Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The conditions for the photogeneration of NO linkage isomers at room temperature are studied.

By pulsed laser irradiation in the blue spectral range, the long-lived Ru-ON isomer can be generated at room temperature. By using static and time-resolved spectroscopy (UV/Vis and IR), we give evidence that the liftime of the Ru-(η2 -(NO)) isomer is a decisive parameter for the formation of the Ru-ON isomer at high temperature owing to a two-step isomerization mechanism Ru-NO→Ru-(η2 -(NO))→Ru-ON.

The long-lived Ru-ON isomer generation at room temperature is crucial for potential applications, such as holography and data storage. Furthermore, we report the low-temperature structures for each isomer, which were revealed by photocrystallography.
El Ediacárico terminal inlcuye una serie de cambios drásticos en los ciclos biogeoquímicos, muchos de los cuales se asocian con modificaciones evolutivas en los registros fósiles correspondientes. Entre ellos destacan las condiciones redox, las cuales pueden haber causado un impacto profundo en la evolución animal temprana.

Este trabajo destaca el significado de la lito-, bio- y quimioestratigrafía en la investigación geobiológica del tiempo profundo.
Currently, studies on the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of plant diseases and their distribution in crops are intensively conducted in Russia and the world. First of all, this interest is associated with a significant effect of pathogens on the harvest. In Western Siberia, brown rust and powdery mildew are almost annually recorded in the crops of spring and winter wheat, reaching in some years up to the epiphytotic level. In this regard, methods for monitoring the condition of crops in order to predict their dynamics and plan agrotechnological events to control the state of plants in crops, including the development of fungal infection are developing. Models of fungal infections development on the wheat leaf (for example, brown rust) are used to monitor, predict and control the state of crops in order to optimize the growing process. Mathematical models allow computational experiments to make predictions about the risk dynamics of infections in different scenarios of global weather changes. Such designation of models assumes their hierarchical structure characteristic of multilevel modeling systems. This review presents models for the development of foliar fungal infections in crops, and formulates the methodological aspects of system modeling that can be used for adapting existing models and their units, and developing new models based on them. The article presents the structure of the hierarchical system for modeling the development of leafy infection, provides an overview of the units constituting the system, and discusses the issues of parametric adaptation of submodels. We demonstrated that, to date, plant growth and development models have been developed with varying degrees of detail. Currently, to develop a system for modeling the development of an infection in a crop, it is necessary to determine a large body of available experimental data and, by taking into account this data, we can put together a model as a system consisting of model modules, for which the models of basic processes have already been developed and described.
Вождь племени киданей и представитель правящего рода Елюй Апоки стал основателем могущественной средневековой восточноазиатской кочевой империи Ляо (907-1125).Киданьское государство стало первой полноценной кочевой империей, а Апоки стал первым кочевым императором.

Необходимость в таком лидере была продиктована теми процессами, что шли в киданьском обществе: кризис общественных отношений, усложнение межплеменных отношений, необходимость экономического синтеза, втягивание в макроэкономические отношения, активизация процесса этнического синтеза и появление предпосылок для складывания народности, выделение особой цивилизационной зоны (будущая «Монголия»).

Фигура Апоки выделяется в истории киданьской элиты именно тем, что он «навел порядок», «открыл», «указал путь», «начал», «дал истину», то есть не просто вывел из тупика, а показал долгий и многообещающий путь в будущее.Империя сначала была экстраординарным проектом, но потом стала жить своей жизнью.
The generally accepted theory of the genetic drift of mitochondrial alleles during mammalian ontogenesis is based on the presence of a selective bottleneck in the female germline. However, there is a variety of different theories on the pathways of genetic regulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) dynamics in oogenesis and adult somatic cells. The current review summarizes present knowledge on the natural mechanisms of mitochondrial genome elimination during mammalian development. We also discuss the variety of existing and developing methodologies for artificial manipulation of the mtDNA heteroplasmy level. Understanding of the basics of mtDNA dynamics will shed the light on the pathogenesis and potential therapies of human diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
Systematic analysis of factors determining efficiency in discrimination of a point substitution (SNP) within specific DNA sequences was carried out in the context of hybridization approach. There are two types of selectivity that are critical for the rational design of highly specific oligonucleotides probes.

The first type is the real selectivity of hybridization (fa) that is the ratio of association degrees of targets with an oligonucleotide probe upon the perfect and imperfect complex formation. This type of selectivity reflects the level of discrimination between matched and mismatched signals, which is determined both by experimental conditions and the thermodynamics of oligonucleotide hybridization. The second parameter characterizing the efficiency of SNP discrimination is the limit selectivity of hybridization, which determines the utmost value of fa at a given temperature. This value can be calculated as the ratio of corresponding equilibrium association constants of perfect and imperfect complex formation determined purely by thermodynamics.

We have shown that the fa function is the most reliable characteristic describing the hybridization selectivity. For the analytical system designed to reveal any type of perturbation in DNA (e.g. SNP or modification), there is usually a temperature at which fa has its maximum value. The dependency of the fa maximum on different experimental parameters as well as the structural characteristics of a probe are described in details. The results allowed us to postulate points of principle to rationally design the most selective probes on the basis of oligonucleotides or their derivatives.
Using immunolocalization of MLH1, a mismatch repair protein that marks crossover sites along synaptonemal complexes

We prepared spreads from 130 spermatocytes of five male minks and mapped 3320 MLH1 foci along 1820 bivalents. The total recombination length of the male mink genome, based on the mean number of MLH1 foci for all chromosomes, was 1327 cM. The overall recombination rate was estimated to be 0.48 cM/Mb.

In all bivalents, we observed prominent peaks of MLH1 foci near the distal ends and a paucity of them near the centromeres. This indicates that genes located at proximal regions of the chromosomes should display much tighter genetic linkage than physically equidistant markers located near the telomeres.
The image of the Helen in Sapph. Fr. 16 (Neri–Cinti) is analyzed in detail on the basis of the new papyrus fragments which were published by Dirk Obbink (Obbink, 2016a). According to the results of the comparative analysis, it is concluded that the form of the aoristic active participle from the verb περιέχειν, which is used in Sapph. Fr. 16, refers not only to the vocabulary of Homer, but also to the vocabulary of legal documents (cf.: Hom. Il. XV, 653–654; Hellanic., Fr. 31, 50 Jacoby; IG XII(2), №58, 8–9 etc.). Thus, we confirm a special significance of the Sapph. Fr. 16, which is a "program" song of Sappho’s thiasos (cf. Bierl, 2003).
We study bottomonium production in association with an $$\eta $$ meson in $$e^+e^-$$ annihilations near the $$\varUpsilon (5S)$$ , at a centre-of-mass energy of $$\sqrt{s}=10.866$$ GeV. The results are based on the 121.4 fb $$^{-1}$$ data sample collected by the Belle experiment at the asymmetric-energy KEKB collider. Only the $$\eta $$ meson is reconstructed and the missing-mass spectrum of $$\eta $$ candidates is investigated. We observe the $$e^+e^-\rightarrow \eta \varUpsilon _J(1D)$$ process and find evidence for the $$e^+e^-\rightarrow \eta \varUpsilon (2S)$$ process, while no significant signals of $$\varUpsilon (1S)$$ , $$h_b(1P)$$ , nor $$h_b(2P)$$ are found. Cross sections for the studied processes are reported.
By the modified ISSR-amplification method the comparison of the structural organization of enzyme loci in the initial common wheat cultivars and their genotrophs induced with epimutagens: plant niacin acid and niacin acid and its derivatives produced from β-picoline fraction of coal-tar pitch (niacin acid nitrile, isocinchomeronic and benzoic acids) was carried out.

It is shown that niacin acid influence causes in genotrophs specific band appearance in PCR-profiles obtained on the DNA of enzyme loci.

All these before mentioned epimutagens induced in limits of each genotroph differently directed changes in number and intensity of bands of PCR-profiles.
The question: human evolution- gradual process or a rapid discontinuous change? Whether human origin was a gradual process or a result of rapid change has been a focus of intense debate. Of particular interest is the climate change ~2.9-2.5 Ma, thought to have precipitated the separation of the genus Homo (~2.8Ma). The debate mostly concerned continuity/punctuality of the fossil record, but of course the rate of the underlying genetic change is of ultimate interest/importance. Did hominid lineage experience an increased mutation rate when a large number of hominins emerged and eventually gave rise to the split between Australopitecus/Paranthropus and Homo ? The obstacle: vague timing of conventional mutations . The difficulty in answering the above question lies in the way past mutations are timed. Conventional point mutations are assigned to specific branches of the DNA-derived phylogenetic trees. The essence of the problem is that mutations can be located within branch segments from branching point to branching point, but the exact position within the segment is principally unknown. Because the hominid DNA-derived phylogenetic tree is rather sparsely populated with branches, the precision of mutation timing is low, e.g., human-specific mutations can be positioned within ~6 My from separation from chimpanzee.

The solution: NUMTs – mutations with an internal clock . NUMTs are insertions of mtDNA sequences into the nuclear genome. Unlike point mutation, each NUMTs actually represents a branch on the mtDNA phylogenic tree and thus its time of insertion can be determined as precise as their branching point can be positioned on the tree. In a sense, NUMTs are 'mutations with an internal clock', which is synchronized with the well-established mtDNA mutation evolution clock. By determining the NUMTs' insertion time points, one can ask whether whether NUMTs were inserted at a constant rate over time or at increased rate during critical periods of evolution, according with the 'punctuated evolution' model. Results : Hundreds of pseudogenes have been inserted into the human genome over the last ~60 My of which we considered the last 6 My. Various quality filters resulted in the selection of 18 NUMTs most suitable for phylogenetic analysis.

Insertion times of these 18 NUMTs cluster around 2.8Ma. While timing of insertion of NUMTs is imprecise, the observation such a cluster is highly statistically significant. Discussion : It is tempting to hypothesize that accelerated insertion of NUMTs is somehow linked to the speciation process. NUMTs could be either 'riders i.e., the rate of insertion could be increased by the overall higher genome flexibility during the speciation period, or 'drivers', i.e. they are fixed in the population at increased rate during speciation due to increased selective pressures. If correct, the hypothesis of accelerated pseudogenization would support the idea that evolution of our genus might have been discontinuous.
The present review article summarizes the latest world scientific data on the role of receptors for immune mediators in regulating biological effects on the cells. For the main classes of immune regulators (interleukins, interferons, growth factors and tumor necrosis factors), the variants are presented for participation of receptors as components of cytokine/cell interaction, as proven by in vitro and in vivo studies. Ability of the receptors expression to modify characteristics and type of these interactions is shown. The data on participation of receptors for regulatory molecules in development of immune-mediated diseases of various genesis have been analyzed. It was demonstrated that the changes in the receptor expression are of great importance when evaluating functional response of the cells to the mediators and in development of pathological conditions. Current studies confirmed the data suggesting effects of receptor density upon the processes of proliferation and apoptosis, as well as metabolic processes that trigger development of autoimmune, oncological and dystrophic diseases. For all the considered classes of regulatory molecules, the change in the density of receptor expression is one of the key aspects in regulating functional activity of the cells. Thus, studying expression levels of receptors on the cell membrane is important in understanding pathogenesis, whereas changing expression level may be considered as a therapeutic target in the treatment of various diseases.
Within a plane-wave approximation in scattering, an incoming wave packet's Wigner function stays positive everywhere, which obscures such purely quantum phenomena as nonlocality and entanglement. With the advent of the electron microscopes with subnanometer-sized beams, one can enter a genuinely quantum regime where the latter effects become only moderately attenuated.

Here we show how to probe negative values of the Wigner function in scattering of a coherent superposition of two Gaussian packets with a nonvanishing impact parameter between them (a Schr"odinger's cat state) by atomic targets. For hydrogen in the ground $1s$ state, a small parameter of the problem, a ratio $a/{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ of the Bohr radius $a$ to the beam width ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$, is no longer vanishing.

We predict an azimuthal asymmetry of the scattered electrons, which is found to be up to 10%, and argue that it can be reliably detected. The production of beams with the not-everywhere-positive Wigner functions and the probing of such quantum effects can open new perspectives for noninvasive electron microscopy, quantum tomography, particle physics, and so forth.
Detailed mineralogical and melt and fluid inclusion constraints on magma storage, and the evolution of melts, are presented for the large-volume caldera eruption on the Vetrovoy Isthmus on Itutrup Island (Kuril Islands, Russia). The shallow magma reservoir beneath the Vetrovoy Isthmus is composed of a mush of plagio-rhyolitic melt, phenocrysts and the products of peritectic reaction(s). The melt appears to have formed as a result of partial melting of previously erupted rocks, which probably had andesitic to basaltic compositions and were metamorphosed into amphibole-bearing assemblages. The breakdown of amphibole in the partially melted precursor rocks led to the formation of early Mg-rich clino- and orthopyroxene, along with plagioclase and Fe–Ti oxides, and the release of aqueous fluids. Variations in fluid pressure are recorded by a strong increase of An contents in plagioclase. Crystallization took place at around 850°C with pressure ranging from 0·9 to 3 kbar. This study demonstrates that dacitic magmas erupted during the course of a 20 kyr voluminous eruption were the result of mixing between plagio-rhyolitic partial melts and the breakdown reaction minerals (i.e. pyroxenes, plagioclase and Fe–Ti oxides). Plagioclase and quartz were the last minerals to crystallize from these melts prior to eruption.
Microvesicles release by neoplastic cells were found in blood and carrying a large number of tumor distinctive molecules, like miRNA/mRNA, proteins. Considering extensive surface of blood cells we wonder if exosomesare circulated exclusively in plasma or could be associated with surface of blood cells. Microvesicles circulating in blood of healthy women (HW) and breast cancer patients (BCP) were studied. Blood was fractionated into plasma and cellular fractions; in order to release cell surface bound material, blood cells were treated as it was described for cell-surface-bound (CSB) cirDNA (Tamkovich, 2005).Exosomes were pelleted at 100,000 g from 0.1 μm filtered supernatants obtained by plasma and CSB eluates centrifugation at 17,000 g, resuspended in PBS and stored in aliquots at −80 °C. Size distribution of the microparticles was characterized by TEM (Jeol, Japan), anti CD-63, CD-24, CD-9 antibodies (BD Biosciences, USA) were used as exosome markers, protein concentration was measured by NanoOrange Protein Quantitation kit (Molecular Probes, USA), total RNA and miRNA were isolated by mirVana kit, 28S rRNA were quantified by RT-qPCR after reverse transcription with 6-mer random primers, miRNA using TaqMan Small RNA Assays kit (Applied Biosystems, USA). DNA was isolated using “DNA Isolation Kit” (BioSilicaLtd, Russia) and measured by TaqMan multiplex real-time PCR for LINE1 and α-satellite repeats (Bryzgunova, 2011). Results: TEM with immunogold labeling demonstrate presence of exosomes in 30–100 nm membrane-wrapped particles isolated from both plasma and CSB eluates. TEM, NanoOrange and 28S rRNA RT-qPCR data demonstrate that CSB exosomes constitutes 2/3 of total blood exosomes. Exosomes ranged 50–70 nm prevail in blood of BCP, whereas 30–50 nm exosomes in blood of HW. Exosomal DNA is less than 0.3% of cell-free blood DNA. RNA integrity and specific quantity checked by Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, USA) do not differ in cell-free and CSB exosomes. Preliminary data demonstrate overpresentation of cancer-specific miRNA (miR-103, miR-191, miR-195) in exosomes bound with erythrocyte’s as compared with exosomes bound with leukocytes or circulating in plasma. Exosomal DNA obviously do not have any diagnostic value in contrast to RNA. CSB exosomes represent valuable source of material for small-invasive cancer diagnostics.
Cell penetrating peptides (CPP) are promising agents for transporting diverse cargo into the cells. The amino acid sequence and the mechanism of lactaptin entry into the cells allow it to be included into CPP group. Lactaptin, the fragment of human milk kappa-casein, and recombinant lactaptin (RL2) were initially discovered as molecules that induced apoptosis of cultured cancer cells and did not affect non-malignant cells. Here, we analyzed the recombinant lactaptin potency to form complexes with nucleic acids and to act as a gene delivery system. To study RL2-dependent delivery, three type of nucleic acid were used as a models: plasmid DNA (pDNA), siRNA, and non-coding RNA which allow to detect intracellular localization through their functional activity. We have demonstrated that RL2 formed positively charged noncovalent 110-nm-sized complexes with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-expressing plasmid DNA. Ca2+ ions stabilized these complexes, whereas polyanion heparin displaced DNA from the complexes. The functional activity of delivered nucleic acids were assessed by fluorescent microscopy using A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells and A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells. We observed that RL2:pDNA complexes provided EGFP expression in the treated cells and that strongly confirmed the entering pDNA into the cells. The efficiency of cell transformation by these complexes increased when RL2:pDNA ratio increased. Pre-treatment of the cells with anti-RL2 antibodies partly inhibited the entry of pDNA into the cells. RL2-mediated delivery of siRNA against EGFP was analyzed when A549 cells were co-transfected with EGFP-pDNA and RL2:siRNA complexes. siRNA against EGFP efficiently inhibited the expression of EGFP being delivered as RL2:siRNA complexes. We have previously demonstrated that non-coding U25 small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) can decrease cell viability. Cancer cell transfection with RL2-snoRNA U25 complexes lead to a substantial decrease of cell viability, confirming the efficiency of snoRNA U25 delivery. Collectively, these findings indicate that recombinant lactaptin is able to deliver noncovalently associated nucleic acids into cancer cells in vitro.
Experimental studies of spin transport in a two-dimensional electron gas hosted by a triple GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well are reported.

Using time-resolved Kerr rotation, we observed the precession of the spin polarization about a current-controlled spin-orbit magnetic field.

Spatially-resolved imaging showed a large variation of the electron g-factor and the drift transport of coherent electron spins over distances exceeding half-millimetre in a direction transverse to the electric field.
Inelastic light scattering by electrons of a two-dimensional system taking into account the Rashba spin-orbit interaction (SOI) in the conduction band is theoretically investigated. The case of resonance scattering (frequencies of incident and scattered light are close to the effective distance between conduction and spin-split-off bands of the A III B V -type semiconductor) is considered.

As opposed to the case of SOI absence, the plasmon peak in the scattering occurs even at strictly perpendicular polarizations of the incident and scattered waves. Under definite geometry, one can observe the spectrum features conditioned by only single-particle transitions.

In the general case of elliptically polarized incident and scattered light, the amplitude of the plasmon peak turns out to be sensitive to the sign of the SOI coupling.
The major problem associated with production of transgenic proteins in plant expression systems is the low level of their accumulation. Transplastomic plants with a transgene incorporated not in the nuclear but in the plastid genome (plastome) in some cases ensure elevation of the yield of the desired protein dozens of times and more. However, two problems arise in this case: low frequency of integration of transgenes into the plastid genome and difficulties with production of homoplastomic and homoplastidic plants.

Recently, a number of tendencies to overcome these difficulties have been outlined. The first problem is being solved via an improvement of the systems of delivery of exogenous DNA and a fine design of the vectors and the second by multistep screening on several antibiotics and the use of dedifferentiated tissues for transformation.

This review deals with a detailed analysis of these problems and their solution.
ОПЫТ КУЛЬТУРНОГО ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ ПО ШЕЛКОВОМУ ПУТИ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ИСТОРИОГРАФИИ* С. А. Комиссаров (Новосибирск, Россия), Тан Чун (Гонконг, Китай), А. И. Соловьев, М