Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The paper addresses an experimental study of the flame speed and of spatial temperature distribution at various depths of the bed of pine needles of Siberian boreal forests, a study of the composition of gaseous species and distribution of their concentrations across the bed during fire spread and the study of the impact of the wind velocity on these characteristics.

It has been found that, as the wind velocity rises in the range of 0.12 -0.2 m/s, the burning regime changes dramatically, as well as the temperature and concentration profiles of gaseous species inside the bed. At low wind velocities, flame penetrates the bed, while at high ones it does not. At wind velocities 0.15 m/s and higher, as the wind velocity grows, together with the dramatic growth of the flame velocity the maximum temperature in the flame front in the middle of the bed decreases from 1200 °С to 600 °С , the width of the combustion zone increases, in accordance with the temperature and О2 и CO2 concentration measurements. The flame front in the middle of the bed is biased relative to the flame front on the bed surface

The data obtained in the study may be used in developing a ground fire spread model.
The article presents an alternative geoelectric model of the near-borehole space for electromagnetic logging data inversion in the class of models with a smooth and piecewise linear distribution of the electrical resistivity. We used ready-made ATLAS MPhM calculation modules, a library for python developed at the IPGG SB RAS.
All songbirds studied to date have an additional Germline Restricted Chromosome (GRC), which is not present in somatic cells. GRCs show a wide variation in genetic content and little homology between species.

To check how this divergence affected the meiotic behavior of the GRC, we examined synapsis, recombination and copy number variation for GRCs in the closely related sand and pale martins ( Riparia riparia and R. diluta ) in comparison with distantly related estrildid finches. Using immunolocalization of meiotic proteins and FISH with GRC-specific DNA probes, we found a striking similarity in the meiotic behavior of GRCs between martins and estrildid finches despite the millions of years of independent evolution. GRCs are usually present in two copies in female and in one copy in male pachytene cells. However, we detected polymorphism in female and mosaicism in male martins for the number of GRCs.

In martin and zebra finch females, two GRCs synapse along their whole length, but recombine predominately at their ends. We suggest that the shared features of the meiotic behavior of GRCs have been supported by natural selection in favor of a preferential segregation of GRCs to the eggs.
In this work the authors proposed to use 1-D model for heat and masstransfer calculations inside a porous heat pipe. Several limits are taken in to account: sound, boiling, capillary and dry out of evaporator. To calculate the heat flow, we analyzed processes in four zones: the evaporator, the condenser, the porous body in which fluid flows, and the cavity in which steam flows. We assume that in the evaporator all the incoming liquid evaporates, and in the condenser, all the vapor condenses. The liquid and the vapor are in a state of saturation and, therefore, the pressure in the condenser and the evaporator is equal to the saturation pressure. The good agreement between theoretical and experimental results is observed.
The results of a long-term study of the Campanula altaica phenotypic variation in the Western Siberian forest steppe (Novosibirsk) are described. Two ecotypes (subalpine and meadow) and three populations (Altai, Mountain Altai, and Tomsk) were assessed for the variation in phenological and several structural traits. The PAleontological STatistics (PAST) tool was used for statistical data processing. The adaptive changes in plant seasonal rhythms during their cultivation mainly appeared as a high lability of the flowering phase, whereas most phenological traits did not significantly differ at an intrapopulation level, reflecting an endogenous character of seasonal development. The intraspecific variation of structural traits is more pronounced: significant differences in the flowering shoot height, seed productivity per capsule, and several other characteristics are observed. The same traits of the accessions with different origins display different degrees and directions of changes. The least variable among the examined traits are the duration of vegetation, corolla diameter, and mass of 1000 seeds. High individual variation is a factor determining C. altaica as culturally sustainable species.
Hyperpolarization The fundamentals of preparation of hyperpolarized gases are detailed with a focus on selected applications of hyperpolarized gases to provide illustrative examples of their utility in biomedicine and materials sciences: remote detection, pulmonary imaging, gas-phase imaging, time-of-flight imaging, brown-fat imaging, and other imaging and spectroscopic applications. For more details, see the Minireview by E. Y. Chekmenev et al. on page 725 ff.
An experimental study of the flow of a water film over a heated surface for Re = 15-50 was performed.

The influence of the development of thermocapillary instability on the wave amplitudes, the deformation of the surface of the liquid film, and the formation of the first stable dry spot on the heater are investigated.

It is shown that the interaction of waves with thermocapillary structures can lead to an increase in the critical heat flux corresponding to the rupture of the liquid film, as compared with the data known in the literature.
We investigated phase relations, mineral chemistry, and density of lunar highland anorthosite at conditions up to 125 GPa and 2000 K. We used a multi-anvil apparatus and a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell for this purpose. In-situ X-ray diffraction measurements at high pressures and composition analysis of recovered samples using an analytical transmission electron microscope showed that anorthosite consists of garnet, CaAl4Si2O11-rich phase (CAS phase), and SiO2 phases in the upper mantle and the mantle transition zone. Under lower mantle conditions, these minerals transform to the assemblage of bridgmanite, Ca-perovskite, corundum, stishovite, and calcium ferrite-type aluminous phase through the decomposition of garnet and CAS phase at around 700 km depth. Anorthosite has a higher density than PREM and pyrolite in the upper mantle, while its density becomes comparable or lower under lower mantle conditions. Our results suggest that ancient anorthosite crust subducted down to the deep mantle was likely to have accumulated at 660–720 km in depth without coming back to the Earth's surface. Some portions of the anorthosite crust might have circulated continuously in the Earth's deep interior by mantle convection and potentially subducted to the bottom of the lower mantle when carried within layers of dense basaltic rocks.
Background Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of loci influencing complex human traits, however, their biological mechanism of action remains mostly unknown. Recent accumulation of functional genomics (‘omics’) including metabolomics data opens up opportunities to provide a new insight into the functional role of specific changes in the genome. Functional genomic data are characterized by high dimensionality, presence of (strong) statistical dependencies between traits, and, potentially, complex genetic control. Therefore, analysis of such data asks for development of specific statistical genetic methods. Results We propose a network-based, conditional approach to evaluate the impact of genetic variants on omics phenotypes (conditional GWAS, cGWAS). For each trait of interest, based on biological network, we select a set of other traits to be used as covariates in GWAS. The network could be reconstructed either from biological pathway databases or directly from the data. We evaluated our approach using data from a population-based KORA study (n=1,784, 1.7 M SNPs) with measured metabolomics data (151 metabolites) and demonstrated that our approach allows for identification of up to five additional loci not detected by conventional GWAS. We show that this gain in power is achieved through increased precision of genetic effect estimates, and in presence of specific ‘contra-intuitive’ pleiotropic scenarios (when genetic and environmental sources of covariance are acting in opposite manner). We justify existence of such scenarios, and discuss possible applications of our method beyond metabolomics. Conclusions We demonstrate that in context of metabolomics network-based, conditional genome-wide association analysis is able to dramatically increase power of identification of loci with specific ‘contra-intuitive’ pleiotropic architecture. Our method has modest computational costs, can utilize summary level GWAS data, and is applicable to other omics data types. We anticipate that application of our method to new and existing data sets will facilitate progress in understanding genetic bases of control of molecular and complex phenotypes. Short abstract We propose a network-based, conditional approach for genome-wide analysis of multivariate omics phenotypes. Our methods can incorporate prior biological knowledge about biological pathways from external sources. We evaluated our approach using metabolomics data and demonstrated that our approach has bigger power and allows for identification of additional loci. We show that gain in power is achieved through increased precision of genetic effect estimates, and in presence of specific ‘contra-intuitive’ pleiotropic scenarios (when genetic and environmental sources of covariance are acting in opposite manner). We justify existence of such scenarios, and discuss possible applications of our method beyond metabolomics.
We discuss an approach to constructing a mathematical model of formation and dynamics of the vapor phase on the heat-releasing surface under conditions of unsteady heat flux. We focus on nucleate boiling, since its predictive model is at present most difficult to design. The nucleate boiling stage is described in the form of a homogeneous model that accounts for the heat fluxes associated with the vapor phase presence. The stage of film boiling takes into account the dynamics of a pulsating vapor layer and its heat exchange with subcooled liquid and the heat-releasing surface.
Intensive research on the Mesolithic of western Central Asia began in the mid twentieth century, when the discovery of key sites allowed for the formulation of the main regional cultural-chronological schemes (Figure 1).
The article analyzes the role of the volost clerk in the system of local peasant self-government, as well as his relationship with state authorities. Based on modern research outcomes, materials of volost boards and data from periodicals, the author reconstructs the social image of the volost clerk. On the one hand, the articles reveals numerous abuses on their part, negligence in the performance of their duties, immorality, arbitrariness and bribery. This behavior obviously did not allow peasants to consider volost clerks as full-fledged members of the community, which even at the beginning of the 20 th century still remained a rather closed, with its own foundations and orders. Often the volost clerks were perceived by their status as higher than the volost foremen, to whom they were directly subordinate according to the law. On the other hand, peasants turned a blind eye to minor violations of these officials because of the informal connections of volost clerks with representatives of the highest echelons of power. Peasants often used their services to draw up petitions since they were the most educated and knowledgeable persons in the self-government. In other words, their professional qualities, competence and knowledge of local and all-Russian legislation, their ability to successfully solve the problems of both an individual peasant and the community as a whole, turned rural residents to perceive him as a guardian of the interests of the peasant population. Nevertheless, some favor from the higher authorities did not make a big difference for volost clerk, he remained an alien element both for the system of local selfgovernment and for the system of imperial government.
Evolution of permafrost under thermokarst lakes is an actual question in the light of such problems of cryolythic zone research as greenhouse gas emission, permafrost degradation and cryovolcanism. Recently drained thermokarst lake provide an opportunity to study under-lake permafrost state with ground geophysical methods. This lake located on Kurungnakh island (composed of Yedoma ice complex deposits) in the Lena delta was studied with electrical resistivity tomography. Local low-resistivity anomaly in the central part of the lake was found during previous geophysical research. Main goal of this work is detection of residual thermal effect from a frozen under-lake talik in an electric field. Satellite images of different years show that the drainage has taken place about 30 years ago. The area of the lake was covered in 2016 by high-resolution aerial imagery (5 cm/pixel), then digital elevation model was built using photogrammetry. These data were used for geomorphological description of the alas (depression in permafrost after lake drainage). The alas depth reaches 8 m, its size is about 300 × 500 m. It was formed probably on the last stage of Holocene thermokarst activity and it is relatively shallow in comparison to other typical alases on the island. A number of baijarachs (as a result of polygonal ice wedges thawing) were observed on the alas bottom. A line of the steepest slope marks a coast line of the lake, which allows to estimate a volume of water, which was contained in it earlier. Electrical resistivity tomography was implemented on 8 parallel profiles of 235 m. Measurements were conducted with dipole-dipole array. Basing on 3-dimensional inversion results a 3-dimensional resistivity model of under-lake deposits up to 40 m deep was made. Relatively low resistivity area (16–25 kOhm·m in comparison to 50–100 kOhm·m) was registered at the depth of 15–35 m. It is probably linked to a temperature anomaly (–3...–5 °С in comparison with –8.5 °С average value of the region). Therefore the under lake talik was fully frozen but the rest of temperature anomaly is still observable. 3-dimensional finite-element modeling of talik propagation (500 years) and refreezing (30 years) was done in axisymmetric setting taking phase transition into account. Temperature anomaly up to 0 °С in its center at the depth of 35 m was obtained as a result of the modeling. It qualitatively confirms the interpretation of electrical resistivity tomography data on the residual temperature anomaly below the basin of the drained lake.
Studies that track and compiled transformations of ilmenite and magnetite under conditions of different metamorphic grades are still very limited.

The Sedova Zaimka intrusion in Western Siberia (Russia) is a good example to examine the effect of contact metamorphism from greenschist to low-amphibolite facies on magmatic Fe-Ti oxide minerals, as this small mafic-ultramafic body is located within contact metamorphic aureole of a large granite pluton. In the Sedova Zaimka, ilmenite with little to no magnetite is present as an accessory dissemination throughout metamorphosed rocks.

Ilmenite is variably enriched in MnO (1 to 13.3 wt%) and depleted in MgO (less than 0.3 wt%), suggesting that its primary magmatic composition has been unevenly modified by diffusion re-equilibrium with coexisting metamorphic silicates. The elevated content of ZnO (up to 0.5 wt%) and NiO (up to 0.4 wt%) in ilmenite suggests that both ZnO and NiO, like MnO, must be strongly partitioned into ilmenite relatively to silicate minerals under the reducing contact metamorphic conditions, if chromite is absent. The textural observations of ilmenite–sulfide and ilmenite–titanite–sulfide relationships indicate that Ti-magnetite, in contrast to ilmenite, is an unstable phase in the presence of sulfur-rich reduced metamorphic fluids and is completely replaced by sulfides, with the development of specific 'octahedral meshes' of ilmenite in sulfides.
Three-dimensional non-stationary modeling of liquid dielectric droplets on a wettable surface in an electric field is performed.

The distribution of the electric field is calculated by solving the equation for the electric field potential. The lattice Boltzmann method is employed to describe the hydrodynamic processes with gravitational, electrostatic, and capillary forces. A hemispherical droplet is placed on the surface of the lower electrode.

Two variants of the droplet behaviour are observed. The droplet can acquire its equilibrium shape after several oscillations or elongate unlimitedly up to its destruction.
To simulate the interaction of a nanoparticle with an electron beam, we previously developed a theoretical description for the general case of a particle fully embedded in an infinite arbitrary host medium. The theory is based on the volume-integral variant of frequency-domain Maxwell’s equations and, therefore, is naturally applicable in the discrete-dipole approximation. The fully-embedded approximation allows fast numerical simulations of the experiments for particles inside a substrate since the host medium discretization is not needed.

In this work, we study how applicable the fully-embedded approach is for realistic scenarios with relatively thin substrates. In particular, we performed test simulations for a silver sphere both inside an infinite host medium and inside a finite box or sphere. For the host medium, we considered two non-absorbing cases (the denser one causes Cherenkov radiation), as well as an absorbing case.

The peak positions in the obtained spectra approximately agree between substrates a few times thicker than the sphere and the infinite one. However, a much thicker substrate (of the order of μm) would be required to have a qualitative agreement for absolute peak amplitudes. The developed algorithm is implemented in the open-source code ADDA, allowing one to rigorously and efficiently simulate electron-energy-loss spectroscopy and cathodoluminescence by particles of arbitrary shape and internal structure embedded into any homogeneous host medium.
The genetic mechanisms of fertility restoration in alloplasmic bread wheat with the barley cytoplasm are poorly explored.

The effect of the 1BS chromosome arm on the fertility of bread wheat with the H. vulgare cytoplasm was studied depending on the incompleteness/completeness of the cytonuclear compatibility. (i) Three self-fertile (SF) lines and one partially fertile (PF) line with an incomplete cytonuclear compatibility and (ii) four self-fertile (SF) lines with a complete cytonuclear compatibility were studied. For the lines in group (i), the heteroplasmy (simultaneous presence of barley and wheat copies) of the 18S/5S mitochondrial (mt) repeat was revealed as well as the barley-type homoplasmy of chloroplast simple sequence repeats (cpSSRs). In the lines in group (ii), the 18S/5S mt repeat and cpSSRs were found in the wheat-type homoplasmic state. In all of the lines, the 1BS chromosome arm was substituted for the 1RS arm. The F1 plants of SF(i)-1BS × 1RS hybrids were fertile. All of the F1 plants of PF(i)-1BS × 1RS hybrids were sterile. All of the F1 and F2 plants of SF(ii)-1BS × 1RS hybrids were self-fertile.

The results of a segregation analysis in the F2 plants of SF(i)-1BS × 1RS showed that 1BS carries a single dominant fertility restorer gene (Rf) of bread wheat with the H. vulgare cytoplasm. A single dose of this restorer gene is not sufficient to restore fertility in this alloplasmic PF(i) line.
A precise characterization of the incoming proton bunch parameters is required to accurately simulate the self-modulation process in the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE).

The transverse structure of the bunch is observed at multiple positions along the beamline using scintillating or optical transition radiation screens. The parameters of a model that describes the bunch transverse dimensions and divergence are fitted to represent the observed data using Bayesian inference. The analysis is tested on simulated data and then applied to the experimental data.

This paper presents an analysis of the parameters of the incoming proton bunches used in the later stages of the AWAKE Run 1 data-taking period.
Downstream development of artificial disturbances were investigated experimentally using hot-wire constant temperature anemometry.

It is shown that vibrations with high-amplitude of a three-dimensional surface lead to formation of two types of perturbations in the straight wing boundary layer: streamwise oriented localized structures and wave packets.

The amplitude of streamwise structure is decay downstream. The wave packets amplitude grows in adverse pressure gradient area. The flow separation is exponentially intensified of the wave packet amplitude.
The paper concerns an identification of rigidity parameters for thin inclusions located inside elastic bodies. A delamination of the inclusions is assumed thus providing a crack between inclusions and the elastic matrix. Inequality type boundary conditions are imposed at the crack faces to exclude a mutual penetration.

We consider elastic as well as rigid inclusions and solve an optimal control problem for finding a rigidity parameter minimizing a suitable cost functional. The cost functional characterizes a displacement of the inclusion, and a rigidity parameter serves as a control function.

We prove a solution existence of the problems formulated.
In 1990s, the emergence of the 3rd generation synchrotron user facilities equipped with undulator sources, stimulated pioneering works on interaction of coherent X-ray beams with matter, resulted in the development of X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) technique capable to probe nanoscale fluctuations up to kHz frequencies using dynamics of speckle pattern given by scattering of coherent X-ray beam from the sample. More recently (and highly aided by the development of modern high-throughput data analysis algorithms), coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (CXDI), also known as lensless imaging, revolutionized the field of X-ray microscopy, finally bringing users the possibility of non-destructive 2D and 3D imaging of complex structures with unprecedented −10 nm resolution.

However, strict requirements to transverse coherence of X-ray probe put serious limits on further development of CXDI-based techniques at the 3rd generation facilities, where coherent flux after spatial filtering becomes unacceptably small at energies above -20 keV. At the same time, the latter was used as one of the strongest arguments of the user community for push towards construction of multibend-achromat-based 4th generation of storage rings with ultra-low emittance. Whereas at the 3rd generation facilities the phase volume of undulator source was dominated by electron beam emittance with negligible influence of other factors, the estimation and minimization of undulator source phase volume at 4 th generation facilities requires more elaborate approach taking into account electron beam energy spread and matching of phase-space ellipses between electron and X-ray beams.

Here we present estimations of coherent flux at different energies available for future users of ultra-low-emittance SKIF storage ring (to be commissioned in 2023) and discuss ways of its optimization.