Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Spatial organization of signalling events of the phytohormone auxin is fundamental for maintaining a dynamic transition from plant stem cells to differentiated descendants. The cambium, the stem cell niche mediating wood formation, fundamentally depends on auxin signalling but its exact role and spatial organization is obscure.

Here we show that, while auxin signalling levels increase in differentiating cambium descendants, a moderate level of signalling in cambial stem cells is essential for cambium activity. We identify the auxin-dependent transcription factor ARF5/MONOPTEROS to cell-autonomously restrict the number of stem cells by directly attenuating the activity of the stem cell-promoting WOX4 gene. In contrast, ARF3 and ARF4 function as cambium activators in a redundant fashion from outside of WOX4 -expressing cells.

Our results reveal an influence of auxin signalling on distinct cambium features by specific signalling components and allow the conceptual integration of plant stem cell systems with distinct anatomies.
The performance improvement of rib-waveguide electro-optic (EO) polymer modulators resulting from the inclusion of high permittivity dielectric strips is considered.

For this study, we take into account the heterogeneous nature of the poling of the electro-optic polymer by the electrode structure, the dispersion of the RF wave due to the material dispersion in the waveguide, and the finite conductivity of the electrodes.

It is shown that the insertion of additional insulating strips with high dielectric permittivity (such as MgO) considerably enhances (from 120% to 280%) the efficiency of EO tuning. Furthermore, this efficiency grows with increasing modulation frequency, yielding a 2.0 V half-wave voltage at 100 GHz, when DH-80 EO polymer is used.
Using data samples of $102\times10^6$ $\Upsilon(1S)$ and $158\times10^6$ $\Upsilon(2S)$ events collected with the Belle detector, a first experimental search has been made for double-charmonium production in the exclusive decays $\Upsilon(1S,2S)\rightarrow J/\psi(\psi')+X$, where $X=\eta_c$, $\chi_{cJ} (J=~0,~1,~2)$, $\eta_c(2S)$, $X(3940)$, and $X(4160)$.

No significant signal is observed in the spectra of the mass recoiling against the reconstructed $J/\psi$ or $\psi'$ except for the evidence of $\chi_{c1}$ production with a significance of $4.6\sigma$ for $\Upsilon(1S)\rightarrow J/\psi+\chi_{c1}$. The measured branching fraction $\BR(\Upsilon(1S)\rightarrow J/\psi+\chi_{c1})$ is $(3.90\pm1.21(\rm stat.)\pm0.23 (\rm syst.))\times10^{-6}$. The $90\%$ confidence level upper limits on the branching fractions of the other modes having a significance of less than $3\sigma$ are determined.

These results are consistent with theoretical calculations using the nonrelativistic QCD factorization approach.
An amorphous solid dispersion (SD) of curcumin (Cur) with disodium glycyrrhizin (Na2GA) was prepared by mechanical ball milling. Curcumin loaded micelles were self-formed by Na2GA when SD dissolved in water.

The physical properties of Cur SD in solid state were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction studies, and scanning electron microscope. The characteristics of the sample solutions were analyzed by reverse phase HPLC, UV-visible spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation LC, and transmission electron microscopy. In vitro cytotoxic tests demonstrated that Cur SD induced higher cytotoxicity against glioblastoma U-87 MG cells than free Cur. Besides, an improvement of membrane permeability of Cur SD was confirmed by parallel artificial membrane permeability assay. Further pharmacokinetic study of this SD formulation in rat showed a significant ∼19-fold increase of bioavailability as comparing to free Cur.

Thus, Cur SD provide a more potent and efficacious formulation for Cur oral delivery.
Using the path-integral technique we calculate the mutual information for the fiber optical channel modelled by the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with additive Gaussian noise.

At large signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) we present the mutual information through the path-integral which is convenient for the perturbative expansion both in nonlinearity and dispersion. In the leading order in 1/SNR we demonstrate that the mutual information is determined through the averaged logarithm of the normalization factor Λ of the conditional probability density function P[Y|X].

In the limit of small noise and small nonlinearity we derive analytically the first nonzero nonlinear correction to the mutual information for the channel. For the arbitrary nonlinearity we restrict the mutual information by the low bound obtained from the Jensen's inequality and analyze the bound for the case of large dispersion.
Одним из главных способов тонкой настройки адаптационного потенциала сортов пшеницы является регулирование сроков цветения с использованием генов локуса Vrn-1, определяющего тип и скорость развития. Исследования, связывающие сроки цветения с формированием корневой системы в нормальных и засушливых условиях, единичны. Недавно с использованием интрогрессированных и изогенных линий пшеницы было показано, что локус Vrn-1 участвует в генетическом контроле длины и массы корней и угла наклона корней в почве как на поливе, так и на засухе. Из трех гомеоаллельных генов – Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1 и Vrn-D1 – ген Vrn A1 наиболее сильно уменьшал размеры корневой системы у озимого генотипа.

Целью нашей работы было определить, влияет ли аллельный состав генов локуса Vrn-1 на развитие корневой системы у различающихся по срокам цветения семи яровых сортов и двух линий мягкой пшеницы в условиях нормального полива и засухи. Исследования проведены в условиях гидропонной теплицы, засуха создавалась на стадии кущения.

Мы показали, что раннецветущие сорта пшеницы с доминантным аллелем Vrn-A1а в нормальных условиях полива имеют корни меньшей массы и длины по сравнению с поздноцветущими носителями доминантных гомеоаллелей Vrn-B1 и Vrn-D1. На засухе длина корней уменьшалась незначительно, а вот масса корней достоверно снижалась у всех генотипов, за исключением сорта Диамант 2. Мы предположили, что уровень транскрипционного фактора VRN- 1 на момент наступления засухи может оказывать влияние на размер корневой системы. Большой размах изменчивости по массе корней может свидетельствовать об участии, помимо локуса Vrn-1, других генных сетей в формировании этого признака. Селекционерам, работающим над созданием скороспелых сортов, следует учиты- вать возможность уменьшения размеров корневой системы, особенно в засушливых условиях. Значительное увеличение массы корней у линии 821 с интрогрессиями в хромосомы 2А, 2В и 5А от вида T. timopheevii указывает на возможность использования сородичей в качестве источника увеличения размера корней у пшеницы.
Hormones frequently guide animal development via the induction of cascades of gene activities, whose products further amplify an initial hormonal stimulus. In Drosophila the transformation of the larva into the pupa and the subsequent metamorphosis to the adult stage is triggered by changes in the titer of the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone. singed wings (swi) is the only gene known in Drosophila melanogaster for which mutations specifically interrupt the transmission of the regulatory signal from early to late ecdysone inducible genes.

We have characterized singed wings locus, showing it to correspond to EG:171E4.2 (CG3095). swi encodes a predicted 68.5-kDa protein that contains N-terminal histidine-rich and threonine-rich domains, a cysteine-rich C-terminal region and two leucine-rich repeats. The SWI protein has a close homolog in D. melanogaster, defining a new family of SWI-like proteins, and is conserved in D. pseudoobscura. A lethal mutation, swit476, shows a severe disruption of the ecdysone pathway and is a C>Y substitution in one of the two conserved CysXCys motifs that are common to SWI and the Drosophila Toll-4 protein.

It is not entirely clear from the present molecular analysis how the SWI protein may function in the ecdysone induced cascade. Currently all predictions agree in that SWI is very unlikely to be a nuclear protein. Thus it probably exercises its control of 'late' ecdysone genes indirectly. Apparently the genetic regulation of ecdysone signaling is much more complex then was previously anticipated.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of irreversible visual impairment and blindness in developed countries, and the molecular pathogenesis of AMD is poorly understood. Recent studies strongly indicate that amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation —found in the brain and a defining feature of Alzheimer’s disease—also forms in the retina in both Alzheimer’s disease and AMD. The reason why highly neurotoxic proteins of consistently aggregate in the aging retina, and to what extent they contribute to AMD, remains to be fully addressed. Nonetheless, the hypothesis that Aβ is a therapeutic target in AMD is debated. Here, we showed that long-term treatment with SkQ1 (250 nmol/[kg body weight] daily from the age of 1.5 to 22 months) suppressed the development of AMD-like pathology in senescence-accelerated OXYS rats by reducing the level of Aβ and suppressing the activity of mTOR in the retina. Inhibition of mTOR signaling activity, which plays key roles in aging and age-related diseases, can be considered a new mechanism of the prophylactic effect of SkQ1. It seems probable that dietary supplementation with mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 can be a good prevention strategy to maintain eye health and possibly a treatment of AMD.
Objective: to establish associations of cognitive functions (CFs) and professional level in an open population of Novosibirsk aged 25–44 years. Patients and methods. The subject of the study was a random representative sample of one of the Novosibirsk districts population aged 25–44 years (463 men, mean age 35.94±5.957 years, and 546 women, mean age 36.17±5.997 years) in 2013–2016. CFs were screened using: A.R. Luria 10 words learning task – immediate and delayed recall after the interfering task; Bourdon Test (BT); exclusion of “the fifth extra” test; verbal fluency test (naming animals in 1 min). Education level and professional status were assessed according to the criteria of the WHO international program MONICA protocol. Results and discussion. The analysis showed that the management and engineering and technical staff (ETS) coped significantly better with cognitive tests than manual labor workers. The analysis of memory using the A.R. Luria test showed that the differences in the first recall of 10 words between manual labor workers and managers reached 0.849 words, in the mean number of correctly remembered words it reached 0.735 words, and in delayed recall – 1.096 words (p<0.05). Attention assessment using BT revealed that the number of letters crossed out in 1 min was higher among the management staff compared to the manual labor workers, reaching 4.978 characters (p<0.05). ETS scores in this test were close to the management staff scores (p<0,0001). Also, a tendency to a smaller number of mistakes made by managers and ETS compared to workers was revealed in the BT. In the analysis of semantic associations in the verbal fluency test the differences in the number of animals named per 1 min reached 3.007 animals between manual labor workers and managers. Similar differences were observed between manual labor workers and ETS (p<0.05). Abstract reasoning evaluation using the “the fifth extra” test showed that managers and ETS excluded a greater number of words that did not correspond to the logical series (i.e., they showed the best result in this test) than manual labor workers (p<0.05). ETS and management staff showed best performance in cognitive tests compared to manual labor workers of the same educational level. Conclusion. A quantitative association has been established between a low professional level, level of education and a decrease in cognitive functions among people aged 25–44 years.
Carbon erosion of bulk metals and alloys in a carbon-containing atmosphere can be used as an effective tool for the targeted synthesis of carbon nanomaterials. In this study, a set of bulk Ni 0.89 Cu 0.11 (11 at % Cu) alloys has been synthesized by the mechanochemical alloying of metal powders in an Activator 2S planetary mill. The synthesized samples have been studied as precursors of catalyst for the synthesis of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) from ethylene at 550°C. The effect of the activation time on the particle morphology and phase composition of the alloys, the kinetics of growth, and the carbon product yield in C 2 H 4 decomposition has been studied. For the most active samples, the CNF yield has exceeded 100 g/g cat within 30 min of reaction. The early stage of carbon erosion of a bulk Ni 0.89 Cu 0.11 alloy has been studied by electron microscopy methods. It has been found that the nucleation of carbon fiber growth active sites occurs during a short-term contact of the sample with the reaction mixture (less than 1 min); the complete disintegration of the alloy is observed in a few minutes. The carbon product is represented by nanofibers having a submicrometer diameter and characterized by a dense “stacked” and coaxial-conical packing of graphene layers. The material has a developed specific surface area (140–170 m 2 /g) and a low bulk density (less than 30 g/L).
Native cattle breeds represent an important cultural heritage. They are a reservoir of genetic variation useful for properly responding to agriculture needs in light of ongoing climate changes. Evolutionary processes that occur in response to extreme environmental conditions could also be better understood using adapted local populations.

Herein, different evolutionary histories for two of the world northernmost native cattle breeds from Russia were investigated. Scans for selection signatures pointed to several common gene pathways related to adaptation to harsh climates in both breeds.

They highlighted Kholmogory as a typical taurine cattle, while Yakut cattle separated from European taurines ~5,000 years ago and contain numerous ancestral and some novel genetic variants allowing their adaptation to harsh conditions of living above the Polar Circle. But genes affected by selection from these pathways were mostly different. A Yakut cattle breed-specific missense mutation, H100Q, in a highly conserved NRAP gene, represents a unique example of a young amino acid residue convergent change shared with at least 16 species of hibernating/cold-adapted mammals from nine distinct phylogenetic orders. This suggests a convergent evolution event along the mammalian phylogenetic tree and fast fixation in a single isolated cattle population exposed to a harsh climate.
Polyclonal antibodies hydrolyzing myelin basic protein (MBP) can play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). An immunoglobulin light chain phagemid library derived from peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with SLE was used. The small pools of phage particles displaying light chains with different affinity for MBP were isolated by affinity chromatography on MBP-Sepharose. The fraction eluted with 0.5M NaCl was used for preparation of individual monoclonal light chains (MLChs, 26–27kDa). The clones were expressed in Escherichia coli in a soluble form; MLChs were purified by metal-chelating chromatography followed by gel filtration. In mammalians, there are serine proteases and metalloproteases. These and many other enzymes usually have only one active site and catalyze only one chemical reaction. In contrast to canonical proteases, one MLCh (NGTA2-Me-pro-ChTr) efficiently hydrolyzed MBP (but not other proteins) and four different oligopeptides corresponding to four immunodominant sequences containing cleavage sites of MBP. The proteolytic activity of MLCh was efficiently inhibited only by specific inhibitors of serine-like (phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride, PMSF) and metalloproteases (EDTA). It was shown that MLCh possess independent serine-like and metal-dependent activities. The principal existence of monoclonal antibodies with two different proteolytic activities is unexpected but very important for the further understanding of at present unknown biological functions of human antibodies.
In this report, we describe a molecular cytogenetic study of a family burdened with intellectual disability (ID) and suicide.

Our study revealed that the mother has a heterozygous premutation in the FMR1 gene and supernumerary X chromosomes as well as X-derived marker chromosomes.

Both of her sons have ID and a normal chromosome number. One of the sons has fragile X syndrome, and the other has ID of an unclear nature.
The composites of betulin diacetate and betulin dipropionate with aerosil were obtained by mechanochemical methods. The physico-chemical properties of the composites were studied.

The composites are characterized by increased concentration of betulin diacetate and betulin dipropionate at dissolution in water.
The article is a description of a research project that has been developed for several years now and is devoted to the study of Russian entrepreneurship history. One of the stages of the project was the creation of An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of the History of the Merchant Class and Trade in Siberia (Novosibirsk, Izdatel'stvo «GEO», 2012–2013). This is an unparalleled publication, the first dictionary of this kind in Russian historiography and it is worthy of attention because of the amount of information included and its structure (it contains videos, an academic bibliography, and the choice of authors is remarkable).

The project is discussed by Vasiliy Pavlovich Zinoviev, professor of history (Tomsk State University), an eminent specialist in the economic history of Siberia; Evgeniya Vladislavovna Komleva, leading research fellow of the Department of the 2nd Half of the16th – Early 20th Century History of the Institute of History (Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch), executive editor of the Dictionary; Olga Dmitrievna Zhuravel’, dean of the faculty of Journalism, Novosibirsk State University.

The article describes the problems that underlie the realization of this unique large-scale project, the informational potential of the Dictionary that makes it possible to substantiate not only the economic but also cultural paradigm, as well as entrepreneurship as a mode of living of Siberian merchants.
Retrotransposons are the major component of plant genomes. Chromodomain‐containing Gypsy long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons are widely distributed in eukaryotes. Four distinct clades of chromodomain‐containing Gypsy retroelements are known from the vascular plants: Reina, CRM, Galadriel and Tekay. At the same time, almost nothing is known about the repertoire of LTR retrotransposons in bryophyte genomes.

We have combined a search of chromodomain‐containing Gypsy retroelements in Physcomitrella genomic sequences and an experimental investigation of diverse moss species. The computer‐based mining of the chromodomain‐containing LTR retrotransposons allowed us to describe four different elements from Physcomitrella.

Four novel clades were identified that are evolutionarily distinct from the chromodomain‐containing Gypsy LTR retrotransposons of other plants.
Hepatocyte growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase substrate (HRS) is an endosomal protein required for trafficking receptor tyrosine kinases from the early endosome to the lysosome. HRS interacts with Merlin, the Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) gene product, and this interaction may be important for Merlin's tumor suppressor activity.

We show that HRS homologs are present across a wide range of Metazoa with the yeast Vps27 protein as their most distant ancestor. The phylogenetic tree of the HRS family coincides with species evolution and divergence. Sequence alignment shows that various protein domains of HRS, including the VHS domain, the FYVE domain, the UIM domain, and the clathrin-binding domain, are conserved from yeast to multicellular organisms.

The evolutionary transition from unicellular to multicellular organisms was accompanied by the appearance of a binding site for Merlin, which emerges in the early Metazoa after its separation from flatworms. The Merlin-binding and STAM-binding domains of HRS are conserved among multicellular organisms. While several functional domains are conserved throughout the HRS family, the STAM-binding, Merlin-binding, and growth suppression domains evolved in the early Metazoa around the time the Merlin protein emerged. As these domains appear during the transition to multicellularity, their functional roles may be related to cell-cell interaction.
We consider some implications of the mass defect on the frequency of atomic transitions. We have found that some well-known frequency shifts (the gravitational shift and motion-induced shifts such as quadratic Doppler and micromotion shifts) can be interpreted as consequences of the mass defect in quantum atomic physics, i.e. without the need for the concept of time dilation used in special and general relativity theories. Moreover, we show that the inclusion of the mass defect leads to previously unknown shifts for clocks based on trapped ions.
Electron microscopy revealed that EC151 has a siphovirus-like virion morphology. The EC151 nucleotide sequence shows limited similarity to other phage genomes deposited in the NCBI GenBank database.

The size of the EC151 genome is 60,753 bp and contains 58 putative genes. Thirty-nine of them encode proteins of predicted function, 18 are defined as hypothetical proteins, and one ORF identifies as the tRNA-Ser-GCT-encoding gene. Six ORFs were predicted to be members of the deazaguanine DNA modification pathway, including the preQ0 transporter. Comparative proteomic phylogenetic analysis revealed that phage EC151 represents a distinct branch within a group of sequences containing clades formed by members of the Seuratvirus, Nonagvirus, and Vidquintavirus genera. In addition, the EC151 genome showed gene synteny typical of the Seuratvirus, Nonagvirus, and Nipunavirus phages. The average genetic distances of EC151/Seuratvirus, EC151/Nonagvirus, and EC151/Vidquintavirus are approximately equal to those between the Seuratvirus, Nonagvirus, and Vidquintavirus genera (~0.7 substitutions per site).

Therefore, EC151 may represent a novel genus within the Siphoviridae family. The origin of the deazaguanine DNA modification pathway in the EC151 genome can be traced to Escherichia phages from the Seuratvirus genus.
The evolution of unsteady gravitational-capillary convection in a layer of ethyl alcohol with a free surface after sudden electric heating of one of the vertical walls of a rectangular cavity was investigated numerically. The effect of the incoming flow of hot liquid on the time evolution of the temperature field on the opposite thin metal wall of the cavity was investigated.

The calculations were carried out by the finite element method in the conjugate two-dimensional formulation with the Prandtl number Pr = 16, and the range of Grashof numbers determined by the heat flux density, 33·10 3 ≤ Gr ≤ 28·10 6.

It is shown that the maximum local temperature gradients occur on the wall near the liquid-gas interface.
The article deals with issues of indexing the Upper Jurassic productive layers developed in the northeastern part of the West Siberian petroleum province.

Based on lithological division and detailed correlation of borehole sections, sandy horizons were identified and indexed

in the Upper Jurassic section of the western part of the Ust-Port uplift.