Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The effect of the local surface heating on the stability of the boundary layer of the contoured nozzle M6 has been studied numerically for the hypersonic wind tunnel Transit-M ITAM SB RAS. Boundary layer profiles on the nozzle surface are found by the numerical simulation. Disturbance stability in the boundary layer is calculated in the context of the linear stability theory. It is shown that the local heating results in the slow-down of Goertler vortices amplification and Mack first mode in respect to the basic case; the stronger the heating, the stronger the effect. The second mode stabilizes at the local surface heating up to the temperature approaching to the stagnation temperature and de-stabilizes at further temperature rise. The optimal temperature of the local surface heating has been determined for the contoured nozzle M6 to stabilize disturbances in the boundary layer.
This work studies thermodynamic properties of CF 4 gas hydrates using the statistical thermodynamic model of inclusion compounds, developed in our laboratory and closely associated with Quasiharmonic Lattice Dynamic (QLD) and Molecular Dynamic Simulation (MD). Thermal expansion coefficient of CF 4 gas hydrate is calculated at different hydrate composition. The thermal expansion coefficient is shown to be lesser than the thermal expansion coefficient of CH4 hydrates, but larger than ice Ih, that still indicates the presence of the self-preservation effect. The thermal expansion coefficient is very sensitive to the composition of the hydrate and can vary in a wide range. The same is true for the hydrate lattice parameter as well; it is shown that at certain conditions it may be even less than for hypothetical empty hydrate structure. The self-preservation effect may be applied for many aspects related to CF 4 compound, especially for storage and transportation purposes in producing semiconductor electronics.
To carry out computer thermodynamic modeling of gold and mercury behaviour in the context of their common occurrence and formation of mercuric gold in hydrothermal solutions Cl --HCO 3 --Na + and Cl --Na + -Ca 2+ with the use of 'Chiller' programme.

Physical and chemical parameters of ore-forming solutions have been used as the initial data for the modeling. They were obtained relying upon the analysis of fluid ore inclusions in the neighbourhood of surface Au-Hg deposits; fluid inclusion studies (i.e. thermometry, cryometry, RS-spectroscopy, ICP-MS-LA) were applied. High metal-bearing hydroterms according to Au (I) within 200 -100°С temperature interval is determined by means of hyperalkalinity of hydrothermal solutions as well as stability of dihydrosulphide (i.e. Au(HS) 2 -) complex under the conditions providing transport of gold to low-temperature (150 -100°С) ore deposition typical for Au-Hg deposits.

Relying upon the previously obtained data of fluid inclusion studies and thermodynamic modeling, basic geological and geochemical conditions of occurrence have been identified; physical and chemical factors defining gold deposits with different mercury content have been determined. Computer thermodynamic modeling of common Au and Hg behaviour in hydrothermal process made it possible to demonstrate specifics of physical and chemical parameters of formation of complex gold-mercury ores. For the first time, uniqueness of free gold composition for various types of Au-Hg deposits has been determined on the basis of proper data and data by scientific sources. The results, obtained in the process of the studies, made it possible to expand substantially available concepts of their genesis to be important for the development of genetic models of ore-forming systems of Au-Hg deposits. Composition of gold and its mercury content may be used practically in the process of prospecting activities as a criterion to determine the occurrence of one of prospective industrial types of gold ores (Carlin-type) -finely disseminated gold and mercury ore grade mineralization -as well as formation depth and estimation of erosion level of ore bodies.
Experimental study of liquid layers breakdown when heated locally from the substrate side was made. Water and ethanol were used as working liquids with a layer thickness of 300 μm. Basic steps of the breakdown process were found and mean velocities of the dry spot formation were determined; the values are 0.06 mm/sec for ethanol and 5.15 mm/sec for water. The formation of residual layer over the hot-spot before the breakdown has been found for both liquids. The creation of a droplet cluster near the heating region is observed when using water as a working fluid. It was shown that evaporation is one of the general factors influencing the process of layer breakdown and dry spot formation as well as thermocapillary effect.
VRN genes, determining wheat sensitivity to vernalization, are the main genetic system that defnes the duration of the entire growing period and the durations of the main organogenesis phases. To date, several alleles have been described for VRN-1 loci, and allele­specifc primers have been developed that allow rapid identifcation of allelic spectra in common wheat varieties and lines. The unequal inﬂuence of diﬀerent alleles of VRN-1 loci on the duration of the growing period has also been shown; however, there is little information on the eﬀect of the combination of diﬀerent alleles on heading time. In developing genotypes having diﬀerent alleles of dominant VRN genes on the base of the same genetic background, it is necessary to study the genetic eﬀects of VRN genes on the duration of the growing season and the individual developmental phases, as well as on productivity. Most varieties presently grown in Russia carry the dominant alleles of two VRN-1 genes: Vrn-A1a and Vrn-B1a or Vrn-B1c ; thus, the task was to create lines combining the dominant alleles of Vrn-A1a with Vrn-B1a and Vrn-B1c against the genetic background of the winter variety Bezostaya 1 (Bez1 Vrn-A1a / Vrn-B1a and Bez1 Vrn-A1a / Vrn-B1c ). Homozygous plants were isolated in the F2 generation by using known allele­specifc primers for the Vrn-A1 and Vrn-B1 loci. The durations of the tillering–frst node period, which is the key stage determining growing duration, and the period from shoots to heading were signifcantly reduced in lines with a combination of two dominant alleles of VRN-1 loci compared to isogenic lines of Bezostaya 1 with the dominant alleles Vrn-B1a and Vrn-B1c . The duration of these developmental phases also decreased in the obtained lines as compared to the isogenic line containing the dominant Vrn-A1a allele, but the diﬀerences were not signifcant. No substantial diﬀerences were found in the duration of other growing phases in lines with two dominant alleles of the VRN-1 loci as compared to isogenic lines of Bezostaya 1.
In contrast to thermolysis of 1,3λ 4 δ 2 ,2,4‐benzodithiadiazine ( 1 ) and its 5,6,7,8‐tetrafluoro derivative 2 in dilute (10 –3 M ) hydrocarbon solutions, which leads to persistent 1,2,3‐benzodithiazolyls in nearly quantitative yields

the thermolysis of 1 and 2 (the 6‐6 bicyclic system) in concentrated (0.5 M ) solutions at 150–170 °C results in complex mixtures of various polysulfur‐nitrogen heterocycles, in particular differently fused 5‐5‐6, 5‐6‐7 and 5‐6‐6‐6 polycyclic systems that were previously unknown. The products were isolated by column chromatography, and the structures of the 5‐5‐6 ( 11 , 12 ), 5‐6‐7 ( 5 , 13 ), and 5‐6‐6‐6 ( 6 , 14 , 15 ) polycyclic systems, as well as the 6‐7 ( 4 ) and 5‐6 ( 16 ) bicyclic derivatives, confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. An alternative approach to the linear 5‐6‐6‐6 system 15 based on self‐condensation of an R–N=PPh 3 precursor (R = 4,5,6,7‐tetrafluoro‐1,2,3‐benzodithiazol‐2‐yl) is described, and the free‐radical character of this new reaction is proved.

The crystal packing of 6 and 11 – 16 is discussed with special emphasis on π‐stacking interactions. The fluorescent properties of the 5‐6‐6‐6 systems synthesized are reported.
Lipid metabolism is crucial in physiology. In recent decades the model object Drosophila melanogaster has been actively used in the study of the fundamental issues of lipid metabolism and its disorders, including obesity, as well as in the search for therapeutic goals for the treatment of metabolic disorders in humans. Quick and accurate quantification of lipid content is an important step in solving these problems. For the first time the method of quantitative measurement of total lipids with the use of the sulfophosphovanillin (SPV) method was described by Zöllner and colleagues in 1962, and adapted for insects by Van Handel on females of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti.

The advantages of this method compared to traditional gravimetric and chromatographic methods of analysis are the use of a small amount of biological material, lack of need for complex manipulations with the sample, its high sensitivity, reproducibility and simplicity of implementation with a minimum set of equipment. Here, a modification of the Van Handel protocol is described, which allows the method to be adapted for quantitative determination of total lipids for various organisms as exemplified a widely used model, D. melanogaster. To test the effectiveness of the modified method, we measured the content of total lipids in D. melanogaster females carrying hypomorphic mutations of the dilp6 and dfoxo insulin signaling pathway genes compared to the wild-type Canton-S line.

and showed that dilp6 took part in the regulation of fat metabolism, while dfoxo did not. The results obtained emphasize the effectiveness of the colorimetric method with the use of SPV reaction and spectrophotometry for the quantitative analysis of total lipids.
Venous thromboembolic complications (VTE) are an actual problem for all surgical specialties, and neurosurgery was no exception. Data on the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism vary over a wide range: from 0 to 34 % andfrom 0 to 3.8 %, respectively. According to some estimates, VTE are in second place among the causes of postoperative mortality in neurosurgery, which makes the study of this topic relevant and undoubtedly important for improving the quality of care for patients. The article provides an overview of modern scientific literature, relevant data on the frequency of occurrence of VTE. The issues of pathogenesis, risk stratification and methods for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are highlighted.
The paper includes a brief overview of previous researches on the stabilization of MHD instabilities, study of micro-instabilities, and demonstration a tangible increase of the electron temperature with application of auxiliary ECR heating. A review of the results of recent researches related to application of microwave radiation for plasma generation, and plasma heating in the GDT device is presented.

The paper summarizes also recent results of researches that oriented on study of expander physics.
Photoperiod insensitive Ppd-1a alleles determine early flowering of wheat. Increased expression of homoeologous Ppd-D1a and Ppd-A1a result from deletions in the promoter region, and elevated expression of Ppd-B1a is determined by an increased copy number.In this study, using bread wheat cultivars Sonora and PSL2, which contrast in flowering time, and near-isogenic lines resulting from their cross, "Ppd-m" and "Ppd-w" with Ppd-B1a introgressed from Sonora, we investigated the putative factors that influence Ppd-B1a expression. By analyzing the Ppd-B1a three distinct copies, we identified an indel and the two SNPs, which distinguished the investigated allele from other alleles with a copy number variation. We studied the expression of the Ppd-A1, Ppd-B1a, and Ppd-D1 genes along with genes that are involved in light perception (PhyA, PhyB, PhyC) and the flowering initiation (Vrn-1, TaFT1) and discussed their interactions. Expression of Ppd-B1a in the "Ppd-m" line, which flowered four days earlier than "Ppd-w", was significantly higher. We found PhyC to be up-regulated in lines with Ppd-B1a alleles. Expression of PhyC was higher in "Ppd-m". Microsatellite genotyping demonstrated that in the line "Ppd-m", there is an introgression in the pericentromeric region of chromosome 5B from the early flowering parental Sonora, while the "Ppd-w" does not have this introgression. FHY3/FAR1 is known to be located in this region. Expression of the transcription factor FHY3/FAR1 was higher in the "Ppd-m" line than in "Ppd-w", suggesting that FHY3/FAR1 is important for the wheat flowering time and may cause earlier flowering of "Ppd-m" as compared to "Ppd-w".We propose that there is a positive bidirectional regulation of Ppd-B1a and PhyC with an FHY3/FAR1 contribution. The bidirectional regulation can be proposed for Ppd-A1a and Ppd-D1a. Using in silico analysis, we demonstrated that the specificity of the Ppd-B1 regulation compared to that of homoeologous genes involves not only a copy number variation but also distinct regulatory elements.
This article reflects the program and the main research questions to describe the place of infographics on the media sites of the biggest Siberian cities.

On the first stage of the research there were generated the solid sample of the infographics produced by six online media of Novosibirsk, five – of Krasnoyarsk and five – of Omsk. At the second stage of the study, the method of content analysis will be applied to the formed empirical base, we also plan to analyze the auditoria indicators of the relevant projects, interview experts in the editorial offices to find out peculiarities of the production process.

The empirical base shows, chronologically, how the format is penetrated and developed the editorial boards of these media, given the number published on these website infographic in different years, revealed the media who regularly use this format, and media who do it rather rare. It is shown that this format is used by regional media quite selectively, only a few media creates more than a fifteen infographics per year. Nevertheless, the total number of infographics that could be found and included in the empirical base is quite large: more than five hundred infographics. They presents as standalone products in the sections allocated specifically for them, so the form of illustrations for reviews, articles and notes.
The genetic origins of Uralic speakers from across a vast territory in the temperate zone of North Eurasia have remained elusive. Previous studies have shown contrasting proportions of Eastern and Western Eurasian ancestry in their mitochondrial and Y chromosomal gene pools. While the maternal lineages reflect by and large the geographic background of a given Uralic-speaking population, the frequency of Y chromosomes of Eastern Eurasian origin is distinctively high among European Uralic speakers. The autosomal variation of Uralic speakers, however, has not yet been studied comprehensively.

Here, we present a genome-wide analysis of 15 Uralic-speaking populations which cover all main groups of the linguistic family.

We show that contemporary Uralic speakers are genetically very similar to their local geographical neighbours. However, when studying relationships among geographically distant populations, we find that most of the Uralic speakers and some of their neighbours share a genetic component of possibly Siberian origin. Additionally, we show that most Uralic speakers share significantly more genomic segments identity-by-descent with each other than with geographically equidistant speakers of other languages. We find that correlated genome-wide genetic and lexical distances among Uralic speakers suggest co-dispersion of genes and languages. Yet, we do not find long-range genetic ties between Estonians and Hungarians with their linguistic sisters that would distinguish them from their non-Uralic-speaking neighbours. We show that most Uralic speakers share a distinct ancestry component of likely Siberian origin, which suggests that the spread of Uralic languages involved at least some demic component.
The nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) is often used as a master path-average model for fiber-optic transmission lines. In general, the NLSE describes the co-existence of dispersive waves and soliton pulses. The propagation of a signal in such a nonlinear channel is conceptually different from linear systems.

Applying the Zakharov–Shabat spectral problem to a single OFDM symbol with multiple subcarriers, we quantify the effect of the statistical soliton occurrence in such an information-bearing optical signal.

We demonstrate here that the conventional orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) input optical signal at powers typical for modern communication systems might have soliton components statistically created by the random process corresponding to the information content. Moreover, we observe that at signal powers optimal for transmission, an OFDM symbol incorporates multiple solitons with high probability. The considered optical communication example is relevant to a more general physical problem of the generation of coherent structures from noise.
A new scenario for creation of galactic magnetic fields is proposed which is operative at the cosmological epoch of the galaxy formation, and which relies on unconventional properties of dark matter. Namely, it requires existence of feeble but long range interaction between the dark matter particles and electrons. In particular, millicharged dark matter particles or mirror particles with the photon kinetic mixing to the usual photon can be considered. We show that in rotating protogalaxies circular electric currents can be generated by the interactions of free electrons with dark matter particles in the halo, while the impact of such interactions on galactic protons is considerably weaker. The induced currents may be strong enough to create the observed magnetic fields on the galaxy scales with the help of moderate dynamo amplification. In addition, the angular momentum transfer from the rotating gas to dark matter component could change the dark matter profile and formation of cusps at galactic centers would be inhibited. The global motion of the ionized gas could produce sufficiently large magnetic fields also in filaments and galaxy clusters.
We study properties of a p -type subcritical branching process in random environment initiated at moment zero by a vector z = ( z 1 , .., z p ) of particles of different types. For p = 1 the class of processes we consider corresponds to the so-called strongly subcritical case. It is shown that the survival probability of this process up to moment n behaves as C ( z ) λ n for large n , where the parameters λ ∈ (0, 1) and C ( z ) ∈ (0, ∞) are explicitly described in terms of the characteristics of the process. We also demonstrate that the distribution of the number of particles of different types at moment n → ∞ (given its survival up to this moment) does not asymptotically depend on the number and types of particles initiated the process.
This paper reviews a construction called iterant algebra that reconstructs Clifford algebra and matrix algebra from the point of view of the symmetric group acting on vectors as ordered lists of their components. This algebraic background is then used to discuss the braiding of Majorana Fermions, the structure of the Dirac equation and the form of the the version of the Dirac equation due to Majorana.
Initially, Korean cultural exports were directed exclusively to the Asian countries. In the 2000s they became global.

Relying on previously unknown sources the paper examines the basic components of South Korea’s policy to form a national brand: popularization of national language, promotion of culture, broadening educational contacts, development of public diplomacy.

The analysis allowed the author to conclude that the formation of the state’s attractive image in the international arena is carried out basically by popularization of cultural products and promotion of the Korean language.
The paper deals with general issues of organizing access to electronic documents in the framework of scientific and educational activities. Large volumes of already existing information, its continuous growth, the heterogeneous nature of storage and distribution, the lack of a unified way of working with it create many difficulties when using it. Awareness of these difficulties, qualitative changes in the field of information technology and telecommunications have led to the need to solve the problem of finding new approaches to the creation of repositories of information resources, their structure, and the development of tools necessary for users.

Currently, such approaches are called 'digital' or 'electronic' libraries. According to the preliminary concept, an intelligent scientific and educational Internet resource will be an information system accessible via the Internet, providing systematization and integration of scientific knowledge, data, and information resources into a single information space, meaningful and effective access to them, as well as support for their use in solving various scientific and educational tasks. To solve this problem, it is necessary to solve the problem of bringing such resources related to one area of knowledge into a single information space, and also, no less important, to support their logical integrity.

Without solving these two related tasks, it is impossible to solve the main task – to provide all participants of scientific and educational activities with meaningful access to integrated information resources and means of their analysis. The support of information systems in the field of scientific and educational activities is relevant, since the need for information always exists. In order to satisfy this need, it is necessary to organize access to various resources.
Using the shadow photography (SP) method and the interferometric method (IPI), a two-phase gas-droplet flow was experimentally investigated when the spent transmission oil was sprayed by a jet of superheated steam.

In a wide range of operating parameters, data on the dispersed composition of the steam-fuel jet have been obtained. The dependences of droplet sizes in the flow on the studied regime parameters have been established.
One of the challenges of modern biology and medicine is to visualize biomolecules in their natural environment, in real-time and in a non-invasive fashion, so as to gain insight into their physiological behavior and highlight alterations in pathological settings, which will enable to devise appropriate therapeutic strategies. Genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors constitute a class of imaging agents that enable visualization of biological processes and events directly in situ, preserving the native biological context and providing detailed insight into their localization and dynamics in cells. Real-time monitoring of drug action in a specific cellular compartment, organ, or tissue type; the ability to screen at the single-cell resolution; and the elimination of false-positive results caused by low drug bioavailability that is not detected by in vitro testing methods are a few of the obvious benefits of using genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors in drug screening. This review summarizes results of the studies that have been conducted in the last years toward the fabrication of genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors for biomedical applications with a comprehensive discussion on the challenges, future trends, and potential inputs needed for improving them.
A detailed quantitative numerical analysis of partially coherent quasi-CW fiber laser is performed on the example of high-Q cavity Raman fiber laser. The key role of precise spectral performances of fiber Bragg gratings forming the laser cavity is clarified. It is shown that cross phase modulation between the pump and Stokes waves does not affect the generation. Amplitudes of different longitudinal modes strongly fluctuate obeying the Gaussian distribution. As intensity statistics is noticeably non-exponential, longitudinal modes should be correlated.