Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Intraspecific classification of cultivated plants is necessary for the conservation of biological diversity, study of their origin and their phylogeny. The modern cultivated wheat species originated from three wild diploid ancestors as a result of several rounds of genome doubling and are represented by di-, tetra- and hexaploid species. The identification of wheat ploidy level is one of the main stages of their taxonomy. Such classification is possible based on visual analysis of the wheat spike traits.

The aim of this study is to investigate the morphological characteristics of spikes for hexa- and tetraploid wheat species based on the method of high-performance phenotyping. Phenotyping of the quantitative characteristics of the spike of 17 wheat species (595 plants, 3348 images), including eight tetraploids and nine hexaploids, was performed. Wheat spike morphology was described on the basis of nine quantitative traits including shape, size and awns area of the spike. The traits were obtained as a result of image analysis using the WERecognizer program.

A cluster analysis of plants according to the characteristics of the spike shape and comparison of their distributions in tetraploid and hexaploid species showed a higher variability of traits in hexaploid species compared to tetraploid ones. At the same time, the species themselves form two clusters in the visual characteristics of the spike. One type is predominantly hexaploid species (with the exception of one tetraploid, T. dicoccoides). The other group includes tetraploid ones (with the exception of three hexaploid ones). Thus, it has been shown that the morphological characteristics of spikes for hexaploid and tetraploid wheat species, obtained on the basis of computer analysis of images, include differences, which are further used to develop methods for plant classifications by ploidy level and their species in an automatic mode.
Among the most interesting predictions in two-dimensional materials with a Dirac cone is the existence of the zeroth Landau level (LL), equally filled by electrons and holes with opposite chirality. The gapless edge states with helical spin structure emerge from Zeeman splitting at the LL filling factor $\nu=0$ gapped quantum Hall state.

We present observations of a giant nonlocal four-terminal transport in zero-gap HgTe quantum wells at the $\nu=0$ quantum Hall state.

Our experiment clearly demonstrates the existence of the robust helical edge state in a system with single valley Dirac cone materials.
We investigated the incidence of 15 respiratory viruses among 2991 children with acute respiratory infections in Novosibirsk city, Russia, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (2013-2020). Viral infections were detected in 72.5% cases. The incidence of human coronavirus was 2% (Alphacoronaviruses, 63%; Betacoronaviruses, 37%).
We consider isotopic effects on the photoluminescence of recently discovered germanium-vacancy (GeV -) color center in diamond produced by the high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) treatment.It was demonstrated that the influence of isotopic composition on the position of zero-phonon line (ZPL) and its first vibronic peak (local vibrational mode, LVM) provides valuable information on the electronic and structural properties of this center.
The article focuses on the inequality based on disabilities. The analysis includes dynamics of social statuses of people with and without disabilities as well as their comparison with reference to current social policies.

The research is based on the RLMS-HSE data. The comparative analysis of social positions of people with and without disabilities has allowed identifying the inequalities in many significant areas of life (education, labor activities, etc.).

The analysis also shows that there are people with disabilities who do not feel discriminated; they take responsibility for their own lives, and have a positive view of themselves. The author gives an attempt to compare this social group with other social exclusion groups.
Актуальность и цели.Ландшафтная неоднородность речных долин весьма интересна с точки зрения оценки распределения почвенных беспозвоночных.В ранних исследованиях фауны дождевых червей (Lumbricidae) Сибири было показано, что наибольшее разнообразие люмбрицид приурочено, главным образом, именно к этим биотопам.Цель настоящей работы -поиск закономерностей биотопического распределения дождевых червей в малых речных долинах лесостепного Приобья.

Материал и методы.Полевые работы проведены в шести речных долинах лесостепного Приобья в летне-осенние сезоны 2015-2017 гг.В долинах рек выделены три типа местообитаний: нижняя терраса, склон и верхняя пойма.Учеты дождевых червей выполнены стандартными почвенно-зоологическими методами: послойная раскопка и ручной разбор почвенных проб.Определен видовой состав дождевых червей, оценена демографическая структура популяций доминирующих видов.Выделение биотопической приуроченности дождевых червей проведено методом кластерного анализа
This paper is dedicated to cabling on virtual braids.

This construction gives a new generating set for the virtual pure braid group [Formula: see text]. We define simplicial group [Formula: see text] and its simplicial subgroup [Formula: see text] which is generated by [Formula: see text]. Consequently, we describe [Formula: see text] as HNN-extension and find presentation of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text].

As an application to classical braids, we find a new presentation of the Artin pure braid group [Formula: see text] in terms of the cabled generators.
Nowadays, human's understanding of the fundamental physics is somehow limited by the energy that our high energy accelerators can afford. Up to 4 TeV protons are realized in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Leptons, such as electrons and positrons, however gained energies of about 100 GeV or less. Multi-TeV lepton accelerators are still lacking due to the relatively low acceleration gradient of conventional methods, which may induce unbearable cost.

On the other hand, plasmas have shown extraordinary potential in accelerating electrons and ions, providing orders of magnitude higher acceleration fields of 10–100 GV/m. In such context, we propose a plasma-based high-energy lepton accelerator, in which a weakly focusing plasma structure is formed near the beam axis.

The structure preserves the emittance of the accelerated beam and produces low radiation losses. Moreover, the structure allows for a considerable decrease of the witness energy spread at the driver depletion stage.
This review presents existing evidence of the influence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Data are discussed regarding the roles of the most relevant fatty acids, such as myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), α-linolenic (C18:3, ω-3), γ-linolenic (C18:3, ω-6), arachidonic (C20:4), eicosapentaenoic (C20:5), docosahexaenoic (C22:6), and docosapentaenoic (C22:5) acid.

The accumulated knowledge has expanded the understanding of the involvement of fatty acids in metabolic processes, thereby enabling the transition from basic exploratory studies to practical issues of application of these biomolecules to CVD treatment.

In the future, these findings are expected to facilitate the interpretation and prognosis of changes in metabolic lipid aberrations in CVD.
Региональная конституционализация и законодательное обеспечение статуса депутатов в
The study region holds fresh and ultra-fresh waters of predominantly bicarbonate calcium composition with TDS varying from 194 to 1137 mg/dm³. The research results revealed that all of the studied waters are of atmospheric origin that lie either along the global (GMWL) or local (LMWL) meteoric water lines.

Results of the study of the stable isotopes (δ¹⁸O, δD and δ¹³C) distribution in natural waters of the Baydar valley (southwestern part of the Crimean Peninsula) are presented. The established variations are: from -9.5 to -5.6‰ for δ¹⁸O values in waters with δD values varying from -64.0 to -40.0‰.

The source for bicarbonate ion enriched in δ¹³C in natural waters of the Bauydar valley are carbonate sedimentary rocks, atmospheric carbon dioxide and organic compounds. Surface waters have heavier isotopic composition δ¹³C (-9.2 – -7.0‰) because of the atmospheric CO₂. Artesian waters are differentiated by lighter δ¹³C (-12.8 – -10.7‰) due to the interactions between carbonate rocks and the dispersed organic matter. Water sources (springs, wells) are characterized by the widest variations of δ¹³C (-6.9 – -15.5‰) due to the presence of the atmospheric CO₂ and intense processes of biochemical decomposition of organic compounds in the soil layer.
Microbial ecosystems of the built environments have become key mediators of health as people worldwide tend to spend large amount of time indoors. Underexposure to microbes at an early age is linked to increased risks of allergic and autoimmune diseases. Transportation systems are of particular interest, as they are globally the largest space for interactions between city-dwellers. Here we performed the first pilot study of the Moscow subway microbiome by analyzing swabs collected from 5 types of surfaces at 4 stations using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The study was conducted as a part of The Metagenomics and Metadesign of the Subways and Urban Biomes (MetaSUB) project. The most abundant microbial taxa comprising the subway microbiome originated from soil and human skin. Microbiome diversity was positively correlated with passenger traffic. No substantial evidence of major human pathogens presence was found. Co-occurrence analysis revealed clusters of microbial genera including combinations of microbes likely originating from different niches. The clusters as well as the most abundant microbes were similar to ones obtained for the published data on New-York City subway microbiome. Our results suggest that people are the main source and driving force of diversity in subway-associated microbiome. The data form a basis for a wider survey of Moscow subway microbiome to explore its longitudinal dynamics by analyzing an extended set of sample types and stations. Complementation of methods with viability testing, "shotgun" metagenomics, sequencing of bacterial isolates and culturomics will provide insights for public health, biosafety, microbial ecology and urban design.
We present the evidence showing that small fractions of electrophoretically homogeneous immunoglobulin G (IgGs) from the sera of healthy humans and their Fab and F(ab)2 fragments oxidize 3,3′-diaminobenzidine through a peroxidase activity in the presence of H2O2 and through an oxidoreductase activity in the absence of H2O2. During purification on protein G-Sepharose and gel filtration, the polyclonal IgGs partially lose the Me2+ ions. After extensive dialysis of purified Abs against agents chelating metal ions, the relative peroxidase activity decreased dependently of IgG analyzed from 100 to ~10–85%, while oxidoreductase activity from 100 to 14–83%. Addition of external metal ions to dialyzed and non-dialyzed IgGs leads to a significant increase in their activity. Chromatography of the IgGs on Chelex non-charged with Cu2+ ions results in the adsorption of a small IgG fraction bound with metal ions (~5%), while Chelex charged with Cu2+ ions bind additionally ~38% of the total IgGs. Separation of Abs on both sorbents results in IgG separation to many different subfractions demonstrating various affinities to the chelating resin and different levels of the specific oxidoreductase and peroxidase activities. In the presence of external Cu2+ ions, the specific peroxidase activity of several IgG subfractions achieves 20–27 % as compared with horseradish peroxidase (HRP, taken for 100%). The oxidoreductase activity of these fractions is ~4–6-fold higher than that for HRP. Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutases, catalases, and glutathione peroxidases are known to represent critical defence mechanisms for preventing oxidative modifications of DNA, proteins, and lipids. Peroxidase and oxidoreductase activities of human IgGs could also play an important role in the protection of organisms from oxidative stress and toxic compounds. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Установлена формула площади для отображений-графиков на двуступенчатых сублоренцевых структурах с произвольным количеством пространственных и временных направлений. Для отдельного случая структур рассмотрен альтернативный подход, не требующий дополнительной гладкости отображения, по которому строится график.
The explosive vaporization of the nanofluid formed by water and SiO 2 nanoparticles on a heater with the size of 100×110 μm was studied. In experiments, the reflected optical signal produced by heater lighting using laser beam was measured. The patterns of the initial stage of the nanofluid explosive vaporization were obtained and the effect of nanoparticles on the nucleation temperature was discussed. The variation of the nucleation temperature and vaporization time depending on the temperature increase rate was defined.
Db/db mice (carrying a mutation in the gene encoding leptin receptor) show autophagy suppression.

Thirty-eight male db/db mice and C57/BL mice (control) were used. The db/db model manifested inflammation symptoms: overexpression of TNF-α in the spleen and underexpression of IL-10 in the liver and spleen (cytokine imbalance). Simultaneously, we revealed decreased expression of chitotriosidase (CHIT1) and acid mammalian chitinase (CHIA) in the liver of db/db mice. CHIA expression in db/db mice is significantly lower only in the spleen. Trehalose treatment significantly reduced blood glucose concentration and glycated hemoglobin. Treatment of db/db mice by trehalose was followed by increased autophagy induction in the heart and liver (increased autolysosomes volume density studied by morphometric electron-microscopic method).

Trehalose exerted beneficial cardiac effects possibly via increased lipophagy (uptake of lipid droplets). The autophagy activation by trehalose had several positive effects on the heart and liver of db/db mice; therefore, lipophagy activation seems to be a promising therapy for diabetes.
The cross section of the process $e^+e^- \to \pi^+\pi^-\pi^0\eta$ has been measured using a data sample of 21.8 pb$^{-1}$ collected with the CMD-3 detector at the VEPP-2000 $e^+e^-$ collider. 2769$\pm$95 signal events have been selected in the center-of-mass energy range 1394--2005 MeV.

The production dynamics is dominated by the $\omega(782)\eta$ and $\phi(1020)\eta$ intermediate states in the lower energy range, and by the $a_0(980)\rho(770)$ intermediate state at higher energies.
Nonstationary kinetic approach has been used to study the influence of the high beta on the dispersion of slow magnetic sound wave.

It is shown that in plasma with sloshing ions the oscillating unstable mode could exist even in limit of cold electrons if beta is high enough. The threshold of the instability depends strongly on the distribution of ions near injection energy.

The unstable wave is maintained by the perturbation of magnetic field and become aperiodic mirror mode far beyond the instability threshold.
Agouti protein (AP) and agouti-related protein with a similar sequence and action are endogenous antagonists of melanocortin receptors, implicated in the control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Dominant mutation of the agouti gene (agouti yellow (A(y))) in heterozygous A(y)/a mice leads to ectopic overexpression of AP and produces an obese phenotype. The existing data on the HPA function in A(y)/a-mice are equivocal; therefore, the present study aimed to assess HPA function in 3-month-old male C57Bl/6J mice of two agouti genotypes: A(y)/a (ectopic AP overexpression) and a/a (absence of AP).

In order to evaluate the HPA function, activating (15-min restriction, ACTH-induced corticosterone production in vitro) and inhibiting (i.p. injection of dexamethasone, 0.02 microg/g body weight) stimuli were employed. To estimate the effect of obesity on some HPA functions, A(y)/a males were subdivided into obese and non-obese groups.

Basal plasma concentrations of ACTH and corticosterone; basal corticosterone production in vitro; and feedback inhibition of resting corticosterone levels by dexamethasone were similar in A(y)/a- and a/a-mice. Restraint-induced plasma corticosterone was greater in obese and non-obese A(y)/a-mice than in a/a-mice, whereas restraint-induced plasma ACTH levels were similar. Adrenal cell responses to ACTH (10(-13)-10(-10) M) were higher in obese and non-obese A(y)/a-mice than in a/a-mice. Dexamethasone, injected 3 h prior to stress, inhibited stress-induced corticosterone levels by a significantly greater amount in A(y)/a-mice than in a/a-mice. AP may have both stimulating and inhibiting influences on the HPA axis. AP overproduction increased the response of the HPA to short-restraint stress due to increased adrenal responsiveness to ACTH; this result was not effected by obesity development.
If a charged particle bunch propagates near a plasma-vacuum boundary, it excites a surface wave and experiences a force caused by the boundary.

For the linearly responding plasma and ultra-relativistic bunch, the spatial distribution of excited fields is calculated, and the force exerted on a short and narrow bunch is approximated by elementary functions.

The force attracts the bunch to the boundary, if the bunch is in the vacuum, and repels otherwise. There are also additional focusing and defocusing components of the force.
The paper presented is intended to analyze an approach to a long-term inter-sector and inter-regional economic analysis as based on an optimization model. This approach was developed in IEIE SB RAS and resulted in several directions of application. One of them is investigation of interactions between a national economy and its energy production segment. The model being discussed includes input-output tables for six regions of Russian economy supplemented with model blocks for interregional transportations. It includes a natural block of energy production, processing and transportation. The last version of this model combines 45 products of different economic sectors including 8 ones of an energy sector (rough oil, gas and coal, two kinds of petroleum products, coal processing, electricity and heat), and 6 Russian macro-regions; it is a composition of two sub-models for 2 time periods: 2008-2020 and 2021-2030. Each of the sub-models treats time changes in simplified manner – it means that all the variables are defined for the last year of the period and the variables of the basic year are fixed as exogenous ones. The dynamics of investments into fixed capital is treated as non-linear functions being adapted with the help of linearization techniques.
In this present paper an experimental study of a dry patch formation of the water layer on the sapphire plate is presented.

With help of IR-camera the heat transfer processes are studied and visualised in water liquid layer. These results will be used for the heat transfer solution inside sapphire plate.

The first of this research is to determine the temperature distribution on the upper part of sapphire glass to solve heat transfer equation for full sapphire glass.
The trend in the study of photo content in the modern media space is gaining momentum and actualizes the problems of interpreting a visual image. Under the influence of technological innovations, the photographic process is being transformed and requires not only professional self-reflection, but also a detailed study based on modern approaches and methods of text reconstruction.

The method of semiotic analysis and the method of the language field allow us to identify and interpret the meanings embedded in photo projects. The semiotic interpretation is focused on the analysis of the visual image, which is a culturally determined system of signs. In turn, the language field method allows you to identify key concepts in a certain topic and associate them with peripheral ones that complement the core.

In this article, the promise of using these methods is demonstrated on the material of photoprojects by V. Klamm and F. Telkov.
1. of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation considers the misconduct during contract negotiationsto be the basis for civil liability in the form of losses compensation.However, the legislator does not define the concept of bad faith and its place among the constituent elements of the violation of law, which in the Russian legislation, doctrine and legal practice is traditionally recognized as the basis for liability.The purpose of this article is to address the task relevant for the development of Russian civil law and law enforcement practice: to determine the nature of bad faith of the party in the course of or failure of contract negotiations, its relation to culpability as a condition for the traditional civil liability.The research allows to conclude that bad faith of the party during negotiations cannot be an independent condition (element) of an offense.The article gives a critical analysis of the Resolution No. 7 of the Supreme Court Plenum "On application by the courts of certain provisions of the Civil Code on liability for breach of obligations"dated March 24, 2016, in the part of clarification of the rules on the conditions of civil liability under Article 434.1.
Catalytic hydrotreatment is recognized as an efficient method to improve the properties of pyrolysis liquids (PO) to allow co-feeding with fossil fuels in conventional refinery units. The promising catalyst recipes identified so far are catalysts with high nickel contents (38 to 57 wt.%), promoted by Cu, Pd, Mo and/or a combination, and supported by SiO2, SiO2-ZrO2, SiO2-ZrO2-La2O3 or SiO2-Al2O3. To gain insights into the reactivity of the pyrolytic sugar (PS) and pyrolytic lignin (PL) fraction of PO, hydrotreatment studies (350 °C, 120 bar H2 pressure (RT) for 4 h) were performed in a batch autoclave. Catalyst performance was evaluated by considering the product properties (H/C ratio, the charring tendency (TGA) and molecular weight distribution (GPC)) and the results were compared with a benchmark Ru/C catalyst. All Ni based catalysts gave products oils with a higher H/C compared to Ru/C. The Mo promoted catalyst performed best, giving a product with the highest H/C ratio (1.54) and the lowest TG residue (0.8 wt.% compared to 12 wt.% for the fresh PS). The results further revealed that the PS fraction is highly reactive and full conversion was achieved at 350 °C. In contrast, the PL fraction was rather inert, and only part of the PL fraction was converted. The fresh and spent catalysts after the hydrotreatment of the PS and PL fractions were characterized by elemental analysis, powder X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM-EDX). The results revealed that the use of PS as the feed leads to higher amounts of coke deposits on the catalysts, and higher levels of Ni agglomeration when compared to experiments with PL and pure PO. This proofs that proper catalyst selection for the PS fraction is of higher importance than for the PL fraction. The Mo promoted Ni catalysts showed the lowest amount of coke and the lowest tendency for Ni nanoparticle agglomeration compared to the monometallic Ni and bimetallic Ni-Cu catalysts.