Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Mn-containing oxides exhibit high catalytic activity in the reactions of total oxidation of hydrocarbons and CO.It was found that increase in the calcination temperature to 950-1000C lead to the growth of catalytic activity for MnOx-Al2O3 catalysts.In situ XRD studies of MnOx-Al2O3 catalysts shown that active component of the catalysts was formed via decomposition of the high-temperature precursor (cubic spinel Mn3-xAlxO4) followed by the appearance of aggregates consisting of imperfect Mn3O4+δ oxide and amorphous Mn-Al-O phase.The decomposition was accompanied by the formation of weakly bound oxygen which appears to be active in oxidation reactions.The structure of the active component was directly related to the composition of the high-temperature precursor -the higher the concentration of manganese cations are in the Mn3-xAlxO4 cubic spinel, the more Mn3O4 and weakly bound oxygen appear in the decomposition product [1].When Al is replaced by Ga, a significant decrease in catalytic activity is observed.To understand the origin of active component of Mn-containing catalysts, detailed mechanism of high-temperature precursor decomposition was investigated on the model systems -singlephase spinels Mn3-xAlxO4 and Mn3-xGaxO4.In situ XRD analysis indicates that during heating and cooling in the air both spinels decompose at the temperatures range of 400-800oC.This process is accompanied by partially oxidation of Mn2+ to Mn3+ and cation vacancies formation in the spinel structure that leads to decompomposition of initial spinet into two spinel-type phases.Under heating Mn3-xAlxO4 oxide decomposes according to nucleation ang grow mechanism due to the diffusion of Mn cations toward the surface and its segregation into nanoparticles of β-Mn3O4.Spinodal decomposition of initial spinel occurs during cooling caused by Mn3+ clustering.For Mn3-xGaxO4 spinel, products of decomposition are different during cooling and heating.Decomposition of Mn3-xGaxO4 leads to formation of two spinel structures with the samilar Mn/Ga ratio but different oxygen content.In situ XRD study shown that difference in catalytic activity in CO oxidation in MnOx-Al2O3 and MnOx-Ga2O3 catalysts is due to different mechanism of precursor decomposition. This work was
An attempt is made to explain time non-dilation allegedly observed in quasar light curves.

The explanation is based on the assumption that quasar black holes are, in some sense, foreign for our Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe and do not participate in the Hubble flow.

Although at first sight such a weird explanation requires unreasonably fine-tuned Big Bang initial conditions, we find a natural justification for it using the Milne cosmological model as an inspiration.
In 2015, the European Union adopted the Fourth European Union Directive 2015/849 of the 20th of May, 2015 «on the prevention of the use of the fi nancial system for the purpose of money laundering and terrorist fi nancing», which introduced the most important innovation – the introduction of a public register of benefi cial owners of European companies and other structures. This article examines the reaction of individual countries to the main proposals and comments of the Directive, which is refl ected in the amendments to the current legal system. Special attention is paid to offshore zones, which are trying to fi nd a compromise between the comments of the European Union, promoting business transparency, and the principle of anonymity, which is the main privilege of offshore territories and which attracts a considerable fl ow of entrepreneurs and their investments. In addition, the article deals with the problem of contradiction of the Russian legislation regulating the procedure for maintaining the register of benefi cial owners and providing information contained therein. The article formulates the main conclusion regarding the register of benefi ciaries as a new modern trend of international tax planning, which should be taken into account in the future when creating the structure of foreign companies, as well as when choosing the jurisdiction in which business activities are planned.
The energy profiles of various configurations of the tetra-n-butylammonium ion (Bu 4 N + ) arising by changing the angle between a pair of butyl ligands, as well as by rotating of various alkyl fragments in gas phase, were calculated using DFT methods. A hypothesis about the most probable way of changing the conformations of tetra-n-butylammonium ions during the phase transitions in highly conductive solid electrolytes was proposed.
Deviations in brain metabolism are the result of longterm pathological processes, which finally are manifested as symptoms of Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s diseases or multiple sclerosis and other neuropathologies, as for example diabetic neuropathy. A deficiency of available energy for brain cells under neurodegenerative diseases is either developed due to age-dependent underexpression of genes that encode glycolytic enzymes or induced due to the uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation that could be mediated by inflammatory cytokines. Since the activity of many enzymes is under the control of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or cofactors, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), energy deficiency can cause metabolic changes in brain tissue. Some clinical studies using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR spectroscopy) revealed metabolic changes in brain tissue in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. However, data from different authors are quite contradictory, probably because of the complex genesis of metabolic disorders.

In the present study, we tested the hypothesis of multidirectional changes in metabolism under the impact of the oxidation and phosphorylation uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) and under the impact of 2-deoxy-Dglucose (2-DG), blocking the access of glucose to the brain cells. 1H NMR spectroscopy showed that 2-DG leads to the predominance of excitatory (glutamine + glutamate) neurotransmitters over inhibitory ones (gamma-aminobutyric acid), and 2,4 DNP causes opposite effects.

The biochemical mechanisms of the observed changes require a special study, but it can be noted that the ATP deficiency caused by inhibition of glycolysis and the ATP deficiency caused by the uncouplers are accompanied by differently directed changes in the intensity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. These changes in the intensity of the Krebs cycle are correlated with differently directed changes in the balance of the exciting and inhibitory neurotransmitters. The obtained results show that 1H NMR spectroscopy can be an effective method of differentiated lifetime assessment of the available energy deficit caused by a general suppression of energy exchange in nerve cells or oxidation and phosphorylation uncoupling.
Poly(alkylphosphanylborane) mit hohen Molekülmassen sind derzeit auf herkömmliche Weise durch metallkatalysierte Dehydropolymerisation nicht zugänglich

als metallfreie Alternative bietet sich aber die milde Thermolyse eines Lewis-Base-stabilisierten Phosphanylborans an. In der Zuschrift auf S. 13986 ff. beschreiben M. Scheer, I. Manners et al. die erfolgreiche Synthese von Poly(tert-butylphosphanylboran) nach dieser vielversprechenden Strategie

Poly(alkylphosphanylborane) mit hohen Molekülmassen sind derzeit auf herkömmliche Weise durch metallkatalysierte Dehydropolymerisation nicht zugänglich, als metallfreie Alternative bietet sich aber die milde Thermolyse eines Lewis-Base-stabilisierten Phosphanylborans an. In der Zuschrift auf S. 13986 ff. beschreiben M. Scheer, I. Manners et al. die erfolgreiche Synthese von Poly(tert-butylphosphanylboran) nach dieser vielversprechenden Strategie. Leitstrukturen C-H-Aktivierungen Zellsignalisierung
Summary Russian sheep breeds represent an important economic asset by providing meat and wool, whilst being adapted to extreme climates. By resequencing two Russian breeds from Siberia: Tuva ( n = 20) and Baikal ( n = 20); and comparing them with a European (UK) sheep outgroup ( n = 14), 41 million variants were called, and signatures of selection were identified. High‐frequency missense mutations on top of selection peaks were found in genes related to immunity ( LOC101109746 ) in the Baikal breed and wool traits ( IDUA ), cell differentiation ( GLIS1 ) and fat deposition ( AADACL3 ) in the Tuva breed. In addition, genes found under selection owing to haplotype frequency changes were related to wool traits ( DSC2 ), parasite resistance ( CLCA1 ), insulin receptor pathway ( SOCS6 ) and DNA repair ( DDB2 ) in the Baikal breed, and vision ( GPR179 ) in the Tuva breed. Our results present candidate genes and SNPs for future selection programmes, which are necessary to maintain and increase socioeconomic gain from Siberian breeds.
Variability of heading date may assist in wheat adaptation to local environments. Thereafter, discovery of new heading date determinants is important for cereal improvement.

In this study we used common wheat cultivar Chinese Spring (CS) and the substitution line of CS with 5B chromosome from T. dicoccoides (CS-5Bdic), different in their heading date by two weeks, to detect determinants of heading date on 5B chromosome. The possible influence of the VRN-B1 gene, the most powerful regulator of flowering, located on 5B chromosome, to differences in heading time between CS and CS-5Bdic was studied. The sequencing of this gene from CS-5Bdic showed that an insertion of a nucleotide triplet produced an additional amino acid in the corresponding protein. No changes in the transcription levels of each homoeologous VRN-1 loci were found in CS-5Bdic by comparison with CS. To ascertain the loci determining heading date difference, a set of 116 recombinant inbred 5В chromosomal lines as a result of hybridization of CS with CS-5Bdic were developed and their heading dates were estimated. Using the Illumina Infinium 15 k Wheat platform, 379 5B-specific polymorphic markers were detected and a genetic map with 82 skeletal markers was constructed.

Phenotype (heading date) – genotype association analysis revealed seventy eight markers in pericentromeric region of 5B chromosome significantly associated with heading date variation. Based on this estimation and synteny with model crop genomes we identified the three best candidate genes: WRKY, ERF/AP2 and FHY3/FAR1. We supposed that the difference in activity of WRKY, ERF/AP2 and/or FHY3/FAR1 transcription factors between CS and CS-5Bdic to be a probable reason for the observed difference in heading dates. Data obtained in this study provide a good basis for the subsequent investigation of heading time pathways in wheat.
The processes of heat and mass transfer in systems with liquid-gas interface are of interest to a wide range of problems.

Destruction dynamics of thin horizontal layers of silicone oils were investigated using confocal sensor on a 3D-positioning system. The numerical solution of the problem was obtained in the lubrication approximation theory for two-dimensional axisymmetric thermocapillary flow. The model takes into account the surface tension, viscosity, gravity and heat transfer in the substrate. The numerical algorithm for the joint solution of the energy equation and the evolution equation for the liquid layer thickness has been developed. The establishment method was used to obtain the stationary solutions. Experimental measurements and numerical calculations were made for silicone oils of different viscosities, heating power and initial thickness.

The significant effect of the surface tension coefficient and its temperature coefficient on thermocapillary deformation was detected. It was experimentally established that the deformation value depends on a heat flux value. A liquid bump is formed at the boundary of the heating region that is also observed in numerically calculated profiles.
The genetic origins of Uralic speakers from across a vast territory in the temperate zone of North Eurasia have remained elusive. Previous studies have shown contrasting proportions of Eastern and Western Eurasian ancestry in their mitochondrial and Y chromosomal gene pools. While the maternal lineages reflect by and large the geographic background of a given Uralic-speaking population, the frequency of Y chromosomes of Eastern Eurasian origin is distinctively high among European Uralic speakers. The autosomal variation of Uralic speakers, however, has not yet been studied comprehensively. Here, we present a genome-wide analysis of 15 Uralic-speaking populations which cover all main groups of the linguistic family. We show that contemporary Uralic speakers are genetically very similar to their local geographical neighbours. However, when studying relationships among geographically distant populations, we find that most of the Uralic speakers and some of their neighbours share a genetic component of possibly Siberian origin. Additionally, we show that most Uralic speakers share significantly more genomic segments identity-by-descent with each other than with geographically equidistant speakers of other languages. We find that correlated genome-wide genetic and lexical distances among Uralic speakers suggest co-dispersion of genes and languages. Yet, we do not find long-range genetic ties between Estonians and Hungarians with their linguistic sisters that would distinguish them from their non-Uralic-speaking neighbours. We show that most Uralic speakers share a distinct ancestry component of likely Siberian origin, which suggests that the spread of Uralic languages involved at least some demic component.
Lithosphere extension, which plays an essential role in plate tectonics, occurs both in continents (as rift systems) and oceans (spreading along mid-oceanic ridges). The northern Red Sea area is a unique natural geodynamic laboratory, where the ongoing transition from continental rifting to oceanic spreading can be observed. Here, we analyze travel time data from a merged catalogue provided by the Egyptian and Saudi Arabian seismic networks to build a three-dimensional model of seismic velocities in the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the northern Red Sea and surroundings. The derived structures clearly reveal a high-velocity anomaly coinciding with the Red Sea basin and a narrow low-velocity anomaly centered along the rift axis. We interpret these structures as a transition of lithospheric extension from continental rifting to oceanic spreading. The transitional lithosphere is manifested by a dominantly positive seismic anomaly indicating the presence of a 50–70-km-thick and 200–300-km-wide cold lithosphere. Along the forming oceanic ridge axis, an elongated low-velocity anomaly marks a narrow localized nascent spreading zone that disrupts the transitional lithosphere. Along the eastern margins of the Red Sea, several low-velocity anomalies may represent crustal zone of massive Cenozoic basaltic magmatism.
ВведениеФотовозбуждение молекул сопровождается рядом быстропротекающих процессов, таких как внутримолекулярное перераспределение колебательной энергии, внутренняя конверсия (переход между электронными состояниями) и диссоциация.Эти процессы часто происходят на временах порядка пикосекунд и короче, поэтому для детального их исследования требуется фемтосекундное разрешение.Большой интерес представляет исследование фотопроцессов, протекающих в молекулах, содержащих амино-и замещенные ами-ногруппы, которые входят в состав большого количества молекул, представляющих практический интерес, таких как аминокислоты, органические красители и т. д.В качестве модельной системы мы выбрали молекулу триэтиламина (ТЭА).Целью настоящей работы было исследование внутримолекулярных процессов перераспределения энергии
The Mn-C-O composites were synthesized by the electric-arc discharge method. The composite materials were obtained by spraying of graphite electrode with the addition of MnO2.

The morphology of Mn-C-O composites formed during electric-arc spraying of metal-carbon electrodes in various buffer gases (N2 and He) and the effect of their subsequent annealing in an oxygen-containing atmosphere was studied. It was experimentally determined that MnOx (MnO, Mn3O4) nanoparticles are mainly formed in N2 atmosphere, and Mn7C3 carbide nanoparticles are formed in He atmosphere. This phenomenon is explained by different cooling rates of the formed composites. With further annealing of materials, partial oxidation of nanoparticles and graphitization of the carbon matrix occur due to the thermal effect of the oxidation reaction.

According to the study of electrochemical activity of materials in the 1 M KOH aqueous electrolyte, the materials with a higher MnO content and a higher degree of soot graphitization have the highest electrochemical capacity of 135 Fg−1.
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is the most versatile DNA repair pathway, which can remove diverse bulky DNA lesions destabilizing a DNA duplex. NER defects cause several autosomal recessive genetic disorders. Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is one of the NER-associated syndromes characterized by low efficiency of the removal of bulky DNA adducts generated by ultraviolet radiation. XP patients have extremely high ultraviolet-light sensitivity of sun-exposed tissues, often resulting in multiple skin and eye cancers.

In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the NER molecular mechanism and focuses on the NER linkage with the neurological degeneration in patients with XP. We also present recent research advances regarding NER involvement in oxidative DNA lesion repair.

Some XP patients develop characteristic neurodegeneration that is believed to derive from their inability to repair neuronal DNA damaged by endogenous metabolites. A specific class of oxidatively induced DNA lesions, 8,5'-cyclopurine-2'-deoxynucleosides, is considered endogenous DNA lesions mainly responsible for neurological problems in XP. Growing evidence suggests that XP is accompanied by defective mitophagy, as in primary mitochondrial disorders. Moreover, NER pathway is absent in mitochondria, implying that the mitochondrial dysfunction is secondary to nuclear NER defects. Finally, we highlight how mitochondrial dysfunction may be associated with XP.
The N ‐(2,3‐butadienyl)carboxamide of isopimaric acid, that is, compound 3 , was prepared through a two‐step synthetic procedure starting from the natural diterpene isopimaric acid.

The Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling and subsequent cyclization of terpenoid allene 3 with several aryl iodides and aryl bromides gave access to optically active diterpenoid–oxazoline derivatives in good to excellent yields. The functional group tolerance in the aryl iodides was demonstrated by several examples, including substrates with additional N ‐ tert ‐butoxycarbonyl‐protected amino, hydroxy, and carboxy substituents in the ortho position. The cross‐coupling–cyclization reaction of those compounds with allene 3 proceeded selectively with the formation of cyclization products on the substituent in the aromatic ring.

This transformation opens a potential route to the synthesis of hybrid compounds containing a tricyclic diterpenoid and several heterocycles.
The first report on Spin Labeled NMP (SL-NMP) is highlighted by the preparation of PS-end labelled trityl radical via NMP.
This paper describes the first experimental evidence of how vortex breakdown develops and disappears in both upper and lower fluids in a sealed vertical cylindrical container, where two immiscible fluids circulate driven by the rotating lid while other walls are stationary. The rotating lid generates both swirling and meridional circulations of the upper and lower fluids. The most intriguing and practically important flow phenomenon is the formation of local circulation cells (vortex breakdown). Our experimental study reveals that vortex breakdown can occur in (a) upper, (b) lower, and (c) both fluids. The kind of flow pattern depends on properties of liquids. The vortex breakdown flows can intensify heat and mass transfer.
The article analyzes one of the problems of inter-party interaction in Russia in 1917–1924, which was not studies either intentionally or occasionally by Russian or foreign scholars. The subject of the research is the admission of socialists, who quit other parties, to the RSDLP(b) - RCP(b): more specifically who resigned the membership of Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (of Internationalists), Mensheviks, Right and Left wings of Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries, Socialist-Revolutionaries-autonomists, Union of Socialists-Revolutionaries Maximalists, Party of Revolutionary Communism, anarchists and so on. Based on the wide range of published materials, including data from the central and local periodicals, as well as unique archival sources that were added to the ever-growing aggregate of scientific knowledge for the first time, the article investigate, when, how and on what conditions former members of socialist parties (so-called “vykhodets”) were accepted for the RSDLP(b) – RCP(b) membership. The authors conclude that during 1917-1924 the conditions of admitting to Bolshevik Party changed crucially. At different moments, the Communist leadership solved different problems allowing former socialists to join the Bolshevik ranks. In 1917-1919 the admission of former socialists was initiated in order to rise the number of members of the RSDLP(b) - RCP(b), and the target audience mainly consisted of revolutionaries who had extensive experience in party and social work. After the October Revolution in 1917, the entering former members of the other parties to the Bolshevik party was considered as a tool of splitting and fragmentation of socialist parties and groups that were opponents and / or competitor for the Bolsheviks. Since the end of 1919, the admission of socialists to the RCP(b) had been gradually lost its significance as a source of recruiting and transformed mainly into an instrument for the destruction of the Mensheviks and Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries, as well as a mechanism for the adoption and incorporation of small groups with socialist and communist orientation. Since 1921, the admission of former socialists to the RCP(b) actually ceased to play the role into the process of increasing membership, but became one of the most important implement of degrading and defeating the Mensheviks and Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries. From the beginning of 1924, it was used exclusively as a factor of discrediting the socialists.
A range of heterogeneous ‐SO 3 H functionalized catalysts including carbon and halloysite nanotubes, commercial K10 clay, Amberlyst‐15 etc. was investigated for the first time using as a model the Prins‐Ritter reaction of (−)‐isopulegol with benzaldehyde and acetonitrile producing 4‐amido derivatives of octahydro‐2 H ‐chromenes (as (S)‐ and ( R )‐diastereomers). A strong effect of water addition prior the reaction on the overall selectivity and the ratio of isomers in the case of heterogeneous and homogeneous ( p ‐toluenesulfonic acid) catalysis was found for the first time. The yield of the ( R )‐diastereomer sharply increased with increasing amount of added water, while the S ‐isomer prevailed with a minimum amount of added water. Experimental results and DFT calculations clearly indicate a kinetic control for R ‐amide formation. Typically synthesis of 4‐amidooctahydro‐2 H ‐chromenes requires subzero temperatures and toxic catalysts, which were avoided in the current work. Nevertheless, the yield of the desired products (up to 83 %) at 30 °C after water addition exceeded the values reported previously. Thus, adding water is a simple and a very effective method for controlling both the yield and stereoselectivity of the Prins‐Ritter reaction products under mild conditions.