Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The paper aims to represent the author’s methodological position that risk is a consequence of the decisions made by the person and is always associated with the person who not only makes a choice, but also evaluates the probabilities of possible events and associated losses. Taking a risk, the person chooses an alternative that is the result of her decision, although the possible results are not exactly known to her. The key to managing risk is the issue of measuring it. The law of large numbers by J. Bernoulli and related methodological and philosophical issues are considered. The significance of the St. Petersburg paradox for the modern understanding of risk is shown. Our thesis is that decision-making under the conditions of risk is not a person’s collision with circumstances independent of her, but a conscious and rational choice.
We discuss possibilities of application of Numerical Analysis methods to proving computability, in the sense of the TTE approach, of solution operators of boundary-value problems for systems of PDEs. Compared with most of other existing methods of proving computability for PDEs, this method does not require existence of explicit solution formulas and is thus applicable to a broader class of (systems of) equations.

We prove computability of the solution operator for a symmetric hyperbolic system with computable real coefficients and dissipative boundary conditions, and of the Cauchy problem for the same system (we also prove computable dependence on the coefficients) in a cube $Q\subseteq\mathbb R^m$.

Such systems describe a wide variety of physical processes (e.g. elasticity, acoustics, Maxwell equations). Moreover, many boundary-value problems for the wave equation also can be reduced to this case, thus we partially answer a question raised in Weihrauch and Zhong (2002).
The linear model for «Yamal LNG» is estimated using DCF method. The hypothetical model without PPP mechanisms is also considered in the article. The linear estimation is not enough for a huge long-term project. Therefore, the risk analysis is carried out in the article. The positive effect on region development is shown in order to estimate social sides of the project realization. As a result, we get project’s NPV of $1,337 blns, which would be true with 49,3% likelihood. The denial of PPP mechanisms leads to $-7,1 blns NPV.
Effect of magnetization generated by synchrotron or laser radiation in magnetically-doped and pristine topological insulators (TIs) is presented and analyzed using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. It was found that non-equal photoexcitation of the Dirac cone (DC) states with opposite momenta and spin orientation indicated by the asymmetry in photoemission intensity of the DC states is accompanied by the k||-shift of the DC states relative to the non-spin-polarized conduction band states located at k|| = 0. We relate the observed k||-shift to the induced surface in-plane magnetic field and corresponding magnetization due to the spin accumulation. The direction of the DC k||-shift and its value are changed with photon energy in correlation with variation of the sign and magnitude of the DC states intensity asymmetry. The theoretical estimations describe well the effect and predict the DC k||-shift values which corroborate the experimental observations. This finding opens new perspectives for effective local magnetization manipulation.
Information on Jurassic palynomorphs from the Greater Caucasus is potentially of great importance, but its availability to the international research community is severely limited. New palynological data for Toarcian deposits of the Western Caucasus are recorded in the present paper. Particularly, dinoflagellate cysts are described for the first time from the Bagovskaja Formation; palynomorphs are found in sandstone levels within this unit. The most representative assemblage includes pollen (with predominant bisaccate pollen), spores ( Cyathidites being commonest), and dinoflagellate cysts amongst which the predominant taxon is Nannoceratopsis spiculata . The dinocyst assemblage implies a late Toarcian age for the upper part of the Bagovskaja Formation. On the basis of these new palynostratigraphical results, the range of the formation is extended; previously, only the lower part had been dated on ammonite evidence.
Let [Formula: see text] be the generating function for the number [Formula: see text] of spanning trees in the circulant graph C n (s 1 , s 2 , …, s k ).

We show that F(x) is a rational function with integer coefficients satisfying the property F(x) = F(1/x). A similar result is also true for the circulant graphs C 2n (s 1 , s 2 , …, s k , n) of odd valency.

We illustrate the obtained results by a series of examples.
Stress‐sensitive arterial hypertension is considered to be controlled by changes in central and peripheral sympathetic regulating mechanisms, which eventually result in haemodynamic alterations and blood pressure elevation. Therefore, study of the early stages of development of hypertension is of particular interest, because it helps in understanding the aetiology of the disease.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was applied to evaluate the changes in haemodynamics and brain metabolites in 1‐ and 3‐month‐old inherited stress‐induced arterial hypertension (ISIAH) rats (10 male rats) with stress‐sensitive arterial hypertension and in control normotensive Wistar Albino Glaxo (WAG) rats (eight male rats).

In the 3‐month‐old ISIAH rats, the age‐dependent increase in blood pressure was associated with increased blood flow through the renal arteries and decreased blood flow in the lower part of the abdominal aorta. The renal vascular resistance in the ISIAH rats decreased during ageing, although at both ages it remained higher than the renal vascular resistance in WAG rats. An integral metabolome portrait demonstrated that development of hypertension in the ISIAH rats was associated with an attenuation of the excitatory and energetic activity in the prefrontal cortex, whereas in the WAG rats the opposite age‐dependent changes were observed. In contrast, in the hypothalamus of 3‐month‐old ISIAH rats, an increase in energetic activity and prevalence of excitatory over inhibitory neurotransmitters was noticed. The blood flow through the main arteries showed a positive correlation with glutamate and glutamine levels in the hypothalamus and a negative correlation with the hypothalamic GABA level. The blood pressure values were positively correlated with hypothalamic choline levels. Thus, the early development of stress‐sensitive hypertension in the ISIAH rats is accompanied by considerable changes both in brain metabolite ratios and in the parameters of blood flow through the main arteries.
The possibility of using of pulsed supersonic gas jets for the formation of high intensity cluster ion beams are discusses.

The results of experimental investigations of pulsed gases expansion are generalized in terms of dimensionless similarity parameters. The results of the experimental study of formation of an high-intensity cluster beam of argon are presented.

The fundamental phenomenon influences on the main parameters of cluster beam (cluster size, intensity ect.) are considered.
Industrial companies are the core of the national innovation system. However, large, medium and small enterprises differ significantly in their role in the innovation system, resource potential, strategic priorities and objectives. The paper focuses on a comparative analysis of the strategic priorities of innovative activities of Russian companies of different size. We have identified three types of companies: small innovative companies, large and medium-sized companies with a traditional business model, major innovation-driven companies with an integrated business model. Our analysis of the trajectories of small innovative firms located in Novosibirsk Scientific Center showed that the majority of the companies can be characterized either as spin-off firm or as specialized supplier. Spin-offs are newly established small firms, who have recently separated from the major research labs or parent companies. The typical behavior model for such companies is innovative entrepreneurship. Specialized suppliers are small companies that provide significant contributions to complex manufacturing systems in the form of equipment, parts, tools and software. Innovative objectives of such small companies deal with design and production of the specific elements required for large companies. Large and medium-sized companies with a traditional business model are characterized by the existing structure of commodity output and the supply chain. Characteristic type of innovative behavior for such companies includes incremental product and process innovations. Large innovation-oriented companies with an integrated business model have traditional production units and innovative units in their structure. Innovation priorities of major innovation-oriented companies with integrated business model are consistent with the hybrid model of behavior which combines the traditional model with an innovative entrepreneurship.
It has been previously shown that the SuUR gene encodes a protein located in intercalary and pericentromeric heterochromatin in Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes. The SuUR mutation suppresses the formation of ectopic contacts and DNA underreplication in polytene chromosomes; SuUR+ in extra doses enhances the expression of these characters.

This study demonstrates that heterochromatin-dependent PEV silencing is also influenced by SuUR. The SuUR protein localizes to chromosome regions compacted as a result of PEV; the SuUR mutation suppresses DNA underreplication arising in regions of polytene chromosomes undergoing PEV.

The SuUR mutation also suppresses variegation of both adult morphological characters and chromatin compaction observed in rearranged chromosomes. In contrast, SuUR+ in extra doses and its overexpression enhance variegation. Thus, SuUR affects PEV silencing in a dose-dependent manner. However, its effect is expressed weaker than that of the strong modifier Su(var)2-5.
Die Kernspinresonanz (NMR) hat sich zu einer universellen Methode für biochemische und biomedizinische Studien, einschließlich Metabolomik, Proteomik und Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT), entwickelt. Durch die Vervielfachung des NMR‐Signals ausgewählter Moleküle hat die Kernspin‐Hyperpolarisation das Anwendungsspektrum von NMR und MRT bedeutsam erweitert (z. B. hyperpolarisierte Festkörper‐NMR und metabolische Bildgebung in vivo).

Parawasserstoff (pH 2 ) erlaubt es, Moleküle schnell und kostengünstig zu hyperpolarisieren. In diesem Gebiet wurden in den letzten zehn Jahren umfangreiche Fortschritte erzielt, einschließlich der Synthese neuer Tracer, Katalysatoren und Methoden für die Polarisationsübertragung.

Das Portfolio an hyperpolarisierten Molekülen umfasst nunmehr Aminosäuren, die für viele Anwendungen von großem Interesse sind. In diesem Beitrag beleuchten wir die aktuelle Literatur zur Hyperpolarisation von Aminosäuren und Peptiden.
Using a data sample of $921.9\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ collected with the Belle detector, we study the process of ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}_{s}^{+}{D}_{s1}(2536{)}^{\ensuremath{-}}+\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{c}.$ via initial-state radiation. We report the first observation of a vector charmoniumlike state decaying to ${D}_{s}^{+}{D}_{s1}(2536{)}^{\ensuremath{-}}+\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{c}.$ with a significance of $5.9\ensuremath{\sigma}$, including systematic uncertainties. The measured mass and width are $({4625.9}_{\ensuremath{-}6.0}^{+6.2}(\text{stat})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4(\text{syst}))\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}/{c}^{2}$ and $({49.8}_{\ensuremath{-}11.5}^{+13.9}(\text{stat})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4.0(\text{syst}))\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$, respectively. The product of the ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}_{s}^{+}{D}_{s1}(2536{)}^{\ensuremath{-}}+\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{c}.$ cross section and the branching fraction of ${D}_{s1}(2536{)}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\overline{D}}^{*0}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is measured from the ${D}_{s}{\overline{D}}_{s1}(2536)$ threshold to 5.59 GeV.
The global visual wave observations are reanalyzed within the theoretical concept of self‐similar wind‐driven seas. The core of the analysis is one‐parametric dependencies of wave height on wave period. Theoretically, wind‐driven seas are governed by power‐like laws with exponents close to Toba's one 3/2 while the corresponding swell exponent (−1/2) has an opposite signature. This simple criterion was used and appeared to be adequate to the problem of swell and wind‐driven waves discrimination. This theoretically based discrimination does not follow exactly the Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) data. This important issue is considered both in the context of methodology of obtaining VOS data and within the physics of wind waves. The results are detailed for global estimates and for analysis of particular areas of the Pacific Ocean. Prospects of further studies are discussed. In particular, satellite data are seen to be promising for tracking ocean swell and for studies of physical mechanisms of its evolution.
A combined scheme of the discontinuous Galerkin method is proposed. This scheme monotonously localizes the fronts of shock waves and simultaneously maintains increased accuracy in the regions of smoothness of the calculated solutions. In this scheme, a non-monotonic version of the third-order DG method is used as the baseline and a monotonic version of this method is used as the internal one, in which a nonlinear correction of numerical flows is used. Tests demonstrating the advantages of the new scheme compared to the standard monotonized variants of the DG method are provided.
In the present contribution the Encounter Theory (ET) (the prototype of the classical Collision Theory in rarefied gases) concepts for widely occurring diffusion assisted irreversible bulk reactions A + A ${\rightarrow}$ C and A + B ${\rightarrow}$ C in liquid solutions examined by the authors in the literature are analyzed and compared with each other for these different types of reactions.

It is shown that for a particular case of equal initial concentrations $[A]_0=[B]_0$ in the reaction A + B ${\rightarrow}$ C, when the kinetics of both reactions A + A ${\rightarrow}$ C and A + B ${\rightarrow}$ C in the framework of formal chemical kinetics and ET are the same, the accumulation of macroscopic correlations breaking the concepts of independent encounters and leading to the Generalized Encounter Theory (GET) are drastically different.

The influence of the force interaction and the decay of nonstable reactants on the time behavior the macroscopic correlations is also briefly discussed.
The quality of the epitaxial structures is significantly influenced by both the initial surface morphology and its transformation during growth. One of the phenomena of surface roughness of silicon occurring during annealing, growth, exposure to electric current, and adsorption of foreign material is the formation of step bunches.

The paper presents experimental studies of the transformation kinetics of an atomic step bunches shape on the Si(001) surface that were carried out under electromigration conditions when heated by a constant electric current down the steps in the temperature range of 1000–1150 °С. The samples were annealed in an ultra-high vacuum chamber of a reflection electron microscope, followed by quenching to room temperature. The dependence of the average distance between steps on the number of the bunch steps was observed using an atomic force microscope under atmospheric conditions.

It was found that the experimentally obtained dependence obeys a power law (l ∝ Nα), where α varies from –0.68 to –0.36. The study confirmed the change in the elastic interaction potential of steps in bunches with the increase in temperature. The results of the work advance understanding of a bunching process of Si(001) at elevated temperatures.
The insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway is one of the key elements in an organism’s response to unfavourable conditions. The deep homology of this pathway and its evolutionary conservative role in controlling the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism make it possible to use Drosophila melanogaster for studying its functioning. To identify the properties of interaction of two key IIS pathway components under heat stress in D. melanogaster (the forkhead box O transcription factor (dFOXO) and insulin-like peptide 6 (DILP6), which intermediates the dFOXO signal sent from the fat body to the insulin-producing cells of the brain where DILPs1–5 are synthesized), we analysed the expression of the genes dilp6 , dfoxo and insulin-like receptor gene ( dInR ) in females of strains carrying the hypomorphic mutation dilp6 41 and hypofunctional mutation foxo BG01018 . We found that neither mutation influenced dfoxo expression and its uprise under short-term heat stress, but both of them disrupted the stress response of the dilp6 and dInR genes. To reveal the role of identified disruptions in metabolism control and feeding behaviour, we analysed the effect of the dilp6 41 and foxo BG01018 mutations on total lipids content and capillary feeding intensity in imago under normal conditions and under short-term heat stress. Both mutations caused an increase in these parameters under normal conditions and prevented decrease in total lipids content following heat stress observed in the control strain. In mutants, feeding intensity was increased under normal conditions; and decreased following short-term heat stress in all studied strains for the first 24 h of observation, and in dilp6 41 strain, for 48 h. Thus, we may conclude that dFOXO takes part in regulating the IIS pathway response to heat stress as well as the changes in lipids content caused by heat stress, and this regulation is mediated by DILP6. At the same time, the feeding behaviour of imago might be controlled by dFOXO and DILP6 under normal conditions, but not under heat stress.
Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases play an important role in DNA repair and initiation of AP site elimination. One of the most topical problems in the field of DNA repair is to understand the mechanism of the enzymatic process involving the human enzyme APE1 that provides recognition of AP sites and efficient cleavage of the 5'-phosphodiester bond. In this study, a thermodynamic analysis of the interaction between APE1 and a DNA substrate containing a stable AP site analog lacking the C1' hydroxyl group (F site) was performed. Based on stopped-flow kinetic data at different temperatures, the steps of DNA binding, catalysis, and DNA product release were characterized. The changes in the standard Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy of sequential specific steps of the repair process were determined. The thermodynamic analysis of the data suggests that the initial step of the DNA substrate binding includes formation of non-specific contacts between the enzyme binding surface and DNA, as well as insertion of the amino acid residues Arg177 and Met270 into the duplex, which results in the removal of "crystalline" water molecules from DNA grooves. The second binding step involves the F site flipping-out process and formation of specific contacts between the enzyme active site and the everted 5'-phosphate-2'-deoxyribose residue. It was shown that non-specific interactions between the binding surfaces of the enzyme and DNA provide the main contribution into the thermodynamic parameters of the DNA product release step.
The high pressure limit of equilibrium in linear traps corresponds to the diamagnetic reduction of the confining field and the corresponding increase in the volume of flux tubes. In the gas-dynamic regime the axial losses from a flux tube are proportional to its cross-section in the mirror throat. Thus, the axial confinement time, which is proportional to the ratio of the flux-tube volume to its cross-section in the mirror throat, can grow significantly in the high-pressure limit. In this paper the numerical model of the axially symmetric equilibrium based on the coupled Grad-Shafranov and transport equations is presented. The results are in good agreement with the earlier analytical model [A.D. Beklemishev et al., Fusion Sci. Technol. 63(1T), 46 (2013)].
Verdazyl-nitroxide diradicals were synthesized using the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of the corresponding iodoverdazyls with a nitronyl nitroxide-2-ide gold(I) complex with high yields (up to 82%). The synthesized diradicals were found to be highly thermally stable and have a singlet (D E ST » -64 cm –1 ) or triplet ground state (D E ST ³ 25 and 100 cm –1 ), depending on which canonical hydrocarbon diradical type they belong to. Upon crystallization, triplet diradicals form unique one-dimensional (1D) spin S = 1 chains of organic diradicals with intrachain ferromagnetic coupling of J ′/ k B from 3 to 6 K.
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&lt;p&gt;The propagation of nonlinear waves is well-described by a number of integrable models leading to the concept of the scattering data also known as the nonlinear Fourier spectrum. Here we investigate the fundamental problem of the nonlinear wavefield scattering data corrections in response to a perturbation of initial condition using inverse scattering transform theory. We present a complete theoretical linear perturbation framework to evaluate first-order corrections of the full set of the scattering data within the integrable one-dimensional focusing nonlinear Schrodinger (NLSE) equation, see our recent preprint [1]. The general scattering data portrait reveals nonlinear coherent structures - solitons - playing the key role in the wavefield evolution. Applying the developed theory to a classic box-shaped wavefield we solve the derived equations analytically for a single Fourier mode acting as a perturbation to the initial condition, thus, leading to the sensitivity closed-form expressions for basic soliton characteristics, i.e. the amplitude, velocity, phase and its position. With the appropriate statistical averaging we model the soliton noise-induced effects resulting in compact relations for standard deviations of soliton parameters. Relying on a concept of a virtual soliton eigenvalue we derive the probability of a soliton emergence or the opposite due to noise and illustrate these theoretical predictions with direct numerical simulations of the NLSE evolution. Note that the evolution of the box field within the NLSE model represents a classical so-called dam-break problem. A wide box-shaped field is unstable to long wave perturbations constituting the phenomena of modulation instability. In conclussion we discuss possible applications of the developed theory to these fundamental problems of physics of nonlinear waves.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;The work was supported by Russian Science Foundation grant No. 20-71-00022.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;[1] R. Mullyadzhanov and A. Gelash. Solitons in a box-shaped wavefield with noise: perturbation theory and statistics. arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.08874, 2020.&lt;/p&gt;