Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The fabrication of the periodic structures, that is two-dimensional photonic crystals (2D PhCs) based on Si-materials by electron beam lithography (EBL) technique has been studied.

We have investigated basic lithography processes such as designing, exposition, development, etching and others. The developed top-down approach allows close-packed arrays of elements and holes to be formed in nanometre range.

This can be used to produce 2D PhCs with emitting micro-cavities (missing holes) with lateral size parameters with an accuracy of about 2% in the Si (100) substrate and in silicon-on-insulator structures. Such accuracy is expected to be sufficient for obtaining the cavities-coupling radiation interference from large areas of 2D PhCs.
Based on the reconstruction of the thermal evolution of granitoid batholith, represented by the Song‐Chai gneiss‐granite massif (Northern Vietnam), the long‐term existence of granitoid magma at deep levels of the Earth's crust (H≥25 km, Δt~20–50 Ma) is established. The geodynamic analysis of the granitoid batholith and mathematical modeling of its thermal history shows that the magmatic chamber should be considered as a thermal trap at the lower level of the crust, which preserved residual granite melts for a long time. Activation of the magmatic chamber occurs in post‐collisional strike‐slip fault zones and is accompanied by tectonic exhumation of large crustal segments. As a result, the batholith is transformed into a Cordilleran‐type metamorphic core complex, residual rare‐metal melts are emplaced, and, commercial deposits are thus formed.
The Late Neoproterozoic U-Pb age for zircon of island-arc metadacites (691 8.8 million years) and basalts (572 6.5 million years) of the Kiselikhinskaya Formation of the Kutukasskaya Group was established for the first time.

The manifestation of basaltic volcanism is associated with rift-related processes. The studies clarify the Late Precambrian stratigraphy of the Yenisei Ridge and the features of the evolution of the Sayan-Yenisei accretionary belt at the Neoproterozoic stage of its history.

Folded-thrust structures of the junction zone of the Yenisei Ridge with the West Siberian Plate may be favorable in relation to the search for unconventional oil and gas traps.
Background The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is globally expanding and has become the main vector for human arboviruses in Europe. With limited antiviral drugs and vaccines available, vector control is the primary approach to prevent mosquito-borne diseases. A reliable and accurate DNA sequence of the Ae. albopictus genome is essential to develop new approaches that involve genetic manipulation of mosquitoes.

Results We use long-read sequencing methods and modern scaffolding techniques (PacBio, 10X, and Hi-C) to produce AalbF2, a dramatically improved assembly of the Ae. albopictus genome. AalbF2 reveals widespread viral insertions, novel microRNAs and piRNA clusters, the sex-determining locus, and new immunity genes, and enables genome-wide studies of geographically diverse Ae. albopictus populations and analyses of the developmental and stage-dependent network of expression data. Additionally, we build the first physical map for this species with 75% of the assembled genome anchored to the chromosomes.

Conclusion The AalbF2 genome assembly represents the most up-to-date collective knowledge of the Ae. albopictus genome. These resources represent a foundation to improve understanding of the adaptation potential and the epidemiological relevance of this species and foster the development of innovative control measures.
We have investigated the effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on estrogen- metabolizing genes CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP19 and ERα and cyclin D1 genes, which control of cell division in estrogen-depended tissues. Treatment of rats with benzo(a)pyren (BP) or 3-methylcholantrene (MC) significantly up-regulated CYP1A1, CYP1B1 gene expression in liver, uterus and ovary, whereas alfa-naphthoflavone (α-NF) did not have any effect. The high level of aromatase gene (CYP19) expression was detected in ovary only. Treatment of rats with BP or MC significantly down-regulated expression of this gene (15- and 5,5-fold, respectively), whereas α-NF did not have any effect. BP produced an increase in ERα and cyclin D1 gene expression in rat liver. This effect was not seen with MC and α-NF. ERα and cyclin D1 mRNA levels were unchanged in uterus of rats after PAHs treatment. On the other hand, BP treatment caused an increase of the ERα and cyclin D1 mRNA levels (3,5- and 2,5-fold, respectively) in ovary, whereas MC and α-NF did not have any effects. Thus, our results give evidence for tissue-specific effects of PAHs on expression of genes, which participate in hormonal carcinogenesis. Moreover, the fact that BP and MC treatment affects the expression of estrogen-metabolizing genes and genes, which control of cell division, supports the view that PAHs may be one of the causes of endocrine disorder and consequent hormonal carcinogenesis.
The article analyzes one of the problems of inter-party interaction in Russia in 1917–1924, which was not studies either intentionally or occasionally by Russian or foreign scholars. The subject of the research is the admission of socialists, who quit other parties, to the RSDLP(b) - RCP(b): more specifically who resigned the membership of Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (of Internationalists), Mensheviks, Right and Left wings of Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries, Socialist-Revolutionaries-autonomists, Union of Socialists-Revolutionaries Maximalists, Party of Revolutionary Communism, anarchists and so on.

Based on the wide range of published materials, including data from the central and local periodicals, as well as unique archival sources that were added to the ever-growing aggregate of scientific knowledge for the first time, the article investigate, when, how and on what conditions former members of socialist parties (so-called "vykhodets") were accepted for the RSDLP(b) – RCP(b) membership.

The authors conclude that during 1917-1924 the conditions of admitting to Bolshevik Party changed crucially. At different moments, the Communist leadership solved different problems allowing former socialists to join the Bolshevik ranks. In 1917-1919 the admission of former socialists was initiated in order to rise the number of members of the RSDLP(b) - RCP(b), and the target audience mainly consisted of revolutionaries who had extensive experience in party and social work. After the October Revolution in 1917, the entering former members of the other parties to the Bolshevik party was considered as a tool of splitting and fragmentation of socialist parties and groups that were opponents and / or competitor for the Bolsheviks. Since the end of 1919, the admission of socialists to the RCP(b) had been gradually lost its significance as a source of recruiting and transformed mainly into an instrument for the destruction of the Mensheviks and Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries, as well as a mechanism for the adoption and incorporation of small groups with socialist and communist orientation. Since 1921, the admission of former socialists to the RCP(b) actually ceased to play the role into the process of increasing membership, but became one of the most important implement of degrading and defeating the Mensheviks and Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries. From the beginning of 1924, it was used exclusively as a factor of discrediting the socialists.
One of the key elements of terahertz time-domain spectrometers is the optical delay line. Usually it consists of a motorized translation stage and a corner reflector mounted on its top. Errors in the positioning of the translation stage lead to various distortions of the measured waveform of terahertz pulses and, therefore, terahertz spectra.

In this paper, the accuracy of position measurements is improved by using an optical encoder.

Three types of systematic errors are found: Increasing and periodic offsets of the translation stage position, as well as a drift of its initial position in a series of consecutive measurements. The influence of the detected errors on the measured terahertz spectra is studied and correction methods are proposed.
Some features of old results in the total summation of all logarithmic contributions of all diagrams in Yukawa theory are presented.

We discuss some lessons from this picture

for the description of Pomeron, odderon, etc. in QCD.
We study the scattering properties of a cloud of particles. The particles are spherical, close to the incident wavelength in size, have a high albedo, and are randomly packed to 20% volume density.

We show, using both numerically exact methods for solving the Maxwell equations and radiative-transfer-approximation methods,

that the scattering properties of the cloud converge after about ten million particles in the system. After that, the backward-scattered properties of the system should estimate the properties of a macroscopic, practically infinite system.
A geometric model of an autostereoscopic 3D display is described herein. This model is based on the geometry of typical display devices and on the projective transformations that provide periodicity in the projective space.

The formulas for the transformations between regions and spaces are provided. The model can be applied to the study of an operation of the multiview, integral, plenoptic, and light-field displays.

A practical application considered in this paper is the multiview wavelet transform.
Microreactors attract a significant interest for chemical synthesis due to the benefits of small scales such as high surface to volume ratio, rapid thermal ramping, and well‐understood laminar flows. The suitability of atomic layer deposition for application of both the nanoparticle catalyst and the support material on the surfaces of channels of microfabricated silicon microreactors is demonstrated in this research. Continuous‐flow hydrogenation of propene into propane at low temperatures with TiO 2 ‐supported catalytic Pt nanoparticles was used as a model reaction. Reaction yield and mass transport were monitored by high‐sensitivity microcoil NMR spectroscopy as well as time‐of‐flight remote detection NMR imaging. The microreactors were shown to be very efficient in propene conversion into propane. The yield of 100 % was achieved at 50 °C with a reactor decorated with Pt nanoparticles of average size of roughly 1 nm and surface coverage of 3.2 % in 20 mm long reaction channels with a residence time of 1100 ms. The activity of the Pt catalyst surfaces was on the order of several to tens of mmol s −1 m −2 .
In the course of evolution, viruses have developed various molecular mechanisms to evade the defense reactions of the host organism. When understanding the mechanisms used by viruses to overcome manifold defense systems of the animal organism, represented by molecular factors and cells of the immune system, we would not only comprehend better but also discover new patterns of organization and function of these most important reactions directed against infectious agents.

Here, study of the orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans, such as variola (smallpox), monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses, may be most important.

Analysis of the experimental data, presented in this paper, allows to infer that variola virus and other orthopoxviruses possess an unexampled set of genes whose protein products efficiently modulate the manifold defense mechanisms of the host organisms compared with the viruses from other families.
We simulated the situation of risky hunting in the striped field mouse Apodemus agrarius in order to examine whether these animals are able to make a choice between small and large quantities of live prey (ants). In the first (preliminary) experiment we investigated to what extent mice were interested in ants as a live prey and how their hunting activity depended on the quantity of these edible but rather aggressive insects. We placed mice one by one into arenas together with ant groups of different quantities, from 10 to 60. Surprisingly, animals, both wild-caught and laboratory-reared, displayed rather skilled predatory attacks: mice killed and ate from 0.37 ± 003 to 4 ± 0.5 ants per minute. However, there was a threshold number of ants in the arenas when rodents expressed signs of discomfort and started to panic, likely because ants bit them. This threshold corresponds to the dynamic density (about 400 individuals per m(2) per min) in the vicinity of anthills and ants' routes in natural environment. In the second experiment mice had to choose between different quantities of ants placed in two transparent tunnels. Ants here served both as food items and as a source of danger. As far as we know, this is the first experimental paradigm based on evaluation of quantity judgments in the context of risk/reward decision making where the animals face a trade-off between the hedonistic value of the prey and the danger it presents. We found that when mice have to choose between 5 vs. 15, 5 vs. 30, and 10 vs. 30 ants, they always tend to prefer the smaller quantity, thus displaying the capacity for distinguishing more from less in order to ensure comfortable hunting. The results of this study are ecologically relevant as they reflect situations and challenges faced by free-living small rodents.
Using a sample of (470.9 +- 2.8) x 10^6 BB-bar pairs, we measure the decay branching fraction B(B^0 -> D^*- pi^+ pi^- pi^+) = (7.26 +- 0.11 +- 0.31) x 10^-3, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. Our measurement will be helpful in studies of lepton universality by measuring B(B^0 -> D^*- tau^+ nu_tau) using tau^+ -> pi^+ pi^- pi^+ nu-bar_tau decays, normalized to B(B^0 -> D^*- pi^+ pi^- pi^+.
Glioblastoma is a leader among the most malignant brain tumors with the average lifespan of patients around 9-12 months. For prevention and treatment of neuropathology, a variety of therapeutic and surgical approaches are being developed and improved, including radiation and chemical therapy methods. In our work, we investigated cytopathic effect of X-ray irradiation with application of metal oxides nanoparticles such as manganese oxide (MnO) on U87 human glioblastoma cells. We used the X-ray irradiation dose of 0.5, 4, 40 and 100 Gy in combination with nanoparticles at the concentration of 0.5 ng/ml. The irradiation of glioma cell was carried out at the synchrotron radiation source VEPP-4. After cells treatments with nanoparticles for about 24 h and radiation the results were assessed by MTT assay test with 106/ml cells densities. We demonstrate that preincubation of the glioblastoma cell lines U87 with MnO nanoparticles allows reducing dose of irradiation. This combination of nanoparticles and X-ray irradiation provides new possibilities for the treatment of brain tumors.
The literature review highlights the results of the most recent foreign and Russian studies on topical problems of vascular calcification with an emphasis on the relationship between some biochemical markers of vascular calcification (in priority osteoprotegerin and osteopontin) with cardiovascular disease and other associated conditions.

To prepare it, the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, MDPI, Hindawi, Oxford Academic were used.

Including some provisions of the reviewed studies help to clarify the pathophysiology mechanisms of vascular calcification. And it should also be noted that many aspects of the reviewed studies are directly related to a clinical practice. The purpose of this review is to generalize and systematize current knowledge about the contribution of vascular calcification biochemical markers to vascular tunic pathology, which finally leads to cardiovascular events.
В задаче о движении потока замагниченных релятивистских электронов в цилиндрическом канале, размеры которого соизмеримы с их ларморовским радиусом, найдено распределение по длине канала поглотившихся в его стенке электронов при различном начальном угловом разбросе этих частиц.

Данное решение получено с учетом отражения релятивистских электронов от цилиндрической поверхности канала при произвольном угле падения электронов на нее.

В соответствии с полученным решением создан и проверен в реальном эксперименте многоканальный датчик углового разброса электронов, построенный как совокупность последовательно размещенных поглощающих коллиматоров
Background: Specific sensitization characterizes increased serum level of IgE to different groups of allergens (food, dust, domestic and contact). Characteristic of specific sensitization changes with age of patient. Spectrum of specific sensitization determined environmental factors, conditions of habitation. Objective: objective was to research characteristic of specific sensitization in patients with atopic dermatitis. Methods: There were 108 patients with atopic dermatitis, 1st group – 31 patient (17 boys and 14 girls) 0-3y.o., 2nd group – 30 (13 boys and 17 girls) 4-13 y.o., 3rd group – 47 (16 men and 31 women) 16-63 y.o. In control group, there were 25 patients (4 men, 21 women) 16-64 y.o. with another dermatological diseases such as psoriasis, acne, rosacea and etc., without atopic dermatitis. In patients of all 4 groups evaluated personal, family allergic anamnesis, drug and food allergy, sensitization by measuring common and specific levels of immunoglobulin E. Results: 10%, 32%, 27% patients of 1st, 2nd, 3rd groups had food allergy. The main allergens were citruses (37% cases), chocolate (27%) and milk (17%). Conclusion: 44-52% patients with atopic dermatitis and 4% patients without atopy had non-specific sensitization, that characterized five-fold increased serum level of IgE and more. 50-60% patients with atopic dermatitis had specific sensitization. 60% infants at the age under 3 y.o. with atopic dermatitis had sensitization for epithelium of homepets, 50% - for milk, 30% - white-egg. Among adults with atopic dermatitis sensitization was the same, as in control group. 35% patients with dermatoses without atopy had specific sensitization.
Aim. To study the association of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs556621 (G>T) with the development of stroke in patients of the East Siberian population with cardiovascular pathology and risk factors.

The study involved 260 patients with stroke (157 men and 103 women) and 272 patients of the control group (170 men and 102 women). The following cardiovascular pathology and risk factors were present in the patients of the main group: arterial hypertension, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis of the brachiocephalic arteries, disorders of the hemostatic system. All patients underwent clinical, instrumental and molecular genetic examination. Statistical processing of the material was carried out using the set of application programs Statistica for Windows 7.0, Excel and SPSS 22.

As a result of the study, no statistically significant associations of genotypes and alleles of the rs1800801 polymorphism (C>T) with stroke were found in any of the analyzed groups and subgroups. Conclusion. SNP rs1800801 (C>T) does not have a significant effect on the development of stroke in people of the East Siberian population, regardless of the preceding cardiovascular pathology and risk factors.
Second-stage laser cooling of thulium atoms at the 530.7 nm transition with a natural linewidth of 350 kHz offers an interesting possibility to study different regimes of a magneto-optical trap (MOT). The intermediate value of the spectral linewidth of the cooling transition allows the observation of three distinct regimes depending on the intensity and detuning of the cooling beams

We studied the double structure regime at different saturation parameters and compared observations with calculations based on semiclassical and quantum approaches

The quantum treatment adequately reproduces experimental results if the MOT magnetic field is properly taken into account
The Siberian wood frog Rana amurensis Boulenger, 1886 is the most hypoxia-tolerant amphibian. It can survive for several months in an almost complete absence of oxygen. Little is known about the mechanisms of this remarkable resilience, in part because studies of amphibian genomes are impeded by their large size.

To make the Siberian wood frog more amenable for genetic analysis, we performed transcriptome sequencing and de novo assembly for the R. amurensis brain under hypoxia and normoxia, as well as for the normoxic heart. In order to build a de novo transcriptome assembly of R. amurensis, we utilized 125-bp paired-end reads obtained from the brain under normoxia and hypoxia conditions, and from the heart under normoxia. In the transcriptome assembled from about 100,000,000 reads, 81.5 % of transcripts were annotated as complete, 5.3 % as fragmented, and 13.2 % as missing.

We detected 59,078 known transcripts that clustered into 22,251 genes; 11,482 of them were assigned to specific GO categories. Among them, we found 6696 genes involved in protein binding, 3531 genes involved in catalytic activity, and 576 genes associated with transporter activity. A search for genes encoding receptors of the most important neurotransmitters, which may participate in the response to hypoxia, resulted in a set of expressed receptors of dopamine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate, acetylcholine, and norepinephrine. Unexpectedly, no transcripts for histamine receptors were found. The data obtained in this study create a valuable resource for studying the mechanisms of hypoxia tolerance in the Siberian wood frog, as well as for amphibian studies in general.
Polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster are a convenient model for studying interphase chromosomes of eukaryotes. They are giant in size in comparison with diploid cell chromosomes and have a pattern of cross stripes resulting from the ordered chromatid arrangement. Each region of polytene chromosomes has a unique banding pattern.

Using the model of four chromatin types that reveals domains of varying compaction degrees, we were able to correlate the physical and cytological maps of some polytene chromosome regions and to show the main properties of genetic and molecular organization of bands and interbands, that we describe in this review. On the molecular map of the genome, the interbands correspond to decompacted aquamarine chromatin and 5’ ends of ubiquitously active genes. Gray bands contain lazurite and malachite chromatin, intermediate in the level of compaction, and, mainly, coding parts of genes. Dense black transcriptionally inactive bands are enriched in ruby chromatin. Localization of several dozens of interbands on the genome molecular map allowed us to study in detail their architecture according to the data of whole genome projects. The distribution of proteins and regulatory elements of the genome in the promoter regions of genes localized in the interbands shows that these parts of interbands are probably responsible for the formation of open chromatin that is visualized in polytene chromosomes as interbands. Using the model of four chromatin states and fluorescent in situ hybridization, its cytological map was refined and the genomic coordinates of all bands and interbands were determined.

Thus, the permanent genetic activity of interbands and gray bands and the inactivity of genes in black bands are the basis of the universal banding pattern in the chromosomes of all Drosophila tissues. The smallest fourth chromosome of Drosophila with an atypical protein composition of chromatin is a special case. It was shown that, in spite of the peculiarities of this chromosome, its band organization in general corresponds to the rest of the genome. Extremely long genes of different Drosophila chromosomes do not fit the common scheme, since they can occupy a series of alternating bands and interbands (up to nine chromosomal structures) formed by parts of these genes.