Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Mathematicians and physicists have long been interested in the subject of water waves. The problems formulated in this subject can be considered fundamental, but many questions remain unanswered. For instance, a satisfactory analytic theory of such a common and important phenomenon as wave breaking has yet to be developed. Our knowledge of the formation of rogue waves is also fairly poor despite the many efforts devoted to this subject. One of the most important tasks of the theory of water waves is the construction of simplified mathematical models that are applicable to the description of these complex events under the assumption of weak nonlinearity. The Zakharov equation, as well as the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) and the Dysthe equation (which are actually its simplifications), are among them.

In this article, we derive a new modification of the Zakharov equation based on the assumption of unidirectionality (the assumption that all waves propagate in the same direction). To derive the new equation, we use the Hamiltonian form of the Euler equation for an ideal fluid and perform a very specific canonical transformation. This transformation is possible due to the ‘miraculous’ cancellation of the non-trivial four-wave resonant interaction in the one-dimensional wave field.

The obtained equation is remarkably simple. We call the equation the ‘super compact water wave equation’. This equation includes a nonlinear wave term (à la NLSE) together with an advection term that can describe the initial stage of wave breaking. The NLSE and the Dysthe equations (Dysthe Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 369, 1979, pp. 105–114) can be easily derived from the super compact equation. This equation is also suitable for analytical studies as well as for numerical simulation. Moreover, this equation also allows one to derive a spatial version of the water wave equation that describes experiments in flumes and canals.
Hundreds of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of human traits are performed each year. The results of GWAS are often published in the form of summary statistics. Information from summary statistics can be used for multiple purposes – from fundamental research in biology and genetics to the search for potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. While the amount of GWAS summary statistics collected by the scientific community is rapidly increasing, the use of this data is limited by the lack of generally accepted standards. In particular, the researchers who would like to use GWAS summary statistics in their studies have to become aware that the data are scattered across multiple websites, are presented in a variety of formats, and, often, were not quality controlled. Moreover, each available summary statistics analysis tools will ask for data to be presented in their own internal format.

To address these issues, we developed GWAS-MAP, a high-throughput platform for aggregating, storing, analyzing, visualizing and providing access to a database of big data that result from region- and genome-wide association studies. The database currently contains information on more than 70 billion associations between genetic variants and human diseases, quantitative traits, and “omics” traits.

The GWAS-MAP platform and database can be used for studying the etiology of human diseases, building predictive risk models and finding potential biomarkers and therapeutic interventions. In order to demonstrate a typical application of the platform as an approach for extracting new biological knowledge and establishing mechanistic hypotheses, we analyzed varicose veins, a disease affecting on average every third adult in Russia. The results of analysis confirmed known epidemiologic associations for this disease and led us to propose a hypothesis that increased levels of MICB and CD209 proteins in human plasma may increase susceptibility to varicose veins.
Cyclic creep, also known as ratcheting, is a progressive accumulation of inelastic strain under cyclic stress-controlled loading. This mechanical effect is of great importance for numerous applications. In engineering practice, phenomenological models of cyclic creep are calibrated against a limited set of macroscopic test data. Since the testing results are prone to systematic and non-systematic experimental errors, the impact of experimental errors on the quality of simulation has to be analysed.

A simple inspection procedure is demonstrated and tested. Based on the Monte Carlo computations, it allows for analysis of error propagation through the simulation cycle. The focus of the paper is on the independence of the procedure from the chosen model parametrization. For demonstration purposes, cyclic creep of VT6 alloy is simulated. The corresponding macroscopic constitutive equations are based on the second Ohno-Wang model, combined with refined rule of isotropic hardening. Two different parametrizations are introduced to show that the procedure predicts the same results for both of them.

The procedure predicts the same results for both parametrizations, demonstrating its independence from the chosen model parametrization.
In Drosophila salivary gland polytene chromosomes, a substantial portion of heterochromatin is underreplicated. The combination of mutations SuURES and Su(var)3-906 results in the polytenization of a substantial fraction of unique and moderately repeated sequences but has almost no effect on satellite DNA replication. The Rap1 interacting factor 1 (Rif) protein is a conserved regulator of replication timing, and in Drosophila, it affects underreplication in polytene chromosomes.

We compared the morphology of pericentromeric regions and labeling patterns of in situ hybridization of heterochromatin-specific DNA probes between wild-type salivary gland polytene chromosomes and the chromosomes of Rif1 mutants and SuUR Su(var)3-906 double mutants. Data on pulsed incorporation of 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) into polytene chromosomes indicated that in the Rif1 mutants, just as in the wild type, most of the heterochromatin becomes replicated during the late S phase.

We show that, despite general similarities, heterochromatin zones exist that are polytenized only in the Rif1 mutants, and that there are zones that are under specific control of Su(var)3-9. In the Rif1 mutants, we found additional polytenization of the largest blocks of satellite DNA (in particular, satellite 1.688 of chromosome X and simple satellites in chromosomes X and 4) as well as partial polytenization of chromosome Y. Nevertheless, a significantly increased number of heterochromatin replicons was noted. These results suggest that Rif1 regulates the activation probability of heterochromatic origins in the satellite DNA region.
Macrobicyclic iron(II) tris-dioximate with two inherent amino groups undergoes electrophilic addition with 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione and phenanthrene-9,10-dione to give a cage complexes with extended ribbed substituents. These clathrochelates have been characterized using single crystal XRD, multinuclear NMR and other spectral techniques.

They have been found to undergo the ligand-centered redox processes; the obtained phenanthroline-containing iron(II) cage complex is proposed as a potent chelating clathrochelate ligand.
As a result of mineralogical and thermobarogeochemical researches of different-age basaltic complexes of Archipelago Franz Josef Land (FJL) regular changes in time of compositions of plagioclases, clinopyroxenes and melt inclusions are established.

Chemical compositions of inclusions directly testify to prevalence in Early Jurassic of plateau basaltic melts similar (according to the content of the basic components, and also trace and rare-earth elements) to typical basalt tholeiitic magma of the Siberian platform. In Early Cretaceous melts already had the enriched subalkaline character.

Calculations of conditions of magma generation, spent on the basis of the data on melt inclusions, have shown evolution from Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (with allocation of three peaks of magmatic activity: 192.2±2.8, 157.4±3.5 and 131.5±0.8 million years) depths and temperatures (accordingly: 70-110 km and to 120 km, 1430-1580°С; 60-110 km, 1390-1580°С; 50-140 km, 1350-1690°С) of mantle melting with formation of deep sources of the FJL magmas.
The current article deals with the question of a set of proper names in the tradition.The article shows that a set of proper names can be organized on the basis of alliteration and can be transferred from a generation to a generation.There are some correlations between the proper names and names of kingdoms.It is history of Germanic tribes.In the article the issues of syntagmatics and paradigmatics of proper names in genealogies of Anglo-Saxon kings are considered.The authors emphasize the complex type of nomination in Anglo-Saxon tradition when not only the tradition of inheritance, that is the succession in the paradigmatics of the king's name, but also the observance of rules of identity at the level of correlation of name, on the one hand, and ethnonym or name of kingdom, on the other hand, were taken into account.
The work is devoted to the study of a precessing vortex core (PVC) in a swirling gas-liquid flow in an axisymmetric hydrodynamic chamber.

The influence of the dispersed gas phase on the frequency of PVC precession and on the pressure in the hydrodynamic chamber is considered, and a correlation of the changes in these characteristics depending on gas content variation is demonstrated.

The effect of flow swirling on the precession of the vortex core is shown. Experimental data for the two-phase flow are compared with the case of single-phase system.
To examine whether the widely used Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) can validly be used to compare the prevalence of child mental health problems cross nationally.We used data on 29,225 5- to 16-year olds in eight population-based studies from seven countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, Britain, India, Norway, Russia and Yemen. Parents completed the SDQ in all eight studies, teachers in seven studies and youth in five studies. We used these SDQ data to calculate three different sorts of "caseness indicators" based on (1) SDQ symptoms, (2) SDQ symptoms plus impact and (3) an overall respondent judgement of 'definite' or 'severe' difficulties. Respondents also completed structured diagnostic interviews including extensive open-ended questions (the Development and Well-Being Assessment, DAWBA). Diagnostic ratings were all carried out or supervised by the DAWBA's creator, working in conjunction with experienced local professionals.As judged by the DAWBA, the prevalence of any mental disorder ranged from 2.2% in India to 17.1% in Russia. The nine SDQ caseness indicators (three indicators times three informants) explained 8-56% of the cross-national variation in disorder prevalence. This was insufficient to make meaningful prevalence estimates since populations with a similar measured prevalence of disorder on the DAWBA showed large variations across the various SDQ caseness indicators.The relationship between SDQ caseness indicators and disorder rates varies substantially between populations: cross-national differences in SDQ indicators do not necessarily reflect comparable differences in disorder rates. More generally, considerable caution is required when interpreting cross-cultural comparisons of mental health, particularly when these rely on brief questionnaires.
Visualizations are used to better understand collections of scientific publications. Various methods of analyzing text collections can be used to build these visualizations. This article discusses two methods Paper2vec and Cite2vec that get vector representations of documents using citation information. To demonstrate a work of these techniques and an example of their application, visualizations were developed, which are described in this paper.
The formation of planetesimals and large bodies in circumstellar discs can be referred to the stage of massive unstable disc emerging due to the gravitational collapse in the molecular cloud.

We have simulated the dynamics of gas and boulder clumps in such systems. The features of instability development in massive disc is discussed.

Unlike medium-massive discs the massive disc can provide conditions for simultaneous formation of several clumps as a result of overdensity ring fragmentation. We found regimes where 3, 2 or 1 overdensity ring appear in the disc and then fragment into clumps collecting about a half of the disc mass.
A physical model for sea wave period from altimeter data is presented. Physical roots of the model are in recent advances of the theory of weak turbulence of wind‐driven waves that predicts the link of instant wave energy to instant energy flux to/from waves. The model operates with wave height and its spatial derivative and does not refer to normalized radar cross‐section σ 0 measured by the altimeter. Thus, the resulting formula for wave period does not contain any empirical parameters and does not require features of particular satellite altimeter or any calibration for specific region of measurements. A single case study illustrates consistency of the new approach with previously proposed empirical models in terms of estimates of wave periods and their statistical distributions. The paper brings attention to the possible corruption of dynamical parameters such as wave steepness or energy fluxes to/from waves when using the empirical approaches. Applications of the new model to the studies of sea wave dynamics are discussed.
In Central Yakutia, cultivating of Fragaria × ananassa varieties involves high risk of frost-killing.

To create winter-resistant cultivars of garden strawberry there was performed open pollination under the conditions of redundant pollen background of local wild strawberry F. mandshurica Staudt. Most seedlings grown from the achenes thus developed retain specific characters of F. × ananassa. The stock of selected seedlings was established.

Creation of the varieties adapted to the local growing conditions proves the selection technique to be successful.
In this work, the surface of potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) single crystals has been processed by argon cluster ions having low energy per atom E / N mean = 12.5 eV/atom. The formation of periodic nanostructures has been studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the power spectral density (PSD) functions. To evaluate the processing efficiency, the dependence of the etching rate of KTP on the incident angles of cluster ions has been investigated. It is shown that the average etching rate 〈V etch 〉 varies between 0.46 and 1.1 nm/min with an incident angle change from 0° to 70°.
In this paper, we solve a semi-supervised regression problem.Due to the lack of knowledge about the data structure and the presence of random noise, the considered data model is uncertain.We propose a method which combines graph Laplacian regularization and cluster ensemble methodologies.The co-association matrix of the ensemble is calculated on both labeled and unlabeled data; this matrix is used as a similarity matrix in the regularization framework to derive the predicted outputs.We use the low-rank decomposition of the co-association matrix to significantly speedup calculations and reduce memory.Numerical experiments using the Monte Carlo approach demonstrate robustness, efficiency, and scalability of the proposed method.
In this work, the formation of periodic nanostructures on the surface of potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) has been demonstrated. The surface of KTP single crystals after the processing of argon cluster ions with different energy per cluster atom E/Nmean = 12.5 and 110 eV/atom has been studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). To characterize the nanostructures, the power spectral density (PSD) functions have been used. The features of the formation of periodic nanostructures are revealed depending on the incident angle of clusters and different energy per atom in clusters.
We study the free boundary problem for the flow of a compressible isentropic inviscid elastic fluid. At the free boundary moving with the velocity of the fluid particles the columns of the deformation gradient are tangent to the boundary and the pressure vanishes outside the flow domain. We prove the local-in-time existence of a unique smooth solution of the free boundary problem provided that among three columns of the deformation gradient there are two which are non-collinear vectors at each point of the initial free boundary. If this non-collinearity condition fails, the local-in-time existence is proved under the classical Rayleigh-Taylor sign condition satisfied at the first moment. By constructing an Hadamard-type ill-posedness example for the frozen coefficients linearized problem we show that the simultaneous failure of the non-collinearity condition and the Rayleigh-Taylor sign condition leads to Rayleigh-Taylor instability.
A method of sideband Raman cooling to the vibrational ground state of the $m=0$ Zeeman sublevel in a far-detuned two-dimensional optical lattice is proposed.

In our scheme, the Raman coupling between vibrational manifolds of the adjacent Zeeman sublevels is shifted to the red sideband due to the ac Stark effect induced by a weak pump field. Thus cooling and optical pumping to $m=0$ are achieved by purely optical means with coplanar cw laser beams. The optical lattice and cooling parameters are estimated in the framework of simple theoretical models.

An application of the transverse sideband cooling method to frequency standards is discussed. Coherent population trapping for the sideband Raman transitions between the degenerate vibrational levels is predicted.
Cell volume regulation is a critical mechanism for cell homeostasis and depends on the osmotic water permeability (Pf) of the cell plasma membrane. The Pf of human mesothelial cells is unknown although they contribute to serosal fluid turnover.In this study we measured the osmotic water permeability of benign human mesothelial cells (MeT-5A) and of epithelioid (M14K) and sarcomatoid (ZL34) malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) cells in response to acute hyperosmotic stress. We also assessed the changes in their Pf after preconditioning with 4% glucose for 24 hours. In both cases we also assessed the role of AQP1 inhibition (0.1 mM HgCl2) on the Pf. Finally, we assessed corresponding changes in the AQP1 plasma membrane availability by immunofluorescence.We report that MeT-5A cells have a significantly higher Pf as compared to M14K and ZL34 MPM cells [4.85E-03±2.37E-03 cm/sec (n=17) versus 2.74E-03±0.74E-03 cm/sec (n=11) and 2.86E-03±0.11E-03 cm/sec (n=11)]. AQP1 inhibition significantly decreased the Pf in all cells lines (p<0.001 in all cases). High glucose preconditioning for 24 hours significantly increased MeT-5A Pf (p<0.001), did not influence M14K Pf (p=0.19) and significantly reduced ZL34 Pf (p=0.02). Comparing cell lines after high glucose preconditioning, MeT-5A Pf was significantly higher than that of M14K and ZL34 MPM cells and the AQP1 inhibition effect was significant in MeT-5A and M14K cells. These results were corroborated by AQP1 immunofluorescence.We provide evidence for a differential regulation of Pf in benign and MPM cells that require further mechanistic investigation.
One of the essential themes in modern catalysis is that of bridging the gap between its homogeneous and heterogeneous counterparts to combine their individual advantages and overcome shortcomings. One more incentive can now be added to the list, namely the ability of transition metal complexes to provide strong nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal enhancement upon their use in homogeneous hydrogenations of unsaturated compounds with parahydrogen in solution. The addition of both H atoms of a parahydrogen molecule to the same substrate, a prerequisite for such effects, is implemented naturally with metal complexes that operate via the formation of a dihydride intermediate, but not with most heterogeneous catalysts.

Despite that, it has been demonstrated in recent years that various types of heterogeneous catalysts are able to perform the required pairwise H 2 addition at least to some extent. The ongoing efforts to design heterogeneous catalysts which can implement the homogeneous (pairwise) hydrogenation mechanism are reported.

This has opened a major gateway for developing highly sensitive and informative tools for mechanistic studies of heterogeneous hydrogenations and other processes involving H 2 . Besides, production of catalyst-free fluids with NMR signals enhanced by 3-4 orders of magnitude is essential for modern applications of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including biomedical research and practice.
By using 5.75 and 47.5 mT nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, up to 10 5 ‐fold sensitivity enhancement through signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) was enabled, and subsecond temporal resolution was used to monitor an exchange reaction that resulted in the buildup and decay of hyperpolarized species after parahydrogen bubbling. We demonstrated the high‐resolution low‐field proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of pyridine in a 47.5 mT magnetic field endowed by SABRE. Molecular imaging (i.e. imaging of dilute hyperpolarized substances rather than the bulk medium) was conducted in two regimes: in situ real‐time MRI of the reaction mixture (in which pyridine was hyperpolarized), and ex situ MRI (in which hyperpolarization decays) of the liquid hyperpolarized product. Low‐field (milli‐Tesla range, e.g. 5.75 and 47.5 mT used in this study) parahydrogen‐enhanced NMR and MRI, which are free from the limitations of high‐field magnetic resonance (including susceptibility‐induced gradients of the static magnetic field at phase interfaces), potentially enables new imaging applications as well as differentiation of hyperpolarized chemical species on demand by exploiting spin manipulations with static and alternating magnetic fields.
The analysis of factors affecting economic growth in different countries is fundamental for forecasting and strategic development of the economy. The increasing dependence of the world economy on the volatile conjuncture of world energy markets exacerbates the discussion about the role of resource dependence in economic development. At the same time, sustainable development is one of the priority goals in development models of many countries. Therefore, the purpose is to assess the influence of resource dependence factors and factors of sustainable growth on the economic growth of the net oil and gas exporting countries. To achieve the purpose of the study a panel data analysis method was used. The sample consists of 41 countries, which are the net exporters of hydrocarbons, for the period 1990–2018. Countries are classified by macro-regions. The authors confirmed that the influence of resource dependence factors is not significant for some hydrocarbons exporting countries. However, the growth of the economy of most countries is significantly dependent on factors of sustainable growth. Resource-dependent countries need diversification of their economies and government revenues. Given the trends of low-carbon development and improvement of climate policies, the accelerated dynamics of the development of "green" energy is essential.
This paper provides results of measuring the conductivity of explosives pentaerythritol tetranitrate and trinitrotoluene composites containing single-walled carbon nanotubes. The conductivity depends on the applied voltage nonlineary and irreversibly changes under the influence of current loads about several amperes for milliseconds.