Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The existence of co-transmitters of the sympathetic nervous system norepinephrine (NE) and ATP implies variations in the neuromodulator mechanisms of physiological processes. The role of ATP, as a transmitter of the peripheral part of sympathetic nervous system in the formation of thermoregulatory response is not clear. Whether ATP modulates any parameters of thermoregulatory response to cold; if yes, whether co-transmitters of sympathetic nervous system ATP and NE differently modulate thermoregulatory response and on which parameters of cold-defense response the influence of ATP is more pronounced. Experiments were carried out on rats. ATP (10−6), NE (10−3), and their mixture introduced iontophoretically into skin. Their effects on thermoregulatory parameters (temperature parameters, total oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide release, muscle activity, respiratory coefficient) were studied in thermoneutral conditions (without cold load) and under the cooling. In thermoneutral conditions both ATP and NE enhance total metabolism through increase in metabolic rate of lipids, NE effect being more expressed. It was shown that ATP and NE influence predominantly on the different components of the metabolic response to cold. ATP affects to the greatest extent on cold muscular thermogenesis by increasing shivering almost twofold and lowering its initiation temperature thresholds, whereas NE mainly promotes increase in non-shivering thermogenesis. When introducing the mixture of these biological substances the effect of NE is more expressed and the ATP effect is weakened. The obtained results allow to suggest that in vivo the NE effects can be more expressed when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated by cold. Thus, NE and ATP being co-transmitters and predominantly acting on the different processes of cold thermogenesis (ATP on shivering and NE on non-shivering) may organize the certain sequence of cold defense responses.
Mood disorders, especially depression, are a major cause of human disability. The loss of pleasure (anhedonia) is a common, severely debilitating symptom of clinical depression. Experimental animal models are widely used to better understand depression pathogenesis and to develop novel antidepressant therapies. In rodents, various experimental models of anhedonia have already been developed and extensively validated.

Complementing rodent studies, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is emerging as a powerful model organism to assess pathobiological mechanisms of affective disorders, including depression.

Here, we critically discuss the potential of zebrafish for modeling anhedonia and studying its molecular mechanisms and translational implications.
Lymphocytes constitute an essential and potent effector compartment of the immune system. Therefore, their development and functions must be strictly regulated to avoid inappropriate immune responses, such as autoimmune reactions. Several lines of evidence from genetics (e.g. association with multiple sclerosis and primary biliary cirrhosis), human expression studies (e.g. increased expression in target tissues and draining lymph nodes of patients with autoimmune diseases), animal models (e.g. loss of functional protein protects animals from the development of collagen-induced arthritis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, type 1 diabetes, bleomycin-induced fibrosis) strongly support a causal link between the aberrant expression of the lymphocyte-restricted transcriptional regulator BOB.1 and the development of autoimmune diseases.

In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of unusual structural and functional plasticity of BOB.1, stringent regulation of its expression, and the pivotal role that BOB.1 plays in shaping B- and T-cell responses.

We discuss recent developments highlighting the significant contribution of BOB.1 to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and how to leverage our knowledge to target this regulator to treat autoimmune tissue inflammation.
This article studies a simple 4-dimensional ternary algebra 𝒜 which appears analogously to the quaternions from the Lie algebra 𝔰𝔩(2). We describe the heights 1 and 2 identities, and the derivations of 𝒜. Based on 𝒜, some ternary enveloping algebras for ternary Filippov algebras are constructed. Key Words: Composition algebraDerivationEnveloping algebraFilippov algebraIdentityTriple system2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 17A4017A75 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The first and the fourth authors want to thank the Instituto de Matemática e Estatística of the Universidade de São Paulo for the hospitality. The friendly treatment of the Universidad de Cantabria is gratefully acknowledged by the first author. This author was supported by an individual doctoral grant (SFRH/BD/37907/2007) of the Foundation for Science and Technology of the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology, and Higher Education (FCT). The third author was supported by State Aid of Leading Scientific Schools (project NSh-344.2008.1) and by ADTP “Development of the Scientific Potential of Higher School” of the Russian Federal Agency for Education (Grant 2.1.1.419). The fourth author was supported by Centre for Mathematics, University of Coimbra (CMUC). The authors thank the referee for many useful comments and suggestions that certainly contributed for the improvement of the article (in particular, the last section contains some ideas of the referee). Notes Communicated by A. Elduque
The problem of fast, reliable, and accurate calculation of tsunami wave propagation is addressed. Based on the shallow water approximation, two numerical approaches to calculate tsunami wave propagation are compared at the same computational mesh. To evaluate precision of numerical solutions the available exact solutions (for the cases of sloping and parabolic bottom) are used. Results of several numerical tests are presented. Time required to obtain tsunami wave height maxima distribution is briefly discussed, too.
The review gives an insight into amaranth, a very promising crop for the whole world. This crop has a long history dating back to the days of the Aztecs and Incas, for whom it was one of the most important crops, along with corn. However, unlike the latter, amaranth lost its nutritional value after being introduced into Europe. Only in the 20th century, largely thanks to Nikolai Vavilov, amaranth attracted great interest as a food and feed crop.

The review focuses on genes that determine the content of the main, valuable biochemical components: squalene, vitamin C, and lysine. The genetic pathways that control the biosynthesis of these components have been studied in detail in various model plant objects. The presence of the complete genomic sequence of Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. makes it possible to identify orthologs of key biosynthetic genes. At the moment, only few genes in amaranth have been identified, including the squalene synthase (SQS) gene, the VTC2 ascorbic acid synthesis gene, and the key genes for lysine synthesis – AK and DHDPS.

Amaranth is a plant unique in its nutritional properties. It is characterized by a high content of protein saturated with essential amino acids, especially lysine, and a large number of bioactive compounds, such as vitamin C, amaranthine, rutin, carotenoids, etc. Of particular value is grain oil saturated with various lipid compounds: squalene, vitamin E, phytosterols, and fatty acids. These lipid compounds have a number of important properties from the point of view of functional nutrition: as natural antioxidants they bind free radicals, normalize lipid metabolism, and help to decrease blood cholesterol levels. The article discusses the prospects and trends of marker-assisted selection of this crop as well as the difficulties of its systematization and genotyping, which have to be overcome to successfully solve plant breeding problems.
Etiology of complex disorders, such as cataract and neurodegenerative diseases including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), remains poorly understood due to the paucity of animal models, fully replicating the human disease. Previously, two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with early cataract, AMD-like retinopathy, and some behavioral aberrations in senescence-accelerated OXYS rats were uncovered on chromosome 1 in a cross between OXYS and WAG rats.

To confirm the findings, we generated interval-specific congenic strains, WAG/OXYS-1.1 and WAG/OXYS-1.2, carrying OXYS-derived loci of chromosome 1 in the WAG strain. Both congenic strains displayed early cataract and retinopathy but differed clinically from OXYS rats. Here we applied a high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) strategy to facilitate nomination of the candidate genes and functional pathways that may be responsible for these differences and can contribute to the development of the senescence-accelerated phenotype of OXYS rats. First, the size and map position of QTL-derived congenic segments were determined by comparative analysis of coding single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which were identified for OXYS, WAG, and congenic retinal RNAs after sequencing. The transferred locus was not what we expected in WAG/OXYS-1.1 rats. In rat retina, 15442 genes were expressed. Coherent sets of differentially expressed genes were identified when we compared RNA-Seq retinal profiles of 20-day-old WAG/OXYS-1.1, WAG/OXYS-1.2, and OXYS rats.

The genes most different in the average expression level between the congenic strains included those generally associated with the Wnt, integrin, and TGF-β signaling pathways, widely involved in neurodegenerative processes. Several candidate genes (including Arhgap33, Cebpg, Gtf3c1, Snurf, Tnfaip3, Yme1l1, Cbs, Car9 and Fn1) were found to be either polymorphic in the congenic loci or differentially expressed between the strains. These genes may contribute to the development of cataract and retinopathy. This study is the first RNA-Seq analysis of the rat retinal transcriptome generated with 40 mln sequencing read depth. The integration of QTL and transcriptomic analyses in our study forms the basis of future research into the relationship between the candidate genes within the congenic regions and specific changes in the retinal transcriptome as possible causal mechanisms that underlie age-associated disorders.
Background Networks or graphs play an important role in the biological sciences. Protein interaction networks and metabolic networks support the understanding of basic cellular mechanisms. In the human brain, networks of functional or structural connectivity model the information-flow between cortex regions. In this context, measures of network properties are needed.

We propose a new measure, Ndim, estimating the complexity of arbitrary networks. This measure is based on a fractal dimension, which is similar to recently introduced box-covering dimensions. However, box-covering dimensions are only applicable to fractal networks. The construction of these network-dimensions relies on concepts proposed to measure fractality or complexity of irregular sets in $\mathbb {R}^{n}$ ℝ n . Results The network measure Ndim grows with the proliferation of increasing network connectivity and is essentially determined by the cardinality of a maximum k -clique, where k is the characteristic path length of the network. Numerical applications to lattice-graphs and to fractal and non-fractal graph models, together with formal proofs show, that Ndim estimates a dimension of complexity for arbitrary graphs. Box-covering dimensions for fractal graphs rely on a linear log−log plot of minimum numbers of covering subgraph boxes versus the box sizes. We demonstrate the affinity between Ndim and the fractal box-covering dimensions but also that Ndim extends the concept of a fractal dimension to networks with non-linear log−log plots. Comparisons of Ndim with topological measures of complexity (cost and efficiency) show that Ndim has larger informative power. Three different methods to apply Ndim to weighted networks are finally presented and exemplified by comparisons of functional brain connectivity of healthy and depressed subjects.

Conclusion We introduce a new measure of complexity for networks. We show that Ndim has the properties of a dimension and overcomes several limitations of presently used topological and fractal complexity-measures. It allows the comparison of the complexity of networks of different type, e.g., between fractal graphs characterized by hub repulsion and small world graphs with strong hub attraction. The large informative power and a convenient computational CPU-time for moderately sized networks may make Ndim a valuable tool for the analysis of biological networks.
Polymerization was carried out using the method of radiation initiation. Experiments were carried out on methacrylic acid derivatives with bulky substituents (isodecyl and benzyl). The regularities of its formation are investigated. The conditions for obtaining a homogeneous copolymer are determined. A polymer with a molecular weight of more than 10 6 g/mol was obtained. An increase in the viscosity of the copolymer with an increase in the temperature of the solution was shown.
A list of 54 bee species of the family Megachilidae with data on their distribution and relative abundance in Kemerovskaya Oblast is presented.

Five species, Megachile fulvimana Eversmann, 1852, M. nigriventris Schenck, 1870, Osmia inermis (Zetterstedt, 1838), O. nigriventris (Zetterstedt, 1838) and Pseudoanthidium tenellum (Mocsáry, 1881), are recorded for the region first time. Three species, Hoplitis turcestanica (Dalla Torre, 1896), Megachile maacki Radoszkowski, 1874 and Osmia parietina Curtis, 1828 are deleted from the list of species for the region due to doubtful species identification.

Currently, knowledge of megachilid bee species composition in Kemerovskaya Oblast is much better than other regions of Siberia.
We demonstrate a high-efficiency random lasing in a 850 m span of a phosphosilicate fiber. Random distributed feedback owing to the Rayleigh backscattering in the fiber enables narrowband generation with output power of up to 7.3 W at the Stokes wavelength λS = 1308 nm from 11 W of the pump power at λP = 1115 nm. The laser demonstrates unique generation efficiency. Near the generation threshold, more than 2 W of output power is generated from only 0.5 W of pump power excess over the generation threshold. At high pump power, the quantum conversion efficiency defined as a ratio of generated and pump photons at the laser output exceeds 100%. It is explained by the fact that every pump photon is converted into the Stokes photon far from the output fiber end, while the Stokes photons have lower attenuation than the pump photons.
A new search signature for excited leptons is explored. Excited muons are sought in the channel , assuming both the production and decay occur via a contact interaction. The analysis is based on 20.3 fb−1 of pp collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of taken with the ATLAS detector at the large hadron collider. No evidence of excited muons is found, and limits are set at the 95% confidence level on the cross section times branching ratio as a function of the excited-muon mass . For between 1.3 and 3.0 TeV, the upper limit on ) is between 0.6 and 1 fb. Limits on are converted to lower bounds on the compositeness scale Λ. In the limiting case , excited muons with a mass below 2.8 TeV are excluded. With the same model assumptions, these limits at larger masses improve upon previous limits from traditional searches based on the gauge-mediated decay .
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, with increasing prevalence and no disease-modifying treatment available yet. There is increasing evidence—from interventions targeting mitochondria—that may shed some light on new strategies for the treatment of AD.

Previously, using senescence-accelerated OXYS rats that simulate key characteristics of sporadic AD, we have shown that treatment with mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 (plastoquinonyl-decyltriphenylphosphonium) from age 12 to 18 months (that is, during active progression of AD-like pathology)—via improvement of mitochondrial function—prevented the neuronal loss and synaptic damage, enhanced neurotrophic supply, and decreased amyloid- β 1–42 protein levels and tau hyperphosphorylation in the hippocampus. In the present study, we continued to explore the mechanisms of the anti-AD effects of SkQ1 in an OXYS rat model through deep RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and focused upon the cell-specific gene expression alterations in the hippocampus. According to RNA-seq results, OXYS rats had 1,159 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) relative to Wistar rats (control), and 6-month treatment with SkQ1 decreased their number twofold.

We found that 10.5% of all DEGs in untreated (control) OXYS rats were associated with mitochondrial function, whereas SkQ1 eliminated differences in the expression of 76% of DEGs (93 from 122 genes). Using transcriptome approaches, we found that the anti-AD effects of SkQ1 are associated with an improvement of the activity of many signaling pathways and intracellular processes. SkQ1 changed the expression of genes in neuronal, glial, and endothelial cells, and these genes are related to mitochondrial function, neurotrophic and synaptic activity, calcium processes, immune and cerebrovascular systems, catabolism, degradation, and apoptosis. Thus, RNA-seq analysis yields a detailed picture of transcriptional changes during the development of AD-like pathology and can point to the molecular and genetic mechanisms of action of the agents (including SkQ1) holding promise for the prevention and treatment of AD.
Авторское резюмеПроблема межэтнического пограничья представлена на основе изучения влияния отношения респондентов к этносу, языковой среде, типа их самоидентификации на взаимодействие.Показано, как социокультурная специфика регионов влияет на представленность разных типов молодежи в составе населения.Выявлено, что специфика восприятия русской молодежью границ пространства состоит в совпадении их с границами страны.Для представителей титульных этносов в республиках имеют также большое значение республиканские и этнические маркеры.Сопоставление типов молодежи по предпочтениям полилингвистической и монолингвистической сред показало, что этническая идентичность менее
Centromeres are essential for correct chromosome segregation during cell division and are determined by the presence of centromere-specific histone 3 (CENH3). Most of the diploid plant species, in which the structure and copy number of CENH3 genes have been determined, have this gene as a singleton; however, some cereal species in the tribe Triticeae have been found to have CENH3 in two variants. In this work, using the set of the wheat-rye addition lines we wanted to establish the chromosomal assignment of the CENH3 genes in the cultivated rye, Secale cereale (Linnaeus, 1753), in order to expand our knowledge about synteny conservation in the most important cereal species and about their chromosome evolution. To this end, we have also analyzed data in available genome sequencing databases. As a result, the αCENH3 and βCENH3 forms have been assigned to rye chromosomes 1R and 6R: specifically, the commonest variants αCENH3v1 and βCENH3v1 to chromosome 1R, and the rare variants, αCENH3v2 and probably βCENH3v2, to chromosome 6R. No other CENH3 variants have been found by analysis of the rye genome sequencing databases. Our chromosomal assignment of CENH3 in rye has been found to be the same as that in barley, suggesting that both main forms of CENH3 appeared in a Triticeae species before the barley and wheatrye lineages split.
The flow structure inside the Ranque vortex tube is investigated by LDA method.

The mean velocity field is presented in the working channel of square cross-section at overpressures of 0.1 and 0.3 MPa.

Two-dimensional mean velocity pattern is analyzed for the center longitudinal plane, and all the three velocity components all over the transverse coordinate are shown in three cross-sections of the working channel: near the guiding apparatus, in the center and near the hot exit
Regulation of DNA replication and copy number is necessary to promote genome stability and maintain cell and tissue function. DNA replication is regulated temporally in a process known as replication timing (RT). Rap1-interacting factor 1 (Rif1) is a key regulator of RT and has a critical function in copy number control in polyploid cells. Previously, we demonstrated that Rif1 functions with SUUR to inhibit replication fork progression and promote underreplication (UR) of specific genomic regions. How Rif1-dependent control of RT factors into its ability to promote UR is unknown.

By applying a computational approach to measure RT in Drosophila polyploid cells, we show that SUUR and Rif1 have differential roles in controlling UR and RT.

Our findings reveal that Rif1 acts to promote late replication, which is necessary for SUUR-dependent underreplication. Our work provides new insight into the process of UR and its links to RT.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and rapidly progressive hereditary muscular disease with X-linked recessive inheritance, occurring mainly in males. A complete loss of dystrophin resulted from out-of-frame deletion mutations in the DMD gene leads to Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

We generated iPSCs from a DMD patient using non-integrating episomal plasmid vectors.

DMD induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a suitable cell model to study muscle development and disease mechanisms underlying muscular dystrophy and to screen novel compounds with potential therapeutic effects. The obtained iPSC lines showed ESC-like morphology, expression pluripotency markers, displayed a normal karyotype and possessed trilineage differentiation potential.
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The high energy packed in alkyne functional group makes alkyne reactions highly thermodynamically favorable and generally irreversible. Furthermore, the presence of two orthogonal π-bonds that can be manipulated separately enables flexible synthetic cascades stemming from alkynes. Behind these "obvious" traits, there are other more subtle, often concealed aspects of this functional group's appeal.

This review is focused on yet another interesting but underappreciated alkyne feature: the fact that the CC alkyne unit has the same oxidation state as the -CH2C(O)- unit of a typical carbonyl compound. Thus, "classic carbonyl chemistry" can be accessed through alkynes, and new transformations can be engineered by unmasking the hidden carbonyl nature of alkynes.

The goal of this review is to illustrate the advantages of using alkynes as an entry point to carbonyl reactions while highlighting reports from the literature where, sometimes without full appreciation, the concept of using alkynes as a hidden entry into carbonyl chemistry has been applied.
A search is presented for a heavy vector-like quark, decaying into a b quark and a W boson, which is produced singly in association with a light flavor quark and a b quark.

The analysis is performed using a data sample of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 13 TeV collected at the LHC in 2015. The data set used in the analysis corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 2.3 inverse femtobarns. The search is carried out using events containing one electron or muon, at least one b-tagged jet with large transverse momentum, at least one jet in the forward region of the detector, and missing transverse momentum.

No excess over the standard model prediction is observed. Upper limits are placed on the production cross section of heavy exotic quarks: a T quark with a charge of 2/3, and a Y quark with a charge of -4/3. For Y quarks with coupling of 0.5 and B(Y to bW) = 100%, the observed (expected) lower mass limits are 1.40 (1.0) TeV. This is the most stringent limit to date on the single production of the Y vector-like quark.