Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
While the mathematical modeling of optical phenomena, a computer calculation is often performed, confirming the conclusions made. To do this, a virtual computer model of the optical installation is created in the form of a 3D scene. Also, virtual scenes are often used in training when creating presentations.

This paper describes the SphL library, which provides a convenient assignment of spherical lenses and the calculation of the interaction of linear polarized light rays with them. It is focused on applications that use ray tracing. The reflected and all rays passing through the lens that arise due to internal reflections are calculated from the ray incident on the scene object. The number of internal reflections is set by the parameter. All output rays are calculated based on the application of Fresnel’s equations and are characterized by intensity values and polarization parameters. They are constructed on the basis of the application of the set-theoretic intersection of geometric primitives: a half-space, a sphere, a cone, a cylinder and their complements to the scene space.

It is known that light of any polarization can be represented on the basis of the mentioned one. In this version of SphL, the main objects at the end–user level are spherical lenses, since they are most often used in optic installations. An advanced user can build their own objects by analogy, for example, cylindrical lenses.
A search for electroweak production of supersymmetric particles is performed in two-lepton and three-lepton final states using recursive jigsaw reconstruction, a technique that assigns reconstructed objects to the most probable hemispheres of the decay trees, allowing one to construct tailored kinematic variables to separate the signal and background. The search uses data collected in 2015 and 2016 by the ATLAS experiment in $\sqrt{s}=13\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$ proton-proton collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $36.1\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.

Chargino-neutralino pair production, with decays via $W/Z$ bosons, is studied in final states involving leptons and jets and missing transverse momentum for scenarios with large and intermediate mass splittings between the parent particle and lightest supersymmetric particle, as well as for the scenario where this mass splitting is close to the mass of the $Z$ boson. The latter case is challenging since the vector bosons are produced with kinematic properties that are similar to those in Standard Model processes.

Results are found to be compatible with the Standard Model expectations in the signal regions targeting large and intermediate mass splittings, and chargino-neutralino masses up to 600 GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level for a massless lightest supersymmetric particle. Excesses of data above the expected background are found in the signal regions targeting low mass splittings, and the largest local excess amounts to 3.0 standard deviations.
Background The craniometric specificity of the indigenous West Siberian human populations cannot be completely explained by the genetic interactions of the western and eastern Eurasian groups recorded in the archaeology of the area from the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. Anthropologists have proposed another probable explanation: contribution to the genetic structure of West Siberian indigenous populations by ancient human groups, which separated from western and eastern Eurasian populations before the final formation of their phenotypic and genetic features and evolved independently in the region over a long period of time. This hypothesis remains untested. From the genetic point of view, it could be confirmed by the presence in the gene pool of indigenous populations of autochthonous components that evolved in the region over long time periods. The detection of such components, particularly in the mtDNA gene pool, is crucial for further clarification of early regional genetic history. Results and Conclusion We present the results of analysis of mtDNA samples (n = 10) belonging to the A10 haplogroup, from Bronze Age populations of West Siberian forest-steppe (V—I millennium BC), that were identified in a screening study of a large diachronic sample (n = 96). A10 lineages, which are very rare in modern Eurasian populations, were found in all the Bronze Age groups under study. Data on the A10 lineages' phylogeny and phylogeography in ancient West Siberian and modern Eurasian populations suggest that A10 haplogroup underwent a long-term evolution in West Siberia or arose there autochthonously; thus, the presence of A10 lineages indicates the possible contribution of early autochthonous human groups to the genetic specificity of modern populations, in addition to contributions of later interactions of western and eastern Eurasian populations.
A subgroup [Formula: see text] of a group [Formula: see text] is said to be pronormal in [Formula: see text] if [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are conjugate in [Formula: see text] for each [Formula: see text]. Some problems in Finite Group Theory, Combinatorics and Permutation Group Theory were solved in terms of pronormality, therefore, the question of pronormality of a given subgroup in a given group is of interest. Subgroups of odd index in finite groups satisfy a native necessary condition of pronormality.

In this paper, we continue investigations on pronormality of subgroups of odd index and consider the pronormality question for subgroups of odd index in some direct products of finite groups. Moreover, deciding the pronormality of a given subgroup of odd index in the direct product of simple symplectic groups over fields of odd characteristics is reducible to deciding the pronormality of some subgroup [Formula: see text] of odd index in a subgroup of [Formula: see text], where each [Formula: see text] acts naturally on [Formula: see text], such that [Formula: see text] projects onto [Formula: see text].

In particular, in this paper, we prove that the subgroups of odd index are pronormal in the direct product [Formula: see text] of finite simple symplectic groups over fields of odd characteristics if and only if the subgroups of odd index are pronormal in each direct factor of [Formula: see text]. Thus, in this paper, we obtain a criterion of pronormality of a subgroup [Formula: see text] of odd index in a subgroup of [Formula: see text], where each [Formula: see text] is a prime and each [Formula: see text] acts naturally on [Formula: see text], such that [Formula: see text] projects onto [Formula: see text].
The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the flow structure and features of combustion in a turbulent swirling lean pre-mixed syngas flame using modern planar optical laser-based methods. The measurement of the instantaneous velocity field was carried out using the particle image velocimetry (PIV), and location of the OH radicals in the jet were determined by the method of laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF). A comparison of the averaged flow characteristics of a high-swirl flame with an equivalence ratio Φ = 0.45 for syngas and Φ = 0.7 for methane are performed. Presence of a recirculation zone in the jet core is typical of both cases, however, the size of the central recirculation zone for the methane flame are approximately 1.5 times larger than that for the synthesis gas flame in both dimensions. The average distributions of the intensity of fluorescence signal of the OH radical shows a good coincidence of the position of the flame front in both cases, and lower fluorescence signal intensity for the synthesis gas flame.
The Siberian Synchrotron and Terahertz Radiation Center (SSTRC, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (INP), Novosibirsk, Russian Federation) is one of the oldest and main Russian centers for synchrotron radiation applications. The center combines research efforts of numerous scientific groups, mostly from institutes and universities of the Novosibirsk Scientific Center (Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences) as well as researchers from all over Russia. The center provides access to the most popular synchrotron radiation applications and research techniques including the unique ones in the world. The synchrotron radiation (SR) is produced by VEPP-3 and VEPP-4M storage rings of the INP. Most of the activities of SSTRC is devoted to developing original approaches for synchrotron radiation usage. The report covers activity on synchrotron radiation applications at the Siberian Synchrotron and Terahertz Radiation Center as well as some bright results of recent research.
Ultraperipheral collisions in hadron colliders give new opportunites to investigate the hadron stucture through exclusive photoproduction processes. We describe the possibility of measuring the Generalized Parton Distributions in the Timelike Compton Scattering process and in the production of heavy vector meson.
Long Interspersed Nuclear Element-1 (LINE-1, L1) is a mobile genetic element active in human genomes. L1-encoded ORF1 and ORF2 proteins bind L1 RNAs, forming ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). These RNPs interact with diverse host proteins, some repressive and others required for the L1 lifecycle.

Using differential affinity purifications, quantitative mass spectrometry, and next generation RNA sequencing, we have characterized the proteins and nucleic acids associated with distinctive, enzymatically active L1 macromolecular complexes.

Among them, we describe a cytoplasmic intermediate that we hypothesize to be the canonical ORF1p/ORF2p/L1-RNA-containing RNP, and we describe a nuclear population containing ORF2p, but lacking ORF1p, which likely contains host factors participating in target-primed reverse transcription.
In the article, the authors analyzed the stable trends in the development of export oil supplies from Russia.

Based on the trend modeling until 2025, a forecast of the total volume of oil exports was made with differentiation in the directions of the supply of liquid hydrocarbons. For each direction of supply, forecast confidence intervals are defined within the limits of which Russian oil exports may be found.

The authors showed that export supplies of oil to the energy market of the Asia-Pacific region will increase annually and exports to the European market will decline. The article shows that in the structure of oil supplies from Russia, the main growth is accounted for by foreign countries. In 2018, oil supplies in this direction amounted to 239.6 million tons. At the same time, the share of oil supplies to the European market is annually reduced, reaching only 64% in 2018 (80% in 2011), which is associated with the redirection of oil exports to the Asia-Pacific oil market, primarily to China. In this region, the demand for Russian oil is provided by its higher quality and corresponding chemical composition.
The key gene in genetic system controlling the duration of the vegetative period in cereals is the VRN1 gene, whose product under the influence of low temperature (vernalization) promotes the transition of the apical meristem cells into a competent state for the development of generative tissues of spike. As early genetic studies shown, the dominant alleles of this gene underlie the spring forms of plants that do not require vernalization for this transition.

Due to genetical mapping of VRN1 loci it became possible to isolate the dominant VRN1 alleles and to study their molecular structure compared with the recessive alleles defining the winter type of plants. Molecular analysis of VRN1 loci allowed to establish that various dominant alleles of these loci appeared as a result of mutations in two main regulatory regions: the promoter and the first intron.

In wheat allopolyploids various combinations of alleles of the VRN1 homoeologous loci (VRN1 homoeoalleles) provide diversity in such important traits as the time to heading, height of plants and yield. Of special interest is the process of divergence of VRN1 loci in the course of evolution from diploid ancestors to wheat allopolyploids of different levels of ploidy. In the diploid ancestors of wheat, especially, in those of A- genome (T. boeoticum, T. urartu), the dominant VRN1 alleles are rare in accordance with a limited distribution of spring forms in these species. In the first allotetraploid wheat species including T. dicoccoides, T. araraticum (T. timopheevii), the spring forms were associated with a new dominant alleles, mainly, within the VRN-A1 locus. The process of accumulation of new dominant alleles at all VRN1 loci was significantly accelerated in cultivated wheat species, especially in common, hexaploid wheat T. aestivum, as a result of artificial selection of spring forms adapted to different climatic conditions and containing various combinations of VRN1 homoeoalleles. This mini-review summarizes data on the molecular structure and distribution of various VRN1 homoeoalleles in wheat allopolyploids and their diploid predecessors.
The article reveals the problems which may arise in the development of multi-agent information systems for modeling regional economy (MASMRE) based on geographic information and agent-based approaches to modeling economic space as well as to studying and forecasting the specifics of emerging spatial systems and the ways these systems may occur. MASMRE proposes an organizational system and open source tools to implement modern digital technologies and also an agent-based approach to modeling the regional economy, which helps to sustain innovative momentum for scientific and scientific-technical interaction, conduct joint research in remote access by providing accessible services, modules and algorithms, and allows the local governments, businesses and non-profit organizations to plan and monitor various projects implemented in a particular territory.
Here, we proposed a new approach to engineering a photoactivatable CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system.

The novel nanoCRISPR/Cas9 system is based on the use of auxiliary photocleavable oligodeoxyribonucleotides (PC-DNAs) complementary to crRNA. PC-DNAs contained up to three UV-sensitive linkers made of 1-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,2-ethanediol inside the oligonucleotide chain. Immobilizing PC-DNAs on the surface of carbon nanoparticles through 3'-terminal pyrene residue provided sufficient blocking of crRNA (and corresponding Cas9 activity) before UV irradiation and allows for crRNA release after UV irradiation at 365 nm, which restores Cas9 activity. We optimized the length of blocking photocleavable oligonucleotide, number of linkers, time of irradiation, and the type of carbon nanoparticles.

Based on the results, we consider the nanoCRISPR/Cas9 system involving carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles the most promising. It provides the greatest difference of functional activity before/after irradiation and can be used in prospective for magnetic field-controlled delivery of CRISPR system into the target cells or tissues and spatiotemporal gene editing induced by UV irradiation.
The key gene in genetic system controlling the duration of the vegetative period in cereals is the VRN1 gene, whose product under the influence of low temperature (vernalization) promotes the transition of the apical meristem cells into a competent state for the development of generative tissues of spike. As early genetic studies shown, the dominant alleles of this gene underlie the spring forms of plants that do not require vernalization for this transition. In wheat allopolyploids various combinations of alleles of the VRN1 homoeologous loci (VRN1 homoeoalleles) provide diversity in such important traits as the time to heading, height of plants and yield. Due to genetical mapping of VRN1 loci it became possible to isolate the dominant VRN1 alleles and to study their molecular structure compared with the recessive alleles defining the winter type of plants. Of special interest is the process of divergence of VRN1 loci in the course of evolution from diploid ancestors to wheat allopolyploids of different levels of ploidy. Molecular analysis of VRN1 loci allowed to establish that various dominant alleles of these loci appeared as a result of mutations in two main regulatory regions: the promoter and the first intron. In the diploid ancestors of wheat, especially, in those of A- genome (T. boeoticum, T. urartu), the dominant VRN1 alleles are rare in accordance with a limited distribution of spring forms in these species. In the first allotetraploid wheat species including T. dicoccoides, T. araraticum (T. timopheevii), the spring forms were associated with a new dominant alleles, mainly, within the VRN-A1 locus. The process of accumulation of new dominant alleles at all VRN1 loci was significantly accelerated in cultivated wheat species, especially in common, hexaploid wheat T. aestivum, as a result of artificial selection of spring forms adapted to different climatic conditions and containing various combinations of VRN1 homoeoalleles. This mini-review summarizes data on the molecular structure and distribution of various VRN1 homoeoalleles in wheat allopolyploids and their diploid predecessors.
Animals exhibit a wide variety of genetically determined coat colors and pigmentation patterns that serve important roles in adaptation and communication. Although the genetics of the main coat colors in dogs have been studied extensively, there are types of coat pigmentation that have not been explained yet. Recently, an association between the variants in the ASIP gene Ventral (VP) and Hair Cycle (HCP) promoters with different coat colors in dogs has been established. Here, we used the new findings as a basis to investigate the genetics of the red sesame coat color in Shiba Inu dogs. Our study revealed that red sesame dogs carry a specific heterozygous ASIP promoter diplotype, VP2-HCP1/VP2-HCP3, where VP2-HCP1 is responsible for the red coat with a dark overlay, and VP2-HCP3 for a tan point-like pattern. This finding explains the inheritance of this coat color pattern and can be used by breeders to produce dogs with this rare phenotype. A comparison of sesame dogs (VP2-HCP1/VP2-HCP3) to a dog homozygous for the VP2-HCP1 promoter haplotype suggests that the incomplete dominance between the ASIP alleles may be involved in the sesame coat formation. These results are in good agreement with the new model explaining how different levels of ASIP gene expression affect the regulation of pigment synthesis in melanocytes.
About one-third of the world's barley crop is used for malt production to meet the needs of the brewing industry. In this regard, the study of the genetic basis of malting quality traits and the breeding of malting barley varieties that are adaptive to their growing conditions are relevant throughout the world, particularly in the Russian Federation, where the cultivation and use of foreign malting varieties of barley prevails. The main parameters of malting quality (artificially germinated and dried barley grains) are malt extract, diastatic power, Kolbach index, viscosity, grain protein, wort β-glucan, free amino nitrogen, and soluble protein content. Most of these components are under the control of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and are affected by environmental conditions, which complicates their study and precise localization. In addition, the phenotypic assessment of malting quality traits requires elaborate, expensive phenotypic analyses. Currently, there are more than 200 QTLs associated with malting parameters, which were identified using biparental mapping populations.

Molecular markers are widely used both for mapping QTL loci responsible for malting quality traits and for performing marker-assisted selection (MAS), which, in combination with conventional breeding, makes it possible to create effective strategies aimed at accelerating the process of obtaining new promising genotypes. Nevertheless, the MAS of malting quality traits faces a series of difficulties, such as the low accuracy of localization of QTLs, their ineffectiveness when transferred to another genetic background, and linkage with undesirable traits, which makes it necessary to validate QTLs and the molecular markers linked to them.

This review presents the results of studies that used MAS to improve the malting quality of barley, and it also considers studies that searched for associations between genotype and phenotype, carried out using GWAS (genome-wide association study) approaches based on the latest achievements of high-throughput genotyping (diversity array technology (DArT) and single-nucleotide polymorphism markers (SNPs)).
Laser beam propagation through an integrated fiber-optical system including a miniature cavity filled with a liquid crystal (LC) is numerically simulated. Two different shapes of the cavity are considered: a transverse cylindrical hole and a gap between the parallel end faces of the optical fiber. In both cases, the director field distribution in the LC volume includes a linear singularity (disclination).

The Maxwell equations for an anisotropic continuous medium are solved by the FDTD method. Nonlinear effects of beam interaction with the LC medium are ignored. The simulations provide the data on the intensity distribution and direction of the laser beam that passed through the microscopic LC volume. The portions of laser radiation lost due to scattering into the ambient medium and remaining inside the optical fiber are calculated.

Based on the calculations, it may be concluded that a significant fraction of the beam energy in the case with the cavity shaped as a transverse hole is scattered owing to focusing and diffraction induced by surface curvature and the finite transverse size of the hole. Moreover, there are regions with elevated energy density in the optical fiber behind the hole, which may lead to fiber fracture under the ultimate load possible in the pulsed mode. In contrast to the system with a hole, the deflection of beam propagation from a straight line in the fiber-optical system with a gap is fairly small. It is noted that beam-LC interaction can lead to the emergence of new fiber-optical modes in the transmitted beam.
A bstract A search for the decay $ K_{\mathrm{S}}^0\to {\mu^{+}}{\mu^{-}} $ is performed, based on a data sample of 1.0 fb −1 of pp collisions at $ \sqrt{s}=7\;\mathrm{TeV} $ collected by the LHCb experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. The observed number of candidates is consistent with the background-only hypothesis, yielding an upper limit of $ \mathcal{B}\left( {K_{\mathrm{S}}^0\to {\mu^{+}}{\mu^{-}}} \right) $ < 11(9) × 10 −9 at 95 (90)% confidence level. This limit is a factor of thirty below the previous measurement.