Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Although previous cytogenetic analysis of Pamphagidae grasshoppers pointed to considerable karyotype uniformity among most of the species in the family, our study of species from Armenia has discovered other, previously unknown karyotypes, differing from the standard for Pamphagidae mainly in having unusual sets of sex chromosomes. Asiotmethis turritus (Fischer von Waldheim, 1833), Paranocaracris rubripes (Fischer von Waldheim, 1846), and Nocaracris cyanipes (Fischer von Waldheim, 1846) were found to have the karyotype 2n♂=16+neo-XY and 2n♀=16+neo-XX, the neo-X chromosome being the result of centromeric fusion of an ancient acrocentric X chromosome and a large acrocentric autosome. The karyotype of Paranothrotes opacus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882) was found to be 2n♂=14+X1X2Y and 2n♀=14+X1X1X2X2., the result of an additional chromosome rearrangement involving translocation of the neo-Y and another large autosome. Furthermore, evolution of the sex chromosomes in these species has involved different variants of heterochromatinization and miniaturization of the neo-Y. The karyotype of Eremopeza festiva (Saussure, 1884), in turn, appeared to have the standard sex determination system described earlier for Pamphagidae grasshoppers, 2n♂=18+X0 and 2n♀=18+XX, but all the chromosomes of this species were found to have small second C-positive arms. Using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with 18S rDNA and telomeric (TTAGG)n DNA repeats to yield new data on the structural organization of chromosomes in the species studied, we found that for most of them, clusters of repeats homologous to 18S rDNA localize on two, three or four pairs of autosomes and on the X. In Eremopeza festiva, however, FISH with labelled 18S rDNA painted C-positive regions of all autosomes and the X chromosome; clusters of telomeric repeats localized primarily on the ends of the chromosome arms. Overall, we conclude that the different stages of neo-Y degradation revealed in the Pamphagidae species studied make the family a very promising and useful model for studying sex chromosome evolution.
A negative ion source, which utilizes a conversion of primary high current proton beam into negative ions in a gas target via charge-exchange collisions, is under development in Budker Institute, Novosibirsk. The proposed beam will be used for injection into a tandem accelerator, which is a part of the neutron source dedicated for boron-neutron capture therapy (BNCT).

The ion source is designed to produce a beam that contains ≥50% of molecular ions. The initial ion beam current is about 1 A at 30 keV energy. After molecular ion dissociation in a gas target, which produces protons with an energy of 15 keV, and further charge-exchange collisions, the beam after the target will contain about 2% of negative ion species with a current in excess of 10 mA. The negative ion beam is then separated by the magnetic field, accelerated up to an energy of 105 keV and enters the tandem accelerator.

This paper presents the results of simulations of the beam formation, acceleration and transport. The arrangement of the ion source and corresponding high voltage power supply are also discussed.
It was previously believed that the rate of evaporation does not vary with time.

Nonisothermal droplet desorption of aqueous salt solution H2O/LiBr during nucleate boiling was studied experimentally. A droplet was placed on a horizontal heated wall. The initial concentration of salt C 0 = 25 %. The wall temperature T w = 120 °C and ambient air pressure is 1 bar. Thermal images of the temperature field on the droplet surface show an extremely non-uniform temperature field.

At nucleate boiling in LiBr salt solution it is incorrect to predict the desorption behavior in stationary approximation. For the first time it is shown that the desorption rate is divided into several characteristic time intervals. These intervals is characterized by a significant change in the desorption rate.
Establishment of small animal models of Ebola virus (EBOV) infection is important both for the study of genetic determinants involved in the complex pathology of EBOV disease and for the preliminary screening of antivirals, production of therapeutic heterologic immunoglobulins, and experimental vaccine development. Since the wild-type EBOV is avirulent in rodents, the adaptation series of passages in these animals are required for the virulence/lethality to emerge in these models.

Here, we provide an overview of our several adaptation series in guinea pigs, which resulted in the establishment of guinea pig-adapted EBOV (GPA-EBOV) variants different in their characteristics, while uniformly lethal for the infected animals,

and compare the virologic, genetic, pathomorphologic, and immunologic findings with those obtained in the adaptation experiments of the other research groups.
The rationale for the present study is explained by a high spread of metabolic syndrome among the young population, living in an area equivalent to the Far North. The study is aimed at the investigation of the association between a deletion allele of the polymorphism of deletion/insertion in the αIIbβ3 integrin gene and metabolic syndrome in young residents Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – Ugra (Russia). The 758 young people aged 18-44 (mean age 36.62±5.12 years old) with metabolic syndrome and 77 healthy young people without metabolic disorders were examined. The carriership of the allele I associated with the cardiovascular risk was revealed in 63% of the examined patients that had an increased risk of the development of metabolic disorders (OR 1.409, 95% CI 0.858-2.311, p=0.253). There was no significant difference between the native and non-native populations in the rate of occurrence of allele I (62.2% and 64.7%). Genotype II had significant association with arterial hypertension (OR 1.377, 95 % CI 0.912-2.080, p=0.073), obesity (OR 1.353, 95% CI 0.825-2.219, p=0.071), hypercholesterinemia (OR 1.386, 95% CI 0.977-1.966, p=0.115), hypertriglyceridemia (OR 1.232, 95% CI 0.889-1.706, p=0.097). It was established that the non-native population had a higher risk of the development of abdominal obesity, arterial hypertension, and hypercholesterinemia, unlike the native population that had a significantly higher risk of the development of triglyceridemia. The materials of the article can be useful for the evaluation of genetic predisposition to myocardial infarction, stroke, and thromboembolism, which will allow for timely indication of preventive measures.
At the first stage of electrochemical reduction in DMF, fluorinated/chlorinated 2,1,3-benzothia/selenadiazoles formed long-lived radical anions characterized by EPR and DFT.Gas-phase electron affinities (EA1) from DFT correlated well with the first-peak potentials separately for S and Se derivatives, and the latter were found to be better electron acceptors than the former in contrast to the atomic EA1 and Allen electronegativity.At the second stage, chalcogen-and halogen-dependent dehalogenation proceeded: non-hydrodefluorination of selenadiazoles through their n-electron activation (n ≥ 2), and hydrodechlorination of thia/selenadiazoles through H + addition to their dianions.These differ from dehalogenation of related (aza) aromatics (e.g.benzenes, naphthalenes, quinoxalines).
Human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells are a powerful tool for biomedical research. The ability to create patient-specifc pluripotent cells and their subsequent diﬀerentiation into any somatic cell type makes hiPS cells a valuable object for creating in vitro models of human diseases, screening drugs and a future source of cells for regenerative medicine. To realize entirely a potential of hiPScells, eﬀective and precise methods for their genome editing are needed. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is the most widely used method for introducing site-specifc double-stranded breaks into DNA. It allows genes of interest to be knocked out with high efciency. However, knock-in into the target site of the genome is a much more difcult task. Moreover, many researchers have noted a low efciency of introducing target constructs into the hiPS cells’ genome.

In this review, I attempt to describe the currently known information regarding the matter of increasing efciency of targeted insertions into hiPS cells’ genome. Here I will describe the most eﬀective strategies for designing the donor template for homology-directed repair, methods to manipulate the double-strand break repair pathways introduced by a nuclease, including control of CRISPR/Cas9 delivery time. A low survival rate of hiPS cells following genome editing experiments is another difculty on the way towards successful knock-in, and here several highly eﬀective approaches addressing it are proposed.

Finally, I describe the most promising strategies, one-step reprogramming and genome editing, which allows gene-modifed integration-free hiPS cells to be efciently generated directly from somatic cells.
Let S = S1, ..., Sm be a system of contracting similarities of ℝ2. The attractor K(S) of the system S is a non-empty compact set satisfying K = S1(K) ∪ ... ∪ Sm(K). We consider contractible polygonal systems S which are defined by a finite family of polygons whose intersection graph is a tree and therefore the attractor K(S) is a dendrite. We find conditions under which a deformation S′ of a contractible polygonal system S has the same intersection graph and therefore the attractor K(S′) is a self-similar dendrite which is isomorphic to the attractor K of the system S.
Strong coupling of nuclear spins, which is achieved when their scalar coupling 2πJ is greater than or comparable to the difference Δω in their Larmor precession frequencies in an external magnetic field, gives rise to efficient coherent longitudinal polarization transfer. The strong coupling regime can be achieved when the external magnetic field is sufficiently low, as Δω is reduced proportional to the field strength. In the present work, however, we demonstrate that in heteronuclear spin systems these simple arguments may not hold, since heteronuclear spin-spin interactions alter the Δω value. The experimental method that we use is two-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), exploiting sample shuttling between the high field, at which NMR spectra are acquired, and the low field, where strong couplings are expected and at which NMR pulses can be applied to affect the spin dynamics. By using this technique, we generate zero-quantum spin coherences by means of a nonadiabatic passage through a level anticrossing and study their evolution at the low field. Such zero-quantum coherences mediate the polarization transfer under strong coupling conditions. Experiments performed with a 13C-labeled amino acid clearly show that the coherent polarization transfer at the low field is pronounced in the 13C spin subsystem under proton decoupling. However, in the absence of proton decoupling, polarization transfer by coherent processes is dramatically reduced, demonstrating that heteronuclear spin-spin interactions suppress the strong coupling regime, even when the external field is low. A theoretical model is presented, which can model the reported experimental results.
This paper presents the dependence of the surface tension on the surfactant concentration and on the temperature for anionic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) with a concentration of 1 mmol/L and two-ionic lauryl hydroxysultaine (LHS) with a concentration of 2.8 mmol/L. At a low concentration of the surfactant, the surface tension drops sharply at a certain temperature, and at a high concentration it changes slightly, much slower than surface tension of the pure water. Surface tension rapidly drops because micelles in the bulk become unstable and surfactant particles relocate to the interface.
The problem of interaction of a liquid metal drop with a porous substrate is studied.

The proposed model takes into account the capillary and adhesive properties of the melt. In this paper, numerical calculations of the influence of the concentration of nanopowder inoculators on the geometric dimensions of the formed splat (solidified liquid particle) and the depth of penetration of the liquid into the substrate are carried out on the basis of this model.
Two fundamental (meta)physical principles – NS (Non-Signalling condition which states the impossibility to communicate by means of physical correlations) and LC (the principle of Local Causality which isolates classical correlations from those responsible for non-locality) are considered in the framework of category theory. The original form of these principles operates with properties of common probability distributions for outcomes of measurements implemented in two space-time regions.

The suggested category form consists of some assertions about special commutative diagrams. To any common probability distribution in the matter of discourse, an arrow (morphism) in these diagrams is associated.

In fact, LC turns into the condition of the arrow being able to factor through a definite standard arrow. NS looks like uniqueness of an arrow which makes commutative a special diagram incorporating the considered arrow associated to the distribution. By means of these diagrams dual forms of NS and LC are suggested.
Cerebral arteriovenous malformation is a congenital pathology of development, in which the arterial and venous blood channels are connected by a nidus of randomly interwoven degenerate vessels. This is a dangerous disease that affects brain functioning and the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage is high. One of AVM treatment methods is embolization – the endovascular filling of the AVM vessel bundle with a special embolic agent. This method is widely used, but still in some cases is accompanied by intraoperative rupture of AVM vessels.

In this paper, the optimal scenario of AVM embolization is studied from the point of view of safety and effectiveness of the procedure. The joint movement of blood and embolic agent in the AVM body is modeled on the basis of a one-dimensional two-phase filtration model. In numerical analysis, the modification of the CABARET scheme is used. On the basis of clinical data, models for three real patients are constructed.

For a special law of embolic agent delivery, acceptable and optimal scenarios of embolization are calculated.
Our review presents several recent studies on the genetic history and signatures of selection in genomes of the native Russian cattle breeds. Most of these works are not easily accessible for the Russian-speaking audience. We describe the origins of appearance of the Russian cattle breeds from the genetics perspective. We point to the links between most of the Russian breeds with the taurine breeds of the European origin and for some Russian breeds with the breeds of the Asian origin. We describe major phylogenetic clusters of the Russian breeds and point to those that still maintain their unique genetics, meaning that their preservation is a priority. In addition, we review the results of the search for signatures of selection in genomes of the Russian cattle breeds. Some unique signatures of selection present in the genomes of so-called “turano-mongolian” cattle (i. e. the Yakut cattle) are described which allowed the Yakut cattle to adapt to harsh environments found above the Polar Circle. Signatures of selection which could help other cattle breeds of the Russian origin to adapt to various climatic condition of the Russian Federation are reviewed. The Russian cattle genomes also contain known signatures of selection related to cattle domestication about 8–10 thousand years ago. The most profound ones include genes related to changes of the coat colour. This phenotype in many cases could be related to the distinction of the first domesticated populations and lead to the formation of so-called land races (primitive breeds). Whole-genome association studies of Russian cattle breeds pointed to a novel gene which could be related to the “white-faced” phenotype and to a gene which is related to body temperature support under the acute cold stress. The data presented in our review could be used for identification of genetic markers to focus on in future efforts on designing new highly productive cattle breeds adapted to climates of the Russian Federation and other countries with similar climates.
Physical effects scale differently with size. As a necessary preliminary step toward geophysically significant extrapolations

an experimental and numerical study of the scale effects in internal wave attractors in linear and nonlinear regimes is made

showing two different scalings for the beam width
Conversion of gravitational waves into electromagnetic radiation is discussed. The probability of transformations of gravitons into photons in presence of cosmological background magnetic field is calculated at the recombination epoch and during subsequent cosmological stages.

The produced electromagnetic radiation is concentrated in the X-ray part of the spectrum. It is shown that if the early Universe was dominated by primordial black holes (PBHs) prior to Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN), the relic gravitons emitted by PBHs would transform to an almost isotropic background of electromagnetic radiation due to conversion of gravitons into photons in cosmological magnetic fields.

Such extragalactic radiation could be noticeable or even dominant component of Cosmic X-ray Background.
The Green–Naghdi system is used to model highly nonlinear weakly dispersive waves propagating at the surface of a shallow layer of a perfect fluid. The system has three associated conservation laws which describe the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy due to the surface wave motion.

The equation for the tangent velocity is first derived for the full Euler equations in both two and three dimensional flows, and in both cases, it gives rise to an approximate balance law in the Green–Naghdi theory which turns out to be identical to the fourth conservation law for this system.

It will be shown how this fourth conservation law can be interpreted in terms of a concrete kinematic quantity connected to the evolution of the tangent velocity at the free surface. It is also shown that the conservation equation for the tangent velocity at the free surface appears as an endpoint case of a more general conservation equation for tangent velocities along material surfaces in the body of the fluid.
It was recently suggested that the sign of particle drift in inhomogeneous temperature or turbulence depends on the particle inertia: weakly inertial particles localize near minima of temperature or turbulence intensity (effects known as thermophoresis and turbophoresis), while strongly inertial particles fly away from minima in an unbounded space.The problem of a particle near minima of turbulence intensity is related to that of two particles in a random flow, so that the localization-delocalization transition in the former corresponds to the path-coalescence transition in the latter.The transition is signaled by the sign change of the Lyapunov exponent that characterizes the mean rate of particle approach to the minimum (which could be a wall or another particle).Here we solve analytically this problem for inelastic collisions and derive the phase diagram for the transition in the inertia-inelasticity plane.An important feature of the phase diagram is the region of inelastic collapse: if the restitution coefficient of particle velocity is smaller than some critical value, then the particle is localized for any inertia.We present direct numerical simulations which support the theory and in addition reveal the dependence of the transition of the flow correlation time, characterized by the Stokes number.
Two-phase Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors (CRADs) with combined THGEM/GAPD multiplier have become an emerging potential technique for dark matter search and coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering experiments. In such a multiplier the THGEM hole avalanches are optically recorded in the Near Infrared (NIR) using a matrix of Geiger-mode APDs (GAPDs). To select the proper sensor, the performances of six GAPD types manufactured by different companies, namely by Hamamatsu (MPPCs), CPTA (MRS APDs) and SensL (SiPMs), have been comparatively studied at cryogenic temperatures when operated in two-phase CRADs in Ar at 87 K. While the GAPDs with ceramic packages failed to operate properly at cryogenic temperatures, those with plastic packages, namely MPPC S10931-100P and MRS APD 149-35, showed satisfactory performances at 87 K. In addition, MPPC S10931-100P turned out to be superior in terms of the higher detection efficiency, lower nose rate, lower pixel quenching resistor and better characteristics reproducibility.
Measurements of the azimuthal anisotropy in lead-lead collisions at sNN = 5.02 TeV are presented using a data sample corresponding to 0.49 nb-1 integrated luminosity collected by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC in 2015. The recorded minimum-bias sample is enhanced by triggers for "ultra-central" collisions, providing an opportunity to perform detailed study of flow harmonics in the regime where the initial state is dominated by fluctuations. The anisotropy of the charged-particle azimuthal angle distributions is characterized by the Fourier coefficients, v2 - v7 , which are measured using the two-particle correlation, scalar-product and event-plane methods. The goal of the paper is to provide measurements of the differential as well as integrated flow harmonics vn over wide ranges of the transverse momentum, 0.5
The invariant mass spectrum of the ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ final state produced in two-photon collisions is obtained using a $673\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ data sample collected in the vicinity of the $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(4S)$ resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collider.

We observe a clear signal of the ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c}(1S)$ and measure its mass and width. The third error is an uncertainty due to possible interference between the ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c}(1S)$ and a nonresonant component. We also report the first evidence for $\ensuremath{\eta}(1760)$ decay to ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$; we find two solutions for its parameters, depending on the inclusion or not of the $X(1835)$, whose existence is of marginal significance in our data.

From a fit to the mass spectrum using coherent $X(1835)$ and $\ensuremath{\eta}(1760)$ resonant amplitudes, we set a 90% confidence level upper limit on the product ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}}\mathcal{B}({\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}})$ for the $X(1835)$.