Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The basic metabolic cytochrome P450 (CYP) system is essential for biotransformation of sterols and xenobiotics including drugs, for synthesis and degradation of signaling molecules in all living organisms. Most eukaryotes including free-living flatworms have numerous paralogues of the CYP gene encoding heme monooxygenases with specific substrate range. Notably, by contrast, the parasitic flatworms have only one CYP gene. The role of this enzyme in the physiology and biochemistry of helminths is not known. The flukes and tapeworms are the etiologic agents of major neglected tropical diseases of humanity. Three helminth infections (Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis and Schistosoma haematobium) are considered by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as definite causes of cancer.

We focused our research on the human liver fluke Opisthorchis felineus, an emerging source of biliary tract disease including bile duct cancer in Russia and central Europe. The aims of this study were (i) to determine the significance of the CYP activity for the morphology and survival of the liver fluke, (ii) to assess CYP ability to metabolize xenobiotics, and (iii) to localize the CYP activity in O. felineus tissues. We observed high constitutive expression of CYP mRNA (Real-time PCR) in O. felineus. This enzyme metabolized xenobiotics selective for mammalian CYP2E1, CYP2B, CYP3A, but not CYP1A, as determined by liquid chromatography and imaging analyses. Tissue localization studies revealed the CYP activity in excretory channels, while suppression of CYP mRNA by RNA interference was accompanied by morphological changes of the excretory system and increased mortality rates of the worms.

These results suggest that the CYP function is linked to worm metabolism and detoxification. The findings also suggest that the CYP enzyme is involved in vitally important processes in the organism of parasites and is a potential drug target.
Prospects for the Chukotka’s economic development are associated with several aspects: trends of the Northern Sea Route and its infrastructure revival; renewal of the peninsula energy system; the presence of profitable resource projects for the extraction of, copper, coal, oil and gas, and the need to develop the defence infrastructure on the northeast border of Russia. At the same time, extremely uncomfortable conditions for living and doing business, poor development of transport and social infrastructure, state of the energy system, shortage of skilled labor, environmental restrictions make economic indicators of projects unsatisfactory.

Under these conditions, traditional project analysis should be transformed into the analysis of value chains, i.e. bundles of investment projects should be considered simultaneously. The purpose of this work was to understand the possible spatial organization of the Chukotka’s economy and economic -mathematical modelling of interrelated perspective projects within the projected centres of economic development. Systematization of data on promising projects of the Chukotka Autonomous District allowed defining the contours of three promising ATPCs - Peveksky, Anadyrsky and Lorinsky. Further, using the author’s simulation model, forecasted effects of four technologically related projects were assessed: the copper deposit Peschanka, the gold deposit Kekura, the floating nuclear power plant and the Pevek sea port.

The toolkit created by the authors can be used to justify the development priorities of the Chukotka Autonomous District, as well as to assess the various institutional conditions for the implementation of investment projects in the region.
Flavonoid compounds are secondary plant metabolites, having a functional importance in plant development, protection from pathogens and unfavorable environmental factors. Chalcone synthase (CHS) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of flavonoids; it is involved in biosynthesis of all classes of flavonoid compounds. Nevertheless, the Chs gene family in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been not characterized yet.

The aim of the current study was to investigate structural and functional organization of the Chs genes and evolution of this gene family in bread wheat and relative species. The nucleotide sequences of the eight Chs copies in T. aestivum were identified. Among them, two homoeologous sets of the Chs genes were located on the short (Chs-A1, −B1, −D1) and the long (Chs-A4, −B4, −D4) arms of homoeologous group 2 chromosomes. Two paralogous gene copies in the B-genome (Chs-B2, −B3) were located in the distal regions of 2BS chromosome. To clarify the origin of Chs duplications in the B-genome the phylogenetic analysis with the Chs sequences of Triticum and Aegilops species carrying ancestral genomes was conducted. It was estimated that the first duplication event occurred in the genome of the common ancestor of Triticum and Aegilops genera about 10–12 million years ago (MYA), then another copy was formed in the ancestor of the B-genome about 6–7 MYA. A homology modeling revealed high sequence similarity of bread wheat CHS enzymes. A number of short deletions in coding regions of some Chs sequences are not expected to have any significant functional effects. Estimation of transcriptional activity of the Chs copies along with a comparative analysis of their promoters structure suggested their functional specialization.

The multiple functions supported by the Chs family are assumed to be a driving force for duplications of the Chs gene and their retention in plant genome. From possible ten Chs copies in bread wheat genome, eight members of this family retained their intact structure and activity, while two copies appear to be lost at the level of diploid and tetraploid ancestors. Transcriptional assay along with a comparative analysis of the cis-regulatory elements revealed their functional diversification.
Speedup and efficiency of two parallel algorithms for calculating the dynamics of the current distribution when the surface of a tungsten sample is heated by an electron beam pulse are presented. The algorithms are implemented using OpenMP technology. A special case of axial symmetry without taking into account electric driving forces is considered. The temperature in the sample, calculated on the basis of the two-phase Stefan problem, is necessary for solving electrodynamic equations. To implement them, the methods of Jacobi and the successive over-relaxation methods were used. Pipelining is used to parallelize the successive over-relaxation algorithm. The current is considered as a possible source of rotation of the substance, which is observed in the experiment.
The crisis in a FC-72 liquid film moving under the action of a gas flow through a smooth and micro-grooved heater was experimentally investigated.

It is shown that the use of micro-grooves leads to an increase of the critical heat flux.
Research subject. The Novo-Akhmirovskoe lithium-bearing deposit in the East Kazakhstan region, which is represented by an intrusive layer of topaz-zinnwaldite granites, is located within of the Kalba-Narym-Koktogai lithium-tantalum raremetal-granite belt. Being part of the Altai collision system, this belt is considered unique in terms of its length (more than 1000 km). Ores in the Novo-Akhmirovskoe deposit are represented by massive to low porphyry leucocratic granites composed of quartz (30–40%), albite (25–40%), microcline (15–35%), lithium mica varying in composition from zinnwal dite to lepidolite (up to 10%) and topaz (up to 5%). According preliminary estimates, the Novo-Akhmirov deposit is factually a poor lithium deposit with the Li2O content of 0.2–0.4 wt % and the estimated Li2O reserves of 110 thousand tones. Despite the favourable infrastructure and close proximity of this stock to Ust-Kamenogorsk mining and chemical-metallurgical enterprises, its ore-generating potential has not been sufficiently studied.

Materials and Methods. In this research, we obtained new data on the geological structure, age, mineral composition and formation conditions of topaz-zinnwaldite granites in the Novo-Akhmirovskoe deposit. In addition, a comparative analysis of these ores with the topaz-biotite granites of the Black Sopka massif (0.6–0.7 wt % Li2O in protolitionite) and spodumene granite porphyries of the Alakha stock (Li2O = 0.9–1.1 wt %) was conducted.

Results and Discussion . It is concluded that the development of this unique nonpegmatite lithium-bearing deposit requires deep exploratory drilling, mineralogical and technological research of core samples and reconsideration of economic efficiency parameters.
Schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are multi-factorial and multi-symptomatic psychiatric disorders, each affecting 0.5%–1% of the population worldwide. Both are characterized by impairments in cognitive functions, emotions and behaviour, and they undermine basic human processes of perception and judgment. Despite decades of extensive research, the aetiologies of schizophrenia and ASD are still poorly understood and remain a significant challenge to clinicians and scientists alike.

Adding to this unsatisfactory situation, patients with schizophrenia or ASD often develop a variety of peripheral and systemic disturbances, one prominent example of which is cancer, which shows a direct (but sometimes inverse) comorbidity in people affected with schizophrenia and ASD. Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of cells, the molecular origin of which derives from mutations of a cell’s DNA sequence. To counteract such mutations and repair damaged DNA, cells are equipped with intricate DNA repair pathways. Oxidative stress, oxidative DNA damage, and deficient repair of oxidative DNA lesions repair have been proposed to contribute to the development of schizophrenia and ASD.

In this article, we summarize the current evidence of cancer comorbidity in these brain disorders and discuss the putative roles of oxidative stress, DNA damage and DNA repair in the aetiopathology of schizophrenia and ASD.
The main groups of hypoglycemic drugs have currently been identified; their effect on cardiovascular events, long-term effects and long-term prognosis are being investigated.

The study included 63 patients with ACS and type 2 diabetes. All patients had a clinical examination, assessment of mortality risk and myocardial infarction on GRACE scale (Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events) and TIMI (Thrombolisis In Myocardial Infarction) in-hospital and six months after hospitalization.

Metformin is associated with a lower estimated risk of in-hospital mortality and within 6 months after discharge in patients with acute coronary syndrome on the background of type 2 diabetes and with less risk of adverse cardiovascular events within 14 days of their occurrence in patients with unstable angina pectoris on the background of diabetes. High daily doses of metformin have also been associated with a decrease in the estimated risk of in-hospital mortality and within 6 months after discharge in patients with ACS associated with diabetes. The inverse association between the daily dosage of metformin and the presence of angina pectoris in patients with ACS and diabetes type 2 indicates a protective effect of metformin high daily dosages in relation to the risk of complications within six months after the discharge from hospital. One of the important aspects of ACS treatment, along with effective therapy, is the impact on concomitant risk factors, including blood glucose control.
Objective To establish the dynamics of the relationship to the prevention of cardiovascular disease, awareness, attitude to their health for 32 years (1984 -2016 yy.) In the open population among males 25-44 years in Russia / Siberia (Novosibirsk). Methods Within the framework of WHO’s MONICA-psychosocial program random representative samples of the male population aged 25-64 years in Novosibirsk were examined: 1984-85 (n = 753); 1988-89 (n = 739); 1994-95 (n = 657); 2013-2016 (n = 427), used the ’Knowledge and attitude to one’s health’ scale. Results During the observation period from 1984 to 2016, the number of men 25-44 years old believed that they are ’healthy’ or have ’good health’, but at the same time, the number of those who believe that their health they care clearly is not enough. Most men were of the opinion that a healthy person can develop a serious illness within the next 5-10 years. The number of those who believed that preventive measures will help to avoid some serious diseases has increased. Men began to stop working more often, if they did not feel well, the number of those who reduced their work and had a rest increased. The number of men has grown, who believe that a preventive health check is useful and who has started to observe proper nutrition. The number of men who smoke has decreased. Conclusions The dynamics of attitude towards the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, awareness, attitude to their health for 32 years indicates that at present health has become a value dominant due to a new understanding of the importance of health in terms of adapting to modern economic requirements. Key messages The purpose of our study was to study the dynamics of awareness and attitudes towards one’s health for 32 years (from 1984 to 2016) in an open population of working-age men 25–44 years old. The purpose of our study was to study the dynamics of awareness and attitudes towards one’s health for 32 years (from 1984 to 2016) in an open population of working-age men 25–44 years old.
One of the reasons for changes in translation of such sentences, as it seems to us, is the fact that standard characterization schemes in Russian and German have different semantic potentials, that is, meanings that can be implicitly represented in the characterization structure of one language cannot be rendered by a similar structure in another. The purpose of this contrastive study is therefore to find out how identical the characterization structures in Russian and German are from the point of view of semantic potential. To achieve this goal, we analyze the causes of changes in rendering attributive characterization in translation. We apply a structural-semantic approach in a comparative examination of Russian and German proposals for qualitative characterization. The novelty of the study is that we trace the process of this semantics’ formation in their non-standard structures, as well as in how expressivity is realized or maintained in the reviewed sentences. In the study, we used the method of continuous sampling of sentences and their translations from the Russian Language National Corpus. The structural-semiotic method allowed us to trace the process of characterization semantics formation in structures, which are usually used to express other meanings. Contextual and comparative methods allowed us to identify the causes of changes in the translation, and the method of quantitative analysis – the frequency of translation transformations. Using interlinear and reverse translations, differences in the structure and semantics of the original and translated sentences were shown. We found that the proposition of attributive characterization is expressed in a non-standard way in translations only in a small percentage of instances, which is mainly due to the difference in the stylistic norms of languages, and in some cases, to the difference in the semantic potential of the characterization structure. In particular cases, the Russian structure is capable of implicitly expressing the metaphor of the feature presented in it, which in the German translation requires explication, and, accordingly, a change in the way of its rendering. Along with the semantic changes accompanying the substitution of the structure, we revealed a decrease in the categorization of the attribute, creation of a more “lively” image, intensification of an attribute, strengthening of its static character, putting the reader closer to the point of view of the narrator.
Diamond is a material of immense technological importance and an ancient signifier for wealth and societal status. In geology, diamond forms as part of the deep carbon cycle and typically displays a highly ordered cubic crystal structure. Impact diamonds, however, often exhibit structural disorder in the form of complex combinations of cubic and hexagonal stacking motifs. The structural characterization of such diamonds remains a challenge. Here, impact diamonds from the Popigai crater were characterized with a range of techniques. Using the MCDIFFaX approach for analysing X-ray diffraction data, hexagonality indices up to 40% were found. The effects of increasing amounts of hexagonal stacking on the Raman spectra of diamond were investigated computationally and found to be in excellent agreement with trends in the experimental spectra. Electron microscopy revealed nanoscale twinning within the cubic diamond structure. Our analyses lead us to propose a systematic protocol for assigning specific hexagonality attributes to the mineral designated as lonsdaleite among natural and synthetic samples.
A bstract Measurements of inclusive W and Z boson production cross-sections in pp collisions at $ \sqrt {s} = 7\,{\text{TeV}} $ using final states containing muons are presented. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 37 pb −1 collected with the LHCb detector. The W and Z bosons are reconstructed from muons with a transverse momentum above 20 GeV/c and pseudorapidity between 2 . 0 and 4 . 5, and, in the case of the Z cross-section, a dimuon invariant mass between 60 and 120 GeV/c 2 . The cross-sections are measured to be 831 ± 9 ± 27 ± 29pb for W + , 656 ± 8 ± 19 ± 23 for W − and 76 . 7 ± 1 . 7 ± 3 . 3 ± 2 . 7pb for Z , where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is systematic and the third is due to the luminosity. Differential cross-sections, W and Z cross-section ratios and the lepton charge asymmetry are also measured in the same kinematic region. The ratios are determined to be $ {\sigma_{{{W^{ + }} \to {\mu^{ + }}\nu }}}/{\sigma_{{{W^{ - }} \to {\mu^{ - }}\overline \nu }}} = 1.27\pm 0.02\pm 0.01 $ and $ \left( {{\sigma_{{{W^{ + }} \to {\mu^{ + }}\nu }}} + {\sigma_{{{W^{ - }} \to {\mu^{ - }}\overline \nu }}}} \right)/{\sigma_{{Z \to \mu \mu }}} = 19.4\pm 0.5\pm 0.9 $ . The results are in general agreement with theoretical predictions, performed at next-to-next-to-leading order in QCD using recently calculated parton distribution functions.
We study the flow over a cylinder placed between two parallel rigid walls using Large-eddy simulations and Particle Image Velocimetry. The Reynolds number based on the inflow velocity and diameter of the cylinder is 3750 corresponding to the subcritical regime with laminar separation. Three-dimensional visualization shows the presence of the horseshoe vortex system prior to the cylinder. The comparison of time-averaged velocity fields and fluctuations shows good agreement between simulations and experiments. Spectral analysis suggests the presence of low-frequency modulations of the recirculating bubble.
Бюджетная система государства рассматривается в статье как сложноструктурированный феномен финансово-правовой действительности, применяются традиционный и макросистемный подходы к определению ее сущности
In many models stability of Dark Matter particles D is ensured by conservation of a new quantum number referred to as D -parity.

Our models also contain charged D -odd particles D± with the same spin as D.

(For more information,please refer to the PDF.)
Human myelin basic protein (hMBP)-hydrolyzing activity was recently shown to be an intrinsic property of antibodies from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Here, we present the first evidence demonstrating a significant diversity of different fractions of polyclonal IgGs (pIgGs) from SLE patients in their affinity for hMBP and in the ability of pIgGs to hydrolyze hMBP at different optimal pH values (5.3–9.5); the pH profiles of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 were unique. IgGs containing the λ-type of light chains demonstrated higher relative activities (RAs) in the hydrolysis of hMBP and its oligopeptides (OPs) than κ-IgGs. IgGs of all four subclasses were catalytically active; their RAs in the hydrolysis of hMBP increased in the following order: IgG4 &lt; IgG2 &lt; IgG3 &lt; IgG1. Metal-dependent proteolytic activity of λ-IgG, IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 was higher than their serine protease-like activity, while these activities of κ-IgG were comparable. Phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride had almost no effect on the activity of IgG4, while EDTA significantly suppressed its activity. The RAs of λ-IgG in the hydrolysis of four OPs corresponding to different cleavage sites of hMBP were remarkably higher than those for κ-IgGs. IgG1–IgG4 demonstrated different RAs and patterns of hydrolysis of these four OPs. Although combination of Ca2+ plus Mg2+ was the best in the activation of IgG1 and IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 demonstrated the highest activity in the presence of Ca2+ plus Co2+. The ratio of the RAs of λ-IgG, κ-IgG and IgG1–IgG4 preparations in all analyzed cases was individual for each preparation.
The importance of histidine tautomerism for an accurate drug/protein structure determination and their relevance for the interaction between biological systems is recognized. Consequently, here we used a recently introduced method to determine the pKa values of ionizable residues and fractions of ionized and tautomeric forms of histidine and acid residues in protein, as a function of pH, to analyze a histidine-rich protein, specifically, to study the accuracy of the prediction of the tautomeric fractions of the imidazole ring of each of the 6 histidine residues of diisopropylfluorophosphatase (pdb id 1E1A), a 314-residue all beta-protein , from Loligo vulgaris . The average tautomeric fractions of the His was compute by using an approach that includes, but is not limited to, molecular dynamics simulations coupled with calculations of the ionization states for all 94 ionizable residues of the protein 1E1A in water at pH 6.5 and 300 K. The results of the analysis on protein 1E1A indicate that: ( i ) the averaged calculated fractions of histidine tautomers, namely for the N d1 -H and N e2 -H forms, respectively, are in good agreement, within ~11%, with the prediction of an NMR-based methodology; and ( ii ) the tautomer fractions among the six His residues are very different, mainly because the tautomer preferences are determined by the protein environment. This work provides critical insight about the limitations of continuum dielectric models to reproduce NMR-based tautomeric fractions, and may spur significant progress in our effort to develop fast and accurate methods to determine the forms of the imidazole ring of His in proteins as a function of pH.