Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Project-Directed Writing Assistance in Construction Management ProgramEmployers and teachers have long been concerned about students majoring in various disciplineswhose poor written English prevents them from reaching their full potential in university and intheir professional lives. In engineering and construction management programs in particular, theworkplace success of new graduates is ultimately affected by their oral and written communication skills. However, these students’ academic preparation for industry’s needs in terms of writtencommunication has been widely acknowledged as inadequate. For instance, the consistently lowresults on the communication skills section of the required American Institute of Constructorsexam taken by the students majoring in Construction Management show the urgent need fordiscipline-specific writing instruction. It is, therefore, imperative that such students be offeredhelp with discipline-specific written discourse. Yet the number of writing intensive classes forsuch students and the number of professionals who specialize in developing writing programsand services for these students are rather small.This empirical study fills this gap by investigating how project-directed supplemental writingassistance affects writing quality in a junior-level construction management class. By using bothquantitative and qualitative methods of data collection and analysis, the researchers examined thestudents’ progress in writing two drafts of a proposal and assessed students’ performance on thefollowing commonly problematic areas: Formatting, clarity of data/results presentation, andappropriateness of writing for intended audience. The results of the study suggest thatsupplemental writing assistance has a significant overall positive effect on student writing, and isespecially beneficial in heightening their audience awareness. The results of this study indicatethat more writing opportunities and project-directed instruction in on disciplinary writing shouldbe provided to students to help them become successful in their future careers.
There is a growing body of evidence that B chromosomes, once regarded as totally heterochromatic and genetically inert, harbor multiple segmental duplications containing clusters of ribosomal RNA genes, processed pseudogenes and protein-coding genes. Application of novel molecular approaches further supports complex composition and possible phenotypic effects of B chromosomes.

Here we review recent findings of gene-carrying genomic segments on B chromosomes from different vertebrate groups. We demonstrate that the genetic content of B chromosomes is highly heterogeneous and some B chromosomes contain multiple large duplications derived from various chromosomes of the standard karyotype.

Although B chromosomes seem to be mostly homologous to each other within a species, their genetic content differs between species. There are indications that some genomic regions are more likely to be located on B chromosomes.The discovery of multiple autosomal genes on B chromosomes opens a new discussion about their possible effects ranging from sex determination to fitness and adaptation, their complex interactions with host genome and role in evolution.
B chromosomes (Bs) or supernumerary chromosomes are extra chromosomes in the species karyotype that can vary in their copy number. Bs are widespread. Usually, the Bs of specimens collected from natural populations are involved in studies. We applied another approach analyzing the Bs in animals of laboratory cultures. In this study, three species of the Macrostomum genus that underwent a recent whole-genome duplication (WGD) were involved. In laboratory lines of M. lignano and M. janickei, the frequency of Bs was less than 1%, while in the laboratory culture of M. mirumnovem, it was nearer 30%. Their number in specimens of the culture varied from 1 to 14. Mosaicism on Bs was discovered in parts of these animals. We analyzed the distribution of Bs among the worms of the laboratory cultures during long-term cultivation, the transmission rates of Bs in the progeny obtained from crosses of worms with different numbers of Bs, and from self-fertilized isolated worms. The DNA content of the Bs in M. mirumnovem was analyzed with the chromosomal in situ suppression (CISS) hybridization of microdissected DNA probes derived from A chromosomes (As). Bs mainly consisted of repetitive DNA. The cytogenetic analysis also revealed the divergence and high variation in large metacentric chromosomes (LMs) containing numerous regions enriched for repeats. The possible mechanisms of the appearance and evolution of Bs and LMs in species of the Macrostomum genus were also discussed.
F-polynomials for virtual knots were defined by Kaur, Prabhakar and Vesnin in 2018 using flat virtual knot invariants. These polynomials naturally generalize Kauffman’s affine index polynomial and use smoothing in the classical crossing of a virtual knot diagram.

In this paper, we introduce weight functions for ordered orientable virtual and flat virtual links. A flat virtual link is an equivalence class of virtual links with respect to a local symmetry changing a type of classical crossing in a diagram. By considering three types of smoothing in classical crossings of a virtual link diagram and suitable weight functions, there is provided a recurrent construction for new invariants.

It is demonstrated by explicit examples that newly defined polynomial invariants are stronger than F-polynomials.
Background Eastern European countries have some of the highest rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, much of which cannot be adequately accounted for by conventional CVD risk factors. Psychosocial and socioeconomic factors may affect risk of CVD, but relatively few studies on this issue have been undertaken in Eastern Europe. We investigated whether various psychosocial factors are associated with CVD mortality independently from each other and whether they can help explain differences in CVD mortality between Eastern European populations. Methods Participants were from the Health, Alcohol and Psychological factors in Eastern Europe (HAPIEE) cohort study in Russia, Poland and the Czech Republic, including a total of 20,867 men and women aged 43–74 years and free of CVD at baseline examination during 2002–2005. Participants were followed-up for CVD mortality after linkage to national mortality registries for a median of 7.2 years. Results During the follow-up, 556 participants died from CVD. After mutual adjustment, six psychosocial and socioeconomic factors were associated with increased risk of CVD death: unemployment, low material amenities, depression, being single, infrequent contacts with friends or relatives. The hazard ratios [HRs] for these six factors ranged between 1.26 [95% confidence interval 1.14–1.40] and 1.81 [95% confidence interval 1.24–2.64], fully adjusted for each other, and conventional cardiovascular risk factors. Population-attributable fractions ranged from 8% [4%–13%] to 22% [11%–31%] for each factor, when measured on average across the three cohorts. However, the prevalence of psychosocial and socioeconomic risk factors and their HRs were similar between the three countries. Altogether, these factors could not explain why participants from Russia had higher CVD mortality when compared to participants from Poland/Czech Republic. Limitations of this study include measurement error that could lead to residual confounding; and the possibilities for reverse causation and/or unmeasured confounding from observational studies to lead to associations that are not causal in nature. Conclusions Six psychosocial and socioeconomic factors were associated with cardiovascular mortality, independent of each other. Differences in mortality between cohorts from Russia versus Poland or Check Republic remained unexplained.
Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases are the key DNA repair enzymes in the base excision repair (BER) pathway, and are responsible for hydrolyzing phosphodiester bonds on the 5' side of an AP site. The enzymes can recognize not only AP sites but also some types of damaged bases, such as 1,N6-ethenoadenosine, α-adenosine, and 5,6-dihydrouridine.

Here, to elucidate the mechanism underlying such a broad substrate specificity as that of AP endonucleases, we performed a computational study of four homologous APE1-like endonucleases: insect (Drosophila melanogaster) Rrp1, amphibian (Xenopus laevis) APE1 (xAPE1), fish (Danio rerio) APE1 (zAPE1), and human APE1 (hAPE1). The contact between the amino acid residues of the active site of each homologous APE1-like enzyme and the set of damaged DNA substrates was analyzed. A comparison of molecular dynamic simulation data with the known catalytic efficiency of these enzymes allowed us to gain a deep insight into the differences in the efficiency of the cleavage of various damaged nucleotides.

The obtained data support that the amino acid residues within the 'damage recognition' loop containing residues Asn222-Ala230 significantly affect the catalytic-complex formation. Moreover, every damaged nucleotide has its unique position and a specific set of interactions with the amino acid residues of the active site.
Ion motion in plasma wakefield accelerators can cause temporal increase of the longitudinal electric field shortly before the wave breaks. The increase is caused by re-distribution of the wave energy in transverse direction and may be important for correct interpretation of experimental results and acceleration of high-quality beams.
Understanding how repeated stress affects metabolic and physiological functions in the long run is of crucial importance for evaluating anthropogenic pressure on the environment. We investigated fertility, longevity and metabolism in D. melanogaster females exposed to short-term heat stress (38 °C, 1 h) repeated daily or weekly. Daily stress was shown to cause a significant decrease in both fertility and longevity, as well as in body mass and triglyceride (fat) content, but a significant increase in trehalose and glucose content. Weekly stress did not affect longevity and carbohydrate metabolism but resulted in a significant decrease in body mass and fat content. Weekly stress did not affect the total level of fertility, despite sharp fertility drops on the exact days of stressing. However, stressing insects weekly, only in the first two weeks after eclosion, caused a significant increase in the total level of fertility. The analysis of differentially expressed genes in the fat bodies and adjacent tissues of researched groups with the use of RNA-Seq profiling revealed changes in signal pathways related to proteolysis/digestion, heat shock protein 23, and in the tightly linked stress-inducible humoral factor Turandot gene network.
This article describes the diagnostic complex for investigation of plasma electromagnetic emission during beam-plasma interaction. Multichannel polychromator is used for measurements of spectral power density in frequency band of 100 ÷ 500 GHz. Two-channel polarimeter is used for obtaining information about emission polarization. The new cryogenic detector will be used for measurements of electromagnetic radiation over 600 GHz. Calorimetric detectors can also be used to increase the number of possible spatial registration points. Because experiments data interpretation depend on local plasma parameters such as plasma density or temperature diagnostic, complex include system of registration of density based on CO2-interferometry and Nd-laser scattering. The information about plasma temperature is obtained from diamagnetic loops.
Providing users with the way to collaboratively edit shared model is the challenge of complex informational systems. The majority of existing methods require online connection between users, otherwise, users’ intentions can be lost after a certain delay.

The aim of this research is to build a collaborative system that allows users to edit shared model in offline manner without losing their intentions. Firstly, commit-based system was selected as underlying data storage. Secondly, we examined existing collaborative algorithms and selected operational transformation as the most perspective for this scenario. Thirdly, we described the way to merge commits, that stores operations, using modified operational transformation algorithm. Key features of modified operational transformation algorithm include ability to handle resolving of merge conflicts, when intentions of two users are conflicting. To implement this, we consider the set of commits branches as ordered set.

As a result, we developed a version control system, that stores user’s intentions and can automatically resolve conflicts on merge. This approach can be applied to any informational system, which is able to save user’s input as the set of operations.
The need for vernalization is a duration-dependent eﬀect of low, positive temperatures in order to ensure the plants' transition to generative development. If the requirement for the duration of germination is not met, the plant will not enter the stage of forming generative organs.

The research material consisted of 15 cultivars of soft winter wheat of various geographic origin. The samples were germinated in paper rolls, then vernalized in a climatic chamber at a temperature of 3–5 ºС for 60, 50, and 40 days. At the end of vernalization, 10 plants of each sample were planted in a greenhouse. The dates of the onset of phenological phases were noted: tube emergence, earing, ﬂowering. To determine the main elements of the yield structure, a structural analysis of plants was carried out.

With an increase in the vernalization period, a decrease in the interfacial periods from tube emergence to ﬂowering was noted. The inﬂuence of the timing of vernalization was noted on the manifestation of the spike length trait. It was found that the total number of stems and the number of productive stems in almost all varieties decreases with an increase in the period of vernalization. Signiﬁcant diﬀerences between collection varieties in the need for vernalization, due to both their geographical origin and the genotype of plants are revealed. In all the studied forms, with an increase in the period of vernalization, the rate of plant development increased to varying degrees, the total number of stems, the productive stem and the length of the spike decreased.
Decoupling of a heavy flavour in QCD is discussed in a pedagogical way.

First we consider a simpler case: decoupling of muons in QED. All calculations are done up to 2 loops.
Nonlinear interaction of a low density electron beam with a uniform plasma is studied using two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations.

We focus on formation of coherent phase space structures in the case, when a wide two-dimensional wave spectrum is driven unstable, and we also study how nonlinear evolution of these structures is affected by the external magnetic field.

In the case of isotropic plasma, nonlinear buildup of filamentation modes due to the combined effects of two-stream and oblique instabilities is found to exist and growth mechanisms of secondary instabilities destroying the BGK--type nonlinear wave are identified. In the weak magnetic field, the energy of beam-excited plasma waves at the nonlinear stage of beam-plasma interaction goes predominantly to the short-wavelength upper-hybrid waves propagating parallel to the magnetic field, whereas in the strong magnetic field the spectral energy is transferred to the electrostatic whistlers with oblique propagation.
Ophiolites are important archives of oceanic crust development and preservation in the rock record, and the Alpine-Himalayan Orogenic Belt (AHOB) is one of the most comprehensive ophiolite depositories in earth's history.

We have compiled published data on the field occurrences and geochemistry from 137 AHOB ophiolites, ranging in age from Triassic through Cretaceous, in order to characterize the nature of the Mesozoic Neotethyan oceanic crust. We have used in this synthesis our recent ophiolite classification approach and applied the most effective geochemical discrimination diagrams to categorize the Neotethyan ophiolites within the AHOB.

The subduction-related, Backarc (BA), Forearc (FA), Backarc to Forearc (BA-FA) and Volcanic Arc (VA) ophiolites exhibit different geochemical features, with the BA and FA types defining the end-members with low-high and high subduction influence, respectively. The subduction-related ophiolites constitute 76% of the ophiolite record in the AHOB, with the BA type ophiolites being the most dominant group (43%), followed by the BA-FA (19%) and with FA and VA types as subordinate groups (8% and 6%, respectively). The subduction-unrelated ophiolites, making up 24% of the AHOB ophiolite archive, include Mid-Ocean Ridge (MOR), Continental Margin, and Plume type ophiolites. The MOR type comprises 19% of this total and is the dominant type in the western part of the AHOB. Both major ophiolite categories are commonly associated with tholeiitic to alkaline ocean island basalt (OIB) associations, which represent the remnants of plume-proximal magmatism in different Neotethyan seaways. Subduction-unrelated ophiolites in the westernmost end of the Neotethyan realm were derived from downgoing oceanic plates, and were involved in high-pressure, subduction zone metamorphism prior to their exhumation along the suture zones. Subduction-related ophiolites, derived from the upper plates at Neotethyan convergent margins, escaped such high-pressure metamorphism and extreme fragmentation during their emplacement. Therefore, their complete Penrose ophiolite stratigraphy with greenschist facies metamorphic overprint is commonly well preserved in the collision zones of the AHOB. Different subduction contributions (from zero to 100% in the MOR and FA, respectively) may attest to variable slab dip angles and fluctuations in slab-induced elements and sediments into the mantle melt source of ophiolite–forming magmas.
A cyclic creep damage model, previously proposed by the authors, is modified for a better description of the transient creep of D16T alloy observed in the finite strain range under rapidly changing stresses. The new model encompasses the concept of kinematic hardening, which allows us to account for the creep-induced anisotropy. The model kinematics is based on the nested multiplicative split of the deformation gradient, proposed by Lion. The damage evolution is accounted for by the classical Kachanov-Rabotnov approach. The material parameters are identified using experimental data on cyclic torsion of thick-walled samples with different holding times between load reversals. For the validation of the proposed material model, an additional experiment is analyzed. Although this additional test is not involved in the identification procedure, the proposed cyclic creep damage model describes it accurately.
The hyperpolarization of heteronuclei via signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) was investigated under conditions of heterogeneous catalysis and microtesla magnetic fields.

Immobilization of [IrCl(COD)(IMes)], [IMes=1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl), imidazole‐2‐ylidene; COD=cyclooctadiene] catalyst onto silica particles modified with amine linkers engenders an effective heterogeneous SABRE (HET‐SABRE) catalyst that was used to demonstrate a circa 100‐fold enhancement of 15 N NMR signals in 15 N‐pyridine at 9.4 T following parahydrogen bubbling within a magnetic shield. No 15 N NMR enhancement was observed from the supernatant liquid following catalyst separation, which along with XPS characterization supports the fact that the effects result from SABRE under heterogeneous catalytic conditions.

The technique can be developed further for producing catalyst‐free agents via SABRE with hyperpolarized heteronuclear spins, and thus is promising for biomedical NMR and MRI applications.
The brachypterous grasshopper Podisma sapporensis Shiraki (Orthoptera: Acrididae) consists of two major chromosomal races with different sex chromosome systems. In the X0/XX race, the diploid number of chromosomes is 2n = 23 (X0) in males and 2n = 24 (XX) in females. In the XY/XX race, the diploid number is 2n = 22 (XY) in males and 2n = 22 (XX) in females, owing to Robertsonian fusion between an autosome and the X chromosome. The X0/XX and XY/XX races are allopatrically distributed, and each race contains geographical populations characterized by different chromosomal inversions. A previous hypothesis suggested that the XY/XX race was derived from the X0/XX race. To test this hypothesis, we examined mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation in two regions (cytochrome oxidase subunit II and 16S ribosomal DNA) among 29 P. sapporensis individuals representing five X0/XX and 12 XY/XX populations. The maximum parsimony tree of mtDNA indicated that neither of the two chromosomal races was monophyletic. Northern populations of XY/XX race did not join a clade consisting of more southern XY/XX populations but were included in a clade consisting of X0/XX populations. On the basis of these results, we propose two hypotheses for the differentiation between the northern and southern XY/XX populations. First, the XY/XX karyotype may have occurred more than once. Second, introgression of mtDNA may have occurred across adjacent populations possessing different karyotypes.
The TCF7L2 gene was studied in people with the 1st degree obesity as a molecular genetic marker of obesity. An increased prevalence of the risk allele was found in the study sample compared to the control. It is assumed that the TCF7L2 gene is a risk factor for the development of early disorders of carbohydrate metabolism.
Based on the joint analysis of the seismic regime parameters, such as anomalies of seismic energy release, b-value, seismic activity A10, approaches to assess the state of the block-seismic medium are proposed. The method validation was done for the example of preparation and development of seismic activity in 2008-2011 in the Central part of the Baikal rift, during which there were 2 strong M5.3 earthquakes. It was found that within 2 years before the strong Maximihinskoye Earthquake of 2008 in the Earth's crust of the epicentral region there is a transformation from softening to strengthening (consolidation) of the block medium. At the same time, in the neighboring region (the area of the Svyatoy Nos Peninsula), the opposite nature of the changes is observed.
In this paper we consider the inverse problem of detecting the inclusions inside the human tissue by using the acoustic sounding wave. The problem is considered in the form of coefficient inverse problem for first-order system of PDE and we use the gradient descent approach to recover the coefficients of that system. The important part of the sceme is the solution of the direct and adjoint problem on each iteration of the descent. We consider two finite-volume methods of solving the direct problem and study their Influence on the performance of recovering the coefficients.