Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Tuberculosis (TB), with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) as the causative agent, remains to be a serious world health problem. Traditional methods used for the study of Mtb in the lungs of TB patients do not provide information about the number and functional status of Mtb, especially if Mtb are located in alveolar macrophages.

We have developed a technique to produce ex vivo cultures of cells from different parts of lung tissues surgically removed from patients with pulmonary TB and compared data on the number of cells with Mtb inferred by the proposed technique to the results of bacteriological and histological analyses used for examination of the resected lungs. The ex vivo cultures of cells obtained from the resected lungs of all patients were largely composed of CD14-positive alveolar macrophages, foamy or not, with or without Mtb. Lymphocytes, fibroblasts, neutrophils, and multinucleate Langhans giant cells were also observed.

We found alveolar macrophages with Mtb in the ex vivo cultures of cells from the resected lungs of even those TB patients, whose sputum smears and lung tissues did not contain acid-fast Mtb or reveal growing Mtb colonies on dense medium. The detection of alveolar macrophages with Mtb in ex vivo culture as soon as 16–18 h after isolation of cells from the resected lungs of all TB patients suggests that the technique proposed for assessing the level of infection in alveolar macrophages of TB patients has higher sensitivity than do prolonged bacteriological or pathomorphological methods. The proposed technique allowed us to rapidly (in two days after surgery) determine the level of infection with Mtb in the cells of the resected lungs of TB patients and, by the presence or absence of Mtb colonies, including those with cording morphology, the functional status of the TB agent at the time of surgery.
A test facility developed at the Budker Institute is designed for experimental simulation of effects of ITER-scale transient heat loads on plasma facing materials. Employing a long-pulse electron beam for creation of transients has advantages of low direct pressures on surface of material and lesser limitation of power density by vapor shielding. In addition, relative modest attendant background light allows using a set of diagnostics for observation of erosion dynamics. The set includes fast imaging in the near infrared, scattering of light of continuous wave laser on target surface and on droplets ejected from the melt layer.
The external drosophila mechanoreceptors, residing on the head and body of imago, are represented by bristles of diﬀerent sizes (macrochaetes and microchaetes). Macrochaetes are arranged in the species-specifc bristle pattern, where each of them is strictly positioned. The bristle pattern is formed starting from its prototype (prepattern) in the imaginal disc. The position specifcity of future mechanoreceptors is determined by local expression of two proneural genes, achaete ( ac ) and scute ( sc ) belonging to the AS-C complex, in response to the action of certain factors, referred to as prepattern factors, nonuniformly distributed in the ectoderm of imaginal discs. The topography of their total distribution defnes the bristle prepattern. Thus, the full-ﬂedged adult bristle pattern is the result of interaction of two systems – the prepattern and the system responding to prepattern, i. e., the achaete and scute genes.

A considerable volume of miscellaneous experimental data related to various aspects in development of the bristle pattern has been so far accumulated; however, any formalized and detailed representation of the molecular genetic interaction of the prepattern factors with both each other and the achaete-scute genes is yet absent. This review systematizes the available data on the regular patterns of this interaction and shows that local expression of these genes is determined by hierarchical two-level control system comprising both direct and indirect regulators of their activities.

A generalized scheme of the system containing the functional interactions of its components is proposed. The structural organization and principles of operation of the hierarchical molecular genetic system enabling the local expression of ASC genes and the resulting formation of ordered bristle pattern are described.
Sex differences for chronic back pain (cBP) have been reported, with females usually exhibiting greater morbidity, severity, and poorer response to treatment. Genetic factors acting in an age-specific manner have been implicated but never comprehensively explored.

We performed sex- and age-stratified genome-wide association study and single nucleotide polymorphism-by-sex interaction analysis for cBP defined as 'Back pain for 3+ months' in 202,077 males and 237,754 females of European ancestry from UK Biobank.

Two and 7 nonoverlapping genome-wide significant loci were identified for males and females, respectively. A male-specific locus on chromosome 10 near SPOCK2 gene was replicated in 4 independent cohorts. Four loci demonstrated single nucleotide polymorphism-by-sex interaction, although none of them were formally replicated. Single nucleotide polymorphism-explained heritability was higher in females (0.079 vs 0.067, P = 0.006). There was a high, although not complete, genetic correlation between the sexes ( r = 0.838 ± 0.041, different from 1 with P = 7.8E-05). Genetic correlation between the sexes for cBP decreased with age (0.858 ± 0.049 in younger people vs 0.544 ± 0.157 in older people; P = 4.3E-05). There was a stronger genetic correlation of cBP with self-reported diagnosis of intervertebral disk degeneration in males than in females (0.889 vs 0.638; P = 3.7E-06). Thus, the genetic component of cBP in the UK Biobank exhibits a mild sex- and age-dependency. This provides an insight into the possible causes of sex- and age-specificity in epidemiology and pathophysiology of cBP and chronic pain at other anatomical sites.
The article is devoted to the development of semi-automated methods for integrating knowledge extracted from natural language texts. To solve this problem, we use methods for converting natural language sentences into fragments of atomic diagram of algebraic systems. The knowledge extracted from texts is formalized with atomic sentences of signature consisting of constant symbols, binary predicates and additional situation-constants. We developed methods for integrating knowledge contained in several sentences of natural language, allowing to take their semantic contexts into account.
The aim of the study was to provide a population assessment of cognitive impairment patterns in a representative sample of 25–44-year-old men and women living in Western Siberia with metabolic syndrome (MS). Material and methods . A cross-sectional population survey of a random representative sample of 25–44-year-olds of both sexes (1503 people) permanently residing in Western Siberia (Novosibirsk) was performed. The study of cognitive functions was conducted in 1009 people: 463 men (45.9 %) and 546 women (54.1 %). A 10-word memorization test was performed according to the methodology proposed by A.R. Luria (unified for screening purposes), with subsequent reproduction after interfering tasks (recall), a proof-reading test (a letter modification of the Bourdon test used for screening purposes), as well as the exclusion of concepts (a verbal version of the test). The MS criteria (VNOK, 2009) were used: FROM > 80 cm in women and > 94 cm in men and 2 of the following criteria: blood pressure ≥ 130/85 mmHg, TG content ≥ 1.7 mmol/L, HDL-C < 1.0 mmol/L in men and < 1.2 mmol/L in women, LDL-C > 3.0 mmol/L, plasma hyperglycemia > 6.1 mmol/L. Results . In the surveyed sample of residents of In Novosibirsk, 25–44 years old, MS occurred in every fourth person tested for cognitive functions (26.06 %): 148 men (31.96 %) and 115 women (21.06 %), MS occurred more often in women than in men. With age, there is an increase in the frequency of MS in both sexes (p < 0.05). For MS, statistically significant associations are shown with direct memorization (1st memorization experience, p = 0.025), the number of directly memorized words (p = 0.015) and with delayed reproduction of words after an interfering task (p = 0.015) in the 10-word memorization test by A.R. Luria. The average rank, as well as the average values of these cognitive tests, were higher in individuals without MS compared to those with MS diagnosed. There were no links between MS and the indicators of the proofreading test. There were also no statistically significant associations of MS with the number of animals named in 1 min in the speech activity test when studying semantically mediated associations. Conclusion . In a population study of young people (25–44 years old) for the first time in Russia/A statistically significant deterioration of cognitive memory patterns in individuals with MS components has been proven in Siberia (Novosibirsk). This confirms the importance of the «cerebrovascular continuum» in the genesis of cognitive impairment at a young age.
The article is devoted to the study of the influence of the natural resources located in the regions of Russia on the level of socio-economic and innovative development. At the first stage of the study, a cluster analysis was applied to the database of indicators of the level of extraction specialization in the regions of Russia. During the next stage of the study, hypotheses on the connection between socio-economic indicators and specialization of the region in extractive industries were tested via multifactor regressions. Positive dependence of socio-economic variables on resource specialization variables with a high level of significance was revealed. However, most of Russia's resource regions have low level of innovative production, which can have a negative influence on country's economic growths.
As it is known, the formation of soil humus as well as soil formation is controlled by Dokuchaev’s five soil-forming factors, i.e by climate, vegetation, relief, soil-forming rock and age of the landscape. In connection with fact that the soil has been subjected by heavy human impact during latest one and a half century, it became necessary to take into account the sixth factor, i.e. the anthropogenic one.

The paper in question deals with the change of the nature of the most sustainable constituent of soil humus such as humic acids (HA). The study has been performed by the example of leached chernozems (Luvic Chernozem) which are widely spread in Western Siberia and used in long-term dry farming as well as under influence of irrigation.

As for Western Siberia, despite the relatively young farming (mean age of ploughland is about 80-90 years) as compared to other parts of the planet, appreciable humus losses have been progressed from the soils. It is especially observed in the soils of chernozem type widely spread in the forest steppe belt. Along with humus losses, the changes of quality of soil organic matter and structure of its principal constituents are in progress.
modern methods of investment project efficiency evaluation were studied, advantages and disadvantages of using the real option model were shown in comparison with the DCF model

Black-Scholes model was used for option pricing

It is proved that a rainbow option is an effective valuation tool in conditions of high oil prices volatility and low study of reserves and resource. Two stages may be identified: mineral exploration and maintenance work
It is known that the volume bounded by such a suspension is well defined and constant during the flex. It is well known that if P and Q are embedded, with the same volume and the same Dehn invariant, then they are scissors congruent.

We construct a flexible (non-embedded) suspension with a hexagonal equator in Euclidean 3-space.

We study its properties related to the Strong Bellows Conjecture which reads as follows: if a, possibly singular, polyhedron P in Euclidean 3-space is obtained from another, possibly singular, polyhedron Q by a continuous flex, then P and Q have the same Dehn invariants.
Among the natural pigments, anthocyanins are assumed to represent one of the most studied groups. Starting with the first studies on the physicochemical properties of anthocyanins carried out in the 17th century by British naturalist Robert Boyle, the science about these unique compounds has progressed substantially. To date, the structure and functions of anthocyanins in plant cells have been well studied, and the pathway of their biosynthesis is one of the most fully characterized pathways of secondary metabolite biosynthesis at both the biochemical and genetic levels.

For a long time, the biological activity of anthocyanins has been underestimated, in particular, due to the data on their low bioavailability. However, studies showed that in humans and animals, these compounds are actively metabolized and the bioavailability, estimated taking into account their metabolites, exceeded 12 %. It has been experimentally shown that anthocyanins have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antimutagenic, antidiabetic, anti-cancer, neuroprotective properties, and they are beneficial for eye health. However, the studies conducted cannot always explain the molecular mechanism of action of anthocyanins in the human body. According to some reports, the observed effects are not due to the action of anthocyanins themselves, but to their metabolites, which can be more biologically active because of their increased bioavailability. Other data ascribe the positive effect on human health not to individual anthocyanins, but to the whole complex of polyphenolic compounds consumed.

Along with these fundamental achievements, we are beginning to realize the potential of anthocyanins as compounds of industrial importance, as pigments themselves, as well as components of functional food that contribute to the prevention and reduction of risk of chronic diseases. The review summarizes the results of the studies of anthocyanins as components of functional food. Special attention is paid to genetic control of the pigment synthesis. These data are of particular importance in respect to the initiated breeding programs aimed at increasing the content of anthocyanins in cultural plants.
Most authors recognize that the currently dominant scientific paradigm assumes that genomic rather than functional factors regulate (cause, control) the growth of cranial bones and cranial sutures.

This article describes the increased modulation of mechanotransduction produced by skeletal muscle activity, to which bone cells respond maximally. The authors describe the actual chain of events that influences the stimulation of bone cell growth. The authors present the results of a study of the effect of mechanical loading of the masticatory muscles with a continuous stretching stimulus to increase the width of extension of the sagittal suture of the experimental animal in vivo. The methodology is described, and objective instrumental control data are presented. The results of statistical processing are also presented. The authors conducted the experimental part of the research at the Vivarium of Conventional Animals Collaborative Center of the Federal Research Center of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

This influence makes it possible to propose a means of controlling these processes and developing new correction methods, including suppression of phenotypic expression. The authors give empirical data in this paper. These experiments prove that chewing load is one of the primary stimuli that generate craniofacial variations, affecting the structure of the cranial suture.
We experimentally demonstrate a previously unforeseen nonlinear effect in optical fibers: up-conversion luminescence generation excited by multiphoton absorption of femtosecond infrared pulses. We directly estimate the average number of photons involved in the up-conversion process, by varying the wavelength of the pump source. We highlight the role of nonbridging oxygen hole centers and oxygen-deficient center defects and directly compare the intensity of side-scattered luminescence with numerical simulations of pulse propagation.
The paper provides an overview of the results of multiyear joint researches of team of collaborators of Institute of Laser Physics SB RAS together with NF IRTC "Eye Microsurgery" for the period from 1988 to the present, in which were first proposed and experimentally realized laser medical technologies for correction of refractive errors of known today as LASIK, the treatment of ophthalmic herpes and open-angle glaucoma. It is proposed to carry out operations for the correction of refractive errors the use of UV excimer KrCl laser with a wavelength of 222 nm. The same laser emission is the most suitable for the treatment of ophthalmic herpes, because it has a high clinical effect, combined with many years of absence of recrudescence. A minimally invasive technique of glaucoma operations using excimer XeCl laser (λ=308 nm) is developed. Its wavelength allows perform all stages of glaucoma operations, while the laser head itself has high stability and lifetime, will significantly reduce operating costs, compared with other types of lasers.
Velocity fields are measured in evaporating sessile droplets on two substrates with different contact angles and contact angle hysteresis using micro resolution particle image velocimetry technique.

Different flow patterns are observed in different stages of droplet evaporation: a flow with vortices and a radial flow.

Flow structure is found to be similar for droplets on different substrates.
The results of an experimental study on droplet impactions in the flow of a gas-sheared liquid film are presented. In contrast to most similar studies, the impacting droplets were entrained from film surface by the gas stream. The measurements provide film thickness data, resolved in both longitudinal and transverse coordinates and in time together with the images of droplets above the interface and images of gas bubbles entrapped by liquid film. The parameters of impacting droplets were measured together with the local liquid film thickness. Two main scenarios of droplet-film interaction, based on type of film perturbation, are identified; the parameter identifying which scenario occurs is identified as the angle of impingement. At large angles an asymmetric crater appears on film surface; at shallow angles a long, narrow furrow appears. The most significant difference between the two scenarios is related to possible impact outcome: craters may lead to creation secondary droplets, whereas furrows are accompanied by entrapment of gas bubbles into the liquid film. In addition, occurrence of partial survival of impacting droplet is reported.
The aim of this article consists in reviewing the basic areas of studying language scales in pragmatics; several prospects of their investigation are discussed. Presently, language scales are the object of intensive research in semantics and pragmatics, from linguistic, logical, psycholinguistic, and neuro-linguistic perspectives. We are interested mainly in pragmatics (although the area of semantics is also considered) and concentrate on linguistic rather than logical, psycholinguistic, or neuro-linguistic aspects. The article continues the series of publications intending to review and systematize pragmatic investigation in basic topical areas. An interest in studying linguistic scales in pragmatics has increased primarily due to the works of H. P. Grice, L. Horn, G. Gazdar, and S. Levinson. An important class of general pragmatic principles of communication was introduced by H. P. Grice and then was elaborated on greater detail in neo-gricean pragmatics. This class of principles specifies quantity characteristics of communication, and can be defined in terms of scales. Language scales give rise to a special class of implicatures called “scalar implicatures”. In many cases, it is necessary for a speaker to choose some position on a scale. Scalar implicature appears as a result of this choice. Each position potentially generates a certain set of implications. This pragmatic phenomenon is intensively studied in linguistics, logic, and experimental investigations. The literature in the area is ample; the article draws only a general picture of the area. The article proposes: 1) to elicit a system of potential language scales for a concrete language; 2) to consider individual / situational scales; 3) to consider dynamics of scales in speech (in accordance with basic ideas of dynamic semantics). The proposed areas of practical application are the following: stylistic analysis and studying an author’s style, modelling of reasoning and communication (particularly in dialogue systems), constructing formal ontologies of different subject areas.
The use of plasma emission cathode in the conjunction with a multiple apertured electron optical system (EOS) is promising for the multi-MW class electron beams of a large cross-sectional area. In a multi-aperture source, the beam parameters could be raised simply due to increase of the number of apertures (i.e. an effective emission area), if a uniformity of the electron emission over a large-area plasma cathode is ensured. In the presented paper, the cross-sectional distribution of the emission current density was investigated using the X-ray diagnostic technique for two versions of the diode-type EOS, with electrodes performed as flat molybdenum "grids". The first one had 241 apertures arranged hexagonally inside a circle with a diameter of 8.3 cm and the second had 499 apertures within a circle of 11.8cm diameter. The emission plasma is produced using a single arc-discharge plasma generator placed on the axis at 20 cm from the EOS. It was demonstrated that multi-aperture systems with a single on-axis plasma generator can be effectively employed to obtain large-area beams, even in the presence of the guiding magnetic field. All apertures are emitting in the 499-apertured EOS. The beam current density is quite uniform up to the radius 2.5cm and gradually decreases to the periphery.
The wild type red fox is common to Europe, Asia, North Africa, and North America. Furthermore, it has accommodated itself so well in Australia, where it was taken from England, that it has spread over the entire continent. It adapts easily to different climates and biocoenoses—in the open; in the forest, highland or lowland; on the coast; or inland. In 1827, C. A. Bjorkman was the first to try to make the cross fox reproduce in captivity, but his attempt failed. Modern fur animal farming is believed to have been started in 1895 on Prince Edward Island, St. Lawrence Bay, Canada, by Charles Dalton, Robert Oulton, and Robert Rayner. Their animals were the origin of the farm-bred standard silver fox. Another stock of silver fox was associated with animals bred by J. Beetz, a pair of which was shipped to Norway in 1914. Over the past 100 yr, fur animal breeding has developed into an industry of great economic importance, especially in Nordic countries.
The cross sections of the processes e+e−→K+K−J/ψ and K0SK0SJ/ψ are measured via initial state radiation at center-of-mass energies between the threshold and 6.0 GeV using a data sample of 980 fb−1 collected with the Belle detector on or near the Υ(nS) resonances, where n=1,2,…,5. The cross sections for e+e−→K+K−J/ψ are at a few pb level and the average cross section for e+e−→K0SK0SJ/ψ is 1.8±0.6(stat)±0.3(syst) pb between 4.4 and 5.2 GeV. All of them are consistent with previously published results with improved precision. A search for resonant structures and associated intermediate states in the cross section of the process e+e−→K+K−J/ψ is performed.Received 26 February 2014DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.89.072015© 2014 American Physical Society