Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Flow boiling in microchannel heat sinks is significantly influenced by capillary forces and by boundary constrains affecting the flow pattern and the heat transfer. In the present work, some characteristics of flow boiling heat transfer are explained using measurements of statistical parameters of gas-liquid two-phase flow in a rectangular microchannel. Such statistical characteristics of the flow as length distributions of elongated bubbles and liquid plugs, and also velocity distribution of the elongated bubbles are determined by dual laser scanning of the horizontal adiabatic nitrogen-water flow in a microchannel with the cross-section of 370×217 μm. Pressure gradients in gas-liquid flow are measured, and the results found well matching the predictions that account for capillary pressure on the gas-liquid interface. Heat transfer coefficients are measured for a horizontal copper microchannel heat sink with refrigerant R-21 as the working fluid. The heat sink contains 21 channels with cross section dimensions 930×335-μm. Distribution of local heat transfer coefficients along the length and the width of the microchannel plate is measured in the range of heat fluxes from 14 to 63 kW/m2; vapour quality was varied within 0.05-0.8, and pressure was about 1.6 bar. For flow boiling of R-21 refrigerant, contributions of nucleate boiling and forced convection are comparable. This allows us to examine the heat transfer mechanism for these complex conditions.
The Archean metamorphism in the southwestern Siberian craton was confirmed by the studies of the Kitoy and Irkutsk blocks. However, the parameters of the metamorphism process are still poorly investigated. The article presents the first results of studying the metamorphism conditions of garnet amphibolites sampled from the Kitoy sillimanite deposit. The reaction relationships of the studied minerals give grounds to distinguish two episodes of the regional metamorphism. At the end of the first episode, (Т=710–770 °С and Р=8.3–8.8 kb), the pressure reduced to 1.3–2.5 kbar at T=700 °C at the retrograde stage, and amphibole-plagioclase rims formed around garnet grains. During the second episode of metamorphism, the temperature reached 890 °С (granulite facies), and Cpx+Opx paragenesis replaced hornblende. The second episode of metamorphism is not evident in all the samples (considering the same bulk rocks composition of the rocks), which suggests its local character.
There is a canonical life-history trade-off between quantity and quality of offspring, but molecular determinants for this are unknown.

Here, we show that knockout of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-KO) in mice switched a relation between the number and size of developing embryos from expectedly negative to unexpectedly positive. Depletion of TNFα imbalanced humoral and trophic maintenance of embryo growth during gestation with respect to the litter size. The levels of embryotrophic GM-CSF cytokine and placental efficiency attained positive correlations with the number and size of embryos in TNF-KO females.

Thus, TNFα oversees mother's resource allocations to balance embryo growth with the number of offspring. Consequently, this suggests an intricate link between the number-size trade-off and immunity given a pivotal role of TNFα in immune homeostasis.
This contribution describes a 30-year experience of teaching a general course in solid-state chemistry for undergraduates, which introduces at the same time the main concepts of crystallography, gives an introduction to structure analysis techniques, and makes links to courses in inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry and biochemistry. Such a combination can be beneficial for bringing the fundamentals of crystallography (basics and techniques) closer to its `users' – chemists, materials scientists, biologists – and can be considered as an attempt to create a course in `applied crystallography'. The aim of the course is to teach chemists which chemical information can be retrieved from a crystal structure and how. This is complementary to more generally accepted courses, which teach how to obtain structural information and to describe crystal structures.
The storage of wastes from mining and mineral processing plants in the tailing dumps in regions with cold climates has a number of environmental consequences. Interactions of water with tailings in cold climates often lead to the thawing of permafrost soils, formation of technogenic thawing zones, and leakage of drainage waters. In the case of fault zones development in these areas, technogenic solutions are often filtered outside the tailing dump, promoting further development of filtration channels. In order to prevent leakage of solution from tailing dumps over time, it is necessary to determine the thawing zones and prevent the formation of filtration channels. In the case of the formation of a filtration channel, it is necessary to know what rate of rock thawing occurred near the formed filtration channel. In this study, for the tailing dump of a diamond mining factory, we calculated two exothermic effects: (1) due to physical heating of dump rock by filtering industrial water with temperatures from 2 to 15 °C through the rock; and (2) due to the chemical interaction of industrial water with the dam base rock. The amount of energy transferred by the water to the frozen and thawed rock over 10 years was calculated using thermophysical modeling and was 207.8 GJ and 8.39 GJ respectively. The amount of energy that the rock received during the ten-year period due to dissolution of the limestones and equilibration of solutions was calculated using thermodynamic modeling and was 0.37 GJ, which is 4.4% of the average amount of energy, expended on heating the thawed rock (8.39 GJ).
Tuning porosity with electric fields Many metal-organic framework (MOF) compounds exhibit soft porosity—i.e., their lattices can undergo considerable deformation. Knebel et al. formed membrane layers of the MOF ZIF-8 and found that it was converted into a polar polymorph with a stiffer lattice in response to an applied electric field (see the Perspective by Gascon). This change reduced gas transport but, for certain gas mixtures such as propane and propene, also improved their separation factor. Science , this issue p. 347 ; see also p. 303
We characterize T- and B-lymphocytes from several donors, determining cell diameter, ratio of nucleus to cell diameter, and refractive index of the nucleus and cytoplasm for each individual cell.

We measure light-scattering profiles with a scanning flow cytometer and invert the signals using a coated sphere as an optical model of the cell and by relying on a global optimization technique.

The main difference in morphology of T- and B-lymphocytes is found to be the larger mean diameters of the latter. However, the difference is smaller than the natural biological variability of a single cell. We propose nuclear inhomogeneity as a possible reason for the deviation of measured light-scattering profiles from real lymphocytes from those obtained from the coated sphere model.
This paper describes a search for beyond the Standard Model decays of the Higgs boson into a pair of new spin-0 particles subsequently decaying into $b$-quark pairs, $H\ensuremath{\rightarrow}aa\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(b\overline{b})(b\overline{b})$, using proton-proton collision data collected by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}=13\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$. This search focuses on the range $15\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}\ensuremath{\le}{m}_{a}\ensuremath{\le}30\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, where the decay products are collimated; it is complementary to a previous search in the same final state targeting the range $20\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}\ensuremath{\le}{m}_{a}\ensuremath{\le}60\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, where the decay products are well separated. A novel strategy for the identification of the $a\ensuremath{\rightarrow}b\overline{b}$ decays is deployed to enhance the efficiency for topologies with small separation angles. The search is performed with $36\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of integrated luminosity collected in 2015 and 2016 and sets upper limits on the production cross section of $H\ensuremath{\rightarrow}aa\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(b\overline{b})(b\overline{b})$, where the Higgs boson is produced in association with a $Z$ boson.
Earlier, GLIS3 gene polymorphisms have been shown to be associated with the development of maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY). We screened GLIS3 gene sequences among patients with MODY to identify probably pathogenic variants by whole-exome sequencing. We estimated frequency of rare single-nucleotide variants in the coding region of GLIS3 in a Caucasian population and among individuals with carbohydrate metabolism disorders in Russia. We identified 15 single-nucleotide variants in GLIS3. Three rare variants (minor allele frequency < 1%) rs806052, rs143051164, and rs149840771 were genotyped in 126 cases of MODY, in 188 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), and 564 randomly selected Caucasian individuals in Russia. A heterozygous rs806052 variant was identified in one patient with DM2; c.1270T frequency was 0.003. Prevalence of rs143051164 c.844G was 0.003 in the control population and 0.004 and 0.003 in MODY and DM2 samples, respectively. Prevalence of rs149840771 c.2096A was 0.003 and 0.004 in the control population and among MODY patients, respectively. In DM2 patients, rs149840771 c.2096A was not identified. We did not detect any associations of rs806052, rs143051164, and rs149840771 with carbohydrate metabolism disorders among patients with MODY and DM2 in Russia.
In this Letter we report an observation of interference effects in Compton scattering in the experiment held on the VEPP-2000 collider.

Infrared laser radiation was scattered head-on the 990 MeV electrons inside the dipole magnet, where an electron orbit radius is about 140 cm. It was observed that the energy spectrum of backscattered photons, measured by a HPGe detector, differs from that defined by the Klein-Nishina cross section and scattering kinematics of free electrons.

The explanation of the effect, proposed in terms of classical electrodynamics, is in agreement with QED calculations.
In time series analysis using the SSA method, a univariate series is converted into the multivariate one by shifts. The resulting trajectory matrix is subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). However, the principal components can also be computed using the PCA-Seq method if segments of the original series are selected as objects. The matrix of Euclidean distances between the objects can be obtained using any method, which offers additional opportunities for time series analysis compared to the conventional SSA. In this study, the PCA-Seq method was used to analyze the dynamics of COVID-19 epidemic indicators.
The production of $J/\psi$ mesons accompanied by open charm, and of pairs of open charm hadrons are observed in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV

using an integrated luminosity of $355pb^{-1}$ collected with the LHCb detector. Model independent measurements of absolute cross-sections are given together with ratios to the measured $J/\psi$ and open charm cross-sections

The properties of these events are studied and compared to theoretical predictions
Taking advantage of the high acceptance and axial symmetry of the WASA-at-COSY detector, and the high polarization degree of the proton beam of COSY

the reaction p[over →]p→ppη has been measured close to threshold to explore the analyzing power A_{y}. The angular distribution of A_{y} is determined with the precision improved by more than 1 order of magnitude with respect to previous results

The determined analyzing power is consistent with zero for an excess energy of Q=15 MeV, signaling s-wave production with no evidence for higher partial waves. At Q=72 MeV the data reveal strong interference of Ps and Pp partial waves and cancellation of (Pp)^{2} and Ss^{*}Sd contributions. These results rule out the presently available theoretical predictions for the production mechanism of the η meson.
Background and Objectives Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain (CWP) is a symptom of fibromyalgia and a complex trait with poorly understood pathogenesis. CWP is heritable (48-54%), but its genetic architecture is unknown and candidate gene studies have produced inconsistent results. We conducted a genome-wide association study to get insight into the genetic background of CWP. Methods Northern Europeans from UK Biobank comprising 6,914 cases reporting pain all over the body lasting more than 3 months and 242,929 controls were studied. Replication of three lead genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was attempted in 6 independent European cohorts (N=43,080; cases=14,177). Genetic correlations with risk factors, tissue specificity, and colocalization were examined. Results Three genome-wide significant loci were identified ( rs1491985, rs10490825, rs165599 ) residing within the genes RNF123, ATP2C1 , and COMT . The RNF123 locus was replicated (meta-analysis p=0.0002), the ATP2C1 locus showed suggestive association (p=0.0227), and the COMT locus was not replicated. Partial genetic correlation between CWP and depressive symptoms, body mass index, age of first birth, and years of schooling were identified. Tissue specificity and colocalization analysis highlight the relevance of skeletal muscle in CWP. Conclusions We report a novel association of RNF123 locus with CWP and suggest a role of ATP2C1 , consistent with a role of calcium regulation in CWP. The association to COMT , one of the most studied genes in chronic pain field, was not confirmed in the replication analysis. Key messages What is already known about this subject? Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain (CWP) is a primary diagnostic feature of fibromyalgia. CWP is moderately heritable, but precise genes involved in the pathogenesis of CWP are yet to be identified. What does this study add? This is the largest genetic study conducted on CWP to date and identified novel genetic risk loci ( RNF123 and ATP2C1 ). The genetic signal points to peripheral pain mechanisms in CWP, and shows genetic correlation with other traits, including BMI and depression. How might this impact on clinical practice or future developments? The findings add to etiological basis of CWP.
Growing evidence suggests that intestinal mucosa homeostasis impacts immunity, metabolism, the Central Nervous System (CNS), and behavior. Here, we investigated the effect of the monosaccharide fucose on inflammation, metabolism, intestinal microbiota, and social behavior in the Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-induced chronic colitis mouse model. Our data show that chronic colitis is accompanied by the decrease of the serum tryptophan level and the depletion of the intestinal microbiota, specifically tryptophan-producing E. coli and Bifidobacterium. These changes are associated with defects in the male mouse social behavior such as a lack of preference towards female bedding in an odor preference test. The addition of fucose to the test animals’ diet altered the bacterial community, increased the abundance of tryptophan-producing E. coli, normalized blood tryptophan levels, and ameliorated social behavior deficits. At the same time, we observed no ameliorating effect of fucose on colon morphology and colitis. Our results suggest a possible mechanism by which intestinal inflammation affects social behavior in male mice. We propose fucose as a promising prebiotic, since it creates a favorable environment for the beneficial bacteria that promote normalization of serum tryptophan level and amelioration of the behavioral abnormalities in the odor preference test.
We report the first observation of the radiative decay of the ϒ(1S) into a charmonium state. The significance of the observed signal of ϒ(1S)→γχ_{c1} is 6.3 standard deviations including systematics. The branching fraction is calculated to be B[ϒ(1S)→γχ_{c1}]=[4.7_{-1.8}^{+2.4}(stat)_{-0.5}^{+0.4}(sys)×10^{-5}]. We also searched for ϒ(1S) radiative decays into χ_{c0,2} and η_{c}(1S,2S), and set upper limits on their branching fractions. These results are obtained from a 24.9 fb^{-1} data sample collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e^{+}e^{-} collider at a center-of-mass energy equal to the ϒ(2S) mass using ϒ(1S) tagging by the ϒ(2S)→ϒ(1S)π^{+}π^{-} transitions.
A junction between an n- and p-type semiconductor results in the creation of a depletion region whose properties are at the basis of nowadays electronics. If realized using topological insulators as constituent materials, p-n junctions are expected to manifest several unconventional effects with great potential for applications. Experimentally, all these fascinating properties remained unexplored so far, mainly because prototypical topological PNJs, which can be easily realized and investigated, were not readily available.

Here, we report on the creation of topological PNJs which can be as narrow as few tenths of nm showing a built-in potential of 110meV. These junctions are intrinsically obtained by a thermodynamic control of the defects distribution across the crystal.

Our results make Bi2Te3 a robust and reliable platform to explore the physics of topological p-n junction.
Changes in the N-glycosylation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) are often observed in pathological states, such as autoimmune, inflammatory, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancer. However, in most cases, it is not clear if the disease onset causes these changes, or if the changes in IgG N-glycosylation are among the risk factors for the diseases.

The aim of this study was to investigate the casual relationships between IgG N-glycosylation traits and 12 diseases, in which the alterations of IgG N-glycome were previously reported, using two sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. We have performed two sample MR using publicly available summary statistics of genome-wide association studies of IgG N-glycosylation and disease risks.

Our results indicate positive causal effect of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) on the abundance of N-glycans with bisecting N-acetylglucosamine in the total IgG N-glycome. Therefore, we suggest regarding this IgG glycosylation trait as a biomarker of SLE. We also emphasize the need for more powerful GWAS studies of IgG N-glycosylation to further elucidate the causal effect of IgG N-glycome on the diseases.
The possibility of using of a pair of compression piston - cylinder with the unique performance features for the conversion of hydrocarbons are discusses.

The experimental facility enables working in the pressure range that would be unattainable in diesel engines.

The necessary degree of compression is managed and maintained by the computer system with a feedback.
Over the past years, evidence has been accumulating for a fundamental role of protein-protein interactions between transcription factors in gene-specific transcription regulation. Many of these interactions run within composite elements containing binding sites for several factors. We have selected 101 composite regulatory elements identified experimentally in the regulatory regions of 64 genes of vertebrates and of their viruses and briefly described them in a compilation. Of these, 82 composite elements are of the synergistic type and 19 of the antagonistic type. Within the synergistic type composite elements, transcription factors bind to the corresponding sites simultaneously, thus cooperatively activating transcription. The factors, binding to their target sites within antagonistic type composite elements, produce opposing effects on transcription. The nucleotide sequence and localization in the genes, the names and brief description of transcription factors, are provided for each composite element, including a representation of experimental data on its functioning. Most of the composite elements (3/4) fall between -250 bp and the transcription start site. The distance between the binding sites within the composite elements described varies from complete overlapping to 80 bp. The compilation of composite elements is presented in the database COMPEL which is electronically accessible by anonymous ftp via internet.
The weighted method of dependent trials or weighted method of correlated sampling (MCS) allows one to construct estimators for functionals based on the same Markov chain simultaneously for a given range of the problem parameters. Choosing an appropriate Markov chain, it is necessary to take into account additional conditions providing the finiteness of the computational cost of weighted MCS.

In this paper we study the issue of finite computational cost of the method of correlated sampling (MCS) in application to evaluation of linear functionals of solutions to a set of systems of 2nd kind integral equations. A universal modification of the vector weighted MCS is constructed providing the branching of chain trajectory according to elements of matrix weights.

It is proved that the computational cost of the constructed algorithm is bounded in the case the base functionals are also bounded. The results of numerical experiments using the modified weighted estimator are presented for some problems of the theory of radiation transfer subject to polarization.
ОПЫТ КУЛЬТУРНОГО ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ ПО ШЕЛКОВОМУ ПУТИ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ИСТОРИОГРАФИИ
Germinating ability of winter and winterspring hexaploid triticale seeds, as well as wheat and rye seeds, after nine years of room storage at the temperature of 18-24°C, was studied.

The experiment was laid in autumn 2008 and included four repetitions of crop samples within each storage variant: in ears and threshed seeds, in paper and plastic bags. For the experiment, the seeds of the new harvest were dried for 2 months in sheaves. In autumn 2017, the seeds were germinated at the temperature of 24 °C.

The most acceptable variants of seed storage (in plastic bags and in ears) as well as differences in seed germinating ability of crops and variety specimens of different development types were revealed. Seed germinating ability of all three crops was satisfactory when stored in ears (68 ± 3%) and in plastic bags (70 ± 3%). Reduced germinating ability (59 ± 2%) was noted after storage in paper bags. When stored in plastic bags, the seeds of winter varieties of triticale, Sears 57 and Cecad 90, showed increased germinating ability: 77 ± 3% and 74 ± 2%, respectively. The seed germinating ability of all winter crops was higher than that of winterspring analogues. Triticale excess averaged 9%, wheat - 4.5%, winter rye - 12%. Among all studied crops and samples, the most late-maturing genotype of winter-spring triticale Cecad 90/5 had the lowest seed germinating ability (45 ± 3%), while winter rye variety Korotkostebelnaya 69 had the highest one (84 ± 4%). The diploid rye had an average seed germination rate by 11% higher than the tetraploid one. Wheat and rye had higher seed germinating ability in all variants of the experiment than triticale genotypes, the germinating ability indices being 72 ± 3%, 68 ± 3% and 61 ± 2%, respectively.
Adsorption heat transformation (AHT) is energy and environment saving technology that allows the effective utilization of renewable and waste heat with low-temperature potential. For the enhancement of AHT efficiency, properties of the working pair "adsorbent–adsorbate" have to be intelligently adapted to the operating conditions of the specific AHT cycle.

In this work, the applicability of ATH technology in the Russian Federation (RF) was analyzed. For various geographic zones of the RF, the proper AHT application (cooling, heating, heat amplification, or storage) was selected depending on the zone climatic conditions. Data on the adsorption equilibrium for more than 40 "adsorbent–adsorbate" pairs collected from the literature were analyzed to select the most suitable pairs for the particular application/zone.

Recommendations on AHT applications and the proper working pairs for the considered RF climatic zones are made.