Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Invited for this month's cover are the collaborating groups of Dr. Yoshiaki Uchida from Osaka University, Japan, Prof. Rui Tamura and Prof. Masahito Sugiyama from Kyoto University, Japan and Dr. Dmitrii G. Mazhukin from Novosibirsk State University, Russia. The cover picture depicts a contrast between localized spins and conductive ions in the newly‐synthesized ionic liquid crystalline (ILC) nitroxide radicals. The ILC droplet of the new compounds is magnetically manipulable. More information can be found in the Full Paper by Yoshiaki Uchida, Rui Tamura, and co‐workers .
Phytophthora infestans Mont. de Bary is the main oomycete pathogen of cultivated crops in the family Solanaceae, especially potato (Solanum tuberosum). Because potato is the fourth most cultivated crop worldwide, its annual losses from late blight are tremendous. Studies of the basic mechanisms of interaction between potato and the late blight pathogen not only expand the fundamental knowledge in this area, but also open up new possibilities for regulating these interactions in order to increase resistance to the pathogen. The interaction of potato and the late blight pathogen can be considered from a genetic point of view, and it is interesting to consider both the response of the potato to the colonization process by P. infestans and the change in gene activity in late blight during plant infection. We can also investigate this process by changing the profile of secondary metabolites of the host and the pathogen. In addition to fundamental work in this area, applied work in the form of the development of new preparations for protecting potatoes is of no less importance. This review briefly describes the main stages of studies of potato resistance to late blight, starting almost from the first works. Much attention is paid to key works on changing the profile of secondary metabolites phytoalexins. A separate section is devoted to the description of both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of potato resistance to the late blight pathogen: their contribution to overall resistance, gene mapping, and regulation capabilities. Both types of traits are important for potato breeding: quantitative resistance due to R-genes is quickly overcome by the pathogen, while quantitative trait loci make it possible to create varieties with almost absolute resistance due to the pyramid of effective genes. The latest approaches in molecular biology make it possible to study translatomic profiles, which makes it possible to look at the interaction of potatoes and the late blight pathogen at a different angle. It has been shown that the process of potato colonization affects not only the activity of various genes and the profile of secondary metabolites: proteins-markers of the response to infection from potatoes have also been identified: they are pathogen-bound proteins and plastid carbonic anhydrase. On the part of P. infestans, fungal cellulose synthase proteins and haustorium-specific membrane protein were markers of infection. Thus, the review contains information on the most relevant complex studies of the genetic mechanisms of potato resistance to late blight.
This article examines the life and work of famous Chinese writer Li Yu ( 李渔 , 1611–1680), who made a great contribution not only to the development of literature, drama and painting, but also wrote entire essays about incense culture. Analysis of his activities and literary works gives reason to consider Li Yu as the most prominent representative of the wenren intellectual community and a great incense connoisseur. His aesthetic concept of using incense as an important tool for personal self-improvement and ‘nurturing life’ ( 养生 yangsheng ) is studied, using his philosophical essay ‘An Accidental Haven for Idle Thoughts’ ( 闲情偶寄 Xianqing ouji ) devoted to various areas of everyday life. Li Yu’s aesthetic views are further illustrated with essay excerpts presented in the translation by the author of this article. Publications of Li Yu’s works continue to be widely published both in China and in the West. Essays devoted to his work, categorized as literature on psychology, philosophy and art are also very popular. All these factors give rise to the relevance of the study of the multifaceted creativity of Li Yu, as well as other representatives of Chinese intellectuals ( 文人 wenren ) at the turn of the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) eras, who by their activities, significantly developed various types of traditional culture, including literature, aesthetics, aromatherapy and arts and crafts.
Lodging is one of the main factors in reducing the yield and grain quality of winter and spring wheat varieties. The resistance of wheat cultivars to lodging largely depends on environmental factors, biological and morphological features of the stem and root systems. Selection of the varieties for resistance to lodging is relevant in many countries of the world and has a number of achievements. Plant height is one of the most important morphological characters associated with lodging resistance.

Breeding of the varieties carrying the dwarfing genes ( Rht ) is the main direction to reduce the risk of lodging. The Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b, Rht8 and Rht11 genes are widely used throughout the world due to their significant influence on agronomically valuable traits, including lodging. It turned out to be important to study the anatomical and morphological features and chemical composition of stem tissues, which complement the assessment of resistance to lodging and allow the varietal material to be more fully characterized. The thickness of stem internodes and their anatomical structure play an important role in the stem strength. The diameter of the stem, its thickness and weight, a large number of vascular bundles and a wide ring of mechanical tissues correlate with resistance to lodging. The content of lignin, silicon and cellulose are important structural components and provide the stem strength of wheat plants. Molecular genetic analysis and mapping of genes and quantitative trait loci are of great importance in identifying the genetic basis of the relationship between the anatomical and morphophysiological characters of the stem and root system and lodging.

Genetic factors reflecting correlations between the lodging and the thickness of the stem wall, the number of vascular bundles and other characters were mapped to chromosomes 1A, 1B, 2A, 2D, 3A, 4B, 4D, 5A, 5D, 6D and 7D. It has been found that loci with high phenotypic effects on lodging tolerance are colocalized with loci responsible for plant height, stem diameter and stem strength. To increase resistance to lodging, it is necessary to develop a set of agrotechnical methods that reduce the influence of soil and climatic factors and create wheat varieties tolerant to lodging.
The aim of the pilot study of a group of adolescents with H. pylori infection was to study the preliminary data obtained on the rs602662 locus of the FUT2 gene and to establish its role in the realization of clinical manifestations of chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer associated with H. pylori.

Methods: The study included 91 patients. The study for the presence of the polymorphic locus rs602662 of the FUT2 gene was carried out by the standard TaqMan PCR method on a Real-Time CFX96 Touch amplifier. The duration of the study was 6 months. Results: The main group included 25 adolescents aged 16 to 17 years 11 months, the control group included 20 patients. Patients infected with H. pylori more often noticed symptoms of dyspepsia - in 36%, compared with the control group - 9.7%. The presence of a family history in the main group for associated diseases had a significant difference, χ2 = 4.97, p <0.05. To assess the contribution of the genotype of the rs602662 locus of the FUT2 gene to the risk of clinical manifestations in H. pylori infection, the main group was divided into subgroups. In the distribution of alleles in these groups, statistically significant differences were revealed. Allele 'A' has a protective effect against the onset of clinical symptoms of dyspepsia. The odds ratio (OR) with the carriage of allele 'A' (genotypes A / A and G / A versus G / G) to have clinical symptoms with a positive H. pylori status was 0.175 (CI = [0.049-0.625] chi2 = 7.79 p = 0.0053).

Conclusion. As a result of the study, we were unable to identify a significant association of alleles and genotypes of the rs602662 locus of the FUT2 gene with clinical manifestations of H. pylori infection. At the same time, carriers of the A allele have a pronounced association with the absence of clinical symptoms in patients with a positive H. pylori infection status of 0.175 (C.I. = [0.049-0.625] chi2 = 7.79 p = 0.0053).
A longitudinal ion and energy transport through the magnetic mirror appears to be the dominant problem in open magnetic traps physics. Cold electrons flow from the field expansion area has been found to be the main mechanism that limits target plasma heating in the central cell of the Gas Dynamic Trap (GDT). One of the dominant cold electrons sources is apparently a residual neutral gas in the expander.

Gas and plasma interactions result in gas ionization, and give cold electrons that penetrate through the magnetic mirror into the central cell of the machine. This work aims to find a critical gas concentration in the expander above which it begins to effect basic plasma parameters in the central cell of the GDT.

The results obtained from these experiments are crucial for understanding the engineering requirements for the pumping system in divertors of the C-2W machine being built in Tri Alpha Energy Inc. and experimental machines of next generation being designed.
The telomere structure in the Iberian shrew Sorex granarius is characterized by unique, striking features, with short arms of acrocentric chromosomes carrying extremely long telomeres (up to 300 kb) with interspersed ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeat blocks.

In this work, we investigated the telomere physiology of S. granarius fibroblast cells and found that telomere repeats are transcribed on both strands and that there is no telomere-dependent senescence mechanism. Although telomerase activity is detectable throughout cell culture and appears to act on both short and long telomeres, we also discovered that signatures of a recombinogenic activity are omnipresent, including telomere-sister chromatid exchanges, formation of alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT)-associated PML-like bodies, production of telomere circles, and a high frequency of telomeres carrying marks of a DNA damage response.

Our results suggest that recombination participates in the maintenance of the very long telomeres in normal S. granarius fibroblasts. We discuss the possible interplay between the interspersed telomere and rDNA repeats in the stabilization of the very long telomeres in this organism.
INT6/eIF3e is a highly conserved component of the translation initiation complex that interacts with both the 26S proteasome and the COP9 signalosome, two complexes implicated in ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. The INT6 gene was originally identified as the insertion site of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), and later shown to be involved in human tumorigenesis.

Here we show that depletion of the Drosophila orthologue of INT6 (Int6) results in short mitotic spindles and deformed centromeres and kinetochores with low intra-kinetochore distance. Poleward flux of microtubule subunits during metaphase is reduced, although fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) demonstrates that microtubules remain dynamic both near the kinetochores and at spindle poles. Mitotic progression is delayed during metaphase due to the activity of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Interestingly, a deubiquitinated form of the kinesin Klp67A (a putative orthologue of human Kif18A) accumulates near the kinetochores in Int6-depleted cells. Consistent with this finding, Klp67A overexpression mimics the Int6 RNAi phenotype. Furthermore, simultaneous depletion of Int6 and Klp67A results in a phenotype identical to RNAi of just Klp67A, which indicates that Klp67A deficiency is epistatic over Int6 deficiency.

We propose that Int6-mediated ubiquitination is required to control the activity of Klp67A. In the absence of this control, excess of Klp67A at the kinetochore suppresses microtubule plus-end polymerization, which in turn results in reduced microtubule flux, spindle shortening, and centromere/kinetochore deformation.
A full quantum treatment of coherent population trapping (CPT) is given for a system of resonantly coupled atoms and electromagnetic field.

We develop a regular analytical method of the construction of generalized dark states (GDS). It turns out that GDS do exist for all optical transitions Fg → Fe, including bright transitions F → F + 1 and F'' → F'' with F'' a half-integer, for which the CPT effect is absent in a classical field.

We propose an idea to use an optically thick medium with a transition F'' → F'' with F'' ⩾ 3/2 a half-integer as a "quantum filter", which transmits only a quantum light with limited number of photons. Such a quantum filter can be used as a deterministic source of Fock's state of light.
Based on the analysis of civil and tax legislation and the practice of its application, an idea of the relationship between these industries in various ways of termination of a legal entity (voluntary and compulsory liquidation, invalidation of a legal entity and exclusion of an organization from the Unified state register of legal entities) is formed. It is proposed to consider the termination of a legal entity as a General institution for special methods of termination. It is concluded that it is necessary to notify the organization's stakeholders in advance through digital technologies about the upcoming exclusion of a legal entity; to take measures to collect tax debts before excluding an organization from the state register; before forming a list of organizations for exclusion, charge the tax authorities to conduct an analysis of the real state of the taxpayer. It is the tax authority that carries out compulsory liquidation and exclusion from the register, which has a huge impact on the state of subjects of civil turnover.
Spatial self-imaging, consisting of the periodic replication of the optical transverse beam profile along the propagation direction, can be achieved in guided wave systems when all excited modes interfere in phase. We exploited material defects photoluminescence for directly visualizing self-imaging in a few-mode, nominal singlemode SMF-28 optical fiber. Visible luminescence was excited by intense femtosecond infrared pulses via multiphoton absorption processes. Our method permits us to determine the mode propagation constants and the cutoff wavelength of transverse fiber modes.
Greenbug and Russian wheat aphid (RWA) are two devastating pests of wheat. The first has a long history of new biotype emergence and recently. RWA resistance has just started to break down. Thus, it is necessary to find new sources of resistance that will broaden the genetic base against these pests in wheat. Seventy‐five doubled haploid recombinant (DHR) lines for chromosome 6A from the F 1 of the cross between “Chinese Spring’ and the “Chinese Spring (Synthetic 6A) (Triticum dicoccoides × Aegilops tauschii) ” substitution line were used as a mapping population for testing resistance to greenbug biotype C and to a new strain of RWA that appeared in Argentina in 2003. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) (br antixenosis to greenbug was significantly associated with the marker loci Xgwm1009 and Xgwm1185 located in the centromere region of chromosome 6A. Another QTL which accounted for most of the antixenosis against RWA was associated with the marker loci Xgwm1291 and Xiinni1150. both located on the long arm of chromosome 6A. This is the first report of greenbug and RWA resistance genes located on chromosome 6A. It is also the first report of antixenosis against the new strain of RWA. As most of the RWA resistance genes present in released cultivars have been located in [he D‐ genome, it is highly desirable to find new sources in other genomes to combine the existing resistance genes with new sources.
Simulations of first-passage folding of the antiparallel β-sheet miniprotein beta3s, which has been intensively studied under equilibrium conditions by A. Caflisch and co-workers, show that the kinetics and dynamics are significantly different from those for equilibrium folding. Because the folding of a protein in a living system generally corresponds to the former (i.e., the folded protein is stable and unfolding is a rare event), the difference is of interest. In contrast to equilibrium folding, the Ch-curl conformations become very rare because they contain unfavorable parallel β-strand arrangements, which are difficult to form dynamically due to the distant N- and C-terminal strands. At the same time, the formation of helical conformations becomes much easier (particularly in the early stage of folding) due to short-range contacts. The hydrodynamic descriptions of the folding reaction have also revealed that while the equilibrium flow field presented a collection of local vortices with closed "streamlines", the first-passage folding is characterized by a pronounced overall flow from the unfolded states to the native state. The flows through the locally stable structures Cs-or and Ns-or, which are conformationally close to the native state, are negligible due to detailed balance established between these structures and the native state. Although there are significant differences in the general picture of the folding process from the equilibrium and first-passage folding simulations, some aspects of the two are in agreement. The rate of transitions between the clusters of characteristic protein conformations in both cases decreases approximately exponentially with the distance between the clusters in the hydrogen bond distance space of collective variables, and the folding time distribution in the first-passage segments of the equilibrium trajectory is in good agreement with that for the first-passage folding simulations.
This article describes the synthesis, structures and systematic study of the spectroscopic and redox properties of a series of octahedral molybdenum metal cluster complexes with aromatic sulfonate ligands (nBu4N)2[{Mo6X8}(OTs)6] and (nBu4N)2[{Mo6X8}(PhSO3)6] (where X- is Cl-, Br- or I-; OTs- is p-toluenesulfonate and PhSO3- is benzenesulfonate). All the complexes demonstrated photoluminescence in the red region and an ability to generate singlet oxygen. Notably, the highest quantum yields (>0.6) and narrowest emission bands were found for complexes with a {Mo6I8}4+ cluster core. Moreover, cyclic voltammetric studies revealed that (nBu4N)2[{Mo6X8}(OTs)6] and (nBu4N)2[{Mo6X8}(PhSO3)6] confer enhanced stability towards electrochemical oxidation relative to corresponding starting complexes (nBu4N)2[{Mo6X8}X6].
The numerical code for solving the Boltzmann equation on the hybrid computational cluster using the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method showed that on Tesla K40 accelerators computational performance drops dramatically with increase of percentage of occupied GPU memory. Testing revealed that memory access time increases tens of times after certain critical percentage of memory is occupied. Moreover, it seems to be the common problem of all NVidia's GPUs arising from its architecture.

Few modifications of the numerical algorithm were suggested to overcome this problem. One of them, based on the splitting the memory into "virtual" blocks,

resulted in 2.5 times speed up.
Observations and numeric modeling of internal wave generation and transformation in the shelf zone of sea show that the main part of tidal energy is transported to shores in form of internal gravitational waves.

Long-term measurements of temperature and current velocity fluctuations at many levels in the near-bottom thermocline were carried out during the periods when stable seasonal thermocline was present. Analysis of the measurements permits us to understand mechanisms of internal wave destruction with turbulent motion generation and corresponding rebuilding of velocity and density mean fields in the stratified near-bottom layer. Spectral analysis of temperature fluctuations shows that in shoaling internal waves the low-frequency maxima disappear, maxima at higher frequencies appear, and the spectra slope in the high frequency range changes with depth. Taking into account the concurrent analysis of near-bottom pressure fluctuations and current velocity fluctuations from surface till bottom

we come to the conclusion that breaking internal waves in a near-bottom thermocline generate not only small-scale three-dimensional turbulence, but also quasi-horizontal turbulence of larger scales, which considerably contributes into mixing and sediments, alluvium, and nutrients transport in the shelf zone of sea.
The simulation of thermal fields and melting permafrost is an important step for engineering construction in many regions of Russia. Water-ice phase transitions in a 3D complicated computation domain must be taken into account. The enthalpy statement with an implicit finite volume method was used to create a good discretization and a local mesh refinement to focus an area near the oil well. System of linear algebraic equations is solved using the iterative conjugate residual or conjugate gradient method in Krylov subspaces with the incomplete factorization algorithm in the Eisenstat modification as a preconditioner. A special high-parallel version of matrix generation and solving a system of the linear algebraic equations code have been developed and then efficiency has been estimated. The performance results of the developed code and temperature fields for different wells configuration (1 well and 4 wells placed as squared) during 5 years have been presented. The results validation was based on the comparison with previous papers and other algorithms. The results of simulations are close those to presented by other authors.
The QCD/HQET matching coefficient for the heavy-quark field is calculated up to four loops. It must be finite; this requirement produces analytical results for some terms in the four-loop on-shell heavy-quark field renormalization constant which were previously only known numerically. The effect of a nonzero lighter-flavor mass is calculated up to three loops. A class of on-shell integrals with two masses is analyzed in detail. By specifying our result to QED, we obtain the relation between the electron field and the Bloch--Nordsieck field with four-loop accuracy.
This work is devoted to experimental studies of the effect of synthesis conditions on formation of single-layer graphene on the copper surface. Under the conditions of formation and growth of single-layer graphene, it is shown that characteristic times of graphite nuclei formation are about 1 min and times of primary layer growth are about 0.5 min. The subsequent layers form in 10 min. It is shown that hydrogen concentration at the initial stage of synthesis affects the growth rate of the second layer significantly.
Regeneration-capable flatworms are informative research models to study the mechanisms of stem cell regulation, regeneration, and tissue patterning. The free-living flatworm Macrostomum lignano is currently the only flatworm where stable transgenesis is available, and as such it offers a powerful experimental platform to address questions that were previously difficult to answer. The published transgenesis approach relies on random integration of DNA constructs into the genome. Despite its efficiency, there is room and need for further improvement and diversification of transgenesis methods in M. lignano.

Transposon-mediated transgenesis is an alternative approach, enabling easy mapping of the integration sites and the possibility of insertional mutagenesis studies.

Here, we report for the first time that transposon-mediated transgenesis using piggyBac can be performed in M. lignano to create stable transgenic lines with single-copy transgene insertions.