Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Anopheles atroparvus (Diptera: Culicidae) is one of the main malaria vectors of the Maculipennis group in Europe. Cytogenetic analysis based on salivary gland chromosomes has been used in taxonomic and population genetic studies of mosquitoes from this group. However, a high‐resolution cytogenetic map that could be used in physical genome mapping in An. atroparvus is still lacking.

In the present study, a high‐quality photomap of the polytene chromosomes from ovarian nurse cells of An. atroparvus was developed. Using fluorescent in situ hybridization, 10 genes from the five largest genomic supercontigs on the polytene chromosome were localized and 28% of the genome was anchored to the cytogenetic map.

The study established chromosome arm homology between An. atroparvus and the major African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, suggesting a whole‐arm translocation between autosomes of these two species. The standard photomap constructed for ovarian nurse cell chromosomes of An. atroparvus will be useful for routine physical mapping. This map will assist in the development of a fine‐scale chromosome‐based genome assembly for this species and will also facilitate comparative and evolutionary genomics studies in the genus Anopheles.
Objective: to develop a new antigenic relevance influenza B virus suitable for modeling influenza infection in mice to assess of in vivo and in vitro therapeutic and preventive efficacy of antiviral drugs.

Materials and methods : was carried out an adaptation of influenza B virus in BALB/c mice. Was performed, comparative assessment of in vivo and in vitro pathogenicity of the parenta! virus and. adapted, influenza B virus. Was assessed, inhibition of neuraminidase with antiviral drugs (oseltamivir ethoxyacrylate and. Tamiflu) in relation to the adapted, influenza B virus.

Results: adapted influenza B virus (B/Novosibirsk/40/2017-MA strain) models non-lethal influenza infection with pronounced, clinical signs of the disease in experimental animals. Were described the destructive changes in lungs and. brain that increases during infection. Analysis of internal organs (lungs, brain, liver, heart, kidneys, spleen) were revealed viral load only in the lungs. Were evaluated, in vivo and in vitro efficacy of antiviral drugs (oseltamivir ethoxysuccinate and Tamiflu®) on the model of influenza infection. Were proved, the high, efficiency of the innovative drug — oseltamivir ethoxysuccinate. Conclusion: the antigen-relevant adapted, influenza B virus (B/Novosibirsk/40/2017-MA strain) can be used, to assess the drug effectiveness against influenza, as well as an additional tool for predicting the effectiveness of the vaccine against drifting strains.
Experimental hybridization of X0 and XY chromosome races of the brachypterous grasshopper P. sapporensis did not reveal pre-zygotic reproductive isolation.

However, a partial zygotic barrier was found between the X0-standard race from Shimokawa and XY-standard chromosome race from Akan. Approximately 40% of embryos from females crossed with males from other chromosome races developed parthenogenetically, the remaining embryos were normal heterozygotes. Adult F1 males and females from crosses of this type had properly developed testes and ovaries. Non-sister associations and other irregularities in meiosis were not observed in male meiosis. Crossing experiments demonstrated that hybrids between X0 and XY races occur to some extent. Crosses between the XY-Tanno and X0-standard (Teine) subraces resulted in F1 and F2 generations in spite of the many chromosome differences between them such as a X-A translocation and fixed pericentric inversions in four pairs of autosomes.

The absence of a hybrid zone between the X0 and XY chromosome races may be the result of selection against heterozygotes. These results do not support the hypothesis that chromosomal differences play a key role in restricting gene flow between the X0 and XY races of P. sapporensis.
The present paper presents the results of micro-PTV technique application to velocity fields measurements in plug flow of immiscible liquids in T-shaped straight and curved microchannels. The data processing algorithms are described; the procedure for velocity circulation assessment was proposed and applied to measure velocity circulation in aqueous plugs at different flow rates. The comparison with micro-PIV technique application results is performed.
The analytical review is devoted to the study of factors affecting the formation of the system of emotions regulation in ontogenetic development. A comparison of the formation of an emotion regulation systemfor normotypic and deviating development (on the example of autism spectrum disorders) was made. The interaction of the main innate factors (level of sensory processing sensitivity and effortful control) with factors of the communicative environment (type of attachment to parents, verbalization of emotions and a model of mind) in the development of adaptive emotional regulation and dysregulation is shown.
There are more than 30 inherited human disorders connected with repeat expansion (myotonic dystrophy type I, Huntington’s disease, Fragile X syndrome). Fragile X syndrome is the most common reason for inherited intellectual disability in the human population. The ways of the expansion development remain unclear. An important feature of expanded repeats is the ability to form stable alternative DNA secondary structures. There are hypotheses about the nature of repeat instability. It is proposed that these DNA secondary structures can block various stages of DNA metabolism processes, such as replication, repair and recombination and it is considered as the source of repeat instability. However, none of the hypotheses is fully conf irmed or is the only valid one. Here, an experimental system for studying (CGG)n repeat expansion associated with transcription and TCR­-NER is proposed. It is noteworthy that the aberrations of transcription are a poorly studied mechanism of (CGG)n instability. However, the proposed systems take into account the contribution of other processes of DNA metabolism and, therefore, the developed systems are universal and applicable for various studies. Transgenic cell lines carrying a repeat of normal or premutant length under the control of an inducible promoter were established and a method for repeat instability quantif ication was developed. One type of the cell lines contains an exogenous repeat integrated into the genome by the Sleeping Beauty transposon; in another cell line, the vector is maintained as an episome due to the SV40 origin of replication. These experimental systems can serve for f inding the causes of instability and the development of therapeutic agents. In addition, a criterion was developed for the quantif ication of exogenous (CGG)n repeat instability in the transgenic cell lines’ genome.
Modern methods of cancer immunotherapy usually require the presence of a specific target antigen. The first part of the review is a compilation of the literature data on causes, circumstances, and factors determining the presence in the local tumor node of the totality of tumor antigens essential for the development of the adaptive antitumor immune response.

The in situ vaccination approach does not need a specific antigen. The determinants necessary for the formation of the immune response are all present at the vaccination site, as tumor cells are lysed by cells of innate immunity, infiltrating the tumor and activated by the treatments. The second part of the review analyzes possible events of antitumor immune response development due to in situ vaccination using ligand-receptor interaction and antigen-presenting cells activation, based on the data structuring performed previously.

The present review is an attempt to characterize the principles of both onset and development of the systemic antitumor immune response triggered by in situ vaccination, which is a new trend in anticancer immunotherapy.
Purpose. This paper aims to examine the short stories On the Night before Easter, Student and Bishop by A. P. Chekhov, which the author unites into an individual Easter story cycle based on their common spiritual and moral challenges and particular calendar time – the Easter.

Results. The landscape in On the Night before Easter is in consonance with thoughts and inner world of the storyteller, novitiate Hieronimus and idling folk. By depicting nature, Chekhov manages to antithesize ‘spiritual’ and ‘fleshly’, ‘true’ and ‘borrowed’ knowledge. Easter motifs and attributes also contribute to this atmosphere. In this short story, Chekhov portrays the Church representatives as common people, which results in powerful emotional feedback from the readers. The main idea of the Easter short story Student – the issue of human memory, belief and time. At Easter the protagonist – Ivan Velikopolskii – has ‘resurrected’, feels a desire to live and enjoy his life. An accidental meeting with two women at the campfire on Great Friday allows him to acknowledge the importance of being involved in someone else’s suffering and uniting with people. In Bishop, one of Chekhov’s ‘top’ works, Easter motifs, attributes and landscape sketches help the writer to reveal the protagonist’s inner world and get through the author’s idea of the value of human life. This story finalizes many motifs and themes typical for Chekhov’s mature works.

Conclusion. The works represented in this article are united by common themes, plots and Easter motifs and multiple psychological details embedded in the narration, which depict the inner world of characters. Landscape descriptions correlating with the characters’ spiritual state also play a significant role.
Sakha--an area connecting South and Northeast Siberia--is significant for understanding the history of peopling of Northeast Eurasia and the Americas. Previous studies have shown a genetic contiguity between Siberia and East Asia and the key role of South Siberia in the colonization of Siberia.We report the results of a high-resolution phylogenetic analysis of 701 mtDNAs and 318 Y chromosomes from five native populations of Sakha (Yakuts, Evenks, Evens, Yukaghirs and Dolgans) and of the analysis of more than 500,000 autosomal SNPs of 758 individuals from 55 populations, including 40 previously unpublished samples from Siberia. Phylogenetically terminal clades of East Asian mtDNA haplogroups C and D and Y-chromosome haplogroups N1c, N1b and C3, constituting the core of the gene pool of the native populations from Sakha, connect Sakha and South Siberia. Analysis of autosomal SNP data confirms the genetic continuity between Sakha and South Siberia. Maternal lineages D5a2a2, C4a1c, C4a2, C5b1b and the Yakut-specific STR sub-clade of Y-chromosome haplogroup N1c can be linked to a migration of Yakut ancestors, while the paternal lineage C3c was most likely carried to Sakha by the expansion of the Tungusic people. MtDNA haplogroups Z1a1b and Z1a3, present in Yukaghirs, Evens and Dolgans, show traces of different and probably more ancient migration(s). Analysis of both haploid loci and autosomal SNP data revealed only minor genetic components shared between Sakha and the extreme Northeast Siberia. Although the major part of West Eurasian maternal and paternal lineages in Sakha could originate from recent admixture with East Europeans, mtDNA haplogroups H8, H20a and HV1a1a, as well as Y-chromosome haplogroup J, more probably reflect an ancient gene flow from West Eurasia through Central Asia and South Siberia.Our high-resolution phylogenetic dissection of mtDNA and Y-chromosome haplogroups as well as analysis of autosomal SNP data suggests that Sakha was colonized by repeated expansions from South Siberia with minor gene flow from the Lower Amur/Southern Okhotsk region and/or Kamchatka. The minor West Eurasian component in Sakha attests to both recent and ongoing admixture with East Europeans and an ancient gene flow from West Eurasia.
. The 2020 summer season has revealed frequent occurrences of noctilucent clouds (NLCs) around the Northern hemisphere at middle latitudes (45–55° N), with the lowest latitude at which NLCs were seen being 34.1° N. In order to investigate a reason for this NLC extraordinary summer season, we have analyzed long-term Aura/MLS satellite data for all available summer periods from 2005 to 2020. Both Aura/MLS summer temperature and water vapor in the upper mesosphere and the mesopause region, between 74 and 89 km altitude, have been considered. We have found that there has been a moderate decrease in the upper mesosphere temperature between 2016 and 2020 and no dramatic changes have been observed in temperature in the summer of 2020 at the middle latitude mesopause. At the same time, water vapor concentration has significantly increased (by about 12–15 %) in the zonal mean H2O value in the 2020 summer compared to 2017, meaning that the summer mesopause at middle latitudes has become more wet. At the same time, no increase in water vapor has been detected at the high latitude high altitude mesopause. A combination of lower mesopause temperature and water vapor concentration maximum at middle latitudes is the main reason for frequent and widespread occurrences of NLCs seen around the globe at middle latitudes in the summer of 2020. The 24th solar cycle minimum cannot explain the H2O maximum in 2020 since the correlation between Lyman-α flux and the amount of water vapor is low. The increase in volcanic activity from 2013 to 2015 (and its recent maximum occurred in 2015) explains the increased amount of water vapor in the upper mesosphere for the past years and its maximum in 2020 due to volcanic water vapor being injected into the atmosphere and transported into the upper mesosphere. The 5-year delay between volcanic activity and water vapor maximum is well explained by a general meridional-vertical atmospheric circulation.
Spanning across thousands of years of aromatic culture development in the countries of East Asia, incense application has accumulated vast experience in various fields, including calendrical calculations and time measurement. Analysis of artifacts, objects of religious worship and everyday life indicates fragrant substances’ great versatility in terms of their use: in addition to sticks, spirals and cones, devices such as the Hundred Graduations Incense seals, alarm clocks, as well as clocks that measured night time, strictly dependent on the calendar season, were invented. Various types of aromatic clocks could be distinguished by their great functionality, finding application in many areas ‒ navigation, engineering, in court and religious ceremonies, scientists’ work, in monastic and private schools, tea houses, and were the subject of admiration for poets, artists and calligraphers. The study of the ways of using incense in East Asian countries (including for measuring time) is based on the analysis of a variety of sources ‒ written, artistic and ethnographic. Compared to the large number of Chinese and Japanese sources, the cultural heritage of the Korean Peninsula contains significant gaps, which significantly complicates the interpretation of the material. The use of incense burners, aromatic raw materials and various instruments for measuring time is a remarkable phenomenon in the fragrance culture of China, Korea and Japan, testifying to the high adaptability of symbols and images of traditional culture not only to everyday household needs, but also to various achievements of science and technology. This is confirmed at the present time, given the production of new models of aromatic clocks.
We report a comparative study of the binding of I2 (iodine) in a pair of redox-active metal-organic framework (MOF) materials, MFM-300(VIII) and its oxidized, deprotonated analogue, MFM-300(VIV). Adsorption of I2 in MFM-300(VIII) triggers a host-to-guest charge-transfer, accompanied by a partial (∼30%) oxidation of the VIII centers in the host framework and formation of I3- species residing in the MOF channels. Importantly, this charge-transfer induces a significant enhancement in the electrical conductivity (Δσ = 700000) of I2@MFM-300(VIII/IV) in comparison to MFM-300(VIII). In contrast, no host-guest charge-transfer or apparent change in the conductivity was observed upon adsorption of I2 in MFM-300(VIV). High-resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction of I2@MFM-300(VIII/IV) confirms the first example of self-aggregation of adsorbed iodine species (I2 and I3-) into infinite helical chains within a MOF.
We show that solid-state NMR spectroscopy is a suitable method for characterizing the structure, hydrogen bond dynamics and phase transition behavior in protic ionic liquids (PILs). Deuteron line shape and spin relaxation time analysis provide a description of the structural and dynamical heterogeneity in the solid state of the model PIL triethyl ammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide [TEA][NTf2]. Therein, we observed two deuteron quadrupole coupling constant for the ND bond of the TEA cation, indicating differently strong hydrogen bonds to the nitrogen and oxygen atoms of the NTf2 anion, as we could confirm by DFT calculations. The transition processes in the dynamically heterogeneous phase are characterized by two standard molar enthalpies and thus different stages of melting. We provide geometry, rates and energetics of the cation in the solid and liquid states of the PIL. Comparison with PILs having stronger interacting anions shows higher enthalpy change between the solid and liquid states, lower activation barriers of tumbling motion and higher amplitude of librational motion for the TEA cation in the presence of the weakly interacting anion NTf2. We provide reasonable relations between microscopic and macroscopic properties, as is relevant for any kind of application.
Several neuroimaging studies have suggested that the low spatial frequency content in an emotional face mainly activates the amygdala, pulvinar, and superior colliculus especially with fearful faces1-3. These regions constitute the limbic structure in non-conscious perception of emotions and modulate cortical activity either directly or indirectly2. In contrast, the conscious representation of emotions is more pronounced in the anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex, and somatosensory cortex for directing voluntary attention to details in faces3,4. Asperger's syndrome (AS)5,6 represents an atypical mental disturbance that affects sensory, affective and communicative abilities, without interfering with normal linguistic skills and intellectual ability. Several studies have found that functional deficits in the neural circuitry important for facial emotion recognition can partly explain social communication failure in patients with AS7-9.

In order to clarify the interplay between conscious and non-conscious representations of emotional faces in AS, an EEG experimental protocol is designed with two tasks involving emotionality evaluation of either photograph or line-drawing faces. A pilot study is introduced for selecting face stimuli that minimize the differences in reaction times and scores assigned to facial emotions between the pretested patients with AS and IQ/gender-matched healthy controls. Information from the pretested patients was used to develop the scoring system used for the emotionality evaluation.

Research into facial emotions and visual stimuli with different spatial frequency contents has reached discrepant findings depending on the demographic characteristics of participants and task demands2. The experimental protocol is intended to clarify deficits in patients with AS in processing emotional faces when compared with healthy controls by controlling for factors unrelated to recognition of facial emotions, such as task difficulty, IQ and gender.
The hyperfine spectral structure of radiation−laser modes of the Novosibirsk terahertz free electron laser (NovoFEL) has been measured in two its main operating regimes: resonance unstable regime with maximum output power and stabilized regime with maximum spectral power. The monochromaticity of the mode structure is shown to be practically independent of the laser operating regime and reaches a value of 2·10−8. The mode composition weakly depends on the operating regime for a well aligned electron beam and consists of many longitudinal TEMq00modes (supermode). In the case of a poorly aligned electron beam, transverse modes of the optical cavity are also excited; its intensities strongly increase in the resonance regime.
Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is a syndrome associated with loss of ATM protein function. Neurodegeneration and cancer predisposition, both hallmarks of A-T, are likely to emerge as a consequence of the persistent oxidative stress and DNA damage observed in this disease. Surprisingly however, despite these severe features, a lack of functional ATM is still compatible with early life, suggesting that adaptation mechanisms contributing to cell survival must be in place.

Here we address this gap in our knowledge by analysing the process of human fibroblast adaptation to the lack of ATM. We identify profound rearrangement in cellular proteostasis occurring very early on after loss of ATM in order to counter protein damage originating from oxidative stress.

Change in proteostasis, however, is not without repercussions. Modulating protein turnover in ATM-depleted cells also has an adverse effect on the DNA base excision repair pathway, the major DNA repair system that deals with oxidative DNA damage. As a consequence, the burden of unrepaired endogenous DNA lesions intensifies, progressively leading to genomic instability. Our study provides a glimpse at the cellular consequences of loss of ATM and highlights a previously overlooked role for proteostasis in maintaining cell survival in the absence of ATM function.