi graecorum plant formations. The microsite tested ranged in an area of less than 10 000 m2. Out of 729 AFLP loci, 433 (59.4%) were polymorphic, with 211 soil unique alleles. Genetic polymorphism was significantly higher on the ecologically more xeric and stressful chalky rendzina soil than on the neighbouring mesic basalt soil. This is a remarkable pattern for a mammal that can disperse each generation between tens to hundreds of metres. These results cannot be explained by migration (which causes homogenization) or by chance (which will exclude sharp genomic soil divergence). Natural selection is the only evolutionary adaptive force that can cause genetic divergence across the genome matching the sharp microscale ecological contrast.
The development of cellular models for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an important direction for creating new approaches to atherosclerosis treatment. Pathogenic mutations in the LDLR gene are the main FH source.

We generated an iPSC line from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the patient with compound heterozygous c.1246C > T/c.940 + 3_940 + 6del LDLR mutation.

The resulting iPSC line with confirmed patient-specific mutations maintains a normal karyotype and a typical undifferentiated state, including morphology, pluripotent gene expression, and in vitro differentiation potential. This iPSC line can be further differentiated toward relevant cells to better understand FH pathogenesis.
Pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly, remains poorly understood due to the paucity of animal models that fully replicate the human disease. Recently, we showed that senescence-accelerated OXYS rats develop a retinopathy similar to human AMD. To identify alterations in response to normal aging and progression of AMD-like retinopathy, we compared gene expression profiles of retina from 3- and 18-mo-old OXYS and control Wistar rats by means of high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). We identified 160 and 146 age-regulated genes in Wistar and OXYS retinas, respectively. The majority of them are related to the immune system and extracellular matrix turnover. Only 24 age-regulated genes were common for the two strains, suggestive of different rates and mechanisms of aging. Over 600 genes showed significant differences in expression between the two strains. These genes are involved in disease-associated pathways such as immune response, inflammation, apoptosis, Ca2+ homeostasis and oxidative stress. The altered expression for selected genes was confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis. To our knowledge, this study represents the first analysis of retinal transcriptome from young and old rats with biologic replicates generated by RNA-Seq technology. We can conclude that the development of AMD-like retinopathy in OXYS rats is associated with an imbalance in immune and inflammatory responses. Aging alters the expression profile of numerous genes in the retina, and the genetic background of OXYS rats has a profound impact on the development of AMD-like retinopathy.
The parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP) phenomenon, observed when parahydrogen is used in H2 addition processes, provides a means for substantial NMR signal enhancements and mechanistic studies of chemical reactions. Commonly, noble metal complexes are used for parahydrogen activation, whereas metal-free activation is rare. Herein, we report a series of unimolecular metal-free frustrated Lewis pairs based on an ansa-aminoborane (AAB) moiety in the context of PHIP. These molecules, which have a "molecular tweezers" structure, differ in their substituents at the boryl site (-H, -Ph, -o-iPr-Ph, and -Mes). PHIP effects were observed for all the AABs after exposing their solutions to parahydrogen in a wide temperature range, and experimental measurements of their kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were performed. A theoretical analysis of their nuclear spin polarization effects is presented, and the roles of chemical exchange, chemical equilibrium and spin dynamics are discussed in terms of the key dimensionless parameters. The analysis allowed us to formulate the prerequisites for achieving strong polarization effects with AAB molecules, which can be applied for further design of efficient metal-free tweezers-like molecules for PHIP. Mechanistic (chemical and physical) aspects of the observed effects are discussed in detail. In addition, we performed quantum chemical calculations, which confirmed that the J-coupling between the parahydrogen-originated protons in AAB-H2 molecules is mediated through dihydrogen bonding.
The effect of heat stress (38°C) on the content of DL-β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine (DOPA), dopamine, tyramine, octopamine, and their precursor Tyr was studied in adults of two lines of Drosophila virilis contrasting in their stress response. In individuals of line 101 responding to stress by a hormonal stress reaction, the contents of DOPA, dopamine, octopamine, and Tyr were lower than those of line 147 that did not respond to the stress. However, heat stress caused an increase in the contents of DOPA, dopamine, octopamine, and Tyr in line 101, whereas the equivalent titers in line 147 remain unchanged.
The paper is devoted to the experimental study of the appearance of wave packets formed in the boundary layers in the regions preceding a sharp local change in the flow velocity inside the boundary layer (fronts of a longitudinal localized disturbance). The influence of an increased degree of free-stream turbulence on the development of these disturbances is investigated.
A problem of parameter identification for a model of finite strain elasto-plasticity is discussed. The utilized phenomenological material model accounts for nonlinear isotropic and kinematic hardening; the model kinematics is described by a nested multiplicative split of the deformation gradient. A hierarchy of optimization problems is considered. First, following the standard procedure, the material parameters are identified through minimization of a certain least square error functional. Next, the focus is placed on finding optimal weighting coefficients which enter the error functional. Toward that end, a stochastic noise with systematic and non-systematic components is introduced to the available measurement results; a superordinate optimization problem seeks to minimize the sensitivity of the resulting material parameters to the introduced noise. The advantage of this approach is that no additional experiments are required; it also provides an insight into the robustness of the identification procedure. As an example, experimental data for the steel 42CrMo4 are considered and a set of weighting coefficients is found, which is optimal in a certain class.
Expansion over 200 CGG repeats in FMR1 gene causes inherited intellectual disability or autism spectrum disorder named as fragile X syndrome. Despite the known cause fragile X syndrome pathogenesis has not been specified yet. The ICGi026-A iPSCs line was obtained by the reprogramming of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a 9-year-old boy with fragile X syndrome. The ICGi026-A iPSCs expressed pluripotency markers, had a normal male karyotype (46, XY) and had the capacity to in vivo differentiate into the cells of three germ layers.
The article deals with the history of the first series of the archaeographic expeditions of the Russian Academy of Sciences to Buryatia, carried out in the late 1950s – early 1960s on the initiative of the academician M. N. Tikhomirov, in accordance with the resolution of the Department of Historical Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences. They are known to have proved the prospects of further archaeographic work in Siberia.

Six letters of the participants of the expeditions to Buryatia in 1959–1962 V. B. Pavlov-Silvansky and A. I. Rogov to the Chairman of the Archaeographic Commission academician M. N. Tikhomirov, preserved in the collection of the latter, are published. They are classified as semi-business: the style of correspondents is mostly informal, the features required for office documentation are absent, and the main content is purely business in its nature. The letters contain important data on the history and character of the expedition itself, on the relationship with the Moscow and Ulan-Ude colleagues, on the old believers – the keepers and owners of priceless pieces of ancient Russian writing and printing, cooperation with which remains the most important direction of the archaeographic research work also at the present stage.

As a result of the expeditions, a small collection of handwritten and early printed books of the 16th – early 20th centuries was formed. At first, the acquired items were accumulated in the scientific library of the Archaeographic Commission, where they were initially examined. Brief descriptions of the book acquisitions were published in the Archaeographic yearbooks. Later, it was decided to transfer this collection of manuscripts and books to the Siberian Department of the Archaeographic Commission (Novosibirsk) and add it to the Trans-Baikal regional collection of the State Public Scientific and Technical Library of the SB RAS (SPSTL SB RAS). The Appendix presents the information on the findings of these expeditions, provides inventory numbers and storage ciphers of SPSTL SB RAS based on the selected data from the descriptions of the Archaeographic yearbooks.
The rheological properties of several tens of nanofluids based on water, ethylene glycol, and engine oil with nanoparticles of various oxides and diamond is studied experimentally. Particle concentrations and their sizes were varied within quite wide range. Tested nanofluids did not contain any dispersants, while the base fluid was Newtonian liquid. It is revealed that in some cases, nanofluids are characterized by non-Newtonian rheological behavior. In the last part of the paper the effect of the nanoparticles on the properties of drilling fluids is discussed.
The octahedral cluster compound Na2 H8 [{Re6 Se8 }(P(C2 H4 CONH2 )(C2 H4 COO)2 )6 ] has been shown to be highly radio dense, thus becoming a promising X-ray contrast agent. It was also shown that this compound had low cytotoxic effect in vitro, low acute toxicity in vivo and was eliminated rapidly from the body through the urinary tract.

The present contribution describes a more detailed cellular internalization assay and morphological analysis after intravenous injection of this hexarhenium cluster compound at different doses. The median lethal dose (LD50 ) of intravenously administrated compound was calculated (4.67 ± 0.69 g/kg).

Results of the study clearly indicated that the cluster complex Hn [{Re6 Se8 }(P(C2 H4 CONH2 )(C2 H4 COO)2 )6 ]n-10 was not internalized into cells in vitro and induced only moderate morphological alterations of kidneys at high doses without any changes in morphology of liver, spleen, duodenum, or heart of mice.
Studying the relationship between leaf pubescence and drought resistance is important for assessing Triticum aestivum L. genetic resources. The aim of the work was to assess resistance of common wheat genotypes with different composition and allelic state of genes that determine the leaf pubescence phenotype.

We compared the drought resistance wheat variety Saratovskaya 29 (S29) with densely pubescent leaves, carrying the dominant alleles of the Hl1 and Hl3 genes, and two near isogenic lines, i: S29 hl1, hl3 and i: S29 Hl2aesp, with the introgression of the additional pubescence gene from diploid species Aegilops speltoides. Under controlled conditions of the climatic chamber, the photosynthetic pigments content, the activity of ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes and also the parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence used to assess the physiological state of the plants photosynthetic apparatus were studied in the leaves of S29 and the lines. Tolerance was evaluated using the comprehensive index D, calculated on the basis of the studied physiological characteristics. In a hydroponic greenhouse, line productivity was studied.

The recessive state of pubescence genes, as well as the introduction of the additional Hl2aesp gene, led to a 6-fold decrease in D. Under the water deficit influence, the fluorescence parameters profile changed in the lines, and the viability index decreased compared with S29. Under drought, the activity of ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase and dehydroascorbate reductase in the line i: S29 hl1, hl3 decreased 1.9, 3.3 and 2.3 times, in the line i: S29 Hl2aesp it decreased 1.8, 3.6 and 1.8 times respectively, compared with S29. Compared with S29, the thousand grains mass in the line i: S29 hl1, hl3 under water deficit was reduced. The productivity of the line i: S29 Hl2aesp was significantly reduced regardless of water supply conditions in comparison with S29. Presumably, the revealed effects are associated with violations of cross-regulatory interactions between the proteins of the trichome formation network and transcription factors that regulate plant growth and stress response.
We provide a detailed microscopic characterization of the influence of defect-induced disorder on the Dirac spectrum of three-dimensional topological insulators. By spatially resolved Landau-level spectroscopy measurements, we reveal the existence of nanoscale fluctuations of both the Dirac point energy as well as of the Dirac-fermion velocity which is found to spatially change in opposite direction for electrons and holes, respectively. These results evidence a scenario which goes beyond the existing picture based on chemical potential fluctuations. The findings are consistently explained by considering the microscopic effects of local stain introduced by defects, which our model calculations show to effectively couple to topological states, reshaping their Dirac-like dispersion over a large energy range. In particular, our results indicate that the presence of microscopic spatially varying stain, inevitably present in crystals because of the random distribution of defects, effectively couple to topological states and should be carefully considered for correctly describing the effects of disorder.
We describe recent results from the KEDR detector at the VEPP-4M collider.

They include: a search for narrow resonances between 1.85 and 3.1 GeV, a test of leptonic universality by comparing partial widths of the J/ψ resonance into electron and muon pairs, a determination of the main parameters of the ψ(2S)

and a measurement of ψ(3770) parameters.
We categorized human genome 100 kb non-overlapping segments by their DNAse Hypersensitive Sites (DHS) counts based on data in (Sheffield et al., 2011). They fit a Weibull long tail distribution wit...
The flow structure in a three-dimensional (3D) wave on the surface of a vertically falling liquid film is investigated. Measurements of the film thickness and two-component (2C) velocity fields in the entire volume of the wave are conducted simultaneously for the first time. For this purpose, optical methods such as laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and light-field particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) are applied. The existence of regions where liquid outflows from the 3D wave and inflows to the 3D wave occur is experimentally shown. Moreover, it is shown that the main regions of transverse liquid flows are lying under the main hump of the 3D wave. Additionally, backflows against gravity are found in some areas of the capillary precursor.
This review presents the applications of artificial intelligence for the study of the mechanisms of diabetes development and generation of new technologies of its prevention, monitoring and treatment. In recent years, a huge amount of molecular data has been accumulated, revealing the pathogenic mechanisms of diabetes and its complications. Data mining and text mining open up new possibilities for processing this information. Analysis of gene networks makes it possible to identify molecular interactions that are important for the development of diabetes and its complications, as well as to identify new targeted molecules. Based on the big data analysis and machine learning, new platforms have been created for prediction and screening of diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease. Machine learning algorithms are applied for personalized prediction of glucose trends, in the closed-loop insulin delivery systems and decision support systems for lifestyle modification and diabetes treatment. The use of artificial intelligence for the analysis of large databases, registers, and real-world evidence studies seems to be promising. The introduction of artificial intelligence systems is in line with global trends in modern medicine, including the transition to digital and distant technologies, personification of treatment, high-precision forecasting and patient-centered care. There is an urgent need for further research in this field, with an assessment of the clinical effectiveness and economic feasibility.
Different types of mechanical treatment (tableting, grinding, milling,etc.) are important technological operations in the pharmaceutical industry.
Physics Subject Headings (PhySH) Research Areas Electroweak radiative corrections Flavor changing neutral currents Form factors Particle interactions W & Z bosons Particles & Fields

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.