Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
We present results of a systematic study of the mass-loss properties of Type IIn supernova progenitors within decades before their explosion. We apply an analytic light-curve model to 11 Type IIn supernova bolometric light curves to derive the circumstellar medium properties. We reconstruct the mass-loss histories based on the estimated circumstellar medium properties. The estimated mass-loss rates are mostly higher than 10−3 M⊙ yr−1 and they are consistent with those obtained by other methods. The mass-loss rates are often found to be constantly high within decades before their explosion. This indicates that there exists some mechanism to sustain the high mass-loss rates of Type IIn supernova progenitors for at least decades before their explosion. Thus, the shorter eruptive mass-loss events observed in some Type IIn supernova progenitors are not always responsible for creating their dense circumstellar media. In addition, we find that Type IIn supernova progenitors may tend to increase their mass-loss rates as they approach to the time of their explosion. We also show a detailed comparison between our analytic prediction and numerical results.
Photon colliders (γγ, γe) have been considered a natural addition to e+e− linear-collider projects for more than 30 years [1, 2]. It was a common opinion that such linear collider with four types of colliding beams (plus e+e−) would be the best instrument for the study of particles physics at energies from 100 GeV to several TeV where a lot of new physics was expected, including the dark matter. Following the discovery of the Higgs boson at LHC (and nothing else), the physics community has been actively considering various approaches to building a Higgs factories for precision measurement of the Higgs properties, among them there are several proposals of photon colliders (PC). In this paper, following a brief discussion of general situation in particles physics and the place of the photon collider among candidates for future colliders, I give an overview of photon colliders based on linear colliders ILC and CLIC and of more recently proposed photon-collider Higgs factories (with no e+e− collision option) based on recirculation linacs in ring tunnels.
The design of the large-aperture variable-period undulator (VPU) developed for the Novosibirsk free electron laser (FEL) is shortly described.

High amplitude of on-axis field is achieved due to the arc shape of the magnet blocks and poles of the undulator. To conduct magnetic measurements and fine tuning of the undulator as well as to perform real time position tracking of magnet blocks, pulsed wire technique was adopted.
These measurements access the transverse momenta created in the fragmentation process, which are of critical importance to the understanding of any transverse-momentum-dependent distribution and fragmentation functions.

We report measurements of the production cross sections of charged pions, kaons, and protons as a function of fractional energy, the event-shape variable called thrust, and the transverse momentum with respect to the thrust axis. These single-hadron cross sections and Gaussian widths are obtained from a $558\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ data sample collected at the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}(4S)$ resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collider.

The low transverse-momentum part of the cross sections can be well described by Gaussians in transverse momentum as is generally assumed but the fractional-energy dependence is nontrivial and different hadron types have varying Gaussian widths. The width of these Gaussians decreases with thrust and shows an initially rising, then decreasing fractional-energy dependence. The widths for pions and kaons are comparable within uncertainties, while those for protons are significantly narrower.
The study investigates helical vortices, which are fundamental structures in fluid dynamics, and a basic model of tip vortices behind wind turbines. In connection with the intensive development of wind energy, interest in modeling helical vortex wakes behind the rotors has increased. Therefore, the purpose of this mini-review is to compare the existing methods for calculating the induced velocities of screw vortices. The three methods for calculating the motion of helical vortices are compared. Two typical forms of vorticity with uniform (Rankine-type) and Gaussian distributions in the core of helical vortices are compared, and the minimum distance between the vortex filaments or their turns is identified with sufficient accuracy in both cases. The results presented in this mini-review can be used to model the helical vortices in the rotor wakes, central helical vortices in vortex devices, or natural phenomena such as tornadoes, dust tornadoes, and waterspouts.
We theoretically analyze the contrast observed at the outcrop of a threading dislocation at the GaN(0001) surface in cathodoluminescence and electron-beam induced current maps. We consider exciton diffusion and recombination including finite recombination velocities both at the planar surface and at the dislocation. Formulating the reciprocity theorem for this general case enables us to provide a rigorous analytical solution of this diffusion-recombination problem. The results of the calculations are applied to an experimental example to determine both the exciton diffusion length and the recombination strength of threading dislocations in a free-standing GaN layer with a dislocation density of $6\times10^{5}$~cm$^{-2}$.
The paper studies the peculiarities of energy efficiency increase in national economy and decrease of carbon dioxide emission for CIS countries. The conditions that allow achieving parameters of sustainable development are determined according to indexes of GDP energy intensity and carbon intensity. Focusing on the indexes of GDP energy intensity and carbon intensity dynamics as well as on carbon intensity of energy production, a real movement towards implementation of program conditions presented by international organizations is analyzed, namely, economic conversion to the model of sustainable development. The examples demonstrate both the presence of significant differences between 12 countries and the lack of fatality in these differences. At determining dependencies linear models are preferred to non-linear ones, with the explanation of reasons in each particular case. Attention to success of these countries may help to understand the advantages of conversion to the model of sustainable development and also it helps to decrease demands in terms of costs for this conversion.
The development of efficient combinatorial treatments is one of the key tasks in modern anti-cancer therapies. An apoptotic signal can either be induced by activation of death receptors (DR) (extrinsic pathway) or via the mitochondria (intrinsic pathway). Cancer cells are characterized by deregulation of both pathways. Procaspase-8 activation in extrinsic apoptosis is controlled by c-FLIP proteins. We have recently reported the small molecules FLIPinB/FLIPinBγ targeting c-FLIP L in the caspase-8/c-FLIP L heterodimer. These small molecules enhanced caspase-8 activity in the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), CD95L/TRAIL-induced caspase-3/7 activation and subsequent apoptosis. In this study to increase the pro-apoptotic effects of FLIPinB/FLIPinBγ and enhance its therapeutic potential we investigated costimulatory effects of FLIPinB/FLIPinBγ in combination with the pharmacological inhibitors of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members such as ABT-263 and S63845. The combination of these inhibitors together with FLIPinB/FLIPinBγ increased CD95L-induced cell viability loss, caspase activation and apoptosis. Taken together, our study suggests new approaches for the development of combinatorial anti-cancer therapies specifically targeting both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways.
The study is aimed to determine the most perspective and effective fine-grinding mills for lignocellulosic biomass mechanical activation.Physicochemical characteristics were studied for milled crystalline cellulose and milled dry birch sawdust after their treatment in various devices -ball, planetary, ring, vortex gas driven and vortex mechanically driven mills.XRD analysis method was used for phases identification, crystallinity index (CI) and mean size of coherent-scattering region (CSR) measuring.These values are suggested to be used for an assessment of the efficiency of mechanical activation process.Mean particle size (l) of milled materials was measured with help of optic microscopy as well.As the most perspective device for future detailed investigation to be done the vortex mechanically driven mill is selected.This type of mill provides both the least electrical power consumption and activation time at adequate particles destruction level and marked mechanical activation demonstrated for dry birch saw dust (it was detected the reduction of l and CI from l ~ 3700 μm/CI =74 % to l ~ 22 μm/CI = 56 %).
The distribution of cobalt in the structure of ferromanganese nodules (FMN) was studied using beta-autoradiography. In some cases, the content of element increased in the outer part of the nodules, or in thin layers within the nodules. Layered type of cobalt distribution in FMN indicates changing conditions in deposition during their formation, in particular also the living conditions of microorganisms known to inhabit oceanic ferromanganese nodules. Experimental studies suggested that colonies of micromycetes living at the surface of the nodules can have an important impact on the selective accumulation of platinum and other elements in FMN.
At small potential amplitudes the chain slides freely that corresponds to the Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser phase of integrable curves of a symplectic map. Above a certain critical amplitude the chain is pinned by the lattice being in the cantori Aubry phase.

We study analytically and numerically the thermoelectric properties of a chain of cold atoms with dipole-dipole interactions placed in an optical periodic potential.

We show that the Aubry phase is characterized by exceptional thermoelectric properties with the figure of merit Z T = 25 being 10 times larger than the maximal value reached in material science experiments. We show that this system is well accessible for magneto-dipole cold atom experiments that opens new prospects for investigations of thermoelectricity.
The purpose of the research was to investigate the exact solutions of nonlinear shallow water equations associated with planetary equatorial waves corresponding to the Cauchy-Poisson free boundary problem describing the nonstationary motion of an incompressible perfect fluid propagating around a solid circle.

We consider water waves for which the ratio of the depth of fluid above the circular bottom to the radius of the circle is small (shallow water).
The management of patients with facial nerve palsy is a challenge of modern neurosurgery. The study purpose was to evaluate the degree of facial nerve function recovery, following trigeminal neurotization. Trigeminal neurotization was performed in 23 patients within 1 to 10 months after the development of facial paralysis. In most cases, the cause of facial paralysis was surgery for space-occupying lesions of the cerebellopontine angle (95.6%). Outcomes of trigeminal neurotization were evaluated in 17 (73.9%) patients who were followed-up for more than 6 months. In 16 (94.1%) patients, the facial nerve function was recovered to a House-Brackmann grade III-IV. Given the surgerywe can say that trigeminal neurotization is one of the effective treatments for facial paralysis. In most cases, this technique has provided good outcomes without additional complications, which is important for this group of patients.Тактика ведения больных с параличом лицевого нерва представляет собой сложную проблему в современной нейрохирургии. Цель исследования - оценка степени восстановления функции лицевого нерва после тригеминальной невротизации. Тригеминальная невротизация была проведена 23 пациентам в сроки от 1 до 10 мес после развития лицевого паралича. В большинстве случаев причиной возникновения паралича лицевого нерва стало оперативное лечение объемных образований мосто-мозжечкового угла (95,6%). Оценка эффективности тригеминальной невротизации была проведена у 17 (73,9%) пациентов, у которых катамнез составил более 6 мес. Из них у 16 (94,1%) пациентов отмечено восстановление функции лицевого нерва до III-IV степени по шкале House-Brackmann. Результаты вмешательств убеждают в том, что тригеминальная невротизация относится к эффективным методам лечения лицевого паралича. При использовании этого метода в большинстве случаев достигнуты хорошие результаты без развития дополнительных осложнений, что немаловажно для этой группы пациентов.
In time series analysis using the SSA method, a univariate series is converted into the multivariate one by shifts. The resulting trajectory matrix is subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). However, the principal components can also be computed using the PCA-Seq method if segments of the original series are selected as objects. The matrix of Euclidean distances between the objects can be obtained using any method, which offers additional opportunities for time series analysis compared to the conventional SSA.

In this study, the PCA-Seq method was used to analyze the dynamics of COVID-19 epidemic indicators.
Protein uL2 is essential for the catalytic activity of the ribosome and has a conserved shape in ribosomes from all domains of life. However, the sequence of its unstructured C-terminal loop apex that contacts the conserved 23S/28S rRNA helix (H) 93 near the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center differs in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. Eukaryote-specific residue His216 located in this loop in mammalian uL2 is hydroxylated in ribosomes. We used a set of chemical probes to explore the structure of an RNA that mimicked a segment of 28S rRNA domain V containing part of the uL2 binding site including H93, complexed with either natural (hydroxylated) or recombinant (unmodified) human uL2. It was found that both protein forms engage H93 during binding, but only natural uL2 (uL2n) protects it from hydroxyl radicals. The association of uL2n with RNA leads to changes in its structure at U4532 adjacent to the universally conserved U4531 (U2585, Escherichia coli numbering) involved in peptidyl transferase center formation, and at the universally conserved C4447 (2501) located in the ribosome near A4397 (2451) and C3909 (2063) belonging to the peptidyl transferase center. As a result, both nucleotides become strongly exposed to hydroxyl radicals. Our data argue that the hydroxyl group at His216 in the C-terminal loop apex of mammalian uL2 contributes to stabilization of a protein conformation that is favorable for binding to H93 of 28S rRNA and that this binding induces structural rearrangement in the regions close to the peptidyl transferase center in the mature ribosome.
Computational modelling of mammalian cell cycle regulation is a challenging task, which requires comprehensive knowledge on many interrelated processes in the cell. We have developed a web-based integrated database on cell cycle regulation in mammals in normal and pathological states (Cyclonet database). It integrates data obtained by 'omics' sciences and chemoinformatics on the basis of systems biology approach. Cyclonet is a specialized resource, which enables researchers working in the field of anticancer drug discovery to analyze the wealth of currently available information in a systematic way. Cyclonet contains information on relevant genes and molecules; diagrams and models of cell cycle regulation and results of their simulation; microarray data on cell cycle and on various types of cancer, information on drug targets and their ligands, as well as extensive bibliography on modelling of cell cycle and cancer-related gene expression data. The Cyclonet database is also accessible through the BioUML workbench, which allows flexible querying, analyzing and editing the data by means of visual modelling. Cyclonet aims to predict promising anticancer targets and their agents by application of Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances. The Cyclonet database is available at http://cyclonet.biouml.org.
This article presents new data on the properties of the diastereomers of a mono-substituted phosphoryl guanidine trideoxyribonucleotides d(TpCp*A) [1,2].

The data include information on isolation, identification, treatment with snake venom phosphodiesterase and structural analysis by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and restrained molecular dynamics analysis.

The data can be used for preparation, analysis, application of phosphoryl guanidine oligonucleotide and for development of new nucleic acids derivatives. This data article is associated with the manuscript titled 'Diastereomers of a mono-substituted phosphoryl guanidine trideoxyribonucleotide: isolation and properties' [1].
The electric dipole (ED) and magnetic dipole (MD) resonances in a slab of dielectric nanostructures induced by oblique light incidence were analyzed in terms of guided-mode wave theory for transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarization.

Owing to the symmetry breaking in TE and TM polarizations at oblique incidences of light, the resonance modes produced different features, which were analyzed with comprehensive studies of energy fluxes associated with the resonance modes. The MD resonances are excited by the guided-mode wave with an energy flux in the opposite direction in the incident plane for TM polarization and excited by two guided-mode waves with energy fluxes orthogonal to the incident plane for TE polarized light. Meanwhile, the ED resonances are excited by the guided-mode waves with energy fluxes in both directions, incident plane, and out of the incident plane for both TE and TM polarizations.

The proposed analyses provide clear explanations of the stability or vanishing of resonance modes, with variations in the inter-distance between nanostructures near the Rayleigh anomaly condition, which were verified by the experimental measurements performed with 2D arrays of Si nanostructures for various incident angles with TE and TM polarizations.
Primordial black holes (PBHs) that form in the early Universe in the modified Affleck-Dine (AD) mechanism of baryogenesis should have intrinsic log-normal mass distribution of PBHs. We show that the parameters of this distribution adjusted to provide the required spatial density of massive seeds (≥ 104 M⊙) for early galaxy formation and not violating the dark matter density constraints, predict the existence of the population of intermediate-mass PBHs with a number density of 0∼ 100 Mpc−3. We argue that the population of intermediate-mass AD PBHs can also seed the formation of globular clusters in galaxies. In this scenario, each globular cluster should host an intermediate-mass black hole with a mass of a few thousand solar masses, and should not obligatorily be immersed in a massive dark matter halo.
The studies on structure, phase composition and thermal properties of (Al2O3 - 20 wt% ZrO2) - ZrW2O8 ceramic composites obtained using nanosized, initial powders were conducted.

Homogeneously distributed white particles on the polished surface of composites were observed. Phase composition of the composites was represented with corundum, monoclinic ZrO2 and two modifications of ZrW2O8 (tetragonal and cubic). Linear thermal expansion coefficient values of the composites were determined.

The difference in experimental and calculated coefficient of thermal expansion values for composites obtained may be attributed to phase transformations, features of the structure, internal stresses due to thermal expansion mismatch, which contribute significantly to thermal expansion of the ceramic composites.
Using the Helmholtz decomposition of the vector field of folding fluxes in a two-dimensional space of collective variables, a potential of the driving force for protein folding is introduced. The potential has two components. One component is responsible for the source and sink of the folding flows, which represent, respectively, the unfolded states and the native state of the protein, and the other, which accounts for the flow vorticity inherently generated at the periphery of the flow field, is responsible for the canalization of the flow between the source and sink. The theoretical consideration is illustrated by calculations for a model $\beta$-hairpin protein.
The latter are considered as one of the manifestations of the initial stage of trap magmatism during the formation of the Siberian large igneous province.

The paleointensity values obtained following the Thellier-Coe method correspond to the generally accepted criteria of reliability and indicate that the geomagnetic field intensity during the formation of the Kuznetsk basin traps on the Permian–Triassic boundary was almost an order of magnitude lower than the present-day one.

Moreover, the mean values of the virtual dipole moment for the Kozhukhta and the Vlasov units in the lower and middle Mal’tsevskaya Formation ((1.9 ± 0.6) ⋅ 1022 A ⋅ m2 and (1.1 ± 0.7) ⋅ 1022 A ⋅ m2, respectively) are in good alignment with determinations of the paleointensity during the accumulation of the Ivakinsky Formation of the Norilsk Region in the Siberian province, which confirms the accuracy of traditional regional correlations.
Perfect integration eludes the real world, so we suggest a realistic benchmark standard for judging the extent of market integration in various economies. We estimate the degree of integration in the US product market, widely acknowledged to be the most integrated among geographically large economies, so as to provide a reference for measuring Russian market integration. Prices for 27 grocery items across 29 cities of the United States in the first quarter of 2000 are used as empirical data. The estimated degree of integration turns out to be very close to values obtained for Russia for 2000. Apparently, market integration in Russia has in recent years moved toward conditions found in advanced market economies. The roles of other factors that could potentially cause segmentation of the US market are also analyzed.
The article is devoted to the study of the problem of textuality of the Old Believers’ community, where the text was an argument in proving the illegality of the actions of the reformers, determined the ideology of the movement, the political, social views of the participants, and the peculiarities of the religious life of the communities. Due to the appeal to ancient manuscripts and early printed books, a fund of citations was formed, that testified to the validity of Old Believers’ point of view on innovation. Having inherited from the scribes of Ancient Russia respect for the book, bordering on its sacralization, the opponents of church reform began to treat the selected fragments of texts in a similar way. As a result, the “canon of sacred texts” was formalized. As a result, these extracts began to be perceived by the Old Believers as reflecting the tradition of the Russian Church and equated to the reading of the Holy Scripture. The Old Believers used the fund of fragments of authoritative texts, formed by several generations, describing the tradition of the Russian Church, the defenders of which they proclaimed themselves. The canon of Sacred Texts was composed not only of extracts from ancient manuscripts, but also from pre-Nikon Moscow printed editions. Extracts from books published in the time of Patriarch Iosif, the content of which should be characterized as the creative heritage of the Kiev Metropolis, adapted for the Russian reader, became fundamental. Turning to the analysis of church policy in the first half of the 17th century allowed to conclude that the Church, solving the problem of religious education of the population, introduced these texts into circulation. Consequently, opponents of church reform had reason to use them by description of the Russian tradition.