Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The Reynolds number based on the inflow velocity and diameter of the cylinder is 3750 corresponding to the subcritical regime with laminar separation.

We study the flow over a cylinder placed between two parallel rigid walls using Large-eddy simulations and Particle Image Velocimetry. Three-dimensional visualization shows the presence of the horseshoe vortex system prior to the cylinder.

The comparison of time-averaged velocity fields and fluctuations shows good agreement between simulations and experiments. Spectral analysis suggests the presence of low-frequency modulations of the recirculating bubble.
The review examines the new approaches in modern systems biology, in terms of their use for a deeper understanding of the physiological adaptation of a healthy human in extreme environments. Human physiology under extreme conditions of life, or environmental physiology, and systems biology are natural partners. The similarities and differences between the object and methods in systems biology, the OMICs (proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics) disciplines, and other related sciences have been studied. The latest data on environmental human physiology obtained using systems biology methods are discussed. The independent achievements of systems biology in studying the adaptation of a healthy human to physical activity, including human presence at high altitude, to the effects of hypoxia and oxidative stress have been noted. A reasonable conclusion is drawn that the application of the methods and approaches used in systems biology to study the molecular pattern of the adaptive mechanisms that develop in the human body during space flight can provide valuable fundamental knowledge and fill the picture of human metabolic pathways.
The present paper reports an application of optical methods, namely PIV, background-oriented-schlieren (BOS) and high-magnification imaging with background illumination to study of dynamics and breakup of 10-100 μm size droplets in continuous supersonic flow terminated by a normal shock wave.

Flow diagnostics was performed by means of BOS and PIV. Shadow photography allowed to specify velocity ranges for different droplet sizes and to visualize droplets dynamics and breakup modes. Features of the experimental setup and certain details of implemented measurement system are considered.

Results of velocity measurements and droplets behavior, including deformation and breakup, are presented and analysis of experimental conditions and dimensionless parameters affecting the droplets behavior is performed. Distinctive features of deformation and breakup processes of submillimeter scale droplets are revealed.
A novel source of polarized hydrogen and deuterium molecules has been tested. The use of sextupole superconducting magnets allows us to select molecules with the nuclear spin projection -1 for hydrogen and -2 for deuterium.

The measured beam intensity of polarized hydrogen molecules for the nozzle temperature range of 6.5 – 30 K and a gas flow rate up to 6.6∙10^-2 mbar∙l/s is presented. The measured flux of polarized hydrogen molecules of ~ 3 ∙10^12 mol/s is in reasonable agreement with the Monte-Carlo simulation.

The obtained results can be used as a basis for the development of a high-intensity source of polarized molecules.
The human body, like any other, is an intermediate component of the nitrogen cycle in nature. Consuming nitrogen from the external environment in the form of various compounds, the body processes it into ammonia - one of the final products of exchange of nitrogen-containing substances [1], which is removed from the body in the form of urea. The most active ammonia producers are organs with high exchange of amino acids and biogenic amines - nerve tissue, liver, intestine, and muscles. In a state of nitrogen equilibrium, the adult body consumes and releases about 15 g of nitrogen per day, temporary or permanent disruption of nitrogen balance results in a great number of physiological conditions and diseases, and the need to stabilize it is well known. However, despite a huge number of studies on the role of nitrogen metabolism and its compounds in the clinic, to date we have not been able to find any conciliation document in the world literature on the classification of ammonia-ammonium levels in human blood and approaches to the correction of hyperammonemia, which was the basis for the emergence of this consensus.
We improve Algorithm 5.1 of [Math. Comp. {\bf 86} (2017), 2519-2534] for computing all non-isomorphic skew left braces

and enumerate left braces and skew left braces of orders up to 868 with some exceptions

Using the enumerated data, we state some conjectures for further research
The article considers the main classification features of the category of hard-to-recover oil reserves.

The analysis of changes in the dynamics of production of hard-to-recover oil in Russia is carried out. The relationship between the development parameters of the oil and gas complex and the level of socio-economic development of resource regions using the method of hierarchical cluster analysis is investigated.
Currently, more than 150 million people worldwide suffer from lymphedema. It is a chronic progressive disease characterized by high-protein edema of various parts of the body due to defects in lymphatic drainage. Molecular-genetic mechanisms of the disease are still poorly understood. Beginning of a clinical manifestation of primary lymphedema in middle age and the development of secondary lymphedema after treatment of breast cancer can be genetically determined. Disruption of endothelial cell apoptosis can be considered as one of the factors contributing to the development of lymphedema. However, a study of the relationship between genes associated with lymphedema and genes involved in endothelial apoptosis, in the associative gene network was not previously conducted.

In the current work, we used well-known methods (ToppGene and Endeavour), as well as methods previously developed by us, to prioritize genes involved in endothelial apoptosis and to find potential participants of molecular-genetic mechanisms of lymphedema among them. Original methods of prioritization took into account the overrepresented Gene Ontology biological processes, the centrality of vertices in the associative gene network, describing the interactions of endothelial apoptosis genes with genes associated with lymphedema, and the association of the analyzed genes with diseases that are comorbid to lymphedema.An assessment of the quality of prioritization was performed using criteria, which involved an analysis of the enrichment of the top-most priority genes by genes, which are known to have simultaneous interactions with lymphedema and endothelial cell apoptosis, as well as by genes differentially expressed in murine model of lymphedema.

In particular, among genes involved in endothelial apoptosis, KDR, TNF, TEK, BMPR2, SERPINE1, IL10, CD40LG, CCL2, FASLG and ABL1 had the highest priority. The identified priority genes can be considered as candidates for genotyping in the studies involving the search for associations with lymphedema.Analysis of interactions of these genes in the associative gene network of lymphedema can improve understanding of mechanisms of interaction between endothelial apoptosis and lymphangiogenesis, and shed light on the role of disturbance of these processes in the development of edema, chronic inflammation and connective tissue transformation during the progression of the disease.
This paper deals with the development of software that allows one to compute the scattering phase functions of the optical radiation in polydisperse media consisting of spherical particles, based on the Mie scattering theory. The software also enables computer visualization of such optical phenomena as rainbows, glories and coronas. A special technique is used to significantly accelerate the integration over the radius of scattering particles and to increase the calculation rate of the scattering phase functions. Using the software developed, we have performed a detailed analysis of the scattering phase functions for a large number of well-known cloud and fog models, and have created computer images of optical phenomena (rainbows, glories, and coronas) that are inherent to the considered models.
Universe history in R2-gravity is studied from "beginning" up to the present epoch. It is assumed that initially the curvature scalar R was sufficiently large to induce the proper duration of inflation.

Gravitational particle production by the oscillating R(t) led to a graceful exit from inflation, but the cosmological evolution in the early universe was drastically different from the standard one till the universe age reached the value of the order of the inverse decay rate of the oscillating curvature R(t).

This deviation from the standard cosmology might have a noticeable impact on the formation of primordial black holes and baryogenesis. At later time, after exponential decay of the curvature oscillations, cosmology may return to normality.
This article reviews the evolution of approaches to teaching writing in English as a native and foreign language and in Russian as a native and foreign language from a linguodidactic point of view. Many established pedagogical approaches do not have a worthy theoretical and methodological foundation and do not allow identifying a single dominating approach, but allow speaking about the expediency of integrated, comprehensive use of the best achievements of each approach in the modern methods of teaching academic writing.

The genre approach in teaching writing and listening is considered a very promising direction in modern Russian as well as in foreign language teaching. This approach integrates a number of achievements of contrastive rhetoric, process writing, formation of composition skills and situational variability of writing, as well as traditional and modern technologies, such as modeling, learning by samples, etc.

This approach fits into the educational paradigm of academic writing and it is in demand for the production of written texts of different levels of complexity.
Two new two-dimensional zinc(II) coordination polymers containing 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylate and bitopic ligands bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methane (btrm) or 1,3-bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propane (btrp) were synthesized. Synthesized compounds were characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, and thermal analysis. Crystal structures of coordination polymers were determined

and their structural peculiarities are discussed. The differences in structural features, thermal behavior, and luminescent properties are discussed.
In the paper the ignition delay times of hydrogen-silane-air mixtures at low pressures from 0.4 atm to 1 atm and mixture temperatures from 300 K to 900 K using the detailed kinetic mechanisms were calculated. It was shown that dependencies of ignition delay time on temperature are non-monotonic. In these dependences a region of "negative temperature coefficient" is presented. The effect of the mixture pressure and the silane concentration in the mixture on the length of this region was revealed. It was shown that the increasing of the silane concentration in the mixture, as well as the increasing the mixture pressure, leads to increasing of the "negative temperature coefficient" region length.
The paper presents the results of the study of large-scale vortex structures in a model chamber. Methods of forming quasi-stationary vortices of various shapes by changing the geometric parameters of the chamber have been proposed. In the model chamber with a tangential swirl of the flow, a rectilinear vortex, single helical and double helical vortices were obtained. The double helical structure of the vortex is unique due to its immovability around the axis of the chamber. The resulting structures slowly oscillate around their own axes, which is called the vortex core precession; while the oscillation frequency depends linearly on the liquid flow rate. The use of stationary vortex structures in power plants will increase the efficiency of combustion chambers and reduce slagging.
Lipids are among the most abundant and essential cell components. Specifically, cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) play crucial roles in cellular energy homeostasis. The foci of this review are (1) the composition and roles of lipids during oocyte maturation and early embryonic development, (2) possible causes of cryoinjuries in lipid-rich oocytes/embryos, and (3) ways to overcome these detrimental effects. Recent reports show that LDs in oocytes and embryos are not only energy depots but also are active organelles, possessing many other functions. In addition, analysis of the current literature confirms that lipid phase transition followed by phase separation during cryopreservation is one of the major causes of cryodamage in lipid-rich oocytes and embryos. While LDs and cell membranes are sensitive to chilling and freezing conditions, recent advances in vitrification and delipidation of lipid-rich oocytes and embryos partly mitigate cryodamage. The multidisciplinary approach is critical to reveal mechanisms underlying cryodamage and provides a theoretical basis for optimal cryopreservation of lipid-rich oocytes/embryos.
Dicarboxylic acids, HOOC-(CH2) n -COOH, are interesting compounds from the structural point of view [1].A very long one-dimensional chain can be obtained through hydrogen bond formation at both ends of the molecule.These compounds configure layered structures in the solid state, as well as most of the polymorphic phases of long-chain compounds, such as n-alkanes, n-alcohols, and n-fatty acids.Dicarboxylic acids exhibit interesting thermal properties and a high enthalpy of melting that make them potential candidates for their use in the field of thermal protection and energy storage.Dimorphism was prevalent in odd carbon members of dicarboxylic acids while one form is only present for even members: α form P2 1 /c with Z=4 and β form C2/c with Z=4.

High-quality x-ray powder diffraction analyses of pentadecanedioic acid (C 15 H 28 O 4 ) have been carried as a function of temperature.Slurry experiments indicate that β is the most stable form at room temperature.

A new form, called γ has been observed just before melting: γ form C2/c with Z=4 at 383K.The packing arrangement of the carboxyl groups at both end of the chain is different in the three forms.From the structural point of view for γ form the distance interlayer is intermediate between α and β distances.Crystal structure of the pentadecanedioic acid is presented.The carboxyl's group in α form shows two different angles with middle plain of the chain.The packing arrangement of α and γ forms are radically different even if the molecular conformation are cis in both cases.A reversible transition from β form to γ form was observed before melting.
In many models stability of Dark Matter particles D is ensured by conservation of a new quantum number referred to as D -parity. Our models also contain charged D -odd particles D± with the same spin as D. (For more information,please refer to the PDF.)
In the Budker Institute, the CAT (Compact Axisymmtric Toroid) experiment is being prepared for obtaining a plasmoid with high diamagnetism in axially symmetric magnetic field. Reverse of magnetic field in the plasmoid is also possible in this experiment. The experiment is based on injection of powerful focused neutral beams with extremely large neutral power density in the plasma. Two neutral beam injectors with the energy of hydrogen atoms of 15 keV will be used in the experiment. The neutral beam power of each injector is 2 MW, pulse duration is 5 ms. In the ion source of the injector, plasma emitter is produced by plasma jets from four arc plasma generators. Proton beam with current up to 170 A is formed by multi-slit three-electrode ion-optical system with ballistic focusing. Measured angular divergence of the formed beam along the slits is 10 mrad, divergence in the direction across the slits is 35 mrad. The injector is equipped with a neutralizer, bending magnet, residual ion dump, calorimeter, high speed pumping system with titanium arc evaporation.
The cover picture shows spectroscopic methods to characterize mobile protons in a proton-conductive porous metal–organic frameworks with a regular crystalline structure. The long range ordering of host materials facilitates to uncover the molecular mechanism of the charged proton species formation and migration. As we use optical and radio-frequency instruments to probe the night sky secrets, we combine different types of molecular spectroscopies to shed light on the mysteries of the proton transfer in solids. See the Personal Account by Daniil I. Kolokolov, Dae-Woon Lim, and Hiroshi Kitagawa (DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000072).
We perform direct numerical simulations of the annular laminar jet flows for two inner-to-outer diameter (blockage) ratios br = d / D = 0.5, 0.9 in the range of the Reynolds number based on the bulk velocity inside the nozzle and its outer diameter Re = 200 – 400. In spite of the axisymmetric formulation, asymmetric states are observed for moderate and high Re . A gradual increase of the Reynolds number allow building a regime map. The symmetry-asymmetry transition Reynolds number decreases with the increase of br , while the steady-unsteady transition Reynolds numbers are close for both br . The degree of asymmetry increases with the increase of Re, leading to a shift of the global stagnation point from the axis of symmetry.
Simulation of background particle fluxes generated by colliding beams is performed with FLUKA package for the Super C-Tau factory Detector (SCTD). Two processes are considered as main sources of luminosity generated background: two-photon production of electron-positron pairs and Bha-Bha scattering with bremsstrahlung photon emission (radiative Bha-Bha).

The SCTD geometry is described corresponding to the last version of the Conceptual Design Report. The magnetic field based on the calculation in ANSYS is introduced in the model.

Main results of the simulation for beam energy of 3 GeV, luminosity of 10 35 cm −2 s −1 and 1.5 T magnetic field are the following: charged particle fluence in the region of the Inner Tracker (radius 5cm -20 cm, Z between -30cm and 30 cm) is between 10 5 particles/(cm 2 s) and ∼10 3 particles/(cm 2 s); 1-MeV neutron equivalent fluence for Si in the regions corresponding to electronics of the Inner Tracker and the Drift Chamber is below 10 11 n/(cm 2 y) and absorbed dose is below 100 Gy/y in the hottest regions of the detector.
Modern world trends have a significant impact on the university and human capital as an important part of the university. From our point of view, an active process is currently underway and namely it is transition from a university-function, to a university-subject of change. Only a small amount of the university's academic staff have the necessary competences for the implementation of full-life projects and the ability to work in a project team, this is primarily due to the lack of soft-skills. In this regard, to assess the capitalization of the human resource in the university community, in this article propose to introduce the concept of capitalization index (CI), which takes into account the diversity of activities of the university staff (scientific work, teaching, interaction with students, etc.) and determines its effectiveness. This system allows us to supplement it with various components, depending on the trends of development of the university, and also shift the focus from one area to another (priority factor) and strengthen the significance of a certain type of activity (quality factor).
The Helmholtz decomposition of the vector field of probability fluxes in a two-dimensional space of collective variables makes it possible to introduce a potential for the driving force of protein folding [Chekmarev, J. Chem. Phys. 139 (2013) 145103]. The potential has two components: one component (Φ) is responsible for the source and sink of the folding flow, which represent, respectively, the unfolded and native state of the protein, and the other (Ψ) accounts for the flow vorticity inherently generated at the periphery of the flow field and provides the canalization of the flow between the source and sink. Both components obey Poisson's equations with the corresponding source/sink terms.

In the present paper, we consider how the shape of the potential changes depending on the scenario of protein folding. To mimic protein folding dynamics projected onto a two-dimensional space of collective variables, the two-dimensional Müller and Brown potential is employed. Three characteristic scenarios are considered: a single pathway from the unfolded to the native state without intermediates, two parallel pathways without intermediates, and a single pathway with an off-pathway intermediate. To determine the probability fluxes, the hydrodynamic description of the folding reaction is used, in which the first-passage folding is viewed as a steady flow of the representative points of the protein from the unfolded to the native state.

We show that despite the possible complexity of the folding process, the Φ-component is simple and universal in shape. The Ψ-component is more complex and reveals characteristic features of the process of folding. The present approach is potentially applicable to other complex reactions, for which the transition from the reactant to the product can be described in a space of two (collective) variables.
BACKGROUND: Recently fibroblasts of many mammalian species have been reprogrammed to pluripotent state using overexpression of several transcription factors. This technology allows production of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells with properties similar to embryonic stem (ES) cells. The completeness of reprogramming process is well studied in such species as mouse and human but there is not enough data on other species. We produced American mink (Neovison vison) ES and iPS cells and compared these cells using transcriptome analysis. RESULTS: We report the generation of 10 mink ES and 22 iPS cell lines. The majority of the analyzed cell lines had normal diploid chromosome number. The only ES cell line with XX chromosome set had both X-chromosomes in active state that is characteristic of pluripotent cells. The pluripotency of ES and iPS cell lines was confirmed by formation of teratomas with cell types representing all three germ layers. Transcriptome analysis of mink embryonic fibroblasts (EF), two ES and two iPS cell lines allowed us to identify 11831 assembled contigs which were annotated. These led to a number of 6891 unique genes. Of these 3201 were differentially expressed between mink EF and ES cells. We analyzed expression levels of these genes in iPS cell lines. This allowed us to show that 80% of genes were correctly reprogrammed in iPS cells, whereas approximately 6% had an intermediate expression pattern, about 7% were not reprogrammed and about 5% had a "novel" expression pattern. We observed expression of pluripotency marker genes such as Oct4, Sox2 and Rex1 in ES and iPS cell lines with notable exception of Nanog. CONCLUSIONS: We had produced and characterized American mink ES and iPS cells. These cells were pluripotent by a number of criteria and iPS cells exhibited effective reprogramming. Interestingly, we had showed lack of Nanog expression and consider it as a species-specific feature.