Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The paper presents experimental results from the SMOLA device that is the first facility with a helical mirror section of the magnetic system. This device was built in the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics for the verification of the helical mirror confinement idea that is the technique of an active control of axial losses from a confinement zone.

Theory predicts that, with rotating plasma, a helical mirror will provide suppression of the axial plasma flow and, simultaneously, density pinching to the axis.

Experiments demonstrated the increase in plasma density in the entrance trap by a factor of 1.6 in the helical configuration. The integral axial flux from the transport section drops severalfold. The effective mirror ratio of the helical section was $R_{eff} > 10$. Particle flux returning by the helical mirror section towards the confinement zone was observed. At high corrugation ratios, the axial flux direction is different at the magnetic axis and in the periphery of the plasma in the helical section. All axial fluxes scale linearly with the plasma density, even if the ion mean free path is comparable to the total length of the helical section. Good agreement of the experimental results with theoretical predictions is found.
Миросистемный подход И. Валлерстайна является одной из наиболее известных макросоциологических парадигм, описывающих явления и структуры исторической динамики.

Методологическую основу исследования представляет собой концепция «мир-системы» И. Валлерстайна. Мы рассматриваем концепцию «мир-системы» как исследовательскую программу по И. Лакатосу и анализируем ее положительные эвристики, выдвигая вспомогательные гипотезы, которые предлагают «более сложную "модель" реальности», с целью показать прогрессивный характер концепции «мир-системы» как программы.

В качестве основной «эмпирической базы» рассматриваются основания и перспективы развития международной политической и экономической систем, стратегически следующие за тремя основными, на наш взгляд, интеграционными проектами в регионе: развитием Евразийского экономического союза, Шанхайской организации сотрудничества, а также комплексного проекта КНР «Один поясодин путь»
The review examines the state of knowledge on genes that control the architectonics of wheat plant (spike morphology).

It is shown that molecular genetic studies, which have been recently started, allow to find both the orthologous genes from relative species of wheat (barley, rye, etc.) and genes that were not previously used for breeding.

Use of these genes for further breeding allows to produce modern wheat commercial cultivars.
The Belle II experiment at KEK in Japan has started real data taking from April 2018 to probe a New Physics beyond the Standard Model by measuring CP violation precisely and rare weak decays of heavy quark and lepton.

The experiment is performed at the high luminosity SuperKEKB e^+ e^- collider with 80 x 10^34 cm^-2 s^-1 as an ultimate instantaneous luminosity. In order to develop and test an appropriate trigger algorithm under much higher luminosity and beam background environment than previous KEKB collider, a detail simulation study of the Belle II calorimeter trigger system is very crucial to operate Belle II Trigger and DAQ system in stable.

We report preliminary results on various trigger logics and their efficiencies using physics and beam background Monte Carlo events with a Belle II Geant4-based analysis framework called Basf2.
The technique for the experiments with moving microthermocouple across the liquid-gas systems with interfaces is presented. The experimental setup, apparatus and automation technique for temperature profile measurements are described. The special software for automation, processing and synchronization of the experimental procedure and data is developed. The software allows one to control the progress of the experiment, such as evaluation of various equipment delays. The data can be collected and stored in an accessible and comprehensive form. The typical experimental values are automatically obtained. The use of program minimizes the human factor.
Two gaps in the literature arise on the relationship between social cohesion and depressive disorders. Firstly, there is a lack of studies comparing countries with diverse communal bonds and population-level differences in depression. Secondly, most work on explanatory mechanisms has overwhelmingly focussed on social network and social support pathways.We compared the prospective association between perceived neighbourhood social cohesion and depressive symptoms among older adults in England, the Czech Republic, Poland and Russia; and examined whether psychological and health behavioural pathways mediated this association.Harmonized data on 26,081 adults from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), and the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe (HAPIEE) studies were analysed. Prospective associations between perceived neighbourhood social cohesion at baseline and depressive symptoms at follow-up were assessed using multivariable negative binomial regression. The psychological (through control of life, and control at home) and health behavioural (through smoking and drinking) pathways were tested using path analysis.Low cohesion predicted a higher number of depressive symptoms at follow-up among English (b = 0.106, p = 0.001), Czech (b=0.203, p < 0.001), Polish (0.115, p < 0.001) and Russian adults (b = 0.087, p < 0.001). Indirect effects via psychological mechanisms were strong and explained 64% (Poland), 82% (Russia), 84% (England) and 95% (Czech Republic) of the total indirect effects from low cohesion to elevated symptoms in these populations. Indirect effects via health behaviours were much weaker by comparison.Prospective associations between low social cohesion and increased depressive symptoms were largely congruent among older adults from England and three Central and Eastern European countries. These associations operated via a psychological, but not a health behavioural, pathway among ageing adults living in diverse parts of Europe.
Direct lineage conversion is a promising approach for disease modeling and regenerative medicine. Cell divisions play a key role in reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency, however their role in direct lineage conversion is not clear.

Here we used transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into neuronal cells by forced expression of defined transcription factors as a model system to study the role of cellular division in the direct conversion process. We have shown that conversion occurs in the presence of the cell cycle inhibitors aphidicolin or mimosine. Moreover, overexpression of the cell cycle activator cMyc negatively influences the process of direct conversion.

Overall, our results suggest that cell divisions are not essential for the direct conversion of fibroblasts into neuronal cells.
It is known that metabolic syndrome is an independent risk factor for the severe course of new coronavirus infection.

This review summarizes data on the mechanisms of metabolic dysfunction in a new coronavirus infection, analyzes the results of studies that investigated the issues of associations between the course of COVID-19 and various metabolic disorders, such as hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, their severity, potential targets of therapy, predictors of the development of a severe course of new coronavirus infection are considered. The information on the topic from publications based on PubMed, PubMed Central, Scopus, Google Scholar, Medscape, UpYoDate, eLIBRARY.RU data were used.

These metabolic disorders increase the impairment of the immune system and make patients more susceptible to the development of infectious diseases, in particular, to infection with a new coronavirus infection. Taking into account the obtained data, it becomes obvious the need to identify and monitor patients with pre-existing metabolic diseases, as well as their development during and after COVID-19.
Seasonality of sex ratio of live births (SR: male births divided by total births) has been reported in Europe, North America, Brazil, and Australia. However, no uniform pattern is seen.1 Moreover, the magnitude of any observed seasonal variation varies from population to population with marked variation in Japan2 to minor variation in Germany3 to none in south western Finland, Scotland, Costa Rica, and Hausa, Africa.

The population of Novosibirsk region was 2 767 938 in 1988. Siberian climate exhibits considerable seasonal temperature changes. In Novosibirsk over the period 1951–1980, the average difference in mean monthly air temperature …
Pyrrhotite (or Cu-poor) massive ores of the Skalisty mine located in Siberia, Russia, are unique in terms of their geochemical features. These ores are Ni-rich with Ni/Cu ratios in the range 1.3–1.9 and contain up to 12.25 ppm Ir + Rh + Ru in bulk composition, one of the highest IPGE contents for the Norilsk–Talnakh ore camp. The reasons behind such significant IPGE Contents cannot simply be explained by the influence of discrete platinum-group minerals on the final bulk composition of IPGE because only inclusions of Pd minerals such as menshikovite, majakite, and mertieite II in Pd-maucherite were observed.

According to LA-ICP-MS data obtained, base metal sulfides such as pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and pyrite contain IPGE as the trace elements. The most significant IPGE concentrator being Py, which occurs only in the least fractionated ores, and contains Os up to 4.8 ppm, Ir about 6.9 ppm, Ru about 38.3 ppm, Rh about 36 ppm, and Pt about 62.6 ppm.

High IPGE contents in the sulfide melt may be due to high degrees of partial melting of the mantle, interaction with several low-grade IPGE impulses of magma, and (or) fractionation of the sulfide melt in the magma chamber.
Emplacement of large volumes of (sub)volcanic rocks during the main pulse of the Siberian Traps occurred within <1 m.y., coinciding with the end-Permian mass extinction. Volcanics from outside the main Siberian Traps, e.g. Taimyr and West Siberia, have since long been correlated, but existing geochronological data cannot resolve at a precision better than ~5 m.y. whether (sub)volcanic activity in these areas actually occurred during the main pulse or later. We report the first high precision U-Pb zircon geochronology from two alkaline ultramafic-felsic layered intrusive complexes from Taimyr, showing synchronicity between these and the main Siberian Traps (sub)volcanic pulse, and the presence of a second Dinerian-Smithian pulse. This is the first documentation of felsic intrusive magmatism occurring during the main pulse, testifying to the Siberian Trap’s compositional diversity. Furthermore, the intrusions cut basal basalts of the Taimyr lava stratigraphy hence providing a minimum age of these basalts of 251.64 ± 0.11 Ma. Synchronicity of (sub)volcanic activity between Taimyr and the Siberian Traps imply that the total area of the Siberian Traps main pulse should include a ~300 000 km 2 area north of Norilsk. The vast aerial extent of the (sub)volcanic activity during the Siberian Traps main pulse may explain the severe environmental consequences.
Investigations of frequency combs in χ(3) optical microresonators are burgeoning nowadays. Changeover to χ(2) resonators promises further advances and brings new challenges. Here, the comb generation entails not only coupled first and second harmonics (FHs and SHs) and two dispersion coefficients but also a substantial difference in the group velocities - the temporal walk-off. We predict walk-off controlled highly stable comb generation, which is drastically different from that known in the χ(3) case. This includes the general notion of antiperiodic states; formation of localized coherent antiperiodic steady states (solitons), where the FH and SH envelopes move with a common velocity without shape changes; characterization of a new vast family of antiperiodic solitons; and the dependence of comb spectra on the pump power and the group velocity difference.
A search for the rare decays of J/psi -> D-S(-) rho(+) + c.c. and J/psi -> D-S(-)rho(+) + c.c.) <(D)over bar(0)<(K)over bar*(0) + c.c.) < 2.5 x 10(-6) at the 90% confidence level.
Reinforcing cermet frames shaped as grids with varied mesh sizes were clad on stainless steel substrates using a CO2 laser machine 'Siberia' (ITAM SB RAS, Russia).

Aluminum bronze coatings were deposited from 5lF-NS powder (Oerlikon Metco, Switzerland) on those substrates using cold spraying equipment (ITAM SB RAS). Data of profiling, microstructure diagnostics, EDS analysis, and mechanical tests of obtained composites is reported.

As a result, surfaces/substrates with heterogeneous shape, composition, and mechanical properties were obtained. Surface relief of the sprayed coatings dependence on substrate structure has been demonstrated.
The energy spectrum of the valence band in $\mathrm{HgTe}/{\mathrm{Cd}}_{x}{\mathrm{Hg}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{Te}$ quantum wells of a width ($8--20$) nm has been studied experimentally by magnetotransport effects and theoretically in the framework of a four-band $kP$ method. Comparison of the Hall density with the density found from a period of the Shubnikov--de Haas (SdH) oscillations clearly shows that the degeneracy of states of the top of the valence band is equal to 2 at the hole density $p<5.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. Such degeneracy does not agree with the calculations of the spectrum performed within the framework of the four-band $kP$ method for symmetric quantum wells. These calculations show that the top of the valence band consists of four spin-degenerate extremes located at $k\ensuremath{\ne}0$ (valleys) which gives the total degeneracy $K=8$. It is shown that taking into account the ``mixing of states'' at the interfaces leads to the removal of the spin degeneracy that reduces the degeneracy to $K=4$. Accounting for any additional asymmetry, for example, due to the difference in the mixing parameters at the interfaces, the different broadening of the boundaries of the well, etc., leads to reduction of the valleys degeneracy, making $K=2$. It is noteworthy that for our case twofold degeneracy occurs due to degeneracy of two single-spin valleys. The hole effective mass (${m}_{h}$) determined from analysis of the temperature dependence of the amplitude of the SdH oscillations shows that ${m}_{h}$ is equal to $(0.25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02){m}_{0}$ and weakly increases with the hole density. Such a value of ${m}_{h}$ and its dependence on the hole density are in a good agreement with the calculated effective mass.
We present a fully relativistic investigation of the radiative recombination of a twisted electron with a bare heavy nucleus. The twisted electron is described by the wave function which accounts for the interaction with the nucleus in all orders in $\ensuremath{\alpha}Z$. We use this wave function to derive the probability of the radiative recombination with a single ion being shifted from the twisted electron propagation direction. This probability is utilized for the consideration of a more realistic experimental scenario where the target is infinitely wide (macroscopic). The situation when the incident electron is a coherent superposition of two vortex states is considered as well. For the nonrelativistic case we present analytical expressions which support our numerical calculations. We study in details the influence of the electron twistedness on the polarization and angular distribution of the emitted photon.
A new analysis of the 20 μs equilibrium folding/unfolding molecular dynamics simulations of the three-stranded antiparallel β-sheet miniprotein (beta3s) in implicit solvent is presented. The conformation space is reduced in dimensionality by introduction of linear combinations of hydrogen bond distances as the collective variables making use of a specially adapted principal component analysis (PCA); i.e., to make structured conformations more pronounced, only the formed bonds are included in determining the principal components. It is shown that a three-dimensional (3D) subspace gives a meaningful representation of the folding behavior. The first component, to which eight native hydrogen bonds make the major contribution (four in each beta hairpin), is found to play the role of the reaction coordinate for the overall folding process, while the second and third components distinguish the structured conformations. The representative points of the trajectory in the 3D space are grouped into conformational clusters that correspond to locally stable conformations of beta3s identified in earlier work. A simplified kinetic network based on the three components is constructed, and it is complemented by a hydrodynamic analysis. The latter, making use of "passive tracers" in 3D space, indicates that the folding flow is much more complex than suggested by the kinetic network. A 2D representation of streamlines shows there are vortices which correspond to repeated local rearrangement, not only around minima of the free energy surface but also in flat regions between minima. The vortices revealed by the hydrodynamic analysis are apparently not evident in folding pathways generated by transition-path sampling. Making use of the fact that the values of the collective hydrogen bond variables are linearly related to the Cartesian coordinate space, the RMSD between clusters is determined. Interestingly, the transition rates show an approximate exponential correlation with distance in the hydrogen bond subspace. Comparison with the many published studies shows good agreement with the present analysis for the parts that can be compared, supporting the robust character of our understanding of this "hydrogen atom" of protein folding.
Habitable Trinity is a new concept for a habitable environment proposed by Dohm and Maruyama (2015). This concept indicates that the coexistence of an atmosphere, an ocean, and a landmass, accompanied by a continuous circulation of material among these three components driven by the Sun, is one of the minimum requirements for life to emerge and evolve. Because a life body consists of carbon (mainly from the atmosphere), oxygen (mainly from an ocean), hydrogen (mainly from an ocean), nitrogen (mainly from the atmosphere), and various nutrients (supplied from a landmass), the presence of water alone is not a sufficient condition. The Habitable Trinity concept can also be applied to other planets such as Mars, Europa, and Titan, and even exoplanets, as a useful index in the quest for life-containing planetary bodies.
This special issue is intended to serve as a multidisciplinary forum covering broad aspects of the science, technology, and application of synthetic and natural diamonds. This special issue contains 12 papers, which highlight recent investigations and developments in diamond research related to the diverse problems of natural diamond genesis, diamond synthesis and growth using CVD and HPHT techniques, and the use of diamond in both traditional applications, such as mechanical machining of materials, and the new recently emerged areas, such as quantum technologies. The results presented in the contributions collected in this special issue clearly demonstrate that diamond occupies a very special place in modern science and technology. After decades of research, this structurally very simple material still poses many intriguing scientific questions and technological challenges. It seems undoubted that diamond will remain the center of attraction for many researchers for many years to come.
An experimental setup was developed to study the vaporization and dynamics of liquid droplets, blown by the gas flow in a mini-channel.

The shadow method was the main method of measurement; a drop was also observed from the top. A series of experiments was carried out with single water drops with volumes varying from 60 to 150 gl in the channel of 6 mm height on the polished stainless steel substrate.

The experiments have resulted in the dependences of evaporation rate in the temperature range of the substrate surface from 25 to 70°C and Reynolds numbers of the gas flow from 0 to 2500. The advancing and receding contact angles were measured depending on the Re number of the gas flow. The gas flow rate at which the droplet motion over the substrate starts was determined depending on the surface temperature at different drop volumes.
An exact solution of the Euler equations governing the flow of a compressible fluid in relativistic hydrodynamics is found and studied. It is a relativistic analogue of the Ovsyannikov vortex (special vortex) investigated earlier for classical gas dynamics. Solutions are partially invariant of Defect 1 and Rank 2 with respect to the rotation group. A theorem on the representation of the factor-system in the form of a union of a non-invariant subsystem for the function determining the deviation of the velocity vector from the meridian, and invariant subsystem for determination of thermodynamic parameters, the Lorentz factor and the radial velocity component is proved. Compatibility conditions for the overdetermined non-invariant subsystem are obtained.
L’article présente une nouvelle étape du projet de création du Dictionnaire associatif du français, dans lequel sont notées les associations évoquées par les mots telles qu’elles sont collectées grâce à des questionnaires de fixation de la première réponse à un stimulus.

Nous nous proposons de tenir compte de l’expérience acquise au cours des dix dernières années et des avancées des humanités numériques pour automatiser au maximum la collecte et surtout le traitement des grands massifs de données, de les comparer avec les données précédentes et de visualiser les résultats obtenus.
Currently used recycling technologies have limitations on the composition of recyclable waste, which makes them specialized. Thus, the preliminary sorting of municipal solid waste is a necessary step, increasing the efficiency of using municipal solid waste as a resource. To sort municipal solid waste we developed a method for detecting and classifying waste on a conveyor line using neural network image processing. Images from a camera are fed to a neural network input, which determines the position and type of detected objects. To train the neural network a database of more than 13,000 municipal solid waste images was created. Mean-Average Precision for the neural network model was 64%.
Background Genome-wide association studies have identified the CDC7-TGFBR3 intergenic region on chromosome 1 to be strongly associated with optic disc area size. The mechanism of its function remained unclear until new data on eQTL markers emerged from the Genotype-Tissue Expression project. The target region was found to contain a strong silencer of the distal (800 kb) Transcription Factor (TF) gene GFI1 (Growth Factor Independent Transcription Repressor 1) specifically in neuroendocrine cells (pituitary gland). GFI1 has also been reported to be involved in the development of sensory neurons and hematopoiesis. Therefore, GFI1, being a developmental gene, is likely to affect optic disc area size by altering the expression of the associated genes via long-range interactions. Results Distribution of haplotypes in the putative enhancer region has been assessed using the data on four continental supergroups generated by the 1000 Genomes Project. The East Asian (EAS) populations were shown to manifest a highly homogenous unimodal haplotype distribution pattern within the region with the major haplotype occurring with the frequency of 0.9. Another European specific haplotype was observed with the frequency of 0.21. The major haplotype appears to be involved in silencing GFI1 repressor gene expression, which might be the cause of increased optic disc area characteristic of the EAS populations. The enhancer/eQTL region overlaps AluJo element, which implies that this particular regulatory element is primate-specific and confined to few tissues. Conclusion Population specific distribution of GFI1 enhancer alleles may predispose certain ethnic groups to glaucoma.