Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Advances in genetic tools applied to livestock breeding has prompted research into the previously neglected breeds adapted to harsh local environments. One such group is the Welsh mountain sheep breeds, which can be farmed at altitudes of 300 m above sea level but are considered to have a low productive value because of their poor wool quality and small carcass size. This is contrary to the lowland breeds which are more suited to wool and meat production qualities, but do not fare well on upland pasture. Herein, medium-density genotyping data from 317 individuals representing 15 Welsh sheep breeds were used alongside the whole-genome resequencing data of 14 breeds from the same set to scan for the signatures of selection and candidate genetic variants using haplotype- and SNP-based approaches. Haplotype-based selection scan performed on the genotyping data pointed to a strong selection in the regions of GBA3, PPARGC1A, APOB, and PPP1R16B genes in the upland breeds, and RNF24, PANK2, and MUC15 in the lowland breeds. SNP-based selection scan performed on the resequencing data pointed to the missense mutations under putative selection relating to a local adaptation in the upland breeds with functions such as angiogenesis (VASH1), anti-oxidation (RWDD1), cell stress (HSPA5), membrane transport (ABCA13 and SLC22A7), and insulin signaling (PTPN1 and GIGFY1). By contrast, genes containing candidate missense mutations in the lowland breeds are related to cell cycle (CDK5RAP2), cell adhesion (CDHR3), and coat color (MC1R). We found new variants in genes with potentially functional consequences to the adaptation of local sheep to their environments in Wales. Knowledge of these variations is important for improving the adaptative qualities of UK and world sheep breeds through a marker-assisted selection.
Lipids are among the most abundant and essential cell components. Specifically, cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) play crucial roles in cellular energy homeostasis. Recent reports show that LDs in oocytes and embryos are not only energy depots but also are active organelles, possessing many other functions.

The foci of this review are (1) the composition and roles of lipids during oocyte maturation and early embryonic development, (2) possible causes of cryoinjuries in lipid-rich oocytes/embryos, and (3) ways to overcome these detrimental effects. Analysis of the current literature confirms that lipid phase transition followed by phase separation during cryopreservation is one of the major causes of cryodamage.

While LDs and cell membranes are sensitive to chilling and freezing conditions, recent advances in vitrification and delipidation of lipid-rich oocytes and embryos partly mitigate cryodamage. The multidisciplinary approach is critical to reveal mechanisms underlying cryodamage and provides a theoretical basis for optimal cryopreservation of lipid-rich oocytes/embryos.
Introduction. The period of active global cybernetization and business automation was marked by a problem for Russian employers in the form of a shortage of qualified personnel capable of ensuring the development and competitiveness of business in the world markets. Methodology and sources. Sociology of education as a social institution has been developing since 1970 s. Its current theoretical foundation is based on two principles: 1) The principle of mutual convergence of social institutions (education – business, education – state, education – family); 2) Variety of educational practices as a factual manifestation of the phenomenon of continuous education. Today corporative learning is one of such practices that radically change the ecosystem of traditional education. Results and discussion. There was a problem of forming a system of training new human resources that meet the changing economic realities. Until the 1990s, before the collapse of the country and the beginning of political and economic reforms, the Russian Federation had a system of higher education as one of the most stable and well-established mechanisms for training personnel for all sectors of the economy. An indicator of the effectiveness of this system was that graduates of Russian universities were invited to work by well-known corporations from many countries of the world. Over the years of reforms, Russia has lost its previous model of education, which today significantly affects the quality of training. Many Russian enterprises are forced to follow the path of independent training and retraining of specialists. Development of corporative is necessary to compensate for the limitations of traditional higher education. At first, the training was organized locally and had a haphazard character, but over time, Russian entrepreneurs began to adopt foreign experience in forming a knowledge system in the company and even create corporate universities. Conclusion. The study examines the prerequisites for the formation of the system and the development of the corporate education market, provides current models of knowledge accumulation and suggests the author's cognitive model of professional development of personnel.
We present deuteron quadrupole coupling constants (DQCC) for hydroxyl‐functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) in the crystalline or glassy states characterizing two types of hydrogen bonding: The regular Coulomb‐enhanced hydrogen bonds between cation and anion (c–a), and the unusual hydrogen bonds between cation and cation (c–c), which are present despite repulsive Coulomb forces. We measure these sensitive probes of hydrogen bonding by means of solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. The DQCCs of (c–a) ion pairs and (c–c) H‐bonds are compared to those of salt bridges in supramolecular complexes and those present in molecular liquids. At low temperatures, the (c–c) species successfully compete with the (c–a) ion pairs and dominate the cluster populations. Equilibrium constants obtained from molecular‐dynamics (MD) simulations show van't Hoff behavior with small transition enthalpies between the differently H‐bonded species. We show that cationic‐cluster formation prevents these ILs from crystallizing. With cooling, the (c–c) hydrogen bonds persist, resulting in supercooling and glass formation.
C-banding patterns in Japanese grasshoppers belonging to the subfamily Podisminae : Podisma sapporensis Shiraki (2n _??_=23, NF=23), Parapodisma subastris Huang, Parapodisma tenryuensis Kobayashi, Parapodisma yamato Tominaga et Storozhenko, Parapodisma mikado (I. Bolivar), Fruhstorferiola okinawaensis (Shiraki) (2n _??_=21, NF =21), and Sinopodisma punctata Mistshenko (2n _??_ = 21, all chromosomes are two-armed) were studied.

Cytogenetic similarities and differences between particular species are discussed using the C-banding method.
Gas or liquid flow control is one of the most important technical tasks in the oil and gas industry. The choice of a particular device most often occurs on the basis of the established practice of application in a particular company. This paper presents the experience of Gazpromneft-Orenburg in the use of overhead and stationary flow meters of various types, including ultrasonic and restriction devices for measuring gas-lift gas in the Orenburg oil and gas condensate field.
In this work, numerical and analytical solutions of heat transfer in a dielectric layer during melting in the microwave field were considered. We considered solutions, where the source term was obtained based on the solution of Maxwell equation, as well as using the Lambert law. The conditions applicable for analytical solutions, allowing the parametric analysis, are determined. The areas of application of the technology of microwave melting of dielectrics, in particular with melting ice on water, defrosting products, etc., were also considered.
A surface of contact discontinuity is a characteristic of this system with no flow across the discontinuity for which the pressure, the velocity and the magnetic field are continuous whereas the density, the entropy and the temperature may have a jump.

We study the free boundary problem for a contact discontinuity for the system of relativistic magnetohydrodynamics. For the two-dimensional case, we prove the local-in-time existence in Sobolev spaces of a unique solution of the free boundary problem provided that the Rayleigh--Taylor sign condition on the jump of the normal derivative of the pressure is satisfied at each point of the initial discontinuity.

We prove the local-in-time existence in Sobolev spaces of a unique solution of the free boundary problem.
Velocity fields are measured in evaporating sessile droplets on two substrates with different contact angles and contact angle hysteresis using micro resolution particle image velocimetry technique. Different flow patterns are observed in different stages of droplet evaporation: a flow with vortices and a radial flow. Flow structure is found to be similar for droplets on different substrates.
We search for CP violation in neutral charm meson decays using a data sample with an integrated luminosity of 966 fb^-1 collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB e+e- asymmetric-energy collider.

The asymmetry obtained in the rate of D^0 and D^0-bar decays to the pi^0 pi^0 final state, [-0.03+-0.64(stat)+-0.10(syst)]%, is consistent with no CP violation. This constitutes an order of magnitude improvement over the existing result.

We also present an updated measurement of the CP asymmetry in the D^0 -> K_S pi^0 decay: A_{CP}(D^0 -> K_S pi^0) = [-0.21+-0.16(stat)+-0.07(syst)]%.
The systems of small lakes located compactly are convenient to comparative modeling, because this permits minimization of the number of variables in the model (the climatic, geomorphological and geological specifics, water balance in the same watershed area).

The purpose of this work was to show some examples of using thermodynamic modeling to understand quantitatively the water-rock interaction processes in salt lakes systems.

Nevertheless, it turns out that each lake is a relatively autonomous system (natural biogeocenosis, formed as a result of diagenesis). Due to the conjugate processes of biogenic and inorganic interactions, they are in a steady state, which has been fixed during the geochemical sampling in the field.
The present study focused on the evolution of the karyotype in 21 taxa of the genus Isophya, which was done by mapping the location on the chromosomes of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) coding genes using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with an 18S rDNA probe and using silver staining (AgNO3) to evaluate the activity of major rDNA clusters.Since the chromosome number and sex determination do not vary in this genus, the above markers were used in a detailed comparison of the cytogenetic features of species of Isophya.The species analyzed were placed into three groups based on the location of rDNA on their chromosomes: (1) rDNA-FISH signals only on the two long pairs of autosomes, (2) rDNA-FISH signals on one long and one short pair of autosomes, and (3) rDNA-FISH signals on three to five different sized pairs of autosomes.These groupings partly correspond to the morphological groupings proposed in earlier studies.One long pair of autosomes frequently carried rDNA in all the Isophya species and probably is a plesiomorphic character for these taxa.The cytogenetic mapping revealed great variability among Isophya species in the chromosomal location of major rDNA clusters.Our results suggest that the observed variation in the number of rDNA clusters can be an important species-group specific phylogenetic marker.Analysis of 18S rDNA hybridization signals showed that the evolutionary dynamics of rDNA in this genus is remarkably high and accompanied by changes in the structure of chromosomes bearing rDNA at an inter-and intra-specific level.The telomeric sequence (TTAGG)n hybridized with the termini of most of chromosomes, however, some chromosome ends lacked signals probably due to a low copy number of telomeric repeats.
Diseases of cereals caused by pathogenic fungi can significantly reduce crop yields. Many cultures are exposed to them. The disease is difficult to control on a large scale, thus one of the relevant approaches is the crop field monitoring, which helps to identify the disease at an early stage and take measures to prevent its spread. One of the effective control methods is disease identification based on the analysis of digital images with the possibility of obtaining them in field conditions using mobile devices. In this work, we propose a method for the recognition of five fungal diseases of wheat shoots (leaf rust, stem rust, yellow rust, powdery mildew, and septoria), both separately and in combination, with the possibility of identifying the stage of plant development. A set of 2414 images of wheat fungi diseases (WFD2020) was generated, for which expert labeling was performed by the type of disease. WFD2020 data are available freely at http://wfd.sysbio.ru/. In the process of creating this set, a method was applied to reduce the degeneracy of the training data based on the image hashing algorithm. The disease recognition algorithm is based on the convolutional neural network with the EfficientNet architecture. The best accuracy (0.942) was shown by a network with a training strategy based on augmentation and transfer of image styles. The recognition method was implemented by the authors as a bot on the Telegram platform, which allows assessing plants by lesions in the field conditions.
In the present paper, detonation in a stoichiometric oxygen-hydrogen mixture is simulated numerically using 4 detailed chemical mechanisms. The effect of chemical kinetics models on the stability of 1D detonation wave and 2D detonation wave propagating in a plane channel is investigated. The number of detonation cells formed in a channel of a given width at different degrees of overdrive is determined. Simulations are performed using a previously developed computational program based on high-order shock-capturing TVD schemes and a finite-rate chemistry solver. The program is implemented in C++ using the CUDA parallel computing platform for running on graphic processor devices (GPU), the open OpenMP standard for multi-threaded applications on multiprocessor systems with shared memory and the MPI protocol for data exchange between processors.
The results of numerical experiments on the modeling of shock wave loading of solid and porous carbides with various stoichiometric compositions are presented. The model is based on the assumption that all the components of the mixture, including gas, have similar pressure, velocity and temperature. The model allows describing the behavior of porous materials and mixes in a wide range of porosity and pressures with precision of experiment. The behavior of complex materials such as carbides is considered as a mixture. The model accurately describes the behavior of the carbides with equal shares of the components of WC, TiC, TaC, NbC and the behavior of boron carbide B 4 C. Comparison for data of calculation and experimental data was held for carbides with different porosity.
DNase autoantibodies (Abs) can be found in the blood of patients with several autoimmune diseases, while the blood of healthy donors or patients with diseases with insignificant disturbances of the immune status does not contain the DNase Abs. Here we have analysed for the first time the DNase activity in the patients with diseases caused by several bacterial infections. Several rigid criteria have been applied to show that the DNase activity is an intrinsic property of IgGs from the sera of patients with bacterial diseases but not from healthy donors. The relative activity of IgGs has been shown to vary extensively between the diseases analysed and from patient to patient, but most of the preparations had detectable levels of the DNase activity. On average, the catalytic activities were significantly lower than in patients with autoimmune pathologies and increased in the following order: streptococcal infection (erysipelas) < urogenital chlamydiosis associated with arthritis (Reiter's disease) < meningococcal meningitis < shigellosis < suppurative surgical infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus < suppurative surgical infections caused by epidermal staphylococci < urogenital ureaplasmosis associated with reactive arthritis. While intact IgGs possessed this catalytic activity, separated light chains of polyclonal Abs appeared to be even more active in the hydrolysis of DNA.
The fabrication of the periodic structures, that is two-dimensional photonic crystals (2D PhCs) based on Si-materials by electron beam lithography (EBL) technique has been studied. We have investigated basic lithography processes such as designing, exposition, development, etching and others. The developed top-down approach allows close-packed arrays of elements and holes to be formed in nanometre range. This can be used to produce 2D PhCs with emitting micro-cavities (missing holes) with lateral size parameters with an accuracy of about 2% in the Si (100) substrate and in silicon-on-insulator structures. Such accuracy is expected to be sufficient for obtaining the cavities-coupling radiation interference from large areas of 2D PhCs.
The goal of this paper is to evaluate some general trends of species range shifts in the steppe areas of the south-eastern West Siberian Plain.

Two sets of distribution data of grasshoppers are compared: (1) for the first half of 20 th century and (2) for 1972 – 2019. A series of digital maps was generated by Map Info. Shifts of species distribution patterns are discussed.

All grasshopper species may be split into three groups: (1) acridids without evident changes in their distribution; (2) species with local range boundaries shifted northwards and northeastwards; new colonies of such forms are usually found in the northern steppe and even in the forest-steppe and/or on the right side of the Ob River; (3) grasshoppers which became rare. Among them is the Siberian grasshopper, the very common pest in the first half of the 20 th century. Some changes into grasshopper distribution may be associated with global warming, but others can be explained by regional and local variations in human activities. Extension, intensification, and changes of human activities may result in continuous elimination of some local populations. This means that the general strategy of management of acridid assemblages and populations should incorporate both data and technologies concerning rare species populations and new approaches to pest control and monitoring.
The article considers the principle of operation of brain-computer interfaces (BCI) and a method for detecting the focus of a person's attention using event-related potential (P300). The review of the existing hardware and software solutions for the implementation of BCIs was performed including the identification of their advantages and disadvantages.

The program that allows you to choose the desired stimulus from a variety of presented was developed. An electroencephalograph of the BiTronics Lab company on the Arduino platform was used to receive the signal. Signal filtering, classifier training and visualization are implemented in Python.
An efficient and operationally simple synthesis of 7-deuteropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine and 7-deutero-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine derivatives using α-H/D exchange of 1-aminopyridinium cations in basic D2O followed by a 1,3-cycloaddition of acetylenes and nitriles is presented. A high regioselectivity and a high degree of deuterium incorporation were achieved. The procedure was applied for several 4-R-1-aminopyridinium cations (R = H, Me, OMe).
A random representative sample of a Novosibirsk population aged 25–64 years (657 men; mean age, 44.3±0.4 years; response rate, 82.1%; 689 women; mean age, 45.4±0.4 years; response rate, 72.5%) was examined within Screening III of the WHO MONICApsychological program.

The screening program included: registration of sociodemographic data and determination of social support (the index of close contacts (ICC) and the social network index (SNI)). The prospective follow-up study period was 16 years. The study identified the following end-point: new-onset stroke cases.

Social support is a protective risk factor for stroke in both men and women.
One of the major innovations made in recent years is combined PET/MRI, but utilization of depth-of-interaction (DOI) measurement in PET detectors has not been studied well. DOI measurement, which allows for use of a smaller detector ring, is essential for PET in order to exploit the excellent potentials of PET imaging in terms of improved spatial resolution and sensitivity as well as reduced production costs of PET instrument.

In order to make a PET detector ring as small as possible while placing electronic parts such as photodetectors and front-end circuits outside of a RF coil, PET detector modules were placed between spokes of the birdcage RF coil. For each detector module, electronic parts were covered with a Cu shielding box with a hole in front of the photodetectors, and scintillators were sticking out of the shielding box to allow their placement inside of the birdcage coil. In theory, the proposed birdcage coil integrated with PET detectors can be applied to any existing MRI as an additional choice of RF coils. For a proof-of-concept, we developed a full-ring prototype (4-layerd arrays of 2.0mm-LYSO with MPPCs), which was applied to a 3.0 T MRI (MAGNETOM Verio, Siemens).

After evaluating interference between PET and MRI, no undesirable effect was seen in the PET imaging in terms of energy resolution and position identification. While a uniform static magnetic field was obtained, about a 20% decrease in signal-to-noise ratio was observed in MR images; we suspected this was due to noise contamination from outside the MRI room. Although further optimization is required for shielding, we demonstrated a proof-of-concept of the proposed head coil with DOI PET detectors.
With the increase of Sino-Russian cooperation in various fields, interest in Chinese is growing in Russia, which highlights the role of Confucius Institute to meet demand. Confucius Institute is a non-profit educational organization jointly established by China and other countries. Each of the 22 Confucius Institutes and classrooms in Russia present its distinctive feature and work hard in helping the Russian people learn Chinese, understand Chinese culture and enhance the humanist exchange between China and Russia. Chinese education is the most important task of the institutes. Using Confucius Institute of Novosibirsk State University as an example, this paper introduces works done by the institute from three aspects. Firstly, it contributes to Chinese education in the university. Secondly, it meets local residents’ needs to learn Chinese. Thirdly, it broadens the scope of regional cooperation and trains local Chinese teachers. With the support of Xinjiang University in China, the Confucius Institute at Novosibirsk State University has cooperated with many higher and secondary education institutions in Russia to expand international cooperation in Chinese education. The effective work of Confucius Institute at Novosibirsk State University has proved that it has played an active role in Chinese education. Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, all Confucius Institutes and classrooms in Russia have continued operating by taking advantage of online teaching and learning and explored the route of development characterized with “Internet + Chinese”. The authors believe that Confucius Institutes will keep on contributing to the Chinese education in Russia with the joint efforts of both parties.