Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Reported are the origins and chemistry of hot spring water unique to the Ohmi–Hakuba region in the northern Japan Alps, central north Honshu, where a variety of rock types, derived from accretionary complex formed in the Ediacaran (presumably ca. 620 Ma), are regionally exposed. One of the largest bodies of serpentinized peridotite in Japan intersects the Quaternary volcanic front.

Research reveals four types of hot spring in the Hakuba region: (1) serpentinite hosted hot spring water, (2) high-salinity and carbonated water, (3) Archean type low pO2 hot spring water, and (4) acidic and sulfuric hot spring water with a H2S gas input from magma. The high alkali and H2-enriched hot spring water (Type 1) differs remarkably from other hot springs in this region. In terms of geochemistry, there is a dissolved oxygen content due to the production of abundant H2, which is the reason why a Hadean-type microbial community is present.

The origins and evolution of life are closely related to atmospheric oxygen level. Generally, anaerobic microbes inhabit subsurface areas where free oxygen is limited, while oxygen adaptive creatures cannot survive in an anaerobic environment. This means anaerobic microbes have not evolved, and remain as “living fossils”. Hakuba OD1 is one of the most important candidates for the oldest form of life directly connected to LUCA, because it has survived in a Hadean-like environment since emerging. The next research target is the ecosystem in a H2-enriched environment without free oxygen.
The dynamics of the gauge vortex with arbitrary form of a contour is considered in the framework of the nonrelativistic Abelian Higgs model, including the possibility of the gauge field interaction with the fermion asymmetric background.

The equations for the time derivatives of the curvature and the torsion of the vortex contour generalizing the Betchov-Da Rios equations in hydrodynamics, are obtained. They are applied to study the conservation of helicity of the gauge field forming the vortex, twist, and writhe numbers of the vortex contour.

It is shown that the conservation of helicity is broken when both terms in the equation of the vortex motion are present, first due to the exchange of excitations of the phase and modulus of the scalar field and the second one due to the coupling of the gauge field forming the vortex, with the fermion asymmetric background.
Swirling flow with the formation of a precessing vortex core (PVC) in the draft tube model of a hydroturbine was studied.

Experiments were performed on an aerodynamic setup under transient operating conditions of the hydroturbine. The turbine operating conditions were varied by continuously changing the flow rate at a constant runner speed. The transition from the partial load regime, when a precessing vortex core is formed, to the best efficiency point without a core is considered. Applied to this task, a comparison of the windowed Fourier transform with wavelet analysis is given.

The dependence of the PVC lifetime in the transient regime correlates with the transient time. It is shown that the velocity profiles and the spectrum of pressure pulsations in transient regimes change quasistatically between part-load operation and the best efficiency point of the turbine. The phase-averaged velocity distributions in the transient regimes show that a transient regime is a sequence of quasisteady regimes.
Composition of native gold and minerals in intergrowth of the Chudnoe Au-Pd-REE deposit (Subpolar Urals, Russia) was studied using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron microprobe analysis. Five varieties of native gold have been identified, based on the set of impurity elements and their quantities, and on intergrown minerals. Native gold in rhyolites from the Ludnaya ore zone is homogeneous and contains only Ag (fineness 720‰, type I). It is in intergrowth with fuchsite or allanite and mertieite-II. In rhyolites from the Slavnaya ore zone, native gold is heterogeneous, has a higher fineness, different sets and contents of elements: Ag, Cu, 840–860‰ (type II); Ag, Cu, Pd, 830–890‰ (III); Ag, Pd, Cu, Hg, 840–870‰ (IV). It occurs in intergrowth with fuchsite, albite, and mertieite-II (type II), or albite, quartz, and atheneite (III), or quartz, albite, K-feldspar, and mertieite-II (IV). High-fineness gold (930–1000‰, type V) with low contents of Ag, Cu, and Pd or their absence occurs in the form as microveins, fringes and microinclusions in native gold II–IV. Tetra-auricupride (AuCu) is presented as isometric inclusions in native gold II and platelets in the decay structures in native gold III and IV. The preliminary data of a fluid inclusions study showed that gold mineralization at the Chudnoe deposit could have been formed by chloride fluids of low and medium salinity at temperatures from 105 to 230 °C and pressures from 5 to 115 MPa. The formation of native gold I is probably related to fuchsitization and allanitization of rhyolites. The formation of native gold II-V is also associated with the same processes, but it is more complicated and occurred later with a significant role of Na-, Si-, and K-metasomatism. The presence of Pd and Cu in the ores and Cr in fuchsite indicates the important role of mafic-ultramafic magmatism.
Many conventional biochemical assays are performed using populations of cells to determine their quantitative biomolecular profiles. However, population averages do not reflect actual physiological processes in individual cells, which occur either on short time scales or nonsynchronously. Therefore, accurate analysis at the single-cell level has become a highly attractive tool for investigating cellular content.

Microfluidic chips with arrays of microwells were developed for single-cell chemical lysis in the present study. The cellular occupancy in 30-mm-diameter microwells (91.45%) was higher than that in 20-mm-diameter microwells (83.19%) at an injection flow rate of 2.8 mL/min. However, most of the occupied 20-mm-diameter microwells contained individual cells.

The results of chemical lysis experiments at the single-cell level indicate that cell membranes were gradually lysed as the lysis buffer was injected; they were fully lysed after 12 s. Single-cell chemical lysis was demonstrated in the proposed microfluidic chip, which is suitable for high-throughput cell lysis.
Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью разработки альтернативных водородным технологий переработки тяжелого нефтяного сырья для вовлечения последнего в структуру нефтепереработки и увеличения глубины переработки остатков (мазут, гудрон) с повышением выхода светлых дистиллятов и минимизацией выхода побочных продуктов. Цель: исследовать процесс каталитического парового крекинга гудрона западно-сибирской нефти в присутствии дисперсных катализаторов на основе различных металлов. Объекты: каталитический паровой крекинг – термокаталитический процесс облагораживания тяжелого нефтяного сырья в присутствии воды. Методы. Для оценки эффективности катализаторов на основе различных металлов использовали совокупность физико-химических показателей: фракционный состав жидких продуктов каталитического парового крекинга (ASTM D716991-1–1), содержание S, соотношение H:C (HCNS-О анализ), плотность и кинематическую вязкость (ASTM D7042) жидких продуктов. Результаты. Установлены особенности парового каталитического крекинга гудрона при 450 °C в присутствии дисперсных катализаторов на основе различных металлов (при концентрации металла в исходной эмульсии 0,5 мас. %). Выявлено, что применение Mo-содержащего дисперсного катализатора приводит к увеличению соотношения H:C (до 1,56) в жидких продуктах по сравнению с паровым крекингом без катализатора (1,32), также происходит снижение содержания серы в жидких продуктах (на 0,22 мас. %), что свидетельствует об увеличении глубины взаимодействия воды и сырья при использовании дисперсного катализатора. В случае использования дисперсного катализатора на основе железа отмечено увеличение выхода светлых фракций (29,3 мас. %), поскольку данный катализатор характеризуются высокой активностью в процессах окислительного крекинга. Остальные дисперсные катализаторы на основе Ni, Al, и Co не превосходят Mo- и Fe-содержащие катализаторы по выходу и качеству жидких продуктов облагораживания. Вязкость продуктов облагораживания снижается по сравнению с исходным гудроном приблизительно в 90 раз.
A source of epithermal neutrons based on a vacuum-insulated tandem accelerator and a lithium target was proposed and developed for the technique of boron neutron capture therapy. A stationary proton beam of 2 MeV with a current of up to 6 mA was produced by the accelerator. To optimize the injection of a beam of negative hydrogen ions into the accelerator, a wire scanner OWS-30 (D-Pace, Canada) was installed [1]. The main problem is that using the profilometer in the form in which it was provided does not allow us to determine the main beam parameters such as position and size. Also, the electron emission does not allow measurement of the total beam current and may lead to incorrect measurement of the beam profile. We have modernized the scanner by placing metal rings in front and behind the scanner with a negative potential to suppress the secondary emission of electrons from the scanner wires. We have developed software in which methods for calculating the position and size of the beam, methods for calculating the total current are implemented. Modernization of the scanner has made it possible to expand its capabilities. The suppression of the secondary electron emission made it possible to reconstruct the current profile of the ion beam and determine the value of the total current. The developed program allowed to display the coordinates of the beam, its dimensions and the total current. We are the first who proposed and implemented a new way of measurement of the beam emittance. A movable diaphragm was inserted in front of the wire scanner. Ion beams passing through the aperture of the diaphragm were measured by the wire scanner with а high level of detail when the diaphragm was moved along a radius. The use of a modernized scanner made it possible to detect the effect of space charge and the effect of the spherical aberrations of the focusing magnetic lenses on a beam of negative hydrogen ions. The use of the modernized scanner made it possible to optimize the injection of a beam of negative hydrogen ions into the accelerator, which led to an increase in the proton current and an improvement of the accelerator stability. The modernized scanner with an additional program for processing the results data and visualization has become a reliable device for beam diagnostics and for controlling beam entry into the accelerator.
Relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis markers determined (a) and multivariate models for early diagnosis were evaluated (b).
The aim of this study was to investigate miRNA profiles of clarified urine supernatant and combined urine vesicle fractions of healthy donors and patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer (PCa). The comparative analysis of miRNA expression was conducted with a custom miRCURY LNA miRNA qPCR panel. Significant combinations of miRNA pairs were selected by the RandomForest-based feature selection algorithm Boruta; the difference of the medians between the groups and a 95% confidence interval was built using the bootstrap approach. The Asymptotic Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney Test was performed for miRNA combinations to compare different groups of donors. Benjamini-Hochberg correction was used to adjust the statistical significance for multiple comparisons. The most diagnostically significant miRNAs pairs were miR-107-miR-26b.5p and miR-375.3p-miR-26b.5p in the urine supernatant fraction that discriminated the group of healthy patients and PCa patients, as well as miR-31.5p-miR-16.5p, miR-31.5p-miR-200b, miR-31.5p-miR-30e.3p and miR-31.5p-miR-660.5p in the fraction extracellular vesicles that were different between healthy men and benign prostate hyperplasia patients. Such statistical criteria as the occurrence of individual significant miRNA pairs in the total number of comparisons, median ΔCt difference, and confidence interval can be useful tools for determining reliable markers of PCa.
Intervalley charged-impurity scattering processes are examined.

It is found that the scattering probability is enhanced due to the Coulomb interaction with the impurity by the Sommerfield factor $F_Z\propto \epsilon^{2\sqrt{1-4g^2}-2}$, where $\epsilon$ is the electron energy and $g$ is the dimensionless constant of the Coulomb interaction.
In this paper we present the first attempt of adaptation the Random Forest (RF) machine learning algorithm to gamma/hadron separation in the TAIGA experiment (Tunka Advanced Instrument for cosmic ray physics and Gamma-ray Astronomy). The TAIGA experiment will include HiSCORE array with 120 wide-angle Cherenkov detectors on the area of 1 \(km^2\) and 5 Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACT) on the same area. At the first stage of the analysis, only images obtained by one IACT were included in consideration. The training process occurs on samples of parameterized images obtained from Monte Carlo (MC) data for gammas and hadrons with a ‘Scaled Hillas Parameters’ standard technique. It was shown that the program effectively separates gamma-like showers, RF method does produce stable results and is robust with respect to input parameters and provides a simple control and setup of the procedure for extracting showers from gamma rays.
Tan spot, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis , is a serious foliar disease of wheat in Kazakhstan with reported yield losses as high as 50% during epidemic years. Here, we report the evaluation of a collection of 191 hexaploid spring and winter wheat lines for tan spot resistance and its underlying genetic architecture using genome-wide association study (GWAS). Our wheat collection comprised candidate varieties from Kazakhstan, Russia, and CIMMYT. It was genotyped using the DArTseq technology and phenotyped for resistance to tan spot at seedling and adult plant stages in Kazakhstan. DArTseq SNPs revealed high genetic diversity (average polymorphic information content = 0.33) in the panel and genome-wide linkage disequilibrium decay at 22 Mb (threshold r 2 = 0.1). Principal component analysis revealed a clear separation of Eurasian germplasm from CIMMYT and IWWIP lines. GWAS identified 34 marker-trait associations (MTA) for resistance to tan spot and the amount of phenotypic variation explained by these MTA ranged from 4% to 13.7%. Our results suggest the existence of novel valuable resistant alleles on chromosomes 3BS, and 5DL and 6AL for resistance to Race 1 and Race 5, respectively, in addition to known genes tsn1 and tsc2. On chromosome 6AL, a genomic region spanning 3 Mb was identified conferring resistance to both Race 1 and Race 5. Epistatic interaction of associated loci was revealed on chromosomes 1B, 5B, 7B, 5A, and 6A contributing to additional variation of 3.2–11.7%. Twenty-five lines with the best allele combinations of SNPs associated with resistance to both races have been identified as candidates for future variety release and breeding. The results of the present study will be further validated in other independent genetic backgrounds to be able to use markers in breeding.
Conjugates of 2'-deoxyguanosine, L-tryptophan and benzophenone designed to study pathways of fast radical reactions by the photo Chemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (photo-CIDNP) method were obtained by the phosphotriester block liquid phase synthesis. The phosphotriester approach to the oligonucleotide synthesis was shown to be a versatile and economic strategy for preparing the required amount of high quality samples of nucleotide-amino acid conjugates.
Vibrational properties of hydrogenated silicon-rich nitride () of various stoichiometry () and hydrogenated amorphous silicon () films were studied using Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Furnace annealing during 5 hours in Ar ambient at and pulse laser annealing were applied to modify the structure of films.

Surprisingly, after annealing with such high-thermal budget, according to the FTIR data, the nearly stoichiometric silicon nitride film contains hydrogen in the form of Si–H bonds. From analysis of the FTIR data of the Si–N bond vibrations, one can conclude that silicon nitride is partly crystallized. According to the Raman data films with hydrogen concentration 15% and lower contain mainly Si–H chemical species, and films with hydrogen concentration 30–35% contain mainly Si–H 2 chemical species. Nanosecond pulse laser treatments lead to crystallization of the films and its dehydrogenization.
In this paper, we obtain algebraic equations for all genus 2 compact Riemann surfaces that admit a semi-regular (or uniform) covering of the Riemann sphere with more than two lifting symmetries. By a lifting symmetry, we mean an automorphism of the target surface which can be lifted to the covering. We restrict ourselves to the genus 2 surfaces in order to make computations easier and to make possible to find their algebraic equations as well. At the same time, the main ingredient (Main Proposition) depends neither on the genus, nor on the order of the group of lifting symmetries. Because of this, the paper can be thought as a generalisation for the non-normal case to the question of lifting automorphisms of a compact Riemann surface to a normal covering, treated, for instance, by E. Bujalance and M. Conder in a joint paper, or by P. Turbek solely.
A theoretical model for the enrichment of nuclear spin isomers of molecules by two electromagnetic fields is developed.

The fields are resonant with the rotational transitions in the ground electronic and vibrational state of the molecule.

Numerical calculations reveal a complicated dependence of the isomer enrichment on the radiation frequencies that consists of three peaks with different shapes, widths and amplitudes.
The paper presents experimental data on synthesis of finely dispersed powder of chromium diboride. Chromium diboride was prepared by reduction of chromium oxide Cr 2 O 3 with nanofibrous carbon (NFC) and boron carbide in the induction furnace under argon atmosphere. NFC is a product of catalytic decomposition of light hydro carbons. The main characteristic of a NFC is high specific surface area (~150,000 m 2 /kg), which is significantly higher than that of soot (~50,000 m 2 /kg). The content of impurities in NFC is about 1 wt %. Boron carbide used as a reagent is characterized by high dispersity (at the level of ~2 μm) and insignificant content of impurities – no more than 1.5 wt %. Based on analysis of state diagram of the Cr – B system, composition of the charge and upper temperature limit of diboride formation reaction were determined for obtaining chromium diboride in powder state. According to the results of thermodynamic analysis, the temperature of beginning of reaction for chromium oxide Cr 2 O 3 reduction by carbon and boron carbide was determined at various CO pressures. Composition and characteristics of chromium diboride were studied using X-ray phase analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (AES-ISP), scanning electron microscopy using local energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX), low-temperature adsorption of nitrogen, followed by determination of specific surface area by BET method, sedi mentation analysis, synchronous thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG/DSC). The material obtained at optimal parameters is represented by a single phase – chromium diboride CrB 2 . The content of impurities in chromium diboride does not exceed 2.5 wt %. The powder particles were predominantly aggregated. The average size of the particles and aggregates is equal to 7.95 μm within a wide range of size distribution. The specific surface area of a single-phase sample is 3600 m 2 /kg. Oxidation of chromium diboride begins at a temperature of 430 °C and when the temperature reaches 1000 °C, the degree of oxidation is approximately 25 %. Optimum synthesis parameters are the ratio of reagents according to stoichiometry to obtain chromium diboride at a temperature of 1700 °C and holding time of 20 min. It is shown that for this process nanofibrous carbon is an effective reducing agent and that chromium oxide Cr 2 O 3 is almost completely reduced to diboride CrB 2 .
A sensitivity-based identifiability analysis of mathematical model for partial differential equations is carried out using an orthogonal method and an eigenvalue method. These methods are used to study the properties of the sensitivity matrix and the effects of changes in the model coefficients on the simulation results. Practical identifiability is investigated to determine whether the coefficients can be reconstructed with noisy experimental data. The analysis is performed using correlation matrix method with allowance for Gaussian noise in the measurements. The results of numerical calculations to obtain identifiable sets of parameters for the mathematical model arising in social networks are presented and discussed.
The Chadobets alkaline ultramafic carbonatite complex is located on the Siberian craton within the southern boundary of the Permian-Triassic plume activity. The first two clusters correspond to the dates of activity of Paleoproterozoic granitoid magmatism and Paleozoic alkaline-mafic tectono-magmatic activity, widely occurred in the Siberian craton and its southern framing.

The dating of xenogenic zircons from the weathering crust of carbonatites of the Chuktukon complex yielded four clusters with ages of 1870–1820, 495–385, 290–210 and 215–162 Ma. Ar-Ar dating of damtjernite and carbonatite minerals of the Chuktukon complex falls within the intervals of 250.5±3.7 and 247.1±5.7 Ma, respectively. The crystallization ages of the mela-aillikites and damtjernites of the Terina complex, according to the Ar-Ar dating, correspond to the intervals of 257.4±3.9, 241.1±3.7, and 240±3.6 Ma.

The age of crystallization of alkaline rocks of the Chadobets complex falls within the interval of 255–240 Ma. The age interval of 215–162 Ma based on zircons from the carbonatite weathering crust of the Chuktukon complex reflects the geochronology of superimposed processes and indicates the different stages of alteration of igneous rocks of the Chadobets complex. The data obtained on the age of crystallization of alkaline rocks of the Chadobets complex are consistent with the age interval of Siberian plume activity within a large igneous province (LIP).
High spatial resolution thin CsI:Tl scintillator films was prepared by thermal deposition method for X-ray imaging applications. We fabricated CsI:Tl scintillators ranging from 2 μm to 14 μm in thickness. We measured spacial resolution and light yield as a function of input photons energy (5-40 keV) and film thickness. To improve spatial resolution of films carbon post-deposition treatments was performed.