Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Background. The exponential growth of research concerning a role of morphological modularity and integration in evolution has taking place from the beginning of the century. It was especially noted that inter-level integration should manifest itself, first of all, in the congruent variability of the modules of different structural levels. We analyzed congruence between the interspecific variability of the first lower molar (m1) masticatory surface and the mtDNA Cytb gene in ten species of the gray voles Microtus s.l. from the point of view of the modular organization. Materials and methods. In total, 5306 pairs of chewing surface contours of vole molar m1 were investigated. Thirty one different morphotypes and 187 their different combinations are identified: 30 symmetric and 157 asymmetric. 576 sequences of the Cytb mtDNA gene from the GenBank database are used. Climatic data are taken from the website Climate:Date.org. Data are processed using a DJ-method. The morphogenetic matrix of Euclidean distances between species is obtained from the frequencies of m1 morphotypes co-occurrence from the right and left sides of the lower jaw, and the molecular-genetic one from the frequencies of synonymous codon substitutions. The algorithm is realized in the Jacobi 4 package. Results. A high correlation (r = 0.847) between the first principal component of the molecular-genetic distance matrix and second principal component of the morphogenetic one is found. From the standpoint of the modular organization of the phenotype, the principal components of these matrices are treated as variability modules. The molecular-genetic module is caused by change of frequencies of the codons ACC and GCA along geo-climatic gradient, and morphogenetic one various aspects of the m1 asymmetry. Conclusions. The proposed approach allowed to identify two congruently varying modules from different trait systems of the studied species along the geo-climatic gradient.
For the treatment of cancer, inhibitors of the reparation systems are needed. One of the specific targets is the enzyme tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1). Inhibition of this enzyme can increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to drugs used to treat cancer. Earlier, the substance KS-389 was obtained, which in in vitro experiments showed a synergistic effect against glioblastoma cells when was administrated together with temozolomide. In this work we developed a HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantittion of the agent KS-389 in mice whole blood. A calibration curve was obtained in a concentration range of 2-2000 ng/ml. Using the developed method, a preliminary pharmacokinetics study of the substance was carried out. When administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 5 mg/kg, a dosage form based on tween-80 provided better bioavailability compared to oral administration. The maximum concentration of KS-389 of about 450 ng/ml was observed 1.5-2 hours after administration. The full clearance of the agent was 6 hours after the administration showing normal pattern of the pharmacokinetics.
Целью статьи является рассмотрение участия служилых татар Московского царства в войнах с Речью Посполитой и Шведским королевством в годы после Смуты
The article shows the use of a low-cost technology of engineering and seismological examination

of the structural state of engineering structures in order to detect anomalous zones in them

by the example of the survey of the Bugrinsky bridge in Novosibirsk.
We describe an original saber discovered in Samarkand in 1969 during construction work in an old building. Presently, the saber is stored in a private collection.

We determine the attribution and the time period for this sample of a long-blade weapon based on its features and available examples. Results. The saber features a sharp-triangle blade made of welded bulat 'damask' and a bronze handle with a short C-style guard crowned with images of 'dragons' and pommels in the form of the head of a bird of prey (possibly a falcon). The full length of the saber measures 91.0 cm with the length of the blade measuring 79.5 cm; width/thickness at the handle is 32.5 / 7.8 mm, in the middle – 28.8 / 5.6 mm, at 10 mm from the point – 10.0 / 2.6 mm; the hilt length – 14.3 cm (handle length – 11.5). The surface of the handle is adorned with three circles grouped as a triangle. The hilt weighs 350 g, the total weight of the saber being 1015 g.

Most likely, the saber was made in Middle Asia between 15th – 17th centuries. The so called 'Timur's tamga' (three circles grouped as a triangle) could have been added either in the 15th century, or later (in the latter case, with the purpose of increasing its commercial value). It is less probable that the saber or its handle were produced in the Indian domains of the Babourides, who were descendants of Amir Timur, during the 16th – 17th centuries. The saber is a sufficiently rare example of a certain South-Asian influence on the array of arms used by warriors of Mā warāʼ an-Nahr during the late Middle Ages or early modern times. Due to few authentic samples of long-blade weapons from this period available to scientists, this specimen has a high scientific value.
The worldwide spread of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains prompted the development of new strategies to combat tuberculosis, one of which is antisense therapy based on targeting bacterial mRNA by oligonucleotide derivatives. However, the main limitation of antisense antibacterials is poor cellular uptake because of electrostatic charge.

Phosphoryl guanidine oligo-2'-O-methylribonucleotides (2'-OMe PGOs) are a novel type of uncharged RNA analogues with high RNA affinity, which penetrate through the bacterial cell wall more efficiently. In this study, we investigated the uptake and biological effects of 2'-OMe PGO in mycobacteria. Confocal microscopy revealed that the anti-ald 2'-OMe PGO was taken up by intracellular mycobacteria residing in RAW 264.7 macrophages without exerting toxic effects on eukaryotic cells.

The results indicated that 2'-OMe PGO specific for the alanine dehydrogenase-encoding ald gene inhibited the growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis and downregulated ald expression at both the transcriptional and translational levels through an RNase H-independent mechanism, showing higher biological activity than its phosphorothioate oligonucleotide counterpart. 2'-OMe PGO inhibited the transcription of the target ald gene in M. smegmatis-infected macrophages. Thus, we demonstrated, for the first time, a possibility of targeting gene expression and inhibiting growth of intracellular mycobacteria by antisense oligonucleotide derivatives. Strong antisense activity and efficient uptake of the new RNA analogue, 2'-OMe PGO, by intracellular microorganisms revealed here may promote the development of novel therapeutic strategies to treat TB and prevent the emergence of drug-resistant mycobacterial strains.
The article presents the investigation results on the relationship between machine tool industry, intellectual property and gross domestic product. In this paper, we considered data from developed countries, BRIC countries, South Korea and Malaysia. It is concluded that the machine tool industry along with the intellectual property is a clear indicator of economic development. For economic growth and enlargement of the gross domestic product, it is important to develop industry and machine tool construction. For Russia's transition to an innovative way, it is necessary to develop the industrial production.
The G. Mendel's model for hereditary factors (genes) and appeared on its base the genecentric paradigm, which postulates that genes control not only inheritance of simple traits of plants and animals, but determine ontogenesis, morphogenesis and all cardinal tendencies of life evolution, are examined.In the article, it is indicated, that along with the discovery of discrete heredity forPisum sativum L., G. Mendel by fact described, in addition to well-known genotypic and paratypic variability, a one more variability for plants of generaHieracium L., which now is denominated as an epigenetic variability.

Analysis of literature permits to evolve the idea, that the real distribution of genotypes is determined not only by the G. Mendel's lows for inheritance, but by structure of genomes (a ploidy) and by a manner of plant seeds reproduction (uniparental or biparental).In particular, the facts about the manner of reproduction of seeds of different species and genera demonstrate, that very often the reproductive characters are difficultly dedicated as mendelian, and their inheritance usually has an epigenetic nature.Distinctions in the manner of reproduction of Pisumseeds (double impregnation) and in Hieracium species (apogamy) illustrate the polymorphism of reproductive strategies of two botanical genera and can not be determined, by no means, by activity of postulated specific «genes of parthenogenesis» or their absence.In our opinion, a partenogenetic development of plants embryos can be attributed to epigenetic variability, and it is determined by receiving the external or internal signals, which make the switch from one development program to another, by cells of embryo sacks or seed buds of flower.A lot of manners for seed reproduction in many plant species (Beta vulgaris L., Cannabis sativa L., Rosa canina L., and Fragaria L.) illustrate both likeness and distinction in their hereditary systems.

In the article the main role of the Soviet (Russian and Ukrainian) biologists in settling the new (epigenetic) paradigm of development and inheritance is demonstrated.
Coherent bremsstrahlung is a specified type of radiation at colliders with short bunches. In the present paper I calculate the main characteristics of CBS of the LHC collider and for the RHIC collider.
Theoretical description of light scattering by single particles is a well-developed field, but most of it applies to particles located in vacuum or non-absorbing host medium. Although the case of absorbing host medium has also been discussed in literature, a complete description and unambiguous definition of scattering quantities are still lacking. Similar situation is for simulation methods – some computer codes exist, but their choice is very limited, compared to the case of vacuum. Here we describe the extension of the popular open-source code ADDA to support the absorbing host medium. It is based on the discrete dipole approximation and is, thus, applicable to particles with arbitrary shape and internal structure. We performed test simulations for spheres and compared them with that using the Lorenz-Mie theory. Moreover, we developed a unified description of the energy budget for scattering by a particle in a weakly absorbing host medium, relating all existing local (expressed as volume integrals over scatterer volume) and far-field scattering quantities.
We report on the study of localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) arising in arrays of metal (Au) nanoclusters, dimers, and nanoantennas under the influence of external electromagnetic radiation.

Using nanolithography, the plasmonic arrays with different morphologies including cylindrical nanoclusters and dimers, linear and H-type nanoantennas were fabricated. Their LSPR frequencies were determined from the analysis of optical reflection and IR spectra.

LSPR frequency depends strongly on morphology of metal nanostructures and is varied from visible to terahertz spectral range with variation of the structures from cylindrical nanoclusters to the nanoantennas with a high aspect ratio. We established the interconnection between the structural parameters of the plasmonic arrays and their LSPR frequencies based on the results of 3D electrodynamic simulations.
It has been established previously that up to 40% of mouse CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells are capable of internalizing exogenous dsDNA fragments both in vivo and ex vivo. Importantly, when mice are treated with a combination of cyclophosphamide and dsDNA, the repair of interstrand crosslinks in hematopoietic progenitors is attenuated, and their pluripotency is altered. Here we show for the first time that among various actively proliferating mammalian cell populations there are subpopulations capable of internalizing dsDNA fragments. In the context of cancer, such dsDNA-internalizing cell subpopulations display cancer stem cell-like phenotype. Furthermore, using Krebs-2 ascites cells as a model, we found that upon combined treatment with cyclophosphamide and dsDNA, engrafted material loses its tumor-initiating properties which we attribute to the elimination of tumor-initiating stem cell subpopulation or loss of its tumorigenic potential.
Nucleic acid aptamers capable of selectively recognizing their target molecules have nowadays been established as powerful and tunable tools for biospecific applications, be it therapeutics, drug delivery systems or biosensors. It is now generally acknowledged that in vitro selection enables one to generate aptamers to almost any target of interest. However, the success of selection and the affinity of the resulting aptamers depend to a large extent on the nature and design of an initial random nucleic acid library. In this review, we summarize and discuss the most important features of the design of nucleic acid libraries for in vitro selection such as the nature of the library (DNA, RNA or modified nucleotides), the length of a randomized region and the presence of fixed sequences. We also compare and contrast different randomization strategies and consider computer methods of library design and some other aspects.
Formation pressure of mixed hydrogen + methane, hydrogen + ethane and hydrogen + propane hydrates can be controlled by the gas phase composition allowing these hydrates to be considered as promising hydrogen storage containers. At low methane (ethane) concentration in the gas phase, the hydrate of the cubic structure II is formed, and at the methane concentration exceeding 6 mol.% (1 mol.% for ethane) the cubic structure I is formed. The mass percentage of hydrogen in the hydrate phase depends on the second gas concentration in the gas phase as well as on the thermodynamic conditions of hydrate formation. At a low concentration of methane (ethane) in the gas phase, the mass percentage of hydrogen in the hydrate can reach 2.5 wt% at 250 K. The curves of the monovariant equilibrium "gas-hydrate-ice Ih" for double hydrates are calculated and found to be in agreement with the available experimental data. Thermodynamic properties of mentioned mixed hydrates allow to considering mixed hydrates as appropriate materials for hydrogen storage.
The preparation of 2D stacked layers combining flakes of different nature gives rise to countless numbers of heterostructures where new band alignments, defined at the interfaces, control the electronic properties of the system. Among the large family of 2D/2D heterostructures, the one formed by the combination of the most common semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides, WS 2 /MoS 2 , has awakened great interest owing to its photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical properties. Solution as well as dry physical methods have been developed to optimize the synthesis of these heterostructures. Here, a suspension of negatively charged MoS 2 flakes is mixed with a methanolic solution of a cationic W 3 S 4 ‐core cluster, giving rise to a homogeneous distribution of the clusters over the layers. In a second step, a calcination of this molecular/2D heterostructure under N 2 leads to the formation of clean WS 2 /MoS 2 heterostructures, where the photoluminescence of both counterparts is quenched, proving an efficient interlayer coupling. Thus, this chemical method combines the advantages of a solution approach (simple, scalable, and low‐cost) with the good quality interfaces reached by using more complicated traditional physical methods.
The world experience of investing in an intellectual product is considered.

The actual statistics on investment activity in the intellectual property market of Russia is given. The correlation analysis of the influence of investment activity on patent activity in Russia is carried out.

The article analyzes the current problems of investment in the intellectual property market in Russia.
The locus-specific methylation of three genes (GSTP1, RNF219, and KIAA1539 (also known as FAM214B)) in the blood plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of 20 patients with prostate cancer (PCa), 18 healthy donors (HDs), and 17 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was studied via the MiSeq platform. The methylation status of two CpGs within the same loci were used as the diagnostic feature for discriminating the patient groups. Many variables had good diagnostic characteristics, e.g., each of the variables GSTP1.C3.C9, GSTP1.C9, and GSTP1.C9.T17 demonstrated an 80% sensitivity at a 100% specificity for PCa patients vs. the others comparison. The analysis of RNF219 gene loci methylation allowed discriminating BPH patients with absolute sensitivity and specificity. The data on the methylation of the genes GSTP1 and RNF219 allowed discriminating PCa patients, as well as HDs, with absolute sensitivity and specificity. Thus, the data on the locus-specific methylation of cfDNA (with single-molecule resolution) combined with a diagnostic approach considering the simultaneous methylation of several CpGs in one locus enabled the discrimination of HD, BPH, and PCa patients.
Data are presented on detailed sampling of the surface and pore waters of soda Lake Doroninskoye (Eastern Transbaikalia, Russia). Particular attention has been paid to the possible REE precipitation species from both water types. Thermodynamic modeling at 25 °C and 1 bar total pressure was performed with the "HCh" code using a free-energy minimization algorithm. We modeled the heterophase 43-component system; both individual minerals and ideal solid solutions of the REE and numerous dissolved species were incorporated into the model. According to the calculations, redox conditions in the lake waters are established by the sulfur species. The main result is that the surface water is slightly supersaturated with respect to CaCO3-REE (65%) and F-apatite-REE (35%) solid solutions, as well as bastnäsite Ce0,5La0,25Nd0,2Pr0,05CO3F. A trend of the HREE predominance in the solution during the process of early diagenesis has been confirmed. Nevertheless, the thermodynamic model does not entirely explain the REE fractionation in pore waters (pore solutions are enriched in the LREEs in situ but are drastically depleted according to the thermodynamic model). The results of this study suggest that further considerations about solid solutions should be taken into account to model and understand exact REE fractionation during water-rock interaction in salt lakes.
Considering the increasing amount of elderly people in Russia and in the world, an active study of arterial hypertension in this group is an actual and clinically demanded task. The strategic direction defining treatment tactic in such patients, especially over 80 years old, is the determination of their functional status and of the presence of frailty syndrome, which is not synonymous with comorbidity and is not an obligatory early aging companion, but specifies the need for a personalized approach in the treatment of hypertension, even the complete abolition of antihypertensive drugs if needed. The review presents data on the prevalence and clinical features of hypertension in the older age group and presents a digest of the latest European and Russian clinical guidelines about this topic. Special attention is paid to “fragile” patients from the point of view of evidence-based medicine. The influence of different combinations of antihypertensive drugs on cardiovascular events, mortality and cognitive potential is also explained. Aim: To evaluate the functional, cognitive and emotional state of long-livers for determining the amount of necessary assistance from social services and medical personnel.
Complete trepanation with the removal of the inner bone plate was studied on a cranium of a male aged ca 35 from a Late Bronze Age burial at Anzhevka in the Krasnoyarsk-Kansk forest-steppe, dating to 1000–700 BC. Certain burials including that with a trephined cranium reveal traces of post-funerary rituals. The individual displays the Paleosiberian (Baikal) combination of craniometric and dental characteristics.

Results of the macroand microscopic analysis of the affected area, along with multislice computed tomography (MSCT), suggest that the trepanation was performed to treat osteomyelitis of the parietal bone with an epidural abscess (empyema), caused by an open depressed fracture of the left parietal bone, infl icted with a tool having a small contact area. In modern forensic practice, such perforations are attributed to hammer blows.

This would explain the absence of linear fractures of the parietal bone around the trepanation zone. Craniotomy with the removal of the osteomyeliti с focus and the emptying of the epidural abscess led to a prolonged preservation of the patient’s life. Results of a traceological analysis suggest that the aperture was made by scraping, and a thin tetrahedral tool was used to remove the bone fragment. Possibly the use of bronze instruments, known to have antiseptic properties, helped the ancient healer to cope with an advanced infectious process.
The main characteristics of multipole insertion devices (ID) are the first and second field integrals along an orbit trajectory in an accelerator. Such integrals of permanent magnets or traditional electromagnets insertion devices can be obtained by means of longitudinal scanning by Hall probes. Measurements of the magnetic field by Hall probes in superconducting IDs have obvious difficulties because of limited space, temperature deviation along the path, etc. Measurements of the integrals by Hall probes, especially when the integrals has to be equal to zero, it is very difficult to make with a necessary accuracy. At Budker INP along with Hall probes the system of magnetic measurements on the basis of the tense wire with a direct current is used. The method is based on similarity of interaction of a direct current in a stretched wire and an electron beam in an accelerator with magnetic field. The stretched wire with current is a good model to describe behavior of an electron beam when passing through a magnet. Especially the method is useful at measurement of superconducting IDs where it isn't enough space for other probes. The method provides a dynamic control of the field integrals in different modes of a magnet operation (field ramp up or down), allows to measure the integrals quickly and rather precisely.
We show that the electron spin polarization generated by an electrical current may have its direction controlled and magnitude amplified by periodic optical excitation.

The electrical and optical spin control methods were combined and implemented in a two-dimensional electron gas. By Kerr rotation in an external transverse magnetic field, we demonstrate unexpected long-lived coherent spin oscillations of the current-induced signal in a system with large spin-orbit interaction. Using a single linearly polarized pulse for spin manipulation and detection, we found a strong dependence on the pulse optical power and sample temperature indicating the relevance of the hole spin in the electron spin initialization. The signal was mapped in a Hall bar as function of the position relative to the injection contact.

Finally, the presence of an in-plane spin polarization was directly verified by rotating the experimental geometry.