Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Исходные дифференциальные начально-краевые задачи некорректны из-за своей неустойчивости к изменению входных данных. The original differential initial boundary value problems are ill-posed because of their instability with respect to variations of input data.

Показано, что в численном методе на основе SPH для решения этих некорректных задач проводится следующая регуляризация: 1) если решение исходной неустойчивой задачи существует на всей временной оси, то ограниченность области изменения переменных в численном методе позволяет удовлетворить условию его устойчивости к малым изменениям входных данных; 2) если решения исходной неустойчивой задачи существуют только на ограниченном временном интервале, как в случае множественных коллапсов, то устойчивый численный метод строится на классе функций, ограниченных фиксированной постоянной, выбираемой из физических соображений. Комбинация SPH-метода с сеточным методом расчета гравитационных сил позволяет обеспечить такую ограниченноcть численных решений. It is shown that the following regularization is performed in the SPH-based numerical method of solving such problems: (1) if the solution to the original unstable problem exists on the entire time axis, then the condition of the method's stability with respect to small variations of input data is satisfied due to a bounded range of the variables; (2) if the solution of the original unstable problem exists only on a bounded time interval, as in the case of multiple collapses, then a stable numerical method can be developed on a class of functions bounded by a fixed constant chosen from physical considerations. A combination of the SPH method with a grid-based method of calculating the gravitational forces allows one to ensure the boundedness of numerical solutions.

На этом классе функций исходная задача тоже становится корректной. Для выяснении смысла приближенных численных решений, получаемых в вычислительных экспериментах, следует использовать интегральные функции, слабо чувствительные к деталям численного алгоритма. On this class of bounded functions, the original problem becomes well-posed. In order to clarify a meaning of the approximate numerical solutions obtained by computer simulations, it is necessary to use the integral functions weakly sensitive to the details of the numerical algorithm in use.
The concept of an imaging-type 3D spin detector, based on the combination of spin-exchange interactions in the ferromagnetic (FM) film and spin selectivity of the electron–photon conversion effect in a semiconductor heterostructure, is proposed and demonstrated on a model system. This novel multichannel concept is based on the idea of direct transfer of a 2D spin-polarized electron distribution to image cathodoluminescence (CL). The detector is a hybrid structure consisting of a thin magnetic layer deposited on a semiconductor structure allowing measurement of the spatial and polarization-dependent CL intensity from injected spin-polarized free electrons. The idea is to use spin-dependent electron transmission through in-plane magnetized FM film for in-plane spin detection by measuring the CL intensity from recombined electrons transmitted in the semiconductor. For the incoming electrons with out-of-plane spin polarization, the intensity of circularly polarized CL light can be detected from recombined polarized electrons with holes in the semiconductor. In order to demonstrate the ability of the solid-state spin detector in the image-type mode operation, a spin detector prototype was developed, which consists of a compact proximity focused vacuum tube with a spin-polarized electron source [ p -GaAs(Cs,O)], a negative electron affinity (NEA) photocathode and the target [semiconductor heterostructure with quantum wells also with NEA]. The injection of polarized low-energy electrons into the target by varying the kinetic energy in the range 0.5–3.0 eV and up to 1.3 keV was studied in image-type mode. The figure of merit as a function of electron kinetic energy and the target temperature is determined. The spin asymmetry of the CL intensity in a ferromagnetic/semiconductor (FM-SC) junction provides a compact optical method for measuring spin polarization of free-electron beams in image-type mode. The FM-SC detector has the potential for realizing multichannel 3D vectorial reconstruction of spin polarization in momentum microscope and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy systems.
Novel alternatives to traditional antibiotics are now of great demand for the successful treatment of microbial infections. Here, we present the engineering and properties of new oligonucleotide inhibitors of RNase P, an essential bacterial enzyme. The series of 2'-O-methyl RNA (2'-OMe-RNA) and phosphoryl guanidine oligonucleotides were targeted to the substrate-binding region of M1 RNA subunit of the RNase P. Uniformly modified 2'-OMe RNA and selectively modified phosphoryl guanidine oligonucleotides possessed good stability in biological media and effectively inhibited RNase P. Their conjugates with transporting peptides were shown to penetrate bacterial cells (Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii) and inhibit bacterial growth.
The review highlights contemporary concepts about the role of atmospheric air pollution by particulate matter (pM) in cancer pathogenesis.

We used publications from the pubMed and RISC databases. The impact of pMs on the development and progression of cancer was examined with respect to their size, origin, chemical composition and concentration in air. pMs with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 microns are recognized as the most dangerous. Epidemiological studies revealed a dose-dependent effect of pM on cells. dNA damage and pM-induced epigenetic changes are important components of cancer pathogenesis.

Systematized scientific data, especially in the form of formalized descriptions, provide additional insights about concept of cancer pathogenesis and can be used in practical medicine for risk evaluation, early diagnostics, prognosis and increase of the treatment effectiveness.
In this paper, we show that every finite spatial graph is a connected sum of a planar graph, which is a forest, and a tangle. As a consequence, we get that any finite spatial graph is a connected sum of a planar graph and a braid.

Using these decompositions it is not difficult to find a set of generators and defining relations for the fundamental group of compliment of a spatial graph in 3-space [Formula: see text].
The formation of reversible switchable nanostructures monitored by solution and solid‐state methods is still a challenge in supramolecular chemistry. By a comprehensive solid state and solution study we demonstrate the potential of the fivefold symmetrical building block of pentaphosphaferrocene in combination with Cu I halides to switch between spheres of different porosity and shape. With increasing amount of CuX, the structures of the formed supramolecules change from incomplete to complete spherically shaped fullerene‐like assemblies possessing an I h ‐C 80 topology at one side and to a tetrahedral‐structured aggregate at the other. In the solid state, the formed nano‐sized aggregates reach an outer diameter of 3.14 and 3.56 nm, respectively. This feature is used to reversibly encapsulate and release guest molecules in solution.
This paper discusses the experience of developing a web resource intended to study argumentation in popular science discourse.Such type of argumentation is, on the one hand, the main mean of achieving a communicative goal and, on the other hand, often not expressed in explicit form.The web resource is built around a corpus of 2256 articles, distributed over 13 subcorpora.The annotation model, which is based on the ontology of argumentation and D. Walton's argumentation schemes for presumptive reasoning, underlies the argument annotation of the corpus.The distinctive features of the argument annotation model are the introduction of weighting characteristics into text markup through assessing the persuasiveness of the argumentation, as well as highlighting argumentative indicators visually.The paper considers a scenario of argument annotation of texts, which allows constructing an argumentative graph based on the typical reasoning schemes.The scenario includes a number of procedures that enable the annotator to check the quality of the text markup and assess the persuasiveness of the argumentation.The authors have annotated 162 texts, using the developed web resource, and as a result, identified the most frequent schemes of argumentation (Example Inference, Cause to Effect Inference, Expert Opinion Inference), as well as described some specific indicators of frequent schemes.Based on the above-mentioned outcomes, the authors listed the indicators of the most frequent schemes of argumentation and made some recommendations for annotators about identifying the main thesis.
We study particle production in infrared-modified gravitational theories in the contemporary universe. It is shown that in astronomical systems with rising mass density, the curvature scalar may oscillate with very high frequency. These oscillations lead to efficient particle production and in an interesting range of model parameters could be a source of energetic cosmic rays. This effect either excludes some models of modified gravity or suggests a new mechanism of cosmic ray production.
A synthetic approach to a new group of stable chiral C2-symmetric diimines with the 4,5-diazafluorene core has been developed based on condensation of dipinodiazafluorene with aromatic diamines.

The chemical structures of new compounds were proven by spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallography. All the compounds form solvates with organic solvents (chloroform, benzene, 1,4-dioxane) and water. Specific spectral data of the new compounds are explained using calculated data (DFT).

Diimines of the pinodiazafluorene series give colored reactions with transition metal ions and can be regarded as prospective polydentate ligands with interesting luminescent and chiroptical properties.
This paper presents the results of numerical simulation of steam bubble growth in a uniformly superheated liquid. The numerical calculation scheme takes into account both inertial and thermal effects. The main regularities of the prosses are discussed by the example of different superheat levels and different liquids: water, mercury and glycerin. Simple estimations of characteristic times of the inertial and transition stages are offered.
<span>Анализируются возможности мировой и российской угольной генерации с точки зрения сохранения ее позиций в структуре энергетики, ее противостояние современным экономическим, экологическим и технологическим вызовам, среди которых отмечены следующие: борьба с изменением климата и переход к низкоуглеродной энергетике, ведущие к ужесточению экологических требований к выбросам электростанций; рост вводов генерации на основе возобновляемых источников энергии в результате реализации государственных программ их поддержки и кратного снижения стоимости; усиление межтопливной конкуренции с газом (при снижении его цены). Показано, что технологическое развитие является определяющим для сохранения доли угольных станций как в мире, так и в России. Рассматриваются различные направления расширения присутствия угольной генерации: модернизация теплоэлектростанций, строительство новых станций с учетом чистых угольных технологий (ССТ и HELE), замещение котельных мини-ТЭЦ, строительство энерготехнологических комплексов. Показано, что в Сибири ввод мощностей других типов генерации маловероятен в качестве альтернативы угольной энергетике. В связи с отсутствием тенденций к росту спроса на электроэнергию в среднесрочной перспективе дальнейшее строительство крупных угольных станций вряд ли возможно без развития энергетических связей с Юго-Восточной Азией.</span>
Nitroxide-mediated polymerization is now a mature technique, at 35 years of age. During this time, several variants have been developed: electron spin capture polymerization (ESCP), photoNMP (NMP2), chemically initiated NMP (CI-NMP), spin label NMP (SL-NMP), and plasmon-initiated NMP (PI-NMP).

This mini-review is devoted to the features and applications of these variants.
Journal Article The Principle of Touch Get access Mathematical Evolutionary Theory. Feldman Marcus W., ed. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1989. 334 pp., illus. $60.00 (ISBN 0-691-08502-1 cloth), $19.95 (ISBN 0-691-08503-X paper) Vadim A. Ratner Vadim A. Ratner Theoretical Department, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, USSR Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk 630090, USSR Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar BioScience, Volume 40, Issue 10, November 1990, Pages 787–788, https://doi.org/10.2307/1311522 Published: 01 November 1990
A collective approach to cluster analysis is considered in the paper. An algorithm of centroid averaging is proposed. The algorithm allows constructing the consensus partition of a dataset into clusters, using a set of partitions built with any centroid-based algorithm. We discuss results of applying the proposed algorithm to modeled data and for the segmentation of hyperspectral images with noise channels. Some details of implementation in a multithreaded environment that allows increasing the algorithm performance are given.
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most malignant cancers worldwide. The role of autophagy in the НСС development and progression is controversial and are still not well known. It has been shown that lithium induces autophagy and apoptosis, affects on proliferation and survival of various human malignancies. In this study we estimated lithium`s effects on autophagy in HCC in vivo.Materials and methods: Subcellular components and autophagic vacuoles were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The number of cells with LC3 and LAMP1 punctate was analyzed by double-immunofluorescence staining. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Mann–Whitney nonparametric tests were used to assess statistically significant differences at P < 0.05.Results: Lithium carbonate increased the numerical and volume density of autophagic vacuoles and autophagy marker LC3 beta. Therefore, lithium carbonate promotes enlarged autophagic vacuoles formation in HCC cells in vivo.Conclusion: Extended and unresolved autophagy induces cancer cell death by stimulating autophagic cell death. Thus, lithium-mediated autophagy can be an attractive approach in HCC chemotherapy.
The population structure of the Indian subcontinent is a tapestry of extraordinary diversity characterized by the amalgamation of autochthonous and immigrant ancestries and rigid enforcement of sociocultural stratification. Here we investigated the genetic origin and population history of the Kumhars, a group of people who inhabit large parts of northern India. We compared 27 previously published Kumhar SNP genotype data sampled from Uttar Pradesh in north India to various modern day and ancient populations.Various approaches such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Admixture, TreeMix concurred that Kumhars have high ASI ancestry, minimal Steppe component and high genomic proximity to the Kurchas, a small and relatively little-known population found ~ 2500 km away in Kerala, south India. Given the same, biogeographical mapping using Geographic Population Structure (GPS) assigned most Kumhar samples in areas neighboring to those where Kurchas are found in south India.We hypothesize that the significant genomic similarity between two apparently distinct modern-day Indian populations that inhabit well separated geographical areas with no known overlapping history or links, likely alludes to their common origin during or post the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization (estimated by ALDER). Thereafter, while they dispersed towards opposite ends of the Indian subcontinent, their genomic integrity and likeness remained preserved due to endogamous social practices. Our findings illuminate the genomic history of two Indian populations, allowing a glimpse into one or few of numerous of human migrations that likely occurred across the Indian subcontinent and contributed to shape its varied and vibrant evolutionary past.
1Department of Renewable Resources, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA 2School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia 3Department of Entomology, Faculty of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Heep Building, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842-2475, USA 4Department of General Biology and Ecology, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia 5Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 11 Frunze Street, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia 6Division Entomologia, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Paseo del Bosque S/N,1900 La Plata, Argentina 7CIRAD Bioagresseurs, TA A-106/D, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France
The first observation of the decay ${B}_{s}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\overline{D}}^{0}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ is reported. The analysis is based on a data sample, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $1.0\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of $pp$ collisions, collected with the LHCb detector. The branching fraction relative to that of the topologically similar decay ${B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\overline{D}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is measured to be $\frac{\mathcal{B}({B}_{s}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\overline{D}}^{0}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+})}{\mathcal{B}({B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\overline{D}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}})}=1.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05(\mathrm{stat})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.12(\mathrm{syst})$. In addition, the relative branching fraction of the decay ${B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\overline{D}}^{0}{K}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is measured to be $\frac{\mathcal{B}({B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\overline{D}}^{0}{K}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}})}{\mathcal{B}({B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\overline{D}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}})}=0.106\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007(\mathrm{stat})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008(\mathrm{syst})$.
Human genome sequencing has resulted in a great body of data, including a stunningly large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with unknown phenotypic manifestations. Identification and comprehensive analysis of regulatory SNPs in human gene promoters will help quantify the effects of these SNPs on human health. Based on our experimental and computer-aided study of SNPs in TATA boxes and the use of literature data, we have derived an equation for TBP/TATA equilibrium binding in three successive steps: TATA-binding protein (TBP) sliding along DNA due to their nonspecific affinity for each other ↔ recognition of the TATA box ↔ stabilization of the TBP/TATA complex. Using this equation, we have analyzed TATA boxes containing SNPs associated with human diseases and made in silico predictions of changes in TBP/TATA affinity. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA)-based experimental study performed under the most standardized conditions demonstrates that the experimentally measured values are highly correlated with the predicted values: the coefficient of linear correlation, r, was 0.822 at a significance level of α<10−7 for equilibrium KD values, (-ln KD), and 0.785 at a significance level of α<10−3 for changes in equilibrium KD (δ) due to SNPs in the TATA boxes (). It has been demonstrated that the SNPs associated with increased risk of human diseases such as α-, β- and δ-thalassemia, myocardial infarction and thrombophlebitis, changes in immune response, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lung cancer and hemophilia B Leyden cause 2–4-fold changes in TBP/TATA affinity in most cases. The results obtained strongly suggest that the TBP/TATA equilibrium binding equation derived can be used for analysis of TATA-box sequences and identification of SNPs with a potential of being functionally important.
The article reviews different perspectives concerning the status, origin and functions of double translations in European cultural space throughout the period. The term double translation here refers to the translation of one word with two (rarely more) lexemes connected with a conjunction or another linking word. This technique was universal across medieval translation schools, whatever their geographic origin. However, only particular schools or individual translators have been studied in terms of this technique so far

so the author aims to summarize the findings, delineate some controversial issues in the domain under consideration and place the findings in a common perspective. The controversial issues comprise (but are not limited by) the causes of their emergence in translated texts (from almost accidental fixation of the translator’s hesitation to the conscious decision to apply two different methods of translation based on specific philosophy of language). Another widely discussed question is the status of the words in such a pair – whether they were regarded as synonyms or had another status. One more question that causes discussion is their functions in the text, namely whether they were a rhetorical device or a certain means of semantic differentiation

The author of the article supposes that double translation should be considered dynamically and such chronological consideration makes it possible to argue that double translations first appeared to convey the whole range of meanings of a certain word enabling the reader to make their own choice concerning the exact meaning of the word in each particular context. As for the philosophical or theological background of the technique (be it language philosophy of St. Augustine or the theory of images developed by Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite) sometimes assumed to have been intentionally realized by medieval translators, it is hard to verify such claims as the utterances (Prefaces) of the medieval translators themselves hardly mention (with the possible exception of Praefatio Brixiana) either the technique or its presumed theological grounds. Moreover, word pairs (hendyadis) had been used as a rhetorical device both in the literary tradition and the national epic poetry of many European countries. This rhetorical device was widely used for emphasis, so when double translation actually lost its semantic function, it was retained by languages as set phrases or a purely stylistic device
Long-range interactions between cold Rydberg atoms, which are used in many important applications, can be enhanced using F\"orster resonances between collective many-body states controlled by an external electric field. Here we report on the first experimental observation of highly resolved radio-frequency-assisted F\"orster resonances in a few cold Rb Rydberg atoms. We also observed radio-frequency-induced F\"orster resonances which cannot be tuned by a dc electric field. They imply an efficient transition from van der Waals to resonant dipole-dipole interaction due to Floquet sidebands of Rydberg levels appearing in the rf field. This method can be applied to enhance the interactions of almost arbitrary Rydberg atoms with large principal quantum numbers.