Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Background Social networks are associated with better cognitive health in older people, but the role of specific aspects of the social network remains unclear. This is especially the case in Central and Eastern Europe. This study examined associations between three aspects of the social network (network size of friends and relatives, contact frequency with friends and relatives, and social activity participation) with cognitive functions (verbal memory, learning ability, verbal fluency, processing speed, and global cognitive function) in older Czech, Polish, and Russian adults. Methods Linear regression estimated associations between baseline social networks and cognitive domains measured at both baseline and follow-up (mean duration of follow-up, 3.5 ± 0.7 years) in 6691 participants (mean age, 62.2 ± 6.0 years; 53.7% women) from the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe (HAPIEE) study. Results Cross-sectional analyses, adjusted for country, age, and sex, showed positive associations of global cognitive function with social activity participation and network size of friends and relatives, but not with contact frequency in either network. Further adjustment for sociodemographic, behavioural, and health characteristics attenuated the associations with network size of relatives (P-trend = 0.074) but not with network size of friends (P-trend = 0.036) or social activities (P-trend< 0.001). In prospective analyses, network size and social activity participation were also linked with better cognition in simple models, but the associations were much stronger for social activities (P-trend< 0.001) than for network size of friends (P-trend = 0.095) and relatives (P-trend = 0.425). Adjustment for baseline cognition largely explained the prospective associations with network size of friends (P-trend = 0.787) and relatives (P-trend = 0.815), but it only slightly attenuated the association with social activities (P-trend< 0.001). The prospective effect of social activities was largely explained by sociodemographic, health behavioural, and health covariates (P-trend = 0.233). Analyses of specific cognitive domains generally replicated the cross-sectional and prospective findings for global cognitive function. Conclusions Older Central and Eastern European adults with larger social networks and greater social activities participation had better cognitive function, but these associations were stronger at baseline than over the short-term follow-up.
There are many methods that can be used to incorporate concepts of crystallography into the learning experiences of students, whether they are in elementary school, at university or part of the public at large. It is not always critical that those who teach crystallography have immediate access to diffraction equipment to be able to introduce the concepts of symmetry, packing or molecular structure in an age- and audience-appropriate manner. Crystallography can be used as a tool for teaching general chemistry concepts as well as general research techniques without ever having a student determine a crystal structure. Thus, methods for younger students to perform crystal growth experiments of simple inorganic salts, organic compounds and even metals are presented. For settings where crystallographic instrumentation is accessible (proximally or remotely), students can be involved in all steps of the process, from crystal growth, to data collection, through structure solution and refinement, to final publication. Several approaches based on the presentations in the MS92 Microsymposium at the IUCr 23rd Congress and General Assembly are reported. The topics cover methods for introducing crystallography to undergraduate students as part of a core chemistry curriculum; a successful short-course workshop intended to bootstrap researchers who rely on crystallography for their work; and efforts to bring crystallography to secondary school children and non-science majors. In addition to these workshops, demonstrations and long-format courses, open-format crystallographic databases and three-dimensional printed models as tools that can be used to excite target audiences and inspire them to pursue a deeper understanding of crystallography are described.
A commercially available miniature array of infrared thermometers is used as the Earth horizon sensor.

A two-axis digital sun sensor built into the orientation module is based on the registration of the sunspot formed on the matrix CMOS image sensor when the sun’s rays pass through a pinhole in the front mask. For laboratory tests, a prototype of the orientation module was developed. Laboratory tests and sun sensor calibration confirmed the sun sensor field of view of 120° and made it possible to determine its angular resolution of ±0.015°.

The final accuracy of determining the direction to the Sun by the sensor that was calibrated using the existing experimental setup is ±0.15° with 95% confidence. It is possible to improve the accuracy of the sun sensor by improving the experimental setup for its calibration.
The inverse problem of recovering the acoustic attenuation in the inclusions inside the human tissue is considered. The coefficient inverse problem is formulated for the first-order system of PDE. We reduce the inverse problem to the optimization of the cost functional by gradient method. The gradient of the functional is determined by solving a direct and conjugate problem. Numerical results are presented.
It is known that the group of inner automorphisms Inn(F2) is the kernel of this homomorphism and that

We use the following rule of composition of automorphisms: if φ, ψ ∈ Aut(F2) and x ∈ F2 then φψ(x) = ψ(φ(x)). For x ∈ F2 denote by St(x) the stabilizer of x in Aut(F2). For a subset X of a group denote by 〈X〉 the subgroup generated by X. Denote [x, y] = x−1y−1xy, x = y−1xy. For g ∈ F2 denote by ĝ the automorphism induced by the conjugation by g: ĝ(x) = g−1xg, x ∈ F2. Let − : Aut(F2) → GL2(Z) be the homomorphism induced by the abelianization of F2.
A detailed study of processes occurring on annealing of frozen solutions of selected APIs in mixed organic-aqueous solvents allowed us to optimize the ratio of components and the experimental conditions for preparing novel forms of the APIs with improved properties.
The THz frequency band is in many respects the next technological frontier for ultrafast, broadband wireless communication and ultrasensitive biosensing. Challenging goals in these fields demand fresh approaches in electromagnetism research, such as metamaterials.

This paper presents an experimental demonstration of a fully metallic, epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) graded-index metalens working in the terahertz regime.

With a narrow quasisymmetric focus, high power enhancement, and a large focal length, this proof-of-concept lens shows the way for ENZ metamaterial devices based on arrayed waveguides.
The exceptional ability of carbon to form ${\mathit{sp}}^{2}$ and ${\mathit{sp}}^{3}$ bonding states leads to a great structural and chemical diversity of carbon-bearing phases at nonambient conditions. Here we use laser-heated diamond-anvil cells combined with synchrotron x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and first-principles calculations to explore phase transitions in $\mathrm{CaC}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ at $P>40\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$. We find that postaragonite $\mathrm{CaC}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ transforms to the previously predicted $P{2}_{1}/c\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{CaC}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ with ${\mathit{sp}}^{3}$-hybridized carbon at 105 GPa ($\ensuremath{\sim}30\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ higher than the theoretically predicted crossover pressure). The lowest-enthalpy transition path to $P{2}_{1}/c\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{CaC}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ includes reoccurring ${\mathit{sp}}^{2}$ and ${\mathit{sp}}^{3}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{CaC}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ intermediate phases and transition states, as revealed by our variable-cell nudged-elastic-band simulation. Raman spectra of $P{2}_{1}/c\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{CaC}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ show an intense band at $1025\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, which we assign to the symmetric C-O stretching vibration based on empirical and first-principles calculations. This Raman band has a frequency that is $\ensuremath{\sim}20%$ lower than the symmetric C-O stretching in ${\mathit{sp}}^{2}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{CaC}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ due to the C-O bond length increase across the ${\mathit{sp}}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{\mathit{sp}}^{3}$ transition and can be used as a fingerprint of tetrahedrally coordinated carbon in other carbonates.
Earthworms are an important component of soil fauna even in high latitudes, in the taiga and tundra biomes. It is yet unclear if earthworm populations from these regions are autochtonous or recent invaders.

We collected earthworms from approximately from 64° to 73°N from the Kola Peninsula to Chukotka and genotyped it using the COI gene. We found Dendrobaena octaedra, Lumbricus rubellus, and Eisenia nordenskioldi nordenskioldi. Within E. n. nordenskioldi, two cryptic phylogenetic lineages were detected, namely lineages 1 and 9 that were characterized in our previous studies.

The western part (from the Kola Peninsula to the Taimyr Peninsula) contained D. octaedra, L. rubellus and both lineages of E. n. nordenskioldi; their COI sequences were closely related to those from very remote (up to several thousand km) populations. On the contrary, in the east (from the basins of the Anabar River to the Chukotka Peninsula) we found solely E. n. nordenskioldi belonging mostly to lineage 9 and its haplotype groups from various parts of this region differed significantly, indicating long-term divergence. Thus, our data suggests that earthworms recolonized northwestern Eurasia in the Holocene, while the climate in its eastern part was sufficient for earthworm survival even during glaciation maximums.
Experimental data on the linear and nonlinear wave train development in 3D supersonic boundary layer over a 45° swept-wing at Mach number 2.5 are presented. Travelling artificial disturbances were introduced in the boundary layer by periodical glow discharge at frequencies 10 and 20 kHz. The spatial-temporal and spectral-wave characteristics of the wave train of unstable disturbances in the linear region are obtained. It is shown that the additional peaks in β'-spectra arise for both subharmonic and fundamental frequencies. The experiments indicate the presence of subharmonic resonance mechanism in 3D boundary layer at Mach number 2.5.
Objective: to study the association of the DRD4, DAT genes with vital exhaustion in an open 25—64-old-year male population. A random representative sample of 657 men aged 25—64 years, living in one of the Novosibirsk districts was examined within the WHO MONICA project in 1994. The MONICA-MOPSY test was used to estimate the level of vital exhaustion. The examined DRD4, DAT gene Polymorphisms were genotypes in the Laboratory of Molecular Genetic Studies, Therapy Research Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (Novosibirsk). Results. The genotype containing allele 7 in the dopamine receptor subtype 4 (DRD4) gene, as well as genotype 9/9 in the dopamine-transporter protein (DAT) gene are significantly associated with the high level of vital exhaustion. Conclusion. The vital exhaustion is significantly associated with certain DRD4, DAT gene polymorphisms in the open 25—64-year-old male population of Novosibirsk.
The ecology of Anseriformes nesting has been sufficiently studied, but information on the oviposition phenology is not generalized.

In preparing the materials we used data from our own observations based on foot and car‐based survey assessments and that of other authors for the entire known period of bird research on Lake Baikal, including data from the literature. Standard ornithological visual methods of accounting, registration and description are used.

The earliest clutches are found among mallard and ruddy shelduck from the end of April, when ponds are still ice‐bound, while the latest are laid up to midJuly by the European widgeon, the white‐winged scoter and the red‐breasted merganser. Mass oviposition of all species occurs in the period from mid‐May to mid‐June. Overall, the egg‐laying period of Lake Baikal Anseriformes lasts from 20 days to 3.1 months. The timing and period of egg‐laying depends on regional environmental conditions and the specifics of individual species’ ecology and biology. Although the general ovipositional time‐frame of Anseriformes regionally is prolonged, the period of mass egg‐laying is quite concentrated and occurs within a period of 20‐30 days.
Experimental study of the influence of flow pulsation in settling chamber on the supersonic free stream disturbances was carried out.

Data on the pulsations in the settling chamber and the efficiency of deturbulization system as well as the correlation of pulsations of the flow of settling chamber and flow pulsations in test section of T-325 supersonic wind tunnel of ITAM SB RAS were obtained.
When a long proton bunch propagates in plasma, it is subject to the self-modulational instability. The radius of the proton bunch is modulated at the background plasma wavelength. The wake field is then resonantly excited. The amplitude of the wake is growing exponentially up to a saturation level that can reach a significant fraction of the wave breaking limit. The phase velocity of the wake is defined not only by the driver velocity, but also by the own instability dynamics. At the linear stage of the instability, the phase velocity is decreased that allows to inject low energy electrons in the wake. At the saturation phase, the wake phase velocity becomes close to that of the drvier. Side injection of particles at the right position in plasma may help to improve the maximum energy gain and the quality of acceleration. The wake's phase velocity can be controlled by smooth density gradients. The modulations of the proton bunch can be diagnosed by a transverse coherent transition radiation.
This letter describes the observation of the light-by-light scattering process, $\gamma\gamma\rightarrow\gamma\gamma$, in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV. The analysis is conducted using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.73 nb$^{-1}$, collected in November 2018 by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. Light-by-light scattering candidates are selected in events with two photons produced exclusively, each with transverse energy $E_{\textrm{T}}^{\gamma} > 3$ GeV and pseudorapidity $|\eta_{\gamma}| < 2.37$, diphoton invariant mass above 6 GeV, and small diphoton transverse momentum and acoplanarity. After applying all selection criteria, 59 candidate events are observed for a background expectation of 12 $\pm$ 3 events. The observed excess of events over the expected background has a significance of 8.2 standard deviations. The measured fiducial cross section is 78 $\pm$ 13 (stat.) $\pm$ 7 (syst.) $\pm$ 3 (lumi.) nb.
This article is devoted to the development of the direct resistive heating of oxygen transport membranes technique. In this case, DC was selected to perform direct heating. The effect of DC on the oxygen fluxes and the microstructure of the membrane was studied. It is shown that in the short-term experiment with DC, a positive significant effect on the oxygen transport was found, while sample exposure under the influence of DC for a long period of time had a significant negative effect on the microstructure of the membrane.
We demonstrate a random fiber laser of ultimate efficiency. More than 2 Watts are generated from 0.5W of pump excess over the generation threshold.

At higher power, an optical efficiency corresponds to the quantum limit.
Recently a classification of contactly-nonequivalent three-dimensional linearly degenerate equations of the second order was presented by E.V. Ferapontov and J. Moss.

The equations are Lax-integrable.

In our paper we prove that all these equations are connected with each other by appropriate Bäcklund transformations.
Nucleosome core particles (NCPs) are basic units of chromatin organization; they represent the most convenient model system for the study of key DNA-dependent processes.Therefore, a robust method of nucleosome assembly is important for research.To prepare NCPs, purified histones and DNAs with sequences providing strong positioning of DNA relative to histone octamer are commonly used, and a method to control the efficacy of NCP reconstruction is required.Aim.To optimize the procedure for NCP reconstitution from purified histone octamers and different types of synthetic model DNAs and develop a new approach for express analysis of the efficacy of NCP reconstitution.Methods.Dialysis, PAAG, fluorescence measurement using the Eva-Green dye.Results.We first developed a convenient procedure for NCP assembly in a low-salt buffer with a variable DNA-histone ratio at the first stage.Once the optimal ratio was determined, NCPs could be assembled by a slow gradient dialysis.The efficacy of NCP assembly can be estimated directly in the solution using the Eva-Green dye.Conclusions.The efficacy of dye intercalation into DNA duplex was sharply reduced in the nucleosomal context.The main benefits of the proposed approach are the rapid analysis directly in the solution and possibility to use DNAs without any special tags.K e y w o r d s: nucleosome core particle,
We estimated the polarization contribution of Coulomb energy to the spacing between the ground and first excited state of the 229Th nucleus as a function of the deformation parameter δ. We show that despite the fact that the odd particle is a neutron, the change in Coulomb energy ΔUC between these two states can reach several hundreds keV from this contribution. This means that the effect of the variation of the fine-structure constant may be enhanced ΔUC/E∼104 times in the E=7.6 eV "nuclear clock" transition between the ground and first excited states in the 229Th nucleus. To extract the full value of ΔUC, we propose to measure isomeric shift of atomic levels and nuclear electric quadrupole moments in 229Th.
Standardization of conditions under which insects are kept is of great importance when studying their physiology and researchers do their best to maintain it. Nevertheless, sometimes an obvious side effect of some unaccounted factor affecting insects' reproduction can be revealed even under thoroughly controlled laboratory conditions.

We faced such a phenomenon when studying the fertility level in two wild type Drosophila melanogaster strains. For fertility analysis, 50 newly emerged females and 50 males of each strain under study were transferred to fresh medium daily within 10 days.

We found out that fertility of both strains was stable on days 2–10 after the oviposition onset in one experiment, while in another one it was significantly decreased during days 5–10. When compared to publicly available meteorological data, these changes in the fertility level demonstrated a strong association with one weather factor: barometric pressure. Thus, we conclude that changes in atmospheric pressure can be considered a factor affecting insects reproduction and discuss a possible mechanism of their influence on fertility.
Recent genome wide association studies identified a polymorphism in PICALM gene rs3851179 as a risk factor for AD (Harold et al., 2009; Lambert et al., 2009). The normal brain undergoes a substantial decrease of functional connections within resting-state networks during aging, but PICALM-related differences in functional connectivity remain unknown.

The present study aimed to determine the possible PICALM genotype -related differences of the alterations of brain functional connectivity in normal aging. We examined PICALM genotype and age-related differences in resting state EEG relative power and functional connectivity assessed by interhemispheric EEG coherence in 145 non-demented volunteers (age range 20–80 years), subdivided into subgroups of those younger and older than 50 years of age and stratified by PICALM rs3851179 genotype. Informed written consent was obtained from all participants. All subjects underwent a neurological examination and cognitive screening. The significance of the differences between the EEG parameters in different groups was estimated using ANOVA in the GLM. The analysis was adjusted for ApoE genotype.

Interhemispheric coherence of different EEG bands was found to decrease with age in all examined groups. The decline of interhemispheric alpha2 and beta coherence in aging was attenuated in the carriers of PICALM-A protective allele, whereas the homozygous presence of AD risk variant PICALM GG was associated with greater decline in interhemispheric coherence. The PICALM GG genotype was also associated with neurophysiological signs of hyperexcitability and cortical disinhibition, as described previously (Ponomareva et al., 2016). The reduction of alpha interhemispheric coherence of in elderly subjects correlated with the worse performance in verbal memory test. The results indicate that altered functional connectivity in normal aging is associated with PICALM genotype. The progressive decline in interhemispheric connectivity contributes to memory decrement and suggests the impact of age-related disconnection process in pathogenesis of AD in the carriers of PICALM GG genotype.
Low energy $p\bar{p}$ interaction is considered taking into account the polarization of both particles. The corresponding cross sections are calculated using the Nijmegen nucleon-antinucleon optical potential. Then they are applied to the analysis of the polarization buildup which is due to the interaction of stored antiprotons with polarized protons of a hydrogen target. It is shown that, at realistic parameters of a storage ring and a target, the filtering mechanism may provide a noticeable polarization in a time comparable with the beam lifetime.
Intergalactic magnetic fields in the voids of the large-scale structure can be probed via measurements of secondary gamma-ray emission from gamma-ray interactions with extragalactic background light. Lower bounds on the magnetic field in the voids were derived from the non-detection of this emission. It is not clear a priori what kind of magnetic field is responsible for the suppression of the secondary gamma-ray flux: a cosmological magnetic field that might be filling the voids or the field spread by galactic winds driven by star formation and active galactic nuclei.

We used IllustrisTNG cosmological simulations to study the effect of magnetized galactic wind bubbles on the secondary gamma-ray flux.

We show that within the IllustrisTNG model of baryonic feedback, the galactic wind bubbles typically provide energy-independent secondary flux suppression at the level of about 10%. The observed flux suppression effect has to be due to the cosmological magnetic field in the voids. This might not be the case for a special case when the primary gamma-ray source has a hard intrinsic gamma-ray spectrum that peaks in the energy range above 50 TeV. In this case, the observational data may be strongly affected by the magnetized bubble that is blown by the source host galaxy.