KM, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7658-0844; JK, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9983-7630; CAA, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8878-086X; JAA, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1935-8075; EMdA, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8033-5334; MVA, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9281-2257; BSA, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8109-9254; TVA, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3661-0719; JA, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4186-4425; ZA, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3244-3183; MB, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7874-6385; TBC, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1649-9830; AC, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5884-508X; PC, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7793-5259; OACa, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0801-8961; OACs, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3834-7136; JMPC, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9833-0822; JRD, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1886-7521; RD, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8753-7596; LD, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1467-5482; YKDS, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6488-4736; TLE, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2162-8537; AES, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4844-0254; LPF, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9202-9828; ERFM, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8889-4955; FG, –; MGF, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4087-2706; ACGA, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4392-9445; MJGdA, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3112-0649; SAG, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9286-8314; DHH, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8709-4091; AIH, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0915-2129; AH, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3419-239X; HI, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8130-5129; KUK, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3246-8620; DAK, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2658-1723; SL, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4035-5434; MLLP, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4244-7807; GIL, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0765-7809; TVL, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9554-9562; LL, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8529-6805; MNL, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0510-5349; BLG, –; EJM, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7769-0199; SSM, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1975-6548; ALM, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4267-5818; EMT, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5803-281X; EYuM, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8487-5714; RElM, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3849-1039; JFMV, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4586-5142; REmaM, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5890-1504; COdM, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9444-0418; RCdO, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7891-2630; VdOM, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6918-4918; MO, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5363-8791; MKP, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6611-560X; AP-H, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5213-4770; LPe, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9008-273X; LPi, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7395-7925; OMP, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2110-8403; NSP, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3279-4824; SVP, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-8083; AVR, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1043-4999; ER, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1769-0426; GHR, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3601-786X; FJS, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1128-1138; GSS, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9360-3729; MWdSS, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5298-7407; MCS, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3809-0297; RCS, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4723-5240; AMdSS, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8765-8291; MCS, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8161-2583; JS, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6540-5090; VKS, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7109-7685; PCSSS, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1122-1047; AT, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1979-2568; WWT, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4996-536X; MTP, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8213-9967; OTT, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7120-1895; ALLV, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2442-2211; ACVB, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5709-8203; TNV, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1880-0108; WW, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6901-6375 *Address for correspondence: rajkpandit@gmail.com This research was supported by DU-DST-PURSE Grant to MKP, vide grant number No. RC/2016/944 dated 30/05/16. All materials CHN; collected in India; collector: JA = Jaya Arora; vouchers in DUH. Impatiens devendrae Pusalkar, 2n = 14; India, Western Himalaya, Uttarakhand, JA 2551. Impatiens sulcata Wall., 2n = 20; India, Western Himalaya, Uttarakhand, JA 2558. Geranium robertianum L., 2n = 52; India, Western Himalaya, Uttarakhand, JA 2553. Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet, 2n = 26; India, Western Himalaya, Uttarakhand, JA 2555. Thalictrum cultratum Wall., 2n = 14; India, Western Himalaya, Uttarakhand, JA 2554. Thalictrum elegans Wall. ex Royle, 2n = 14; India, Western Himalaya, Uttarakhand, JA 2557. Thalictrum foliolosum DC., 2n = 14; India, Western Himalaya, Uttarakhand, JA 2556. *Address for correspondence: joelmpcordeiro@yahoo.com.br Financial support from CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior), and INSA (Instituto Nacional do Semiárido). All materials CHN; vouchers in EAN (Herbarium Jayme Coelho de Moraes). Dicliptera mucronifolia Nees, 2n = 80; Brazil, Paraíba, J.M.P. Cordeiro 1020. Harpochilus neesianus Mart. ex Nees, 2n = 28; Brazil, Paraíba, J.M.P. Cordeiro 1399. Justicia aequilabris (Nees) Lindau, 2n = 28; Brazil, Paraíba, L.P. Felix 15922. Justicia birae A.S.Reis, F.A.Silva, A.Gil & Kameyama, 2n = 28; Brazil, Pará, L.P. Felix 15982. Justicia chamaedryoides (Nees) Wassh. ex A.L.A.Côrtes & P.L.R.Moraes, 2n = 18; Brazil, Paraíba, J.M.P. Cordeiro 1041. Hygrophila paraibana Rizzini, 2n = 60; Brazil, Pernambuco, L.P. Felix 15979. Ruellia asperula (Mart. & Nees) Lindau, 2n = 34; Brazil, Paraíba, L.P. Felix 15923. Ruellia bahiensis Morong, 2n = 34; Brazil, Paraíba, J.M.P. Cordeiro 1476. Ruellia cearensis Lindau, 2n = 34; Brazil, Pernambuco, L.P. Felix 15995. Ruellia geminiflora Kunth, 2n = 34; Brazil, Pernambuco, L.P. Felix 15990. Ruellia inundata Kunth, 2n = 34; Brazil, Paraíba, J.M.P. Cordeiro 1477. Ruellia ochroleuca Mart. ex Nees, 2n = 34; Brazil, Paraíba, J.M.P. Cordeiro 1199. Ruellia paniculata Kunth, 2n = 34; Brazil, Pernambuco, L.P. Felix 15978. Ruellia simplex C.Wright, 2n = 34; Brazil, Paraíba, J.M.P. Cordeiro 1478. Elytraria imbricata (Vahl) Pers., 2n = 24; Brazil, Paraíba, J.M.P. Cordeiro 1052. Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) Spreng., 2n = 72; Brazil, Paraíba, J.M.P. Cordeiro 1474. *Address for correspondence: ldelsan@usal.es This work was supported by the Spanish Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica through projects Flora iberica VI (REN2002-04634-C05-02), Flora iberica VII (CGL2005-05471-C04-03), Flora iberica IX (CGL2011-28613-C03-03) and by the Junta de Castilla y León (Luis Delgado, 1998–2001) fellowship. All materials CHN; chromosome numbers counted by L. Delgado and B. López-González; collectors: AH = Alberto Herrero, AT = Andreas Tribsch, CA = Carlos Aedo, CV = Cipriano Valle, DA = Dirk Albach, ER = Enrique Rico, FA = Francisco Amich, IS = Ignasi Soriano, JH = Javier Hernández, JASA = José Ángel Sánchez-Agudo, JASR = José Antonio Sánchez Rodríguez, KM = Karol Marhold, LD = Luis Delgado, LM = Leopoldo Medina, LMC = Luz Ma Muñoz-Centeno, MG = Mercè Galbany, MLA = Ma Luisa Alarcón, MO = Ma Montserrat Martínez-Ortega, MS = María Santos-Vicente, PB = Patricio Bariego, SB = Sonia Bernardos, SC = Santiago Castroviejo, SN = Sara Nisa, XG = Ximena Giráldez. Melampyrum arvense L., 2n = 18; Austria, DA, LD 545, MO, JASA & ER (SALA 118392), LD 947, MO, LMC & MS (SALA 134801); Romania, XG 75, MO & JASA (SALA 102559). Melampyrum barbatum Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd., n = 9, 2n = 18; Romania, XG 76, MO & JASA (SALA 102560). 2n = 18; Austria, DA, LD 528, MO, JASA & ER (SALA 118377). Melampyrum italicum Soó, 2n = 18; Italy, AH 1927 & al. (SALA 134806). Melampyrum pratense L., 2n = 18; Austria, DA, LD, MO, JASA & ER 7534 (SALA 118113). Melampyrum sylvaticum L., 2n = 18; Austria, DA, LD, MO, JASA 116 & ER (SALA 118166); France, LD, MO 912, JASA & ER (SALA 117978). Melampyrum vaudense (Ronniger) Sóo, 2n = 18; France, LD 948, MO, LMC & MS (SALA 134802). Pedicularis acmodonta Boiss., n = 8, 2n = 16; Armenia, AH 2582 & al. (SALA 134804), LM 2521 & al. (SALA 134812). 2n = 16; Armenia, CA 11590 (SALA 134808); Turkey, SN 708 & al. (SALA 120484). Pedicularis aspleniifolia Flörke ex Willd., 2n = 16; Austria, AT 4560 & al. (SALA 123300). Pedicularis atropurpurea Nordm., 2n = 16; Turkey, SN 896 & al. (SALA 120596). Pedicularis cenisia Gaudin, 2n = 16; France, LD, MO 941, JASA & ER (SALA 118007). Pedicularis comosa subsp. asparagoides (Lapeyr.) P.Fourn., 2n = 16; France, MG & al. (SALA 110784). Pedicularis comosa L. subsp. comosa, 2n = 16; Italy, CA 8317 & al. (MA 699688); Spain, LD 231 & MO (SALA 110782), LD 346 & IS (SALA 110783). Pedicularis condensata M.Bieb., 2n = 16; Armenia, CA 11739 & al. (SALA 134811), SC & al. 17702 (SALA 134813). Pedicularis elegans subsp. praetutiana (Steininger) Pign. Wik., 2n = 16; Italy, CA 8308 & al. (SALA 134810). Pedicularis elongata A.Kern., 2n = 16; Italy, LD, MO, JASA & ER 7642 (SALA 118546), LD, MO, JASA & ER 7668 (SALA 118573). Pedicularis foliosa L., n = 8, 2n = 16; Spain, SB, LD 76 & JASA (SALA110814). 2n = 16; Spain, LD 341 & IS (SALA 110813). Pedicularis graeca Bunge, 2n = 16; Greece, SC 18338 & al. (SALA 134814). Pedicularis hoermanniana K.Malý, 2n = 16; Bulgaria, CA 10417 & al. (SALA 134807). Pedicularis kerneri Dalla Torre, n = 8, 2n = 16; Spain, LD 348 & IS (SALA 110799). Pedicularis mixta Gren., n = 8, 2n = 16; Spain, LD 280 & MO (SALA 110810), LD 282 & MO (SALA 110811). 2n = 16; Spain, LD 777 & ER (SALA 110808), LD 343 & IS (SALA 110809), IS 98127 & MG (BCN 10514), PB & ER (SALA 110807). Pedicularis nordmanniana Bunge, 2n = 16; Turkey, SN 792 & al. (SALA 120528). Pedicularis orthantha Griseb., 2n = 16; Bulgaria, MLA 207 & al. (SALA 134817), MLA 279 & al. (SALA 134816). Pedicularis pontica Boiss., 2n = 16; Turkey, SN 860 & al. (SALA 120572). Pedicularis pyrenaica var. fallax Font Quer & Guinea, 2n = 16; Spain, LD 797 (SALA 110806). Pedicularis pyrenaica J.Gay subsp. pyrenaica, 2n = 16; Spain, LD 281 & MO (SALA 110805), LD 330 & IS (SALA 110801), LD 320 & IS (SALA 110803), SB, LD 73 & JASA (SALA 110804), LD 345 & IS (SALA 110802), LD 336 & IS (SALA 110800). Pedicularis rosea subsp. allionii (Rchb.f.) E.Mayer, 2n = 16; Spain, LD 347 & IS (SALA 110815). Pedicularis rostratocapitata Crantz, 2n = 16; Austria, DA, LD, MO, JASA & ER 7548 (SALA 118456); Italy, LD, MO, JASA & ER 7641 (SALA 118544), LD, MO, JASA & ER 7651 (SALA 118555). Pedicularis schizocalyx (Lange) Steininger, n = 16; Spain, LD 312 & MO (SALA 110787). n = 16, 2n = 32; Spain, LD 301, KM & MO (SALA 110790). 2n = 32; Spain, LD & ER 6601 (SALA 110786), LD 161 (SALA 110788), LD 203 & MO (SALA 110785), LD 762 (SALA 110789), LD, MO 627 & JASA (SALA 110792), PB & LD 824 (SALA 110791), PB & LD 825 (SALA 110793). Pedicularis sibthorpii Boiss., 2n = 16; Turkey, CA 6154 & al. (SALA 119845). Pedicularis sylvatica subsp. lusitanica (Hoffmanns. & Link) Cout., 2n = 16; Spain, FA, SB, LD 119, ER & JASR (SALA 110780), LD 34-4, XG & ER (SALA 110779), LD & MO 6283 (SALA 110781). Pedicularis sylvatica L. subsp. sylvatica, 2n = 16; Spain, LD 162 (SALA 110776), LD 15, ER, JASR & CV (SALA 110775), LD 300, KM, ER & JASA (SALA 110777), LD 270 & MO (SALA 110778), LD 270 & MO (SALA 110778), LD 44, JH, MO & ER (SALA 110774). Pedicularis tuberosa L., 2n = 16; Spain, LD 324 & IS (SALA 110794), LD 329 & IS (SALA 110795), LD 334 & IS (SALA 110798). Pedicularis verticillata subsp. caespitosa (Webb) I.Soriano, 2n = 12; Spain, ER & MS 925 (SALA 134815). Pedicularis verticillata L. subsp. verticillata, n = 6, 2n = 12; Spain, LD 230 & MO (SALA 110816), LD 22, ER, JASR & CV (SALA 110818). 2n = 12; Italy, CA 8288 & al. (SALA 135318), LD, MO, JASA & ER 7660 (SALA 118565); Spain, LD 318 & MO (SALA 110819), LD 14, ER, JASR & CV (SALA 110817). Rhinanthus alectorolophus (Scop.) Pollich, 2n = 14, 2n = 14 + 8B; France, LD, MO 937, JASA & ER (SALA 118003). Rhinanthus glacialis Personnat, n = 7, 2n = 14; Austria, DA, LD, MO, JASA 115 & ER (SALA 118165). 2n = 14; Austria, LD 561, MO, JASA & ER (SALA 118410). Rhinanthus minor L., n = 7; Italy, LD 375, MO, JASA & ER (SALA 118236). Pedicularis mixta Gren. × P. praetermisa (I.Soriano, M.Bernal & A.Sánchez-Cux.) Aymerich & L.Sáez (P. ×aranensis I.Soriano), 2n = 16; Spain, LD 353 & IS (SALA 110820). Pedicularis pyrenaica J.Gay × P. tuberosa L. (P. ×pallidiflora I.Soriano), 2n = 16; LD 325 & IS (SALA 110797), LD 326 & IS (SALA 110796), LD 335 & IS (SALA 110821). *Address for correspondence: andrea.harand@ufpe.br This study was supported by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES/DAAD PROBRAL; project number 88881.144086/2017-01) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq; grant number 141725/2018-4 to Y.D.) All materials CHN. Becquerelia cymosa Brongn., 2n = 40; Brazil, Paraíba, E.M. Almeida 2856 & M. Fernandes (EAN 29294). Diplasia karatifolia Rich., 2n = 60; Brazil, Amazonas, M. Alves & Y. Dias 04-2018 (UFP). Hypolytrum schraderianum Nees, 2n = 60; Brazil, Amazonas, M. Alves & Y. Dias 05-2018 (UFP); Brazil, Bahia, W.W. Thomas, P.J.S. Silva Filho & L.H. Daneu 16811 (JPB, NYBG); 2n = 76; Brazil, Paraná, M.C. Dias & E. Rocha s.n. (FUEL 29197, HCF 9642, VIES 26685). Prionium serratum (L.f.) Drège ex E.Mey., 2n = 46; South Africa, Western Cape, T.L. Elliott TE2016_413 (BOL). Thurnia sphaerocephala (Rudge) Hook.f., 2n = 46; Brazil, Amazonas, M. Alves & Y. Dias 10-2018 (UFP). *Address for correspondence: erst_andrew@yahoo.com The study was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), research projects No. 18-34-20056, 18-04-00653 and 20-54-53008 to Andrey Erst and Elizaveta Mitrenina (chromosome counts and microphotographing Ranunculaceae), and 19-04-00658 to Denis Krivenko (chromosome counts Fabaceae); JSPS KAKENHI (Grant No. 17K07527) to Hiroshi Ikeda (field work in Japan); Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB31030000) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32011530072) to Wei Wang (observations of the herbarium material in PE and field work in China); and state assignment of ICG SB RAS, project No. 0259-2019-0011 to Oleg Potseluev (field work in Kuril Island). All materials CHN. Caragana grandiflora DC., 2n = 16; Russia, Kabardino-Balkaria Republic, R.A. Murtazaliev 58881 (IRK). Galega orientalis Lam., 2n = 16; Russia, Kabardino-Balkaria Republic, D.A. Krivenko 59068 (IRK). Vavilovia formosa (Steven) Fed. (≡ Pisum formosum (Steven) Alef.), 2n = 14; Russia, Republic of Dagestan, D.A. Krivenko, Z.A. Guseinova & R.A. Murtazaliev 58156 (IRK, TASH). Vicia hololasia Woronow, 2n = 10; Russia, Republic of Dagestan, R.A. Murtazaliev s.n. (DAG). Tulipa mongolica Y.Z.Zhao, 2n = 24; Russia, Zabaikalskii Krai, O.A. Chernysheva, L.I. Sarajeva, A.S. Erst, E.R. Khadeeva & D.A. Krivenko 53652 (IRK). Tulipa uniflora (L.) Besser ex Baker, 2n = 24; Russia, Irkutskaya Oblast', O.A. Chernysheva & D.A. Krivenko 48972 (IRK, MW), O.A. Chernysheva & D.A. Krivenko 48966 (IRK, LE), O.A. Chernysheva & D.A. Krivenko 48976 (IRK), O.A. Chernysheva & D.A. Krivenko 48978 (IRK). Adonis sibirica Patrin ex Ledeb., 2n = 24; Russia, Irkutskaya Oblast', O.A. Chernysheva 59064 (IRK, NS). Anemone caerulea DC. (≡ Anemonoides caerulea (DC.) Holub), 2n = 16; Russia, Republic of Altai, A.S. Erst, T.V. Erst & E.V. Boltenkov 09 (NS). Anemone sylvestris L. (≡ Anemonoides sylvestris (L.) Galasso, Banfi & Soldano), 2n = 16; Russia, Novosibirskaya Oblast', 17 May 2020, A.S. Erst & T.V. Erst s.n. (NS). Callianthemum angustifolium Witasek, 2n = 16; Russia, Republic of Altai, A.S. Erst 439 (NS). Eranthis bulgarica (Stef.) Stef., 2n = 16; Bulgaria, A. Tashev 001 (SOM). Eranthis byunsanensis B.Y.Sun., 2n = 16; South Korea, H. Ikeda, H.-T. Im, K.-S. Chung, M. Fujii, M. Sakamoto & C. Hasekura 19032401 (NS). Eranthis cilicica Schott & Kotschy, 2n = 16; Turkey, T. Ertuğrul 1062 (GAZI). Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb., 2n = 16; Italy, A.S. Erst, T.V. Erst & L. Pinzani 005 (NS). Eranthis pinnatifida Maxim., 2n = 16; Japan, A.S. Erst, T.V. Erst & H. Ikeda 001 (NS), A.S. Erst, T.V. Erst & H. Ikeda 002 (NS), A.S. Erst, T.V. Erst & H. Ikeda 005 (NS), A.S. Erst, T.V. Erst & H. Ikeda 006 (NS). Eranthis stellata Maxim., 2n = 16; P. R. China, Jilin Province, K. Xiang 001 (PE); Russia, Amurskaya Oblast', T.N. Veklich 001 (NS). Trollius austrosibiricus Erst & Luferov, 2n = 16; Russia, Republic of Altai, A.S. Erst, T.V. Erst & E.V. Boltenkov 036 (NS). Trollius chinensis Bunge, 2n = 16; Russia, Primorskii Krai, V. Yakubov 001; Russia, Primorskii Krai, M. Koldaeva 001 (NS). Trollius ircuticus Sipliv., 2n = 16; Russia, Irkutskaya Oblast', O.A. Chernysheva 59078 (IRK, NS); Russia, Republic of Buryatiya, A.S. Erst, E.Yu. Mitrenina, D.A. Krivenko & O.A. Chernysheva 122 (NS). Trollius riederianus Fisch. & C.A.Mey., 2n = 16; Russia, Amurskaya Oblast', T.N. Veklich 002 (NS); Russia, Sakhalinskaya Oblast', O.M. Potseluev 001 (NS). *Address for correspondence: acalvente@cb.ufrn.br This study was partially financed by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (CNPq) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) – Finance Code 001. All materials CHN; collectors: AC = A. Calvente; LMV = L.M. Versieux. Lepismium cruciforme (Vell.) Miq., 2n = 22; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, AC, T.C. Lopes & E. Saddi 26 (RB); Brazil, São Paulo, AC 195 (SPF). Rhipsalis agudoensis N.P.Taylor, 2n = 22, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Horst-Uebelmann 821 (living collection Kew 2003-3061, K). Rhipsalis cereoides (Backeb. & Voll) A.Cast., 2n = 22; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, A.A.M. Barros, D.C. Zappi, AC, B.R. Silva & D.G. Matuano 2302 (RB). Rhipsalis crispata (Haw.) Pfeiff., 2n = 22; Brazil, São Paulo, AC & LMV 215 (SPF), AC & LMV 366 (SPF). Rhipsalis cuneata Britton & Rose, 2n = 44; Ecuador, Zamora-Chinchipe, AC & LMV 381 (SPF). Rhipsalis elliptica G.Lindb. ex K.Schum., 2n = 22; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, AC & LMV 96 (RB); Brazil, Bahia, AC & LMV 320 (RB). Rhipsalis hileiabaiana (N.P.Taylor & Barthlott) N.Korotkova & Barthlott, 2n = 44; Brazil, Bahia, AC & LMV 321 (SPF). Rhipsalis mesembryanthemoides Haw., 2n = 22; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, M.F. Freitas & AC 458 (RB). Rhipsalis micrantha (Kunth) DC., 2n = 22; Ecuador, El Oro, AC & LMV 388a (SPF). 2n = 44; Peru, Cajamarca, AC & LMV 395 (SPF). Rhipsalis neves-armondii K.Schum., 2n = 22; Brazil, Espírito Santo, LMV 195 (UFRN). Rhipsalis paradoxa subsp. septentrionalis N.P.Taylor & Barthlott, 2n = 22; Brazil, Bahia, AC & LMV 312 (SPF). Rhipsalis pentaptera A.Dietr., 2n = 22; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, AC & C.H.R. de Paula 121 (SPF). Rhipsalis pilocarpa Loefgr., 2n = 22; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, AC 72 (SP). Rhipsalis pulchra Loefgr., 2n = 22; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, AC & LMV 334 (SPF). Rhipsalis russellii Britton & Rose, 2n = 22; Brazil, Minas Gerais, D.C. Zappi 195 (SPF). Rhipsalis teres f. heteroclada (Britton & Rose) Barthlott & N.P.Taylor, 2n = 22; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, AC & LMV 86 (RB). Rhipsalis triangularis Werderm., 2n =22; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, AC & LMV 89 (RB). Rhipsalis trigona Pfeiff., 2n = 22; Brazil, São Paulo, AC 404 (UFRN). *Address for correspondence: ahonfi@gmail.com This study was supported by Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Técnica (ANPCyT) grant nos. PICT-2016-1637, 2017-4203, by Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM) 16Q1240-PI and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); and a doctoral fellowship from Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina (CONICET) to ACGA. All materials CHN; collectors: D = J.R. Daviña, GIA = A.C. Gianini Aquino, H = A.I. Honfi; vouchers at MNES. Habranthus andalgalensis Ravenna, n = 6II, 2n = 12; Argentina, Misiones, H 1921. Habranthus chacoensis Ravenna, 2n = 12 + 2B, Argentina, Chaco, D 661. n = 6, 2n = 12; Argentina, Corrientes, H 2246. Habranthus pedunculosus Herb., 2n = 14; Argentina, Misiones, D 678, GIA 17, GIA 50, H 1919; Argentina, Corrientes, D 622, H 2120B, GIA 3, H 1738, H 2118B, H 2244; Argentina, Santa Fe, H 2335. Habranthus robustus Herb., 2n = 12; Argentina, Misiones, D 641, GIA 51, GIA 52, GIA 53, GIA 55, H 1338, H 2158. n = 6II, 2n = 12; Argentina, Misiones, GIA 6. *Address for correspondence: mlomonosova@mail.ru This study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant 19-04-00546). Chromosome numbers counted by M. Lomonosova; DNA ploidy levels estimated by T. An'kova; collectors: JA = J. Akopian, KE = Kh. Esanov, OT = O. Turginov, REM = R. El Mokni. Atriplex micrantha C.A.Mey., 2n = 4x = 36, CHN. Uzbekistan, Bukhara Region, 23 Oct 2019, KE s.n. (NS). 2n ≈ 4x ≈ 36, 2C = 3.74–4.12 pg, FCM. Uzbekistan, Bukhara Region, 23 Oct 2019, KE s.n. (NS). Atriplex tatarica L., 2n = 2x = 18, CHN. Uzbekistan, Bukhara Region, 23 Oct 2019, KE s.n. (NS). 2n ≈ 2x ≈ 18, 2C = 1.25–1.27 pg, FCM. Uzbekistan, Bukhara Region, 23 Oct 2019, KE s.n. (NS). Chenopodium betaceum Andrz., 2n = 2x = 36, CHN. Uzbekistan, Bukhara Region, 23 Oct 2019, KE s.n. (NS). Climacoptera amblyostegia Botsch., 2n = 2x = 18, CHN. Uzbekistan, Namangan Region, 15 Nov 2019, OT s.n. (NS). Girgensonia diptera Bunge, 2n = 8x = 72, CHN. Uzbekistan, Namangan Region, 15 Nov 2019, OT s.n. (NS). Suaeda altissima (L.) Pall., 2n = 2x = 18, CHN. Republic of Armenia, 18 Oct 2014, JA s.n. (NS). Suaeda arcuata Bunge, 2n = 2x = 18, CHN. Uzbekistan, Bukhara Region, 23 Oct 2019, KE s.n. (NS). Suaeda heterophylla (Kar. & Kir.) Bunge, 2n = 2x = 18, CHN. Republic of Armenia, Ararat Province, 9 Sep 2017, JA 1 (ERE, NS). Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall., 2n = 4x = 36, CHN. Republic of Armenia, Ararat Province, 9 Sep 2017, JA 2 (ERE, NS). Suaeda spicata (Willd.) Moq., 2n = 4x = 36, CHN. Tunisia, Kheniss (Monastir Governorate), 10 Nov 2017, REM s.n. (NS). *Address for correspondence: rita.morero@unc.edu.ar This study was funded by Secyt-UNC (FCQ), Res. 411-18 (RD and REM), and the National Agency for Scientific Promotion and Technological (FONCyT), grant PICT 2017-2370 (RD), and grant PICT 2016-0531 (EMT), from Argentina. The authors are grateful to Dr. M. Mónica Ponce for her helpful comments and for the provision of preserved material of Cheilanthes hieronymi and Dr. Alejandra Trenchi for assisting with photomicrographs. All materials CHN. Adiantopsis chlorophylla (Sw.) Fée, 2n = 60; Argentina, Jujuy, Morero & al. 511 (CORD). Adiantopsis radiata (L.) Fée, 2n = 60; Argentina, Misiones, Morero & Meza Torres 518 (CORD). Adiantopsis tweediana (Hook.) Link-Pérez & Hickey, 2n = 60; Argentina, Córdoba, Morero 521 (CORD). Argyrochosma flava (Hook.) M.Kessler & A.R.Sm., 2n = 54; Argentina, Córdoba, Morero 435 (CORD). Argyrochosma nivea (Poir.) Windham var. nivea, 2n = 54; Argentina, Córdoba, Morero 450 (CORD). Argyrochosma tenera (Gillies ex Hook.) M.Kessler & A.R.Sm., 2n = 54; Argentina, Córdoba, Morero 517 (CORD). Astrolepis sinuata (Lag. ex Sw.) D.M.Benham & Windham, 2n = 87; Argentina, Jujuy, Morero & al. 509 (CORD). Cheilanthes buchtienii (Rosenst.) R.M.Tryon, 2n = 60; Argentina, Córdoba, Morero 403 (CORD). Cheilanthes glauca (Cav.) Mett., 2n = 60; Argentina, Chubut, Morero & Vidoz 519 (CORD). Cheilanthes hieronymi Herter, n = 60; Argentina, Buenos Aires, Arana s.n. (SI). Cheilanthes micropteris Sw., 2n = 120; Argentina, Córdoba, Morero & Li 445 (CORD). Cheilanthes obducta Mett. ex Kuhn, 2n = 60; Argentina, Jujuy, Morero & al. 505 (CORD). Cheilanthes pilosa Goldm., 2n = 120; Argentina, Jujuy, Morero & al. 508 (CORD). Cheilanthes pruinata Kaulf., 2n = 90; Argentina, Córdoba, Morero 428 (CORD). Cheilanthes squamosa Gillies ex Hook. & Grev., 2n = 60; Argentina, Córdoba, Morero 520 (CORD). Doryopteris adornata Yesilyurt, 2n = 60; Argentina, Jujuy, Morero & al. 512 (CORD). Doryopteris concolor (Langsd. & Fisch.) Kuhn & Decken, 2n = 60; Argentina, Jujuy, Morero & al. 513 (CORD). Gaga marginata (Kunth) Fay W.Li & Windham, 2n = 90; Argentina, Córdoba, Morero 151 (CORD). Myriopteris aurea (Poir.) Grusz & Windham, 2n = 90; Argentina, Jujuy, Morero & al. 501 (CORD). Myriopteris myriophylla (Desv.) J.Sm., 2n = 90; Argentina, Córdoba, Morero 453 (CORD). Pellaea ovata (Desv.) Weath., 2n = 87; Argentina, Salta, Morero & al. 498 (CORD). Pellaea ternifolia (Cav.) Link, 2n = 116; Argentina, Córdoba, Morero 65 (CORD). *Address for correspondence: olonova@list.ru This research was carried out in the framework of the project "Flora of Pan Himalaya". The expedition was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos.: 31110103911, 31370226), and the study was supported by the Russian Scientific Fund (grant no. 19-04-00973). All materials CHN; collected in the P. R. China, Sichuan; collectors: MO = Marina Olonova, YSC = Yousheng Chen; * indicates mixoploidy. Poa faberi Rendle, 2n = 28, 35*; YSC & MO s.n. (TK 15-91, PE). Poa incerta Keng ex L.Liu, 2n = 28; YSC & MO s.n. (TK 15-119, PE), YSC & MO s.n. (TK 15-137, PE). 2n = 42; YSC & MO s.n. (TK 15-59, PE). Poa psilolepis Keng ex L.Liu, 2n = 28, 2n = 35, 2n = 28, 35*, 2n = 28, 35, 42*; YSC & MO s.n. (TK 15-105, PE). Poa scabriсulmis N.R.Cui, 2n = 35; YSC & MO s.n. (TK 15-150, PE). *Address for correspondence: probatova@biosoil.ru We are grateful to E.G. Rudyka for assistance in chromosome counting and to D.Sc. S.V. Ovchinnikova for assistance in identifying specimens of Heliotropium lasiocarpum Fisch. & C.A.Mey. (Boraginaceae). The study was supported by the Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations program for support of the bioresource collections and Russian Fund for Basic Researches (research project no. 19-04-00658) and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (grant No. 075-15-2020-787 for implementation of large scientific project "Fundamentals, methods and technologies for digital monitoring and forecasting of the environmental situation on the Baikal natural territory"). All materials CHN. Asparagus officinalis L., 2n = 40; Russia, Republic of Dagestan, D.A. Krivenko 13484 (IRK, LE, VLA). Asparagus persicus Baker, 2n = 40; Russia, Republic of Dagestan, D.A. Krivenko 13475 (IRK, VLA). Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist (≡ Erigeron canadensis L.), 2n = 18; Kazakhstan, D.A. Krivenko 13423 (IRK, VLA); Russia, Republic of Dagestan, D.A. Krivenko 13485 (IRK, VLA). Heliotropium lasiocarpum Fisch. & C.A.Mey., 2n = 32; Armenia, D.A. Krivenko & al. 13456 (IRK, VLA). Scabiosa bipinnata K.Koch, 2n = 16; Georgia, A.A. Markaryan & D.A. Krivenko 13454 (IRK, VLA). Stellaria bungeana Fenzl, 2n = 26; Russia, Republic of Buryatia, D.A. Krivenko 13425 (IRK, VLA). Acalypha australis L., 2n = 40; Russia, Republic of Dagestan, D.A. Krivenko 13453 (IRK, VLA). Ajuga chia Schreb. (≡ A. chamaepitys subsp. chia (Schreb.) Arcang.), 2n = 30; Georgia, D.A. Krivenko & al. 13476 (IRK, VLA). Scutellaria orientalis L., 2n = 22; Armenia, D.A. Krivenko & al. 13464 (IRK, VLA). Sideritis comosa (Rochel ex Benth.) Stankov, 2n = 16; Georgia, D.A. Krivenko & al. 13448 (IRK, VLA). Peganum harmala L., 2n = 24; Georgia, D.A. Krivenko & al. 13452 (IRK, VLA). Dicentra peregrina (Rudolph) Makino, 2n = 16; Russia, Kamchatskii Krai, O.A. Chernyagina 13431 (VLA). Plantago lanceolata L., 2n = 12; Russia, Republic of Dagestan, D.A. Krivenko 13451 (IRK, VLA). Achnatherum sibiricum (L.) Keng ex Tzvelev, 2n = 24; Russia, Irkutskaya Oblast', O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya 13432 (VLA). Anisantha tectorum var. hirsuta (Regel) Tzvelev, 2n = 14; Russia, Kabardino-Balkaria Republic, D.A. Krivenko 13480 (IRK, VLA); Georgia, D.A. Krivenko & al. 13457 (IRK, VLA). Bromopsis australis (Zherebina) Tzvelev & Prob., 2n = 56; Russia, Krasnoyarskii Krai, E.B. Volynets 13422 (VLA). Bromopsis biebersteinii (Roem. & Schult.) Holub (≡ Bromus biebersteinii Roem. & Schult.), 2n = 28; Georgia, D.A. Krivenko & al. 13462 (IRK, VLA). Bromopsis gordjaginii (Tzvelev) Galushko, 2n = 56; Russia, Republic of Dagestan, D.A. Krivenko 13486 (IRK, VLA). Bromus commutatus Schrad., 2n = 14; Georgia, D.A. Krivenko & al. 13459 (IRK, VLA). Bromus danthoniae Trin. ex C.A.Mey., 2n = 28; Armenia, D.A. Krivenko & al. 13468 (IRK, VLA). Calamagrostis caucasica Trin., 2n = 28; Russia, Republic of Dagestan, D.A. Krivenko 13488 (IRK, VLA). Calamagrostis langsdorffii (Link) Trin., 2n = 28; Russia, Irkutskaya Oblast', O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya 13443 (VLA), O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya 13445 (VLA). Deschampsia biebersteiniana Roem. & Schult., 2n = 26; Russia, Republic of Dagestan, D.A. Krivenko 13490 (IRK, VLA). Echinochloa caudata Roshev., 2n = 36; Russia, Kamchatskii Krai, O.A. Chernyagina & E.A. Devyatova 13264 (VLA), O.A. Chernyagina 13265 (VLA). Elymus caninus (L.) L., 2n = 28; Georgia, D.A. Krivenko & al. 13467 (IRK, VLA). Elymus sibiricus L., 2n = 28; Russia, Irkutskaya Oblast', O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya 13442 (VLA). Hordeum murinum L., 2n = 28; Armenia, D.A. Krivenko & al. 13478 (IRK, VLA). Hordeum violaceum Boiss. & Hohen., 2n = 14; Russia, Republic of Dagestan, D.A. Krivenko 13465 (IRK, VLA). Poa angustifolia L., 2n = 56; Russia, Kamchatskii Krai, O.A. Chernyagina 13466 (VLA). Poa humilis Ehrh. ex Hoffm. (= P. subcaerulea Sm.), 2n = 63; Russia, Kamchatskii Krai, O.A. Chernyagina 13398 (VLA). Poa nemoralis L., 2n = 28; Russia, Kabardino-Balkaria Republic, D.A. Krivenko 13489 (IRK, VLA). Poa sergievskajae Prob., 2n = 56; Russia, Irkutskaya Oblast', O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya 13437 (VLA). Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P.Beauv. (≡ Lolium pratense (Huds.) Darbysh.), 2n = 14; Armenia, D.A. Krivenko & al. 13463 (IRK, VLA). Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv., 2n = 18; Armenia, D.A. Krivenko & al. 13491 (IRK, VLA); Kazakhstan, D.A. Krivenko 13426 (IRK, VLA); Russia, Republic of Dagestan, D.A. Krivenko 13487 (IRK, PVB, TASH, VLA). Stipa capillata L., 2n = 44; Russia, Altaiskii Krai, D.A. Krivenko 13436 (IRK, VLA). Tragus racemosus (L.) All., 2n = 40; Georgia, D.A. Krivenko 13461 (IRK, VLA). Trisetum transcaucasicum Seredin (≡ T. buschianum subsp. transcaucasicum (Seredin) Mosul.), 2n = 28; Russia, Republic of Dagestan, D.A. Krivenko 13470 (IRK, VLA). Rume