Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
We have considered the features of the supersonic underexpanded flows formation under conditions of developed condensation, as well as measurements in such jets by electron-beam and molecular-beam methods. It is shown that under the conditions of large clusters formation both the geometry and the structure of supersonic jets may change. It is determined that the use of a mass-analyzer for recording monomers and clusters in a molecular beam has a number of peculiarities caused by the molecular beam formation from a jet containing large clusters. A method of mass spectrometry of clustered flows during the ionization of gases in a jet before the formation of a molecular beam is proposed. The features of this method are illustrated.
The potential scattering of electrons carrying non--zero quanta of the orbital angular momentum (OAM) is studied in a framework of the generalized Born approximation, developed in our recent paper by Karlovets \textit{et al.}, Phys. Rev. A. {\textbf 92}, 052703 (2015). We treat these so--called \textit{twisted} electrons as spatially localized wave--packets. The simple and convenient expressions are derived for a number of scattering events in collision of such a vortex electron with a single potential, located at a given impact parameter with respect to the wave-packet's axis. The more realistic scenarios are also considered with either localized (mesoscopic) targets or infinitely wide (macroscopic) ones that consist of the randomly distributed atoms. Dependence of the electron scattering pattern on a size and on a relative position of the target is studied in detail for all three scenarios of the single--potential--, mesoscopic-- and the macroscopic targets made of hydrogen in the ground $1s$ state. The results demonstrate that the angular distribution of the outgoing electrons can be very sensitive to the OAM and to kinematic parameters of the focused twisted beams, as well as to composition of the target. Scattering of vortex electrons by atoms can, therefore, serve as a valuable tool for diagnostic of such beams.
Echo detected electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) study of orientational molecular motion of nitroxide spin probes in glassy solvents was performed by evaluating the anisotropic transverse relaxation rate 1/T(2) at different positions of the EPR spectrum. Experiments were done on nitroxides of different sizes and shapes, in different solvent glasses, with different deuteration degree, and at different temperatures. We found that the properties of the solvent glass have a much stronger impact on the relaxation rate than the size and shape of the nitroxide have. We concluded that the anisotropic relaxation is induced by reordering of the solvent cage and not by small angle fluctuations of the nitroxide in the cage or intramolecular motion of nitroxide.
We report on the study of terahertz radiation-induced MIRO-like oscillations of magnetoresistivity in GaAs heterostructures. Our experiments provide an answer on two most intriguing questions---effect of radiation helicity and the role of the edges---yielding crucial information for an understanding of the MIRO (microwave-induced resistance oscillations) origin. Moreover, we demonstrate that the range of materials exhibiting radiation-induced magneto-oscillations can be largely extended by using high-frequency radiation.
This paper presents the fi ndings relating to iron-smelting furnaces in the Kuektanar and Turgun valleys, which were part of the Chuya–Kurai metallurgical province in the Russian Altai, and are undergoing rapid erosion. On the Chuya, downstream of the Kuektanar mouth, hitherto unknown and completely eroded remains of furnaces were discovered. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal fragments from bloomeries at Kuektanar-1 and 2 and Turgun-1, using scintillation and AMS techniques, suggests the use of trees that grew in 5th–10th centuries AD as a fuel for metallurgical production. Dates of charcoal relating to the same iron-smelting event differ by over 300 years, probably because various parts of adult larches (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) were used. Samples of uncharred bark in bloomery 2 at Kuektanar-1 suggest that the last smelting occurred in AD 655–765. The totality of radiocarbon dates makes it possible to conclude that the bloomeries functioned during the Old Turkic period. The proximity of iron ore sources and the abundance of forest vegetation account for the wide use of iron-smelting by the nomads in the region. The erosion of the river bank where the furnaces are located allowed us to assess the erosion rate since their construction—ca 0.5 cm per year.
Two new linear silver(I) nitrate coordination polymers with bitopic ligand 1,1,2,2-tetra(pyrazol-1-yl)ethane were synthesized. Synthesized compounds were characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis. Silver coordination polymers demonstrated a yellow emission near 500 nm upon excitation at 360 nm. Crystal structures of coordination polymers were determined and structural peculiarities are discussed. In both of the structures, silver ions are connected via bridging ligand molecules to form polymeric chains with a five-atomic environment. The coordination environment of the central atom corresponds to a distorted trigonal bipyramid with two N atoms of different ligands in apical positions. The Ag–N bond distances vary in a wide range of 2.31–2.62 Å, giving strongly distorted metallacycles. Thermolysis of coordination polymers in reductive atmosphere (H2/He) leads to the formation of silver nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution.
In this work, the piezoresistive properties of polymer-graphene composites were investigated. The electrical resistance of these samples ranged from 693 to 1277 Ohm/sq for single-layer graphene coating, and from 477 to 1096 Ohm/sq for multilayer coating. It was shown that with a tensile strain of 4%, the maximum gauge factor was 100. For bending with a radius of curvature of 70 mm, which corresponds to a stretch of 0.75%, the maximum gauge factor was 34. It is shown that samples with a single-layer graphene coating are more resistant to deformation processes – their electrical resistance changes less than in samples with a multilayer graphene coating. Such a phenomenon can be associated with an increased concentration of defects and imperfections in graphene structures, which, in the case of a multilayer coating, leads to lower strength of the entire structure and much more destructive consequences in tension. A multilayer coating can have a heterogeneous structure: individual multilayer islands can be connected by single-layer sections. The gap between the latter leads to a significant drop in the electrical resistance of the entire sample.
Wasserstoffbrücken zwischen Ionen wurden anhand der Messung von Deuteron-Quadrupol-Kopplungskonstanten (DQCCs) für protische ionische Flüssigkeiten (PILs) mit Festkörper-NMR-Spektroskopie charakterisiert.

In ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 14500 identifizieren D. I. Kolokolov, R. Ludwig et al. diesen NMR-Parameter als einen empfindlichen Indikator für die doppelt ionischen Wasserstoffbrücken in PILs.

Die Illustration zeigt die NMR-Spektren als Brücken zwischen den entgegengesetzt geladenen Ionen und als Übergang zur skizzierten Gebirgslandschaft im Bildhintergrund.
In present work the equation for the saturated gain is derived from one-level gain equations describing the energy evolution inside the laser cavity.

It is shown how to derive the parameters of the mathematical model from the experimental results.

The numerically-estimated energy and spectrum of the signal are in good agreement with the experiment. Also, the optimization of the output energy is performed for a given set of model parameters.
Huntington's disease (HD) is an incurable hereditary neurodegenerative disorder, which manifests itself as a loss of GABAergic medium spiny (GABA MS) neurons in the striatum and caused by an expansion of the CAG repeat in exon 1 of the huntingtin gene. There is no cure for HD, existing pharmaceutical can only relieve its symptoms. Here, induced pluripotent stem cells were established from patients with low CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, and were then efficiently differentiated into GABA MS-like neurons (GMSLNs) under defined culture conditions. The generated HD GMSLNs recapitulated disease pathology in vitro, as evidenced by mutant huntingtin protein aggregation, increased number of lysosomes/autophagosomes, nuclear indentations, and enhanced neuronal death during cell aging. Moreover, store-operated channel (SOC) currents were detected in the differentiated neurons, and enhanced calcium entry was reproducibly demonstrated in all HD GMSLNs genotypes. Additionally, the quinazoline derivative, EVP4593, reduced the number of lysosomes/autophagosomes and SOC currents in HD GMSLNs and exerted neuroprotective effects during cell aging. Our data is the first to demonstrate the direct link of nuclear morphology and SOC calcium deregulation to mutant huntingtin protein expression in iPSCs-derived neurons with disease-mimetic hallmarks, providing a valuable tool for identification of candidate anti-HD drugs. Our experiments demonstrated that EVP4593 may be a promising anti-HD drug.
Ultraperipheral collisions in hadron colliders give new opportunites to investigate the hadron stucture through exclusive photoproduction processes.

We describe the possibility of measuring the Generalized Parton Distributions in the Timelike Compton Scattering process and in the production of heavy vector meson.
of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation considers the misconduct during contract negotiations to be the basis for civil liability in the form of losses compensation. However, the legislator does not define the concept of bad faith and its place among the constituent elements of the violation of law, which in the Russian legislation, doctrine and legal practice is traditionally recognized as the basis for liability.

The purpose of this article is to address the task relevant for the development of Russian civil law and law enforcement practice: to determine the nature of bad faith of the party in the course of or failure of contract negotiations, its relation to culpability as a condition for the traditional civil liability. The article gives a critical analysis of the Resolution No. 7 of the Supreme Court Plenum 'On application by the courts of certain provisions of the Civil Code on liability for breach of obligations' dated March 24, 2016, in the part of clarification of the rules on the conditions of civil liability under Article 434.1.

The research allows to conclude that bad faith of the party during negotiations cannot be an independent condition (element) of an offense.
Homeostatic control of blood glucose requires different physiological responses in the fasting and post-prandial states. We reasoned that glucose measurements under non-standardised conditions (random glucose; RG) may capture diverse glucoregulatory processes more effectively than previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of fasting glycaemia or after standardised glucose loads.

Through GWAS meta-analysis of RG in 493,036 individuals without diabetes of diverse ethnicities we identified 128 associated loci represented by 162 distinct signals, including 14 with sex-dimorphic effects, 9 discovered through trans-ethnic analysis, and 70 novel signals for glycaemic traits. Functional studies and molecular dynamics simulations of coding variants of GLP1R, a well-established type 2 diabetes treatment target, provided a genetic framework for optimal selection of GLP-1R agonist therapy.

Novel RG loci were particularly enriched in expression in the ileum and colon, indicating a prominent role for the gastrointestinal tract in the control of blood glucose. We also provided new evidence from Mendelian randomisation that lung function is modulated by blood glucose and that pulmonary dysfunction is a diabetes complication. Thus, our approach based on RG GWAS provided wide-ranging insights into the biology of glucose regulation, diabetes complications and the potential for treatment stratification.
In recent decades, there has been an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Obesity has become an underestimated pandemic and a public health threat around the world. Adipose tissue is positioned as an endocrine organ that secretes a wide range of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines, inducing a state of chronic subinflammation. The results of epidemiological studies over the past 30 years have also shown that visceral adipose tissue is an independent risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis, cardiometabolic diseases and chronic kidney disease.

We performed a systematic review to summarize important aspects of the state of chronic subinflammation in the context of its effect on the decrease in glomerular filtration rate and the development of chronic kidney disease. Information on the topic from publications based on the Pubmed database has been used.

The review deals with the etiology and pathogenesis of obesity, the hormonal profile of adipose tissue, the molecular mechanisms of the effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines on the kidneys, and the pathophysiology of renal diseases.
We review here new advances in the synthesis and investigation of iron(II) coordination compounds with tris(pyrazol-1-yl)methane and its derivatives as ligands. The complexes demonstrate thermally induced spin crossover accompanied by thermochromism. Factors that influence the nature and temperature of the spin crossover are discussed.
Search of interrelationships between the structural–functional protein organization and exon structure of encoding gene provides insights into issues concerned with the function, origin and evolution of genes and proteins. The functions of proteins and their domains are defined mostly by functional sites. The relation of the exon–intron structure of the gene to the protein functional sites has been little studied. Development of resources containing data on projections of protein functional sites on eukaryotic genes is needed. We have developed SitEx, a database that contains information on functional site amino acid positions in the exon structure of encoding gene. SitEx is integrated with the BLAST and 3DExonScan programs. BLAST is used for searching sequence similarity between the query protein and polypeptides encoded by single exons stored in SitEx. The 3DExonScan program is used for searching for structural similarity of the given protein with these polypeptides using superimpositions. The developed computer system allows users to analyze the coding features of functional sites by taking into account the exon structure of the gene, to detect the exons involved in shuffling in protein evolution, also to design protein-engineering experiments. SitEx is accessible at http://www-bionet.sscc.ru/sitex/. Currently, it contains information about 9994 functional sites presented in 2021 proteins described in proteomes of 17 organisms.
This letter reports a first quantitative analysis of the contribution of higher partial waves in the charge symmetry breaking reaction $dd \to {}^4\text{He}\pi^0$ using the WASA-at-COSY detector setup at an excess energy of $Q = 60$ MeV.

The determined differential cross section can be parametrized as $\text{d}\sigma/\text{d}\Omega = a + b\cos^{2}\theta^*$, where $\theta^*$ is the production angle of the pion in the center-of-mass coordinate system, and the results for the parameters are $a = \left(1.55 \pm 0.46 (\text{stat}) ^{+0.32}_{-0.8} (\text{syst}) \right)$ pb/sr and $b = \left(13.1 \pm 2.1 (\text{stat}) ^{+1.0}_{-2.7} (\text{syst})\right)$ pb/sr.

The data are compatible with vanishing p-waves and a sizable d-wave contribution. This finding should strongly constrain the contribution of the $\Delta$ isobar to the $dd \to {}^4\text{He}\pi^0$ reaction and is, therefore, crucial for a quantitative understanding of quark mass effects in nuclear production reactions.
Design of chemically modified oligonucleotides for regulation of gene expression has attracted considerable attention over the last decades. One actively pursued approach involves antisense or antigene constructs carrying reactive groups, many of these based on transition metal complexes. The complexes of Co(II) with phthalocyanines are extremely good catalysts of oxidation of organic compounds with molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. In this study, we have investigated the kinetics and thermodynamics of sequence-specific modification of DNA with deoxyribooligonucleotide linked to Co(II)-tetracarboxyphthalocyanine (PtcCo(II)) in the presence of H(2)O(2).
In this work we present the preliminary results of numerical simulations of detonation wave propagation in a plane channel conducted with an in-home code solving the chemically reacting Euler equations on supercomputers with GPUs. The simulations are performed with four detailed chemical kinetics mechanisms (ONERA, Deiterding, modified Jachimowski, Peterson and Hanson models). The latter model includes a pressure-dependent reaction. The 1D and 2D Euler equations are solved for a hy-drogen/oxygen mixture using high-order shock-capturing TVD schemes and a finite-rate chemistry solver. The sizes of detonation cells obtained with different models are compared.
Studies of light mesons in experiments with the Belle detector at the KEKB B-factory are described. Three types of hadron production processes are discussed: two-photon production, production via initial state radiation and hadronic tau lepton decays.
The infrastructural component of Russia’s scientific and technological development requires a significant update of the methodology for evaluating the relevant investment projects. The article covers the issue of simultaneous assessment of financial and economic efficiency of research infrastructure projects and justification of the need for government participation for successful implementation of such projects. The suggested methods and models are based on the transition from financial to economic indicators of the project through the adjustment of cash flows, identification of public effects significant for such projects (social, environmental, indirect, price, tax), and allocation of synergistic effects in their composition. These methods and models were tested for the innovative project of the Center for Collective Use “Experimental Catalyst Production”, which was proposed by the Institute of Catalysis in 2018 within the framework of the Novosibirsk regional programme “Akademgorodok 2.0”. The results show that the stimulation of investment in research infrastructure is justified by a significant excess of the project economic efficiency compared to its financial efficiency and it significantly depends on the choice of an adequate mechanism for government support
Naked mole rat is the long-lived and tumor-resistant rodent. Naked mole rat possesses multiple adaptations that may contribute to longevity and cancer-resistance. Higher activity of DNA excision repair systems and their faster recovery after genotoxic impact as compare with Mus musculus directly demonstrated in our previous investigation contribute to longevity and cancer resistance of naked mole rat. In the present study the DNA-damage-induced apoptosis in naked mole rat fibroblasts was studied using conventional methods. The ability of naked mole rat cells to undergo regulated cell death in response to genotoxic stress is another group of cell defense mechanisms. Naked mole rat skin fibroblasts were demonstrated to be much more resistant towards proapoptotic reagents methyl methanesulfonate, 5-fluorouracil and etoposide as compared with fibroblasts of Mus musculus . Naked mole rat cells have demonstrated limited apoptotic response and seem to undergo also other-type regulated cell death under severe genotoxic stress.
Following a recent work by C. Bai, O. Bellier, L. Guo, and X. Ni (arXiv:1106.6080) we define what is a dendriform di- or trialgebra in an arbitrary variety Var of algebras (associative, commutative, Poisson, etc.). We prove that every dendriform dialgebra in Var can be embedded into a Rota---Baxter algebra of weight zero in the same variety, and every dendriform trialgebra can be embedded into a Rota---Baxter algebra of nonzero weight.
One of the most interesting findings in Systems biology is the discovery of negative correlation between gene expression levels and evolutionary rates of genes. Biological explanations of this correlation are still debated. Recently the hypothesis of Drummond and Wilke became increasingly popular. The hypothesis suggests that errors of translation with subsequent misfolding of proteins are the universal factor limiting the rate of protein evolution because this misfolding causes premature cell death.

The mitochondrial somatic mutations are the promising tool to examine this hypothesis: damaging mutations in a gene cannot cause the complete lack of the corresponding protein product because animal mitochondria contain many copies of chromosomes (5–15 copies per mitochondria) in somatic tissues. We analyzed somatic mutations in the mitochondrial cytb gene from hippocampus of Wistar rats.

We did not find any indication of purifying selection in the cytb gene. Absence of selection does not support the Drummond-Wilke hypothesis which postulates strong purifying selection eliminating errors that cause protein misfolding. This result questions applicability of the Drummond-Wilke hypothesis to mitochodrial proteins.
In this paper, we study the effect of electroweak sphaleron transition and electroweak phase transition (EWPT) in balancing the baryon excess and the excess stable quarks of the 4th generation.

Sphaleron transitions between baryons, leptons and the 4th family of leptons and quarks establish a definite relationship between the value and sign of the 4th family excess and baryon asymmetry. This relationship provides an excess of stable U¯ antiquarks, forming dark atoms—the bound state of (U¯U¯U¯) the anti-quark cluster and primordial helium nucleus.

If EWPT is of the second order and the mass of U quark is about 3.5 TeV, then dark atoms can explain the observed dark matter density. In passing by, we show the small, yet negligible dilution in the pre-existing dark matter density, due to the sphaleron transition.
Insufficient study of the swirling flow structure, stability of high-temperature circulating zones, intensity of fuel and oxidizer mixture formation and other determining phenomena in the vortex furnaces indicates insufficiency of scientific substantiation of the methods for their calculation. Therefore, further detailed studies of aerodynamics of a turbulent swirling flow in a vortex chamber with intersection of the main flow by the inlet tangential jets aimed at the development of promising combustion devices seem to be relevant. The results of numerical simulation of the turbulent swirling flow aerodynamics with preference given to the modern models of turbulence and numerical schemes of high-order approximation are presented.
An analysis of the decays of $B^\mp \rightarrow D K^\mp$ and $B^\mp \rightarrow D \pi^\mp $ is presented in which the $D$ meson is reconstructed in the three-body final states $K^\mp \pi^\pm \pi^0$, $\pi^+ \pi^- \pi^0$ and $K^+ K^- \pi^0$.

Using data from LHCb corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.0 fb$^{-1}$ of $pp$ collisions, measurements of several $CP$ observables are performed. First observations are obtained of the suppressed ADS decay $B^\mp \rightarrow [\pi^\mp K^\pm \pi^0]_D \pi^\mp$ and the quasi-GLW decay $B^\mp \rightarrow [K^+ K^- \pi^0]_D \pi^\mp$.

The results are interpreted in the context of the unitarity triangle angle $\gamma$ and related parameters.
Data sets were collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider at the center-of-mass energy of √s = 3.650 GeV during May 2009 and at √s = 3.773 GeV from January 2010 to May 2011. By analyzing the large angle Bhabha scattering events, the integrated luminosities of the two data sets are measured to be (44.49±0.02±0.44) pb−1 and (2916.94±0.18±29.17) pb−1, respectively, where the first error is statistical and the second error is systematic.