Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The model of the coevolution of the social, mental and functional orders is used for a sketchy explanation of the relative stability of the Western European Middle Ages (until the beginning of the 16th century). It is shown that the stability of the medieval order is based on finding the relevant supporting structures for the main objects of concern for rulers and elites: mobilizing military force, maintaining a decent level of their well-being and subordination of the lower exploited strata. Multiple conflicts between the emperor, kings, princes, knights, townspeople (bourgeois) and the peasantry did not undermine, but strengthened the established order, as far as rivals tried to occupy the best places in the same social structure.
Atrial cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a relatively common but clinically underestimated disorder, which is characterized by an increased atrial size and dysfunction. Previously, ACM was considered a primary disorder, but in 2016 this concept was revised by European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) working group with inclusion of secondary atrial remodeling.

The EHRA document details aspects of atrial anatomy and pathophysiology, proposes definitions of ACM, histological classification, outlines the molecular mechanisms of atrial arrhythmia and the problems of personalized treatment and optimization of indications for catheter ablation.

Practical application of the proposed ACM classification system, the clinical significance of novel ACM concept and the potential role of this information for a practitioner are presented in this article. Two clinical cases of ACM with 'primary' (familial form of ACM due to NPPA gene mutation with primary defect in atrial structure and function) and 'secondary' atrial remodeling (ACM caused by a longterm supraventricular tachyarrhythmias due to SCN1B gene mutation).
The objective : to analyze the frequency of genotypes and alleles of the rs6737848 polymorphism of the socs5 gene in patients with allergic bronchial asthma (BA) and to assess the association of this polymorphism with different levels of control over this disease. Subjects and methods . 179 people of the Caucasian race were the subjects of the study, and they all had the confirmed diagnosis of allergic asthma. The diagnosis, severity, and level of disease control were assessed in accordance with the GINA recommendations. The comparison group included apparently healthy individuals (n = 217). Results . The study of rs6737848 of the socs5 gene revealed statistically significant differences in the frequencies of genotypes and alleles in the group of patients with allergic asthma versus the group of healthy individuals. Among patients with allergic asthma, the frequency of the CC genotype and C allele was the highest. Carriers of the CG genotype and G allele prevailed among healthy individuals versus allergic asthma patients. Analysis of frequency distribution of genotypes and alleles of the rs6737848 polymorphism of the socs5 gene showed statistically significant predominance of the CC genotype and C allele in the sample of patients with allergic asthma that was fully or partially controlled. Conclusion . In women, the CC genotype and allele C of the socs5 gene can be considered as a genetic risk factor for the development of allergic asthma and a prognostic marker of controlled and partially controlled course of the disease. The CG genotype and G allele of the socs5 gene have a conditionally protective effect on the development of allergic asthma.
In recent years, the hyperpolarization method Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange (SABRE) has developed into a powerful technique to enhance Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) signals of organic substrates in solution (mostly via binding to the nitrogen lone pair of N-heterocyclic compounds) by several orders of magnitude.

In order to establish the application and development of SABRE as a hyperpolarization method for medical imaging, the separation of the Ir-N-Heterocyclic Carbene (Ir-NHC) complex, which facilitates the hyperpolarization of the substrates in solution, is indispensable. Here, we report for the first time the use of novel Ir-NHC complexes with a polymer unit substitution in the backbone of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHC) for SABRE hyperpolarization,

which permits the removal of the complexes from solution after the hyperpolarization of a target substrate has been generated.
We study the mechanism of production of the light scalar mesons in the ${D}_{s}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{e}^{+}\ensuremath{\nu}$ decays: ${D}_{s}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}s\overline{s}{e}^{+}\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}[\ensuremath{\sigma}(600)+{f}_{0}(980)]{e}^{+}\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{e}^{+}\ensuremath{\nu}$, and we compare it with the mechanism of production of the light pseudoscalar mesons in the ${D}_{s}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(\ensuremath{\eta}/{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}){e}^{+}\ensuremath{\nu}$ decays: ${D}_{s}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}s\overline{s}{e}^{+}\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(\ensuremath{\eta}/{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}){e}^{+}\ensuremath{\nu}$.

We show that the $s\overline{s}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\sigma}(600)$ transition is negligibly small in comparison with the $s\overline{s}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{f}_{0}(980)$ one. As for the ${f}_{0}(980)$ meson, the intensity of the $s\overline{s}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{f}_{0}(980)$ transition makes near thirty percent from the intensity of the $s\overline{s}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{s}$ (${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{s}=s\overline{s}$) transition.

So, the ${D}_{s}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{e}^{+}\ensuremath{\nu}$ decay supports the previous conclusions about a dominant role of the four-quark components in the $\ensuremath{\sigma}(600)$ and ${f}_{0}(980)$ mesons.
The standard formation enthalpy and enthalpy from binary oxide of yttrium cuprate have been determined by solution calorimetry combining the solution enthalpies of Y2Cu2O5 and Y2O3 + 2CuO mixture in 6 M HCl at 323.15 K and literature data. The heat capacity of Y2Cu2O5 has been measured by adiabatic calorimetry from 8 up to 303 K. Smoothed values of heat capacities, entropies and enthalpies were calculated on the basis of experimental data. The thermodynamic functions (heat capacity, entropy and enthalpy) at 298.15 K have been calculated. On the basis of obtained data it has been obtained that above-mentioned complex oxide is thermodynamically unstable with respect to their decomposition into binary oxides at room temperatures.
We investigate the palindromic width of finitely generated solvable groups. We prove that every finitely generated 3-step solvable group has finite palindromic width. More generally, we show the finiteness of the palindromic width for finitely generated abelian-by-nilpotent-by-nilpotent groups. For arbitrary solvable groups of step ≥3, we prove that if G is a finitely generated solvable group that is an extension of an abelian group by a group satisfying the maximal condition for normal subgroups, then the palindromic width of G is finite. We also prove that the palindromic width of ℤ≀ℤ with respect to the set of standard generators is 3.
The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the global helium industry. The areas of efficient use of associated components in natural gas production are an integral part of the technological economy. The article discusses the current state of the world production and consumption of helium. Russia possesses the largest reserves of helium in the world, most of which are concentrated in the fields of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. Russia can become the main producer and supplier of helium to the world market. The paper also analyzes the current state of the production and consumption of helium in the world with the identification of the main helium producers (USA, Qatar, and Algeria).

The main factors influencing the production and consumption of helium have been determined. The authors have constructed a forecast for the production and consumption of helium in the world until 2040 according to three scenarios. An assessment was made of the possibility of transporting helium from Russia to the world market until 2040.

In addition, the authors considered options for creating storage facilities for helium concentrate on the territory of Eastern Siberia.
We use a relativistic ionization front to provide various initial transverse wakefield amplitudes for the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in plasma. We show experimentally that, with sufficient initial amplitude [≥(4.1±0.4) MV/m], the phase of the modulation along the bunch is reproducible from event to event, with 3%-7% (of 2π) rms variations all along the bunch. The phase is not reproducible for lower initial amplitudes. We observe the transition between these two regimes. Phase reproducibility is essential for deterministic external injection of particles to be accelerated.
In this article, we review recent advances in the technology of writing fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) in selected cores of multicore fibers (MCFs) by using femtosecond laser pulses.

The writing technology of such a key element as the FBG opens up wide opportunities for the creation of next generation fiber lasers and sensors based on MCFs.

The advantages of the technology are shown by using the examples of 3D shape sensors, acoustic emission sensors with spatially multiplexed channels, as well as multicore fiber Raman lasers.
Применение современных оптико-электронных приборов расширяет возможности исследований в области экспериментальной механики жидкостей. Методы вычислительной фотографии за счет использования основанных на ней устройств постепенно проникают в различные области науки и техники. Камера светового поля может использоваться для регистрации трехмерных распределений скорости в потоках жидкости и газа там, где расположение нескольких панорамных оптических сенсоров затруднено за счет ограничения оптического доступа и вибраций. В работе исследованы возможности пленоптической системы, состоящей из доступной на рынке промышленной камеры светового поля применительно для диагностики течений жидкости и газа. Предложен и протестирован новый программный алгоритм для вычисления карты глубины регистрируемой измерительной области. Согласно полученным результатам, пространственное разрешение метода по глубине при использовании 11 мегапиксельного сенсора достигает 1/40 от глубины резкости оптической системы. Указанный метод был использован для измерения 3D-полей скорости турбулентной струи внутри щелевого канала по всей его глубине. В будущем количество задач, в которых целесообразно использование пленоптических устройств с высоким пространственным разрешением, будет расти. Application of modern optoelectronic devices extends research in the field of experimental fluid mechanics. The methods of computational photography gradually penetrate into the various fields of science and technology due to using devices based on these methods. A light-field camera can be used to register a three-dimensional velocity distribution in fluid flows where the location of several panoramic optical sensors is difficult because of restrictions in an optical access and vibrations. in this paper we study the possibility of using a plenoptic system consisting of an industrial light-field camera to diagnose liquid and gas flows. A new software algorithm for computing a depth field of a measurement area is proposed. According to the obtained results, the spatial resolution of the method by depth reaches 1/40th of the depth of the field of the optical system when using 11 MP sensor. This method was used to measure 3D velocity fields of a turbulent jet inside a slot channel throughout its depth. In the future, the number of applications will grow for the cases where the use of plenoptic devices with high spatial resolution is appropriate.
Diazide diamino complexes of Pt(iv) are considered as prospective prodrugs in oxygen-free photodynamic therapy (PDT).

Primary photophysical and photochemical processes for cis,trans,cis-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(NH3)2] and trans,trans,trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(NH3)2] complexes were studied by means of stationary photolysis, nanosecond laser flash photolysis and ultrafast kinetic spectroscopy. The process of photolysis is multistage. The first stage is the photosubstitution of an azide ligand to a water molecule. This process was shown to be a chain reaction involving redox stages. Pt(iv) and Pt(iii) intermediates responsible for the chain propagation were recorded using ultrafast kinetic spectroscopy and nanosecond laser flash photolysis.

The mechanism of photosubstitution is proposed.
The PDBSite database provides comprehensive structural and functional information on various protein sites (post-translational modification, catalytic active, organic and inorganic ligand binding, protein–protein, protein–DNA and protein–RNA interactions) in the Protein Data Bank (PDB).

It consists of functional sites extracted from PDB using the SITE records and of an additional set containing the protein interaction sites inferred from the contact residues in heterocomplexes. The PDBSite was set up by automated processing of the PDB. The PDBSite database can be queried through the functional description and the structural characteristics of the site and its environment. The PDBSite is integrated with the PDBSiteScan tool allowing structural comparisons of a protein against the functional sites.

The PDBSite enables the recognition of functional sites in protein tertiary structures, providing annotation of function through structure. The PDBSite is updated after each new PDB release.
European liver fluke Opisthorchis felineus, causing opisthorchiasis disease, is widespread in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and sporadically detected in the EU countries. O. felineus infection leads to hepatobiliary pathological changes, cholangitis, fibrosis and, in severe cases, malignant transformation of bile ducts. Due to absence of specific symptoms, the infection is frequently neglected for a long period. The association of opisthorchiasis with almost incurable bile duct cancer and rising international migration of people that increases the risk of the parasitic etiology of liver fibrosis in non-endemic regions determine high demand for development of approaches to opisthorchiasis detection.In vivo magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy (MRI and MRS) were applied for differential assessment of hepatic abnormalities induced by O. felineus in an experimental animal model. Correlations of the MR-findings with the histological data as well as the data of the biochemical analysis of liver tissue were found. MRI provides valuable information about the severity of liver impairments induced by opisthorchiasis. An MR image of O. felineus infected liver has a characteristic pattern that differs from that of closely related liver fluke infections. 1H and 31P MRS in combination with biochemical analysis data showed that O. felineus infection disturbed hepatic metabolism of the host, which was accompanied by cholesterol accumulation in the liver.A non-invasive approach based on the magnetic resonance technique is very advantageous and may be successfully used not only for diagnosing and evaluating liver damage induced by O. felineus, but also for investigating metabolic changes arising in the infected organ. Since damages induced by the liver fluke take place in different liver lobes, MRI has the potential to overcome liver biopsy sampling variability that limits predictive validity of biopsy analysis for staging liver fluke-induced fibrosis.
In this work, we elaborated heterogeneous catalysts on the basis of the Venturello complex [PO4{WO(O2)2}4]3- (PW4) and nitrogen-free or nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs or N-CNTs) for epoxidation of alkenes and sulfoxidation of thioethers with aqueous hydrogen peroxide.

Catalysts PW4/CNTs and PW4/N-CNTs (1.8 at. % N) containing 5-15 wt. % of PW4 and differing in acidity have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, N2 adsorption, IR spectroscopy, HR-TEM, and HAADF-STEM. Studies by STEM in HAADF mode revealed a quasi-molecular dispersion of PW4 on the surface of CNTs. The addition of acid during the immobilization is not obligatory to ensure site isolation and strong binding of PW4 on the surface of CNTs, but it allows one to increase the PW4 loading and affects both catalytic activity and product selectivity. Catalytic performance of the supported PW4 catalysts was evaluated in H2O2-based oxidation of two model substrates, cyclooctene and methyl phenyl sulfide, under mild conditions (25-50°C).

The best results in terms of activity and selectivity were obtained using PW4 immobilized on N-free CNTs in acetonitrile or dimethyl carbonate as solvents. Catalysts PW4/CNTs can be applied for selective oxidation of a wide range of alkenes and thioethers provided a balance between activity and selectivity of the catalyst is tuned by a careful control of the amount of acid added during the immobilization of PW4. Selectivity, conversion, and turnover frequencies achieved in epoxidations over PW4/CNTs catalysts are close to those reported in the literature for homogeneous systems based on PW4. IR spectroscopy confirmed the retention of the Venturello structure after use in the catalytic reactions. The elaborated catalysts are stable to metal leaching, show a truly heterogeneous nature of the catalysis, can be easily recovered by filtration, regenerated by washing and evacuation, and then reused several times without loss of the catalytic performance.
A new discharge startup scenario has been developed for the Gas Dynamic Trap (GDT) magnetic mirror experiment. The primary neutral beam injection (NBI) plasma heating system requires a sufficiently dense plasma target with a degree of ionization, which is compatible with accumulation of fast ions. In the reported experiments, instead of the conventional axial plasma injection, a high-frequency radiation is used to produce such a target directly in the central cell. One of the microwave beams generated by GDT`s electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) system is used to ionize a portion of neutral gas, which is admitted to vacuum vessel. The ECR absorption of incident power supports further ionization and eventually builds up a plasma target suitable for NBI capture. With application of the NBI a steady accumulation of fast ions is observed, resulting in a discharge with aggregate fast ion energy, plasma temperature and other parameters similar to the conventional regime with the arc plasma generator. First part of the paper presents the particulars of discharge scenario and experimental data on plasma evolution during ECR heating, along with the dependencies on incident microwave power, magnetic configuration and pressure of neutral gas. The characteristics of high-power NBI discharge are described and differences to the conventional scenario are discussed.
Fundamental studies of molecular and cellular mechanisms of cardiovascular disease pathogenesis are required to create more effective and safer methods of their therapy. The studies can be carried out only when model systems that fully recapitulate pathological phenotype seen in patients are used. Application of laboratory animals for cardiovascular disease modeling is limited because of physiological differences with humans.

Since discovery of induced pluripotency generating induced pluripotent stem cells has become a breakthrough technology in human disease modeling.

In this review, we discuss a progress that has been made in modeling inherited arrhythmias and cardiomyopathies, studying molecular mechanisms of the diseases, and searching for and testing drug compounds using patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.
The objective of this article is to check the reliability of the attribution of the medieval Chinese painting "Fanqi tu" ("Nomads") to Hu Huan (Hu Huai), an artist living at the end of 9 th – beginning of the 10 th century. In order to achieve this objective, two tasks must be undertaken: 1) compare "Fanqi tu" with other paintings by Hu Huan, and 2) widen the range of comparisons by including paintings of the renwu genre of other artists close to Hu Huan's paintings. Some of the compared pictures do have reliable chronological attributions that help to determine the dates of the others, including "Fanqi tu".

This study used hair-styles of saddle-horses' tails as the ethno-chronological marker which has never been used before by anyone in this way. As the ethno-chronological marker of Qidan (Khidan) attribution of the personages depicted, this study picked out the lacing of the tails of their saddle-horses in the middle. The tails of saddle-horses of Jurchen (Jin) and Southern Song peoples were the same: a tight knot with two hanging locks.

The analysis showed that neither "Fanqi tu", nor "Zhuosetu" (another picture attributed to Hu Huan) can be among his works. They were painted much later. The "Zhuosetu" scroll reflects contacts of Qidan (Khidan) and Jurchen peoples and belongs to 1110–1140 AD. Therefore, this was a chronological sign, not an ethno-cultural one. It would seem that long loose flowing tails were primarily used by Mongolian-time saddle-horses. Therefore, the "Fanqi tu" painting must be dated to the middle – second half of 13 th century (from the collapse of the Jin Empire in 1234 to the flourishing of Zhao Mengfu's paintings).
The results of analytical work of foreign colleagues were explored (namely, on restoration of the full spectrum of paints on the surface of the clay figures, or comparative studies of the forms of terracotta soldiers’ ears because this part of the human face is absolutely unique and therefore used in modern forensic practice for identification purposes).

On the base of visual analyses of the material that could be obtained, taking into account the serial production of the big details (torsos, feet, heads) for assembling of the whole figures, as well as traces of the different instruments on faces of these figures, and after personal experience in working with elastic materials such as clay, the authors proposed a hypothesis that the reconstruction of face details (ears, noses, eyebrows, mustaches, etc.) which complete the assemblage was of the same type of serial mass production.

Occasional or intentional deformation of face details in the process of their fixation, supplemented with elements such as coiffures and accentuated sections of face hair served as a basis for visible diversity in the clay soldiers and officials. However, we cannot say much about the personal characteristics of the real representatives of Qin society. We see only a reproduction of the appropriate image, but not the distinct person in the emperor’s army or court. The observations received indicate sheer haste and even negligence in the work of the craftsmen during the final stages of constructing this enormous funeral complex that never reached the level of the preliminary plans.