Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
previously known imidazolium and pyridinium ionic liquids (ILs)

The work provides the study of quinolinium ionic liquids (ILs)—a new class of stationary phases for capillary gas chromatography (GC). Quinolinium ILs were shown to have new attractive properties. They are not only highly polar, but also very selective for aromatic compounds and oxygenates. Depending on the substituents in the quinolinium ring, the studied ILs possess polarity numbers from 64 to 99, so they are polar and strongly polar. By the variation of the substituent and its position, changes in the prevailing types of interactions with analytes are observed. It is worth noting that Abraham's constants for the quinolinium phases are significantly different from the previously known imidazolium and pyridinium ionic liquids (ILs) that cause significant variations in their selectivity. The most significant differences are observed in the π–π interactions and hydrogen bond acidity parameters. The investigation of background mass spectra for quinolinium ILs showed the most intense signals related to peaks at m/z 69 and 143 belonging to [CF3]+ and quinolinium ring fragments. The most thermostable ILs are N-propyl-6-methylqionoinium and bis(6-methylquinolinium)hexane that are stable up to 300 °C.

With regard to the possible use of quinolinium ILs, apart from the separation of polar substances, it is expected that they will find applications in two-dimensional chromatography for the separation of complex mixtures compose of compounds that differ substantially in their properties. The applications of the columns for the determination of aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline and phenolic compounds in pyrolysis biodiesel are demonstrated.
Identified are the occurrence, serotypic and genotypic variations of Hepatitis B virus isolates (HBV) among the Novosibirsk region inhabitants (n=2000), native population of the Alarsk District of the Irkutsk Region (n=487) and Shuryshkarsk Township of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District (n=657). Occurrence rate of hepatitis В surface antigen (HBsAg) among different groups of the Novosibirsk Region population varied within the limits of 3,6-35,0 %. It was 8,2 % in Alarsk District, and 3,2 % in Shuryshkarsk Township. HBV isolates of D genotype (92-97 %) prevail among the population of Siberia; few are the cases of A (1,7 %) and C (1,2-8 %) genotypes. The identified varying occurrence of HBV sub-genotypes and HBsAg subtypes in two aboriginal groups of Siberia (D3 sub-genotype and ayw2 subtype - in the Alarsk District, D2 and ayw3 - in Shuryshkarsk Township) suggests the existence of, at least, two isolated HBV virus populations, circulating among different groups of Siberia native population .
Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy and contributes ∼16% of gross domestic product and about 10% of total exports. Hence, accurate and timely forecasting of monthly Indian summer monsoon rainfall is very much in demand for economic planning and agricultural practices. Several methods and models, comprising dynamic and statistical models and combinations of the two, exist for monsoon forecasting.

Here, a multi‐model ensemble approach, combined with an artificial neural networking technique, was used to develop a soft‐computing ensemble algorithm (SEA) to forecast the monthly and seasonal rainfall over the Indian subcontinent. Forecasts using January to May initial conditions along with observations during 1982–2014 were used to develop the model.

The SEA compares well with observations.
SuperKEKB, the next generation B factory, has been constructed in Japan as an upgrade of KEKB. This brand new e+ e- collider is expected to deliver a very large data set for the Belle II experiment, which will be 50 times larger than the previous Belle sample. Both the triggered physics event rate and the background event rate will be increased by at least 10 times than the previous ones, and will create a challenging data taking environment for the Belle II detector.

The software system of the Belle II experiment is designed to execute this ambitious plan. A full detector simulation library, which is a part of the Belle II software system, is created based on Geant4 and has been tested thoroughly. Recently the library has been upgraded with Geant4 version 10.1. The library is behaving as expected and it is utilized actively in producing Monte Carlo data sets for various studies.

In this paper, we will explain the structure of the simulation library and the various interfaces to other packages including geometry and beam background simulation.
The emergence of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in migratory birds raises serious concerns as these viruses have the potential to spread during fall migration.

We report the identification of novel HPAIV A(H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4 virus that was isolated from sick domestic duck at commercial farm during the second wave of spread that began in October and affected poultry (ducks; chickens) in several European regions of Russia and Western Siberia in 2016. The strain was highly lethal in experimental infection of chickens and mice with IVPI = 2.34 and MLD50 = 1.3log10⁡ EID50, accordingly. Inoculation of chickens with the HPAIV A/H5N8 demonstrated neuroinvasiveness, multiorgan failure, and death of chickens on the 3rd day post inoculation. Virus replicated in all collected organ samples in high viral titers with the highest titer in the brain (6.75±0.1 log10TCID50/ml).

Effective virus replication was found in the following cells: neurons and glial cells of a brain; alveolar cells and macrophages of lungs; epithelial cells of a small intestine; hepatocytes and Kupffer cells of a liver; macrophages and endothelial cells of a spleen; and the tubular epithelial cells of kidneys. These findings advance our understanding of histopathological effect of A(H5N8) HPAIV infection.
In TAIGA (Tunka Advanced Instrument for cosmic ray physics and Gamma-ray Astronomy) detector we are commissioning the first Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope (IACT).

The telescope drive system comprises a motor controller and two stepper motors for axis control. For the pointing calibration of the telescope a CCD-camera is installed on the reflector dish of the telescope. The position of the CCD-camera allows us capturing both the Cherenkov camera and the observed source.

In this report we describe the telescope positioning and the drive system software as well as the control of the CCD-camera data acquisition, archiving and processing system.
At initiation an external source must initiate a chemical reaction in the combustible mixture and ensure its self-sustaining propagation over the whole volume of the mixture. Traditionally, the critical energy is considered as the measured value of successful initiation of a mixture, providing 100% excitation of the process – combustion or detonation. Actually, the initiation of combustion or detonation process has a “threshold” nature (“yes” – “no”). The spatial-temporal law of initiator energy allocation has a noticeable effect on the critical initiation energy. The instability of the system of equations of gas dynamics and chemical kinetics is manifested in the multifront nature of the detonation front and the cellular structure of the trajectories of the transverse waves. The important question is the moment and place of occurrence of such a structure, especially for expanding waves. Along with the kinetic- gasdynamic instability of the combustible mixture, a certain role is played by the instabilities introduced by the initiator: for example, the constrictive (sausage) electromagnetic instability of an electric conductor with a current, the Meshkov-Richtmeier instability at the expanding boundary of the liquid metal of the exploding wire, etc. In this report the existing problems of initiation and propagation of detonation are discussed based on modern data, including the results of the author’s research on these issues.
The paper represents a study concerning the combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuel in a perspective burner device with the controlled forced supply of overheated steam into the combustion zone, using diesel fuel. The thermal imaging measurements are conducted for the outer flame of the burner device in the wide range of regime parameters (flow rate and temperature of steam). A thermal imaging camera (FLIR, JADE J530SB) is used in the experiments. The effective emissivity coefficient of flame is obtained versus the flow rate of steam supplied. The steam parameters are found to influence on the temperature in the outer flame of the burner device.
A ground-based laser system for space debris cleaning requires pulse power well above the critical power for self-focusing in the atmosphere. Self-focusing results in beam quality degradation and is detrimental for the system operation. We demonstrate that, for the relevant laser parameters, when the thickness of the atmosphere is much less than the focusing length (that is, of the orbit scale), the beam transit through the atmosphere produces the phase distortion only. The model thus developed is in very good agreement with numerical modeling. This implies that, by using phase mask or adaptive optics, it may be possible to eliminate almost completely the impact of self-focusing effects in the atmosphere on the laser beam propagation.
The aim of this work is to study the effect of agents combining fragments of monoterpenoids and 3,7diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane(bispidine) on the performance of mice.Physical endurance was studied using two tests: exhaustive swimming with a load of 7% of body weight (after single dosing) and exhaustive treadmill running (after single dosing and a 7-day administration).It has been shown for the first time that derivatives of monoterpenoids with 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanemoiety containing methyl substituents at positions 1 and 5 have a stimulatory effect on the performance of mice, which exceeds the effect of the reference drug bromantane after single dosing.Compound K1-458, which contains (-)-myrtenal residues linked to a bispidine fragment via amino groups, is the most effective in increasing the duration of running and swimming at a dose of 100 mg/kg after single intragastric administration.It has been also established that the LD50 for these compounds exceeds 1,000 mg/kg.
The $e^+e^- \to \pi^+ \pi^- \pi^0 \chi_{bJ}$ ($J=0,~1,~2$) processes are studied using a 118~fb$^{-1}$ data sample collected at a center-of-mass energy of 10.867 GeV, in the $\Upsilon(10860)$ energy range, with the Belle detector. The $\pi^+ \pi^- \pi^0 \chi_{b1}$, $\pi^+\pi^-\pi^0\chi_{b2}$, $\omega\chi_{b1}$ signals and the evidence of $\omega\chi_{b2}$ are observed for the first time and the cross sections are measured. No significant $\pi^+\pi^-\pi^0\chi_{b0}$ or $\omega\chi_{b0}$ signal is observed and 90\% confidence level upper limits on the cross sections for these two processes are obtained. In the $\pi^+\pi^-\pi^0$ invariant mass spectrum, significant non-$\omega$ signals are also observed. We search for the $X(3872)$-like state with a hidden $b\bar{b}$ component (named $X_b$) decaying into $\omega \Upsilon(1S)$; no significant signal is observed with a mass between $10.55$ and $10.65$ GeV/$c^2$.
The Ust’-Kova site is one of the most famous Upper Paleolithic multi-layered sites of the Northern Angara region in which ivory artifacts were found. The postulate that works of art could play a decisive role in highlighting local differences in the Upper Paleolithic of Eurasia remains a topical one. This figure of the mammoth is a rare case of a zoomorphic Paleolithic image in general and a unique image of this animal in a Siberian archaic tradition, in comparison with the known images found in Europe and on the Russian Plain.

Restoration work on this unique figure of the mammoth opened up new possibilities for a comprehensive microscopic study related to the technology of manufacturing art figures and the analysis of paints on their surface. To determine the elemental composition of paint on the surface of the figure, we used the scanning electron microscopy method and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. This allowed us to study the microstructure of the paint, determine the elemental composition of the pigment in the sample and its quantitative indices.

As a result of experimental and technological research, we established that the process of making the figure occurred in several stages. On every stage we reveal peculiarities of using the tools. High efficiency of the manufacturer's work is evident due to using the minimum of the tool kit, only a planning knife and a pair of cutters. Small details of the figure remained unworked. They are unlikely to be a consequence of the personal abilities of the work of the ancient master. The master did not use such tools as a carver or a simple drill. This can be considered a characteristic detail of the process of manufacturing. Relative primitiveness of the item is probably due to the scantiness of the toolkit and the relatively low level of technology development during the period studied. In general, the figurative art of the Ust’-Kova site is characterized by geometrized stylization, primitive surface treatment, lack of detail and ornamentation, which gives it a peculiar individuality.
Today, the synthesis of biocompatible and bioresorbable composite materials such as "polymer matrix-mineral constituent," which stimulate the natural growth of living tissues and the restoration of damaged parts of the body, is one of the challenging problems in regenerative medicine. In this study, composite films of bioresorbable polymers of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and sodium alginate (SA) with hydroxyapatite (HA) were obtained. HA was introduced by two different methods. In one of them, it was synthesized in situ in a solution of polymer mixture, and in another one, it was added ex situ. Phase composition, microstructure, swelling properties and biocompatibility of films were investigated. The crosslinked composite PVP-SA-HA films exhibit hydrogel swelling characteristics, increasing three times in mass after immersion in a saline solution. It was found that composite PVP-SA-HA hydrogel films containing HA synthesized in situ exhibited acute cytotoxicity, associated with the presence of HA synthesis reaction byproducts-ammonia and ammonium nitrate. On the other hand, the films with HA added ex situ promoted the viability of dental pulp stem cells compared to the films containing only a polymer PVP-SA blend. The developed composite hydrogel films are recommended for such applications, such as membranes in osteoplastic surgery and wound dressing.
The article presents an analysis of performance indicators of companies in the oil and gas industry of Russia in 2013-2018. The aim of the study is to decompose the factors of change in the return on equity (ROE) of Russian oil and gas companies.

The authors used the Dupont method to identify the main factors affecting ROE. After decomposing the ROE into factors, the authors evaluated their impact using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI-1).

As a result of the study, it was found that in most companies the greatest impact on the change in ROE has a return on sales, primarily as a result of revenue growth due to favorable oil prices and positive exchange rate differences. Simultaneously, sales profitability has a positive effect on the index of almost all companies in the industry. Asset turnover also had only a positive effect on ROE. However, a comparison of the results for 2017 and 2018 showed a significant difference in performance for many companies. Thus, we can conclude that the effect of a certain factor on the profitability of sales largely depends on the development strategy of the company for the coming year, the economic and political situation.
Using data samples of $89.5\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $711.0\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and $121.4\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collider at center-of-mass energies 10.52, 10.58, and 10.867 GeV, respectively, we study the exclusive reactions ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{cJ}$ ($J=0$, 1, 2) and ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c}$. A significant $\ensuremath{\gamma}{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c1}$ signal is observed for the first time at $\sqrt{s}=10.58\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ with a significance of $5.1\ensuremath{\sigma}$ including systematic uncertainties. No significant excesses for $\ensuremath{\gamma}{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c0}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c2}$, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c}$ final states are found, and we set 90% credibility level upper limits on the Born cross sections (${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{B}}$) at 10.52 GeV, 10.58 GeV, and 10.867 GeV. Together with cross sections measured by BESIII at lower center-of-mass energies, the energy dependency of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{B}}({e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c1})$ is obtained.
In this paper, we present the results of thermochemical LIPSS formation on a chromium film with a thickness in the range of 28-350 nm induced by femtosecond laser radiation (λ = 1026 nm, ν = 200 kHz, τ = 232 fs). The period, height, morphology and chemical composition of TLIPSS as a function of the metal film thickness and focusing configuration are investigated. The growth of TLIPSS period from 678 nm to 950 nm with increasing thickness of the film has been explained by a formation of oxides with different stoichiometry composition. So, the CrO2 oxide prevails in the composition for the case of TLIPSS formed on thin films which have the minimal period, whereas Cr2O3 oxide is dominant in the case of TLIPSS formed on thick chromium films which have the maximal period value. The results obtained are in agreement with numerical modeling of a period defined by the interference between an incident radiation and a scattered one from a single oxide ridge with a different chemical composition.
The causative agent of opisthorchiasis, the liver fluke Opisthorchis felineus (Rivolta, 1884) is one of the helminths of humans and animals in Russia. Together with closely related species of trematodes O. viverrini (Poirier, 1886) and Clonorchis sinensis (Loos, 1907), O. felineus is a part of a triad of epidemiologically important trematodes in the family Opisthorchiidae. Adult O. felineus worms infest the hepatobiliary system of warm-blooded animals and might provoke the development of severe pathologies, including malignancy of bile duct epithelium. The high medical importance of O. felineus attracts the attention of researchers.

This review briefly summarizes the data about O. felineus genomics and proteomics. The review provides a comparative analysis of the number of genes and sizes of nuclear genomes of a number of flatworms, the distribution of intron lengths, as well as results of synteny between the O. felineus , O. viverrini and C. sinensis genomes. Special attention is paid to a particular form of RNA processing known as trans-splicing, widely presented in the opisthorchiid genomes. We also provide the results of a comparative analysis of the xenobiotic metabolizing system between parasitic and free-living flatworms. Moreover, data on parasitic granulins, which are potential promoters of cholangiocyte neoplasia, are also presented.

Data on the O. felineus genomics and proteomics provide first insights into the structural and functional organization of the genome of this parasitic flatworm with a complex life cycle as well as provide a significant contribution to our understanding of 'host-parasite' interaction and evolution of this group of parasitic flatworms.
Magnetotransport in submicron devices formed on the basis of GaAs/AlGaAs structures is simulated by the method of nonequilibrium Green functions.

In the one-particle approximation, the influence of a perpendicular magnetic field on electron transmission through a quasi-one-dimensional quantum dot and the Aharonov—Bohm interferometer is considered. Two-terminal conductance and magnetic moment of the devices are calculated. Two-dimensional patterns of equilibrium (persistent) currents are obtained. The correlations between energy dependences of magnetic moment and conductance are considered.

For the quasi-one-dimensional quantum dot, regular conductance oscillations similar to the ABOs were found at low magnetic fields (0.05—0.4 T). In the case of a ring interferometer, the contribution to the total equilibrium current and magnetic moment at a given energy can change sharply both in magnitude and in sign when the magnetic field changes within the same Aharonov—Bohm oscillation. The conductance through the interferometer is determined not by the number of propagating modes, but rather by the influence of triangular quantum dots at the entrances to the ring, causing back scattering. Period of calculated ABOs corresponds to that measured for these devices.
In this paper, we try to answer the question: how the multiple scattering, the sun elevation, shape and orientation of ice crystals in the cirrus clouds affect a halo pattern. To study the radiation transfer in optically anisotropic clouds, we have developed the software based on Monte Carlo method and ray tracing. In addition to halos, this software enables one to simulate “anti-halos”, which above the cloud layer can be seen by observers. We present the visualization of halos and anti-halos generated by the cirrus clouds for different shapes and orientations of ice crystals.
The objectives of our study were to survey the prevalence of genetic markers for Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., and Theileria spp. in Hyalomma anatolicum ticks collected in southwestern Tajikistan

Hyalomma anatolicum ticks collected in the Tursunzade and Rudaki districts of Tajikistan were tested for DNA of Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., and Theileria spp. by PCR with specific primers. The amplified fragments were sequenced and analyzed.

DNA of Ehrlichia spp. (3.3 %) and Theileria spp. (3.3 %) was detected only in H. anatolicum ticks collected from the Rudaki district, and DNA of Ehrlichia spp. (0.7 %) was found in H. anatolicum ticks from the Tursunzade district. Sequence analysis of fragments of the 16S rRNA gene and groESL operon from Ehrlichia spp. revealed high similarity to Ehrlichia spp. The Tajik isolates of Theileria spp. were genotyped as Theileriaannulata based on the analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that Ehrlichia spp. isolates are highly similar to Ehrlichia spp. circulating in China and Brazil. The isolate Tajikistan-5 is closely related to the putative novel species Ehrlichia mineirensis. The Tajik isolates of Theileria spp. were clustered with T. annulata isolates from Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, and China by phylogenetic analyses.