Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The article is devoted to the analysis of one of the key areas of repression in1937-1938 -'national' operations of the NKVD of the USSR, on which 347 thousand people were convicted.The place of -national‖ operations in the history of the Great Terror, the powers of the punitive bodies, the mechanisms of implementation and statistics of repression, as well as the specific interests of the central government, regions and the NKVD are analysed on the materials of the office work of departments and extra-judicial authorities.

It is concluded that the mass terror was initiated by the Politburo of the Bolsheviks party, which delegated the NKVD broad punitive powers, sanctioning the extra-judicial nature of the repression and the implementation of a series of linear punitive operations.In the years 1937-1938, the NKVD of the USSR organised eleven national punitive actions, which, under the control of the party and due to the vertical mechanism of organization of power, allowed to implement both all-union and regional punitive directions.The massive character of repressions was provided by the extra-judicial authorities (the NKVD Commission and Prosecutor of the USSR ('dvoika'), and Special meeting of the NKVD and Special 'troikas'.

The repressions did not take the format of ethnic purges, although in the spring of 1938, when the 'national' operations took the most important place in the punitive policy, there was a trend to this direction, as 60% of the repressed were representatives of national minorities.The authors conclude that in the period of the Great terror in the USSR in the framework of the 'national' operations the planned repressive actions aimed at 'withdrawal' of 'alien' and 'non-indigenous' elements were carried out that led to the decline of expat communities.
The melting of alumina nanoparticles was studied using two different approaches. Molecular dynamics simulation of the melting process was performed. The mean-square displacement of atoms was plotted as a function of temperature.

For a nanoparticle under periodic boundary conditions, melting was found to occur in the same temperature range as for a bulk sample. The dependence of the melting time on the particle radius was determined using a phenomenological approach. The obtained dependence is close to linear.
This review analyses the literature concerning non-fluorescent and fluorescent probes for nucleic acid imaging in fixed and living cells from the point of view of their suitability for imaging intracellular native RNA and DNA. Attention is mainly paid to fluorescent probes for fluorescence microscopy imaging. Requirements for the target-binding part and the fluorophore making up the probe are formulated. In the case of native double-stranded DNA, structure-specific and sequence-specific probes are discussed. Among the latest, three classes of dsDNA-targeting molecules are described: (i) sequence-specific peptides and proteins; (ii) triplex-forming oligonucleotides and (iii) polyamide oligo(N-methylpyrrole/N-methylimidazole) minor groove binders.

Polyamides seem to be the most promising targeting agents for fluorescent probe design, however, some technical problems remain to be solved, such as the relatively low sequence specificity and the high background fluorescence inside the cells. Several examples of fluorescent probe applications for DNA imaging in fixed and living cells are cited. In the case of intracellular RNA, only modified oligonucleotides can provide such sequence-specific imaging. Several approaches for designing fluorescent probes are considered: linear fluorescent probes based on modified oligonucleotide analogs, molecular beacons, binary fluorescent probes and template-directed reactions with fluorescence probe formation, FRET donor-acceptor pairs, pyrene excimers, aptamers and others.

The suitability of all these methods for living cell applications is discussed.
The TATA-binding protein (TBP) is a key part of the transcription complex of RNA polymerase II. Alone or as a part of the basal transcription factor TFIID, TBP binds the TATA box located in the core region of the TATA-containing promoters of class II genes. Previously, we studied the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on TBP/TATA-box interactions using gel retardation assay. It was demonstrated that most SNPs in the TATA boxes of some human gene promoters cause a 2- to 4-fold decrease in TBP/TATA affinity, which is associated with an increased risk of hereditary diseases, such as β thalassemias of diverse severity, hemophilia B Leyden, myocardial infarction, thrombophlebitis, lung cancer, etc. In this work, the process of TBP/TATA complex formation has been studied in real time by a stopped-flow technique using recombinant human TBP and duplexes, which were identical to the TATA box of the wild-type and a SNP-containing triosephosphate isomerase gene promoter and were fluorescently labeled by the Cy3/Cy5 FRET pair. It has been demonstrated for the first time that real-time binding of TBP to the TATA box of the TPI gene promoter is complete within 10 s and is described by a single-stage kinetic model. The complex formation of TBP with the wild-type TATA box occurs 5.5 times faster and the complex dissociation occurs 31 times slower compared with the SNPcontaining TATA box. Within the first seconds of the interaction, TBP binds to and simultaneously bends the TATA box. Importantly, the TATA box of the wild-type TPI gene promoter requires lower TBP concentrations compared to the TATA box containing the -24T → G SNP, which is associated with neurological and muscular disorders, cardiomyopathy, and other diseases.
In this paper, we introduce a new property of two‐dimensional integrable hydrodynamic chains—existence of infinitely many local three‐dimensional conservation laws for pairs of integrable two‐dimensional commuting flows.

Infinitely many local three‐dimensional conservation laws for the Benney commuting hydrodynamic chains are constructed. As a by‐product, we established a new method for computation of local conservation laws for three‐dimensional integrable systems. The Mikhalëv equation and the dispersionless limit of the Kadomtsev‐Petviashvili equation are investigated.

All known local and infinitely many new quasilocal three‐dimensional conservation laws are presented. Also four‐dimensional conservation laws are considered for couples of three‐dimensional integrable quasilinear systems and for triplets of corresponding hydrodynamic chains.
Introduction Compared with many other countries Russia has a high prevalence of diabetes in men and women. However, contrary to what is found in most other populations, the risk is greater among women than men. The reasons for this are unclear. Research design and methods Prevalence and risk factors for diabetes at ages 40–69 years were compared in two population-based studies: Know Your Heart (KYH) (Russia, 2015–2018, n=4121) and the seventh wave of the Tromsø Study (Tromsø 7) (Norway, 2015–2016, n=17 649). Diabetes was defined by the level of glycated hemoglobin and/or self-reported diabetes and/or diabetes medication use. Marginal structural models were used to estimate the role of key risk factors for diabetes in differences between the studies. Results Age-standardized prevalence of diabetes was higher in KYH compared with Tromsø 7 in men (11.6% vs 6.2%) and in women (13.2% vs 4.3%). Age-adjusted ORs for diabetes in KYH compared with Tromsø 7 were 2.01 (95% CI 1.68 to 2.40) for men and 3.66 (95% CI 3.13 to 4.26) for women. Adiposity (body mass index and waist circumference) explained none of this effect for men but explained 46.0% (39.6, 53.8) for women. Addition of smoking and C reactive protein, as further mediators, slightly increased the percentage explained of the difference between studies to 55.5% (46.5, 66.0) for women but only to 9.9% (−0.6, 20.8) for men. Conclusions Adiposity is a key modifiable risk factor that appears to explain half of the almost threefold higher female prevalence of diabetes in Russia compared with Norway, but none of the twofold male difference.
The renal function plays a leading role in long-term control of arterial pressure.

The comparative analysis of renal cortex transcriptome in ISIAH rats with inherited stress-induced arterial hypertension and normotensive WAG rats was performed using RNA-Seq approach. The goal of the study was to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to hypertension and to detect the pathways contributing to the differences in renal functions in ISIAH and WAG rats.

The analysis revealed 716 genes differentially expressed in renal cortex of ISIAH and WAG rats, 42 of them were associated with arterial hypertension and regulation of blood pressure (BP). Several Gene Ontology (GO) terms significantly enriched with DEGs suggested the existence of the hormone dependent interstrain differences in renal cortex function. Multiple DEGs were associated with regulation of blood pressure and blood circulation, with the response to stress (including oxidative stress, hypoxia, and fluid shear stress) and its regulation. Several other processes which may contribute to hypertension development in ISIAH rats were: ion transport, regulation of calcium ion transport, homeostatic process, tissue remodeling, immune system process and regulation of immune response. KEGG analysis marked out several pathways significantly enriched with DEGs related to immune system function, to steroid hormone biosynthesis, tryptophan, glutathione, nitrogen, and drug metabolism. The results of the study provide a basis for identification of potential biomarkers of stress-sensitive hypertension and for further investigation of the mechanisms that affect renal cortex function and hypertension development.
The purpose of this research was to develop new methods of increasing dissolution rate and solubility of betulin extracted from birch bark.

The ultrafine formulation of betulin with polyethylene glycol and β-glycine was obtained by freeze-drying.

The rate of release of betulin from the formulation into water was significantly higher in comparison with the initial betulin sample and its composite with polyethylene glycol obtained by ball-milling.
This article is devoted to detailed experimental studies of the flow behind the impeller of an air model of a propeller-type microhydroturbine in a wide range of operating parameters. The measurements of two component distributions of averaged velocities and pulsations for conditions from part load to strong overload are conducted. It is shown that the flow at the impeller outlet becomes swirled when the hydraulic turbine operating mode shifts from the optimum one. The character of the behavior of the integral swirl number, which determines the state of the swirled flow, is revealed. Information about the flow peculiarities can be used when adjusting the hydraulic unit mode to optimal conditions and developing recommendations to expand the hydraulic turbine operation control range with preservation of high efficiency. This stage will significantly save time at the stage of equipment design for specific field conditions of water resource.
Spoof localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) in the THz range are promising for bio-sensing and spectroscopy. Using long spiral grooves allows improving the surface mode confinement of LSPRs in the long-wavelength region. Our numerical simulations of sub-wavelength spiral gold disks in the range of 0.04–6 THz have shown that in case of Drude conductivity and normal incidence of EM radiation only the first- and second-order dipole localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) are excited. High order resonances arise at inclined incidence. The spectra and 2D distributions of the EM field at the resonant frequencies depend on the number of spiral arms and symmetry of the spiral structure.
Let w k be the minimum degree sum of a path on k vertices in a graph.We prove for normal plane maps that: (1) if w 2 = 6, then w 3 may be arbitrarily big, (2) if w 2 > 6, then either w 3 ≤ 18 or there is a ≤ 15-vertex adjacent to two 3-vertices, and (3) if w 2 > 7, then w 3 ≤ 17.
The measurement of two-particle angular correlation functions in high-multiplicity e^{+}e^{-} collisions at sqrt[s]=10.52 GeV is reported. In this study, the 89.5 fb^{-1} of hadronic e^{+}e^{-} annihilation data collected by the Belle detector at KEKB are used. Two-particle angular correlation functions are measured in the full relative azimuthal angle (Δϕ) and three units of pseudorapidity (Δη), defined by either the electron beam axis or the event-shape thrust axis, and are studied as a function of charged-particle multiplicity. The measurement in the thrust axis analysis, with mostly outgoing quark pairs determining the reference axis, is sensitive to the region of additional soft gluon emissions. No significant anisotropic collective behavior is observed with either coordinate analyses. Near-side jet correlations appear to be absent in the thrust axis analysis. The measurements are compared to predictions from various event generators and are expected to provide new constraints to the phenomenological models in the low-energy regime.
The article is devoted to the analysis of translatability of the French ethnophraseological unit "c'est pas grave" into Russian. Its ethnophraseological nature has been established according to Bert Peeters' criteria: it has to be regarded as "typical French" by speakers of other languages, used as a title of movies, songs, books or articles.

964 translations of this expression into Russian were analyzed, and 40 possible variants were identified. In most cases, the translation of the phraseological unit into Russian is represented by affirmative constructions, in spite of the fact that it is negative in French, as for instance "это нормально / все нормально" (it's ok; everything is fine). Some translations are sentences in the imperative mood: "забудь" (forget it), "не волнуйтесь" (don't worry). The paper describes each type of translation.

In the conclusion the phraseological unit "c'est pas grave" is presented in Natural Semantic Metalanguage which allows us to conclude that this saying is used after some event happened in which the speaker and his/her partner are involved. The speaker says that the event is not bad, has no negative consequences and that it is not worth worrying about. She / he asks the other communicant not to worry, thus implying that she / he himself / herself will not think about it anymore. The frequency of this saying, the fact, that it is regarded as "typically French" by others, and a large number of translation variants prove its ethnolinguistic character and its link with hypothetical French cultural values, which can be described as "insouciance".
Interpreting the clinical significance of small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) in prenatal diagnosis is still an urgent problem in genetic counselling regarding the fate of a pregnancy.

We present a case of prenatal diagnosis of mosaic sSMC(10) in a foetus with a normal phenotype. Comprehensive cytogenomic analyses by array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), sSMC microdissection with next-generation sequencing (NGS) of microdissected library, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with locus-specific and telomere-specific DNA probes and quantitative real-time PCR revealed that sSMC(10) had a ring structure and was derived from the pericentromeric region of chromosome 10 with involvement of the 10p11.21-p11.1 and 10q11.21-q11.23 at 1.243 Mb and 7.173 Mb in size, respectively. We observed a difference in the length of sSMC(10) between NGS data of the DNA library derived from a single copy of sSMC(10), and aCGH results that may indicate instability and structural mosaicism for ring chromosomes in foetal cells.

The presence of a 9 Mb euchromatin region in the analysed sSMC(10) did not lead to clinical manifestations, and a healthy girl was born at term. We suggest that the ring structure of sSMCs could influence sSMC manifestations and should be taken into account in genetic counselling during prenatal diagnosis.
Aim.To assess the significance of symmetrical dimethylarginine (SDMA), uromodulin, retinol-binding protein 4 (RSB-4), transforming growth factorb1 (TGF-b1), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) as kidney dysfunction potential biomarkers persons with hypertension in persons 2545 years old.

Materials and methods.The study included 147 people. Hypertension was recorded with blood pressure (BP)140/90 mm Hg, renal dysfunction with GFRCKD-EPI90 ml/min/1.73 cm2. Four groups were formed: 1 individuals with hypertension and GFR90 ml/min/1.73 cm2; 2 with hypertension and GFR90 ml/min/1.73 cm2; 3 with BP140/90 mm Hg and GFR90 ml/min/1.73 cm2; 4 with BP140/90 mm Hg and GFR90 ml/min/1.73 cm2. The groups were comparable by gender, age, and number of respondents. Creatinine, SDMA, uromodulin, RSB-4, TGF-b1, PAI-1 levels were examined in all individuals in the serum.

Results.The maximum values of SDMA were determined in the 1st and 3rd groups (1.30 and 1.36 mol/l). In the 1st group, an association was found between SDMA and GFR (r=-0.324;p=0.048). In the 1st group, the minimum values of uromodulin were recorded, in the 4th group the maximum values (164.86 and 188.90 ng/ml; at the same timeр=0.921). The level of RSB-4 was the highest in the 1st group, the lowest in the 4th group (88.64 and 80.05 g/ml;p=0.011). The association of RSB-4 with SDMA in the 3rd group (r=0.400;p=0.017), the 4th group (r=0.403;p=0.018) was detected. The level of TGF-b1 was 1.5 times higher in the 1st group than in the 3rd (23.16 and 15.99 g/ml;p=0.026), the association of TGF-b1 with GFR in the 1st group had the opposite direction (r=-0.452;p=0.005). The study of similar indicators of PAI-1 did not reveal its relationship with renal dysfunction in hypertension. Conclusion.The results of the study made it possible to consider SDMA, RSB-4, TGF-b1 as potential biomarkers of renal dysfunction in hypertension in persons 2545 years old.
The boiling heat transfer on the local heaters with microstructured and nanomodified surfaces was studied. As nanomodified surfaces we used copper ones where the microropes of silicon oxide nanowires were grown. The aging of the nanomodified surface was observed after first series of experiments. It was shown that both finning and nanostructuring of the surface result in increase of heat transfer. The heat flux density of 1400 W/cm2 was reached.
Vegetation plays a key role in the global climate system via modification of the water and energy balance. Response of different vegetation types to present and projected climatic conditions was assessed for Siberia. The study was performed using JSBACH land surface model with atmospheric conditions obtained from INMCM4 modelling results. A climate change was determined according to the RCP 8.5 scenario. A geographical redistribution of extratropical forest and grass vegetation and weakening of a canopy ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere were obtained for climate warming conditions for Siberia. It was established that Eastern Siberia is more sensitive to climate forcing than Western Siberia.
We review our recent experimental results on the cascaded Raman conversion of highly multimode laser diode (LD) pump radiation into the first- and higher-order Stokes radiation in multimode graded-index fibers.

A linear cavity composed of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) inscribed in the fiber core is formed to provide feedback for the first Stokes order, whereas, for the second order, both a linear cavity consisting of two FBGs and a half-open cavity with one FBG and random distributed feedback (RDFB) via Rayleigh backscattering along the fiber are explored. LDs with different wavelengths (915 and 940 nm) are used for pumping enabling Raman lasing at different wavelengths of the first (950, 954 and 976 nm), second (976, 996 and 1019 nm) and third (1065 nm) Stokes orders. Output power and efficiency, spectral line shapes and widths, beam quality and shapes are compared for different configurations.

It is shown that the RDFB cavity provides higher slope efficiency of the second Stokes generation (up to 70% as that for the first Stokes wave) with output power up to ~30 W, limited by the third Stokes generation. The best beam quality parameter of the second Stokes beam is close to the diffraction limit (M2~1.3) in both linear and half-open cavities, whereas the line is narrower (<0.2 nm) and more stable in the case of the linear cavity with two FBGs. However, an optimization of the FBG reflection spectrum used in the half-open cavity allows this linewidth value to be approached. The measured beam profiles show the dip formation in the output pump beam profile, whereas the first and second Stokes beams are Gaussian-shaped and almost unchanged with increasing power. A qualitative explanation of such behavior in connection with the power evolution for the transmitted pump and generated first, second and third Stokes beams is given. The potential for wavelength tuning of the cascaded Raman lasers based on LD-pumped multimode fibers is discussed.
Polyethylene was irradiated with intensive electron beam with different doses. Structure changes after irradiation ex situ and in situ during heating up to its melting point were studied using synchrotron radiation X-Ray diffraction and thermal analysis.
The economic growth of Russian regions is one of the key indicators for the country. The regional economies have significant differences in the structure of production and services, therefore, ensuring economic growth depends on various factors of the internal structure and external influence. In this regard, the task of searching for growth factors and risk factors for the sustainable development of Russian regions becomes important. The aim of this work is to assess the resilience of the economy of energy resource regions of Russia to changes in the fiscal energy policy of the state. The authors found that such factors exert the strongest influence as tax yield and the balance of tax payments. Moreover, the energy resource regions of Russia are resilient to these factors. Considering the tax security of the regional budget, we can say that it has a fairly strong impact. The regional budget deficit and the level of budgetary provision have little impact on the economic growth of oil-producing regions. From which the authors conclude that the energy regions are resilient to these factors. The regional budget deficit has the smallest impact. After division into clusters, it was revealed that the main oil-producing regions of Russia turned out to be resilient to changes in the fiscal energy policy of the state. Only eight regions of the considered ones turned out to be resilient: Krasnoyarsk Krai, Tyumen Oblast, Astrakhan Oblast, Republic of Sakha, Kaliningrad Oblast, Sakhalin Oblast, Novosibirsk Oblast and Omsk Oblast.
The article presents the results of a study of commuting migrations of the Novosibirsk urban agglomeration residents. The research information base includes big data (on the trajectories of population movements using geoinformation systems, on the localization of activity in mobile networks, on car traffic) and data from a mass survey of Novosibirsk region residents, conducted in July 2019 (the method of collecting information is a structured telephone interview). The general trends in the development of urban agglomeration, the boundaries and structure of the agglomeration area in the first approximation have been determined, using aggregated and visualized big data. Mass survey data analysis allowed assess the commuting migration according to the following parameters: regularity, frequency, goals, duration of trips, type of transport used, and direction. The article describes the characteristics differentiation of commuting movements taking assessments of socio-economic conditions into account.