Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic and relapsing inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract with complex etiology and no strategies for complete cure. IBD are often complicated by mental disorders like anxiety and depression, indicating substantial shifts in the gut-brain axis. However, the mechanisms connecting IBD to mental diseases are still under debate.

Here we use Muc2 mutant mouse model of chronic colitis to uncouple the effects of the intestinal microbiota on host behavior from chronic inflammation in the gut. Muc2 mutant male mice exhibit high exploratory activity, reduced anxiety-related behaviors, impaired sensorimotor gating, and altered social preference towards males and females. Microbial transfer to wild-type mice via littermate co-housing shows that colitis-associated microbiota rather than inflammation per se defines behavioral features in Muc2 colitis model. Metagenomic profiling and combination of antibiotic treatments revealed that bacterial species Akkermansia muciniphila is associated with the behavioral phenotype in mutants, and that its intestinal abundance correlates with social preference towards males. Metabolomic analysis together with pharmacological inhibition of Gly and NMDA receptors helped us to determine that brain glycine is responsible for the behavioral phenotype in Muc2 mice. Blood and brain metabolic profiles suggest that microbiota-dependent changes in choline metabolism might be involved in regulation of central glycine neurotransmission.

Taken together, our data demonstrates that colitis-associated microbiota controls anxiety, sensorimotor gating and social behavior via metabolic regulation of the brain glycinergic system, providing new venues to combat neurological complications of IBD.
An algorithm for solving the inverse problem for determining the parameters of a buried archaeological object in the form of an elliptical cylinder (as a model of a typical burial or pit) is proposed.

The estimation of accuracy of determination of parameters of the buried archaeological objects on the basis of the numerical solution of the inverse problem of magnetic prospecting for synthetic model is carried out. Its implementation included, firstly, the stage of modeling the magnetic field from a synthetic model of the archaeological site at three different heights for different parameters of the grid density and the size of the magnetic survey site and, secondly, the stage of solving the inverse problem from synthetic data at different heights, for different parameters of the magnetic survey and assessing the accuracy of the solution of the inverse problem.

It is found that the accuracy of determining the parameters of the anomalous body is more affected by the size of the survey area than the density of the measurement network. There is also a tendency to increase the accuracy of determining parameters when using data of different heights. Approbation of the algorithm for solving the inverse problem on real data of different-altitude magnetic survey over the burial at the archaeological site Tartas-1 showed quite good results. The average error in determining the geometric parameters of the body and its occurrence is ~ 15 %.
The studies on structure, phase composition and thermal properties of (Al2O3 - 20 wt% ZrO2) - ZrW2O8 ceramic composites obtained using nanosized, initial powders were conducted. Homogeneously distributed white particles on the polished surface of composites were observed. Phase composition of the composites was represented with corundum, monoclinic ZrO2 and two modifications of ZrW2O8 (tetragonal and cubic). Linear thermal expansion coefficient values of the composites were determined. The difference in experimental and calculated coefficient of thermal expansion values for composites obtained may be attributed to phase transformations, features of the structure, internal stresses due to thermal expansion mismatch, which contribute significantly to thermal expansion of the ceramic composites.
Minerals, metals, inorganic materials, ices, gas hydrates and clathrates are ''traditional'' systems for high-pressure studies.On the other hand, high-pressure studies of complex biological systems, in particular, of proteins, are becoming more and more common.The effects of high pressure on organic molecular crystals were described in the early classical works by P. Bridgman and L. Vereshchagin, but these systems remained very little studied until the systematic work initiated by A. Katrusiak in the late 1970s, who has combined precise X-ray single-crystal diffraction studies, spectroscopy and calorimetry.In the last years, however, more and more research groups join the highpressure studies of organic molecular crystals, and in this presentation I shall try to illustrate on several examples, mainly from my own experience, why these studies are so challenging and promising.In particular, I shall consider: the studies of the anisotropy of structural strain within the range of stability of the same polymorph as a tool to study intermolecular interactions, thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of pressure-induced phase transitions, comparison of the low-temperature and highpressure behaviour, high-pressure studies of the polymorphism of drugs in relation to tabletting procedure in industry, organic molecular crystals as biomimetics -high-pressure behaviour in relation to folding.
Eddy currents in a constriction placed in a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) have been experimentally studied.

The constrictions fabricated by the electron-beam lithography demonstrate quantum Hall effect in high magnetic field. Pronounced hysteresis of magnetoresistance is observed at Hall plateaus corresponding to integer filling factors v = 1, 2 and 4 of a macroscopic 2DEG. The dependence of magnetoresistance hysteresis on the constriction width is obtained.

The dependence contains the threshold value of width that points to the edge nature of eddy currents and enables us to determine the eddy currents area width, which is about 0.5 μm.
Methane activation on metal‐containing zeolites is a hot topic because of the great potential of the application of these catalysts for the direct transformation of methane to methanol and aromatics under mild conditions.

Solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (SS NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful technique for characterizing small alkane activation and transformation on heterogeneous catalysts. It can provide insights into the different steps of alkane molecule activation that are difficult to assess with alternative methods. In this Concept article, the recent advances in the investigations of methane activation on Zn‐modified zeolites performed with SS NMR are discussed.

These studies demonstrate the breadth of information that can be obtained by SS NMR spectroscopy, such as the intermediates formed, the particular Zn species involved, the possible pathways of the alkane activation. The knowledge acquired with SS NMR provides the basis for the realization of the detected conversions of methane in practice.
Ecological regulation and environmental protection are essential elements of the directions of energy and economic policy at the present stage. In some cases, the increasing environmental regulation can negatively affect economic growth, however a number of modern studies proves the opposite. Moderate environmental standards lead to the effect of innovation compensation, which has a positive effect on the micro and macro level. In this paper the influence of resource, ecological and other factors on the economic development of Russian regions is studied using panel data models with fixed and random effects. The influence of the ecological factor is revealed by including various indicators of the concern for the quality of the environment, after which the results are compared. In three of the four types of constructed models, the influence of the environmental factor, expressed by different indicators, is positive. The positive result can be explained by the fact that regulation in Russia remains quite liberal to the companies, and the threshold at which strict standards begin to slow down economic growth has not yet been passed. Other significant factors for the growth of regional economies are the availability of fixed assets, the number of employees, and the share of resource industries in gross added value.
BackgroundA group of helminth infections, caused by liver flukes of the trematode family Opisthorchiidae, were recently the focus of discussions at a meeting where scientists from Russia, Southeast Asia, Europe, and the United States came together in Tomsk city in Western Siberia (Russia) to form a Tomsk OPIsthorchiasis Consortium (TOPIC).This initiative starts a platform to raise awareness, to strengthen integrated control, and to conduct research on a neglected infectious disease that afflicts populations not only in the tropical regions of East Asia but also in temperate and semi-arctic areas of Europe and Asia [1].The Opisthorchiidae of importance to humans are Opisthorchis felineus, Opisthorchis viverrini, and Clonorchis sinensis, each of which has a discrete, though occasionally overlapping, geographical distribution: O. felineus is endemic in Europe and Russia; C. sinensis in China, the Republic of Korea, and northern Vietnam; and O. viverrini in Southeast Asia.Together they affect more than 45 million people worldwide [2].Human infection with O. felineus results from eating raw or undercooked freshwater fish carrying the metacercariae of the parasite.The ingested larvae develop further and migrate to the bile ducts by chemotaxis, where adult worms feed on biliary epithelia and contents in the bile.Adult worms shed eggs that enter the gastrointestinal tract and are released with the faeces to the external environment.Freshwater snails of the family Bithyniidae ingest the eggs and, following the release of the miracidia from the eggs, several stages of development take place within the snail until cercariae have developed.Shed cercariae can penetrate freshwater fish, where they encyst in the skin or flesh [3].
The production of a high-quality surface of fused silica is an important task for advanced optical technologies. In this work, the surface of fused silica has been processed by argon cluster ion beam having mean cluster size Nmean ranged from 180 to 1000 atoms/cluster and energy E ranged from 5 to 23.5 keV. The analysis of surface morphology using atomic force microscopy and the spectral power density (PSD) function shows a noticeable smoothing of roughness in different spatial frequency ranges, depending on the cluster ion parameters. To evaluate the processing efficiency, the dependence of the etching rate of SiO2 on the parameters of cluster ions has been investigated. It is shown that the etching rate vetch is determined by the energy per atom in the cluster E/Nmean and it varies from 0.2 to 20 nm/min with an energy change from 5 to 130 eV/atom.
The paper deals with the problem of the 1D and 2D structures of detonation waves (DW) in the silane-air mixture within the framework of mathematical model of a nonequilibrium gas dynamics. Detailed kinetics scheme of silane oxidation as well as the newly developed reduced kinetic model of detonation combustion of silane are used. On its basis the DW structure in stoichiometric silane - air mixture and dependences of Chapman-Jouguet parameters of mixture on stoichiometric ratio between the fuel (silane) and an oxidizer (air) were obtained. It was revealed that in the reaction zone, in the structure of DW, the heat release in the model with detailed kinetics is non-monotonic.
The human genome project has been recently complemented by whole-genome assessment sequence of 32 mammals and 24 nonmammalian vertebrate species suitable for comparative genomic analyses.

Here we anticipate a precipitous drop in costs and increase in sequencing efficiency, with concomitant development of improved annotation technology and, therefore, propose to create a collection of tissue and DNA specimens for 10 000 vertebrate species specifically designated for whole-genome sequencing in the very near future. For this purpose, we, the Genome 10K Community of Scientists (G10KCOS), will assemble and allocate a biospecimen collection of some 16 203 representative vertebrate species spanning evolutionary diversity across living mammals, birds, nonavian reptiles, amphibians, and fishes (ca. 60 000 living species). In this proposal, we present precise counts for these 16 203 individual species with specimens presently tagged and stipulated for DNA sequencing by the G10KCOS.

DNA sequencing has ushered in a new era of investigation in the biological sciences, allowing us to embark for the first time on a truly comprehensive study of vertebrate evolution, the results of which will touch nearly every aspect of vertebrate biological enquiry.
An analysis method for unfolding the spatially resolved wave-number spectrum and phase velocity from the 2D CO2 laser phase contrast imaging system on the large helical device is described. This is based on the magnetic shear technique which identifies propagation direction from 2D spatial Fourier analysis of images detected by a 6 × 8 detector array.

Because the strongest modes have wave-number at the lower end of the instrumental k range, high resolution spectral techniques are necessary to clearly resolve the propagation direction and hence the spatial distribution of fluctuations along the probing laser beam. Multiple-spatial point cross-correlation averaging is applied before calculating the spatial power spectrum. Different methods are compared, and it is found that the maximum entropy method (MEM) gives best results.

The possible generation of artifacts from the over-narrowing of spectra are investigated and found not to be a significant problem. The spatial resolution Δρ (normalized radius) around the peak wave-number, for conventional Fourier analysis, is ∼0.5, making physical interpretation difficult, while for MEM, Δρ ∼ 0.1.
This paper is devoted to the problem of the image of the Byzantines in the chronicles of the First Crusade. While we are familiar enough with the portraits proposed by the chroniclers of the crusaders and Muslims, the first generally being accompanied with praise and halos, the second “demonized,” we know very little about the image of the Byzantines, though they were widely represented in the chronicles, because most of the armies chose to travel overland and had to go through Byzantium. Research shows that the Byzantines are represented as Christians, but of an inferior rank to that of the crusaders who benefited from a special status: if conflicts between the two occur, the latter are always right and are assisted by God against the Byzantines.
An analysis is presented of the mechanism of investment and tax policy formation in the resource region, whereby the government provides tax incentives and supports the investor in infrastructure development and, to some extent, in the implementation of mandatory environmental measures.

The analysis builds on the bilevel Boolean programming problems. The actual data and dimensions of the model test site capture the specificity of the modeled object and make possible a practical study of the properties of equilibrium solutions.

The simulation results indicate the need to take into account the complementarity of investment and tax policies in the strategic planning process. In general, to stimulate private investment, the state should use a full set of tools — to build infrastructure, implement part of the necessary environmental protection measures and provide certain commodity projects with tax incentives of a certain level. The methodology for the formation of such a policy should be based on an analysis of investors’ proposals, general plans for the development of the territory and a search for a compromise of the interests of the budget, population and private investor. The field of application of the research results is the development of a scenario for the development of local natural resources, including infrastructure development plans and investment proposal packages containing rules for granting tax incentives.
In rice, a variant of DEP1 gene results in erect panicle architecture, well-developed vascular bundles, an increase in the number of grains per panicle and a consequent increase in the grain yield. Interestingly, DEP1 homologs are present in the other cereals including species of wheat and barley (Hordeum vulgare), even though they do not produce panicles but spikes. In barley, HvDEP1 alleles do not differ between strains of various ear types and geographic origins, while in at least three OsDEP1 variants have been described.

In this work, we have studied the DEP1 gene from eight accessions which belong to four wheat species, T. monococcum, T. durum, T. compactum, and T. spelta, with either compact, compactoid or normal spike phenotypes. The nucleotide sequences of the 5th exon of DEP1 were determined for all eight accessions. Obtained sequences were species specific. Despite the interspecies diversity, all wheat sequences encoded polypeptides of the same size, similarly to the 5th exons of the DEP1 homologs in T. aestivum, T. urartu, and H. vulgare. For further study, the full-length sequences of the DEP1 gene for all four species were studied. The full-length DEP1 genomic copies were isolated from the genomic sequences of T. aestivum, T. urartu, and Aegilops tauschii. The genome of tetraploid wheat T. durum contains two variants of the DEP1 originating from A and B genomes. In the hexaploid wheats T. aestivum, T. compactum, and T. spelta, three variants of this gene originating from A, B, and D genomes were detected. DEP1 genes of the diploid wheats T. monococcum and T. urartu differ. It seems that a precursor of the DEP1 gene in T. monococcum originates from the wild progenitor T. boeoticum.

No DEP1-related differences of nucleotide sequences between the compact (or compactoid) and normal spike phenotypes in the tested wheat species were detected. Therefore, DEP1 gene does not directly participate in the control of the spike architecture in wheats.
Supramolecular interactions in the solid state attract much attention. Different experimental and computational approaches are used, to predict and to design crystal structures, to predict the properties based on molecular and crystal structures, to range different types of intermolecular interactions. Analysis of the crystal structures at fixed (e.g. ambient) temperature and pressure conditions is most common for experiments, whereas most DFT calculations are limited to 0 K, to minimize computational costs. At the same time, evolution of a crystal structure as a function of experimental conditions can contribute significantly to understanding the structure-forming role and relative energies of different types of intermolecular interactions in the same crystal structure and of similar interactions in a series of different but structurally or chemically related compounds. In the present invited contribution I attempt to illustrate this using several selected examples from my own practice and from the papers published by other research groups. I consider, in particular, the results of variable-temperature and variable-pressure studies of continuous lattice strain and phase transitions in small-molecule organic compounds, the results of variable-temperature and variable-pressure crystallization, the results of comparing the dissolution profiles of mono- and multi-component small-molecule organic crystals. I shall also discuss how variable-temperature and variable-pressure experimental diffraction data can assist in optimizing the calculations aimed at comparing the relative stability of polymorphs and predicting polymorph transitions. The study was supported by Russian Ministry of Science and Education and Russian Academy of Sciences.
earlier predictions of collapse of multidimensional solitons in three-dimensional media

employ a variational approach and derive analytically the stability criterion for input powers for the collapse stabilization

demonstrate the existence of stable solitons, discuss the coexistence of blow-up solutions and collapse stabilization by a low-dimensional external potential in graded-index media, and also predict the existence of stable higher-order nonlinear waves such as dipole-mode spatiotemporal solitons
The lack of immunity to the variola virus in the population, increasingly more frequent cases of human orthopoxvirus infection, and increased risk of the use of the variola virus (VARV) as a bioterrorism agent call for the development of modern, safe vaccines against orthopoxvirus infections.

We previously developed a polyvalent DNA vaccine based on five VARV antigens and an attenuated variant of the vaccinia virus (VACV) with targeted deletion of six genes (VAC6). Independent experiments demonstrated that triple immunization with a DNA vaccine and double immunization with VAC6 provide protection to mice against a lethal dose (10 LD50) of the ectromelia virus (ECTV), which is highly pathogenic for mice. The present work was aimed at comparing the immunity to smallpox generated by various immunization protocols using the DNA vaccine and VAC6.

It has been established that immunization of mice with a polyvalent DNA vaccine, followed by boosting with recombinant VAC6, as well as double immunization with VAC6, induces production of VACV-neutralizing antibodies and provides protection to mice against a 150 LD50 dose of ECTV. The proposed immunization protocols can be used to develop safe vaccination strategies against smallpox and other human orthopoxvirus infections.
One of the most striking changes during mammal aging is a progressive involution of the thymus, associated with an increase in susceptibility to infections, autoimmune diseases and cancer. In order to delay age-related processes, we have developed mitochondria-targeted antioxidant plastoquinonyl decyltriphenyl phosphonium (SkQ1). Here we report that, at low doses, SkQ1 (250 nmol/kg per day) inhibited age-dependent involution of the thymus in normal (Wistar) and senescence-prone (OXYS) rats. SkQ1 preserved total weight and volume of the organ, the volume of thymic cortex and medulla, the thymic cellularity, and the number of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells in the thymus. Moreover, SkQ1 was especially effective in senescence-prone rats. Thus SkQ1 slows down age-linked decline of the immune system, explaining prevention by this compound of infection-caused death in rodents, previously described in our group.
For the first time the influence of noise amplification on decay of modulated continuous-wave pumping into a pulse series in an optical fiber is considered.

Dependence of noise-to-signal ratio in pulse train at fibre exit on initial modulation depth obtained both analytically and by means of numerical simulations.

The minimum modulation frequency is estimated which leads to a regular pulse train formation from CW pumping.
Background Russia has one of the highest rates of mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD). At age 35–69 years, they are eight times higher than in neighbouring Norway. Comparing profiles of blood-based CVD biomarkers between these two populations can help identify reasons for this substantial difference in risk.

Methods We compared age-standardised mean levels of CVD biomarkers for men and women aged 40–69 years measured in two cross-sectional population-based studies: Know Your Heart (KYH) (Russia, 2015–2018; n=4046) and the seventh wave of the Tromsø Study (Tromsø 7) (Norway, 2015–2018; n=17 646). A laboratory calibration study was performed to account for inter-laboratory differences.

Conclusions Differences in cholesterol fractions cannot explain the difference in CVD mortality rate between Russia and Norway. A non-ischemic pathway to the cardiac damage reflected by raised NT-proBNP and hs-cTnT is likely to contribute to high CVD mortality in Russia.