Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The most important reason for the development of the world energy market is the sustainable increase in energy production and consumption. Environmental factors and inter-fuel competition influence the structure of the market. Such factors as the emergence of new types of energy and the development of technologies for hard-to-recover reserves production also have a strong influence on the stability of the global energy industry. However, in the long-term perspective, fossil fuels will remain the most important source of energy, especially in production countries. An exception may be only some regional markets. The consumption of oil and oil products continues to have a significant share in the transport sector and, due to the forecast of leading energy organizations, it will continue to take a large share in the structure of energy consumption of transport for the next twenty years. Thus, the study of the specifics of pricing for oil and oil products is an urgent issue in the current realities.

In this article, the authors evaluated the impact of main influencing factors on oil products' prices in the three largest oil-producing and exporting countries in the world: Russia, the United States, and Saudi Arabia. Based on a retrospective study of prices for petroleum products, significant factors have been identified to determine the peculiarities of the structure of prices for petroleum products in different countries. The authors used the systematization and ordering of data in tabular and graphical form to identify stable patterns and trends in the pricing of petroleum products in the context of the key oil-producing countries.

The authors have established the patterns of pricing in the analyzed market, arising due to the different levels of economic development of the countries under analysis, differences in taxation systems of the analyzed industry, and different rates of depletion of hydrocarbon reserves. According to this research, we can conclude that: the main factor affecting the cost structure of gasoline in 2010-2018 in Russia is the tax burden, which currently accounts for 62.8 % of the oil product's cost; the price of petroleum products in the United States is dependent on the cost of oil production; and the prices of oil products in the domestic market of Saudi Arabia currently depend on the cost of oil production and refining costs.
Gene expression plays an important role in the mechanisms of long-term potentiation (LTP), which is a widely accepted experimental model of synaptic plasticity.

We have studied the expression of at least 50 genes that are transcriptionally regulated by p53, as well as other genes that are related to p53-dependent processes, in the early phase of LTP. Within 30 min after Schaffer collaterals (SC) tetanization, increases in the mRNA and protein levels of Bax, which are upregulated by p53, and a decrease in the mRNA and protein levels of Bcl2, which are downregulated by p53, were observed. The inhibition of Mdm2 by nutlin-3 increased the basal p53 protein level and rescued its tetanization-induced depletion, which suggested the involvement of Mdm2 in the control over p53 during LTP. Furthermore, nutlin-3 caused an increase in the basal expression of Bax and a decrease in the basal expression of Bcl2, whereas tetanization-induced changes in their expression were occluded.

These results support the hypothesis that p53 may be involved in transcriptional regulation during the early phase of LTP. We hope that the presented data may aid in the understanding of the contribution of p53 and related genes in the processes that are associated with synaptic plasticity.
The authors considered and analyzed various types of iron arrowheads that are kept as a part of weapon collection in the private museum 'Rarity' in Bishkek, in the Kyrgyz Republic. We traced primary events related to the history of studying types of iron arrows that were detected at different times by scientists and modern collectors of antiquities on the territory of Tian Shan and Jetysu.

The armament objects of long-range combat are classified according to their formal signs. All iron arrowheads from the collection studied were divided into particular groups and types by characteristic features of their section and form of feather. On the basis of our formal and typological analysis, we put forward several suggestions about possible functionality of the types of iron arrowheads that we singled out.

Our analysis of iron arrowheads from this collection can be used further for characterizing long-range combat weapon complexes of ancient and medieval warriors of several ethnic groups which resided on the territory of Tian Shan and Jetysu in the boundaries of the Kyrgyz Republic during the Hunnic times and following historical periods of the Early and High Middle Ages.
In southern West Siberia, as many as four Leptidea Billberg, 1820 species are present sympatrically: Leptideaamurensis (Ménétriés, 1859), Leptideamorsei (Ménétriés, 1859), Leptideasinapis (Linnaeus, 1758) and Leptideajuvernica Williams, 1946. The two latter were recently recognised as nearly sibling species on morphological and molecular characters. Specimens intermediate as to their subtle diagnostic characters occurring in West Siberia and elsewhere were interpreted as resulted from limited introgression.

This supposition was tested via populational morphological and molecular analysis of spring brood specimens of all the four species taken from a limited (4.5 × 0.2 km) area in the suburbs of Novosibirsk. The samples were analysed with respect to the genitalic morphology, external characters, three nuclear (CAD, H1 gene and ITS2) and one mitochondrial (COI) molecular markers, infection of the intracellular maternally inherited bacterial symbiont Wolbachia Hertig, 1836 and its wsp gene coding for a hypervariable surface protein.

Interspecific variation of the nuclear CAD and ITS2 sequences and the mitochondrial COI gene in Leptideasinapis and Leptideajuvernica turned out concordant. The absence of molecular evidence of introgression suggests genetic integrity of these two species and allows their reliable identification by molecular characters. The genitalic (lengths of the saccus and valva) and external characters (wing pattern) of males overlap in Leptideasinapis and Leptideajuvernica, as identified by molecular markers and thus are not so helpful in actual species identification. Only the ductus bursae length showed no overlap and can be used for identification of females. The histone H1 gene appeared five times less variable over the four studied species than COI, and found to be identical in species Leptideasinapis and Leptideajuvernica. Wolbachia infection was found in all studied species. We identified three wsp variants of Wolbachia: 1) wsp-10 allele in Leptideaamurensis, Leptideasinapis, Leptideajuvernica; 2) a very similar wsp-687 allele in Leptideasinapis; and 3) wsp-688, highly divergent to the previous ones, in Leptideamorsei.
We calculate the rational equivariant cohomology of the spaces of non-contractible loops in compact space forms

and show how to apply these calculations

for proving the existence of closed geodesics.
The evolution of thin liquid films sheared by a co-current gas flow in a vertical cylindrical channel with an internal diameter of 11.7 mm was studied using a high-speed implementation of the laser-induced fluorescence method. The main purpose of the work was to study the characteristics of the waves during the transition from the gravitational to the shear flow regime. The effect of gas velocity, liquid Reynolds number, and liquid viscosity on wave characteristics has been studied.
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein ( MOG ) is an antigen of the myelin sheath, which may trigger immune cell responses and the production of auto‐antibodies in multiple sclerosis ( MS ). In this study, we used MOG 35‐55 ‐induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ( EAE ), a model of human MS , to assess the production of catalytically active immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies or abzymes which have been shown to be present in sera of patients with several autoimmune diseases. Here, we show that IgGs from the sera of control C57 BL /6 mice are catalytically inactive. During development of EAE , a specific reorganization of the immune system of mice occurred leading to a condition which was associated with the generation of catalytically active IgGs hydrolysing DNA , myelin basic protein ( MBP ) and MOG which was associated with increased proteinuria, changes in differentiation of mice bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells ( HSC s) and an increase in proliferation of lymphocytes in bone marrow, spleen and thymus as well as a significant suppression of cell apoptosis in these organs. The strongest alterations were found in the early disease phase (18–24 days after immunization) and were less pronounced in later EAE stages (40 days after EAE induction). We conclude that a significant increase in DN ase and proteolytic activities of antibodies may be considered the earliest statistically significant marker of MOG ‐induced EAE in mice. The possible differences in immune system reorganizations during preclinical phases of the disease, acute and late EAE , leading to production of different auto‐antibodies and abzymes as well other changes are discussed.
Many ionic liquids (ILs) can be mixed with water, forming either true solutions or emulsions. This favors their applications in many respects, but at the same time might strongly alter their physicochemical properties. A number of methods exist for studying the macroscopic properties of such mixtures, whereas understanding their characteristics at micro/nanoscale is rather challenging. In this work we investigate microscopic properties, such as viscosity and local structuring, in binary water mixtures of IL [Bmim]BF4 in liquid and glassy states. For this sake, we use continuous wave and pulse electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy with dedicated spin probes, located preferably in IL-rich domains or distributed in IL- and water-rich domains. We demonstrate that the glassy-state nanostructuring of IL-rich domains is very similar to that in neat ILs. At the same time, in liquid state the residual water makes local viscosity in IL-rich domains noticeably different compared to neat ILs, even though the overwhelming amount of water is contained in water-rich domains. These results have to be taken into account in various applications of IL-water mixtures, especially in those cases demanding the combinations of optimum micro- and macroscopic characteristics.
Increasingly, the emergence and evolution of our species is being tied to genetic exchange between divergent lineages within ~1Ma (e.g., Neanderthals, Denisovans). However, little is known about genetic exchange during earlier (pre-1Ma) human evolution and between more divergent lineages.

We use analysis of nuclear pseudogenes of mtDNA ("NUMTs"). NUMTs are considered "mtDNA fossils", as they preserve sequences of ancient mtDNA because mutational rate in the nucleus is much lower than in mtDNA. We demonstrate that a NUMT on human chromosome 5, which is shared by chimpanzee and gorilla, had descended from a mitochondrial genome that had been divergent from our ancestor's mtDNA by ~4.5% at the time of pseudogene insertion. To exclude the large ancestral population size effect we show that mtDNA divergence in extant ape populations does not depend on population size.

We present evidence of hybridization within human lineage, show that it likely happened between highly divergent (~4.5My) lineages, more than once. This implies that this pseudogene should have been inserted in a hominid that at that time had been diverged by about 4.5My of evolution from the hominid that at that time carried our mtDNA lineage. In order for this pseudogene and our mtDNA to end up in the same body, these two hominids should have mated with each other. The large divergence implies a distant interspecies (or even inter-generic) hybridization. Additionally, analysis of two other NUMTs (on Chr11 and Chr7) suggests that hybridization events occurred repeatedly. Fixation of NUMTs in question within population should have been rather efficient, since these pseudogenes appear to have been fixed in more than one population. Thus their spread across populations might have been driven by selection. Indeed, NUMTs on chr5 and chr11 are located in 3' regions of functional genes. Most intriguingly, Ps11 is located 3' to the RNF141/ZNF230 gene, essential for spermatogenesis. NUMT might have served as an expression modifier for RNF141, resulting in reproductive advantage.
The importance of histidine tautomerism for an accurate drug/protein structure determination and their relevance for the interaction between biological systems is recognized.

Consequently, here we used a recently introduced method to determine the pKa values of ionizable residues and fractions of ionized and tautomeric forms of histidine and acid residues in protein, as a function of pH, to analyze a histidine-rich protein, specifically, to study the accuracy of the prediction of the tautomeric fractions of the imidazole ring of each of the 6 histidine residues of diisopropylfluorophosphatase (pdb id 1E1A), a 314-residue all beta-protein , from Loligo vulgaris . The average tautomeric fractions of the His was compute by using an approach that includes, but is not limited to, molecular dynamics simulations coupled with calculations of the ionization states for all 94 ionizable residues of the protein 1E1A in water at pH 6.5 and 300 K.

The results of the analysis on protein 1E1A indicate that: ( i ) the averaged calculated fractions of histidine tautomers, namely for the N d1 -H and N e2 -H forms, respectively, are in good agreement, within ~11%, with the prediction of an NMR-based methodology; and ( ii ) the tautomer fractions among the six His residues are very different, mainly because the tautomer preferences are determined by the protein environment. This work provides critical insight about the limitations of continuum dielectric models to reproduce NMR-based tautomeric fractions, and may spur significant progress in our effort to develop fast and accurate methods to determine the forms of the imidazole ring of His in proteins as a function of pH.
Background/Aim: We compared the therapeutic efficacy of two recently developed experimental anticancer technologies: 1) in situ vaccination based on local immunotherapy with CpG oligonucleotides and anti-OX40 antibodies to activate antitumor immune response and 2) "Karanahan" technology [from the Sanskrit kāraṇa ('source') + han ('to kill')] based on the combined injection of cyclophosphamide and double-stranded DNA to eradicate cancer stem cells. Materials and Methods: The anticancer approaches were compared on three types of mouse malignant tumors with different grades of immunogenicity: weakly immunogenic carcinoma Krebs-2, moderately immunogenic Lewis carcinoma, and highly immunogenic A20 В-cellular lymphoma. Results: Our results indicated that in situ vaccination was the most effective against the highly immunogenic tumor А20. In addition, "Karanahan" demonstrated high efficiency in all types of tumors, regardless of their immunogenicity or size. Conclusion: "Karanahan" therapy showed higher efficacy relative to in situ vaccination with CpG oligonucleotides and anti-OX40 antibodies.
The regularity in social relations is deduced on the base of natural human reactions. The regularity is similar to the Newton’s Third Law. The new approach to phenomenon and definition of violence is offered as a consequence of the discovered regularity. Violence is considered as an action with an object without consent of the owner. It is showed that a person herself is responsible for significant part of violence against her, namely for the violence which is just reaction for her own violence. The regularity of deliberate rejection of violence in society in historical perspective is proved.
Introduction. Boron neutron capture therapy (bnct) is a promising method for treating tumors, in particular, infiltrative malignant tumors, due to the selective destruction of tumor cells without damaging the surrounding normal tissues. This type of therapy is based on nuclear reaction of neutron capture by stable 10b isotope. For the successful implementation of bnct, boron delivery drugs that must be selectively accumulated in malignant cells in a sufficient amount, and a neutron source with the energy required for the neutron capture reaction are needed. At the budker institute of nuclear physics, the accelerator-based neutron source was designed with flux parameters allowing studies on bnct to be conducted. Objective: to assess the effect of bnct on tumor and normal cell lines using borphenylalanine (bpa), borcaptate (bsh) and liposomal borcaptat as boron delivery drugs. Materials and methods. Human cell cultures: glioblastoma (u87), colorectal human adenocarcinoma (sw-620), human melanoma (sk-mel28) and primary embryonic cell lines were irradiated with a neutron flux at the presence of bpa, bsh and liposomal bsh with a concentration of 10b 40 μg/ml. The short-term cytotoxic effect of irradiation was evaluated using trypan blue. Cell survival 96 hours after irradiation was determined using mtt test, and survival fraction was evaluated using the clonogenic test. Results. Early cytotoxic effects of irradiation were not observed for all 4 cell lines. According to mtt and clonogenic tests, the most pronounced effect of bnct was noticed for sw-620 and u87 lines, regardless of boron delivery drug used. For sk-mel28 line, the best effect was achieved after irradiation with liposomal borocaptate. For the primary transplanted embryonic line, high toxicity was revealed when bnct was performed with borphenylalanine and borcaptate. Conclusion. The data obtained indicate that the accelerator-based bnct using boron delivery drugs, such as borphenylalanine, borcaptate and liposomal borcaptat, has a positive effect on tumor lines of glioblastoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma and melanoma.
Inverse coefficient problems for a non-stationary chemical transformation model are considered.

The objective of this work is to test an approach consisting in reducing the inverse problem to a quasi-linear matrix equation based on sensitivity operators constructed from an ensemble of independent solutions of adjoint equations. A Newton-Kantorovich-type algorithm is used to solve the thus obtained matrix equations. This approach is tested on a chemical transformation scheme with 22 species and 20 reactions.

The reconstruction results are compared with several sets of unknown reaction rates according to the influence characteristics. The analysis seems to be useful for selecting sets of reaction rates that can be reconstructed by the inverse problem solution.
Experimental studies of spin transport in a two-dimensional electron gas hosted by a triple GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well are reported. Using time-resolved Kerr rotation, we observed the precession of the spin polarization about a current-controlled spin-orbit magnetic field. Spatially-resolved imaging showed a large variation of the electron g-factor and the drift transport of coherent electron spins over distances exceeding half-millimetre in a direction transverse to the electric field.
The effects of temperature and pressure on the co-crystals of glycine with DL-tartaric and phthalic acids (GTa and GPh, respectively) have been studied by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy in comparison with those on glycine–glutaric acid (GGa).

On cooling, no phase transitions were observed in GTa or GPh, in contrast to the situation with GGa. On hydrostatic compression, both GTa and GPh underwent reversible phase transformations, accompanied by fracture.

In the high-pressure phases, the main structural framework was preserved, and the number of crystallographically independent molecules in the unit cell increased. In GTa, dimers are squeezed together so that some hydrogen bonds get a three-centered character, and the interactions of one of the two glycine molecules change dramatically.
The results of the study on the effect of new microbial preparations on the dynamics of the absolute weight and average daily gain of geese are presented. In the scientific experiment, probiotics Vetom 20.76 based on the predatory fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora and Vetom 1 on the basis of live spore-forming bacteria of the Bacillus subtilis DSM 32424 strain, which have anthelmintic, antiviral and antifungal effects, were used. One control and four experimental groups of 10 goslings each at the age of 1 month were formed according to the principle of analog pairs. The goslings of the experimental groups received Vetom 20.76 in various dosages: young birds of the 1st experimental group – 0.5 μl/kg of live body weight, the 2nd – 1 μl/kg, the 3rd – 2 μl/kg. Goslings of the 4th experimental group were given Vetom 1 at a dose of 50 mg/kg of live body weight. Both drugs were given in the morning with water, once a day for 30 days. These drugs were not prescribed to geese of the control group. It was established that Preparations Vetom 20.76 in doses of 0.5; 1 and 2 μl/ kg of body weight and Vetom 1 at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight have a growth-stimulating effect when given to goslings for 30 days. The growth rate of the experimental birds depended on the dose of the drugs used. Optimal results were obtained with the use of Vetom 20.76 at a dose of 2 μl/ kg of body weight and Vetom 1 at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight once a day for 30 days. The average daily gain in live weight of the experimental geese increased in the 3d and 4th experimental groups by 5.24 and 20.60% in the first 15 days of the experiment and by 24.8 and 44.64% during the aftereffect of the drug.