Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
It is impossible to dispute the fact that China has had an enormous influence on the culture of the entire Korean Peninsula. The writing system, the thoughts of Chinese philosophers, paper, the xylography method and the idea of a movable type – all this came to the peninsula long before the founding of the Joseon State. China was not only the overlord of Joseon, but also a kind of cultural donor. Of course, under such conditions, the Joseon authorities considered contacts with this region as the most important area of foreign policy and trade. In addition, a significant part of various kinds of literature — from Confucian writings to treatises on medicine was acquired in China for further circulation in Joseon.

Due to the constant need for official and commercial communication between states, it was impossible to go without knowledge of a spoken language. For this purpose, the textbook titled 'Nogeoldae' (lit. 'Elder brother from China') was created. Using the Goryeo merchant's trip to China (in later editions this became the Joseon merchant) as the key example, the main situations accompanying such trips were examined in the form of dialogues. With the help of this manual it was possible to learn the phrases necessary for communication in the courtyard, conducting trade negotiations, participating in banquets, communicating with a doctor, and so on.

The exceptional practical benefit ensured that this manual underwent several systematic reprints, as well as translation into Manchurian, Mongolian and Japanese languages. 'Nogeoldae' is a unique written source on the history of the development of both the northern dialect of the Chinese language and Korean in the late Middle Ages and Early Modern times.
With the help of three-dimensional numerical simulation in FEM software package the experimental methodology of determining heat flux and heat losses during experiments in microchannel was verified. The obtained single-phase flow data on the heat transfer coefficient and wall temperature show good agreement between numerical simulation and experimental results.
The vortex rope in a hydro turbine draft tube is one the main and strong sources of pulsations in non-optimal modes of hydro turbine operation. We examine the case of a Francis turbine model operated at partial discharge, where a strong precessing vortex rope is developed in the discharge cone downstream the runner. Available experimental data provide the circumferentially averaged axial and circumferential velocity profiles, as well as the vortex rope geometry, precessing frequency, and the level of pressure fluctuation at the wall.

The mathematical models presented in this paper can correctly recover all this information without actually computing the full three-dimensional unsteady flow in the hydraulic turbine.

As a result, we provide valuable mathematical tools for assessing the turbine behaviour at off-design operating regimes in the early stages of runner design, with computational effort several orders of magnitude less than the current approaches of simulating the complex turbine flow.
Magma unmixing (i.e., separation of a homogeneous silicate melt into two or more liquids) is responsible for sudden changes in the evolution of common melts, element fractionation, and potential formation of orthomagmatic ore deposits. Although immiscible phases are a common phenomenon in the mesostasis of many tholeiitic basalts, evidence of unmixing in intrusive rocks is more difficult to record because of the transient nature of immiscibility during decompression, cooling, and crystallization.

In this paper, we document a clear case of liquid immiscibility in an intrusive body of tholeiitic gabbro in the Siberian large igneous province, using textures and compositions of millimeter-sized silicate melt pools in native iron. The native iron crystallized from a metallic iron liquid, which originated as disseminated globules during reduction of the basaltic magma upon interaction with coal-bearing sedimentary rocks in the Siberian craton. The silicate melts entrapped and armored by the native iron are composed of two types of globules that represent the aluminosilicate (60–77 wt% SiO2) and silica-poor, Fe-Ti-Ca-P–rich (in wt%: SiO2, 15–46; FeO, 15–22; TiO2, 2–7; CaO, 11–27; P2O5, 5–30) conjugate liquids. Different proportions and the correlated compositions of these globules in individual melt pools suggest a continuously evolving environment of magmatic immiscibility during magma cooling.

These natural immiscible melts correspond extremely well to the conjugate liquids experimentally produced in common basaltic compositions at <1025 °C. Our results show that immiscibility can occur at large scale in magma chambers and can be instrumental in generating felsic magmas and Fe-Ti-Ca-P–rich melts in the continental igneous provinces.
The hypothalamus has an important role in the onset and maintenance of hypertension and stress responses. Rats with inherited stress-induced arterial hypertension (ISIAH), reproducing the human stress-sensitive hypertensive state with predominant involvement of the neuroendocrine hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and sympathoadrenal axes, were used for analysis of the hypothalamus transcriptome. RNA-seq analysis revealed 139 genes differentially expressed in the hypothalami of hypertensive ISIAH and normotensive Wistar Albino Glaxo (WAG) rats. According to the annotation in databases, 18 of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with arterial hypertension. The Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation showed that these genes were related to different biological processes that may contribute to the hypertension development in the ISIAH rats. The most significantly affected processes were the following: regulation of hormone levels, immune system process, regulation of response to stimulus, blood circulation, response to stress, response to hormone stimulus, transport, metabolic processes, and endocrine system development. The most significantly affected metabolic pathways were those associated with the function of the immune system and cell adhesion molecules and the metabolism of retinol and arachidonic acid. Of the top 40 DEGs making the greatest contribution to the interstrain differences, there were 3 genes (Ephx2, Cst3 and Ltbp2) associated with hypertension that were considered to be suitable for further studies as potential targets for the stress-sensitive hypertension therapy. Seven DEGs were found to be common between hypothalamic transcriptomes of ISIAH rats and Schlager mice with established neurogenic hypertension. The results of this study revealed multiple DEGs and possible mechanisms specifying the hypothalamic function in the hypertensive ISIAH rats. These results provide a basis for further investigation of the signalling mechanisms that affect hypothalamic output related to stress-sensitive hypertension development.
In this paper, we propose several regular covers with identical sectors that observe the strip in the same direction, and we carried out their analysis, which allows choosing the best coverage model and the best parameters of the sector.
A measurement of $$J/\psi $$ and $$\psi (2\mathrm {S})$$ production is presented. It is based on a data sample from Pb+Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm {NN}}} = 5.02~\mathrm {TeV}$$ and pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s} = 5.02~\mathrm {TeV}$$ recorded by the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2015, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $$0.42~\mathrm {nb}^{-1}$$ and $$25~\mathrm {pb}^{-1}$$ in Pb+Pb and pp, respectively. The measurements of per-event yields, nuclear modification factors, and non-prompt fractions are performed in the dimuon decay channel for $$9< p_{T}^{\mu \mu } < 40$$ GeV in dimuon transverse momentum, and $$-2< y_{\mu \mu } < 2$$ in rapidity. Strong suppression is found in Pb+Pb collisions for both prompt and non-prompt $$J/\psi $$ , increasing with event centrality. The suppression of prompt $$\psi (2\mathrm {S})$$ is observed to be stronger than that of $$J/\psi $$ , while the suppression of non-prompt $$\psi (2\mathrm {S})$$ is equal to that of the non-prompt $$J/\psi $$ within uncertainties, consistent with the expectation that both arise from b-quarks propagating through the medium. Despite prompt and non-prompt $$J/\psi $$ arising from different mechanisms, the dependence of their nuclear modification factors on centrality is found to be quite similar.
conventional phylogenetic trees

GEOMETRY is a software package for the analysis of nucleotide sequences using the method of statistical geometry in sequence space. The package consists of programs performing estimation of the average geometry of sequence quartets, analysis of positional variability and computer simulation of parallel and tree-like sequence divergence with user-defined parameters.

It provides an independent tool for evaluation of the reliability of conventional phylogenetic trees and calibration of the time of sequence divergence. GEOMETRY may be of interest for all scientists engaged in the study of molecular phylogeny.
Анализируются и систематизируются результаты численного моделирования развития неустойчивости и формирования самогравитирующих сгустков вещества (зародышей протопланет) в тонком газовом околозвездном диске. Численные эксперименты проводятся по модели диска, основанной на комбинации гидродинамики сглаженных частиц (SPH) и метода Хокни для решения уравнения Пуассона на равномерной декартовой сетке. Показано, что процесс образования сгущений может быть охарактеризован средней скоростью нарастания суммарной массы сгустков во всем диске, которая значительно зависит от физических параметров диска и незначительно зависит от параметров численной модели. Подтверждено, что существует диапазон параметров диска, для которого появление или отсутствие сгустков в диске зависит от используемого разрешения и деталей численного алгоритма, в то время как за пределами этого диапазона такая зависимость отсутствует. Показано, что при комбинировании метода SPH c сеточным методом для вычисления гравитационной силы необходимо, чтобы гидродинамический радиус сглаживания не превосходил длину ячейки сетки, в противном случае в решении возникают выраженные счетные эффекты: диск приобретает квадратную форму и появляется искусственное разбиение модельных частиц на группы из-за развития парной (клампинговой) неустойчивости в SPH. Results of numerical simulation of instability development and formation of self-gravitating clumps (embryos of protoplanets) in a thin circumstellar gaseous disk are analyzed and systematized. Numerical experiments are performed using a disk model based on a combination of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic (SPH) and Hockney methods to solve Poisson's equation on a uniform Cartesian grid. It is shown that the process of clump formation can be characterized by an average growth rate of the total mass of fragments in the disk; this rate is strongly dependent on the physical parameters of the disk and is slightly dependent on the parameters of the numerical model. It is confirmed that there exists a range of the disk parameters such that the appearance or absence of clumps in the disk depends on the resolution in use and on the details of the numerical algorithm, whereas beyond this range such a dependence is not observed. It is shown that, for a combination of the SPH method with grid-based method to calculate the gravitational force, it is necessary that the hydrodynamic smoothing length does not exceed the grid cell length, otherwise we obtain the following numerical effects in the solutions: the disk shape becomes a square and an artificial grouping of model particles takes place due to the evolution of pairing (clumping) instability in SPH.
Investigation results on the morphology and optical properties of polymer-graphene composites with silver nanoparticles deposited by pulsed laser ablation are presented. Graphene was obtained by the CVD method and transferred to PET/EVA polymer through thermal pressing. It has been established that with an increase in the thickness of deposited silver film, a transition from bimodal distribution of particles to formation of elongated rectangular nanostructures is observed. A similar phenomenon can be explained by accumulation of deposited silver particles along the boundaries of adjacent graphene crystallites. It is experimentally shown that the degree of plasmon absorption depends strongly on the mass-average thickness of the deposited metal coating and size of nanoparticles. Deepening of the peak of plasmon absorption simultaneously with a general decrease in sample transparency occurs when the film thickness is changed up to 6 nm. A further increase in thickness does not affect the intensity of plasmon absorption and scattering, but leads to a general decrease in transparency of the polymer-graphene-silver composite. It is shown that the highest degree of radiation attenuation is in the wavelength range from 400 to 600 nm.
Using a sample of $771.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}(4S)$ decays collected by the Belle experiment at the KEKB ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collider, we observe, for the first time, the transition $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}(4S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\eta}{h}_{b}(1P)$ with the branching fraction $\mathcal{B}[\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}(4S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\eta}{h}_{b}(1P)]=(2.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.11\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.18)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and we measure the ${h}_{b}(1P)$ mass ${M}_{{h}_{b}(1P)}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}(9899.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0)\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}/{c}^{2}$, corresponding to the hyperfine (HF) splitting $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{M}_{\mathrm{HF}}(1P)=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}(0.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0)\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}/{c}^{2}$. Using the transition ${h}_{b}(1P)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{b}(1S)$, we measure the ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{b}(1S)$ mass ${M}_{{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{b}(1S)}=(9400.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.6)\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}/{c}^{2}$, corresponding to $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{M}_{\mathrm{HF}}(1S)=(59.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.6)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}/{c}^{2}$, the ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{b}(1S)$ width ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{b}(1S)}=({8}_{\ensuremath{-}5}^{+6}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}/{c}^{2}$ and the branching fraction $\mathcal{B}[{h}_{b}(1P)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{b}(1S)]=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}(56\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4)%$.
This paper reports a current status of the measurement of the hadronic cross sections in the c.m. energy range from 0.32 to 2.0~GeV with the CMD-3 detector at the VEPP-2000 electron-positron collider. The overall size of the data, acquired by the CMD-3 in the runs of 2010-2013 and 2017-2019 years, is about 250~$\rm pb^{-1}$. The recent results of data analysis for various exclusive modes of $e^+e^-{\to}hadrons$ are described.
Research subject. The Novo-Akhmirovskoe lithium-bearing deposit in the East Kazakhstan region, which is represented by an intrusive layer of topaz-zinnwaldite granites, is located within of the Kalba-Narym-Koktogai lithium-tantalum raremetal-granite belt. Being part of the Altai collision system, this belt is considered unique in terms of its length (more than 1000 km). Ores in the Novo-Akhmirovskoe deposit are represented by massive to low porphyry leucocratic granites composed of quartz (30–40%), albite (25–40%), microcline (15–35%), lithium mica varying in composition from zinnwal dite to lepidolite (up to 10%) and topaz (up to 5%). According preliminary estimates, the Novo-Akhmirov deposit is factually a poor lithium deposit with the Li2O content of 0.2–0.4 wt % and the estimated Li2O reserves of 110 thousand tones. Despite the favourable infrastructure and close proximity of this stock to Ust-Kamenogorsk mining and chemical-metallurgical enterprises, its ore-generating potential has not been sufficiently studied. Materials and Methods. In this research, we obtained new data on the geological structure, age, mineral composition and formation conditions of topaz-zinnwaldite granites in the Novo-Akhmirovskoe deposit. In addition, a comparative analysis of these ores with the topaz-biotite granites of the Black Sopka massif (0.6–0.7 wt % Li2O in protolitionite) and spodumene granite porphyries of the Alakha stock (Li2O = 0.9–1.1 wt %) was conducted. Results and Discussion . It is concluded that the development of this unique nonpegmatite lithium-bearing deposit requires deep exploratory drilling, mineralogical and technological research of core samples and reconsideration of economic efficiency parameters.
The analysis of the observational data for the secular perihelion precession of Mercury, Earth, and Mars, based on the EPM2004 ephemerides

results in new upper limits on density of dark matter in the solar system
The article considers the possibility of connection of KIT and MC1R loci with prenatal growth of mini pigs of the breeding group of Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ICG SB RAS). It is assumed that this relationship may be the result of increased variability of the sign – the mass of the newborn pig in heterozygous according to the loci of individuals. Since prenatal growth is affected by a number of factors that affect the weight of the newborn pig, instead of the absolute value of the sign – the mass of the individual in kilograms, a relative one was used, which is the ratio of the mass of a particular individual to the average mass of the individual in the nest in which it was born. The study showed that mini-pigs of ICG SB RAS have a relationship between heterozygosity at MC1R and KIT loci and increased concentration of individuals in the modal class of relative weight distribution at birth. The discovered relationship is the result of the interaction of increased variability of mass at birth in individuals’ heterozygous loci, controlling intracellular metabolism, with the vector of phenotypic realization of the genetic potential of growth of individuals in the prenatal period. The decomposition of the specified vector into components showed that optimizes forming the kurtosis variation of the number of components dominate in individuals with domestication coat color, while in individuals with pseudoagouti coat color – biasing, forming the asymmetry of the distribution. The results of the study also showed that the genotypes at the loci MC1R and KIT do not affect the competitive relationship between the fetuses during the prenatal period . In addition, the analysis of the consistency of the estimates of individual classes of variational series of individuals of different races to a normal distribution showed that the mini pigs of ICG SB RAS alleles present low weight at birth, inherited from the Vietnamese breeds , and alleles of the high mass at birth, inherited from the Large White and/or Danish Landrace breed.
The prototype of a polarized molecular hydrogen/deuterium source which is based on the classical Stern-Gerlach separation scheme has been tested at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP), Novosibirsk.

It consists of the circular slit nozzle cooled down to 6.5 K and the two superconducting sextupole magnets. The flux of polarized hydrogen molecules of 3·1012 mol/s was measured for a total gas flow through the nozzle of 5·10-2 Torr·l/s.

The obtained results will be used to develop a much more intense source of polarized molecules.
Salivary gland polytene chromosomes demonstrate banding pattern, genetic meaning of which is an enigma for decades.Till now it is not known how to mark the band/interband borders on physical map of DNA and structures of polytene chromosomes are not characterized in molecular and genetic terms.It is not known either similar banding pattern exists in chromosomes of regular diploid mitotically dividing nonpolytene cells.

Using the newly developed approach permitting to identify the interband material and localization data of interband-specific proteins from modENCODE and other genomewide projects, we identify physical limits of bands and interbands in small cytological region 9F13-10B3 of the X chromosome in D. melanogaster, as well as characterize their general molecular features.

Our results suggests that the polytene and interphase cell line chromosomes have practically the same patterns of bands and interbands reflecting, probably, the basic principle of interphase chromosome organization.Two types of bands have been described in chromosomes, early and late-replicating, which differ in many aspects of their protein and genetic content.As appeared, origin recognition complexes are located almost totally in the interbands of chromosomes.
Ceftriaxone (CEF) is a safe and multipotent antimicrobial agent that possesses neuroprotective properties. Earlier, we revealed the restoration of cognitive function in OXYS rats with signs of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like pathology by CEF along with its modulating the expression of genes related to the system of amyloid beta (Aβ) metabolism in the brain.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of CEF on behavior, Aβ deposition, and associated neuroinflammation using another model of an early AD-like pathology induced by Aβ. Mice were injected bilaterally i.c.v. with Aβ fragment 25-35 to produce the AD model, while the CEF treatment (100 mg/kg/day, i.p., 36 days) started the next day after the surgery. The open field test, T-maze, Barnes test, IntelliCage, and passive avoidance test were used for behavioral phenotyping. Neuronal density, amyloid accumulation, and the expression of neuroinflammatory markers were measured in the frontal cortex and hippocampus.

CEF exhibited beneficial effects on some cognitive features impaired by Aβ neurotoxicity including complete restoration of the fear-induced memory and learning in the passive avoidance test and improved place learning in the IntelliCage. CEF significantly attenuated amyloid deposition and neuroinflammatory response. Thus, CEF could be positioned as a potent multipurpose drug as it simultaneously targets proteostasis network and neuroinflammation, as well as glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative pathways, and neurotrophic function as reported earlier. Together with previous reports on the positive effects of CEF in AD models, the results confirm the potential of CEF as a promising treatment against cognitive decline from the early stages of AD progression.