Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Modern degradation of Arctic permafrost promotes changes in tundra landscapes and leads to degradation of ice wedge polygons, which are the most widespread landforms of Arctic wetlands. Status assessment of polygon degradation is important for various environmental studies. We have applied the geographic information systems’ (GIS) analysis of data from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to accurately assess the status of ice wedge polygon degradation on Samoylov Island. We used several modern models of polygon degradation for revealing polygon types, which obviously correspond to different stages of degradation. Manual methods of mapping and a high spatial resolution of used UAV data allowed for a high degree of accuracy in the identification of all land units. The study revealed the following: 41.79% of the first terrace surface was composed of non-degraded polygonal tundra; 18.37% was composed of polygons, which had signs of thermokarst activity and corresponded to various stages of degradation in the models; and 39.84% was composed of collapsed polygons, slopes, valleys, and water bodies, excluding ponds of individual polygons. This study characterizes the current status of polygonal tundra degradation of the first terrace surface on Samoylov Island. Our assessment reflects the landscape condition of the first terrace surface of Samoylov Island, which is the typical island of the southern part of the Lena Delta. Moreover, the study illustrates the potential of UAV data GIS analysis for highly accurate investigations of Arctic landscape changes.
Regge asymptotic behavior is given by the Reggeized gluon contribution

$s$-channel discontinuity of the quark-quark scattering amplitude with gluon quantum numbers in the $t$ channel and a negative signature is calculated in the Regge kinematical region in the two-loop approximation. Using this discontinuity and assuming that the Regge asymptotic behavior is given by the Reggeized gluon contribution, we calculate the gluon trajectory in the two-loop approximation

Remarkable cancellations lead to the independence of the trajectory on properties of the scattered quarks, confirming the gluon Reggeization
The work is devoted to numerical simulation of pulverized-coal combustion processes in the vortex furnace which is a prospective design of a boiler unit for thermal power plants.

New modification of this design characterized by additional tangential-injection nozzle located at the bottom of combustion chamber has been studied. Numerical results for the case of Siberian brown coal combustion in this vortex furnace with dual-port loading are presented,

including 3-D aerodynamic structure, the fields of temperatures, radiated heat fluxes, species and dispersed phase concentrations, and NOx emissions.
Composite Sn + C electrodes were sputtered using an electric arc method. As a result, materials representing spherical tin nanoparticles packed in a carbon matrix were synthesized. The structure of the material was studied in detail by transmission electron microscopy. The carbon structure was studied by Raman spectroscopy.

The carbon matrix reliably separates the nanoparticles, preventing them from contacting and coagulating, which preserves their size. The sizes of tin nanoparticles were described by a log-normal distribution, and the average size depended on the pressure of the buffer gas. It is established that tin and carbon structures are related to each other, and the processes of condensation of tin vapor and agglomeration of the carbon structure affect each other.
We report a measurement of the ratio ${\cal R}(D^*) = {\cal B}(\bar{B}^0 \rightarrow D^{*+} \tau^- \bar{\nu}_{\tau})/{\cal B}(\bar{B}^0 \rightarrow D^{*+} \ell^- \bar{\nu}_{\ell})$, where $\ell$ denotes an electron or a muon.

The results are based on a data sample containing $772\times10^6$ $B\bar{B}$ pairs recorded at the $\Upsilon(4S)$ resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB $e^+ e^-$ collider. We select a sample of $B^0 \bar{B}^0$ pairs by reconstructing both $B$ mesons in semileptonic decays to $D^{*\mp} \ell^{\pm}$.

We measure ${\cal R}(D^*)= 0.302 \pm 0.030({\rm stat)} \pm 0.011({\rm syst)}$, which is within $1.6 \sigma$ of the Standard Model theoretical expectation, where the standard deviation $\sigma$ includes systematic uncertainties. We use this measurement to constrain several scenarios of new physics in a model-independent approach.
We experimentally demonstrate the fission of femtosecond pulses in a GRIN standard fiber

leading to high-energy multimode solitons that undergo huge Raman frequency shifts, and exhibit complex multisoliton dynamics
The main aspects of the cathode materials morphology for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IT SOFC) are considered in this paper. The approaches for estimation of their basic properties, e.g. oxygen mobility and surface reactivity, are described and the results of different techniques (e.g. weight and conductivity relaxation, oxygen isotope exchange) application for studies of powders and dense ceramic materials are compared.

The Ruddlesden-Popper type phases (e.g. Pr2NiO4) provide enhanced oxygen mobility due to cooperative mechanism of oxygen interstitial migration. For perovskites, the oxygen mobility is increased by doping, which generates oxygen vacancies or decreases metal-oxygen bond strength. Nonadditive increasing of the oxygen diffusion coefficients found that for perovskite-fluorite nanocomposites, it can be explained by the fast oxygen migration along perovskitefluorite interfaces.

Functionally graded nanocomposite cathodes provide the highest power density, the lowest area specific polarization resistance, and the best stability to degradation caused by the surface layer carbonization/ hydroxylation, thus being the most promising for thin film IT SOFC design.
A study of the inclusive production of a pair of hadrons (a "dihadron" system), having high transverse momenta and separated by a large interval of rapidity, is presented. This process has much in common with the widely discussed Mueller–Navelet jet production and can be also used to access the BFKL dynamics at proton colliders. Large contributions enhanced by logarithms of energy can be resummed in perturbation theory within the BFKL formalism in the next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy. The experimental study of dihadron production would provide with an additional clear channel to test the BFKL dynamics. The first theoretical predictions for cross sections and azimuthal angle correlations of the two hadrons produced with LHC kinematics are presented.
Heparan sulfate (HS) is an important component of the extracellular matrix and cell surface, which plays a key role in cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions. Functional activity of HS directly depends on its structure, which determined by a complex system of HS biosynthetic enzymes. During malignant transformation, the system can undergo significant changes, but for glioma, HS biosynthesis has not been studied in detail.

In this study, we performed a comparative analysis of the HS biosynthetic system in human gliomas of different grades. RT-PCR analysis showed that the overall transcriptional activity of the main HS biosynthesis-involved genes (EXT1, EXT2, NDST1, NDST2, GLCE, HS2ST1, HS3ST1, HS3ST2, HS6ST1, HS6ST2, SULF1, SULF2, HPSE) was decreased by 1.5–2-fold in Grade II-III glioma (p < 0.01) and by 3-fold in Grade IV glioma (glioblastoma multiforme, GBM) (p < 0.05), as compared with the para-tumourous tissue. The inhibition was mainly due to the elongation (a decrease in EXT1/2 expression by 3–4-fold) and 6-O-sulfation steps (a decrease in 6OST1/2 expression by 2–5-fold) of the HS biosynthesis. Heparanase (HPSE) expression was identified in 50% of GBM tumours by immunostaining, and was characterised by a high intratumoural heterogeneity of the presence of the HPSE protein.

The detected disorganisation of the HS biosynthetic system in gliomas might be a potential molecular mechanism for the changes of HS structure and content in tumour microenvironments, contributing to the invasion of glioma cells and the development of the disease.
Environmental factors and plant architectonics significantly determine its water regime, namely, the water content and its movement through the tissues forced by the difference in water potentials, turgor pressure in cells, etc. In turn, the cumulative water regime affects the functioning and growth of cells, photosynthesis, and, as a result, the plant’s growth. The leaf contributes to the formation of the water regime and characterizes the contour of the plant’s adaptive system. Nevertheless, the data on the contribution of leaves to the total resistance to water transport in the plant and the structure of the hydraulic resistance of the leaf itself is still contradictory.

This paper presents the formulation and justification of the monocots leaf hydraulics model based on Darcy’s law. The model was tested in computational experiments in the Comsol 4.3b package on idealized geometric models of leaf blades.

Simulations showed the dependence of water potential distribution in xylem vessels and leaf mesophyll on the permeability of these tissues and on microclimatic parameters around the leaf. The adequacy of the model parameters selected as a result of testing is discussed.
This decay is expected to be mediated by a W-exchange diagram, with little contribution from rescattering processes, and therefore a measurement of the branching fraction will help to understand the mechanism behind related decays such as Bs -> π+ π- and Bs -> D Dbar.

A search for the decay Bs -> D*-+ π+- is presented using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb-1 of pp collisions collected by LHCb. Systematic uncertainties are minimised by using B0 -> D*-+ π+- as a normalisation channel.

We find no evidence for a signal, and set an upper limit on the branching fraction of BR(Bs -> D*-+ π+-) < 6.1 (7.8) x10^(-6) at 90% (95%) confidence level.
Six species of four calcareous nannofossil genera (Ellipsagelosphaera Noël,1965, Watznaueria Reinhardt, 1964, Cyclagelosphaera Noël, 1965 and Tetralithus Gardet, 1955) from the black shale Bazhenov Formation of the West Siberian marine basin are described in layers, transitional from the Upper Jurassic (the Volgian-Tithonian Stage) to the Lower Cretaceous (the Berriasian Stage).

Stratigraphically, the presence of the species of all genera in the Bazhenov Formation corresponds to the world data.

Three new species (Ellipsagelosphaera bazhenovi Zanin sp.n., Watznaueria sp. and Tetralithus isopelxiros Zanin sp.n.have been determined.
Using the molecular dynamics method, the structuring of water molecules near copper surfaces at various temperatures is studied. Samples with crystallographic orientations of 100 and 111 are considered at temperatures from 300 K to 350 K.

It is found that the planes of water molecules in the near-surface region with the size is about six angstroms are oriented mainly parallel to the copper surface. However, the character of the structuring of water molecules near the copper surface weakly depends on the considered crystallographic orientations and temperatures.
Photon colliders (γγ, γe) have been considered a natural addition to e+e− linear-collider projects for more than 30 years [1, 2]. It was a common opinion that such linear collider with four types of colliding beams (plus e+e−) would be the best instrument for the study of particles physics at energies from 100 GeV to several TeV where a lot of new physics was expected, including the dark matter.

Following the discovery of the Higgs boson at LHC (and nothing else), the physics community has been actively considering various approaches to building a Higgs factories for precision measurement of the Higgs properties, among them there are several proposals of photon colliders (PC).

In this paper, following a brief discussion of general situation in particles physics and the place of the photon collider among candidates for future colliders, I give an overview of photon colliders based on linear colliders ILC and CLIC and of more recently proposed photon-collider Higgs factories (with no e+e− collision option) based on recirculation linacs in ring tunnels.
Model experimental studies are presented for the flow field of a single jet, the flow parameters of a block jet, the pressure distribution on the bottom screen, and the parameters of the jet flow from a model nozzle.

Simulation results using spectral density measurements based on the glow excited by a focused electron beam, longitudinal and transverse jet density profiles obtained using modern scanning technology, as well as measurements of bottom pressure near the nozzle block are given. The possibilities and features of each applied registration method are discussed.

When expanding into a vacuum and/or a highly rarefied medium, the conditions for reproducing the relative gas pulse value of the full-scale nozzle block section are met. It is shown that when using specific similarity criteria, it is possible to experimentally model the supersonic jet outflow processes of space vehicles on small-sized laboratory vacuum installations, similar to the one created at Novosibirsk State University.
Aim of the present study was to provide presence of opisthorchiid metacercariae in cyprinid fish Leuciscus idus in Nura-Sarysu river, Kazakhstan. Infection rate of the ides by the metacercariae was 42%. The metacercariae, similar morphologically to those of the liver flukes, were found: elliptical in shape, 0.19–0.25×0.15–0.22 mm, oral and ventral suckers nearly equal size, and excretory bladder O-shape with black content, occupying posterior part of the body. The metacercariae were divided into 2 groups with differences in size and thickness of cyst wall. Adult flukes were recovered from the Syrian hamsters infected with the opisthorch metacercariae and identified with morphological characters to Opisthorchis felineus and Metorchis bilis. DNA sequences of ITS1, ITS2, and cox1 supported the taxonomic assignment. Key words: Opisthorchis felineus, Metorchis bilis, Leuciscus idus, metacercariae
Earlier, it has been demonstrated that wild populations of a Japanese harvestman Metagagrella tenuipes (Arachnida: Opiliones) are polymorphic for B chromosomes.

In this paper, we present results of a study of the morphology and mitotic and meiotic behavior of the Bs. The B chromosomes varied considerably in size and proportion of eu- and heterochromatin. The single nucleolus organizing region, found in males, was located on a chromosome of the A complement. Some intercell variation in number of Bs may be explained by accidental chromosome losses during chromosome preparation. We also found no intertissue variation in number of Bs. There were also no differences in mean number of B chromosomes per individual among males and females, adult and subadult harvestmen.

Segregation of Bs in mitotic and meiotic divisions was nonrandom; B chromosomes tended to segregate equally between daughter cells. The results obtained provide no support for the hypothesis of existence of B accumulation mechanism in this species.
Delay differential equation model of a nonlinear optical--nonlinear amplifying loop mirror mode-locked laser is developed that takes into account the finite relaxation rate of the gain medium and asymmetric beam splitting at the entrance of the nonlinear mirror loop. Asymptotic linear stability analysis of the continuous wave solutions performed in the limit of large delay indicates that in a class-B laser flip instability is preceded by the modulational instability and therefore cannot give rise to stable square wave patterns. Numerically it is shown that the model can demonstrate large windows of regular fundamental and harmonic mode-locked regimes with single and multiple pulses per cavity round trip time separated by domains of irregular pulsing.
In 2015, the European Union adopted the Fourth European Union Directive 2015/849 of the 20th of May, 2015 «on the prevention of the use of the fi nancial system for the purpose of money laundering and terrorist fi nancing», which introduced the most important innovation – the introduction of a public register of benefi cial owners of European companies and other structures.

This article examines the reaction of individual countries to the main proposals and comments of the Directive, which is refl ected in the amendments to the current legal system. Special attention is paid to offshore zones, which are trying to fi nd a compromise between the comments of the European Union, promoting business transparency, and the principle of anonymity, which is the main privilege of offshore territories and which attracts a considerable fl ow of entrepreneurs and their investments. In addition, the article deals with the problem of contradiction of the Russian legislation regulating the procedure for maintaining the register of benefi cial owners and providing information contained therein.

The article formulates the main conclusion regarding the register of benefi ciaries as a new modern trend of international tax planning, which should be taken into account in the future when creating the structure of foreign companies, as well as when choosing the jurisdiction in which business activities are planned.
Hybridization of domestic animal breeds with their wild relatives is a promising method for increasing the genetic diversity of farm animals. Resource populations derived from the hybridization of various breeds of domestic sheep with mouflon and argali are an important source of breeding material. The karyotypes of argali and domestic sheep differ for a Robertsonian translocation, which occurred in the common ancestor of mouflon and domestic sheep (Ovis aries) due to the centric fusion of chromosomes 5 and 11 of the argali (O. ammon) into chromosome 3 of sheep. It is known that heterozygosity for translocation can lead to synapsis, recombination and chromosome segregation abnormalities in meiosis.

Meiosis in the heterozygotes for translocation that distinguishes the karyotypes of sheep and argali has not yet been studied. We examined synapsis, recombination, and epigenetic modification of chromosomes involved in this rearrangement in heterozygous rams using immunolocalization of key proteins of meiosis.

In the majority of cells, we observed complete synapsis between the sheep metacentric chromosome and two argali acrocentric chromosomes with the formation of a trivalent. In a small proportion of cells at the early pachytene stage we observed delayed synapsis in pericentromeric regions of the trivalent. Unpaired sites were subjected to epigenetic modification, namely histone H2A.X phosphorylation. However, by the end of the pachytene, these abnormalities had been completely eliminated. Asynapsis was replaced by a nonhomologous synapsis between the centromeric regions of the acrocentric chromosomes. By the end of the pachytene, the γH2A.X signal had been preserved only at the XY bivalent and was absent from the trivalent. The translocation trivalent did not differ from the normal bivalents of metacentric chromosomes for the number and distribution of recombination sites as well as for the degree of centromeric and crossover interference. Thus, we found that heterozygosity for the domestic sheep chromosome 3 and argali chromosomes 5 and 11 does not cause significant alterations in key processes of prophase I meiosis and, therefore, should not lead to a decrease in fertility of the offspring from interspecific sheep hybridization.
Most of eukaryotic DNA is embedded into nucleosome arrays formed by DNA wrapped around a core histone octamer. Nucleosome is a fundamental repeating unit of chromatin guarding access to the genetic information.

Here, I will discuss two facets of nucleosome in eukaryotic gene control. On the one hand, nucleosome acts as a regulatory unit, which controls gene switches through a set of post-translational modifications occurring on histone tails. On the other hand, global configuration of nucleosome arrays with respect to nucleosome positioning, spacing and turnover acts as a tuning parameter for all genomic functions. A 'histone code' hypothesis extents the Jacob-Monod model for eukaryotic gene control; however, when considering factors capable of reconfiguring entire nucleosome array, such as ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers, this model becomes limited.

Global changes in nucleosome arrays will be sensed by every gene, yet the transcriptional responses might be specific and appear as gene targeted events. What determines such specificity is unclear, but it's likely to depend on initial gene settings, such as availability of transcription factors, and on configuration of new nucleosome array state.
The region covered is briefly defined and characterized as relatively little disturbed.A survey of relevant odonatological literature, including local Red Lists, is given, along with current scientific activity.

Sixteen species are indicated, which deserve special attention, one of them, Ischnura aralensis, being the only strict endemic in the region.Some isolated populations deserving protection are indicated.Regions important for odonate protection are listed, including parts of the Russian Far East in which threatened Chinese populations find a northern refuge.Measures taken for nature protection in the countries considered are also discussed.

REGIONAL DEFINITIONThe region's boundaries are determined more by the history of political relationships between two neighbouring empires, the Russian and the Chinese, and their descendants, than by natural biogeographic criteria.In the north and east it is bounded by the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, respectively.Its southern boundary coincides with the border of the former USSR plus the Republic of Mongolia.From east to west, this includes the border between Korea and Russia, the Chinese border with east Russia, the Republic of Mongolia and again Russia, then Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, then the border of Afghanistan with Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and then the border between Turkmenistan and Iran.The western limit of the region, from north to south, roughly and inclusively coincides with the Ural Mountains (55-60°E), the Ural River and the Caspian Sea.Biogeographically it occupies north-eastern Palaearctic.The conventional border of the so-called West and East Palaearctic along the Ural Mountains is justified by convenience only, and the East Palaearctic has been seldom considered as a unit since its Chinese part, until recently, was little known in the West and even less in Russia.This political border has resulted in a discontinuity of our knowledge of
We report the results of a search for the decay ${B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}X(3872)(\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}})\ensuremath{\gamma}$. The analysis is performed on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $711\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and containing $772\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}B\overline{B}$ pairs, collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collider running at the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}(4S)$ resonance energy. We find no evidence for a signal and place an upper limit of $\mathcal{B}({B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}X(3872)\ensuremath{\gamma})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathcal{B}(X(3872)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}})<5.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ at 90% confidence level.