Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Delbrück scattering is the elastic scattering of a photon in the Coulomb field of a nucleus via a virtual electron loop. The contribution of this virtual subprocess to the emission of a photon in the collision of ultra-relativistic nuclei, Z1Z2→Z1Z2γ, is considered. We identify the incoming virtual photon as being generated by one of the relativistic nuclei involved in the binary collision and the scattered photon as being emitted in the process. The energy and angular distributions of the photons are calculated. The discussed process has no infrared divergence. The total cross section obtained is 14 barn for Au–Au collisions at the RHIC collider and 50 barn for Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC collider. These cross sections are considerably larger than those for ordinary tree-level nuclear bremsstrahlung in the considered photon energy range, me⪡Eγ⪡meγ, where γ is the Lorentz factor of the nucleus. Finally, photon emission in electron–nucleus collisions, eZ→eZγ, is discussed in the context of the eRHIC option.
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are widely applied to analyze the genetic effects on phenotypes. With the availability of high-throughput technologies for metabolite measurements, GWAS successfully identified loci that affect metabolite concentrations and underlying pathways. In most GWAS, the effect of each SNP on the phenotype is assumed to be additive. Other genetic models such as recessive, dominant, or overdominant were considered only by very few studies. In contrast to this, there are theories that emphasize the relevance of nonadditive effects as a consequence of physiologic mechanisms. This might be especially important for metabolites because these intermediate phenotypes are closer to the underlying pathways than other traits or diseases. In this study we analyzed systematically nonadditive effects on a large panel of serum metabolites and all possible ratios (22,801 total) in a population-based study [Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) F4, N = 1,785]. We applied four different 1-degree-of-freedom (1-df) tests corresponding to an additive, dominant, recessive, and overdominant trait model as well as a genotypic model with two degree-of-freedom (2-df) that allows a more general consideration of genetic effects. Twenty-three loci were found to be genome-wide significantly associated (Bonferroni corrected P ≤ 2.19 × 10−12) with at least one metabolite or ratio. For five of them, we show the evidence of nonadditive effects. We replicated 17 loci, including 3 loci with nonadditive effects, in an independent study (TwinsUK, N = 846). In conclusion, we found that most genetic effects on metabolite concentrations and ratios were indeed additive, which verifies the practice of using the additive model for analyzing SNP effects on metabolites.
Explosive eruptions at steep-sided volcanoes may develop with complex precursor activity occurring in a poorly-understood magma plumbing system so that timelines and possible interactions with the geologic surrounding are often unresolved. Here we investigate the episode prior to the energetic December 20, 2017 eruption at Bezymianny volcano, Kamchatka. We compare degassing activity inferred from time-lapse camera images, seismicity and real-time seismic amplitude (RSAM) data derived from a temporary station network, as well as high-resolution InSAR displacement maps. Results show that the first changes can be identified in low-frequency seismicity and degassing at least 90 days before the eruption, while the first volcano-tectonic (VT) seismicity occurred 50 days before the eruption. Coinciding with significant changes of the RSAM, surface displacements affect the volcanic flanks at least 9 days prior to the eruption. Inversion modeling of the pre-eruptive surface deformation as well as deflation-type, co-eruptive surface changes indicate the presence of a shallow and transient reservoir. We develop a conceptual model for Bezymianny volcano initiating with deep seismicity, followed by shallow events, rockfalls, steaming and an inflating reservoir. The eruption is then associated with subsidence, caused by deflation of the same reservoir. This sequence and conceivable causality of these observations are providing a valuable contribution to our understanding of the shallow magma plumbing system beneath Bezymianny and may have relevance for volcano monitoring and early warning strategies at similar volcanoes elsewhere.
Alternative start AUG codons within a single transcript can contribute to diversity of the proteome; however, their functional significance remains controversial. Here, we provide comparative genomics evidence that alternative start codons are under negative selection in vertebrates, insects and yeast. In genes where the annotated start codon (sAUG) resides within the suboptimal nucleotide context, the downstream in-frame AUG codons (dAUG) among the first ∼30 codon sites are significantly more conserved between species than in genes where the sAUG resides within the optimal context. Proteomics data show that this difference is not an annotation artifact and that dAUGs are in fact under selection as alternative start sites. The key optimal, and sometimes suboptimal, context-determining nucleotides of both the sAUG and dAUGs are conserved. Selection for secondary start sites is stronger in genes with the weak primary start site. Genes with multiple conserved start sites are enriched for transcription factors, and tend to have longer 5′UTRs and higher degree of alternative splicing. Together, these results imply that the use of alternative start sites by means of leaky mRNA scanning is a functional mechanism under selection for increased efficiency of translation and/or for translation of different N-terminal protein variants.
We demonstrate that heterogeneous/biphasic chemical reactions can be monitored with high spectroscopic resolution using zero-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This is possible because magnetic susceptibility broadening is negligible at ultralow magnetic fields. We show the two-step hydrogenation of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate with para-enriched hydrogen gas in conventional glass NMR tubes, as well as in a titanium tube. The low frequency zero-field NMR signals ensure that there is no significant signal attenuation arising from shielding by the electrically conductive sample container. This method paves the way for in situ monitoring of reactions in complex heterogeneous multiphase systems and in reactors made of conductive materials while maintaining resolution and chemical specificity.
Federal law no. 42-FZ of March 8, 2015 "On Amending Part One of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation", for the first time, an attempt was made to consolidate the rules on the application of general provisions on obligations in article 307.1 of the Civil code of the Russian Federation to contractual and non-contractual legal relations.

The author of the article does not consider the novel of the Civil code of the Russian Federation a successful regulation of protective obligations.

Measures are proposed to improve the norms of the Civil code of the Russian Federation on protection obligations.
The paper presents the study of supramolecular structuring forming a transition region at the hydrocarbon – nanofluid interface resulting from synergistic effect by the interaction of multilayer graphene planar nanoparticles and silicon carbide nanoparticles covered with graphene layers (Core-shell).

During the film formation on the interphase, filamentous formations were obtained, which resulted from interaction with thermocapillary waves.

It was found that the structure of the filamentous formation was influenced by the composition and concentration of nanofluids.
基于埃及国家地震台网（ENSN）和国际地震中心（ISC）提供的区域地震数据

采用被动走时层析成像方法，对地壳和最上部地幔进行三维P波和S波速度建模，执行层析反演

红海北部存在与海岸线一致的高速异常，表明红海地壳具有海洋性质，不支持大陆地壳逐渐拉伸的概念；亚喀巴湾下方地壳异常显示断层带两侧存在约100公里的左旋位移，与死海转换断层南部的左旋位移估计一致；最上部岩石圈地幔未见位移结构
The interaction between Fe–metal and magnesite was studied in multianvil experiments at 6 GPa and 1273–1873 K using different capsule materials: Fe, BN, and MgO. It was observed that at subsolidus conditions reaction proceeds with the formation of Fe3C and magnesiowüstite in the stoichiometric proportions according to relation: MgCO3 + 5Fe = 3(Fe0.66Mg0.33)O + Fe3C. At melting conditions (1673–1873 K) magnesite and iron react in nearly equivalent molar proportions with formation of Mg–Fe–carbonatite melt, Fe–C alloy, magnesiowüstite and graphite. The reactions clearly show that free carbon and metallic iron phases cannot coexist in the upper mantle and presumably in transition zone and will always form Fe–carbide. The carbon content in Fe–C alloy and its coexistence with diamond will be strongly dependent on the oxygen fugacity. The studied reactions can be considered as intermediate processes in the reduced mantle domains at the contact with submerging subduction slabs and have further implication to the processes at the core–mantle boundary.
The Geochemical and mineralogical studies showed, that harzburgites of the Chagan-Uzun massif are restites with a degree of partial melting 15–20 %, which formed at temperatures 1520–1420 ° С under the conditions of the mid-oceanic ridge and transformed during the evolution of paleooceanic structures under the influence of magmatic processes at the initial stages of subduction and manifestation of boninite magmatism. The combined use of data on the geochemistry of rare and rare earth elements, as well as on the compositions of pyroxenes, Cr-spinels, melt inclusions in Cr-spinels and computational modeling, indicates the formation of clinopyroxenites of Chagan-Uzun ophiolites at the mid-oceanic ridge during crystallization of picrite and picrobasalt melts at temperatures 1315–1245 °C and pressures 4–2 kbar. The study of amphiboles showed high metamorphic parameters of transformation of harzburgites (5.1–1.9 kbar, 820–700 ° С ) and clinopyroxenites (2.6–1.4 kbar and 740–680 ° С ) of the Chagan-Uzun massif, typical for ultrabasites from the modern mid-oceanic ridges. In general, results of comprehensive studies made it possible to determine the sequence of paleogeodynamic processes of formation of ultramafic rocks of the Chagan-Uzun massif. Initial formation of harzburgites in the course of partial melting of mantle and crystallization of clinopyroxenites in the magma chamber occurred under the conditions of the mid-oceanic ridge. At the next stage, ultramafic rocks fell within the subduction-zone initiation area, where they were exposed to the influence of boninite melts.
The present study is devoted to PIV investigation of vortex breakdown (VB) in swirling jets and lean premixed flames.

A set of PIV experiments was carried out for submerged water and air jet flows, and also for propane/air and methane/air flames. Time-averaged and spectral characteristics of the velocity fluctuations were estimated, and properties of coherent structures (CS) were analyzed on the basis of decomposition routines.

VB for the low- and high-swirl non-reacting flows is specified as spiral-type and bubble-type, respectively. In the former case, no stable RZ was present, and the vortices in the outer shear layer and near the jet axis were presumably associated with local helical instabilities. In the latter case a stable bubble-type RZ was formed, and the flow dynamics was governed by strong precession of the vortex core. The measurements for propane/air lean flame demonstrated that combustion can divert flow dynamics from these limit-cycle oscillations.
This article presents the results of studying protection methods against corrosion in bronze weapons which were found in the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuangdi. Even during the first season of excavations, well-preserved weapons with traces of chromium on the surface were discovered. Based on these findings, it was suggested that the Qin artisans knew the chromium plating process, when protective film was applied by immersing a bronze item in a container with solution of chromic acid salts. However, this technology is very complicated; it was fully mastered only in the early 20th century. Moreover, less than a dozen weapons were presented as examples of such a technology already in the Qin period (late 2nd century BC), which is not enough for such large-scale conclusions. Therefore, nowadays, an international team of scholars led by M. Martinon-Torres attempted to find a solution to this problem. As a result of their multidisciplinary studies, it has been established that traces of chromium on the surface of weapons are not directly associated with its good preservation. Particles of this metal were contained in lacquered fittings (scabbard, overlays on the handle, etc.), from where they penetrated into the composition of bronze. In the composition of lacquer, chromium ions appeared from treatment with chrome alum, well known to the Qin leatherworkers who could also use it for accelerating polymerization of lacquer tree sap. As far as really good preservation of bronze weapons found in the excavations is concerned, it was explained primarily by specific features of soil in the Mausoleum area (low acidity, fine dispersion, small amount of organic matter, etc.).
The specific features of the mineralogy of SiO2 inclusions in sublithospheric diamonds are described in this study. Such diamonds are characterized by a complex growth history with stages of growth and dissolution and postgrowth processes of deformation and crushing. The nitrogen content in all studied crystals does not exceed 71 ppm and nitrogen is detected only as B-defects. The carbon isotope composition of diamonds varies widely from -26.5 to -6.7 ‰ of δ13С. SiO2 inclusions associate with omphacitic clinopyroxenes, majoritic garnets, CaSiO3, jeffbenite and ferropericlase. All SiO2 inclusions are coesite, which is often accompanied by micro-blocks of kyanite. These phases are suggested to represent the product of the retrograde transformation of the primary Al-stishovite. Significant internal stresses in the inclusions and deformations around them can be evidence of thise phase transformation. The heavier oxygen isotope composition of SiO2 inclusions in sublithospheric diamonds (up to 12.9 δ18O) indicates the crustal origin of their protoliths. The observed anti-correlation of δ18O of SiO2 inclusions and δ13C of their host diamonds reflects the processes of interaction of slab-derived melts with reduced mantle rocks at depths above 270 km.
rSNP_Guide is a novel curated database system for analysis of transcription factor (TF) binding to target sequences in regulatory gene regions altered by mutations. It accumulates experimental data on naturally occurring site variants in regulatory gene regions and site-directed mutations. This database system also contains the web tools for SNP analysis, i.e., active applet applying weight matrices to predict the regulatory site candidates altered by a mutation. The current version of the rSNP_Guide is supplemented by six sub-databases: (i) rSNP_DB, on DNA–protein interaction caused by mutation; (ii) SYSTEM, on experimental systems; (iii) rSNP_BIB, on citations to original publications; (iv) SAMPLES, on experimentally identified sequences of known regulatory sites; (v) MATRIX, on weight matrices of known TF sites; (vi) rSNP_Report, on characteristic examples of successful rSNP_Tools implementation. These databases are useful for the analysis of natural SNPs and site-directed mutations. The databases are available through the Web, http://wwwmgs.bionet.nsc.ru/mgs/systems/rsnp/.
The Leishmania donovani species complex consists of all L. donovani and L. infantum strains mainly responsible for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). It was suggested that genome rearrangements in Leishmania spp. occur very often, thus enabling parasites to adapt to the different environmental conditions. Some of these rearrangements may be directly linked to the virulence or explain the reduced efficacy of antimonial drugs in some isolates. Previous population study of L. donovani suggested that population variability of L. donovani is relatively low, however the authors used masking procedures and strict read selection criteria.

In the current study, we focused on a large-scale analysis of putative gene conversion events using publicly available datasets. We decided to re-analyze DNA-seq data without masking sequences, because we were interested in the most dynamic fraction of the genome.

The majority of samples have an excess of putative gene conversion/recombination events in the noncoding regions, however we found an overall excess of putative intrachromosomal gene conversion/recombination in the protein coding genes, compared to putative interchromosomal gene conversion/recombination events.
In this paper we would like to present a fully probabilistic symmetric block ciphering algorithm that can work on a distributed computer system.

This fact allows to multiply the amount of processed information, so the algorithm becomes applicable in BigData.
A significant part of the primary gold reserves in the world is contained in sulphide ores, many types of which are refractory in gold processing. The deposits of refractory sulphide ores will be the main potential source of gold production in the future. The refractory gold and silver in sulphide ores can be associated with micro- and nano-sized inclusions of Au and Ag minerals as well as isomorphous, adsorbed and other species of noble metals (NM) not thoroughly investigated. For gold and gold-bearing deposits of the Urals, distribution and forms of NM were studied in base metal sulphides by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and by neutron activation analysis. Composition of arsenopyrite and As-pyrite, proper Au and Ag minerals were identified using electron probe microanalysis. The ratio of various forms of invisible gold—which includes nanoparticles and chemically bound gold—in sulphides is discussed. Observations were also performed on about 120 synthetic crystals of NM-doped sphalerite and greenockite. In VMS ores with increasing metamorphism, CAu and CAg in the major sulphides (sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite) generally decrease. A portion of invisible gold also decreases —from ~65–85% to ~35–60% of the total Au. As a result of recrystallisation of ores, the invisible gold is enlarged and passes into the visible state as native gold, Au-Ag tellurides and sulphides. In the gold deposits of the Urals, the portion of invisible gold is usually <30% of the bulk Au.
This article presents the results of approbation of the method for registering temperature distributions based on the planar laser-induced fluorescence of a hydroxyl radical (OH) when the band (1-0) of the A 2 Σ + –X 2 Π system is excited.

The thermometry is based on the recording the ratio of the radiation intensity of the band (2-0) and the bands (0-0), (1-1). Numerical modelling of fluorescence spectra is performed using the LASKIN program for the most frequent excitation lines Q 2 (7), Q 1 (8), R 1 (14), P 1 (2). The temperature field of a swirling flame, impinging on a flat cold surface, for H / d = 1, 2 and 3 calibres (where H is the distance between the jet nozzle and the surface, d is the outlet diameter of the nozzle) is obtained.

The results of the work demonstrate that when the transition Q 1 (8) is excited, the ratio of the intensity of fluorescence signals for the band (2-0) and the bands (0-0), (1-1) provides a high sensitivity to temperature and is not significantly affected by fluorescence quenching. The report also concludes that this method can be implemented using single pulsed laser illumination and is effective for the detecting the position of flow recirculation zones and registering hot heat release zones with the combustion products.
The environmental pollutant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is the most toxic among the dioxin xenobiotics and induces a broad spectrum of biological responses, including immunotoxicity and cancer [1]. Macrophages are very plastic cells and can acquire various functionally distinct phenotypes depending on the physiological context. They are key regulators of the innate immune response and determine the developmental thrust of the adaptive immune response. The action of TCDD on macrophages is unique in that carried out through a variety of pathways, inducing activation of a number of cytokines [2]. Our previous analysis showed that the list of such cytokines was not complete [3]. IL-12 family of cytokines is the key players in the regulation of T cell responses. Little is known of the effects that TCDD has on the expression of IL-12 family member’s genes, such as IL12A, IL12B, IL27 and EBI3, which forms a critically important cytokines IL-12 and IL-27, secreted by human macrophages. In the present work, the effects of TCDD on expression of IL-12 family member’s genes in human macrophages have been investigated. To examine the effects of TCDD on the functional characteristics of macrophages, experiments have been conducted on the monocyte-like cell line U937 and primary human macrophages. Obtained data demonstrate functional activity of DREs in IL12A, IL12B and IL4 gene promoters via AhR signal pathway. The mRNA expression dynamics of IL12A, IL12B, IL4, IL27 and EBI3 cytokines genes also evidence the indirect TCDD–mediated modulation of these genes via intrinsic TFs, one of which is ATF3. Exposure to TCDD induces a mechanism of two-stage regulation of the expression of some IL-12 family subunits through primary activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by the TCDD-containing complex followed by ATF3-dependent suppression of their expression. This may result in an abrupt reduction of the anti-tumor response mediated by O and NK cells. The observed increase in ATF3 and decrease in IL-12 following exposure to TCDD are consistent with data on the expression of these genes in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Reliance upon available data that demonstrate a decrease in IL-12 alongside an increase in the expression of other cytokines typical of TAMs confirms the hypothesis that TCDD can shift the phenotype of a macrophage towards a tumor-associated direction. This mechanism may be one of the others underlying TCDD-driven tumor promotion. This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research(Russia) (No. 12-04-01736) and state projects VI.60.1.1 and VI.61.1.2.
An overview of the newly built neutral beam injection system is presented. This system is intended for creating a population of warm ions in the central cell of the recently developed GOL-NB facility. The system includes two neutral beam injectors and appropriate power supply and control means. Beam parameters are: energy 25 keV, total power 1.5 MW, pulse duration 5 ms.