Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Two methods of mathematical formulation of heterogeneous media are proposed. An approach to averaging the conservation laws and the equations of state is described.

A comparison with experiment is made.
In recent years, several fundamental decisions were made in relation to the implementation of major transport infrastructure projects for the development of the Arctic. To ensure their justification and successful implementation, it is necessary to use adequate tools of project analysis. The paper addresses the development of methods for assessing the financial and economic efficiency of Arctic development projects and quantifying the results of interaction between project participants, including spatial interaction. The developed model allows us to quantify the redistribution of results between project participants due to the mechanisms of various government support instruments and methods of private financing. The proposed methods were tested for the Yamal LNG project.
ABSTRACT The deleterious effects of a disrupted copper metabolism are illustrated by hereditary diseases caused by mutations in the genes coding for the copper transporters ATP7A and ATP7B. Menkes disease, involving ATP7A, is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder of copper deficiency. Mutations in ATP7B lead to Wilson disease, which is characterized by a predominantly hepatic copper accumulation. The low incidence and the phenotypic variability of human copper toxicosis hamper identification of causal genes or modifier genes involved in the disease pathogenesis. The Labrador retriever was recently characterized as a new canine model for copper toxicosis. Purebred dogs have reduced genetic variability, which facilitates identification of genes involved in complex heritable traits that might influence phenotype in both humans and dogs. We performed a genome-wide association study in 235 Labrador retrievers and identified two chromosome regions containing ATP7A and ATP7B that were associated with variation in hepatic copper levels. DNA sequence analysis identified missense mutations in each gene. The amino acid substitution ATP7B:p.Arg1453Gln was associated with copper accumulation, whereas the amino acid substitution ATP7A:p.Thr327Ile partly protected against copper accumulation. Confocal microscopy indicated that aberrant copper metabolism upon expression of the ATP7B variant occurred because of mis-localization of the protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. Dermal fibroblasts derived from ATP7A:p.Thr327Ile dogs showed copper accumulation and delayed excretion. We identified the Labrador retriever as the first natural, non-rodent model for ATP7B-associated copper toxicosis. Attenuation of copper accumulation by the ATP7A mutation sheds an interesting light on the interplay of copper transporters in body copper homeostasis and warrants a thorough investigation of ATP7A as a modifier gene in copper-metabolism disorders. The identification of two new functional variants in ATP7A and ATP7B contributes to the biological understanding of protein function, with relevance for future development of therapy.
Although the cyclo-P6 complex [(Cp*Mo)2 (μ,η(6) :η(6) -P6 )] (1) was reported 30 years ago, little is known about its chemistry.

Herein, we report a high-yielding synthesis of 1, the complex 2, which contains an unprecedented cyclo-P10 ligand, and the reactivity of 1 towards the "naked" cations Cu(+) , Ag(+) , and Tl(+) . The choice of solvent enabled control over the reaction outcome for Cu(+) , as proved by powder XRD and supported by DFT calculations.

Besides the formation of the single oxidation products 3 a,b which have a bisallylic distorted cyclo-P6 middle deck, the [M(1)2 ](+) complexes are described which show distorted square-planar (M=Cu(4 a), Ag(4 b)) or distorted tetrahedral coordinated (M=Cu(5)) M(+) cations. The reaction with Tl(+) affords a layered two-dimensional coordination network in the solid state.
Mountain lakes, especially those located at an altitude of 2000-3000 m above sea level, can be model objects for studying global climate changes, as their ecosystems are particularly sensitive to external impacts. The assessment of quantitative and qualitative changes in the hydrobiological communities of the high mountain lakes of Altai, in particular zooplankton, is important in predicting the development of lake ecosystems under different climate change scenarios.

19 lakes were studied in the Kara-Kudur, Saryachik and Chibit systems and Ukok Plateau in 2000 and 2017-2018.

It was revealed that during this period in Altai there was a tendency towards air temperature increase in winter and transition seasons. There were structural changes of zooplankton community in the lakes of Kara-Kudur, Saryachik and Chibit systems. However, zooplankton is now dominated by species, which are indicators of organic matter accumulation in the upper layers of bottom sediments. In lakes of the Ukok Plateau during the past 20 years, there was also an increase in the number and biomass of zooplankton, the emergence of phytophilic and nectobenthic species, which may indicate an increase in trophic status of lakes.
Suppression of superconductivity in disordered systems is a fundamental problem of condensed matter physics. Here we investigate superconducting niobium-titanium-nitride (Nb1-xTixN) thin films grown by the atomic layer deposition (ALD) with slightly different growth process parameters. We observe a smooth crossover from the disorder-driven superconductor-normal metal transition (SMT) to the superconductor-insulator transition (SIT) via the intermediate Bose metal state detected by the low-temperature saturation of the temperature dependence of the sheet resistance. We demonstrate that the SIT via the intervening Bose metal state occurs if the sheet resistance of the film in the maximum, Rmax prior to the superconducting drop of R(T), exceeds Rq = h/4e2.
The article is devoted to the study of problems of finding the non-negative coefficient q(t) in the elliptic equation utt + a2Δu − q(t)u = f(x, t) (x = (x1, . . . , xn) ∈ Ω ⊂ Rn, t ∈ (0, T), 0 < T < +∞, Δ — operator Laplace on x1, . . . , xn). These problems contain the usual boundary conditions and additional condition ( spatial integral overdetermination condition or boundary integral overdetermination condition).

The theorems of existence and uniqueness are proved
The properties of embryonic hybrid cells obtained by fusion of embryonic stem (ES) or teratocarcinoma (TC) cells with differentiated cells are reviewed. Usually, ES-somatic or TC-somatic hybrids retain pluripotent capacity at high levels quite comparable or nearly identical with those of the pluripotent partner. When cultured in vitro, ES-somatic- and TC-somatic hybrid cell clones, as a rule, lose the chromosomes derived from the somatic partner; however, in some clones the autosomes from the ES cell partner were also eliminated, i.e. the parental chromosomes segregated bilaterally in the ES-somatic cell hybrids. This opens up ways for searching correlation between the pluripotent status of the hybrid cells and chromosome segregation patterns and therefore for identifying the particular chromosomes involved in the maintenance of pluripotency. Use of selective medium allows to isolate in vitro the clones of ES-somatic hybrid cells in which "the pluripotent" chromosome can be replaced by "the somatic" counterpart carrying the selectable gene. Unlike the TC-somatic cell hybrids, the ES-somatic hybrids with a near-diploid complement of chromosomes are able to contribute to various tissues of chimeric animals after injection into the blastocoel cavity. Analysis of the chimeric animals showed that the "somatic" chromosome undergoes reprogramming during development. The prospects for the identification of the chromosomes that are involved in the maintenance of pluripotency and its cis- and trans-regulation in the hybrid cell genome are discussed.
The article is devoted to the technique of automated testing of NSUts – automatic assessment system for programming tasks developed at NSU. The main priority for this technique is to test both the old and the new versions of the application, so that the same or minimally modified tests could be executed on two versions of the system with different architectures. This could be useful while organizing the development process for other applications with a long life cycle.

To test not only the server but also the client side of the web application, we suggest using tools like Selenium WebDriver to simulate user actions by sending commands to real browsers. We use the well-known Page Object design pattern to handle differences in HTML layout and functionality, and describe a number of ways to make developed tests less fragile and easily adapt those to work with the new version of the system.

The article also describes the use of this technique to organize automated testing of the NSUts system and analyzes its effectiveness. The analysis shows that the estimated code coverage by these tests is quite high, and therefore the technique can be considered effective and applied to other similar web applications.
The optical and structure properties of the PbS nanoclusters in the Langmuir-Blodgett matrix as well as their properties after the matrix removal in the ammonium atmospheres have been studied. According to the electron microscopy data, it has been established that there are PbS nanoclusters formed on the surface of the samples. It has been found that the matrix removal results in a significant enlargement of the PbS nanocrystals accompanied by the shift of the luminescence into the infra-red range. It has been shown that the PL intensity of PbS quantum dots (QDs) in the matrix decreases with the temperature decrease due to the carrier transfer into defect QDs whereas the the luminescence intensity of the PbS nanocrystals without a matrix grows at the temperature increase.
Dispersal of Homo sapiens across the globe during the last 200,000 years was accompanied by adaptation to local climatic conditions, with severe winter temperatures being probably one of the most significant selective forces. The TRPM8 gene codes for a cold-sensing ion channel, and adaptation to low temperatures is the major determinant of its molecular evolution. Here, our aim was to search for signatures of cold climate adaptation in TRPM8 gene using a combined data set of 19 populations of East Asian ancestry from the 1000 Genomes Project and Human Genome Diversity Project. As a result, out of a total of 60 markers under study, none showed significant association with the average winter temperatures at the locations of the studied populations considering the multiple testing thresholds. This might suggest that the principal mode of TRPM8 evolution may be different from widespread models, where adaptive alleles are additive, dominant or recessive, at least in populations with the predominant East Asian component. For example, evolution by means of selectively preferable epistatic interactions among amino acids may have taken place. Despite the lack of strong signals of association, however, a very promising single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was found. The SNP rs7577262 is considered the best candidate based on its allelic correlations with winter temperatures, signatures of selective sweep and physiological evidences. The second top SNP, rs17862920, may participate in adaptation as well. Additionally, to assist in interpreting the nominal associations, the other markers reached, we performed SNP prioritization based on functional evidences found in literature and on evolutionary conservativeness.
The article focuses on the range of scientific issues which have been studied by sociolinguists who apply dynamic models mainly to the material of the English language. Priority is given to network models and their predecessors – the study of relationships within semantic fields. The author's observations of the circulation of the meanings as they are reflected in the Russian associative-verbal network (hereafter AVN) provide supporting evidence for the links between the dimensions of socio-communicative networks (strength, density, direction of contacts) and the emergence of favorable conditions for socially significant language changes. Sociolinguists discovered this type of correlation earlier using other methods on English materials. The instability of the social environment of the post-Soviet world manifests itself (within three generations) in the dynamics of socio-communicative attitudes concerning the ways people manipulate the bodies of language units. Thus attested shifts in motivational orientations of the Russian language personality can be studied further on as potential activators of socially conditioned language changes. The AVN materials allow scientists to consider the psychological dimensions in their interpretations of sociolinguistically significant dynamics. The use of AVN models in the light of actual (within 3-4 generations) diachrony opens up the prospect of developing associative variantology as a new branch of experimental psychosociolinguistics; the study of the circulation of word meanings in the semantic field of culture provides valuable empirical data for ethnopolitical sociolinguistics.
There are only a dozen representations of fish in parietal art in the world. The one in the Fish Shelter is said to be the oldest of all. This fish figure is so rare and precious that it was almost cut up and sold. This engraving is complex to understand, many details leave researchers perplexed. A new survey campaign, the first in 30 years, was conducted between 2016 and 2019 to obtain a very detailed geometric model of the shelter, fish and other archaeological evidence present. Just for fish engraving, the photogrammetric model has a resolution of 16 polygons per square millimeter, which enables us to digitally investigate every detail. For this article, we will show how we use Grasshopper, a parametric software well known in architecture, to create two types of maps: a depth map and an incidence map. These two pieces of information are essential to understand how the engraving was made.
The interaction of octafluorotoluene (1a), as well as pentafluorobenzonitrile (1b) with tert-butylamine, followed by the oxidation of thus formed tert-butylanilines (2a,b) with meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid led to functionalized perfluorinated phenyl tert-butyl nitroxides [namely, 4-(N-tert-butyl(oxyl)amino)heptafluorotoluene (3a) and 4-(N-tert-butyl(oxyl)amino)tetrafluorobenzonitrile (3b)] with nearly quantitative total yields.

The molecular and crystal structures of nitroxide 3a were proved by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The radical nature of both nitroxides was confirmed by ESR data. The interaction of Cu(hfac)2 with the obtained nitroxides 3a,b gave corresponding trans-bis(1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoropentane-2,4-dionato-κ2O,O')bis{4-(N-tert-butyl(oxyl)amino)perfluoroarene-κO}copper (II) complexes ([Cu(hfac)2(3a)2] and [Cu(hfac)2(3b)2]). X-ray crystal structure analysis showed square bipyramid coordination of a centrally symmetric Cu polyhedron with the axial positions occupied by oxygen atoms of the nitroxide groups.

Magnetic measurements revealed intramolecular ferromagnetic exchange interactions between unpaired electrons of Cu(II) ions and paramagnetic ligands, with exchange interaction parameters JCu-R reaching 53 cm-1.
The TCF7L2 gene was studied in people with the 1st degree obesity as a molecular genetic marker of obesity.

An increased prevalence of the risk allele was found in the study sample compared to the control.

It is assumed that the TCF7L2 gene is a risk factor for the development of early disorders of carbohydrate metabolism.
The paper describes a computational program developed in MatLab Simulink, that performs calculation of electric power generated by photoconverters for various missions of nanosatellites in low Earth orbit (LEO).

Electric power generated by nanosatellite’s solar panels was estimated for polar LEO of 450 km altitude for two versions of the satellite’s static orientation.

The results show how orientation maneuver at the Earth’s surface point affects power generated by the satellite’s solar panels.
The Aim: To determine gender differences in the dynamic of job stress indicators in an open population of 25-64 years over a long-term period - 29 years in Russia / Siberia (Novosibirsk). Methods: Within the framework of the screening in 1988-89 under the WHO MONICA-psychosocial (MOPSY) program (n=1676, 49.5% males, mean age 44.1±0.4 years), in 2003-2005 under the international project HAPIEE (n=1650, 34.9% males, mean age 54.25±0.2 years), in 2013-2016 (n=975, 43.8% males, mean age 34.5±0,4 years) and 2016-2017 (n=663, 41.3% males, mean age 51.95±0.32 years) within the framework of the budgetary theme No. AAAA-A17-117112850280-2, random representative samples of men and women in one of districts in Novosibirsk were examined. Job stress indicators were assessed using the Karasek’s scale adopted by MONICA-MOPSY. Results: About 40% of male and female population in 1988 reported a change in occupation in the previous 12 years. The highest proportion of such persons was observed in the younger age groups and significant gender differences were also found there. By 2016-17, the proportion of those who changed their specialty decreased but gender differences were not determined. In 2016-17, the proportion of men and women who enjoy their job increased slightly compared to 1988, but the gender difference was insignificant.
According to scanning model, 40S ribosomal subunits can either initiate translation at start AUG codon in suboptimal context or miss it and initiate translation at downstream AUG(s), thereby producing several proteins. Functional significance of such a protein translational polymorphism is still unknown.

We compared predicted subcellular localizations of annotated Arabidopsis thaliana proteins and their potential N-terminally truncated forms started from the nearest downstream in-frame AUG codons.

It was found that localizations of full and N-truncated proteins differ in many cases: 12.2% of N-truncated proteins acquired sorting signals de novo and 5.7% changed their predicted subcellular locations (mitochodria, chloroplast or secretory pathway). It is likely that the in-frame downstream AUGs may be frequently utilized to synthesize proteins possessing new functional properties and such a translational polymorphism may serve as an important source of cellular and organelle proteomes.
The characterization of major resistance genes (R genes) in the potato remains an important task for molecular breeding. However, R genes are rapidly evolving and frequently occur in genomes as clusters with complex structures, and their precise mapping and identification are complicated and time consuming.

Comparative analysis of root transcriptomes of Solanum phureja genotypes with contrasting resistance to Globodera rostochiensis revealed a number of differentially expressed genes. However, compiling a list of candidate R genes for further segregation analysis was hampered by their scarce annotation. Nevertheless, combination of transcriptomic analysis with data on predicted potato NBS-LRR-encoding genes considerably improved the quality of the results.

Combination of comparative analyses of tissue-specific transcriptomes in resistant and susceptible genotypes may be used as an approach for the rapid identification of candidate potato R genes for co-segregation analysis and may be used in parallel with more sophisticated studies based on genome resequencing.
The blood realizes the transport of substances, which are necessary for livelihoods, throughout the body. The assumption about the relationship some disease and structure of vasculature (in particular of brain) is natural. In the paper we consider models of Willis' circle for two groups of laboratory mice – one control group and another with diabetes. Vascular net obtained as a result of preprocessing MRI data. The purpose of the work is to determine the effect of type 1 diabetes on the properties of the laboratory mice vasculature.
The study is aimed to determine the most perspective and effective fine-grinding mills for lignocellulosic biomass mechanical activation.

Physicochemical characteristics were studied for milled crystalline cellulose and milled dry birch sawdust after their treatment in various devices -ball, planetary, ring, vortex gas driven and vortex mechanically driven mills.XRD analysis method was used for phases identification, crystallinity index (CI) and mean size of coherent-scattering region (CSR) measuring.These values are suggested to be used for an assessment of the efficiency of mechanical activation process.Mean particle size (l) of milled materials was measured with help of optic microscopy as well.

As the most perspective device for future detailed investigation to be done the vortex mechanically driven mill is selected.This type of mill provides both the least electrical power consumption and activation time at adequate particles destruction level and marked mechanical activation demonstrated for dry birch saw dust (it was detected the reduction of l and CI from l ~ 3700 μm/CI =74 % to l ~ 22 μm/CI = 56 %).
The article analyzes the problem of the origin of specific communicative practices that existed on the territory of Siberia in the late 16 th – 17 th centuries and the so-called “granted word”. This practice was as follows: on behalf of the tsar the authorized person (voivode) communicated with a “direct proclamation” to his subjects. The paper concludes by arguing that the “granted word” goes back to the earlier forms of sovereign “awards”, which included measures of encouragement and benefits. Moreover, the set of addressees of the tsarist “granted word” changed from the end of the 16 th century and depended on the goals of the award, which were set by the central government. Based on the analysis of the Siberian administrative documentation of the 17 th century, the authors identified the categories of addressees of the proclamation on behalf of the monarch. It has been established that by the 1650s in Siberia there was a practice of the proclamation of three versions of the “granted word”. They were supposed to be proclaimed one by one. The first version was addressed to service people (Boyar sons, Cossacks and Soldiers). The second one was addressed to peasants, traders and craftspeople. The third version was for Siberian natives – yasak-payers. During the 1st third of the 17 th century, this particular form of direct address of the tsar to the population of Siberia acquired a new function. The “granted word” concretized, confirmed and consolidated the rights and obligations for each category of the Siberian population as subjects of the Russian monarch. According to the authors, the reasons for existing such practice on the territory of Siberia are concluded in the specifics of borderability. The monarch sought to additionally legitimate his right to manage this territory and wanted to remind his political influence.
Seven different approaches to the phenomenological finite-strain viscoelasticity are analyzed.The focus of the analysis is put on the Maxwell fluid, due to its paramount importance for phenomenological material modeling.The first modeling approach to the Maxwell fluid is based on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient, combined with hyperelastic relations between stresses and elastic strains.The second approach employs the additive decomposition of the strain rate tensor in combination with hypoelastic relations.The third approach makes use of the additive decomposition of the material Hencky strain.The fourth and fifth models are the covariant and contravaraint models of the Maxwell fluid, proposed by Haupt and Lion (2002).Finally, the sixth and the seventh approaches are the modifications of these two models, introduced here to enforce a pure volumetric-isochoric split.The approaches are analyzed with respect to their objectivity, thermodynamic consistency, fading memory, weak invariance under isochoric change of the reference configuration, and a possibility of a pure volumetric-iscohoric split.