Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Acousto-optic (AO) interaction in the terahertz range was investigated with the use of monolithic ultrasound transducers of various widths.

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) liquefied at a temperature of about 23 °C and a pressure of 25 bar was used as a medium for AO interaction. The angular and frequency bandwidths of effective AO interaction, as well as the diffraction efficiency per 1 W of the driving electric power, were determined.

For the first time, a correct comparison of the AO diffraction efficiency in SF6 with the use of ultrasound transducers with different widths was carried out. In the experiments performed, the highest energy efficiency of the AO modulator was achieved with a transducer with a width of 12 mm.
The method has been compared with various known modifications of the Boris method.

The article proposes a new method for solving the equations of motion of charged particles in electromagnetic fields. In the algorithm, the velocity of a charged particle at a time step is computed in accordance with the exact solution of the differential equation. A new modification of the method uses the fact that the electric and magnetic fields are constant at a time step. It allows one to compute more accurately the trajectory and velocity of a charged particle without significant increasing the complexity of the computations.

The comparison was carried out both in terms of the accuracy of the methods and the time of their operation. It has been shown that when choosing a modification of the Boris method to solve a problem, one should pay attention first of all to the accuracy of the solution, since a simpler and faster scheme may not give a gain in time.
Natural pulsation development is considered in order to verify the linear and nonlinear region of transition process in supersonic boundary layers.

To define the regions statistical approach is used. The typical way to see the linear disturbance development is to consist in verification of the normality distribution for pulsation amplitude measured by hot-wire. More complicated task is to determine the initial disturbance amplitudes in supersonic boundary layer in quantities of velocity, density and temperature and its relations during transition process. Solving such a problem scanning constant temperature anemometer is necessary to apply.

Pulsation decomposition procedure is analyzed and used for measured data.
We present our predictions for the inclusive production of two heavy quark-antiquark pairs, separated by a large rapidity interval, in the collision of (quasi-)real photons at the energies of LEP2 and of some future electron-positron colliders.

We include in our calculation the full resummation of leading logarithms in the center-of-mass energy and a partial resummation of the next-to-leading logarithms, within the Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov (BFKL) approach.
A new technique for ion identification in Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) has been proposed by measuring the ion track ranges using a low-pressure TPC.

As a proof of principle, a low-pressure TPC with charge readout using a THGEM multiplier was developed. The tracks of alpha particles from various radioactive sources were successfully recorded in the TPC. The track ranges were measured with a high accuracy, reaching the 2% resolution level. Using these results and the SRIM code simulation, it is shown that the isobaric boron and beryllium ions can be effectively separated at ten sigma level.

It is expected that this technique will be applied in the AMS facility in Novosibirsk for dating geological objects, in particular for the geochronology of Cenozoic Era.
Thawing of subsea permafrost can impact offshore infrastructure, affect coastal erosion, and release permafrost organic matter. Thawing is usually modeled as the result of heat transfer, although salt diffusion may play an important role in marine settings. To better quantify nearshore subsea permafrost thawing, we applied the CryoGRID2 heat diffusion model and coupled it to a salt diffusion model. We simulated coastline retreat and subsea permafrost evolution as it develops through successive stages of a thawing sequence at the Bykovsky Peninsula, Siberia. Sensitivity analyses for seawater salinity were performed to compare the results for the Bykovsky Peninsula with those of typical Arctic seawater. For the Bykovsky Peninsula, the modeled ice-bearing permafrost table (IBPT) for ice-rich sand and an erosion rate of 0.25 m/year was 16.7 m below the seabed 350 m offshore. The model outputs were compared to the IBPT depth estimated from coastline retreat and electrical resistivity surveys perpendicular to and crossing the shoreline of the Bykovsky Peninsula. The interpreted geoelectric data suggest that the IBPT dipped to 15-20 m below the seabed at 350 m offshore. Both results suggest that cold saline water forms beneath grounded ice and floating sea ice in shallow water, causing cryotic benthic temperatures. The freezing point depression produced by salt diffusion can delay or prevent ice formation in the sediment and enhance the IBPT degradation rate. Therefore, salt diffusion may facilitate the release of greenhouse gasses to the atmosphere and considerably affect the design of offshore and coastal infrastructure in subsea permafrost areas.
Hybrid materials bearing organic and inorganic motifs have been extensively discussed as playgrounds for the implementation of atomically resolved inorganic sites within a confined environment, with an exciting similarity to enzymes. Here, we present the successful design of a site-isolated mixed-metal metal organic framework (MOF) that mimics the reactivity of soluble methane monooxygenase enzyme and demonstrates the potential of this strategy to overcome current challenges in selective methane oxidation. We describe the synthesis and characterization of an Fe-containing MOF that comprises the desired antiferromagnetically coupled high-spin species in a coordination environment closely resembling that of the enzyme. An electrochemical synthesis method is used to build the microporous MOF matrix while integrating the atomically dispersed Fe active sites in the crystalline scaffold. The model mimics the catalytic C–H activation behavior of the enzyme to produce methanol and shows that the key to this reactivity is the formation of isolated oxo-bridged Fe units.
The length and quality of life is important to us all, yet identification of promising drug targets for human ageing using genetics has had limited success.

Here, we combine six large European-ancestry genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of human ageing traits—healthspan, father and mother lifespan, exceptional longevity, frailty index, and self-rated health—in a principal component framework that maximises their shared genetic architecture. We identify 27 genomic regions associated with GIP1, and provide additional, independent evidence for an effect on human ageing for loci near HTT and MAML3 using a study of Finnish and Japanese subject survival. Finally, using proteome-wide two-sample Mendelian randomisation and colocalisation, we provide robust evidence for a detrimental effect of blood levels of apolipoprotein(a) (LPA) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) on GIP1.

Together, our results demonstrate that combining multiple ageing traits using genetic principal components enhances power to detect biological targets for human ageing.
Tsagaan Agui Cave, situated in Tsagaan Tsakhir limestone massif in the Gobi Altai Mountains of southern Mongolia, is the one of the rare stratified Holocene archaeological sites known in the Gobi Desert. During 1995-2000 excavation campaigns, cultural material spanning the late Bronze Age through the ethnographic present was recovered.

In 2021, an excavation pit (2021/1) was dug in the gallery that joints the cave's Main and Small Chambers, and an additional sondage (2021/2) was excavated in the Main Chamber itself. Excavation Unit 2021/1 is subdivided into Layers 1, 2, and 3, in which Layers 1 and 2 are attributed to the Holocene, and 3, the lowermost, is likely of Pleistocene age. Birch barkfragments bearing Old Mongolian inscriptions, cylindrical paste beads, and one additional, presumably carnelian, bead were found in Layers 1 and 2. Excavation Unit 2021/1, Layers 1-3, yielded lithic artifacts made of yellow jasper and Devonian flint, typical of the local Paleolithic industry. Only a single transparent chalcedony microblade can be tentatively dated to the Holocene.

The suite of Holocene cultural material obtained during the 2021 excavations at Tsagaan Agui requires additional analysis and interpretation and is of particular interest with respect to the reconstruction of late prehistoric trade networks linking arid southern Mongolia with remote regions and the appearance of historical documents in the Gobi Desert. The study of the Holocene layers at Tsagaan Agui Cave is also of timely significance in terms of preserving Mongolian cultural heritage, since the upper layer of the site is being destroyed due to unregulated and unsupervised tourist activity in spite of its relatively remote location.
This article proposes the detailed research of difficulties with the term «gameplay» which plays an important role in game studies. This term is not easy to translate because of several reasons and it makes difficult to define it. Our research of this reasons allow us to criticize some of the previous translations and definitions. Translation of the gameplay as a gaming process or playability cannot used as valid approach, instead of them we claim interpretation of gameplay as an organization of game’s components. After this we suggest a new one, based on videogame`s main element (rules and confines). Consideration of the gameplay’s and game`s elements lead us to conclusion about two processes forming gameplay: one of them aimed on playability of this videogame, another – on the interesting of the fictional world of the game or its element. In conclusion we present several examples of usage of these concepts to understand some aspects of reception and design of videogames.
This paper presents the process of nonstationary evaporation of aqueous solutions of LiBr-H2O, CaCl2-H2O, NaCl-H2O droplets on a horizontal heating surface. The following typical stages of heat and mass transfer depending on wall temperature have been considered: evaporation below boiling temperature and nucleate boiling.

We have developed the experimental method for direct measurements of the mass of evaporating droplet.

The significant decrease in desorption intensity with a rise of initial mass concentration of salt has been observed. Formation of a surface crystallization front at evaporation of a droplet has been detected.
The recent precise measurements of the e + e − → K S K L and e + e − → K + K − cross sections and the hadronic spectral function of the τ − → K − K S ν τ decay are used to extract the isoscalar and isovector electromagnetic kaon form factors and their relative phase in a model independent way. The experimental results are compared with a fit based on the vector-meson-dominance model.
We report measurements of the exclusive cross section for e+e−→D0D*−π+ as a function of center-of-mass energy from the D0D*−π+ threshold to 5.2 GeV with initial-state radiation.

The analysis is based on a data sample collected with the Belle detector at or near a center-of-mass energy of 10.58 GeV with an integrated luminosity of 695 fb−1 at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e+e− collider.

No evidence is found for Y(4260)→D0D*−π+ decays.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have high potential as sources of biomarkers for non-invasive diagnostics. Thus, a simple and productive method of EV isolation is demanded for certain scientific and medical applications of EVs.

Here we aim to develop a simple and effective method of EV isolation from different biofluids, suitable for both scientific, and clinical analyses of miRNAs transported by EVs. The proposed aggregation–precipitation method is based on the aggregation of EVs using dextran blue and the subsequent precipitation of EVs using 1.5% polyethylene glycol solutions. The developed method allows the effective isolation of EVs from plasma and urine. As shown using TEM, dynamic light scattering, and miRNA analyses, this method is not inferior to ultracentrifugation-based EV isolation in terms of its efficacy, lack of inhibitors for polymerase reactions and applicable for both healthy donors and cancer patients.

This method is fast, simple, does not need complicated equipment, can be adapted for different biofluids, and has a low cost. The aggregation–precipitation method of EV isolation accessible and suitable for both research and clinical laboratories. This method has the potential to increase the diagnostic and prognostic utilization of EVs and miRNA-based diagnostics of urogenital pathologies.
Synthetic water-soluble phenolic antioxidants are known anti-inflammatory chemicals, some of them were shown to induce components of antioxidative defense enzymes NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) via activation of Nrf2 pathway.Our experimental in vivo models have demonstrated an increase of both gstp1 and nqo1 expression in the liver of mice treated with novel organosulfur phenolic compounds TS-12, TS-13, TS-14.Both expression and activity of GSTP1 was dependent on the distance of active thiosulfonate group in para-position from the benzene ring of the above antioxidants.The increase of nqo1 and gstp1 gene expression was mediated by the antioxidant-binding response element (ARE).Our results revealed the role of Nrf2/ARE-dependent transcription regulation in response to the new phenolic antioxidants and suggested possible strategy to improve antioxidative properties of synthetic phenolic compounds.
Dynamics of a single vapor cavity, moving under gravity in a vertical tube of a small diameter, has been studied. The experiment was carried out in water and aqueous LiBr solution in a tube with the length of 400 mm and diameter of 16 mm.

Experiments have shown that dynamics of the rising vapor cavity after-the-fact boiling-up of aqueous LiBr solution in a vertical tube of a small diameter for some initial conditions differs qualitatively from dynamics of a gas bubble rising in a pool.

Dynamics of the vapor cavity in aqueous LiBr solution and in water demonstrates quantitative but not qualitative differences. During bubble rising in a small diameter tube to time dependence for volume and mass of the vapor bubble, the regimes with pulsations were detected.
Experimental study results of two parallel turbulent jets and a set of discrete jets evenly distributed over a circle are presented. Distributions of averaged velocities and their pulsations were obtained and analysed.

It was shown that in the case of a discrete annular jet, the flow structure changes significantly, and the distribution of average velocities indicates the presence of the large-scale vortex structure on the jet axis.
The large statistics collected during the operation of a ZnMoO4 array, for a total exposure of 1.3 kg day of 100Mo, allowed the first bolometric observation of the two neutrino double beta decay of 100Mo.

The observed spectrum of each crystal was reconstructed taking into account the different background contributions due to environmental radioactivity and internal contamination. The analysis of coincidences between the crystals allowed the assignment of constraints to the intensity of the different background sources, resulting in a reconstruction of the measured spectrum down to an energy of ∼300 keV.

The half-life extracted from the data is T = [7.15 ± 0.37 (stat) ± 0.66 (syst)] × 1018 y.
Human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (hOGG1) is a key enzyme responsible for initiating the base excision repair of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanosine (oxoG).

In this study a thermodynamic analysis of the interaction of hOGG1 with specific and non-specific DNA-substrates is performed based on stopped-flow kinetic data. The standard Gibbs energies, enthalpies and entropies of specific stages of the repair process were determined via kinetic measurements over a temperature range using the van't Hoff approach. The three steps which are accompanied with changes in the DNA conformations were detected via 2-aminopurine fluorescence in the process of binding and recognition of damaged oxoG base by hOGG1.

The thermodynamic analysis has demonstrated that the initial step of the DNA substrates binding is mainly governed by energy due to favorable interactions in the process of formation of the recognition contacts, which results in negative enthalpy change, as well as due to partial desolvation of the surface between the DNA and enzyme, which results in positive entropy change. Discrimination of non-specific G base versus specific oxoG base is occurring in the second step of the oxoG-substrate binding. This step requires energy consumption which is compensated by the positive entropy contribution. The third binding step is the final adjustment of the enzyme/substrate complex to achieve the catalytically competent state which is characterized by large endothermicity compensated by a significant increase of entropy originated from the dehydration of the DNA grooves.
Tables 2 and 3 in the paper by Tumanov et al. [(2010), Acta Cryst. B 66 , 458–471] are corrected.
ЭЛЕКТРОННО-МИКРОСКОПИЧЕСКОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СТРУКТУРЫ РОЗЕТКОПОДОБНЫХ НУКЛЕОПРОТЕИДНЫХ КОМПЛЕКСОВ, ВЫДЕЛЕННЫХ ИЗ КЛЕТОК ESCHERICHIA COLI Ε. В. Киселева, Е. В. Лихошвай, Н. Б. Христолюбова, Н. В. Воробьева, Н. А. Сердюкова, А
Jet flows are extensively used in various practical applications. Presently, the development of technical equipment where jets are employed is connected with the improvement and optimization of different methods of flow control. In the paper, an experimental investigation of the turbulent structure of forced bubbly free and impinging jets was carried out by means of PIV and PFBI techniques. PIV was applied to measure velocity distributions and turbulent characteristics in the continuous phase, while PFBI approach was applied to visualize bubbles in the flow and evaluate their sizes. The flow was studied at the Reynolds number of 12,500 and three void fractions β = 0, 1 and 2% for forced conditions St = 0.5. The mean air bubble diameter was estimated to be roughly 0.8 mm for all β. It was revealed that in the free jet the air bubbles and flow pulsations reduces substantially the longitudinal dimension of the jet core. In two-phase flow with forcing distribution of turbulence kinetic energy was similar to one-phase case but maximum value was two and a half times higher then for one-phase unforced jet. In the impinging jet flow, the bubbles produced a maximum of the turbulence kinetic energy near the wall, which increased two and a half times in forced conditions.
Aims: Edoxaban is a direct-acting oral anticoagulant, being a highly selective, direct and reversible factor Xa inhibitor. Edoxaban is used to treat and prevent blood clots such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The dried spot technic, including dried blood spots and dried plasma spots, is used in many fields, from newborn screening to monitoring of therapeutic drugs in toxicology. In this case, equipment with a highly sensitive detector, such as a mass spectrometer, is required, as well as conditions for a high degree of drug recovery from the dried spot. In this work, the extraction of edoxaban from dried plasma spots (DPS) was studied to determine the optimal parameters of the extraction method. Study Design: Analytical experimental study. Short Research Articles. Place and Duration of Study: Core Facility of Mass Spectrometric Analysis, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, between August and October 2020 Methodology: The organic extraction method was selected for evaluation as the most suitable for LC-MS analysis. Several parameters were investigated to find the best combination for extracting edoxaban from DPS for further LC-MS analysis: percent organic solvent, presence or absence of 0.1% formic acid (FA), extraction time, volume, and temperature. Results: The results showed that the extraction was influenced by the composition and volume of the solvent, but not temperature and time. Pure acetonitrile is the worst solvent for extracting edoxaban from DPS. The most optimal parameters are MeOH: 0.1% FA in H2O (70:30, v:v) solvent with an extraction temperature of 40 °C, an extraction time of 15 minutes and a solvent volume of 50 μl. Conclusion: Several solvents suitable for LC-MS analysis can be used to recover edoxaban from DPS.
Over the past decade, the free-living flatworm Macrostomum lignano has been successfully used in many areas of biology, including embryology, stem cells, sexual selection, bioadhesion and aging. The increased use of this powerful laboratory model, including the establishment of genomic resources and tools, makes it essential to have a detailed description of the chromosome organization of this species, previously suggested to have a karyotype with 2n = 8 and one pair of large and three pairs of small metacentric chromosomes.

We performed cytogenetic analyses for chromosomes of one commonly used inbred line of M. lignano (called DV1) and uncovered unexpected chromosome number variation in the form of aneuploidies of the largest chromosomes. These results prompted us to perform karyotypic studies in individual specimens of this and other lines of M. lignano reared under laboratory conditions, as well as in freshly field-collected specimens from different natural populations. Moreover, karyological analyses were performed in specimens of three further species: Macrostomum sp. 8 (a close relative of M. lignano), M. spirale and M. hystrix.

Our analyses revealed a high frequency of aneuploids and in some cases other numerical and structural chromosome abnormalities in laboratory-reared lines of M. lignano, and some cases of aneuploidy were also found in freshly field-collected specimens. Macrostomum sp. 8 showed a karyotype that was similar to that of M. lignano, with tetrasomy for its largest chromosome being the most common karyotype, while the other two species showed a simpler karyotype that is more typical of the genus Macrostomum. These findings suggest that M. lignano and Macrostomum sp. 8 can be used as new models for studying processes of partial genome duplication in genome evolution.
Head-on collision of laser-induced plasma wakefields with differing profiles of electrostatic potential has been recently found to be an efficient mechanism for generating high-power electromagnetic emission at the second harmonic of the plasma frequency (Timofeev et al 2017 Phys. Plasmas 24 103106). This mechanism is attractive for creating a source of tunable narrow-band coherent radiation in the terahertz frequency range. In this paper, we generalize the theory of electromagnetic emission produced by non-linear interaction of two plasma wakes to the case of an arbitrary collision angle. Such a theory is used to evaluate the angular distribution of the second harmonic radiation as well as its total generation efficiency for parameters of the proof-of-principle experiment in which laser axes will be aligned with a small finite angle. Theoretical predictions are qualitatively confirmed by particle-in-cell simulations.
We describe and explore so-called linear hash functions and show how they can be used to build error detection and correction codes. The method can be applied for different types of errors (for example, burst errors). When the method is applied to a model where the number of distorted letters is limited, the obtained estimate of its performance is slightly better than the known Varshamov–Gilbert bound. We also describe random code whose performance is close to the same boundary, but its construction is much simpler. The proposed error correction codes are close to those obtained in the theory of linear codes, but there are examples when the proposed algorithms are more efficient.