Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
We consider a model of two parties' competition organized as a Stackelberg game. The parties open their facilities intending to maximize profit from serving the customers that behave following a binary rule. The set of customers is unknown to the party which opens its facilities first and is called the Leader. Instead, a finite list of possible scenarios specifying this set is provided to the Leader. One of the scenarios is to be realized in the future before the second party, called the Follower, would make their own decision. The scenarios are supplied with known probabilities of realization, and the Leader aims to maximize both the probability to get a profit not less than a specific value, called a guaranteed profit, and the value of a guaranteed profit itself.

We formulate the Leader's problem as a bi-objective bi-level mathematical program. To approximate the set of efficient solutions of this problem, we develop an ε-constraint method where a branch-and-bound algorithm solves a sequence of bi-level problems with a single objective. Based on the properties of feasible solutions of a bi-level program and mathematical programming techniques, we developed three upper bound procedures for the branch-and-bound method mentioned.

In numerical experiments, we compare these procedures with each other. Besides that, we discuss relations of the model under investigation and the stochastic competitive location model with uncertain profit values.
The article provides a kinetic description of the plasma equilibrium in the Beklemishev diamagnetic trap, where the traditional approach based on the theory of magnetic drifts is not applicable, since the ions move in a substantially non-circular orbit, the diameter of which is approximately equal to the diameter of the diamagnetic bubble. The ion distribution function was found in the collisionless approximation, neglecting the diamagnetic electron current. The radial profile of the magnetic field, the plasma density, the current density, and the components of the pressure tensor are calculated. It was found that the width of the boundary layer in the diamagnetic bubble varies from 6 to 8 Larmor radii calculated by a vacuum magnetic field. An adiabatic invariant is calculated that replaces the magnetic moment, which is not conserved in the diamagnetic bubble. The criterion of absolute confinement is formulated and the plasma equilibrium is found for the case when the adiabatic invariant is not conserved and only ions whose velocity satisfies the criterion of absolute confinement are trapped.
Background The cereal family Poaceae is one of the largest and most diverse angiosperm families. The central component of centromere specification and function is the centromere-specific histone H3 (CENH3). Some cereal species (maize, rice) have one copy of the gene encoding this protein, while some (wheat, barley, rye) have two.

We applied a homology-based approach to sequenced cereal genomes, in order to finally trace the mutual evolution of the structure of the CENH3 genes and the nearby regions in various tribes. Results We have established that the syntenic group or the CENH3 locus with the CENH3 gene and the boundaries defined by the CDPK2 and bZIP genes first appeared around 50 Mya in a common ancestor of the subfamilies Bambusoideae, Oryzoideae and Pooideae. This locus came to Pooideae with one copy of CENH3 in the most ancient tribes Nardeae and Meliceae. The βCENH3 gene as a part of the locus appeared in the tribes Stipeae and Brachypodieae around 35–40 Mya. The duplication was accompanied by changes in the exon-intron structure. Purifying selection acts mostly on αCENH3s, while βCENH3s form more heterogeneous structures, in which clade-specific amino acid motifs are present. In barley species, the βCENH3 gene assumed an inverted orientation relative to αCENH3 and the CDPK2 gene was substituted with LHCB-l . As the evolution and domestication of plant species went on, the locus was growing in size due to an increasing distance between αCENH3 and βCENH3 because of a massive insertion of the main LTR-containing retrotransposon superfamilies, gypsy and copia , without any evolutionary preference on either of them. A comparison of the molecular structure of the locus in the A, B and D subgenomes of the hexaploid wheat T. aestivum showed that invasion by mobile elements and concomitant rearrangements took place in an independent way even in evolutionarily close species.

Conclusions The CENH3 duplication in cereals was accompanied by changes in the exon-intron structure of the βCENH3 paralog. The observed general tendency towards the expansion of the CENH3 locus reveals an amazing diversity of ways in which different species implement the scenario described in this paper.
In this paper, for the first time, explicit solutions of a semi-Hamiltonian system of quasi-linear differential equations by the generalized hodograph method are found.

These solutions define (local) metrics on a surface

for which the geodesic flow has a polynomial in momenta integrals of the fourth degree.
Major adverse cardiovascular events are closely associated with 24-hour blood pressure (BP). We determined outcome-driven thresholds for 24-hour mean arterial pressure (MAP), a BP index estimated by oscillometric devices. We assessed the association of major adverse cardiovascular events with 24-hour MAP, systolic BP (SBP), and diastolic BP (DBP) in a population-based cohort (n=11 596). Statistics included multivariable Cox regression and the generalized R
The article presents the results of field experiments on the influence of the natural frequencies in the soil and constant exposure to the outside over time for stability engineering structures.

It is shown that the frequency-amplitude spectrum of the natural oscillations of the investigated multi-storey residential building does not change over time.
The results of experimental studies of the Shubnikov--de Haas (SdH) effect in the $(013)\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{HgTe}/{\mathrm{Hg}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Cd}}_{x}\mathrm{Te}$ quantum wells (QWs) of electron type of conductivity both with normal and inverted energy spectrum are reported.

Comprehensive analysis of the SdH oscillations measured for the different orientations of magnetic field relative to the quantum well plane and crystallographic exes allows us to investigate the anisotropy of the Zeeman effect. To interpret the data, the Landau levels in the tilted magnetic field are calculated within the framework of four-band kP model.

For the QWs with inverted spectrum, it has been shown that the ratio of the spin splitting to the orbital one is strongly dependent not only on the orientation of the magnetic field relative to the QW plane but also on the orientation of the in-plane magnetic field component relative to crystallographic axes laying in the QW plane that implies the strong anisotropy of in-plane $g$-factor. In the QW with normal spectrum, this ratio strongly depends on the angle between the magnetic field and the normal to the QW plane and reveals a very slight anisotropy in the QW plane. It is shown that the experimental results can be quantitatively described only with taking into account the interface inversion asymmetry.
A wide variety of laser applications, that often require radiation with specific characteristics, and relative flexibility of laser configurations offer a prospect of designing systems with the parameters on demand. The inverse laser design problem is to find the system architecture that provides for the generation of the desired laser output. However, typically, such inverse problems for nonlinear systems are sensitive to the computation of the gradients of a target (fitness) function making direct back propagation approach challenging. We apply here particle swarm optimization algorithm that does not rely on the gradients of the fitness function to the design of a fiber 8-figure laser cavity. This technique allows us to determine the laser cavity architectures tailored to generating on demand pulses with duration in the range of 1.5–105 ps and spectral width in the interval 0.1–20.5 nm. The proposed design optimisation algorithm can be applied to a variety of laser applications, and, more generally, in a range of engineering systems with flexible adjustable configurations and the outputs on demand.
In order to produce highly adaptive, stress resistant commercial cultivars of the new generation, it is necessary to use previously unused features, wider genetic diversity and diversification.

However, for its scientific support it is necessary to obtain new genetic knowledge.

Especially it concerns architectonics of plants and creation of their model of the future cultivars. This will ensure national food security.
We apply a general approach for distributions of binary isolating and semi-isolating formulas to families of isolated types and to the class of countably categorical theories.

Containing compositions and Boolean combinations,

structures associated with binary formulas linking isolated types in general case and for ω-categorical theories are characterized.
Obesity affects quality of life and life expectancy and is associated with cardiovascular disorders, cancer, diabetes, reproductive disorders in women, prostate diseases in men, and congenital anomalies in children. The use of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers of diseases and drug responses (i.e., significant differences of personal genomes of patients from the reference human genome) can help physicians to improve treatment. Clinical research can validate SNP markers via genotyping of patients and demonstration that SNP alleles are significantly more frequent in patients than in healthy people.

The search for biomedical SNP markers of interest can be accelerated by computer-based analysis of hundreds of millions of SNPs in the 1000 Genomes project because of selection of the most meaningful candidate SNP markers and elimination of neutral SNPs. We cross-validated the output of two computer-based methods: DNA sequence analysis using Web service SNP_TATA_Comparator and keyword search for articles on comorbidities of obesity. Near the sites binding to TATA-binding protein (TBP) in human gene promoters, we found 22 obesity-related candidate SNP markers. Using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay under nonequilibrium conditions, we empirically validated the statistical significance (α < 0.00025) of the differences in TBP affinity values between the minor and ancestral alleles of 4 out of the 22 SNPs. We also measured half-life (t1/2), Gibbs free energy change (ΔG), and the association and dissociation rate constants, ka and kd, of the TBP-DNA complex for these SNPs.

Validation of the 22 candidate SNP markers by proper clinical protocols appears to have a strong rationale and may advance postgenomic predictive preventive personalized medicine.
The importance of the problem of ambiguity and uncertainty nowadays is indisputable. In this regard, the role of research and diagnostics of such psychological construct as tolerance to ambiguity increases.

The article presents an overview of modern methods of diagnosing tolerance and intolerance to ambiguity, as well as the results of the first stage of adaptation of the Measurement of Ambiguity Tolerance (MAT-50) (Norton, 1975) in Russian sample (n = 756).

Data were obtained on the reliability of the questionnaire internal consistency (0.87). It is planned further to establish the factor structure and validity of the questionnaire.
This research extends existing experimental data for CA tissues [1, 2]

Experiments were performed to measure aneurysm wall stiffness and the data obtained was analyzed. To reconstruct the geometry of the CAs, DICOM images of real patients with aneurysms and ITK Snap [3] were used. In addition, numerical calculations were performed in ANSYS (commercial software, License of Lavrentyev Institute of Hydrodynamics).

The results of these numerical calculations show a high level of agreement with experimental data from previous literature.
The Hadean surface was mainly covered by three kinds of rock: komatiite, KREEP basalt, and anorthosite, which were remarkably different from those on the modern Earth. Water–rock interactions between these rocks and water provided a highly reducing environment and formed secondary minerals on the rock surface that are important for producing metallo-enzymes for the emergence of primordial life. Previous studies suggest a correlation with active sites of metallo-enzymes and sulfide minerals based on an affinity with their structure, but they do not discuss the origins of metallic elements contained in these minerals, which are critical to understand where primordial life was born. Secondary minerals formed through water–rock interactions of komatiite in a nuclear geyser system are investigated, followed by a discussion of the relationship between active sites of metallo-enzymes and secondary minerals. Instead of komatiite, we used serpentinite collected from Hakuba Happo area, Nagano Prefecture in central-north Japan, which is thought to be one of the Hadean modern analogues for the birthplace of life. Several minor minerals were found, including magnetite, chromite, pyrite, and pentlandite, in addition to the major serpentine minerals. Pentlandite is not been mentioned in previous studies as a candidate for supplying important metallic elements to form metallo-enzymes in previous studies. It also acts as a catalyst for hydrogen generation, because it closely resembles the structural features of an active site of hydrogenases. Nickel-iron sulfide, pentlandite, is considered to be one of the important minerals for the origin of life. In addition, what kinds of minor mineral would be obtained from water–rock interactions of these rocks is estimated using a thermo-dynamic calculation. KREEP basalt contains large amounts of iron, and it could be useful for producing metallo-enzymes, especially for ferredoxins, an electron transfer enzymes associated with the emergence of primordial life.
Plasmon resonances in nanopatterned single-layer graphene nanoribbons (SL-GNRs), double-layer graphene nanoribbons (DL-GNRs) and triple-layer graphene nanoribbons (TL-GNRs) are studied experimentally using 'realistic' graphene samples. The existence of electrically tunable plasmons in stacked multilayer graphene nanoribbons was first experimentally verified by infrared microscopy. We find that the strength of the plasmonic resonance increases in DL-GNRs when compared to SL-GNRs. However, further increase was not observed in TL-GNRs when compared to DL-GNRs. We carried out systematic full-wave simulations using a finite-element technique to validate and fit experimental results, and extract the carrier-scattering rate as a fitting parameter. The numerical simulations show remarkable agreement with experiments for an unpatterned SLG sheet, and a qualitative agreement for a patterned graphene sheet. We conclude with our perspective of the key bottlenecks in both experiments and theoretical models.
Chromosome level assemblies are accumulating in various taxonomic groups including mosquitoes. However, even in the few reference-quality mosquito assemblies, a significant portion of the heterochromatic regions including telomeres remain unresolved.

Here we produce a de novo assembly of the New World malaria mosquito, Anopheles albimanus by integrating Oxford Nanopore sequencing, Illumina, Hi-C and optical mapping. This 172.6 Mbps female assembly, which we call AalbS3, is obtained by scaffolding polished large contigs (contig N50=13.7 Mbps) into three chromosomes. These telomeres consist of tandem repeats of a novel 30-32 bp telomeric repeat unit (TRU) and are confirmed by analysing the termini of long reads and through both chromosomal in situ hybridization and a Bal31 sensitivity assay.

The AalbS3 assembly included previously uncharacterized centromeric and rDNA clusters and more than doubled the content of transposable elements and other repetitive sequences. This telomere-to-telomere assembly, although still containing gaps, represents a significant step towards resolving biologically important but previously hidden genomic components. The comparison of different scaffolding methods will also inform future efforts to obtain reference-quality genomes for other mosquito species.
The market of pharmaceutically valuable proteins is the fastest growing segment of the economy. Most biopharmaceuticals have been obtained in mammalian and microorganism cells, but both systems have a number of disadvantages.

Plant cells combine the advantages of the eukaryotic system of protein production and the simplicity and cheapness of the bacterial, and the use of plants for the production of recombinant proteins is an economically important and promising direction. The advantage of plant systems is the lower cost of cell cultivation. They are free from unwanted components, such as bacterial endotoxins, hyperglycosylated proteins produced by yeast, animal and human pathogens in cell cultures of transgenic animals. In addition, plants are higher eukaryotes, and therefore fullvalue folding and the formation of multimeric protein complexes occur in their cells, as well as a significant portion of post­translational modifications similar to those in mammalian cells. The currently developed plant expression systems for recombinant proteins are extremely diverse and number more than 100 different technologies based on different plant species, gene transfer methods, expression strategies, methods for the subsequent extraction of the target protein, etc. This is nuclear and plastid transformation, transient and stable expression during transformation using agrobacterial transport, bombardment or electroporation, cultivation of whole terrestrial or aquatic plants, plant tissues or suspension cell cultures as expression systems.

The review examines the current state of research in the use of plant expression systems for the production of recombinant proteins for pharmaceuticals. The emphasis was placed on the advantages of plant cell cultures in comparison with other expression systems. Specific examples discuss promising plant systems for the production of recombinant proteins, such as transplastomic plants, moss and aquatic plant cultures, as well as suspension cultures of cells of higher plants. The current state of the market for recombinant proteins obtained using plant expression systems is considered. The prospects of creating plant ("edible") vaccines based on genetically modified plants are discussed.
We study the local and global behavior of trajectories of the differential systems of the form ẋ = x + P3(x, y), ẏ = y + Q3(x, y) where P3(x, y) and Q3(x, y) are homogeneous cubic polynomials with a common factor.
Free electron laser based on multi-turn microtron-recuperator is currently operates at Novosibirsk. Whole facility is a coherent radiation source with ability of wavelength tuning in adequately wide range.

The main parameters of radiation (wavelength and radiation power) are depends on electron beam parameters – its energy, average current, movement trajectory. The system of magnetic elements, in turn, appear to be a main instrument to control over beam movement trajectory.

The structure, main parameters of this system, abilities of magnetic elements control system are described in this article.
Mesoporous tungsten-silicates, W-MMM-E, have been prepared following evaporation-induced self-assembly methodology and characterized by elemental analysis, XRD, N2 adsorption, STEM-HAADF (high angle annular dark field in scanning-TEM mode), DRS UV-vis, and Raman techniques.

DRS UV-vis showed the presence of two types of tungsten oxo-species in W-MMM-E samples: isolated tetrahedrally and oligomeric octahedrally coordinated ones, with the ratio depending on the content of tungsten in the catalyst. Materials with lower W loading have a higher contribution from isolated species, regardless of the preparation method. W-MMM-E catalyzes selectively oxidize of a range of alkenes and organic sulfides, including bulky terpene or thianthrene molecules, using green aqueous H2O2.

The selectivity of corresponding epoxides reached 85–99% in up to 80% alkene conversions, while sulfoxides formed with 84–90% selectivity in almost complete sulfide conversions and a 90–100% H2O2 utilization efficiency. The true heterogeneity of catalysis over W-MMM-E was proved by hot filtration tests. Leaching of inactive W species depended on the reaction conditions and initial W loading in the catalyst. After optimization of the catalyst system, it did not exceed 20 ppm and 3 ppm for epoxidation and sulfoxidation reactions, respectively. Elaborated catalysts could be easily retrieved by filtration and reused several times with maintenance of the catalytic behavior.
The 2D HgTe quantum well is analyzed based on the assumption that the width fluctuations convert the system to a random mixture of domains with positive and negative energy gaps. The borders between ordinary and topological insulator phases form a network of the edge states covering the overall sample. The optical transitions within the edge states yield the 2D absorption. The qualitative consideration is based on the model of optical intraedge transitions in curved edge states together with the percolation arguments.
Extracellular double-stranded DNA participates in various processes in an organism. Here we report the suppressive effects of fragmented human double-stranded DNA along or in combination with cyclophosphamide on solid and ascites grafts of mouse Krebs-2 tumor cells and DNA preparation on human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7. Apoptosis and necrosis were assayed by electrophoretic analysis (DNA nucleosomal fragmentation) and by measurements of LDH levels in ascitic fluid, respectively. DNA internalization into MCF-7 was analyzed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Direct cytotoxic activity of double-stranded DNA (along or in combination with cyclophosphamide) on a solid transplant was demonstrated. This resulted in delayed solid tumor proliferation and partial tumor lysis due to necrosis of the tumor and adjacent tissues. In the case of ascites form of tumor, extensive apoptosis and secondary necrosis were observed. Similarly, MCF-7 cells showed induction of massive apoptosis (up to 45%) as a result of treatments with double-stranded DNA preparation. Double-stranded DNA (along or in combination with cyclophosphamide) induces massive apoptosis of Krebs-2 ascite cells and MCF-7 cell line (DNA only). In treated mice it reduces the integrity of gut wall cells and contributes to the development of systemic inflammatory reaction.
The processes of plasma wave transformation into electromagnetic radiation during strong interaction of a relativistic electron beam with magnetized plasma are studied in BINP in collaboration with NSU. Since 2010, experimental studies on such transformation processes were carried out on the GOL-3 facility by measuring the radiation emitted from beam-plasma system. Then after 2014 the GOL-PET device is used for these studies. Results of these experiments on emission in the frequency interval 0.1-0.5 THz from a long plasma column due to E-beam injection are described in the presented paper. The experimental results have been compared with theoretical ones obtained for EM-wave generation by the beam-plasma system.