Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The article discusses some aspects of interaction between atmospheric dynamics processes in the Arctic and the mid-latitudes under conditions of global climate change and rapid warming in the Arctic in the lower layer of the troposphere (due to a mechanism of positive feedbacks, enhancement of atmospheric heat and moisture fluxes to the Arctic and heat transfer by currents in the ocean). This is a difficult task, given the fact that the observation of this phenomenon is relatively short.

The paper also presents the results of a study of the sensitivity of the Arctic Ocean and the sea ice to variability of atmospheric circulation, taking into account the dynamics of the NAO/AO. Special attention is paid to the circulation over the Norwegian and Greenland Seas, which are the area of formation of the initial trajectory of distribution of Atlantic waters in the Arctic Ocean.

One of the plausible physical hypotheses of the effect of warming in the Arctic on the dynamics of the atmosphere in the mid- and high latitudes is that the reduction of sea ice and snow cover anomalies caused by this warming can lead to changes in the frequency and intensity of the extreme weather events and large-scale circulation in the mid-latitudes and in the Arctic region. Polar cyclones, stratospheric vortex, jet streams, North Atlantic oscillations - these objects of atmospheric dynamics are the subject of discussion in this article.
The paper considers the large-scale characteristics of counter-current gas-liquid flow in the column filled with Mellapak 500Y structured packing.

The effect of ascending gas flow on the development of capillary-gravitational instability is determined using flow pattern observations, local liquid flow rate characterization and pressure drop measurements.

The correlation for prediction of the critical gas flow factor corresponded to flow flooding is proposed and verified.
This work is devoted to the systematization of the composition of xenogenic olivine from kimberlites as the main mineral composing the lithospheric mantle.

Based on data on the composition of olivines from xenoliths and megacrysts from kimberlites, a general division into four types is proposed: olivines of ultrahigh-temperature (HTP-1), high-temperature (HTP-2) and low-temperature (LTP) peridotites, as well as olivines of low-chromium megacryst association (MCA). The separation scheme uses the CaO content as an indicator of the formation temperature and the Mg/(Mg + Fe) ratio as an indicator of the degree of enrichment in olivines. In contrast to Al, the Ca content in olivines from cratonic peridotites is high enough to use only EPMA when applying the proposed scheme. According to this scheme the study of more than 1500 individual olivine xenocrysts from a number of kimberlite bodies of the Siberian platform was made.

It revealed three characteristic distributions of olivine types: without high-temperature differences (Obnazhennaya pipe), with significant development of HTP-2 (Olivinovaya and Vtorogodnitsa pipes), and with a significant development of HTP-1 (Dianga pipe). Only the latter type of distribution is characterized by the presence of a noticeable amount of megacryst association olivines. The study of other minor elements (TiO2 and NiO) in olivines allowed us to propose a model for the formation of high-temperature olivines of two different types due to the interaction of megacryst melt of various fractionation stages on depleted rocks of the lithospheric mantle. HTP-2 olivines arose upon exposure to a fractionated melt of the late stages of crystallization, and HTP-1 olivines appeared upon exposure to unfractionated (less enriched with incompatible components) megacryst melt at higher temperatures of the initial stage of crystallization.
In a majority of mammals, male infants have heavier body mass and grow faster than female infants. Accordingly, male offspring nursing requires a much greater maternal energy contribution to lactation. It is possible that the maternal-fetal immunoendocrine dialog plays an important role in female preparation for lactation during pregnancy. Immune system genes are an integral part of gene regulatory networks in lactation and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is a proinflammatory cytokine that also plays an important role in normal mammary gland development.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the sex of calf and/or the -824A/G polymorphism in the promoter region of TNFα gene on milk performance traits in Black Pied cattle over the course of lactation. We also studied the allele frequency differences of -824A/G variants across several cattle breeds, which were bred in different climatic conditions.

The G allele frequency decreased gradually over the course of lactation events in the Black Pied dairy cattle because of a higher culling rate of cows with the G/G genotype (p<0.001). In contrast to the genotypes A/A and A/G, cows with G/G genotype showed significant variability of milk and milk fat yield subject to sex of delivered calf. Milk yield and milk fat yield were significantly higher in the case of birth of a bull calf than with a heifer calf (p<0.03). The G allele frequency varies from 48% to 58% in Grey Ukrainian and Black Pied cattle to 77% in aboriginal Yakut cattle. Our results suggest that the TNFα -824A/G gene polymorphism may have an influence on the reproductive efforts of cows over the course of lactation events depending on the sex of progeny. Allocation of resources according to sex of the calf allows optimizing the energy cost of lactation. This may be a probable reason for high G allele frequency in Yakut cattle breeding in extreme environmental conditions. Similarly, the dramatic fall in milk production after birth of a heifer calf increases the probability of culling for the cows with the G/G genotype in animal husbandry.
In the following contribution certain types of activities established in Russia within the last decade, which are devoted to popularization of science in particular crystallography, will be highlighted. Some of these projects have already been launched and could be recognized as both successfully and fast developing. Some of these events will take place during the International Year of Crystallography 2014. The most exciting event, at this present time, is the creation of a science café. This will involve lectures from top-ranked scientific experts taking place in a very informal atmosphere, for example in the café, gallery, park or another public place. Open discussions as well as games or questions from the lecturer to audience and vise versa could also take place here. Such project, namely "Science Café Eureka!", led to the bigger conception of a Science Festival, "Eureka!fest", to be held in Novosibirsk in May 2014. The festival structure is based on the "edutainment" format which means a combination of education and entertainment as a brand-new way of information exchange. A significant part of the comprehensive Festival program will be directly related to crystallography in honor of the International Year of Crystallography 2014. Another example of education in an informal environment is the Summer School of Russian Reporter Magazine. Originally supposed to be a journalistic event, this school has become a great place for spreading scientific knowledge to a very diverse audience in terms of both age and educational background. It should be noted that Summer School supports scientific journalism (not journalism about science which can be regarded as completely different) as an important tool of spreading up-to-date advances in science in a very accessible manner.
A review of experiments in the field of photonics and plasmonics, recently performed with the Novosibirsk free electron laser (NovoFEL) is given.

Parameters of NovoFEL radiation and user workstations are described. Considerable attention was paid to the development and testing of quasi-optical elements designed for this range and to methods for the formation of powerful beams of terahertz radiation with a given mode composition.

The use of terahertz radiation in the spectroscopy of gases and semiconductors, in generation and study of surface plasmon polaritons, as well as the use of the latter for the study of surfaces and in communication applications is described.
AWAKE, the Advanced Proton-Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment, is a proof-of-principle R&D experiment at CERN using a 400 GeV/c proton beam from the CERN SPS (longitudinal beam size sigma_z = 12 cm) which will be sent into a 10 m long plasma section with a nominal density of approx. 7x10^14 atoms/cm3 (plasma wavelength lambda_p = 1.2mm).

In this paper we show that by measuring the time integrated transverse profile of the proton bunch at two locations downstream of the AWAKE plasma, information about the occurrence of the self-modulation instability (SMI) can be inferred. Additionally, by measuring the defocused beam edge of the self-modulated bunch, information about the growth rate of the instability can be extracted. If hosing instability occurs, it could be detected by measuring a non-uniform defocused beam shape with changing radius. Using a 1 mm thick Chromox scintillation screen for imaging of the self-modulated proton bunch.

In particular we show that measuring defocused protons with an angle of 1 mrad corresponds to having electric fields in the order of GV/m and fully developed self-modulation of the proton bunch. an edge resolution of 0.6 mm and hence a SMI saturation point resolution of 1.2 m can be achieved.
For several processes at colliding beams, macroscopically large impact parameters give an essential contribution to the standard cross section. These impact parameters may be much larger than the transverse sizes of the colliding bunches. In that case, the standard calculations have to be essentially modified. The corresponding formulas for such a beam-size effect were given 20 years ago without taking into account correlations of particle coordinates in the beams.

In the present paper we derive formulas necessary to take into account quantitatively the effect of particle correlations in the spectrum of bremsstrahlung as well as in pair production.

Our results are quite different from those obtained in recent papers [V. N. Baier and V. M. Katkov, Phys. Rev. D 66, 053009 (2002); V. N. Baier and V. M. Katkov, hep-ph/0305304.]. We point out the origin of this difference.
In this paper we study the emergence and development of roll waves in two-layer fluid flow in a Hele-Shaw cell.

We propose the mathematical model of such flow and define the conditions of transition from stable state to instability in the form of the roll waves. A linear stability analysis and the Whitham criterion of roll waves existence are used for solving the problem. The numerical calculations for the obtained mathematical model at found ratios of densities, viscosities and depths of layers are performed.

We find out the physical parameters of flows at which the roll waves exist. They confirm development of the roll waves of finite amplitude from small oscillations of the interface. Arrive to identical conclusions on depths of upper and lower layers at which violation of flow stability occurs.
We consider an ill-posed initial boundary value problem for the Helmholtz equation. This problem is reduced to the inverse continuation problem for the Helmholtz equation. We prove the well-posedness of the direct problem and obtain a stability estimate of its solution. We solve numerically the inverse problem using the Tikhonov regularization, Godunov approach, and the Landweber iteration. Comparative analysis of these methods is presented.
The paper presents the results of systematic measurements of the thermal conductivity coefficient of nanofluids at room temperature.

It is shown that the thermal conductivity of all considered nanofluids depend on concentration, nanopartical size, as well as the base fluid properties. It was revealed that thermal conductivity coefficient of nanofluids increases with increasing concentration and size of nanoparticles.
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Fluorescent imaging is a useful tool for monitoring NO concentration, which could be essential in various biological and biochemical studies.

Here, we report the design of a novel small-molecule fluorescent probe based on 9(10H)acridone moiety for nitric oxide sensing. 7,8-Diamino-4-carboxy-10-methyl-9(10H)acridone reacts with NO in aqueous media in the presence of O2, yielding a corresponding triazole derivative with fivefold increased fluorescence intensity.

The probe was shown to be capable of nitric oxide sensing in living Jurkat cells.
Oligodendrocytes are one type of glial cells responsible for myelination and providing trophic support for axons in the central nervous system of vertebrates. Thanks to myelin, the speed of electrical-signal conduction increases several hundred-fold because myelin serves as a kind of electrical insulator of nerve fibers and allows for quick saltatory conduction of action potentials through Ranvier nodes, which are devoid of myelin. Given that different parts of the central nervous system are myelinated at different stages of development and most regions contain both myelinated and unmyelinated axons, it is obvious that very precise mechanisms must exist to control the myelination of individual axons.

As they go through the stages of specification and differentiation – from multipotent neuronal cells in the ventricular zone of the neural tube to mature myelinating oligodendrocytes as well as during migration along blood vessels to their destination – cells undergo dramatic changes in the pattern of gene expression. These changes require precisely spatially and temporally coordinated interactions of various transcription factors and epigenetic events that determine the regulatory landscape of chromatin. Chromatin remodeling substantially affects transcriptional activity of genes. The main component of chromatin is the nucleosome, which, in addition to the structural function, performs a regulatory one and serves as a general repressor of genes. Changes in the type, position, and local density of nucleosomes require the action of specialized ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes, which use the energy of ATP hydrolysis for their activity.

Mutations in the genes encoding proteins of the remodeling complexes are often accompanied by serious disorders at early stages of embryogenesis and are frequently identified in various cancers. According to the domain arrangement of the ATP-hydrolyzing subunit, most of the identified ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes are classified into four subfamilies: SWI/SNF, CHD, INO80/SWR, and ISWI. In this review, we discuss the roles of these subunits of the different subfamilies at different stages of oligodendrogenesis.
We use the terms, knot product and local-move, as defined in the text of this paper. Let [Formula: see text] be an integer [Formula: see text]. Let [Formula: see text] be the set of simple spherical [Formula: see text]-knots in [Formula: see text]. Let [Formula: see text] be an integer [Formula: see text]. We prove that the map [Formula: see text] is bijective, where [Formula: see text]Hopf, and Hopf denotes the Hopf link. Let [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] be 1-links in [Formula: see text]. Suppose that [Formula: see text] is obtained from [Formula: see text] by a single pass-move, which is a local-move on 1-links. Let [Formula: see text] be a positive integer. Let [Formula: see text] denote the knot product [Formula: see text]. We prove the following: The [Formula: see text]-dimensional submanifold [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] is obtained from [Formula: see text] by a single [Formula: see text]-pass-move, which is a local-move on [Formula: see text]-submanifolds contained in [Formula: see text]. See the body of this paper for the definitions of all local-moves in this abstract. We prove the following: Let [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] be positive integers. If the [Formula: see text] torus link is pass-move-equivalent to the [Formula: see text] torus link, then the Brieskorn manifolds, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], are diffeomorphic as abstract manifolds. Let [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] be (not necessarily connected or spherical) 2-dimensional closed oriented submanifolds in [Formula: see text]. Suppose that [Formula: see text] is obtained from [Formula: see text] by a single ribbon-move, which is a local-move on 2-dimensional submanifolds contained in [Formula: see text]. Let [Formula: see text] be an integer [Formula: see text]. We prove the following: The [Formula: see text]-submanifold [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] is obtained from [Formula: see text] by a single [Formula: see text]-pass-move, which is a local-move on [Formula: see text]-dimensional submanifolds contained in [Formula: see text].
We report the first observation of the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed decay D_{s};{+}-->K;{+}K;{+}pi;{-} using 605 fb;{-1} of data collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e;{+}e;{-} collider.

The branching ratio with respect to its Cabibbo-favored counterpart B(D_{s};{+}-->K;{+}K;{+}pi;{-})/B(D_{s};{+}-->K;{+}K;{-}pi;{+}) is (0.229+/-0.028+/-0.012)%, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic.

We also report a significantly improved measurement of the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed decay D;{+}-->K;{+}pi;{+}pi;{-}, with a branching ratio B(D;{+}-->K;{+}pi;{+}pi;{-})/B(D;{+}-->K;{-}pi;{+}pi;+})=(0.569+/-0.018+/-0.014)%.
We show that an ε-power-quasisymmetric map f : A → R n can be extended to a Cε-power-quasisymmetric map F : R n → R n if A ⊂ R n satisfies a geometric thickness condition and ε is small enough.

The constant C depends on c and n only.
Aim . The early development of behavioral types and the influence of environmental, mostly social, factors have almost not been studied for natural animal populations. We investigated the effect of the density of non‐relative social environment on the development of the behavior of free‐living chicks of the Black‐headed Gull ( Chroicocephalus ridibundus ). Material and Methods . In order to exclude the influence of relationships with native parents on the development of chicks' behavior, 21 clutches were cross‐fostered so as to destroy any negative relationship between the aggressiveness of their parents and the density of their neighbors. The behavioral types of chicks were determined by a 3‐time testing in an “open field” arena at the ages of 2‐3, 8‐9 and 14‐15 days. Results . Those parents, which effectively coped with close neighboring at the nest settling period, raised more active offspring. The behavior of chicks raised by foster parents, on the contrary, was more passive the fewer unrelated chicks there were nearby and was not associated with the aggressiveness of their parents. Conclusion . Our work demonstrates the role of an unrelated social environment in the ontogeny of behavioral types in colonial birds. We suppose that the different ways in which influences of parents and neighbors optimize the trajectories of development of behavioral types at an individual level, increase the chances of chicks surviving in the diverse and variable environment of a breeding colony.
We report on Large-eddy simulations (LES) of a flow around a cylinder in a narrow duct channel at the Reynolds number of 2 000, 3 000 based on the bulk velocity and diameter of the cylinder.

We investigate a mechanism of the transition occurring from steady laminar flow at Re = 2 000 to turbulent flow at Re = 3 000

with attached recirculation zone and thin sinusoidal far wake.
breathers (which correspond to envelope solitons in the NLSE approximation) at the surface of deep ideal fluid

numerical experiments on long time evolution and collisions, performed in the framework of the new and refined version of the Zakharov equation free of nonessential terms in the quartic Hamiltonian

The collision happens to be nonelastic. In the numerical experiment it can be observed only after many acts of interactions. This supports the hypothesis of 'deep water nonintegrability'
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal disease characterized by multilineage dysplasia, peripheral blood cytopenias, and a high risk of transformation to acute myeloid leukemia. In theory, from clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential to hematologic malignancies, there is a complex interplay between genetic and epigenetic factors, including miRNA. In practice, karyotype analysis assigns patients to different prognostic groups, and mutations are often associated with a particular disease phenotype. Among myeloproliferative disorders, secondary MDS is a group of special entities with a typical spectrum of genetic mutations and cytogenetic rearrangements resembling those in de novo MDS.

This overview analyzes the present prognostic systems of MDS and the most recent efforts in the search for genetic and epigenetic markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of MDS.
The decay ${B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\psi}(2S){K}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is analyzed using $3\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of $pp$ collision data collected with the LHCb detector. A model-independent description of the $\ensuremath{\psi}(2S)\ensuremath{\pi}$ mass spectrum is obtained, using as input the $K\ensuremath{\pi}$ mass spectrum and angular distribution derived directly from data, without requiring a theoretical description of resonance shapes or their interference. The hypothesis that the $\ensuremath{\psi}(2S)\ensuremath{\pi}$ mass spectrum can be described in terms of $K\ensuremath{\pi}$ reflections alone is rejected with more than $8\ensuremath{\sigma}$ significance. This provides confirmation, in a model-independent way, of the need for an additional resonant component in the mass region of the $Z(4430{)}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ exotic state.
We present a systematic analysis of the stationary regimes of nonlinear parity-time(PT) symmetric laser composed of two coupled fiber cavities. We find that power-dependent nonlinear phase shifters broaden regions of existence of both PT-symmetric and PT-broken modes, and can facilitate transitions between modes of different types. We show the existence of non-stationary regimes and demonstrate an ambiguity of the transition process for some of the unstable states. We also identify the presence of higher-order stationary modes, which return to the initial state periodically after a certain number of round-trips.
Results of the geochemical studies on natural brines from regional Vendian reservoirs (Lower-Danilov, Tira, Nepa and Vilyuchan) of the Siberian platform are presented. TDS values of the studied groundwaters and brines range from 17.3 to 583.1 g/dm3, where brines with salinity 280 – 400 g/dm3 are predominant. Brines identified within the Ayan, Bratsk, Balaganka, Upper Chona, Shamanka and other areas, have the highest TDS values.The most widely spread brines belong to five chemical types of Cl Na to Cl Ca composition. TDS concentrations vary widely from 197 to 580 g/dm3 in the Lower Danilov and Tira horizons, and from 170 to 470 g/dm3 in the lower-sitting Nepa and Vilyuchan horizons. Na Cl brines whose TDS concentration reaches the halite precipitation phase should be assigned to infiltration-formed brines on account of salt rock leaching, while strongly metamorphosed brines (S > 300) mostly of Cl and Ca Cl Ca-Mg composition – to sedimentogenic type accounting for those descended from Cambrian salt-bearing deposits, thereby largely explaining the phenomenon of inverse hydrogeochemical zonality in subsalt horizons. The third genetic type, of Cl Ca-Na composition, is rooted in the processes of mixing sodium and calcium types of brines.