Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
We investigate a promising approach to the energy scaling of mode-locked erbium fiber lasers.

It consists in a special cavity design, comprised of a really long polarization maintaining (PM) part and a short non-PM part. Two separate fiber parts ensure the principle of space division for highly chirped dissipative soliton formation and NPE-based self-amplitude modulation effects.

As a result, the pulse energy was increased up to 4 nJ with an estimated transform-limited pulse duration of 150 fs. It was also found that further energy scaling is limited by transition to a noise-like pulse generation regime. Numerical simulations revealed that this transition is associated with a contrast of the employed spectral filter and the amplifier noise level, which agrees well with the experiment.
In recent decades, various polysaccharides isolated from algae, mushrooms, yeast, and higher plants have attracted serious attention in the area of nutrition and medicine. The reasons include their low toxicity, rare negative side effects, relatively low price, and broad spectrum of therapeutic actions. The two most and best-studied polysaccharides are mannan and glucan. This review focused on their biological properties.
We perform a full amplitude analysis of B0→ψ′K+π− decays, with ψ′→μ+μ− or e+e−, to constrain the spin and parity of the Z(4430)−. The JP=1+ hypothesis is favored over the 0−, 1−, 2− and 2+ hypotheses at the levels of 3.4σ, 3.7σ, 4.7σ and 5.1σ, respectively. The analysis is based on a 711 fb−1 data sample that contains 772×106 BB¯ pairs collected at the Υ(4S) resonance by the Belle detector at the asymmetric-energy e+e− collider KEKB.7 MoreReceived 20 June 2013DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.88.074026© 2013 American Physical Society
The technology of solid-state light source is associated with the future of a number of sectors of the economy. The duration of failure-free operation, optical radiation power and other output characteristics of the LEDs are closely linked with p-n junction temperature, which makes the development of the cooling systems an important step in creating LED systems.

In this work, we have created a new experimental setup for studying heat transfer from a local heat source, modelling the LED chip. The boiling heat transfer on the local heaters with a diameter of 5 and 10 mm has been investigated at the saturation temperature in bulk liquid.

It is shown that on the finned surfaces the overheating relative to the saturation temperature in comparison with a smooth surface decreases up to one and a half times for the heater with a diameter of 10 mm, and up to three times for the heater with a diameter of 5 mm. There is up to two times increase in heat transfer coefficient on finned surfaces as compared to the smooth ones. For finned surfaces on the heater with a diameter of 1 mm the surface overheating relative to the saturation temperature decreases four times. More than three times increase is observed for the heat transfer coefficient on finned surfaces as compared to the smooth ones.
We report a measurement of the differential cross section of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ pair production in single-tag two-photon collisions, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{*}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$, in ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ scattering. The cross section is measured for ${Q}^{2}$ up to $30\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$, where ${Q}^{2}$ is the negative of the invariant mass squared of the tagged photon, in the kinematic range $0.5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}
A detailed study of processes occurring on annealing of frozen solutions of selected APIs in mixed organic-aqueous solvents

allowed us to optimize the ratio of components and the experimental conditions for preparing novel forms of the APIs

with improved properties
Liquid-phase hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde in non-polar and polar solvents was studied on monometallic Pd, Pt, Ir, Re catalysts using mesoporous Sibunit and Al2O3 as supports. In the presence of Pd the -C=C- bond of crotonaldehyde was preferably hydrogenated to form butanal, while butanal and crotyl alcohol are formed over Ir catalysts. Crotonaldehyde hydrogenation in 1,4-dioxane did not exhibit further butanal to butanol hydrogenation. Application of Re as a catalyst leads to formation of crotyl alcohol, with activity being, however, twofold lower than of Ir catalysts. Pt/C is almost inactive in the hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde. Formation of crotyl alcohol occurs most efficiently over Ir/Al2O3 in aprotic nonpolar solvents (decane), with selectivity to crotyl alcohol increasing with temperature showing 30% at 25% conversion under 180 °C and hydrogen pressure 0.84 MPa. Crotonaldehyde hydrogenation in a polar protonic solvent (ethanol) results in butanal ac
Electron beam treatment is used for food processing for decades to prevent or minimize food losses and prolong storage time. This process is also named cold pasteurization. Mixed feed ingredients supplied in Russia regularly occur to be contaminated.

To reduce contamination level the contaminated mixed feed ingredients samples were treated by electron beam with doses from 2 to 12 kGy.

The contamination levels were decreased to the level that ensuring storage time up to 1 year.
The quantum-mechanical rule for probabilities, in its most general form of positive-operator valued measure (POVM)

is shown to be a consequence of the environment-assisted invariance (envariance) idea suggested by Zurek [Phys.Rev. Lett.90, 120404 (2003)], being completed by Gleason's theorem

This provides also a method for derivation of the Born rule
Light shifts are known to be an important limitation to the mid- and long-term fractional frequency stability of different types of atomic clocks. In this article, we demonstrate the experimental implementation of an anti-light-shift interrogation protocol onto a continuous-wave (cw) microcell atomic clock based on coherent population trapping (CPT). The method, inspired by the autobalanced Ramsey spectroscopy technique demonstrated in pulsed atomic clocks, consists in the extraction of atomic based information from two successive light-shifted clock frequencies obtained at two different laser-power values. Two error signals, computed from the linear combination of signals acquired along a symmetric sequence, are managed in a dual-loop configuration to generate a clock frequency free from light shift. Using this method, the sensitivity of the clock frequency to both laser-power and microwave-power variations can be reduced by more than an order of magnitude compared to normal operation. In the present experiment, the consideration of the nonlinear light-shift dependence allows enhancement of the light-shift mitigation. The implemented technique allows an improvement of the clock Allan deviation for time scales higher than 1000 s. This method can be applied in various kinds of atomic clocks such as CPT-based atomic clocks, double-resonance $\mathrm{Rb}$ clocks, or cell-stabilized lasers.
In 2001, Michael Berry4 published the paper "Knotted Zeros in the Quantum States of Hydrogen" in Foundations of Physics. Berry gave a time independent wave function for hydrogen, as a map from three space R3 to the complex plane and such that the inverse image of 0 in the complex plane contains a knotted curve in R3. One can compare this result with the work of Mark Dennis and his collaborators and with the work of Lee Rudolph.

In this paper we show how to place Berry's discovery in the context of general knot theory and in the context of our formulations for quantum knots. We show that for knots in R3 this is a generic situation in that every smooth knot K in R3 has a smooth classifying map f : R3 −→ C (the complex plane) such that f−1(0) = K. We show how this classifying construction can be related our previous work on two dimensional and three dimensional mosaic and lattice quantum knots.

This leaves open the question of characterizing just when such f are wave-functions for quantum systems. Our approach provides great generality to the structure of knotted zeros of a wavefunction and opens up many new avenues for research in the relationships of quantum theory and knot theory.
The TaqI B (rs708272) single-nucleotide variant, i.e., the +279 G/A substitution in intron 1 of the CETP gene, is actively investigated as a risk factor of lipid metabolism disorders. The aim of this study was to analyze the association of rs708272 with lipid parameters and the risk of myocardial infarction in the population of Western Siberia (Russia). The study population was selected from a sample surveyed within the framework of the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial Factors In Eastern Europe (HAPIEE) study (9360 participants, >90% white, aged 45–69 years, males: 50%). In total, 3132 randomly selected patients were included. Plasma lipid levels were determined by standard enzymatic assays. Rs708272 was analyzed by RT-PCR via TaqMan single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) Genotyping Assays (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The frequencies of rs708272 genotypes AA (homozygote), AG (heterozygote), and GG were 0.21, 0.49, and 0.30, respectively, in this population. Allele A frequency was 0.46. We found an association of allele G with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and a high index of atherogenicity in this population (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Allele G was significantly associated with the risk of myocardial infarction among the male participants (odds ratio 1.96, 95% confidence interval 1.208–3.178, p = 0.008) and in the study population (odds ratio 1.465, 95% confidence interval 1.028–2.087, p = 0.036). Thus, rs708272 is associated with myocardial infarction in the white population of Western Siberia (Russia).
We classify all Rota–Baxter operators of nonzero weight on the matrix algebra of order three over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero which do not arise from the decompositions of the entire algebra into a direct vector space sum of two subalgebras.
the classical multiple linear regression model applied for the region-based association analysis of individual-level phenotype and genotype data

a fundamentally new flexible model to reveal the association between a trait and a set of genetic variants in a genomic region/gene, developed for the situation when original individual-level phenotype and genotype data are not available, but the researcher possesses the results of statistical analyses conducted on these data (namely, SNP-level summary Z score statistics and SNP-by-SNP correlations), analytically derived from the classical multiple linear regression model by using the linear compression of data, where the SNP-by-SNP correlations are among the explanatory variables, and the summary Z score statistics are categorized as the response variables

the regional association analysis methods developed within the framework of the classical multiple linear regression model with additive effects of genetic variants can be reformulated in terms of the new model without the loss of information, the results obtained from the regional association analysis utilizing the classical model and those derived using the proposed model are identical when SNP-by-SNP correlations and SNP-level statistics are estimated from the same genetic data
Bennett Island stands alone in a remote part of the Arctic and information on its geology is essential to ascertain relations with other terranes in order to restore the early Palaeozoic Arctic palaeogeography. Lower Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks throughout the island were studied thoroughly for the first time. The Ordovician section (> 1.1 km thick) comprises three units: Tremadocian, lowest Floian black shale (130–140 m); Floian, lower Dapingian carbonate turbidite (> 250 m); and Dapingian, lower Darriwilian siliciclastic turbidite (> 730 m). Ordovician deposits conformably overlie Cambrian rocks deposited within the Siberian shelf, as shown earlier. Most of the Ordovician succession was formed in a deep trough that received carbonate debris from a nearby carbonate platform and silicate material from a distant landmass located to the NE (present coordinates). The Bennett Island Ordovician rocks have much in common with those of both the Central and Northern Taimyr belts. It could be tentatively suggested that both belts merged at their eastern continuation in the vicinity of De Long Islands. The whole system probably extends further eastwards. The Ordovician facies patterns and faunal assemblages in the New Siberian Islands are notably similar to those of northwestern Alaska, where the same lateral transition from turbidites to shelf limestones was reported.
Electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) is a widely used experimental technique for characterization of nanoparticles, being an extension of a standard electron microscopy. In EELS a particle under study is exposed to an electron beam and the loss of electron kinetic energy is measured after the interaction, varying the transverse position of the beam. This technique is particularly suitable for plasmonic nanoparticles, which exhibit unique optical properties caused by localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs). EELS excites full set of LSPRs and allows mapping them with unprecedented spatial resolution of down to 1 nm. The discrete dipole approximation (DDA) is a numerically exact method for simulating interaction of electromagnetic waves with particles of arbitrary shape and internal structure. It is based on volume-integral equation (VIE) in the frequency domain.

In this work we extend the DDA to simulate EELS. We base all theoretical derivations on the VIE, in particular, the electric field of a moving electron is given as a line integral of the Green's tensor. Although the final expressions agree with classical textbooks, our approach allows us to employ the energy-budget considerations in the frequency domain.

First, this framework leads to an expression for energy losses of electron moving faster than the speed of light in non-absorbing homogeneous medium (Cherenkov radiation), that is in agreement with the classical result (Frank-Tamm formula). Second, it leads to rigorous and general expressions for additional losses in the presence of a scatterer. These expressions are given as integrals over the volume of the scatterer (very convenient for the DDA) and are valid not only for the case of vacuum, but for arbitrary (even absorbing) host medium. We are working on implementing them in the open-source software package ADDA.
A recently introduced electrostatic-based method to determine the pKa values of ionizable residues and fractions of ionized and tautomeric forms of histidine (His) and acid residues in proteins, at a given fixed pH, is applied here to the analysis of a His-rich protein, namely Loligo vulgaris (pdb id 1E1A), a 314-residue all-β protein. The average tautomeric fractions for the imidazole ring of each of the six histidines in the sequence were computed using an approach that includes, but is not limited to, molecular dynamic simulations coupled with calculations of the ionization states for all 94 ionizable residues of protein 1E1A in water at pH 6.5 and 300 K. The electrostatic-calculated tautomeric fractions of the imidazole ring of His were compared with predictions obtained from an existent NMR-based methodology. Our results indicate that: (i) the averaged electrostatic-based tautomeric predictions for the imidazole ring of all histidines of Loligo vulgaris are dominated by the Nε2-H rather than the Nδ1-H form, although such preferences from the NMR-based methodology are not so well defined; (ii) the computed average absolute difference between the electrostatic- and the NMR-based tautomeric predictions among all six histidines vary among 0% to 17%; (iii) for the His showing the largest fraction of the neutral form (81%), the absolute difference between the NMR- and electrostatic-based computed tautomeric predictions is only 3%; and (iv) the tautomeric predictions for the imidazole ring of His computed with the NMR-based methodology are stable within a certain, well-defined, range of variations of a tautomer-related parameter.
We study experimentally the effect of linear plasma density gradients on the self-modulation of a 400\,GeV proton bunch. Results show that a positive/negative gradient in/decreases the number of micro-bunches and the relative charge per micro-bunch observed after 10\,m of plasma. The measured modulation frequency also in/decreases. With the largest positive gradient we observe two frequencies in the modulation power spectrum. Results are consistent with changes in wakefields' phase velocity due to plasma density gradient adding to the slow wakefields' phase velocity during self-modulation growth predicted by linear theory.
Time resolved small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments on detonating high explosives have been conducted at the Lavrentyev Institute of Hydrodynamics and the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics. The purpose of these experiments is to measure the SAXS patterns behind the detonation front and restore the dynamics of a carbon condensation process. The deficiency of the experimental data hinders the development of detonation models. In this work we present a new method to restore the dynamic of carbon condensation from time resolved SAXS patterns.
Heteromorphic W and Y sex chromosomes often experience gene loss and heterochromatinization, which is frequently viewed as their 'degeneration'. However, the evolutionary trajectories of the heterochromosomes are in fact more complex since they may not only lose but also acquire new sequences. Previously, we found that the heterochromatic W chromosome of a lizard Eremias velox (Lacertidae) is decondensed and thus transcriptionally active during the lampbrush stage.

To determine possible sources of this transcription, we sequenced DNA from a microdissected W chromosome sample and a total female DNA sample and analyzed the results of reference-based and de novo assembly.

We found a new repetitive sequence, consisting of fragments of an autosomal protein-coding gene ATF7IP2, several SINE elements, and sequences of unknown origin. This repetitive element is distributed across the whole length of the W chromosome, except the centromeric region. Since it retained only 3 out of 10 original ATF7IP2 exons, it remains unclear whether it is able to produce a protein product. Subsequent studies are required to test the presence of this element in other species of Lacertidae and possible functionality. Our results provide further evidence for the view of W and Y chromosomes as not just 'degraded' copies of Z and X chromosomes but independent genomic segments in which novel genetic elements may arise.
The article provides analysis of 'noise' as a means of competition in the interactions of individuals or populations, based on the idea of communication (intraspecific) as the most specialized form of competition for a social resource.

There are signs-intermediaries and information exchange; hence, the winner is not the one who is stronger or more successful in 'hitting' the opponent or otherwise influencing them, but who adequately rearranges the behavioral model based on the signal information and better predicts how to confront the partner in the next step of the process. When transferring the idea of communication as a competitive communication, mediated by information exchange, in the area of competitive interactions of the species itself, it turns out that there are the same mediators in the form of specialized feeding methods and / or territorial exploitation strategies, the deployment of which 'takes information into account' from the habitat structure on the signal features of the latter, etc.

That is, even ordinary operational competition may be to some extent information interaction. Naturally, the winner is the species, whose population better maintains the stability of relations in the presence of disturbances associated with 'eating away' a part of resources by competitors from other species moving along the same 'lace' of habitats. Often they consume a resource less efficiently than the above mentioned species, since less specialized, but create a 'noise' disorienting it. Predictable consumption of a resource in the territories of a specialist species forms a signal field that facilitates each of its individuals to 'build' the tactics of collecting food 'for tomorrow', and the unpredictable consumption of a close species-generalist 'confuses'.
The effect of various activator materials on the structure and properties of fluoropolymer coatings was studied using hexafluoropropylene oxide as the precursor gas. Nichrome, nickel and tungsten wires were used as catalysts. Coatings were obtained on various materials: stainless steel, copper, glass and silicon with different structures that can be used for practical applications.
The fragmentation of high-energy gluons at small opening angles is largely unconstrained by present measurements. Gluon splitting to $b$-quark pairs is a unique probe into the properties of gluon fragmentation because identified $b$-tagged jets provide a proxy for the quark daughters of the initial gluon.

In this study, key differential distributions related to the $g\ensuremath{\rightarrow}b\overline{b}$ process are measured using $33\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of $\sqrt{s}=13\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$ $pp$ collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC in 2016. Jets constructed from charged-particle tracks, clustered with the anti-${k}_{t}$ jet algorithm with radius parameter $R=0.2$, are used to probe angular scales below the $R=0.4$ jet radius. The observables are unfolded to particle level in order to facilitate direct comparisons with predictions from present and future simulations.

Multiple significant differences are observed between the data and parton shower Monte Carlo predictions, providing input to improve these predictions of the main source of background events in analyses involving boosted Higgs bosons decaying into $b$-quarks.
The aim of this paper is to select an optimal numerical method for determining the parameters of chemical reactions. The importance of the topic is due to the modern needs of industry, such as the improvement of chemical reactors and oil or gas processing. The paper deals with the problem of determining reaction rate constants using gradient methods and stochastic optimization algorithms. To solve an forward problem, implicit methods for solving stiff ODE systems are used. A correlation method of practical identifiability of the required parameters is used. The genetic algorithm, particle swarm method, and fast annealing method are implemented to solve an inverse problem. The gradient method for the solution of the inverse problem is implemented, and a formula for gradient of the functional is given with the corresponding adjoint problem. We apply an identifiability analysis of the unknown coefficients and arrange the coefficients in the order of their identifiability. We show that the best approach is to apply global optimization methods to find the interval of global solution and after that we refine inverse problem solution using gradient approach.
The Cover Feature shows that hyperpolarized propane gas formed directly inside MRI scanner during propene hydrogenation with parahydrogen over suitable catalytic reactor can successfully image catalytically active region of the working heterogeneous hydrogenation reactor. In their Communication, K. V. Kovtunov et al. describe a new type of the heterogeneous hydrogenation reactors which are suitable for MRI and obtain MR images of active areas of the working reactors with high spatial resolution via hyperpolarized gas imaging. More information can be found in the Communication by K. V. Kovtunov et al. on page 968 in Issue 3, 2019 (DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801820).