Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Aim . The aim of this review is a comprehensive analysis of current literature data on coronaviruses identified in bats. Discussion . Coronaviruses ( Coronaviridae ) constitute the most extensive family of viruses of the order Nidovirales. Coronaviruses have a wide range of hosts, including mammals ( Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Deltacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus ) and birds ( Deltacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus ), amphibians ( Alphaletovirus ) and are pathogens of respiratory, intestinal, cardiovascular. Until the beginning of this century, only etiological agents of mild and moderate respiratory diseases were known among pathogenic coronaviruses for humans. In the 21st century, new highly pathogenic coronaviruses were discovered that caused outbreaks of severe pneumonia with high mortality: the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (Severe acute respiratory syndrome ‐ related coronavirus, SARS ‐ CoV; 2002 ‐ 2003, southern provinces of China), the Middle East respiratory coronavirus Syndrome (Middle East respiratory syndrome ‐ related coronavirus, MERS ‐ CoV; 2012, western part of Saudi Arabia) and type 2 acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (Severe acute respiratory syndrome ‐ related coronavirus 2, SARS ‐ CoV ‐ 2; 2019 ‐ ..., the eastern part of central China). The natural reservoirs of SARS ‐ CoV, SARS ‐ CoV ‐ 2 and MERS ‐ CoV are bats ( Chiroptera ). Coronaviruses circulating in bat populations are not only phylogenetically close to the currently known especially dangerous human viruses but probably have epidemic potential that can be realized in the future. Conclusion . This review presents current data on coronaviruses of bats: taxonomic status, spectrum of potential hosts, distribution. The ecological features of coronaviruses of bats are considered in the context of their epidemiological significance. The origin of pathogenic human coronaviruses is discussed.
1, 2 С.В.Алкин, 1, 3 Д.П.Волков 1 Институт археологии и этнографии СО РАН 2 Новосибирский государственный университет 3 Центр по сохранению историко-культурного наследия Амурской области stas-kov7
In plants, water flows are the major driving force behind the growth and play a crucial role in the life cycle. To study hydrodynamics, methods based on tracking small particles inside water flows occupy a special place. Due to these tools, it is possible to get information about the dynamics of the spatial distribution of the fluxes characteristics.

In this paper, using contrast-enhanced MRI, we have shown that gadolinium chelate, used as an MRI contrast agent, marks the structural characteristics of xylem bundles of maize stem nodes and internodes. Supplementing MRI data, a high-precision visualization of xylem vessels by laser scanning microscopy was used to reveal structural and dimensional characteristics of the stem vascular system.

In addition, we proposed the concept of using the prototype 'Y-type xylem vascular bundles' as a model of the elementary connection of vessels within the vascular system. A Reynolds number can match the microchannel model with the real xylem vessels.
The images were acquired using the protocol described elsewhere (Naumova, et al. High-resolution three-dimensional macromolecular proton fraction mapping for quantitative neuroanatomical imaging of the rodent brain in ultra-high magnetic fields. Neuroimage (2016) doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.09.036).

The map was reconstructed from three source images with different contrast weightings (proton density, T1, and magnetization transfer) using the single-point algorithm with a synthetic reference image. Source images were acquired from a living animal on an 11.7 T small animal MRI scanner with isotropic spatial resolution of 170 µm3 and total acquisition time about 1.5 h.

The 3D dataset can be used for multiple purposes including interactive viewing of rat brain anatomy, measurements of reference MPF values in various brain structures, and development of image processing techniques for the rodent brain segmentation. It also can serve as a gold standard image for implementation and optimization of rodent brain MRI protocols.
Vascular calcification is a distinctive feature of cardiovascular diseases of atherosclerotic origin. Visualization of calcifications is carried out by invasive and non-invasive methods. Knowledge of the presence and degree of calcification can predict clinical outcomes in patients at high risk of coronary events, help in the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease. The article presents a brief description of the methods of visualization of vascular calcium and a review of studies on the relationship of calcification with the risk of long-term adverse cardiovascular events.
These anthropomorphous characters are made on the surface of large boulders as a part of hunting scenes, or in a single fashion. The archers are displayed ready for shooting at disproportionally large figures of wild ungulate animals, mountain goats, and argali. They are performed in the animal style traditional for the Saki period Tian Shan petroglyphs supplemented with ornament elements, put on croup or on the largest part of the torso of these wild ungulate animals.

The article is intended to study several images depicting archers embossed on stone boulders, located near the present settlement Cholpon-Ata, which is situated at the northern coast of Issyk-Kul Lake in the Kyrgyz Republic. Figures of hunters are depicted bearing bows in their hands. The images show compound bows and arrows with tips of different shapes. A single figure of a horseman is displayed riding a horse and holding bow with taken off bowstring, placed in the bow quiver. Weapons, bows, arrows of the ancient archers are shown in a position ready for shooting at various targets or in a stowed position. Bows are shown with concave shoulders in the firing direction and placed bowstrings. Separate bows are shown with shoulders tops oriented towards the firing direction. The tops of several arrows are highlighted. One of such tops is issued in a semicircular ending.

Based on these images of bows and arrows, ancient nomads of the Scythian and Saki times in Tian Shan regarded bows and arrows as the main type of hunting weapon, and possibly used them for hunting widely.
The thickness and spectral dependence of the complex refractive index of upper layer in thin-film MBE-grown GaAs heterostructures were calculated basing on an classical oscillatory model of dielectric function from spectra measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry (nondestructive, contactless optical method) in the range of 1.5-4.75 eV.
Currently, the detection of the allele asymmetry of gene expression from RNA-seq data or the transcription factor binding from ChIP-seq data is one of the approaches used to identify the functional genetic variants that can affect gene expression (regulatory SNPs or rSNPs).

In this study, we searched for rSNPs using the data for human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAECs) available from the Sequence Read Archive (SRA). Allele-asymmetric binding and expression events are analyzed in paired ChIP-seq data for H3K4me3 mark and RNA-seq data obtained for 19 individuals. Two statistical approaches, weighted z-scores and predicted probabilities, were used to improve the efficiency of finding rSNPs.

In total, we identified 14,266 rSNPs associated with both allele-specific binding and expression. Among them, 645 rSNPs were associated with GWAS phenotypes; 4746 rSNPs were reported as eQTLs by GTEx, and 11,536 rSNPs were located in 374 candidate transcription factor binding motifs. Additionally, we searched for the rSNPs associated with gene expression using an SRA RNA-seq dataset for 281 clinically annotated human postmortem brain samples and detected eQTLs for 2505 rSNPs. Based on these results, we conducted Gene Ontology (GO), Disease Ontology (DO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses and constructed the protein–protein interaction networks to represent the top-ranked biological processes with a possible contribution to the phenotypic outcome.
Minerals of the Zn-Cd-S-Se system that formed by moderately reduced ~800–850 °C combustion metamorphic (CM) alteration of marly sediments were found in marbles from central Jordan. Their precursor sediments contain Se- and Ni-enriched authigenic pyrite and ZnS modifications with high Cd enrichment (up to ~10 wt%) and elevated concentrations of Cu, Sb, Ag, Mo, and Pb. The marbles are composed of calcite, carbonate-fluorapatite, spurrite, and brownmillerite and characterized by high P, Zn, Cd, U, and elevated Se, Ni, V, and Mo contents. Main accessories are either Zn-bearing oxides or sphalerite, greenockite, and Ca-Fe-Ni-Cu-O-S-Se oxychalcogenides. CM alteration lead to compositional homogenization of metamorphic sphalerite, for which trace-element suites become less diverse than in the authigenic ZnS. The CM sphalerites contain up to ~14 wt% Cd and ~6.7 wt% Se but are poor in Fe (means 1.4–2.2 wt%), and bear 100–250 ppm Co, Ni, and Hg. Sphalerite (Zn,Cd,Fe)(S,O,Se)cub is a homogeneous solid solution with a unit cell smaller than in ZnScub as a result of S2− → O2− substitution (a = 5.40852(12) Å, V = 158.211(6) Å3). The amount of lattice-bound oxygen in the CM sphalerite is within the range for synthetic ZnS1−xOx crystals (0 < x ≤ 0.05) growing at 900 °C.
Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a key laboratory biomarker for anti-inflammatory treatment initiation. Unfortunately, biochemical blood analyzers are not always easily accessible in medical institutions located far from major regional health facilities.

Methods: The present retrospective study included 423 patients (male 54.6%; female 45.4%; mean age 59.1 years) receiving hospital treatment due to COVID-19 in Medical Research and Educational Center of Lomonosov Moscow State University from April 21st to June 13th 2020. All patients donated blood for full biochemistry and hematology testing and underwent chest computer tomography (CT).

Conclusions: Presented model for inflammatory status estimation based on hematologic test results might be used to overcome clinical challenges in cases with limited laboratory equipment availability.
Volcanoes are the most rapidly changing and difficult to study geological features. Identifying physical signatures of processes occurring during seismic and volcanic activity is one of the most important problem in seismology.

Here we reveal temporal changes of seismic velocity in the upper crust for two years of eruption activity of the Redoubt volcano. Based on correlation of continuous records of seismic noise at pairs of stations, we obtained correlograms for selected time periods. Using the stretching method, we obtained relative velocity changes between stations.

These variations appear to be consistent with the results of repeated tomography that was previously derived based on body waves from local earthquakes.
A fully developed turbulent pipe flow of air at the Reynolds number of Re = 5300 enters a large reservoir of air, helium or carbon dioxide.

We perform Large-eddy simulations (LES) of turbulent variable-density jets. The impulsely starting jets as well as the fully developed stationary flows are considered.

In the first case we show that the air stream propagates faster in the light medium of helium as compared to other gas pairs, while in the fully developed case the same helium-air pair exhibits the lowest level of turbulent fluctuations.
The filter is based on the Lyot-Ehman physical principles and uses liquid crystal cells as polarization rotators.

The spectral properties of the filter are tested by imaging fluorescence of a Rhodamine dye solution. Full width at half maximum of the band of the filter was found to be 9-10 nm in the tested range of 520-620 nm. The filter is applied for 2D imaging of local spontaneous Raman scattering in a laminar premixed Bunsen flame.

It is shown that the local intensity of Stokes and anti-Stokes components of rovibrational transitions during the light scattering by nitrogen molecules can be captured by using this filter. It is also concluded that the filter can be used for 2D imaging of local fluorescence in gases or liquids.
The black hole binary properties inferred from the LIGO gravitational wave signal GW150914 posed several serious problems. The high masses and low effective spin of black hole binary can be explained if they are primordial (PBH) rather than the products of the stellar binary evolution. Such PBH properties are postulated ad hoc but not derived from fundamental theory.

We show that the necessary features of PBHs naturally follow from the slightly modified Affleck-Dine (AD) mechanism of baryogenesis. The log-normal distribution of PBHs, predicted within the AD paradigm, is adjusted to provide an abundant population of low-spin stellar mass black holes.

The same distribution gives a sufficient number of quickly growing seeds of supermassive black holes observed at high redshifts and may comprise an appreciable fraction of Dark Matter which does not contradict any existing observational limits. Testable predictions of this scenario are discussed.
Variations in human genome (e.g., single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) may be associated with hereditary diseases, their complications, comorbidities, and drug responses.

Using Web service SNP_TATA_Comparator presented in our previous paper, here we analyzed immediate surroundings of known SNP markers of diseases and identified several candidate SNP markers that can significantly change the affinity of TATA-binding protein for human gene promoters, with circadian consequences. For example, rs572527200 may be related to asthma, where symptoms are circadian (worse at night), and rs367732974 may be associated with heart attacks that are characterized by a circadian preference (early morning). By the same method, we analyzed the 90 bp proximal promoter region of each protein-coding transcript of each human gene of the circadian clock core.

This analysis yielded 53 candidate SNP markers, such as rs181985043 (susceptibility to acute Q fever in male patients), rs192518038 (higher risk of a heart attack in patients with diabetes), and rs374778785 (emphysema and lung cancer in smokers). If they are properly validated according to clinical standards, these candidate SNP markers may turn out to be useful for physicians (to select optimal treatment for each patient) and for the general population (to choose a lifestyle preventing possible circadian complications of diseases).
A robust and solvent-free mechanochemical approach for the synthesis of cobalt–nitrogen–carbon nanocomposite by simple mixing of cobalt(II) salts, nitrogen-containing ligands and carbon black, followed by thermal treatment is suggested.

The catalysts obtained were tested in the oxidative esterification of benzyl alcohol, demonstrating highly competitive performance.
Lymphocytes constitute an essential and potent effector compartment of the immune system. Therefore, their development and functions must be strictly regulated to avoid inappropriate immune responses, such as autoimmune reactions. Several lines of evidence from genetics (e.g. association with multiple sclerosis and primary biliary cirrhosis), human expression studies (e.g. increased expression in target tissues and draining lymph nodes of patients with autoimmune diseases), animal models (e.g. loss of functional protein protects animals from the development of collagen-induced arthritis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, type 1 diabetes, bleomycin-induced fibrosis) strongly support a causal link between the aberrant expression of the lymphocyte-restricted transcriptional regulator BOB.1 and the development of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of unusual structural and functional plasticity of BOB.1, stringent regulation of its expression, and the pivotal role that BOB.1 plays in shaping B- and T-cell responses. We discuss recent developments highlighting the significant contribution of BOB.1 to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and how to leverage our knowledge to target this regulator to treat autoimmune tissue inflammation.
The magnetotransport properties of massless Dirac fermions in a gapless HgTe quantum well are investigated.

In samples with narrow channels, a large negative magnetoresistance with a Lorentzian profile is observed, which is interpreted as a manifestation of electron viscosity due to an electron-electron interaction.

A comparison of experiment with theory yields the shear stress relaxation time of the Dirac fermions caused by electron-electron scattering.
We classify all decompositions of M3(C) into a direct vector–space sum of two subalgebras such that one of the subalgebras contains the identity matrix.
The most effective method of treating allergic diseases, aimed not at relieving symptoms, but at eliminating the cause of the disease, is allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT). To reduce the risk of side effects and improve the delivery of allergens to the mucosa, various delivery systems, such as liposomes, dendrimers, nanoparticles, etc., can be used. To date, there are data on the creation of delivery systems based on glycyrrhizic acid (GA) and its derivatives, but such a delivery system has not been used for allergen-specific therapy until now. It is also known that GA has an anti-inflammatory effect, shifts the balance towards Th1, and increases the number of Treg cells, meaning that it could potentially enhance the anti-allergic effect of AIT and reduce the risk of unwanted side effects. Thus, the study of the immunomodulatory effect of the supramolecular complexes (micelles) of GA with extracts of allergens holds promise for the development of new drugs for AIT.
Objective . To analyze the influence of somatic comorbidity on the results of surgical treatment of elderly and senile patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Material and Methods . The study design corresponds to a single-center non-randomized retrospective cohort study with level 3 evidence (OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group. The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence). The influence of somatic comorbidity on quality of life after surgery for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis was analyzed in 962 patients 60–85 years old. Analysis and evaluation of the results of the study was carried out in two groups of patients with radicular compression syndrome: Group 1 (less than 5 points according to White – Panjabi criteria) included 625 (65%) patients, and Group 2 (5 or more points according to White – Panjabi criteria) – 337 (35%) patients. Results . Body mass index of patients in Group 1 was statistically significantly lower than in Group 2. Repeated surgical interventions performed during the first year after the primary operation were statistically significantly more frequent in Group 1, and those performed after 3–4 years were more frequent in Group 2 (BMI ≥ 30) due to the development of adjacent level disease. In obese patients, the duration of surgery, blood loss and postoperative hospital stay are statistically significantly increased. One year after surgery, a statistically significant negative effect of increase in BMI on the parameters of back pain, lower limb pain, functional adaptation, and quality of life was revealed in both groups of patients. No association of obesity and complication rates was noted. In Group 2, the incidence of adjacent level disease 2–5 years after the primary operation was higher in patients with BMI ≥ 30 compared with patients with BMI < 30 and with patients in Group 1. It was found that somatic comorbidity and the age of patients statistically significantly prolonged postoperative hospital stay in Group 1 and did not affect its duration in Group 2. No effect of the comorbidity index on the quality of life was noted. Osteoporosis was statistically significantly associated with an increase in the frequency of technical complications during surgery (malposition of pedicle screws, cage migration, and damage to the vertebral endplates). Conclusion . Obesity is statistically significantly associated with an increase in postoperative hospital stay, surgery duration and blood loss, and is a predictor of the development of instability of the spinal motion segment and adjacent level disease. Obese patients have higher levels of back and lower limb pain and worse quality of life parameters after surgical interventions than patients with normal body weight. When using minimally invasive technologies in the surgical treatment of degenerative lumbar spine pathology, the number of complications in obese patients is not higher than in patients with normal body weight. The effect of comorbidity on the results of minimally invasive surgery for degenerative lumbar pathology was not detected. Osteoporosis affects the frequency of technical complications during surgery.
Hsp67Bc in Drosophila melanogaster is a member of the small heat shock protein family, the main function of which is to prevent the aggregation of misfolded or damaged proteins. Hsp67Bc interacts with Starvin and Hsp23, which are known to be a part of the cold stress response in the fly during the recovery phase. In this study, we investigated the role of the Hsp67Bc gene in the cold stress response. We showed that in adult Drosophila, Hsp67Bc expression increases after cold stress and decreases after 1.5 h of recovery, indicating the involvement of Hsp67Bc in short-term stress recovery. We also implemented a deletion in the D. melanogaster Hsp67Bc gene using imprecise excision of a P-element, and analysed the cold tolerance of Hsp67Bc-null mutants at different developmental stages. We found that Hsp67Bc-null homozygous flies are viable and fertile but display varying cold stress tolerance throughout the stages of ontogenesis: the survival after cold stress is slightly impaired in late third instar larvae, unaffected in pupae, and notably affected in adult females. Moreover, the recovery from chill coma is delayed in Hsp67Bc-null adults of both sexes. In addition, the deletion in the Hsp67Bc gene caused more prominent up-regulation of Hsp70 following cold stress, suggesting the involvement of Hsp70 in compensation of the lack of the Hsp67Bc protein. Taken together, our results suggest that Hsp67Bc is involved in the recovery of flies from a comatose state and contributes to the protection of the fruit fly from cold stress.
The possibility of epitaxial growth of Pb 0.7 Sn 0.3 Te crystalline topological insulator films on the Si(111) surface was shown and epitaxial relations were found. It was shown that, depending on the growth temperature, it is possible to control not only the character of the morphology, but also, to a significant extent, the smoothness of the epitaxial layer surface, which is extremely important for further transport measurements of the films. Analysis of the grown films surface morphology made it possible to establish the average value of the height and lateral size of the terraces and islands forming Pb 0.7 Sn 0.3 Te surface.
Nonlinearity plays a critical role in the intra-cavity dynamics of high-pulse energy fiber lasers. Management of the intra-cavity nonlinear dynamics is the key to increase the output pulse energy in such laser systems. Here, we examine the impact of the order of the intra-cavity elements on the energy of generated pulses in the all-normal dispersion mode-locked ring fiber laser cavity. In mathematical terms, the nonlinear light dynamics in resonator makes operators corresponding to the action of laser elements (active and passive fiber, out-coupler, saturable absorber) non-commuting and the order of their appearance in a cavity important. For the simple design of all-normal dispersion ring fiber laser with varying cavity length, we found the order of the cavity elements, leading to maximum output pulse energy.