Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Newton's rings are an interference pattern related to fringes of equal thickness. This image can be obtained on a simple experimental optical setup. Modern common renderers, based on zero-thickness ray tracing, calculate highly realistic images of complex 3D scenes, which are computer models of scenes from the real world. However, they do not allow you to reproduce such phenomena as interference, because they ignore even the polarization of light. Interference is studied by physical optics, and it is natural to assume that if the calculation is based on the 'tracing' of waves in the scene, this problem can be solved.

An algorithm is known when a solid beam of light is used instead of a light wave. In this paper, we propose an algorithm based on the traditional method of tracing paths consisting of zero-thickness rays. Only on the last ray of a path that crosses the picture plane is the modification made. It is assumed that these rays characterize spherical wavelets.

The results of the calculations show images of the interference effects; Newton's rings are also calculated. This is an acceptable solution for simple scenes involving a few objects. It is also good for optical design systems, when the result is important, and not the time spent. But not practical for universal renderers, which must calculate the image in an acceptable time for very complex scenes. In this paper, we consider the results of applying the mentioned heuristics to classical optical experiments.
We review the present status of the Standard Model calculation of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. This is performed in a perturbative expansion in the fine-structure constant α and is broken down into pure QED, electroweak, and hadronic contributions. The pure QED contribution is by far the largest and has been evaluated up to and including O(α 5) with negligible numerical uncertainty. The electroweak contribution is suppressed by (m μ∕M W) 2 and only shows up at the level of the seventh significant digit. It has been evaluated up to two loops and is known to better than one percent. Hadronic contributions are the most difficult to calculate and are responsible for almost all of the theoretical uncertainty. The leading hadronic contribution appears at O(α 2) and is due to hadronic vacuum polarization, whereas at O(α 3) the hadronic light-by-light scattering contribution appears.

Given the low characteristic scale of this observable, these contributions have to be calculated with nonperturbative methods, in particular, dispersion relations and the lattice approach to QCD. The largest part of this review is dedicated to a detailed account of recent efforts to improve the calculation of these two contributions with either a data-driven, dispersive approach, or a first-principle, lattice-QCD approach.

The final result reads a μ SM=116591810(43)×10 −11 and is smaller than the Brookhaven measurement by 3.7σ. The experimental uncertainty will soon be reduced by up to a factor four by the new experiment currently running at Fermilab, and also by the future J-PARC experiment. This and the prospects to further reduce the theoretical uncertainty in the near future – which are also discussed here – make this quantity one of the most promising places to look for evidence of new physics.
The data sample collected in 2011-2013 at the c.m.s. energies between 0.32-2 GeV with the CMD-3 detector operating at the VEPP-2000 e + e − collider is analzed. The collected data corresponds to an integrated luminosity about ∼ 60 pb −1 . The techniques for determination of the integrated luminosity for each energy setting is described. Some preliminary results of the study of the processes e + e − → K + K − + n π (n = 1,2,3) with two charged kaons in the final state are presented. These processes have several intermediate states, which are important to correctly descript the angular distributions of final particles and the cross sections dependence on the energy.
Донаучный» период в изучении петроглифов Китая С. А. Комиссаров, Д
in the framework of the focusing one-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation

We present both a theoretical description and experimental observation of the nonlinear mutual interactions between a pair of copropagative breathers

Our work sheds new light on the existence of localized wave structures and recurrence dynamics beyond the multisoliton complexes
L’article présente une nouvelle étape du projet de création du Dictionnaire associatif du français, dans lequel sont notées les associations évoquées par les mots telles qu’elles sont collectées grâce à des questionnaires de fixation de la première réponse à un stimulus. Nous nous proposons de tenir compte de l’expérience acquise au cours des dix dernières années et des avancées des humanités numériques pour automatiser au maximum la collecte et surtout le traitement des grands massifs de données, de les comparer avec les données précédentes et de visualiser les résultats obtenus.
Ausgehend von [Cp*2Sm] konnten die Polyarsenide [(Cp*2Sm)2(μ-η2:η2-As2)] und [(Cp*2Sm)4As8], das größte molekulare Polyarsenid der f-Elemente, erhalten werden.

Das Bild zeigt die Bildung der Polyarsenide As22− und As84− aus elementaren As0-Nanopartikeln (oben) und die Entstehung von As22− aus gelbem Arsen (As4) (unten).

Details sind in der Zuschrift von P. W. Roesky und Mitarbeitern auf S. 4430 beschrieben.
We perform the first measurement on the ${D}^{0}\ensuremath{-}{\overline{D}}^{0}$ mixing parameters using a time-dependent amplitude analysis of the decay ${D}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$. The data were recorded with the BABAR detector at center-of-mass energies at and near the $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(4S)$ resonance, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of approximately $468.1\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The neutral $D$ meson candidates are selected from ${D}^{*}(2010{)}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}_{s}^{+}$ decays where the flavor at the production is identified by the charge of the low-momentum pion, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}_{s}^{+}$. The measured mixing parameters are $x=(1.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6)%$ and $y=(0.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5)%$, where the quoted uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively.
Rheumatoid polyarthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease with autoantibodies, including antibodies to citrullant antigens and proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, which are involved in the induction of chronic synovitis, bone erosion, followed by deformity. Immunopathogenesis is based on the mechanisms of the breakdown of immune tolerance to its own antigens, which is characterized by an increase in the activity of T-effector cells, causing RA symptomatology. At the same time, against the background of such increased activity of effector lymphocytes, a decrease in the activity of a number of regulatory cells, including regulatory T-cells (Treg) and myeloid suppressor cells, is recorded. There is reason to say that it is the change in the activity of suppressor cells that is the leading element in RA pathogenesis. That is why only periods of weakening (remission) of RA are spoken of. According to the more powerful female immune system compared to the male one, the risk of developing RA in women is thrice as high, this risk decreases during breastfeeding and grows during pregnancy as well as after menopause in proportion to the level of sex hormones. It is believed that 50 % of the risk of developing RA depends on the conditions and lifestyle, while the remaining 50 % is dependent on genetic predisposition.

Using the Web service SNP_TATA_Z-tester (http://beehive.bionet.nsc.ru/cgi-bin/mgs/tatascan_fox/start.pl), 227 variants of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the human gene promoters were studied.

As a result, 43 candidate SNP markers for RA that can alter the affinity of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) for the promoters of these genes were predicted. That is why, RA fits the main idea of postgenomic predictive-preventive personalized medicine that is to give a chance to those who would like to reduce his/her risk of diseases by bringing his/her conditions and lifestyle in line with the data on his/her genome sequenced. This is very important, since doctors consider RA as one of the most frequent causes of disability.
Background Pruritus is a major symptom of atopic dermatitis (AD) and is transmitted by a subpopulation of non‐myelinated C‐type free nerve endings in the epidermis and upper dermis. Stimulation of these nerve terminals is affected by histamine, neurotrophins and physical factors. Eosinophils of patients with AD are a source of neurotrophins, including brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), levels of which correlate with disease severity. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the anatomical localization of eosinophils in the skin of patients with AD with regard to peripheral nerves and to investigate whether eosinophils induce sprouting and neurite outgrowth in murine sensory neurons. Methods Cryosections of skin derived from AD and control (NA) patients were subjected to immunofluorescence analysis with markers for eosinophils, BDNF and neuronal cells. Stimulated eosinophil supernatants were used for the treatment of cultured peripheral mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons followed by morphometric analysis. Results Dermal axon density and the proximity of eosinophils to nerve fibres were significantly higher in AD patients vs NA. Both neuronal projections and eosinophils expressed BDNF. Furthermore, activated eosinophil supernatants induced BDNF‐dependent mouse DRG neuron branching. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Our results indicate that BDNF‐positive eosinophils are also localized in close proximity with nerve fibres in AD, suggesting a functional relationship between BDNF‐expressing eosinophils and neuronal projections. These observations suggest that eosinophils may have considerable impact on pruritus by supporting sensory nerve branching.
A consideration of ultra-thin resonant absorbers of electromagnetic radiation utilizing high-impedance metasurfaces is carried out in terms of an equivalent circuit theory. By incorporating a thin layer of tunable dielectric into such structures it is feasible to manipulate the radiation amplitude and phase under the condition of a small thickness of the dielectric layer in comparison with the radiation wavelength. As such a dielectric, the nematic liquid crystal 5CB with a thickness of 80 um was chosen, and a 5CB-based prototype of an absorbing metastructure of the reflective type optimized for operation in the vicinity of a frequency of 140 GHz was fabricated and experimentally studied. Testing the structure revealed good agreement between the calculated and experimental reflection spectra. The results of this work can be useful for modeling and developing quasi-optical and integrated active devices of terahertz photonics.
Since, WHO declared eradication of natural smallpox in 1980, Independent Advisory Group on Public Health Implications of Synthetic Biology Technology Related to Smallpox report to the WHO Director-General noted the need to continue developing new low molecular weight agents against variola virus because of a number of reasons, such as discounted vaccination, possibility of smallpox spreading from permafrost solid, bioterrorism, potential danger of other orthopoxviruses circulating in animal population. Despite a number of adamantane derivatives is known to demonstrate antiviral activity, only few adamantane derivatives showed activity against vaccinia virus. From the other hand, monoterpene derivatives demonstrate various biological activities, in particular some camphor derivatives were found being active against vaccinia virus.

To find new agents to be active against orthopoxviruses we synthesized a different adamantane derivatives containing monoterpene fragments in their structure. For this purpose, a number of monoterpene amines was obtained starting from corresponding alcohols and ketones. Their reaction with 1- or 2-adamantane carboxylic acid chlorides led to amides. A number of ureas and thioureas was obtained starting from isocyanates and isothiocyanates containing 1- and 2-substituted adamantane fragments and corresponding monoterpene amines as well.

For a number of them antipox activity against vaccinia virus was demonstrated, with SI being from 5 to 1123. A most active amides were investigated against cowpox virus and ectromelia virus, with SI being from 30 to 406 and from 39 to 707 respectively. The antipox activity of this new adamantane derivatives hasn't been investigated.
The explosive vaporization of two-component mixtures of ethanol-water and three-component mixtures of acetone-ethanol-water during pulse thermal loads on the microheater during isobaric heating has been investigated. Microheater fabricated using MEMS technology presents the multilayer thin-film structure with the central Ta-Al layer heated by pulse electric current. The optical method based on measuring the laser intensity reflected from resistor surface recorded the characteristics of explosive vaporization. The dependence of the temperature of nucleation and the time of explosive vaporization on the rate of temperature growth and heat flux density are obtained.
Adiponectin, a hormone secreted by adipose tissue, is of particular interest in metabolic syndrome, because it is inversely correlated with obesity and insulin sensitivity. However, it is not known to what extent the genetics of plasma adiponectin and the genetics of obesity and insulin sensitivity are interrelated.

We aimed to evaluate the heritability of plasma adiponectin and its genetic correlation with the metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome–related traits and the association between these traits and 10 ADIPOQ single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We made use of a family-based population, the Erasmus Rucphen Family study (1,258 women and 967 men). Heritability analysis was performed using a polygenic model. Genetic correlations were estimated using bivariate heritability analyses. Genetic association analysis was performed using a mixed model.

Plasma adiponectin showed a heritability of 55.1%. Genetic correlations between plasma adiponectin HDL cholesterol and plasma insulin ranged from 15 to 24% but were not significant for fasting glucose, triglycerides, blood pressure, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and C-reactive protein. A significant association with plasma adiponectin was found for ADIPOQ variants rs17300539 and rs182052. A nominally significant association was found with plasma insulin and HOMA-IR and ADIPOQ variant rs17300539 after adjustment for plasma adiponectin. The significant genetic correlation between plasma adiponectin and HDL cholesterol and plasma insulin should be taken into account in the interpretation of genome-wide association studies. Association of ADIPOQ SNPs with plasma adiponectin was replicated, and we showed association between one ADIPOQ SNP and plasma insulin and HOMA-IR.
The thermophilic fungus Chaetomium thermophilum holds great promise for structural biology.

To increase the efficiency of its biochemical and structural characterization and to explore its thermophilic properties beyond those of individual proteins, we obtained transcriptomics and proteomics data, and integrated them with computational annotation methods and a multitude of biochemical experiments conducted by the structural biology community.

We considerably improved the genome annotation of Chaetomium thermophilum and characterized the transcripts and expression of thousands of genes. We furthermore show that the composition and structure of the expressed proteome of Chaetomium thermophilum is similar to its mesophilic relatives. Data were deposited in a publicly available repository and provide a rich source to the structural biology community.
We consider a one-dimensional layered structure that consists of an elastic material and a Maxwell fluid. It is assumed that the width of the layers is small compared with the size of the domain, where the problem is being solved.

By employing the Nguetseng two-scale convergence technique, we have homogenized the equations that describe the mechanical system. For the homogenized equation, the limit cases of the Maxwell fluid with the small viscosity and with the small relaxation time are considered.

The question of existence of the travelling wave solution for the homogenized equation is investigated.
Reactive oxygen species have been hypothesized to play an important role in the process of aging. The latter strain is characterized by increased sensitivity to free radicals.

To investigate the correlation between oxidative stress and accumulation of protein and DNA damage, we have compared the age‐dependent levels of protein carbonyl groups and the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in cytosol and mitochondrial extracts from liver cells of Wistar and OXYS rats. Long‐term uptake of dietary supplements Mirtilene forte (extract from the fruits of Vaccinium myrtillus L.) or Adrusen zinco (vitamin E complex with zinc, copper, selenium and ω‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) sharply decreased the level of protein oxidation in cytosol and mitochondrial extracts of hepatocytes of Wistar and of OXYS rats.

Faster age‐dependent increase in the level of protein carbonyl groups was found in OXYS as compared with Wistar rats. A complicated enzyme‐specific pattern of age‐dependent changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes was observed. Both dietary supplements increased the activity of catalase in the liver mitochondria of OXYS rats. Our results are in agreement with the shorter life‐span of OXYS and with the mitochondrial theory of aging, which postulates that accumulation of DNA and protein lesions leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and accelerates the process of aging.
This paper compares the market equilibria in a differentiated industry under Cournot, Bertrand, and monopolistic competition. This is accomplished in a one‐sector economy where consumers are endowed with separable preferences. When firms are free to enter the market, monopolistically competitive firms charge lower prices than oligopolistic firms, while the mass of varieties provided by the market is smaller under the former than the latter. If the economy is sufficiently large, Cournot, Bertrand and Chamberlin solutions converge toward the same market outcome, which may be a competitive or a monopolistically competitive equilibrium, depending on the nature of preferences.
The single electron track-reconstruction efficiency is calibrated using a sample corresponding to $1.3~\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$of $pp$ collision data recorded with the LHCb detector in 2017.

This measurement exploits $B^+\to J/\psi (e^+e^-)K^+$ decays, where one of the electrons is fully reconstructed and paired with the kaon, while the other electron is reconstructed using only the information of the vertex detector. Despite this partial reconstruction, kinematic and geometric constraints allow the $B^+$-meson mass to be reconstructed and the signal to be well separated from backgrounds. This in turn allows the electron reconstruction efficiency to be measured by matching the partial track segment found in the vertex detector to tracks found by LHCb's regular reconstruction algorithms.

The agreement between data and simulation is evaluated, and corrections are derived for simulated electrons in bins of kinematics. These correction factors allow LHCb to measure branching fractions involving single electrons with a systematic uncertainty below $1\%$.
Ecological regulation and environmental protection are essential elements of the directions of energy and economic policy at the present stage. In some cases, the increasing environmental regulation can negatively affect economic growth, however a number of modern studies proves the opposite. Moderate environmental standards lead to the effect of innovation compensation, which has a positive effect on the micro and macro level.

In this paper the influence of resource, ecological and other factors on the economic development of Russian regions is studied using panel data models with fixed and random effects. The influence of the ecological factor is revealed by including various indicators of the concern for the quality of the environment, after which the results are compared.

In three of the four types of constructed models, the influence of the environmental factor, expressed by different indicators, is positive. The positive result can be explained by the fact that regulation in Russia remains quite liberal to the companies, and the threshold at which strict standards begin to slow down economic growth has not yet been passed. Other significant factors for the growth of regional economies are the availability of fixed assets, the number of employees, and the share of resource industries in gross added value.
Aggressiveness in humans is a hereditary behavioral trait that mobilizes all systems of the body—first of all, the nervous and endocrine systems, and then the respiratory, vascular, muscular, and others—e.g., for the defense of oneself, children, family, shelter, territory, and other possessions as well as personal interests. The level of aggressiveness of a person determines many other characteristics of quality of life and lifespan, acting as a stress factor. Aggressive behavior depends on many parameters such as age, gender, diseases and treatment, diet, and environmental conditions. Among them, genetic factors are believed to be the main parameters that are well-studied at the factual level, but in actuality, genome-wide studies of aggressive behavior appeared relatively recently.

One of the biggest projects of the modern science—1000 Genomes—involves identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), i.e., differences of individual genomes from the reference genome. SNPs can be associated with hereditary diseases, their complications, comorbidities, and responses to stress or a drug. Clinical comparisons between cohorts of patients and healthy volunteers (as a control) allow for identifying SNPs whose allele frequencies significantly separate them from one another as markers of the above conditions. Computer-based preliminary analysis of millions of SNPs detected by the 1000 Genomes project can accelerate clinical search for SNP markers due to preliminary whole-genome search for the most meaningful candidate SNP markers and discarding of neutral and poorly substantiated SNPs. Here, we combine two computer-based search methods for SNPs (that alter gene expression) {i} Web service SNP_TATA_Comparator (DNA sequence analysis) and {ii} PubMed-based manual search for articles on aggressiveness using heuristic keywords.

Near the known binding sites for TATA-binding protein (TBP) in human gene promoters, we found aggressiveness-related candidate SNP markers, including rs1143627 (associated with higher aggressiveness in patients undergoing cytokine immunotherapy), rs544850971 (higher aggressiveness in old women taking lipid-lowering medication), and rs10895068 (childhood aggressiveness-related obesity in adolescence with cardiovascular complications in adulthood). After validation of these candidate markers by clinical protocols, these SNPs may become useful for physicians (may help to improve treatment of patients) and for the general population (a lifestyle choice preventing aggressiveness-related complications).