Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Oxidative stress contributes to numerous pathophysiological conditions such as development of cancer, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases. A variety of measurements of oxidative stress markers in biological systems have been developed; however, many of these methods are not specific, can produce artifacts, and do not directly detect the free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative stress.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is a unique tool that allows direct measurements of free radical species. Cyclic hydroxylamines are useful and convenient molecular probes that readily react with ROS to produce stable nitroxide radicals, which can be quantitatively measured by EPR. In this work, we critically review recent applications of various cyclic hydroxylamine spin probes in biology to study oxidative stress, their advantages, and the shortcomings. Recent Advances: In the past decade, a number of new cyclic hydroxylamine spin probes have been developed and their successful application for ROS measurement using EPR has been published. These new state-of-the-art methods provide improved selectivity and sensitivity for in vitro and in vivo studies.

Although cyclic hydroxylamine spin probes EPR application has been previously described, there has been lack of translation of these new methods into biomedical research, limiting their widespread use. This work summarizes 'best practice' in applications of cyclic hydroxylamine spin probes to assist with EPR studies of oxidative stress. Additional studies to advance hydroxylamine spin probes from the 'basic science' to biomedical applications are needed and could lead to better understanding of pathological conditions associated with oxidative stress.
Based on the shallow water approximation

two numerical approaches to calculate tsunami wave propagation are compared at the same computational mesh. To evaluate precision of numerical solutions the available exact solutions (for the cases of sloping and parabolic bottom) are used.

Results of several numerical tests are presented. Time required to obtain tsunami wave height maxima distribution is briefly discussed, too.
Transformation of a Bessel beam by a lens results in the formation of a 'perfect' vortex beam (PVB) in the focal plane of the lens. The PVB has a single-ring cross-section and carries an orbital angular momentum (OAM) equal to the OAM of the 'parent' beam. PVBs have numerous applications based on the assumption of their ideal ring-type structure. For instance, we proposed using terahertz PVBs to excite vortex surface plasmon polaritons propagating along cylindrical conductors and the creation of plasmon multiplex communication lines in the future (Comput. Opt. 2019, 43, 992). Recently, we demonstrated the formation of PVBs in the terahertz range using a Bessel beam produced using a spiral binary silicon axicon (Phys. Rev. A 2017, 96, 023846). It was shown that, in that case, the PVB was not annular, but was split into nested spiral segments, which was obviously a consequence of the method of Bessel beam generation.

The search for methods of producing perfect beams with characteristics approaching theoretically possible ones is a topical task. Since for the terahertz range, there are no devices like spatial modulators of light in the visible range, the main method for controlling the mode composition of beams is the use of diffractive optical elements. In this work, we investigated the characteristics of perfect beams, the parent beams being quasi-Bessel beams created by three types of diffractive phase axicons made of high-resistivity silicon: binary, kinoform, and 'holographic'. The amplitude-phase distributions of the field in real perfect beams were calculated numerically in the approximation of the scalar diffraction theory. An analytical expression was obtained for the case of the binary axicon.

It was shown that a distribution closest to an ideal vortex was obtained using a holographic axicon. The resulting distributions were compared with experimental and theoretical distributions of the evanescent field of a plasmon near the gold–zinc sulfide–air surface at different thicknesses of the dielectric layer, and recommendations for experiments were given.
Alternative start AUG codons within a single transcript can contribute to diversity of the proteome; however, their functional significance remains controversial.

Here, we provide comparative genomics evidence that alternative start codons are under negative selection in vertebrates, insects and yeast. In genes where the annotated start codon (sAUG) resides within the suboptimal nucleotide context, the downstream in-frame AUG codons (dAUG) among the first ∼30 codon sites are significantly more conserved between species than in genes where the sAUG resides within the optimal context. Proteomics data show that this difference is not an annotation artifact and that dAUGs are in fact under selection as alternative start sites. The key optimal, and sometimes suboptimal, context-determining nucleotides of both the sAUG and dAUGs are conserved.

Selection for secondary start sites is stronger in genes with the weak primary start site. Genes with multiple conserved start sites are enriched for transcription factors, and tend to have longer 5′UTRs and higher degree of alternative splicing. Together, these results imply that the use of alternative start sites by means of leaky mRNA scanning is a functional mechanism under selection for increased efficiency of translation and/or for translation of different N-terminal protein variants.
Study of behaviour of floating up bubbles in the mixture of transformer oil with carbon nanotubes under the action of high electric field was carried out. The possibility of using carbon nanotubes to create hydrodynamic flows in a liquid dielectric at a very low concentration of nanotubes is shown. It is assumed that the mechanism of the formation of flows is the injection of charge from the surface of nanotubes.
Modern e + e − factories with high luminosity require fast response time of the detector subsystems to collect the data eﬃciently and suppress severe beam background.

The prototype of the electromagnetic calorimeter based on the counter made of pure CsI crystal, novel wavelength shifter with nanostructured organosilicon luminophores and avalanche photodiodes Hamamatsu S8664-55 is discussed.

Results of the measurement of the basic characteristics of the counter are presented.
We deduce the formula of the asymptotics of the spectrum of the linear problem on the stability of stationary flows

of an incompressible polymeric fluid with volume charge
A study of mixing and indirect CP violation in D0 mesons through the determination of the parameters y_CP and A_Γ is presented. The parameter y_CP is the deviation from unity of the ratio of effective lifetimes measured in D0 decays to the CP eigenstate K+K- with respect to decays to the Cabibbo favoured mode K-π+.

The result measured using data collected by LHCb in 2010, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 29 pb^-1. A data-driven technique is used to correct for lifetime-biasing effects.

The result is y_CP = (5.5+/-6.3_stat+/-4.1_syst) x 10^-3. The parameter A_Γ is the asymmetry of effective lifetimes measured in decays of D0 and anti-D0 mesons to K+K-. The result is A_Γ = (-5.9+/-5.9_stat+/-2.1_syst) x 10^-3.
There have been presented the results of a comparative estimation of recombinants developed on the basis of two commercial varieties ('Sibirskaya 17' and 'Novosibirskaya 31') hybridized with 'Thatcher Lr19' and 'Thatcher Lr24'. Recombinants were evaluated in the field conditions in 2016, 2017 and 2020.

The purpose of the current study was to identify the effect of translocations from Thinopyrum elongatum on the manifestation of productivity elements in recombinants of spring bread wheat developed on the basis of two commercial varieties. The analysis of the genetic composition of the Puccinia triticina populations in Western and Eastern Siberia did not identify genes which were virulent to resistance genes Lr19, Lr24, Lr28, Lr41, Lr47, Lr45 LrSp, Lr6Agi 1 and Lr6Agi 2.

The recombinants developed on the basis of the variety 'Sibirskaya 17' (the variety productivity was 398.3 g/m 2 , grain weight per head was 1.35 g, 1000-grain weight was 37.8 g) were characterized by the severity of the main agronomically valuable traits at the level of the recipient variety, or significantly lower (productivity was 271.5–327.8 g/m 2 , grain weight per head was 1.03–1.16 g, 1000-grain weight was 32.5–36.4 g). The recombinants carrying translocations (the length of the period 'sprouts-heading' was 44.4 and 44.5 days, grain weight per head was 1.20 and 1.24 g) developed on the basis of the variety 'Novosibirskaya 31' (with 42.4 days, 1.02 g) have demonstrated a significant increase in the length of the period 'sprouts-heading' and grain weight per head in comparison with the recombinants without translocations (41.6 and 43.6 days, 0.99 and 1.10 g). On average over 3 years, 12 recombinants hybridized from the combination 'Novosibirskaya 31 x Thatcher Lr19' produced higher yields (355.6–427.5 g/m 2 ) than those of the recipient variety (301.5 g/m 2 ), both with (6 pcs.), and without (6 pcs.) a translocation.
We report herein a large-scale (>10 g) synthesis of isotopically enriched 1-13C-phosphoenolpyruvate and 1-13C-phosphoenolpyruvate-d2 for application in hyperpolarized imaging technology. 1-13C-Phosphoenolpyruvate-d2 was synthesized with 57% overall yield (over two steps), and >98% 2H isotopic purity, representing an improvement over the previous report. The same outcome was achieved for 1-13C-phosphoenolpyruvate.

These two unsaturated compounds with C═C bonds were employed for parahydrogen-induced polarization via pairwise parahydrogen addition in aqueous medium. The nuclear spin polarization of nascent parahydrogen-derived protons was transferred to 1-13C nucleus via a magnetic field cycling procedure.

We find that deuteration of 1-13C-phosphoenolpyruvate resulted in overall increase of 1H T1 of nascent hyperpolarized protons (4.30 ± 0.04 s versus 2.06 ± 0.01 s) and 1H polarization (∼2.5% versus ∼0.7%) of the resulting hyperpolarized 1-13C-phospholactate. The proton T1 increase in deuterated hyperpolarized 1-13C-phospholactate yielded approximately 30% better 13C polarization compared to that of nondeuterated hyperpolarized 1-13C-phospholactate. Analysis of T1 relaxation revealed that deuteration of 1-13C-phospholactate may have resulted in approximately 3-fold worse 1H → 13C polarization transfer efficiency via magnetic field cycling. Since magnetic field cycling is a key polarization transfer step in the side-arm hydrogenation approach, the presented findings may guide more rational design of a broad range of 13C hyperpolarized contrast agents for molecular imaging employing 13C MRI. The hyperpolarized 1-13C-phospholactate-d2 is of biomedical imaging relevance because it undergoes in vivo dephosphorylation and becomes 13C hyperpolarized lactate, which as we show can be detected in the brain by 13C hyperpolarized MRI; this feasibility demonstration has implications for future imaging of neurodegenerative diseases and dementia.
This article describes a determination of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element $|{V}_{cb}|$ from the decay ${B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{*\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}$ using $711\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of Belle data collected near the $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(4S)$ resonance.

We simultaneously measure the product of the form factor normalization $\mathcal{F}(1)$ and the matrix element $|{V}_{cb}|$ as well as the three parameters ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{2}$, ${R}_{1}(1)$ and ${R}_{2}(1)$, which determine the form factors of this decay in the framework of the heavy quark effective theory. The results, based on about 120 000 reconstructed ${B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{*\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}$ decays, are ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{2}=1.214\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.034\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.009$, ${R}_{1}(1)=1.401\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.034\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.018$, ${R}_{2}(1)=0.864\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.024\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008$ and $\mathcal{F}(1)|{V}_{cb}|=(34.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$.

The branching fraction of ${B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{*\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}$ is measured at the same time; we obtain a value of $\mathcal{B}({B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{*\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\ell}})=(4.58\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.26)%$. The errors correspond to the statistical and systematic uncertainties. These results give the most precise determination of the form factor parameters and $\mathcal{F}(1)|{V}_{cb}|$ to date. In addition, a direct, model-independent determination of the form factor shapes has been carried out.
In present paper correlations between different parts of spectrum of a fiber laser with randomly distributed feedback (RDFL) were experimentally measured directly. Implemented statistical analysis demonstrate weak cross-correlations between different lines in generation spectrum. These correlations were vizualized by plotting 2-D probability density functions. Linear correlation coefficient (Pearson coefficient) was calculated for each pair of spectrum lines.
The properties of the t haplotypes, specific mutant states of the proximal region of chromosomes 17 in the house mouse, are of continuing interest. One such property is increased transmission of the t haplotype by heterozygous t/+ males to offspring.

Using the reciprocal translocation T(16;17)43H we have constructed males with tertiary trisomy of chromosome 17 (+T43/+ +/Rb7+) carrying the Robertsonian translocation Rb(16.17)7Bnr. Only the progeny of these males which had inherited either T43/+ or Rb7 from their male parent were viable. The segregation patterns in the offspring of t-bearing trisomics were analysed on days 16-18 of embryonic development.

It was found that, when the t12 haplotype is in the normal acrocentric (males+ +T43/+ t12 + /Rb7+ +), its presence in the gamete +t12+/+ + T43 does not produce meiotic drive. However, when t6 is in Rb7, meiotic drive was observed: 80% of offspring carried the t haplotype. It is concluded that the meiotic drive is probably inhibited by the presence of a normal homologue of chromosome 17 in the same sperm. Possible mechanisms for the t haplotype effect are discussed.
Summary The influence of mutations in chromosome 17 upon the segregation of the metacentric and acrocentric homologues in the progeny of female mice heterozygous for Robertsonian translocations Rb(8.17)11em and Rb(16.17)7Bnr was studied. Genetic analysis indicated that the portion of non- Rb (normal karyotype) progeny from mothers heterozygous for mutations tf, qk, t 12 was weakly different from the 50% Mendelian expected level (55–57%). Introduction of mutations T, Fu Ki , Fu, t 6 into the female genotype caused a stronger segregation distortion and an increase in the portion of progeny with normal karyotype (63–67%). From the data on embryonic mortality and cytogenetic observations it is concluded that a distortion of equal transmission arises before M II of meiosis. Consequently, the preferential distribution of the metacentric chromosome to the polar body during the first meiotic division is relevant to the observed segregation distortion.
We study the relation between Poisson algebras and representations of Lie conformal algebras.

We establish a setting for the calculation of a Gr"obner--Shirshov basis in a module over an associative conformal algebra and apply this technique to Poisson algebras considered as conformal modules over appropriate associative envelopes of current Lie conformal algebras.

As a result, we obtain a setting for the calculation of a Gr"obner--Shirshov basis in a Poisson algebra.
G. lucidum is a typical representative of wood-rotting polypores of the Ganodermataceae family (Basidiomycetes).In Russia, G. lucidum is predominantly found in southern regions: in Stavropol and Krasnodar krais, Northern Caucasus, as well as in Altai taiga in logging areas.In this study we investigated the phylogeny of G. lucidum specimens from Altai based on the ITS1 ribosomal spacer, and compared them to reishi from other regions of the world.We also studied the phytochemical content of reishi fruit bodies.Results of the screening suggest that ethanol fractions contain mostly flavonoids, phenols, and coumarins; water fractions are dominated by tannins, carbohydrates, and coumarins; and hexane and ethyl acetate extracts, by terpenoids.The main fatty acids were palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids.We found that fruit bodies of Altai G. lucidum contained 32.4 mg of phenols per 1 g of extract (in pyrocatechol equivalent), while flavonoids made up 11.1 mg per g (in quercetin equivalent).Polysaccharide content was 10.72% of the absolutely dry substance.
U-Pb dating of the pyrochlore-group minerals from the Nb-rare metal ore deposits of ilmeny-vishnevogorsky carbonatite-miaskite complex of the Ural fold region was carried out.

To date the individual pyrochlore crystals were used a new technique of local U-Pb SHRIMP-II dating which was developed at the CIR VSEGEI (St.Petersburg). In the case of high-U pyrochlore (with more than 2.5 wt % UO 2 ) a laser ablation and ICP-MS method was applied for U-Pb-dating.

The studied isotope pyrochlore system indicates a multi-stage formation of rare metal niobium mineralization. The earliest age of ore formation (378 ± 4.9 Ma) is fixed by U-pychlore isotope systems of Potanino deposit. This stage of ore formation is probably associated with the final stages of the alkaline-carbonatite magmatic system crystallization. The next stages of ore formation (230 ± 1.5 Ma) are widely manifested in Vishnevogorsk and later on the Potanino deposit (217.2 ± 1.9 Ma) and were probably related to remobilization and redeposition of alkaline-carbonatite and rare metal substances.
We study Luzin N-property with respect to the Hausdorff measures for Sobolev spaces W^k_p(R^n,R^d). We prove that such N-property holds except for one critical dimensional value t_*=n-(k-1)p; for this critical value the N-property fails in general, and we constructed the corresponding nontrivial counterexample (based on the theory of lacunary Fourier series). Nevertheless, this N-property holds if we assume in addition that the highest k-derivatives belongs to the Lorentz space L_{p,1} instead of L_p. We extend these results to the case of fractional Sobolev spaces as well. Also, we establish some Fubini type theorems for $N$-properties and discuss their applications to the Morse--Sard theorem and its recent extensions.
We present the measurement of the first to fourth order moments of the four-momentum transfer squared, ${q}^{2}$, of inclusive $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{X}_{c}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}$ decays using the full Belle dataset of $711\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of integrated luminosity at the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}(4S)$ resonance where $\ensuremath{\ell}=e$, $\ensuremath{\mu}$. The determination of these moments and their systematic uncertainties open new pathways to determine the absolute value of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element ${V}_{cb}$ using a reduced set of matrix elements of the heavy quark expansion. In order to identify and reconstruct the ${X}_{c}$ system, we reconstruct one of the two $B$-mesons using machine learning techniques in fully hadronic decay modes. The moments are measured with progressively increasing threshold selections on ${q}^{2}$ starting with a lower value of $3.0\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$ in steps of $0.5\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$ up to a value of $10.0\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$. The measured moments are further unfolded, correcting for reconstruction and selection effects as well as QED final state radiation. We report the moments separately for electron and muon final states and observe no lepton flavor universality violating effects.
Aim of the study was to investigate the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in individuals with metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity phenotypes (MHO and MUO) and evaluate the contribution of metabolic syndrome (MS) components to the 12-year risk of developing T2DM according to a prospective study. Material and methods . The study included 1958 people with a BMI ≥30 kg/m² and no T2DM, from among those examined at the baseline screening in 2003– 2005 of the HAPPIE project. New cases of T2DM were diagnosed between 2003 and 2018 according to the register of diabetes mellitus and repeated screenings. The median follow-up period was 12.1 years. Were used to define MHO: criteria of the NCEPATP III, 2001 and IDF, 2005. Results . The incidence of T2DM in the MHO group according to all studied criteria is on 1,5 times lower than in persons with MUO, p<0,001. According to the results of Cox regression multivariate analysis, the risk of developing T2DM in individuals with MHO is 2.3 times lower according to the IDF criteria, 2005 and 2,2 times lower according to the NCEP ATP III, 2001 criteria, compared with persons with MUO. The risk of developing T2DM increases in direct proportion to the number of MS components: 3 components—OR = 3,1 (95% CI: 1.0; 9.9), p = 0.048, 4 components—OR = 4.4 (95% CI: 1.4; 14.0), p = 0.011. However, the presence of obesity in a person with one risk factor does not lead to the development of T2DM within 12 years, p>0.05. When analyzing obese individuals who had abdominal obesity (AO), the risk of developing T2DM is 2 times higher compared to individuals with normal waist circumference (WC), and people without AO demonstrate no risk of developing T2DM, with an increase in the number of MS components, p> 0.05. Conclusions . The incidence of first-­onset T2DM during 12 years in the MHO group by any used criteria is on 1.5 times lower than in the MUO group. In individuals with obesity, regardless of its phenotype, the most significant independent predictors of the risk of incident T2DM are AO and fasting hyperglycaemia. In individuals without AO, the risk of developing T2DM does not increase, even with an increase in the number of MS components. In the presence of AO, the risk of developing T2DM increases 2 times already with the appearance of any other component.
The saturated absorption technique is an elegant method widely used in atomic and molecular physics for high-resolution spectroscopy, laser frequency standards and metrology purposes. We have recently discovered that a saturated absorption scheme with a dual-frequency laser can lead to a significant sign reversal of the usual Doppler-free dip, yielding a deep enhanced-absorption spike. In this paper, we report detailed experimental investigations of this phenomenon, together with a full in-depth theoretical description. It is shown that several physical effects can support or oppose the formation of the high-contrast central spike in the absorption profile. The physical conditions for which all these effects act constructively and result in very bright Doppler-free resonances are revealed. Apart from their theoretical interest, results obtained in this manuscript are of great interest for laser spectroscopy and laser frequency stabilization purposes, with applications in laser cooling, matter-wave sensors, atomic clocks or quantum optics.
Mathematical Evolutionary Theory. Feldman Marcus W., ed. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1989. 334 pp., illus. $60.00 (ISBN 0-691-08502-1 cloth), $19.95 (ISBN 0-691-08503-X paper)