Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the use of hyperpolarized gases as contrast agents provides valuable information on lungs structure and function. While the technology of 129 Xe hyperpolarization for clinical MRI research is well developed, it requires the expensive equipment for production and detection of hyperpolarized 129 Xe.

Herein we present the 1 H hyperpolarization of diethyl ether vapor that can be imaged on any clinical MRI scanner. 1 H nuclear spin polarization of up to 1.3 % was achieved using heterogeneous hydrogenation of ethyl vinyl ether with parahydrogen over Rh/TiO2 catalyst. Liquefaction of diethyl ether vapor proceeds with partial preservation of hyperpolarization and prolongs its lifetime by ≈10 times.

The proof-of-principle 2D 1 H MRI of hyperpolarized diethyl ether was demonstrated with 0.1×1.1 mm2 spatial and 120 ms temporal resolution. The long history of use of diethyl ether for anesthesia is expected to facilitate the clinical translation of the presented approach.
Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has multiple applications in molecular biology, including developing new targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) panels. We present NGS-PrimerPlex, an efficient and versatile command-line application that designs primers for different refined types of amplicon-based genome target enrichment. It supports nested and anchored multiplex PCR, redistribution among multiplex reactions of primers constructed earlier, and extension of existing NGS-panels. The primer design process takes into consideration the formation of secondary structures, non-target amplicons between all primers of a pool, primers and high-frequent genome single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) overlapping. Moreover, users of NGS-PrimerPlex are free from manually defining input genome regions, because it can be done automatically from a list of genes or their parts like exon or codon numbers. Using the program, the NGS-panel for sequencing the LRRK2 gene coding regions was created, and 354 DNA samples were studied successfully with a median coverage of 97.4% of target regions by at least 30 reads. To show that NGS-PrimerPlex can also be applied for bacterial genomes, we designed primers to detect foodborne pathogens Salmonella enterica , Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes , and Staphylococcus aureus considering variable positions of the genomes.
This paper describes our system for SemEval-2021 Task 5 on Toxic Spans Detection.

We developed ensemble models using BERT-based neural architectures and post-processing to combine tokens into spans. We evaluated several pre-trained language models using various ensemble techniques for toxic span identification and achieved sizable improvements over our baseline fine-tuned BERT models.

Finally, our system obtained a F1-score of 67.55% on test data.
Background Threshability, rachis fragility and spike shape are critical traits for the domestication and evolution of wheat, determining the crop yield and efficiency of the harvest. Spelt factor gene Q controls a wide range of domestication-related traits in polyploid wheats, including those mentioned above. The main goal of the present study was to characterise the Q gene for uninvestigated accessions of wheats, including four endemics, and Aegilops accessions, and to analyze the species evolution based on differences in Q gene sequences. Results We have studied the spike morphology for 15 accessions of wheat species, including four endemics, namely Triticum macha , T. tibetanum , T. aestivum ssp. petropavlovskyi and T. spelta ssp. yunnanense , and 24 Aegilops accessions, which are donors of B and D genomes for polyploid wheat. The Q-5A , q-5D and q-5S genes were investigated, and a novel allele of the Q-5A gene was found in accessions of T. tibetanum (KU510 and KU515). This allele was similar to the Q allele of T. aestivum cv. Chinese Spring but had an insertion 161 bp in length within exon 5. This insertion led to a frameshift and premature stop codon formation. Thus, the T. tibetanum have spelt spikes, which is probably determined by the gene Tg , rather than Q. We determined the variability within the q-5D genes among hexaploid wheat and their D genome donor Aegilops tauschii. Moreover, we studied the accessions C21–5129, KU-2074, and K-1100 of Ae. tauschii ssp. strangulata , which could be involved in the origin of hexaploid wheats. Conclusions The variability and phylogenetic relationships of the Q gene sequences studied allowed us to clarify the relationships between species of the genus Triticum and to predict the donor of the D genome among the Ae. tauschii accessions. Ae. tauschii ssp. strangulata accessions C21–5129, KU-2074 and K-1100 are the most interesting among the analysed accessions, since their partial sequence of q-5D is identical to the q-5D of T. aestivum cv. Chinese Spring. This result indicates that the donor is Ae. tauschii ssp. strangulata but not Ae. tauschii ssp . tauschii. Our analysis allowed us to clarify the phylogenetic relationships in the genus Triticum .
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted significant gaps in human protection from infection. There is a real and fairly high probability of new infections that pose a danger to humans. To combat (prevention and treatment) this kind of infections, new types of drugs are needed, which differ in their mechanism of action from existing antimicrobial agents and vaccines, and thus complement them. These drugs should have complex universal activity against pathogens, regardless of their type (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa) and, in general, increase the resistance of the macroorganism to infection by pathogenic agents, stimulate nonspecific immunity, both general and local. In this regard, preparations of nanostructured silver are promising. The properties of silver nanoparticles depend on their structure, shape, size, morphology, ligand environment and preparation method. Argovit represents nanosilver formulation with optimized biochemical and toxicological characteristics. Argovit effectiveness for combating infectious pathogens in various fields of medicine was shown for: intestinal infections of various etiologies; acute respiratory viral infections and associated bacterial complications; purulent surgery, diabetic foot; drug resistant forms of tuberculosis; viral infections caused by both DNA and RNA viruses. In the clinic, argovit effectiveness in protection from coronavirus infection and for treatment of the early stages of COVID-19 disease on volunteers was shown.
The Tian Shan Mountains were formed in the result of the India–Eurasia collision, which leads to creation of contrast high-mountain relief and world known seismic activity. The seismic catastrophes, recorded instrumentally, have occurred to the north of the Issyk-Kul Lake region. There are also known significant earthquakes with magnitude being about 7 in western and eastern parts of the mentioned lake region. Only in the south of the Issyk-Kul depression the strong earthquakes recorded by the seismic network were not known. Our recent study in the south of the Issyk-Kul Lake region has revealed numerous active tectonic structures related to South Issyk-Kul Fault: faults and folds, responsible for strong earthquakes' occurrence. These were historical and paleoseismic deformations which led to changes in relief: fault scarps and significant rockslides. We have also found spectacular deformations in archeological monuments. All these deformations testify the location of epicentral areas of two strong historic (about 11th and 16th (?) centuries AD) and paleoearthquakes (Holocene and Late Pleistocene). Magnitude of ancient seismic events, according to parameters of the revealed fault scarps, were Ms ≥ 7 and seismic intensity I ≥ IX. All revealed seismic deformations are located to adyrs (piedmonts) of the Terskey Ala-Too range bordered of the Issyk-Kul Lake depression in the south. Their formation is described by the model of a fault which rupture plane becomes shallower southward. This model is complicated by the presence of reverse thrusts. Here, we should admit the existence of a single zone of South Issyk-Kul Fault which is a long-lived feature which separates the structures with the different regime of movements during the Neotectonic time. All obtained data led us to a conclusion of significant underestimation of the seismic hazard in southern Issyk-Kul Lake region.
The information has been analytically concentrated for an aggravation mode by reduction of modelled relations to dominant positive feedback loops; the doomsday of capitalist reproduction because of neglect of the scientific foundations of environmental management is determined by initial magnitudes of only two variables - the resource intensity of net output and the ratio of net output to proved reserves in the model economy. The magnitudes of remaining parameters (relating, first, to technical progress, distribution shares of labour compensation, rent, and profit in the net product, second, to the rate of growth of labor force and the rate of investment in fixed capital) affect only the nuances of a transition regime to a collapse.
It is well-documented that (bio)chemical reaction capacity of raw potato starch depends on crystallinity, morphology and other chemical and physical properties of starch granules, and these properties are closely related to gene functions. Preparative yield, amylose/amylopectin content, and phosphorylation of potato tuber starch are starch-related traits studied at the genetic level. In this paper, we perform a genome-wide association study using a 22K SNP potato array to identify for the first time genomic regions associated with starch granule morphology and to increase number of known genome loci associated with potato starch yield.A set of 90 potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties from the ICG "GenAgro" collection (Novosibirsk, Russia) was harvested, 90 samples of raw tuber starch were obtained, and DNA samples were isolated from the skin of the tubers. Morphology of potato tuber starch granules was evaluated by optical microscopy and subsequent computer image analysis. A set of 15,214 scorable SNPs was used for the genome-wide analysis. In total, 53 SNPs were found to be significantly associated with potato starch morphology traits (aspect ratio, roundness, circularity, and the first bicomponent) and starch yield-related traits.A total of 53 novel SNPs was identified on potato chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11 and 12; these SNPs are associated with tuber starch preparative yield and granule morphology. Eight SNPs are situated close to each other on the chromosome 1 and 19 SNPs-on the chromosome 2, forming two DNA regions-potential QTLs, regulating aspect ratio and roundness of the starch granules. Thirty-seven of 53 SNPs are located in protein-coding regions. There are indications that granule shape may depend on starch phosphorylation processes. The GWD gene, which is known to regulate starch phosphorylation-dephosphorylation, participates in the regulation of a number of morphological traits, rather than one specific trait. Some significant SNPs are associated with membrane and plastid proteins, as well as DNA transcription and binding regulators. Other SNPs are related to low-molecular-weight metabolite synthesis, and may be associated with flavonoid biosynthesis and circadian rhythm-related metabolic processes. The preparative yield of tuber starch is a polygenic trait that is associated with a number of SNPs from various regions and chromosomes in the potato genome.
coherent population trapping resonances, for which the D2 transition provides poorer frequency standard performance than the D1 transition

experimental comparison of three-photon-absorption resonances (N-resonances) for the D1 and D2 optical transitions of thermal (87)Rb vapor

the D2 N-resonance has better contrast, a broader linewidth, and a more symmetric line shape than the D1 N-resonance. Taken together, these factors imply superior performance for frequency standards operating on alkali D2 N-resonances
Distinct letters x and y alternate in a word w if after deleting in w all letters but the copies of x and y we either obtain a word of the form xyxy • • • (of even or odd length) or a word of the form yxyx • • • (of even or odd length).A simple graph G = (V, E) is word-representable if there exists a word w over the alphabet V such that letters x and y alternate in w if and only if xy is an edge in E. Thus, edges of G are defined by avoiding the consecutive pattern 11 in a word representing G, that is, by avoiding xx and yy.In 2017, Jeff Remmel introduced the notion of a k-11-representable graph for a nonnegative integer k, which generalizes the notion of a word-representable graph.Under this representation, edges of G are defined by containing at most k occurrences of the consecutive pattern 11 in a word representing G. Thus, word-representable graphs are precisely 0-11-representable graphs.

Our key result in this paper is showing that every graph is 2-11-representable by a concatenation of permutations, which is rather surprising taking into account that concatenation of permutations has limited power in the case of 0-11-representation.

Also, we show that the class of word-representable graphs, studied intensively in the literature, is contained strictly in the class of 1-11representable graphs.Another result that we prove is the fact that the class of interval graphs is precisely the class of 1-11-representable graphs that can be represented by uniform words containing two copies of each letter.This result can be compared with the known fact that the class of circle graphs is precisely the class of 0-11-representable
We present a model where it is possible to generate cosmologically large domains of matter and antimatter separated by cosmologically large distances. Domain walls existed only in the early universe and later they disappeared. So the problem of domain walls in this model does not exist. These features are achieved through a postulated form of interaction between inflaton and a new scalar field. This scenario inspired a study of the related problem - evolution of the domain wall width in expanding universe. According to classical results there is a region of parameter space where the solutions with constant physical width exist. Numerical study of the problem demonstrates that initial configurations tend to these solutions with time. However, we have found that the wall width can grow exponentially outside of that parameter region.
The paper presents an overview of plasma-material interaction studies at the Siberian Synchrotron and Terahertz Radiation Centre.

The measurements of recrystallization and surface texturing are demonstrated. The growth of grain size after the exposure by electron beam was detected using two-dimensional diffractometry. The orientation of crystal structure was detected in the tungsten irradiated by deuterium plasma. The residual stresses in irradiated tungsten were measured.

The predicted structure of deformations after pulsed heat load is confirmed. First in-situ experiments confirmed the presence of crystal plane rotation effect during a pulsed heat load.
MPb2Br5(M=K, Rb):RE crystals attract attention due to a possibility of laser generation beyond 4μm limit owing to their lower vibrational frequencies and higher quantum yields. MPb2Hal5 are transparent from 0.3 to 30 μm, have satisfactory mechanical properties, high chemical resistance, extremely low maximum phonon energy (~140 cm-1) and as a result lower non-radiative rates. But their use as laser matrices is associated with some difficulties. KPb2Br5 (KPB) is monoclinic and contains 2 Pb positions: with coordination numbers (CN) 8 and 7 and Pb2+ radii 1.22Å and 1.10Å, respectively. The second position is suitable for RE doping. Unfortunately, KPB has a poor optical quality due to a phase transition during growth. RbPb2Br5 (RPB) don't have phase transitions below the melting point and can be used to produce high quality and large size elements. RPB is tetragonal, Pb2+ occupy one position (CN=8, Rion=1.22Å). Its size exceeds RE radii, so their distribution coefficient in RPB is low. RPB exhibits an expressed temperature expansion and optical properties anisotropy. There is no such effect in KPB because of significant difference in the unit cell parameters ratio a,b/c, a/c in KPB, RPB.

To obtain an efficient material with an optimal set of characteristics, authors obtained K0.5Rb0.5Pb2Br5:REE crystals (P21/c).

They are characterized by minimal anisotropy of thermal and spectral parameters along different crystallographic directions. Transparency range and the dominance of the radiative relaxation mechanism up to 10μm, typical for RPB and KPB, are preserved, therefore K0.5Rb0.5Pb2Br5:REE is a potential mid-IR laser matrix.
The isolation and study of autologous human stem cells remain among the most urgent problems in cell biology and biomedicine to date. Induced pluripotent stem cells can be derived from human somatic cells by the overexpression of a number of genes. In this study we reprogrammed fetal human skin fibroblasts by transduction with retroviral vectors carrying murine Oct4 , Sox2 , Klf4 , and c-Myc cDNAs. As a result, cells with the protein expression and gene transcription pattern characteristic of human embryonic stem cells were derived. These induced pluripotent cells are capable of differentiation in vitro into the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm derivatives.
Upon lipid raft formation, the Raman peak corresponding to monolayer normal mechanical vibrations drops remarkably in position and width.
Validation issues of models of vibration-dissociation coupling used in Navier–Stokes and Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) computations are discussed with respect to high-speed non-equilibrium flows with a separation region under conditions implemented in the ground facilities. Two test cases are considered: low-enthalpy N2 flow around a double cone and high-enthalpy N2/N flow around a double wedge. The results of our numerical simulations are compared to experimental measurements and numerical results of other authors. Good agreement between numerical and experimental data is obtained for the low-enthalpy case, while only qualitative agreement is achieved for the high-enthalpy case. The discrepancy between the DSMC and Navier–Stokes results are also discussed.
The molecular structure of bis(pyrazol-1-yl)methane-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid (H2bpmdc) was determined by single crystal X-Ray diffraction analysis. The compound crystallizes in a monoclinic crystal system; the unit cell contains four formula units. The molecules of H2bpmdc are linked into zig-zag chains by intermolecular carboxyl–carboxyl hydrogen bonds. Other types of supramolecular interactions, namely, CH···N and CH···O short contacts, CH–π interactions and carbonyl–carbonyl interactions were detected in the crystal structure.
The LHCb detector is a forward spectrometer at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The experiment is designed for precision measurements of CP violation and rare decays of beauty and charm hadrons.

In this paper the performance of the various LHCb sub-detectors and the trigger system are described, using data taken from 2010 to 2012.

It is shown that the design criteria of the experiment have been met. The excellent performance of the detector has allowed the LHCb collaboration to publish a wide range of physics results, demonstrating LHCb's unique role, both as a heavy flavour experiment and as a general purpose detector in the forward region.
In the computational mechanics of multiphase dispersed flows, there is an issue of computing the interaction between phases in a mixture of a carrier fluid and dispersed inclusions. The problem is that an accurate dynamics simulation of a mixture of gas and finely dispersed solids with intense interphase interaction requires much more computational power compared to pure gas or a mixture with moderate interaction between phases. To tackle this problem, effective numerical methods are being searched for to ensure adequate computational cost, accuracy, and stability of the results at an arbitrary intensity of momentum and energy exchange between phases. Thus, to assess the approximation, dispersive, dissipative, and asymptotic properties of numerical methods, benchmark solutions of relevant test problems are required. Such solutions are known for one-dimensional problems with linear plane waves.

We introduce a novel analytical solution for the nonlinear problem of spherically symmetric expansion of a gas and dust ball into a vacuum. Therein, the dynamics of carrier and dispersed phases are modeled using equations for a compressible inviscid gas. Solid particles do not have intrinsic pressure and are assumed to be monodisperse. The carrier and dispersed phases exchange momentum. In the derived solution, the velocities of gas and dust clouds depend linearly on the radii. The results were reproduced at high, moderate, and low momentum exchange between phases using the SPH-IDIC (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics with Implicit Drag in Cell) method implemented based on the open-source OpenFPM library.

We reported an example of using the solution as a benchmark for CFD (computational fluid dynamics) models verification and for the evaluation of numerical methods. Our benchmark solution generator developed in the free Scilab environment is publicly available.
In the article features of resource-raw development of the Russian economy for the period between 2000 and 2014 have been considered. The main features of the resource-raw development of the Russian economy at the present stage have been analyzed. The basic principles of the transition of the Russian economy to a resource-innovative development trajectory have been formulated.
A promising new approach to the treatment of viral infections and genetic diseases associated with damaged or foreign nucleic acids in the body is gene therapy, i.e., the use of antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, deoxyribozymes, siRNA, plasmid DNA, etc. (therapeutic nucleic acids). Selective recognition of target nucleic acids by these compounds based on highly specific complementary interaction can minimize negative side effects, which occur with currently used low molecular weight drugs.

To apply a new generation of therapeutic agents in medical practice, it is necessary to solve the problem of their delivery into cells. Silicon-containing nanoparticles are considered as promising carriers for this purpose due to their biocompatibility, low toxicity, ability to biodegradation and excretion from the body, as well as the simplicity of the synthesis and modification. Silicon-containing nanoparticles are divided into two broad categories: solid (nonporous) and mesoporous silicon nanoparticles (MSN).

This review gives a brief overview of the creation of mesoporous, multilayer, and other silicon-based nanoparticles. The publications concerning solid silicon-organic nanoparticles capable of binding and delivering nucleic acids into cells are discussed in more detail with emphasis on methods for their synthesis. The review covers publications over the past 15 years, which describe the classical Stöber method, the microemulsion method, modification of commercial silica nanoparticles, and other strategies.