Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Industrial companies are the core of the national innovation system. However, large, medium and small enterprises differ significantly in their role in the innovation system, resource potential, strategic priorities and objectives.

The paper focuses on a comparative analysis of the strategic priorities of innovative activities of Russian companies of different size. We have identified three types of companies: small innovative companies, large and medium-sized companies with a traditional business model, major innovation-driven companies with an integrated business model. Our analysis of the trajectories of small innovative firms located in Novosibirsk Scientific Center showed that the majority of the companies can be characterized either as spin-off firm or as specialized supplier.

Spin-offs are newly established small firms, who have recently separated from the major research labs or parent companies. The typical behavior model for such companies is innovative entrepreneurship. Specialized suppliers are small companies that provide significant contributions to complex manufacturing systems in the form of equipment, parts, tools and software. Innovative objectives of such small companies deal with design and production of the specific elements required for large companies. Large and medium-sized companies with a traditional business model are characterized by the existing structure of commodity output and the supply chain. Characteristic type of innovative behavior for such companies includes incremental product and process innovations. Large innovation-oriented companies with an integrated business model have traditional production units and innovative units in their structure. Innovation priorities of major innovation-oriented companies with integrated business model are consistent with the hybrid model of behavior which combines the traditional model with an innovative entrepreneurship.
The problems of particle velocity and temperature measurement can be solved with commonly-known methods of registration based on spectrometry and a complex of laser and optical means.

The diagnostic technique combines two independent methods of particle velocity measurement, namely the passive way which is based on the intrinsic radiation of the heated particles in a gas flow, and the active one which utilizes the effect of the laser beam scattering. Presented bar charts of statistical distributions of the particles velocities illustrate two modes of the coaxial nozzle performance, with and without СО2-laser radiation. Different types of powders (Al2O3, Mo, Ni, Al) were used in tests, the particle size distributions were typical for the laser cladding; air, nitrogen, argon were used as working gases, continuous radiation of the СО2 laser reached 3 kW. The trichromatic pyrometry method was utilized to measure the particles temperature in the powder flow.

It is demonstrated that the laser radiation can affect significantly the particles velocity at the laser cladding. It is shown that in the laser-radiation field, the powder particles undergo extra acceleration due to the laser evaporation and reactive force occurrence resulting from the recoil pressure vapors from the beamed part of particles' surfaces. The observed effect of particles acceleration depends on the particles concentration in the powder flow. Due to the laser acceleration, the velocities of individual particles may reach the values of about 80 – 100 m/s.
Molecular oxygen excited to singlet state (Singlet oxygen, 1O2) becomes highly reactive and cytotoxic chemical. 1O2 is commonly generated by photoexcitation of dyes (photosensitizers), including the photodynamic therapy and diagnostics of cancer. However, the formation of singlet oxygen is often unwanted for various light-sensitive compounds, e.g. it causes the photobleaching of fluorescent probes. In either case, during a development of new photosensitive chemicals and drugs there is a need to evaluate the amount of 1O2 formed during photoexcitation. The direct approach in measuring the amount of singlet oxygen is based on the detection of its luminescence at 1270 nm. However, this luminescence is usually weak, which implies the use of highly sensitive single-photon detectors. Thus the existing instruments are commonly complicated and expensive. Here we suggest an approach and report a device to measure the 1O2 luminescence using low-cost InGaAs avalanche photodiode and simple electronics. The measurements can be performed in stationary (not time-resolved) mode in organic solvents such as tetrachloromethane (CCl4), ethanol and DMSO. In particular, we performed spectral-resolved measurements of the singlet oxygen luminescence in CCl4 with the device and demonstrated high complementarity to literature data. The simple setup allows to evaluate the efficiency (or speed) of singlet oxygen generation and hence facilitates the development and characterization of new photosensitizers and other photosensitive chemicals.
Varying the generator load of a hydro turbine results in short-term changes in the rotation frequency of the runner, leading inevitably to flow instability and strong flow swirling behind the turbine. This may lead to the formation of unsteady flow regimes featured by vortex instability of the swirling flow behind the runner, known as the precessing vortex core (PVC) Dorfler et al. (2012). This effect causes dangerous periodic pressure pulsations that propagate throughout the water column in the draft tube.

The present study reports on stereo PIV measurements of the air flow field inside a transparent draft tube of a model hydro turbine for a wide range of operation conditions.

The research is focused on the time-averaged flow properties (mean velocity field and the second-order moments of velocity fluctuations), pressure pulsations and coherent flow structures in the velocity field.
Polly Cracker-style fully homomorphic encryption scheme

simplified version with strict upper bound of ciphertext size for addition and multiplication calculations, utilization of large finite rings for calculations in untrusted environment

ability to reach high calculation performance without degrading in time, prevents most of known attacks on Polly Cracker family
We perform a detailed quantitative numerical analysis of a partially coherent quasi-cw fiber laser on the example of a high-Q normal dispersion cavity Raman fiber laser.

The key role of precise spectral performances of fiber Bragg gratings forming the laser cavity is clarified. It is shown that cross-phase modulation between the pump and Stokes waves does not affect the generation.

Amplitudes of different longitudinal modes strongly fluctuate, obeying the Gaussian distribution. As the intensity statistics is noticeably nonexponential, longitudinal modes should be correlated.
The article examines the implicit tradition of deep semiotics in Russia initiated by Gustav Shpet, a Russian philosopher of language. Shpet’s semiotic approach was developed synchronously with the major lines of European and American semiotics (Saussurian and Peircean), but has not been sufficiently known or studied.

The recent publication of previously unknown papers by Shpet makes this Russian philosopher an advanced figure on the Russian semiotic scene. Shpet was one of the first Russian scholars to use the term ‘semiotics’, by which he meant a “general ontological study of signs”. Shpet used this term in his work History as a Problem of Logic as early as in 1916.

Shpet’s main work on semiotics, the book Language and Sense (1920s), traced back the origins of semiotic thinking and laid the foundations for new semiotics, by which he meant a science of understanding signs. It is here that Shpet spoke of the ontological study of a sign, calling this study semiotics, or else characterics, and raising the issue of the semiotic mind.
We calculate the volumes of the hyperbolic twist knot cone-manifolds using the Schl\"{a}fli formula. Even though general ideas for calculating the volumes of cone-manifolds are around, since there is no concrete calculation written, we present here the concrete calculations. We express the length of the singular locus in terms of the distance between the two axes fixed by two generators. In this way the calculation becomes easier than using the singular locus directly. The volumes of the hyperbolic twist knot cone-manifolds simpler than Stevedore's knot are known. As an application, we give the volumes of the cyclic coverings over the hyperbolic twist knots.
Dark Matter (DM) density is reduced if entropy production takes place after DM particles abundance is frozen out in the early universe.

We study a possibility of such reduction due to entropy production in the electroweak phase transition (EWPT). We compare scenarios of entropy production in the standard model (SM) and its simplest extension, the two-Higgs doublet model (2HDM). Assuming the EWPT is of second order in the SM scenario and the first order in the 2HDM, we calculate the entropy release in these scenarios and the corresponding dilution of preexisting DM density in the early universe.

We find the effect of dilution in EWPT significant for confrontation with observations of any form of possible DM (including primordial black holes (PBHs)), which is frozen out, decoupled, frozen in, or formed before EWPT.
This paper by the example of spent automobile transmission oil investigates the combustion of sub-standard liquid hydrocarbons in a straight-flow burner, implementing a promising method of liquid fuel dispersion by a superheated steam jet. The aim of the work is to study the influence of regime parameters on the thermal and environmental characteristics of the combustion process. Gas composition of combustion and heat release products was measured. A flow calorimeter was used to measure heat release. The measurement of the amount of generated heat was based on determining the coolant temperature difference at the inlet and outlet as well as the flow rate of the coolant and fuel under stationary experimental conditions. TESTO 350 gas analyzer was used to control the composition of gaseous combustion products. Sampling of reaction products cooled to room temperature was carried out at the calorimeter output. Dependences of specific heat release on steam and fuel flow rates have been obtained. The regimes with low CO content in the combustion products have been found.
Three novel fluorescent biosensors sensitive to terahertz (THz) radiation were developed via transformation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells with plasmids, in which a promotor of genes matA, safA, or chbB controls the expression of a fluorescent protein. The biosensors were exposed to THz radiation from two sources: a high-intensity pulsed short-wave free electron laser and a low-intensity continuous long-wave IMPATT-diode-based device. The threshold and dynamics of fluorescence were found to depend on radiation parameters and exposure time. Heat shock or chemical stress yielded the absence of fluorescence induction. The biosensors are evaluated to be suitable for studying influence of THz radiation on the activity of gene networks related with considered gene promoters.
Electrophysical characteristics of a low–frequency (100 kHz) low–pressure (10–100 Pa) argon inductive discharge with ferrite cores have been investigated for discharge currents of 1–50 A, discharge chamber diameter of 230 mm. The dependencies of electric field strength on the argon pressure and discharge current were measured. Radial profiles of electron density and temperature were determined with double electric probes. Experimental results were compared with numerical results obtained by a self-consistent kinetic model of the low-frequency ICP, based on the simultaneous solution of a non-local Boltzmann equation for electron energy distribution function and balance equations for the metastable argon atoms density and gas temperature. Comparison of numerical and experimental results is presented.
When performing precision measurements, the quantity being measured is often perturbed by the measurement process itself. This includes precision frequency measurements for atomic clock applications carried out with Ramsey spectroscopy. With the aim of eliminating probe-induced perturbations, a method of generalized auto-balanced Ramsey spectroscopy (GABRS) is presented and rigorously substantiated. Here, the usual local oscillator frequency control loop is augmented with a second control loop derived from secondary Ramsey sequences interspersed with the primary sequences and with a different Ramsey period. This second loop feeds back to a secondary clock variable and ultimately compensates for the perturbation of the clock frequency caused by the measurements in the first loop. We show that such a two-loop scheme can lead to perfect compensation of measurement-induced light shifts and does not suffer from the effects of relaxation, time-dependent pulse fluctuations and phase-jump modulation errors that are typical of other hyper-Ramsey schemes. Several variants of GABRS are explored based on different secondary variables including added relative phase shifts between Ramsey pulses, external frequency-step compensation, and variable second-pulse duration. We demonstrate that a universal anti-symmetric error signal, and hence perfect compensation at finite modulation amplitude, is generated only if an additional frequency-step applied during both Ramsey pulses is used as the concomitant variable parameter. This universal technique can be applied to the fields of atomic clocks, high-resolution molecular spectroscopy, magnetically induced and two-photon probing schemes, Ramsey-type mass spectrometry, and to the field of precision measurements. Some variants of GABRS can also be applied for rf atomic clocks using CPT-based Ramsey spectroscopy of the two-photon dark resonance.
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES To conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of chronic back pain (CBP). METHODS Adults of European ancestry were included from 16 cohorts in Europe and North America. CBP cases were defined as those reporting back pain present for >3-6 months; non-cases were included as comparisons (“controls”). Each cohort conducted genotyping using commercially available arrays followed by imputation. GWAS used logistic regression models with additive genetic effects, adjusting for age, sex, study-specific covariates, and population substructure. The threshold for genome-wide significance in the fixed-effect inverse-variance weighted meta-analysis was p<5×10 −8 . Suggestive (p<5×10 −7 ) and genome-wide significant (p<5×10 −8 ) variants were carried forward for replication or further investigation in an independent sample. RESULTS The discovery sample was comprised of 158,025 individuals, including 29,531 CBP cases. A genome-wide significant association was found for the intronic variant rs12310519 in SOX5 (OR 1.08, p=7.2×10 −10 ). This was subsequently replicated in an independent sample of 283,752 subjects, including 50,915 cases (OR 1.06, p =5.3×10 −11 ), and exceeded genome-wide significance in joint meta-analysis (OR=1.07, p =4.5×10 −19 ). We found suggestive associations at three other loci in the discovery sample, two of which exceeded genome-wide significance in joint meta-analysis: an intergenic variant, rs7833174, located between CCDC26 and GSDMC (OR 1.05, p=4.4×10 −13 ), and an intronic variant, rs4384683, in DCC (OR 0.97, p=2.4×10 −10 ). DISCUSSION In this first reported meta-analysis of GWAS for CBP, we identified and replicated a genetic locus associated with CBP ( SOX5 ). We also identified 2 other loci that reached genome-wide significance in a 2-stage joint meta-analysis ( CCDC26/GSDMC and DCC ).
Electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements play a key role in the diagnosis and prediction of cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. ECG parameters, such as the PR, QRS, and QT intervals, are known to be heritable and genome-wide association studies of these phenotypes have been successful in identifying common variants; however, a large proportion of the genetic variability of these traits remains to be elucidated.

The aim of this study was to discover loci potentially harboring rare variants utilizing variance component linkage analysis in 1547 individuals from a large family-based study, the Erasmus Rucphen Family Study (ERF). Linked regions were further explored using exome sequencing. Five suggestive linkage peaks were identified: two for QT interval (1q24, LOD = 2.63; 2q34, LOD = 2.05), one for QRS interval (1p35, LOD = 2.52) and two for PR interval (9p22, LOD = 2.20; 14q11, LOD = 2.29). Fine-mapping using exome sequence data identified a C > G missense variant (c.713C > G, p.Ser238Cys) in the FCRL2 gene associated with QT (rs74608430; P = 2.8 × 10-4, minor allele frequency = 0.019). Heritability analysis demonstrated that the SNP explained 2.42% of the trait's genetic variability in ERF (P = 0.02).

Pathway analysis suggested that the gene is involved in cytosolic Ca2+ levels (P = 3.3 × 10-3) and AMPK stimulated fatty acid oxidation in muscle (P = 4.1 × 10-3). Look-ups in bioinformatics resources showed that expression of FCRL2 is associated with ARHGAP24 and SETBP1 expression. This finding was not replicated in the Rotterdam study. Combining the bioinformatics information with the association and linkage analyses, FCRL2 emerges as a strong candidate gene for QT interval.
The prospects of the complementary use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) have been demonstrated by the examples of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, half-fluorinated graphite C2F, and half-fluorinated graphite C2F intercalated with Br C2FBr0.15. It has been shown that the photoelectron energy losses in XPS spectra conform well to valence band electron transitions resulted from the DFT calculations for relevant unit cells. This conformity justified the other results of joined XPS and DFT studies, which have revealed two arrangements of the Br2 embedded into the C2F framework. The first arrangement corresponds to separate Br pairs in which the Br state is similar to a free Br2 molecule, whereas the second one is an ultra-dense Br chain in which the Br state is between free Br2−1 and Br10 species. The specific energy losses in the XPS Br3d spectrum of C2FBr0.15 indicate a comparable content of both Br arrangements in a sample. Besides, a distinct structure in the difference F1s XPS spectrum is assigned to the expected strengthening of the C-F bond in a C2F matrix under the Br2 intercalation. The state and orientation of intercalated Br2 are juxtaposed with experimental studies by Near Edge and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure spectroscopy and by Raman spectroscopy. A successful confluence of XPS and DFT can be useful in the field of material science, providing the local geometry, the state and bonding between atoms in a sample, and thereby revealing the wear performance of the material, regardless of its application.
Problems and their solutions of the Fifth International Students' Olympiad in cryptography NSUCRYPTO'2018 are presented. We consider problems related to attacks on ciphers and hash functions, Boolean functions, quantum circuits, Enigma, etc. We discuss several open problems on orthogonal arrays, Sylvester matrices and disjunct matrices. The problem of existing an invertible Sylvester matrix whose inverse is again a Sylvester matrix was completely solved during the Olympiad.
This review considers glioma molecular markers in brain tissues and body fluids, shows the pathways of their formation, and describes traditional methods of analysis.

The most important optical properties of glioma markers in the terahertz (THz) frequency range are also presented. New metamaterial-based technologies for molecular marker detection at THz frequencies are discussed. A variety of machine learning methods, which allow the marker detection sensitivity and differentiation of healthy and tumor tissues to be improved with the aid of THz tools, are considered.

The actual results on the application of THz techniques in the intraoperative diagnosis of brain gliomas are shown. THz technologies’ potential in molecular marker detection and defining the boundaries of the glioma’s tissue is discussed.
. Internal waves in the atmosphere and ocean are generated frequently from the interaction of mean flow with bottom obstacles such as mountains and submarine ridges. Analysis of these environmental phenomena involves theoretical models of non-homogeneous fluid affected by the gravity. In this paper, a semi-analytical model of stratified flow over the mountain range is considered under the assumption of small amplitude of the topography. Attention is focused on stationary wave patterns forced above the rough terrain. Adapted to account for such terrain, model equations involves exact topographic condition settled on the uneven ground surface. Wave solutions corresponding to sinusoidal topography with a finite number of peaks are calculated and examined.
Background: Dendritic cells (DCs) are known to contribute to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) through presentation of cartilage glycoprotein, production of proinflammatory cytokines and activation of Th1/Th17 responses. Along with stimulating activity, DCs may exhibit suppressive functions via capacity to induce T cell apoptosis/anergy and to generate regulatory T cells. Since these DCs have potential to control autoreactive T-lymphocytes, the enhancing of tolerogenic properties of DCs seems to be a new important strategy in treatment of RA. However, it remains unclear whether autoreactive T lymphocytes are sensitive to the immunosuppressive effects of DC.

Objectives: The aim of our study is to investigate the mechanisms of the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone-modified DCs (dexDCs) in patients with RA on autologous T cells. Methods: Twenty patients with RA with high and moderate activity of disease were recruited in this study. All patients fullfield ACR/EULAR criteria (2010). All studies were performed after receiving informed consent. DCs were generated from blood monocytes culturing for 5 days with GM-CSF and IFN-α in the presence dexamethasone, applied on third day. LPS as maturation stimuli was added on fourth day. The study evaluated the ability of dexDCs to induce T cell apoptosis, inhibit the production of Th1 and Th17 cytokines in auto-mixed leukocytes culture (MLC), induce the activation of T-regulatory cells, and inhibit the purified protein derivative (PPD)-specific immune response.

Results: We revealed that dexDCs markedly suppressed the production of IFN-γ and IL-17, while the decreasing of IL-4 and IL-13 was less pronounced. Thus, in comparison with Th2 cells, Th1 and Th17 T lymphocytes were more sensitive to suppressor effects of dexDCs. We also revealed a significant increasing of cells in the stage of late apoptosis (An+Pi+) during the cultivation of autologous T cells with dexDCs. We have also proved the suppressive effect of dexDCs on culture T cells that are co-cultivated with mature DCs (reduction of proliferation from 2700 cpm to 1500 cpm, p=0.0015). In addition, we have shown the ability of dexDCs to induce T-regulatory cells with a phenotype CD4+IL10+Tr1. In conclusion, we have shown the ability of PPD-loaded dexDCs to inhibit the proliferative response of both mature DCS and mature dexDCs-loaded PPD, that indicates the ability of dexDCs to possess antigen-specific suppression. Conclusion: The data obtained indicate that, dexDCs from RA patients have an immunosuppressive effect on autologous T cells through the induction of apoptosis, anergia and activation of T regulatory cells that authorise their application as a DCs-vaccine.