Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
In 1990s, the emergence of the 3rd generation synchrotron user facilities equipped with undulator sources, stimulated pioneering works on interaction of coherent X-ray beams with matter, resulted in the development of X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) technique capable to probe nanoscale fluctuations up to kHz frequencies using dynamics of speckle pattern given by scattering of coherent X-ray beam from the sample. More recently (and highly aided by the development of modern high-throughput data analysis algorithms), coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (CXDI), also known as lensless imaging, revolutionized the field of X-ray microscopy, finally bringing users the possibility of non-destructive 2D and 3D imaging of complex structures with unprecedented −10 nm resolution. However, strict requirements to transverse coherence of X-ray probe put serious limits on further development of CXDI-based techniques at the 3rd generation facilities, where coherent flux after spatial filtering becomes unacceptably small at energies above -20 keV. At the same time, the latter was used as one of the strongest arguments of the user community for push towards construction of multibend-achromat-based 4th generation of storage rings with ultra-low emittance. Whereas at the 3rd generation facilities the phase volume of undulator source was dominated by electron beam emittance with negligible influence of other factors, the estimation and minimization of undulator source phase volume at 4 th generation facilities requires more elaborate approach taking into account electron beam energy spread and matching of phase-space ellipses between electron and X-ray beams. Here we present estimations of coherent flux at different energies available for future users of ultra-low-emittance SKIF storage ring (to be commissioned in 2023) and discuss ways of its optimization.
The paper analyzes environmental-economics models developed by foreign and Russian scientists. The first attempts to combine both economic and environmental issues in mathematical modeling were made in the 1960s, with most of them been theoretical due to lack of necessary data. With the development of modeling approaches, following on Wassily Leontief’s models, an environmental block has been included into input-output models. However, most of the existing models can hardly be applied to practice due to lack of statistical data and the absence of inter-industry approach. Even today the main restricting factor for these models to be used in practice is still limited availability of information, including not only economic but also environmental data, which is especially critical for regional researches, as the number of statistical indicators for the regions is much lower than at the macro level. The article provides mathematical description of the input-output model with an environmental block. The model is developed at the Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering of the Siberian Branch of the RAS in collaboration with the Novosibirsk State University. The model can be used for regional researches, given the input-output tables for the region is available.
Herein, an optical loss analysis of the recently introduced silicon carbide–based transparent passivating contact (TPC) for silicon heterojunction solar cells is presented, the most dominant losses are identified, and the potential for reducing these losses is discussed.

Magnesium fluoride is applied as an antireflective coating to reduce the reflective losses by up to 0.8 mA cm − 2 . When applying the magnesium fluoride, the passivation quality of the layer stack degrades, but is restored after annealing on a hot plate in ambient air.

Afterwards, a road map for TPC solar cells toward an efficiency of 25% is presented and discussed. The largest part in efficiency gain is achieved by reducing the finger width and by increasing the passivation quality. Furthermore, it is shown that TPC solar cells have the potential to achieve short‐circuit current densities above 42 mA cm − 2 if the finger width is reduced and the front‐side indium tin oxide (ITO) layer can be replaced by an ITO silicon nitride double layer.
This paper discusses the numerical simulation of the 69-Degree Delta Wing Body for computing the sonic boom signature in the near field. For flow field calculation, the commercial CFD flow solver ANSYS Fluent is employed. The computational mesh in the perturbed flow regions was refined two times using the automatic gradient adaptation. The results are in agreement with the results obtained by other researchers.
Applying the Pancharatnam–Berry (PB) principle to half-wave plate (HWP) metasurfaces allows the manipulation of wavefronts along with the conversion of the handedness of circularly polarized incident waves by simply rotating the meta-atoms that compose the metasurface. PB metasurfaces (PBM) working in transmission mode with four or more layers have been demonstrated to reach levels of transmission efficiency near 100% but also have resulted in bulky structures. On the other hand, compact tri-layer ultrathin (λ/8) designs have reached levels near 90% but are more challenging than single- or bi-layer structures from a manufacturing viewpoint. Here, we propose a compact ultrathin (&lt;λ/13) transmissive PBM with only two layers (which significantly simplifies the fabrication process) achieving a transmission efficiency level of around 90%, focusing the wavefront of a circularly polarized incident wave and converting its handedness. The metasurface is composed of identical bi-layered H-shaped unit cells (meta-atoms) whose transmission phases are chosen by introducing different rotation angles to each unit cell according to a lens spatial phase profile. The structure is analytically and numerically studied and experimentally measured, verifying an excellent behavior as an HWP PB metalens at 87 GHz.
Nanostructured materials are specific objects of the structural analysis.Peculiarities of their X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns arise from the presence of planar defects and/or coherently connected domains, which are elements of nanostructure.Such disordering of 3D periodic crystal structure gives rise to the diffuse scattering both in the vicinity of Bragg maxima (broadening of peaks, their shift and splitting) and/or in background region (appearance of diffuse peaks or halo).This complicates or even makes impossible the application of the traditional techniques of structural and microstructural analysis.Simulation of the XRD patterns on the base of the models of partially disordered crystals allows us to analyse all diffraction effects.It will be shown what peculiarities arise on the XRD patterns due to twinning as well due to formation of coherently connected domains having 1) the same structure, 2) the same composition but different structure, 3) different structure.Various structural types will be considered.
Retrotransposons comprise a substantial fraction of eukaryotic genomes, reaching the highest proportions in plants. Therefore, identification and annotation of retrotransposons is an important task in studying the regulation and evolution of plant genomes. The majority of computational tools for mining transposable elements (TEs) are designed for subsequent genome repeat masking, often leaving aside the element lineage classification and its protein domain composition. Additionally, studies focused on the diversity and evolution of a particular group of retrotransposons often require substantial customization efforts from researchers to adapt existing software to their needs. Here, we developed a computational pipeline to mine sequences of protein-coding retrotransposons based on the sequences of their conserved protein domains-DARTS (Domain-Associated Retrotransposon Search). Using the most abundant group of TEs in plants-long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons (LTR-RTs)-we show that DARTS has radically higher sensitivity for LTR-RT identification compared to the widely accepted tool LTRharvest. DARTS can be easily customized for specific user needs. As a result, DARTS returns a set of structurally annotated nucleotide and amino acid sequences which can be readily used in subsequent comparative and phylogenetic analyses. DARTS may facilitate researchers interested in the discovery and detailed analysis of the diversity and evolution of retrotransposons, LTR-RTs, and other protein-coding TEs.
Research into neurobiology of depression primarily focuses on its complex psychological aspects.

Here we propose an alternative approach and target sensorimotor alterations—a prominent but often neglected feature of depression. We demonstrated using resting-state functional MRI data and computational modeling that top-down and bottom-up information flow in sensory and motor cortices is altered with increasing depression severity in a way that is consistent with depression symptoms.

Depression-associated changes were found to be consistent across sessions, amenable to treatment and of effect size sufficiently large to predict whether somebody has mild or severe depression. These results pave the way for an avenue of research into the neural underpinnings of mental health conditions.
The unexpected formation of a highly strained polycyclic amine was observed in a one-pot synthesis from cyclopentanone, dimethyl fumarate and ammonium acetate. This multistep reaction includes 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of dimethyl fumarate to the cyclic azomethine ylide formed in situ from cyclopentanone and ammonia. The polycyclic amine product was easily converted into a sterically shielded polycyclic nitroxide.

The EPR spectra and spin relaxation behavior of the nitroxide were studied in solution. The spin relaxation seems well suited for the use as a biological spin label and are comparable with those of cyclic nitroxides with two spirocyclic moieties adjacent to the N–O · group.
Minichannel cooling systems show great potential for small scale electronics. In this paper we analytically and numerically investigate flow with evaporation in open triangular minichannels without upper gas flow. It models processes either in a groove or in an individual channel. From the laws of mass, momentum and energy conservation we derive equations for mean velocity and for the depth of the liquid. These equations have been solved numerically. The viscosity limits maximum fluid speed and causes the formation of dry spots. The heat flux reaches 40kW/m 2 for initial liquid velocity 2 m/s. It is demonstrated that triangular or grooved channels even without upper gas flow are perspective for cooling systems.
The differential cross section of double bremsstrahlung (emission of two photons) from high-energy electron in the electric field of heavy atoms is derived. The results are obtained with the exact account of the atomic field by means of the quasiclassical approximation to the wave functions and the Green's function in the external field. It is shown that the Coulomb corrections to the differential cross section (the difference between the exact result and the result obtained in the leading Born approximation) correspond to small momentum transfers. The Coulomb corrections to the differential cross section of double bremsstrahlung are accumulated in the factor, which coincides with the corresponding factor in the differential cross section of single bremsstrahlung. At small momentum transfer, the Coulomb corrections to the differential cross section are very sensitive to the parameters of screening while the Coulomb corrections to the cross section integrated over the momentum transfer have the universal form.
The emergence of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in migratory birds raises serious concerns as these viruses have the potential to spread during fall migration. We report the identification of novel HPAIV A(H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4 virus that was isolated from sick domestic duck at commercial farm during the second wave of spread that began in October and affected poultry (ducks; chiсkens) in several European regions of Russia and Western Siberia in 2016. The strain was highly lethal in experimental infection of chickens and mice with IVPI = 2.34 and MLD50 = 1.3log10⁡ EID50, accordingly. Inoculation of chickens with the HPAIV A/H5N8 demonstrated neuroinvasiveness, multiorgan failure, and death of chickens on the 3rd day post inoculation. Virus replicated in all collected organ samples in high viral titers with the highest titer in the brain (6.75±0.1 log10TCID50/ml). Effective virus replication was found in the following cells: neurons and glial cells of a brain; alveolar cells and macrophages of lungs; epithelial cells of a small intestine; hepatocytes and Kupffer cells of a liver; macrophages and endothelial cells of a spleen; and the tubular epithelial cells of kidneys. These findings advance our understanding of histopathological effect of A(H5N8) HPAIV infection.
Non-uniform schemes for collection of pulse dipole spectroscopy data can decrease and redistribute noise in the distance spectrum for increased sensitivity and throughput.
A Moutard type transformation for matrix generalized analytic functions is derived.

Relations between Moutard type transforms and gauge transformations are demonstrated.
Exploiting time series of the cost of a staples basket across 75 Russian regions over 1994-2000

price linkages of the regions are analyzed with the use of Granger causality as a tool

Price linkages of Russian regions are found extensive: on average, an individual regional market is linked through prices with 62% of others. Neither isolated clusters of regions nor autarkic regions are revealed; each region is linked with all others either directly or indirectly, through a chain of no more than two intermediate regions. Spatial autocorrelation is found to take place in two thirds of regions
МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ РАССУЖДЕНИЙ НА ОСНОВЕ ПРЕЦЕДЕНТОВ В АВТОМАТИЧЕСКОМ АНАЛИЗЕ НОВОСТНЫХ ТЕКСТОВРассматриваются методы моделирования рассуждений на основе прецедентов в задачах анализа и моделирования распространения сообщений в сети Интернет.Предлагаемый подход позволяет строить последовательности
The paper deals with mathematical modelling of the process of an explosion of a cloud of reactive gases and its impact on the environment. The research may be relevant to ensure fire safety and to prevent explosion hazards at industrial production facilities that use reactive gas mixtures as a working medium and at high-pressure industrial pipelines used for their transportation.

The goal of the study is to develop and test a computational technology for numerical modelling of clouds of reactive gas mixture expansions and loads evaluation. To describe the chemical processes in the explosion, a simplified mathematical model is proposed which based on the assumption of frozen chemical reactions. Using the model, a set of User Defined Functions is implemented in ANSYS Fluent and applied for solving a problem of a 'propylene-air' cloud explosion inside the T-shape tube with two closed and one open ends.
АннотацияЦель.Проанализировать предпосылки возникновения межгосударственных интеграционных объединений начиная с древнейших времён (союз греческих полисов) и завершая современным периодом (Евросоюз).Процедура и методы.Проведён анализ взглядов исследователей.Методологической основой исследования являются теория политогенеза Р. Карнейро и обобщённый метод сходства и различия Бэкона-Милля
We report on Large-eddy simulations (LES) of a flow around a cylinder in a narrow duct channel at the Reynolds number of 2 000, 3 000 based on the bulk velocity and diameter of the cylinder. We investigate a mechanism of the transition occurring from steady laminar flow at Re = 2 000 to turbulent flow at Re = 3 000 with attached recirculation zone and thin sinusoidal far wake.
Using experimental data obtained from the network of stations installed on Kambalny volcano in the period from July 2018 to July 2019

a set of correlation functions was obtained and its preliminary interpretation was carried out. Works aimed at quality control of the obtained cross-correlation functions have been performed. We have identified considerable variations of the frequency-amplitude characteristics of the cross-correlation functions at small times, as well as significant shifts of the derived phases in large correlation times

Such variations of the cross-correlation patterns may indicate the existence of distinct time periods with different types of seismicity, as well as strong variations of mechanical properties of rocks. In turn, this might be an evidence for the ongoing activity of the magmatic system beneath the Kambalny volcano
We formulate equations governing flows of suspensions of rod-like particles. Such suspensions include linear polymer solutions, FD-virus, and worm-like micelles. To take into account the particles that form and their rotation, we treat the suspension as a Cosserat continuum and apply the theory of micropolar fluids. Anisotropy of suspensions is determined through the inclusion of the microinertia tensor in the rheological constitutive equations. We check that the model is consistent with the basic principles of thermodynamics. In addition to anisotropy, the theory also captures gradient banding instability, coexistence of isotropic and nematic phases, sustained temporal oscillations of macroscopic viscosity, shear thinning and hysteresis. For the flow between two planes, we also establish that the total flow rate depends not only on the pressure gradient, but on the history of its variation as well.
A new algorithm for the determination of the initial flavour of B0s mesons is presented. The algorithm is based on two neural networks and exploits the b hadron production mechanism at a hadron collider. The first network is trained to select charged kaons produced in association with the B0s meson. The second network combines the kaon charges to assign the B0s flavour and estimates the probability of a wrong assignment. The algorithm is calibrated using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 fb−1 collected by the LHCb experiment in proton-proton collisions at 7 and 8 TeV centre-of-mass energies. The calibration is performed in two ways: by resolving the B0s–0s flavour oscillations in B0s → D−sπ+ decays, and by analysing flavour-specific B*s2(5840)0 → B+K− decays. The tagging power measured in B0s → D−sπ+ decays is found to be (1.80 ± 0.19 (stat) ± 0.18 (syst))%, which is an improvement of about 50% compared to a similar algorithm previously used in the LHCb experiment.
Important role of helicity was theoretically predicted for the generation of large-scale magnetic fields and atmospheric vortices. Helicity can lead to a reduction of turbulent dissipation in the atmosphere or in a specific constrained flow, e.g. in pipe. We use the TomoPIV data (42 cube of grid points, resolution 0.84 mm) to measure 3D velocity field of turbulent swirling flows. We study spatial distribution of the mean and fluctuating components of energy and helicity. We find that helical turbulence excitation and decay along stream of the jet strongly depend on the inflow swirl. We observe spatial separation of turbulent flow with different sign of helicity while integrated values are conserves. It is shown that large scale swirling flow induces helicity at the small scales. Our results bring valuable materials for benchmark the modern numerical simulations with turbulent closure technique.
Selection by means of genetic markers is a promising approach to the eradication of infectious diseases in farm animals, especially in the absence of eﬀective methods of treatment and prevention. Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is spread throughout the world and represents one of the biggest problems for the livestock production and food security in Russia. However, recent genome-wide association studies have shown that sensitivity/resistance to BLV is polygenic.

The aim of this study was to create a catalog of cattle genes and genes of other mammalian species involved in the pathogenesis of BLV-induced infection and to perform gene prioritization using bioinformatics methods. Based on manually collected information from a range of open sources, a total of 446 genes were included in the catalog of cattle genes and genes of other mammals involved in the pathogenesis of BLV-induced infection. The following criteria were used to prioritize 446 genes from the catalog: (1) the gene is associated with leukemia according to a genome-wide association study; (2) the gene is associated with leukemia according to a case-control study; (3) the role of the gene in leukemia development has been studied using knockout mice; (4) protein-protein interactions exist between the gene-encoded protein and either viral particles or individual viral proteins; (5) the gene is annotated with Gene Ontology terms that are overrepresented for a given list of genes; (6) the gene participates in biological pathways from the KEGG or REACTOME databases, which are over-represented for a given list of genes; (7) the protein encoded by the gene has a high number of protein-protein interactions with proteins encoded by other genes from the catalog. Based on each criterion, a rank was assigned to each gene. Then the ranks were summarized and an overall rank was determined.

Prioritization of 446 candidate genes allowed us to identify 5 genes of interest ( TNF , LTB , BOLA-DQA1 , BOLA-DRB3 , ATF2 ), which can aﬀect the sensitivity/resistance of cattle to leukemia.
The purpose of this paper is to develop a numerical method of solving the problem of evolution of the finite gas volume that entered in a liquid flow at a set flow rate. The drift- flux model is used as gas-liquid mixture equations. The velocities of both phases, mixture and gas, are related by the Zuber-Findlay equation which coefficients depend on flow regime and gas void fraction. Lagrangian coordinates are used to simplify the initial equations. The numerical solution scheme is proposed. The numerical solution of the Riemann problem is verified by comparison with the exact self-similar solution. The model and numerical method efficiency is illustrated by examples of gas kick calculations in a vertical well.
The paper reviews previous and recently obtained geological, stratigraphic and geochronological data on the Russian-Kazakh Altai orogen, which is located in the western Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), between the Kazakhstan and Siberian continental blocks. The Russian-Kazakh Altai is a typical Pacific-type orogen, which represents a collage of oceanic, accretionary, fore-arc, island-arc and continental margin terranes of different ages separated by strike-slip faults and thrusts. Evidence for this comes from key indicative rock associations, such as boninite- and turbidite (graywacke)-bearing volcanogenic-sedimentary units, accreted pelagic chert, oceanic islands and plateaus, MORB-OIB-protolith blueschists. The three major tectonic domains of the Russian-Kazakh Altai are: (1) Altai-Mongolian terrane (AMT); (2) subduction-accretionary (Rudny Altai, Gorny Altai) and collisional (Kalba-Narym) terranes; (3) Kurai, Charysh-Terekta, North-East, Irtysh and Char suture-shear zones (SSZ). The evolution of this orogen proceeded in five major stages: (i) late Neoproterozoic–early Paleozoic subduction-accretion in the Paleo-Asian Ocean; (ii) Ordovician–Silurian passive margin; (iii) Devonian–Carboniferous active margin and collision of AMT with the Siberian continent; (iv) late Paleozoic closure of the PAO and coeval collisional magmatism; (v) Mesozoic post-collisional deformation and anarogenic magmatism, which created the modern structural collage of the Russian-Kazakh Altai orogen. The major still unsolved problem of Altai geology is origin of the Altai-Mongolian terrane (continental versus active margin), age of Altai basement, proportion of juvenile and recycled crust and origin of the middle Paleozoic units of the Gorny Altai and Rudny Altai terranes.