Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The article analyzes the processes of internationalization of higher education in China at the beginning of the 21st century.

Based on data from the Ministry of Education of China, legislation and publications that are publicly available on the Chinese Internet, it is shown how the number of students visiting China, their preferences in choosing universities and educational programs changed from 2000 to 2016. Information on government activities to support international students is provided.

The internationalization of higher education plays an important role in the foreign-policy activities of modern China. Foreign students teaching and expanding of Chinese language teaching in foreign countries can be considered as the 'soft power' of influence of Chinese national culture. Such actions from the point of view of the Chinese government should contribute to the formation of an attractive image of China, reduce the level of external threats, increase stability and economic prosperity of the country. Therefore, the government aims to attract as many foreign students as possible, especially from neighboring countries, and spends a lot of money on these purposes. The policy of internationalization of education has achieved significant results over the past 15 years. Today, students from all over the world obtain higher education in China. The number of foreign students increased in 2016 compared to 2000 by 8.4 times, reaching almost 450 thousand people. The possibilities for foreign students to choose profession and university have expanded. Now they come to China not only to learn Chinese, but also to obtain qualifications in engineering, economics, management and Western medicine.
In this work the authors demonstrate efficiency of thin water film, shear driven by gas flow in the mini-channel with local heater. The effect of microgrooves on heating surface is demonstrated. It is shown that microgrooves on the heating surface can provide an increase in the critical heat flux due to the capillary effect of microgrooves.
This paper describes new versions of the least-squares collocation method for solving differential and integral equations. A p-version of the method has been proposed and implemented to solve nonlinear systems of partial differential equations. The stationary Navier-Stokes equations are used as an example. A hp-version of the method has been implemented for the numerical solution of the Fredholm integral equations of the second kind in the one-and two-dimensional cases. This paper shows that approximate solutions obtained by various versions of the least-squares collocation method converge with a high order and agree with analytical solutions of test problems with a high degree of accuracy.
We study the nonlinear stage of the modulation instability of a condensate in the framework of the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE).

We find a general N-solitonic solution of the focusing NLSE in the presence of a condensate by using the dressing method. We separate a special designated class of 'regular solitonic solutions' that do not disturb phases of the condensate at infinity by coordinate.

All regular solitonic solutions can be treated as localized perturbations of the condensate. We find an important class of 'superregular solitonic solutions' which are small perturbations at a certain moment of time. They describe the nonlinear stage of the modulation instability of the condensate.
B chromosomes are dispensable and variable karyotypic elements found in some species of animals, plants and fungi. They often originate from duplications and translocations of host genomic regions or result from hybridization. In most species, little is known about their DNA content.

Here we perform high-throughput sequencing and analysis of B chromosomes of roe deer and brocket deer, the only representatives of Cetartiodactyla known to have B chromosomes.
Various physical structures exhibit a fundamentally probabilistic nature over diverse scales in space and time, to the point that the demarcation line between quantum and classic laws gets blurred. Here, we characterize the probability of intermittency in the laminar-turbulence transition of a partially mode-locked fiber laser system, whose degree of coherence is deteriorated by multiple mode mixing. Two competing processes, namely the proliferation and the decay of an optical turbulent puff, determine a critical behavior for the onset of turbulence in such a nonlinear dissipative system. A new kind of polarization rogue waves is introduced at the point of transition to polarization turbulence. The probabilistic description of the puff-mediated laminar-turbulence polarization transition provides an additional degree of freedom for our understanding of the complex physics of lasers.
A geminate reaction between and reactants affected by the bulk reaction between and scavengers is discussed. The exact solution of the problem obtained recently for randomly walking reactant (excess electron) is compared with the superposition approximation commonly used to interpret experimental data.

Distinctions related to the important role of time correlations between geminate and bulk reactions are analyzed.

The largest deviations exponentially growing in time are observed for geminate reaction rate in the presence of scavengers. It is shown that superposition approximation can decrease essentially the ultimate probability of geminate recombination. The difference is great enough to lead to qualitatively incorrect description of the experiment even at small concentration of scavengers. This, in turn, may give rise to considerable errors in the determination of geminate pair parameters or, alternatively, to the wrong information about bulk kinetics of electron scavenging.
The paper considers the selection of the optimal parameters of the heuristic algorithm, which is used for mathematical modeling of the chemical-technological process. This adjustment of the algorithm parameters is called meta-optimization. The gravity search algorithm is used as a heuristic algorithm. Meta-optimization is performed by a genetic algorithm. The meta-optimization is tested on the problem of modeling the process of propane pre-reforming. It is shown that setting even one parameter of a heuristic algorithm is a time-consuming operation. The article presents the results of the numerical solution of the meta-optimization algorithm.
We consider planar polynomial systems of ordinary differential equations of the form ẋ=x+P n (x, y), ẏ=y+Q n (x, y), where P n (x, y), Q n (x, y) are homogeneous polynomials of degree n.We study the algebraic and non-algebraic invariant curves of these systems with emphasis on limit cycles.
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by CAG repeat expansion in the HTT gene. HD patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent an excellent model for the disease study.

We generated iPSC line from blood mononuclear cells of HD patient with 38 CAG repeats in the HTT exon 1 using integration free episomal plasmids expressing Yamanaka factors.

The iPSC line retained the disease causing mutation and expressed pluripotency markers. It also displayed a normal karyotype and the ability to differentiate into derivatives of three germ layers.
Prokaryotic microorganisms are able to survive and proliferate in severe environmental conditions. The increasing number of complete sequences of prokaryotic genomes has provided the basis for studying the molecular mechanisms of their adaptation at the genomic level.

We apply here a computer-based approach to compare the genomes and proteomes from P. furiosus, P. horikoshii, and P. abyssi to identify features of their molecular evolution related to adaptation strategy to diverse environmental conditions. Phylogenetic analysis of rRNA genes from 26 Pyrococcus strains suggested that the divergence of P. furiosus, P. horikoshii and P. abyssi might have occurred from ancestral deep-sea organisms.

It was demonstrated that the function of genes that have been subject to positive Darwinian selection is closely related to abiotic and biotic conditions to which archaea managed to become adapted. Divergence of the P. furiosus archaea might have been due to loss of some genes involved in cell motility or signal transduction, and/or to evolution under positive selection of the genes for translation machinery. In the course of P. horikoshii divergence, positive selection was found to operate mainly on the transcription machinery; divergence of P. abyssi was related with positive selection for the genes mainly involved in inorganic ion transport. Analysis of radical amino acid replacement rate in evolving P. furiosus, P. horikoshii and P. abyssi showed that the fixation rate was higher for radical substitutions relative to the volume of amino acid side-chain. The current results give due credit to the important role of hydrostatic pressure as a cause of variability in the P. furiosus, P. horikoshii and P. abyssi genomes evolving in different habitats. Nevertheless, adaptation to pressure does not appear to be the sole factor ensuring adaptation to environment. For example, at the stage of the divergence of P. horikoshii and P. abyssi, an essential evolutionary role may be assigned to changes in the trophic chain, namely, acquisition of a consumer status at a high (P. horikoshii) or low level (P. abyssi).
Drop impact on a heated substrate is one of the most important objects occurring in the main two types of cooling applications such as quenching of metals and the cooling of lasers and electronic devices.

The paper reports a study of the interaction of the water drop of 10 µl impacting on a heated sapphire plate with a temperature varied within a range of 23-80°C. Dynamic viscosity at this temperature range is decreased from 1004 to 355.1×10−6 Pa·s.

The influence of the temperature on liquid viscosity may lead to a substantial difference in drop dynamics. The main changing parameters are the liquid column at splashing and secondary droplets atomization. A considerable decrease of the liquid column contact diameter and an increase of the liquid column height at the splashing stage are shown with the decreasing viscosity. Secondary droplets atomization from the liquid column with increasing temperature is revealed.
We search for the process ${B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ using the full Belle data set of $711\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, corresponding to $772\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}B\overline{B}$ pairs, collected at the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}(4S)$ resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collider. We reconstruct one $B$ meson in a hadronic decay and search for the ${B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ process in the remainder of the event. No significant signal is observed and an upper limit of $\mathcal{B}({B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}})<2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ is obtained at the 90% confidence level.
Theoretically, the helical edge states of two-dimensional topological insulators are protected from coherent backscattering due to nonmagnetic disorder provided electron interactions are not too strong. Experimentally, the edges typically do not demonstrate systematic and robust quantization, but at the same time little is known about the sub-Kelvin temperature behavior.

Here, we report the surprising localization of the edge states in an 8-nm HgTe quantum well in zero magnetic field at millikelvin temperatures. Additionally, the magnetoresistance data at $0.5\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ for edges a few micrometers long suggest the field-dependent localization length ${l}_{B}\ensuremath{\propto}{B}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, with $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ ranging approximately from 1.6 to 2.8 at fields $B\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.1\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\text{T}$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\approx}1.1$ at higher fields up to $0.5\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\text{T}$.

In the frame of the disordered interacting edge, these values of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ correspond to the Luttinger liquid parameters $K\ensuremath{\approx}0.9--1.1$ and $K\ensuremath{\approx}0.6$, respectively. We discuss possible scenarios which could result in zero magnetic field localization.
The fast scintillation crystals such as pure CsI or LYSO(Ce) today are considered for timing measurements in future colliding beam experiments. The aim of such counters is to determine time of particles arrival with accuracy better than 100 ps. The work is devoted to investigation of influence of Cherenkov radiation on the time resolution of the detectors based on LYSO(Ce) crystals. The results of MC simulation and beam test are presented.
We study a possibility of laser cooling of 24Mg atoms in deep optical lattice formed by intense off-resonant laser field in a presence of cooling field resonant to narrow (3s3s) 1S0 → (3s3p)3P1 (λ = 457 nm) optical transition.

For description of laser cooling with taking into account quantum recoil effects we consider two quantum models. The first one is based on direct numerical solution of quantum kinetic equation for atom density matrix and the second one is simplified model based on decomposition of atom density matrix over vibration states in the lattice wells.

We search cooling field intensity and detuning for minimum cooling energy and fast laser cooling.
Water, plasmas, and laser light can all exhibit instabilities. Experiments in two different areas of wave physics are used to investigate the creation and annihilation dynamics of superregular breather waves, which combine to form an instability.
Octahedral metal cluster complexes have high potential for biomedical applications. In order to evaluate the benefits of these moieties for combined CT/X-ray luminescence computed tomography, this paper compares photoluminescence, radiodensity and X-ray induced luminescence properties of eight related octahedral molybdenum and tungsten cluster complexes [{M6I8}L6]n (where M is Mo or W and L is I-, NO3-, OTs- or OH-/H2O). This article demonstrates that despite the fact that molybdenum cluster complexes are better photoluminescence emitters, tungsten cluster complexes, in particular (Bu4N)2[{W6I8}I6], demonstrate significantly higher X-ray induced luminescence due to a combination of relatively good photoluminescence properties and high X-ray attenuation. Additionally, photo-degradation of [{M6I8}(NO3)6]2- was evaluated.
Experimental study of flow in the draft-tube cone of a laboratory air model hydro-turbine was performed. The evolution of the integral swirl number varied from BEP regime to deep part load operation conditions (discharge Q was a constant and speed of runner rotation n was varied) was found. Averaged velocity profiles were measured by two-component LDA system and were used for calculations of the swirl number. Tangential velocity pulsation spectra in the center of draft tube cone were analyzed to describe PVC formation. Swirl number as an analytical expression of the operating parameters (flow rate, speed of rotation) was estimated by model from work [1] and showed good agreement in the region of zero-swirl condition.
In the computational mechanics of multiphase dispersed flows, there is an issue of computing the interaction between phases in a mixture of a carrier fluid and dispersed inclusions. The problem is that an accurate dynamics simulation of a mixture of gas and finely dispersed solids with intense interphase interaction requires much more computational power compared to pure gas or a mixture with moderate interaction between phases. To tackle this problem, effective numerical methods are being searched for to ensure adequate computational cost, accuracy, and stability of the results at an arbitrary intensity of momentum and energy exchange between phases. Thus, to assess the approximation, dispersive, dissipative, and asymptotic properties of numerical methods, benchmark solutions of relevant test problems are required. Such solutions are known for one-dimensional problems with linear plane waves. We introduce a novel analytical solution for the nonlinear problem of spherically symmetric expansion of a gas and dust ball into a vacuum. Therein, the dynamics of carrier and dispersed phases are modeled using equations for a compressible inviscid gas. Solid particles do not have intrinsic pressure and are assumed to be monodisperse. The carrier and dispersed phases exchange momentum. In the derived solution, the velocities of gas and dust clouds depend linearly on the radii. The results were reproduced at high, moderate, and low momentum exchange between phases using the SPH-IDIC (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics with Implicit Drag in Cell) method implemented based on the open-source OpenFPM library. We reported an example of using the solution as a benchmark for CFD (computational fluid dynamics) models verification and for the evaluation of numerical methods. Our benchmark solution generator developed in the free Scilab environment is publicly available.
Blockchains combine other technologies, such as cryptography, networking, and incentive mechanisms, to enable the creation, validation, and recording of transactions between participating nodes. A consensus algorithm is used in a blockchain system to determine the shared state among distributed nodes. An important component underlying any blockchain-based system is its consensus mechanism, which principally determines the performance and security of the overall system. As the nature of peer-topeer(P2P) networks is open and dynamic, the security risk within that environment is greatly increased mostly because nodes can join and leave the network at will. Thus, it is important to have a system that can check against malicious behaviour. In this work, we propose a reputation-based consensus mechanism for blockchain-based systems, Proof-of-Reputation(PoR) where the nodes with the highest reputation values eventually become part of a consensus group that determines the state of the blockchain.
The aim is the assessment of structural and functional state of common carotid artery by ultrasound in patients with non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas (NHML) before and after chemotherapy.

Materials and methods. The common carotid artery of 111 patients at different stages of NHML were examined via a "LOGIC 400" ultrasound. Results. The common carotid artery of patients with NHML is undergoing morphological modification with changes in thickness and diameter, which corresponds to a hypertrophic type of remodeling. There is an increase in the thickness of the complex "intima-media" and Kernogan`s index with decreasing the common carotid artery diameter by comparison with the control group. Chemotherapy improves the parameters of the common carotid artery while reducing the thickness of the complex "intima-media" and Kernogan`s index at different stages of NHML.

Conclusion. Remodeling of the common carotid artery is associated with the developmental stage of NHML. Chemotherapy leads to an improvement of the morphological parameters of the common carotid artery, which evaluates the effect of the treatment.
The objective of this study was to assess genetic diversity within old and modern common spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) varieties cultivated in Siberia and to find out whether old Siberian varieties could be a potential source for genetic diversity in modern wheat breeding in Siberia. A set of 54 varieties was analysed using 22 wheat microsatellite markers (WMS), determining 23 loci located on 19 different chromosomes. In total, 151 alleles were detected with an average of 6.6, ranging from three to 11 alleles per locus. The average genetic diversity value (polymorphic information content) was 0.70. WMS located in the B genome produced more alleles per locus (7.6) compared with WMS located in the A (6.0) and D (6.0) genomes. Genetic similarity values between varieties ranged from 0.19 to 0.96 and were used to produce a dendrogram. With a few exceptions the varieties studied were clustered in two nearly equal groups consisting of predominantly old (released before 1960) and modern (released in 1960‐90s) varieties, respectively. Genetic diversity values within these two groups were similar with 0.60 and 0.58, respectively. The numbers of group‐specific alleles were 34 and 29, respectively. A significant variation in frequencies of 79 shared alleles was observed. The results obtained by using genomic microsatellite sequences demonstrated that breeding has not resulted in a decrease in the genetic diversity in Siberian spring wheat. However, significant quantitative and qualitative changes in allelic frequencies of different loci were detected. It may be suggested, that old Siberian common spring wheat varieties are a potential basis for genetic diversity in modern wheat breeding in Siberia.
8-oxoguanine is one of the most abundant and impactful oxidative DNA lesions. However, the reasons underlying its effects, especially those not directly explained by the altered base pairing ability, are poorly understood.

We report the effect of the lesion on the action of EcoRI, a widely used restriction endonuclease. Introduction of 8-oxoguanine inside, or adjacent to, the GAATTC recognition site embedded within the Drew-Dickerson dodecamer sequence notably reduced the EcoRI activity. Solution NMR revealed that 8-oxoguanine in the DNA duplex causes substantial alterations in the sugar-phosphate backbone conformation, inducing a BI→BII transition. Moreover, molecular dynamics of the complex suggested that 8-oxoguanine, although does not disrupt the sequence-specific contacts formed by the enzyme with DNA, shifts the distribution of BI/BII backbone conformers.

Based on our data, we propose that the disruption of enzymatic cleavage can be linked with the altered backbone conformation and dynamics in the free oxidized DNA substrate and, possibly, at the protein-DNA interface.