Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Eukaryotic genomes are organized in extended domains with distinct features intimately linking genome structure, replication pattern and chromatin state. Recently we identified a set of long late replicating euchromatic regions that are underreplicated in salivary gland polytene chromosomes of D. melanogaster.Here we demonstrate that these underreplicated regions (URs) have a low density of P-element and piggyBac insertions compared to the genome average or neighboring regions. In contrast, Minos-based transposons show no paucity in URs but have a strong bias to testis-specific genes. We estimated the suppression level in 2,852 stocks carrying a single P-element by analysis of eye color determined by the mini-white marker gene and demonstrate that the proportion of suppressed transgenes in URs is more than three times higher than in the flanking regions or the genomic average. The suppressed transgenes reside in intergenic, genic or promoter regions of the annotated genes. We speculate that the low insertion frequency of P-elements and piggyBacs in URs partially results from suppression of transgenes that potentially could prevent identification of transgenes due to complete suppression of the marker gene. In a similar manner, the proportion of suppressed transgenes is higher in loci replicating late or very late in Kc cells and these loci have a lower density of P-elements and piggyBac insertions. In transgenes with two marker genes suppression of mini-white gene in eye coincides with suppression of yellow gene in bristles.Our results suggest that the late replication domains have a high inactivation potential apparently linked to the silenced or closed chromatin state in these regions, and that such inactivation potential is largely maintained in different tissues.
Gray voles belong to the Arvicolidae family and, together with mouse and rat, to the vast Muroidea superfamily. All representatives of the genus Microtus look quite similar; a nonspecialist can see hardly any differences between them, except perhaps their slight variations in size and fur color. Voles are small rodents, with body sizes ranging between 80 and 145 mm, depending on species and sex. They have short tails (approximately one third their body length) with light gray to dark brown fur (Meyer and others 1996). They can be maintained in captivity relatively easily, and the conditions reported previously are suitable (Jackson 1997). The taxonomic status of different species of genus Microtus has been revised many times, and the exact status of some species of voles is still questionable. The relative rank of voles is complicated by the high morphological similarity of different representatives of gray voles, which led to misidentification of species using zoological criteria.

The karyological approach shed more light on vole taxonomy and allowed identification of groups of species instead of a single polytypical species. This article describes the result of our efforts in mapping the genomes of 5 species of gray voles: M. arvalis, M. rossiaemeridionalis, M. kirgisorum, M. transcaspicus, and M. agrestis. Many revisions have been made to the status of Microtus arvalis (common vole). Initial, unsuccessful attempts to describe its chromosome set date back to the late 1930s, when Renaud first reported the correct number as 2n=46 (Renaud 1938). Additional research on the species has revealed many chromosome forms that had previously been considered subspecies. In 1965, the chromosome sets of voles were studied from subspecies M. arvalis duplicatus captured in the Leningrad region of Russia, and the diploid number was identified as 54, not 46, chromosomes (Meyer and others 1967).

Later, sympatric sibling species were reported (Meyer and others
In our work, we studied the effect of the triphenyl phosphate flame retardant (TPP) on the flammability of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)

using probe (microthermocouples) and non-disturbing planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) diagnostic methods

Addition of TPP results in a decrease of the burning rate, reduction of the size of the pyrolysis zone, abatement of the heat flux from the flame to the polymer surface, and also decrease in the concentration of OH radicals in the flame, leading to quenching. Thus, the gas-phase effect of the TPP flame retardant on the flammability of the PMMA polymer was demonstrated.
Investigations of the frequency combs in χ (3) microresonators have passed a critical point when the soliton based regimes are well established and realized on different platforms. For χ (2) microresonators, where the first harmonic (FH) and second harmonic (SH) envelopes are coupled via the SH generation and optical parametric oscillation, the comb-soliton studies are just starting.

Here we report on a vast accessible dual χ (2) soliton-comb family in high- Q microresonators with the SH and FH combs centered at the pump frequency ω p and its half ω p /2. Vicinity of the point of equal FH and SH group velocities λ c , available via proper radial poling, is found to be the most advantageous for the generation of spectrally broad dual FH-SH combs.

Our predictions as applied to lithium niobate resonators include the dependence of comb and dissipative soliton parameters on the pump power, the deviation λ p − λ c , the modal quality factors and frequency detunings, and the necessary parameters of radial poling of the resonator. These predictions form a solid basis for the realization of χ (2) frequency combs.
To evaluate the efficacy of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for a heterotopic U87 glioblastoma model in SCID mice using boron phenylalanine (BPA), sodium borocaptate (BSH) and liposomal BSH as boron compounds at a unique, accelerator-based neutron source.

Glioblastoma models were obtained by subcutaneous implantation of U87 cells in the right thighs of SCID mice before administration of 350 mg/kg of BPA (BPA-group), 100 mg/kg of BSH (BSH-group) or 100 mg/kg of BSH in PEGylated liposomes (liposomal BSH-group) into the retroorbital sinus. Liposomes were prepared by reverse-phase evaporation. Neutron irradiation was carried out at a proton accelerator with a lithium target developed for BNCT at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation. A proton beam current integral of 3 mA/h and energy of 2.05 MeV were used for neutron generation.

We observed a tendency of BNCT at the accelerator-based neutron source to reduce or suspend the growth of human glioblastoma in immunodeficient animals. Liposomal BSH showed better long-term results compared to BPA and non-liposomal BSH. Further modifications in liposomal boron delivery are being studied to improve treatment outcomes.
The passage through the cell cycle is controlled by complexes of cyclins, the regulatory units, with cyclin-dependent kinases, the catalytic units. It is also known that cyclins form several families, which differ considerably in primary structure from one eukaryotic organism to another. Despite these lines of evidence, the relationship between the evolution of cyclins and their function is an open issue. Here we present the results of our study on the molecular evolution of A-, B-, D-, E-type cyclin proteins in animals and fungi. We constructed phylogenetic trees for these proteins, their ancestral sequences and analyzed patterns of amino acid replacements. The analysis of infrequently fixed atypical amino acid replacements in cyclins evidenced that accelerated evolution proceeded predominantly during paralog duplication or after it in animals and fungi and that it was related to aromorphic changes in animals. It was shown also that evolutionary flexibility of cyclin function may be provided by consequential reorganization of regions on protein surface remote from CDK binding sites in animal and fungal cyclins and by functional differentiation of paralogous cyclins formed in animal evolution. The results suggested that changes in the number and/or nature of cyclin-binding proteins may underlie the evolutionary role of the alterations in the molecular structure of cyclins and their involvement in diverse molecular-genetic events.
Opisthorchiasis is a dangerous parasitic disease caused by trematodes in the family Opisthorchiidae. One of the causes of this infection is the species Opisthorchis felineus, which is common in the Russian Federation and Western Europe. The disease has a large number of complications and relatively few effective treatments, so nowadays it is relevant to look for new drugs for the treatment of opisthorchiasis, with the maximum antiparasitic and minimal side effect.

In this work, a potentially anthelmintic effect of the methanol extract of the golden chanterelle mushroom (Cantharellus cibarius) was investigated. In in vitro experiments, the significantly reduced mobility and survival rates of juvenile O. felineus specimens with increasing concentrations (10-1000 pg/ml) of the C. cibarius extract were shown. In in vivo studies, administration of the C. cibarius extract on the first day after parasitic infection of inbred C57BL/6 mice resulted in a decrease of the number of helminths in the bile ducts of the liver, evaluated 6 weeks after infection. In another series of experiments, administration of the C. cibarius extract for 7 days to mice infected with O. felineus for five weeks had no anthelmintic effect. In both cases, the state of the infected hosts, evaluated by a number of physiological and biochemical parameters (relative weight of organs, blood indices), did not deteriorate, indicating that there was no adverse effect of the C. cibarius extract.

The results obtained suggest that the C. cibarius extract might have anthelmintic properties if applied as parasite larvae excyst.
The results of numerical calculations of a fibre Raman amplifier pumped by continuous-spectrum radiation are presented. It is shown that the Raman gain flatness better than 0.1 dB can be achieved in the spectral region between 1528 and 1599 nm at the average gain of 7.7 dB, and the gain flatness of 0.042 dB in the case of the zero average small-signal gain in a 25-km SMF-28 fibre pumped by the 1-W and 364-mW backward radiation, respectively. Different variants of the approximation of the found optimal pump spectrum by a combination of four discrete radiation sources with broadened spectral lines are studied.
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.672642.].
Kerr beam self-cleaning in multimode optical fibers

We experimentally and theoretically investigate complex temporal pulse reshaping. We also study the output beam shape dependence on initial conditions

Findings on pulse reshaping and beam shape dependence in multimode optical fibers
Globodera rostochiensis belongs to major potato pathogens with a sophisticated mechanism of interaction with roots of the host plants. Resistance of commercial varieties is commonly based on specific R genes introgressed from natural populations of related wild species and from native potato varieties grown in the Andean highlands. Investigation of molecular resistance mechanisms and screening the natural populations for novel R genes are important for both fundamental knowledge on plant pathogen interactions and breeding for durable resistance. Here we exploited the Solanum phureja accessions collected in South America with contrasting resistance to G. rostochiensis.The infestation of S. phureja with G. rostochiensis juveniles resulted in wounding stress followed by activation of cell division and tissue regeneration processes. Unlike the susceptible S. phureja genotype, the resistant accession reacted by rapid induction of variety of stress response related genes. This chain of molecular events accompanies the hypersensitive response at the juveniles' invasion sites and provides high-level resistance. Transcriptomic analysis also revealed considerable differences between the analyzed S. phureja genotypes and the reference genome.The molecular processes in plant roots associated with changes in gene expression patterns in response to G. rostochiensis infestation and establishment of either resistant or susceptible phenotypes are discussed. De novo transcriptome assembling is considered as an important tool for discovery of novel resistance traits in S. phureja accessions.
The expression of cytokine receptors has a crucial role in many cellular processes. Recent studies reported that changes of receptor expression could control the action of mediators on target cells. The initiation of different signaling pathways and, therefore, specific effects on cells, depends on certain components forming the cytokine-receptor complex. These mechanisms control the immune response and affect both the course of diseases (oncological, autoimmune, inflammatory) and the effectiveness of therapy.

This review describes the potential of immune mediator receptors to regulate the efficiency of cytokine activity during pathologic processes and ensure the variability of their biological effects. Our aim was to investigate the spectrum of potential roles of changes in mediator receptor expression for main classes of pathologies.

For all major types of immune mediators (cytokines, interleukins, chemokines, growth factors, and tumor necrosis factors), it has been shown that changes in their receptor expression are associated with impaired functioning of the organism in chronic diseases.
The suppressed decay chain B(-)→DK(-), D→K(+)π(-), where D indicates a D(¯)(0) or D(0) state, provides important information on the CP-violating angle ϕ(3). We measure the ratio R(DK) of the decay rates to the favored mode B(-)→DK(-), D→K(-)π(+) to be R(DK)=[1.63(-0.41)(+0.44)(stat)(-0.13)(+0.07)(syst)]×10(-2), which indicates the first evidence of the signal with a significance of 4.1σ. We also measure the asymmetry A(DK) between the charge-conjugate decays to be A(DK)=-0.39(-0.28)(+0.26)(stat)(-0.03)(+0.04)(syst). The results are based on the full 772×10(6) BB(¯) pair data sample collected at the Υ(4S) resonance with the Belle detector.
Varicose veins of lower extremities (VVs) are a common multifactorial vascular disease. Genetic factors underlying VVs development remain largely unknown.

Here we report the first large-scale study of VVs performed on a freely available genetic data of 408,455 European-ancestry individuals. We identified the 12 reliably associated loci that explain 13% of the SNP-based heritability, and prioritized the most likely causal genes CASZ1, PIEZO1, PPP3R1, EBF1, STIM2, HFE, GATA2, NFATC2, and SOX9. VVs-associated variants within these loci exhibited pleiotropic effects on several phenotypes including blood pressure/hypertension and blood cell traits. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed gene categories related to abnormal vasculogenesis. Genetic correlation analysis confirmed known epidemiological associations between VVs and deep venous thrombosis, weight, rough labor, and standing job, and found a genetic overlap with multiple traits that have not been previously suspected to share common genetic background with VVs. These traits included educational attainment, fluid intelligence and prospective memory scores, walking pace (negative correlation with VVs), smoking, height, number of operations, pain, and gonarthrosis (positive correlation with VVs). Finally, Mendelian randomization analysis provided evidence for causal effects of plasma levels of MICB and CD209 proteins, and anthropometric traits such as waist and hip circumference, height, weight, and both fat and fat-free mass.

Our results provide novel insight into both VVs genetics and etiology. The revealed genes and proteins can be considered as good candidates for follow-up functional studies and might be of interest as potential drug targets.
The paper is dedicated to the analysis of fusion neutron sources (NSs) based on gas–dynamic trap and the concept of gas– dynamic multiple–mirror trap. The configurations considered are predominantly designed for the use within subcritical hybrids. The main focus of the study has been on what fusion gain can be achieved by the NSs depending on their mirror–to–mirror distance and the output power of heating systems. The analysis comprised optimizing parameters of each NS of given length and power so as to maximize its fusion gain. To provide physical credibility of the results, the searched–for NS configurations were to comply with a number of constraints on plasma characteristics. Particularly, background (maxwellized) ions had to be confined in nearly gas–dynamic regime, while transverse relative plasma pressure was limited by 0.5 from above. Lengths and heating powers of considered NSs ranged from 10 to 100 m and from 20 to 200 MW respectively. On the basis of obtained data the coefficients of a power–law relation between fusion gain factors, lengths and heating powers have been estimated.
Narrow-gap semiconductors with strong spin-orbit coupling such as bismuth tellurohalides have become popular candidates for spintronic applications. But driving spin-polarized photocurrents in these materials with circularly polarized light requires picosecond lifetimes of the photoexcited carriers and low spin-flip scattering rates. In search of these essential ingredients, we conducted an extensive study of the carrier dynamics on the Te-terminated surface of BiTeI, which exhibits a giant Rashba splitting of both surface and bulk states. We observe a complex interplay of surface and bulk dynamics after photoexcitation. Carriers are rapidly rearranged in momentum space by quasielastic phonon and defect scattering, while a phonon bottleneck leads to a slow equilibration between bulk electrons and lattice. The particular band dispersion opens an inelastic decay channel for hot carriers in the form of plasmon excitations, which are immanent to Rashba-split systems. These ultrafast scattering processes effectively redistribute excited carriers in momentum and energy space and thereby inhibit spin-polarized photocurrents.
Effects of strong electric fields on hopping conductivity are studied theoretically. Monte Carlo computer simulations show that the analytical theory of Nguyen and Shklovskii [Solid State Commun. 38, 99 (1981)] provides an accurate description of hopping transport in the limit of very high electric fields and low concentrations of charge carriers as compared to the concentration of localization sites and also at the relative concentration of carriers equal to 0.5. At intermediate concentrations of carriers between 0.1 and 0.5, computer simulations evidence essential deviations from the results of the existing analytical theories. The theory of Nguyen and Shklovskii also predicts a negative differential hopping conductivity at high electric fields. Our numerical calculations confirm this prediction qualitatively. However the field dependence of the drift velocity of charge carriers obtained numerically differs essentially from the one predicted so far. Analytical theory is further developed so that its agreement with numerical results is essentially improved.
Chronic social defeat stress induces diverse effects in mice of different strains and even in animals of the same strain.

This paper aims to study the effect of repeated social defeats and, for contrast, repeated aggression in daily agonistic interactions on the behaviors of CD-1 male mice. The behavior of animals that have the same winning and losing track record during 3, 10, 21 days is studied in different tests.

The level of aggressiveness, as estimated by the number and total time of attacks, decreases; nevertheless, direct and indirect forms of aggression demonstrated by the aggressive mice (winners) remain significantly high. The number of stereotypic behaviors (rotations and jumps) and total time of digging behaviors are significantly increased in the winners after 21 days compared to 3 and 10 days of intermale confrontations. Among the losers, chronic experience of social defeats is accompanied by the development of pronounced anxiety and a depression-like state estimated by the elevated plus-maze and the Porsolt test scores, respectively. Both groups of male mice with alternative social behaviors demonstrate abnormal locomotor and exploratory behaviors in the open-field test. This phenomenon may be viewed as hyperactivity developed under chronic agonistic interactions and specific for the outbred CD-1 mice. We believe that these animals may be potentially used for modeling the key symptoms of bipolar disorder.
We search for the flavor-changing neutral current decays D0\to mu+mu- and D0\to e+e-, and for the lepton-flavor violating decays D0\to e\pm mu\mp

using 660 fb^-1 of data collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e+e- collider

We find no evidence for any of these decays. We obtain significantly improved upper limits on the branching fractions: B(D0\to mu+mu-)<1.4x10-7, B(D0\to e+e-)<7.9x10-8, and B(D0\to e+mu-)+B(D0\to mu+e-)<2.6x10-7 at 90% confidence level.
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the most important tick-transmitted pathogen. It belongs to the Flaviviridae family and causes severe human neuroinfections.

In this study, protective efficacy of the chimeric antibody chFVN145 was examined in mice infected with strains belonging to the Far-Eastern, European, and Siberian subtypes of TBEV. Using a panel of recombinant fragments of the TBEV glycoprotein E, the neutralizing epitope for chFVN145 was localized in domain III of the TBEV glycoprotein E. In addition, three potential sites responsible for binding with chFVN145 were determined using peptide phage display libraries, and 3D modeling demonstrated that the sites do not contact the fusion loop.

The antibody showed clear therapeutic efficacy when it was administered once one, two, or three days after infection. The efficacy was independent of the TBEV strain used to infect the mice; however, the survival rate of the mice was dependent on the dose of TBEV and of the antibody. No enhancement of TBEV infection was observed when the mice were treated with non-protective doses of chFVN145. Their binding with chFVN145 does not result in increased attachment of TBEV to target cells.
A search for the flavor-changing neutral-current decay B^{+}→K^{+}νν[over ¯] is performed at the Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB asymmetric energy electron-positron collider. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 63 fb^{-1} collected at the ϒ(4S) resonance and a sample of 9 fb^{-1} collected at an energy 60 MeV below the resonance. Because the measurable decay signature involves only a single charged kaon, a novel measurement approach is used that exploits not only the properties of the B^{+}→K^{+}νν[over ¯] decay, but also the inclusive properties of the other B meson in the ϒ(4S)→BB[over ¯] event, to suppress the background from other B meson decays and light-quark pair production. This inclusive tagging approach offers a higher signal efficiency compared to previous searches. No significant signal is observed. An upper limit on the branching fraction of B^{+}→K^{+}νν[over ¯] of 4.1×10^{-5} is set at the 90% confidence level.
The report is devoted to modeling the properties of composite materials. Two major approaches are considered: phenomenological and structural [1]. Within the framework of the first approach reinforced materials are modeled as homogeneous anisotropic medium with efficient physical and mechanical properties. In this case mechanical parameters of the material are determined basing on experimental data. In a structural approach, physical and mechanical parameters of the composite are expressed in terms of the parameters of its components and design of reinforcement that open up opportunities for improvement of the properties of composite structures. The mathematical relations describing the nonlinear elastic three-point bending of isotropic and reinforced beams with account of different strength and stiffness behavior in tension and compression are obtained. An algorithm for numerical solution of corresponding boundary-value problems is proposed and implemented. Results of numerical modeling have been compared to acquired data for polymer matrix and structural carbon fiber reinforced plastics.