Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The flow around a solid plate and a plate with a sound-absorbing coating at a non-zero angle of attack in a hypersonic flow (M∞=8.44) of a mixture of vibrationally excited carbon dioxide and nitrogen is considered.

Numerical simulations are performed by solving two-dimensional unsteady Navier–Stokes equations with a two-temperature model of relaxing flows. The vibrational energy as a function of time is defined by the Landau–Teller equation. A skeleton model, which is a set of square elements arranged in a staggered order, is used for simulating the porous coating made of foamed nickel with a porosity coefficient of 95%. The distance between the elements is equal to the pore diameter of the real sound-absorbing material. Data on the evolution of disturbances on the solid plate and on the plate with the sound-absorbing coating are presented for various angles of attack and CO2 concentrations in the mixture.

The experimental and calculated data on pressure fluctuations on the plate surfaces are found to be in good agreement. The effects of various parameters of the sound-absorbing coating (depth, length, and location at the flat plate) are considered. It is shown that the sound-absorbing coating significantly reduces the intensity of pressure fluctuations on the plate surface as compared to the solid surface (up to 50% depending on the length and location of the sound-absorbing coating).
In the efforts to reduce the intensity of sonic boom generated by a supersonic aircraft, the problem of measuring the parameters of the shock waves in the experiments in a non-uniform flow is considered.

It is necessary to measure the static pressure distribution behind the head shock wave at various distances from the model under study. The measured data of the shock wave profile obtained with the help of a drained measuring plate and a comb of pressure probes are given.

A technique for processing experimental data is presented.
The Reynolds number based on the inflow velocity and diameter of the cylinder is 3750 corresponding to the subcritical regime with laminar separation.

We study the flow over a cylinder placed between two parallel rigid walls using Large - eddy simulations.

The comparison of the time - averaged flow patterns shows very good agreement with experiments. The unsteadiness of the recirculating bubble features the low - frequency modulation observed for the first time.
Quantum wells (QWs) based on mercury telluride (HgTe) thin films provide a large scale of unusual physical properties starting from an insulator via a two-dimensional Dirac semimetal to a three-dimensional topological insulator. These properties result from the dramatic change of the QW band structure with the HgTe film thickness. Although being a key property, these energy dispersion relations cannot be reflected in experiments due to the lack of appropriate tools.

Here we report an experimental and theoretical study of two HgTe quantum wells with inverted energy spectrum in which two-dimensional semimetallic states are realized. Using magneto-optical spectroscopy at sub-THz frequencies we were able to obtain information about electron and hole cyclotron masses at all relevant Fermi level positions and different charge densities. The outcome is also supported by a Shubnikov-de Haas analysis of capacitance measurements, which allows obtaining information about the degeneracy of the active modes. From these data, it is possible to reconstruct electron and hole dispersion relations.

Detailed comparative analysis of the energy dispersion relations with theoretical calculations demonstrates a good agreement, reflecting even several subtle features like band splitting, the second conduction band, and the overlaps between the first conduction and first valence band. Our study demonstrates that the cyclotron resonance experiments can be efficiently used to directly obtain the band structures of semimetallic 2D materials.
Two experiments, CMD-3 and SND, collected over 100 pb−1 in total taking data in 2011-2013 at the VEPP-2000 electron-positron collider. The data sample covers the whole available c.m. energy range from 0.32 GeV to 2.0 GeV.

An upgrade of VEPP-2000 started in the second half of 2013, aimed at the luminosity increase up to 10 times at 2.0 GeV. Data taking is expected to resumed in 2015.

The current results of analysis of the collected data for various modes of e+ e− → hadrons are discussed.
The article is dedicated to the analysis of the global optimization algorithms application to the solution of inverse problems of chemical kinetics.Two heuristic algorithms are considered -the gravitational search algorithm and the harmony algorithm.The article describes the algorithms, as well as the application of these algorithms to the optimization of test functions.After that, these algorithms are used to search for the kinetic parameters of two chemical processes -propane pre-reforming on Ni-catalyst and catalytic isomerization of pentane-hexane fraction.For the first process both algorithms showed approximately the same solution, while for the second problem the gravitational search algorithm showed a smaller value of the minimizing function.Wherefore, it is concluded that on large-scale problems it is better to use the gravitational search algorithm rather than the harmony algorithm, while obtaining a smaller value of the minimizing function in a minimum time.On low-scale problems both algorithms showed approximately the same result, while demonstrating the coincidence of the calculated data with the experimental ones.
A new general protocol for synthesis of fused 1,2,3-dithiazoles by the reaction of cyclic oximes with S₂Cl₂ and pyridine in acetonitrile has been developed. The target 1,2,3-dithiazoles fused with various carbocycles, such as indene, naphthalenone, cyclohexadienone, cyclopentadiene, and benzoannulene, were selectively obtained in low to high yields. In most cases, the hetero ring-closure was accompanied by chlorination of the carbocyclic moieties. With naphthalenone derivatives, a novel dithiazole rearrangement (15→13) featuring unexpected movement of the dithiazole ring from α- to β-position, with respect to keto group, was discovered. Molecular structure of 4-chloro-5H-naphtho[1,2-d][1,2,3]dithiazol-5-one 13 was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Electrochemical properties of 13 were studied by cyclic voltammetry and a complex behavior was observed, most likely including hydrodechlorination at a low potential.
Search of interrelationships between the structural–functional protein organization and exon structure of encoding gene provides insights into issues concerned with the function, origin and evolution of genes and proteins. The functions of proteins and their domains are defined mostly by functional sites. The relation of the exon–intron structure of the gene to the protein functional sites has been little studied. Development of resources containing data on projections of protein functional sites on eukaryotic genes is needed.

We have developed SitEx, a database that contains information on functional site amino acid positions in the exon structure of encoding gene. SitEx is integrated with the BLAST and 3DExonScan programs. BLAST is used for searching sequence similarity between the query protein and polypeptides encoded by single exons stored in SitEx. The 3DExonScan program is used for searching for structural similarity of the given protein with these polypeptides using superimpositions.

The developed computer system allows users to analyze the coding features of functional sites by taking into account the exon structure of the gene, to detect the exons involved in shuffling in protein evolution, also to design protein-engineering experiments. SitEx is accessible at http://www-bionet.sscc.ru/sitex/. Currently, it contains information about 9994 functional sites presented in 2021 proteins described in proteomes of 17 organisms.
It has been previously shown that the SuUR gene encodes a protein located in intercalary and pericentromeric heterochromatin in Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes. The SuUR mutation suppresses the formation of ectopic contacts and DNA underreplication in polytene chromosomes; SuUR+ in extra doses enhances the expression of these characters. This study demonstrates that heterochromatin-dependent PEV silencing is also influenced by SuUR. The SuUR protein localizes to chromosome regions compacted as a result of PEV; the SuUR mutation suppresses DNA underreplication arising in regions of polytene chromosomes undergoing PEV. The SuUR mutation also suppresses variegation of both adult morphological characters and chromatin compaction observed in rearranged chromosomes. In contrast, SuUR+ in extra doses and its overexpression enhance variegation. Thus, SuUR affects PEV silencing in a dose-dependent manner. However, its effect is expressed weaker than that of the strong modifier Su(var)2-5.
We report the analysis of the three-body e^{+}e^{-}→BB[over ¯]π^{±}, BB[over ¯]^{*}π^{±}, and B^{*}B[over ¯]^{*}π^{±} processes, including the first observations of the Z_{b}^{±}(10610)→[BB[over ¯]^{*}+c.c.]^{±} and Z_{b}^{±}(10650)→[B^{*}B[over ¯]^{*}]^{±} transitions that are found to dominate the corresponding final states.

We measure Born cross sections for the three-body production of σ(e^{+}e^{-}→[BB[over ¯]^{*}+c.c.]^{±}π^{∓})=[17.4±1.6(stat)±1.9(syst)] pb and σ(e^{+}e^{-}→[B^{*}B[over ¯]^{*}]^{±}π^{∓})=[8.75±1.15(stat)±1.04(syst)] pb and set a 90% C.L. upper limit of σ(e^{+}e^{-}→[BB[over ¯]]^{±}π^{∓})<2.9 pb.

The results are based on a 121.4 fb^{-1} data sample collected with the Belle detector at a center-of-mass energy near the ϒ(10860) peak.
Trinucleotide repeat expansion diseases such as fragile X syndrome are of great interest to study since the mechanism of its development is still unknown. IPS cell lines are some of the most convenient models for studying. The ICGi032-A iPS cell line was obtained from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the patient affected with fragile X syndrome. ICGi032-A iPS cell line have a normal karyotype, expression of pluripotency markers and can differentiate in vitro into the cells of three germ layers.
When creating geoinformation systems of a city scale, relation this or that information from Internet, there comes the task of creation an ontology of urbanonyms taking into account their historical changes. The account of historical changes is necessary, for example, to process messages about urban event from blogs: since more and more representatives of the middle and older generations are becoming active Internet users, the massages often contain the former names of urbanonyms.

Let us note that it is the accounting of historical changes that is required to solve this problem that determines the need to create not a thesaurus, which is sufficient, as shown in [1], to take into account geographical names commonly used (at least in natural science articles) in their actual from, but an ontology.

Taking into account the specifics of the task of creating an ontology of Almaty, in should be bilingual: in the Kazakh and Russian languages.
The technology of solid-state light source is associated with the future of a number of sectors of economy. Duration of failure-free operation, optical radiation power and other output characteristics of the LEDs are closely linked with p-n junction temperature, which makes the development of the cooling systems an important step in creating LED systems. In this work, we have created a new type of thermosiphon for studying heat transfer from a local heat source. Boiling heat transfer on the local heaters with the diameter of 1 and 5 mm has been investigated. It is shown that on the finned surfaces overheating relative to the saturation temperature in comparison with a smooth surface decreases up to three times for the heater with the diameter of 5 mm. For finned surfaces on the heater with a diameter of 1 mm, surface overheating relative to the saturation temperature decreases four times. More than three times increase is observed for the heat transfer coefficient on finned surfaces as compared to the smooth ones. It is shown that the value of the critical heat flux (CHF) under the conditions of a large volume of liquid for the heaters with D = 1.6 and 5 mm is in good agreement with the known dependences. Radial finning of the heater has no effect on CHF. The value of CHF for D = 1 mm turns out to be higher than the calculated one. The greatest increase is achieved by using a head with finning.
In previous work [J. Chem. Phys. 122, 204301 (2005)], we showed that the formation of I2+ from photodissociation of the methyl iodide dimer takes place via ionic channels (through the formation of (CH3I)2+). It is thus not possible to detect neutral I2 by monitoring I2+.

Neutral I2 is detected in this study by monitoring I atoms arising from the photodissociation of I2. Iodine atoms from I2 photodissociation have a characteristic kinetic energy and angular anisotropy, which is registered using velocity map imaging. We use a two-color probe scheme involving the photodissociation of nascent I2 at 499nm, which gives rise to I atoms that are ionized by (2+1) resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization at 304.67nm. Our estimate of the yield of nascent I2 is based on the comparison with the signal from I2 at a known concentration. Using molecular beams with a small fraction of CH3I (1% in the expanded mixture) where smaller clusters should prevail, the production of I2 was found to be negligible.

An upper estimate for the quantum yield of I2 from (CH3I)2 dimers was found to be less than 0.4%. Experiments with a higher fraction of CH3I (4% in the expanded mixture), which favor the formation of larger clusters, revealed an observable formation of I2, with an estimated translational temperature of about 820K. We suggest that this observed I2 signal arises from the photodissociation of several CH3I molecules in the larger cluster by the same UV pulse, followed by recombination of two nascent iodine atoms is responsible for neutral I2 production.
The present paper deals with evaluation of economy 'decarbonation' perspectives in post-Soviet states.

The dynamics of this process over the period of 1990-2014 has been studied and the countries have been ranked respectively.

Decoupling of GDP growth and CO2 emissions has been identified. The authors suggest a classification of tools to manage the process.
Results of the studies of water-rock interactions for the Bang thermal water system (Bang Mineral Hot Spring) in Kuang Binh province, Central Vietnam, are presented for the first time. It was established that the thermal waters (62.1-97.1 °C) with total mineralization of 255-659 mg/dm 3 of HCO 3 -Na composition are supersaturated with respect to carbonate minerals (calcite, magnesite, and dolomite) and saturated with respect to albite, microcline, laumontite, and glaucophane. The waters with the outlet temperature of 24.3-34.5 °C, with mineralization 44-87 mg/dm 3 and composition HCO 3 -Cl-Na-Mg are unsaturated with respect to carbonates and are in the fields of stability of clay minerals: kaolinite, illite, Na-, Ca-, and Mg-montmorillonite. Theseresults are in good agreement with the results of the isotope composition analysis of the hydrothermal vents (δD, δ 18 O and 3 H), according to which the time of water circulation for the first-group is higher than 60 years and may reach more than 1000 years, while for the second-group water it does not exceed 50 years.
Results of the studies into the features of the geochemistry of radon waters from the Zaeltovsky-Mochishche zone of Novosibirsk city are reported. Radon waters are fracture, cold with the temperature of 6-10 оC, they occur at a depth of 50-200 m.

In the hydrogeological section, neutral and weakly alkaline waters are developed, with рН from 6,9 to 7,8, mainly with the calcium hydrocarbonate and calcium-sodium hydrocarbonate composition, with total mineralization from 322 to 895 mg/dm3.

The concentrations of 222Rn in water-saturated zones of granites vary from 308 to 1521 Bq/dm3, while in the wells drilled into hornstones radon content varies within the range 37-241 Bq/dm3. The concentrations of 238U and 226Ra do not exceed 0.098 mg/dm3 and 3.5∙10-7 mg/dm3, respectively.
In distinction to single-stranded anticodons built of G, C, A, and U bases, their presumable double-stranded precursors at the first three positions of the acceptor stem are composed almost invariably of G-C and C-G base pairs. Thus, the “second” operational RNA code responsible for correct aminoacylation seems to be a (G,C) code preceding the classic genetic code. Although historically rooted, the two codes were destined to diverge quite early. However, closer inspection revealed that two complementary catalytic domains of class I and class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) multiplied by two, also complementary, G2-C71 and C2-G71 targets in tRNA acceptors, yield four (2 × 2) different modes of recognition. It appears therefore that the core four-column organization of the genetic code, associated with the most conservative central base of anticodons and codons, was in essence predetermined by these four recognition modes of the (G,C) operational code. The general conclusion follows that the genetic code per se looks like a “frozen accident” but only beyond the “2 × 2 = 4” scope. The four primordial modes of tRNA–aaRS recognition are amenable to direct experimental verification.
Diethyl ether is hyperpolarized by pairwise addition of parahydrogen to vinyl ethyl ether

characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Proton polarization levels exceeding 8% are achieved at near complete chemical conversion within seconds, causing the activation of radio amplification by stimulated emission radiation (RASER) throughout detection. At low magnetic fields, long-lived singlet states extend the relaxation decay by approximately three-fold

paving the way to bioimaging applications
Domestication has led to similar changes in morphology and behavior in several animal species, raising the question whether similarities between different domestication events also exist at the molecular level. We used mRNA sequencing to analyze genome-wide gene expression patterns in brain frontal cortex in three pairs of domesticated and wild species (dogs and wolves, pigs and wild boars, and domesticated and wild rabbits). We compared the expression differences with those between domesticated guinea pigs and a distant wild relative (Cavia aperea) as well as between two lines of rats selected for tameness or aggression towards humans. There were few gene expression differences between domesticated and wild dogs, pigs, and rabbits (30–75 genes (less than 1%) of expressed genes were differentially expressed), while guinea pigs and C. aperea differed more strongly. Almost no overlap was found between the genes with differential expression in the different domestication events. In addition, joint analyses of all domesticated and wild samples provided only suggestive evidence for the existence of a small group of genes that changed their expression in a similar fashion in different domesticated species. The most extreme of these shared expression changes include up-regulation in domesticates of SOX6 and PROM1, two modulators of brain development. There was almost no overlap between gene expression in domesticated animals and the tame and aggressive rats. However, two of the genes with the strongest expression differences between the rats (DLL3 and DHDH) were located in a genomic region associated with tameness and aggression, suggesting a role in influencing tameness. In summary, the majority of brain gene expression changes in domesticated animals are specific to the given domestication event, suggesting that the causative variants of behavioral domestication traits may likewise be different.
Betaines 5,6,7, -phosphanylidene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-1,2,4trione, 5,6,7,8-tetrafluoro-3-(methyldiphenyl-λ 5 -phosphanylidene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-1,2,4-trione, and 3-[(2,5-difluorophenyl)diphenyl-λ 5 -phosphanylidene]-5,6,7,8-tetrafluoro-1,2,3,4tetrahydronaphthalene-1,2,4-trione have been synthesized via fluorine substitution in the quinone ring of hexafluoro-1,4-naphthoquinone by tertiary phosphines RPh 2 Р (R = Ме, Ph, 2,5-F 2 C 6 H 3 ) and methanol in 90, 30 and 62% yields, respectively.The first naphthalenetrione formed also upon interaction of pentafluoro-1,4-naphthoquinone with triphenylphosphine in methanol.

The new 1,4-dibenzodioxine derivative -6,11-difluoro-9-(triphenyl-λ 5 -phosphanylidene)-7,8,9,10tetrahydro-5,12-dioxatetracene-7,8,10-trione -has been obtained in a 83% yield by fluorine substitution in the benzene moiety of a naphthoquinone skeleton of this betaine by the action of pyrocatechol at the presence of potassium carbonate in DMSO.
Upcoming high-cadence transient survey programmes will produce a wealth of observational data for Type Ia supernovae. These data sets will contain numerous events detected very early in their evolution, shortly after explosion.

Here, we present synthetic light curves, calculated with the radiation hydrodynamical approach Stella for a number of different explosion models, specifically focusing on these first few days after explosion.

We show that overall the early light curve evolution is similar for most of the investigated models. Characteristic imprints are induced by radioactive material located close to the surface. However, these are very similar to the signatures expected from ejecta-CSM or ejecta-companion interaction. Apart from the pure deflagration explosion models, none of our synthetic light curves exhibit the commonly assumed power-law rise. We demonstrate that this can lead to substantial errors in the determination of the time of explosion. In summary, we illustrate with our calculations that even with very early data an identification of specific explosion scenarios is challenging, if only photometric observations are available.
Future liquid-argon DarkSide-20k and Argo detectors, designed for direct dark matter search, will be sensitive also to core-collapse supernova neutrinos, via coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering. This interaction channel is flavor-insensitive with a high-cross section, enabling for a high-statistics neutrino detection with target masses of ∼50 t and ∼360 t for DarkSide-20k and Argo respectively.

Thanks to the low-energy threshold of ∼0.5 keV nr achievable by exploiting the ionization channel, DarkSide-20k and Argo have the potential to discover supernova bursts throughout our galaxy and up to the Small Magellanic Cloud, respectively, assuming a 11-M ☉ progenitor star. We report also on the sensitivity to the neutronization burst, whose electron neutrino flux is suppressed by oscillations when detected via charged current and elastic scattering.

Finally, the accuracies in the reconstruction of the average and total neutrino energy in the different phases of the supernova burst, as well as its time profile, are also discussed, taking into account the expected background and the detector response.
ABSTRACT Agriculture is the backbone of the I ndian economy and contributes ∼16% of gross domestic product and about 10% of total exports. Hence, accurate and timely forecasting of monthly I ndian summer monsoon rainfall is very much in demand for economic planning and agricultural practices. Several methods and models, comprising dynamic and statistical models and combinations of the two, exist for monsoon forecasting. Here, a multi‐model ensemble approach, combined with an artificial neural networking technique, was used to develop a soft‐computing ensemble algorithm ( SEA ) to forecast the monthly and seasonal rainfall over the I ndian subcontinent. Forecasts using J anuary to M ay initial conditions along with observations during 1982–2014 were used to develop the model. The SEA compares well with observations.