Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The thymus is known to be a fully formed organ at birth. The anatomical structure of the thymus and its topography are not determined by genotype.

Data are presented on the thymus structure of American Mink of the Standard, Sapphire, Lavender colouring genotypes in the early postnatal period from birth to 180 days.

At 45 days of age, the changes are manifested by an increase in the thymic lobule area and the brain matter therein, a decrease in the cortex area; the most intense growth of the thymus due to the rise in the number of lobules is noted. The thymus of mink at 45 to 90 days of age is characterised by an equalisation between the genotypes, increasing cortical area values to about the level of newborn mink with a corresponding increase in the cortical-brain index. The thymus of minks at the age of 90 to 180 days retains the typical morphological structure. Still, the signs of age involutive processes are seen – reduction of the lobule area, enlargement of the medulla, changes in the form of the organ (lobule fusion), increased signs of fat transformation thymus. Hassall’s corpuscles were found in the medulla in all periods of investigation. The number of Hassall’s bodies and their morphology depends on the functional activity of the thymus. In newborns, unicellular, young and juvenile forms predominate. In 45-day-old minks, young and immature forms predominate. In 90-day-old female and male Standard burros, young and quite often unicellular bodies are visualised, while mature and juvenile records are less common. In mink of the coloured genotypes, immature and youthful Hassall’s corpuscles are predominant. By 180 days, the number of mature and young corpuscles with signs of central cell destruction with detritus accumulation and cavity formation increases.
Stress is an essential part of everyday life. The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH, also called CRF and corticoliberin) plays a key role in the integration of neuroendocrine, autonomic and behavioral responses to stress. The activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) by neurons of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), the primary site of synthesis CRH, triggers stress reactions. In addition to the hypothalamus, CRH is widespread in extrahypothalamic brain structures, where it functions as a neuromodulator for coordination and interaction between the humoral and behavioral aspects of a stress response. The axons of neurons expressing CRH are directed to various structures of the brain, where the neuropeptide interacts with specific receptors (CRHR1, CRHR2) and can affect various mediator systems that work together to transmit signals to different brain regions to cause many reactions to stress. Moreover, the effect of stress on brain functions varies from behavioral adaptation to increased survival and increased risk of developing mental disorders. Disturbances of the CRH system regulation are directly related to such disorders: mental pathologies (depression, anxiety, addictions), deviations of neuroendocrinological functions, inflammation, as well as the onset and development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, the role of CRH as a regulator of the neurons structure in the areas of the developing and mature brain has been established. To date, studies have been conducted in which CRHR1 is a target for antidepressants, which are, in fact, antagonists of this receptor. In this regard, the study of the participation of the CRH system and its receptors in negative effects on hormone-dependent systems, as well as the possibility of preventing them, is a promising task of modern physiological genetics. In this review, attention will be paid to the role of CRH in the regulation of response to stress, as well as to the involvement of extrahypothalamic CRH in pathophysiology and the correction of mental disorders.
Chromosomes are hierarchically folded within cell nuclei into territories, domains and subdomains, but the functional importance and evolutionary dynamics of these hierarchies are poorly defined.

Here, we comprehensively profiled genome organizations of five Anopheles mosquito species and showed how different levels of chromatin architecture influence contacts between genomic loci. Patterns observed on Hi-C maps are associated with known cytological structures, epigenetic profiles, and gene expression levels.

At the level of individual loci, we identified specific, extremely long-ranged looping interactions, conserved for ~100 million years. We showed that the mechanisms underlying these looping contacts differ from previously described Polycomb-dependent interactions and clustering of active chromatin.
The live smallpox vaccine was a historical first and highly effective vaccine. However, along with high immunogenicity, the vaccinia virus (VACV) caused serious side effects in vaccinees, sometimes with lethal outcomes. Therefore, after global eradication of smallpox, VACV vaccination was stopped. For this reason, most of the human population worldwide lacks specific immunity against not only smallpox, but also other zoonotic orthopoxviruses. Outbreaks of diseases caused by these viruses have increasingly occurred in humans on different continents.

This review discusses current ideas about the development of a humoral and cellular immune response to orthopoxvirus infection/vaccination and describes genetic engineering approaches that could be utilized to generate safe and highly immunogenic live VACV vaccines.

However, use of the classical live VACV vaccine for prevention against these diseases is unacceptable because of potential serious side effects, especially in individuals with suppressed immunity or immunodeficiency (e.g., HIV-infected patients). Therefore, highly attenuated VACV variants that preserve their immunogenicity are needed.
The effect of nitrogen doped bamboo-like carbon nanotubes (N–CNTs) on the properties of supported platinum (0.2 and 1 wt %) catalysts in formic acid decomposition for hydrogen production was studied.

It was shown that both impregnation and homogeneous precipitation routes led to the formation of electron-deficient platinum stabilized by pyridinic nitrogen sites of the N–CNTs. The electron-deficient platinum species strongly enhanced the activity and selectivity of the Pt/N–CNTs catalysts when compared to the catalysts containing mainly metallic platinum nanoparticles.

A comparison of bamboo-like N–CNTs and herring-bone nitrogen doped carbon nanofibers (N–CNFs) as the catalyst support allowed us to conclude that the catalytic properties of supported platinum are determined by its locally one-type interaction with pyridinic nitrogen sites of the N–CNTs or N–CNFs irrespective of substantial structural differences between nanotubes and nanofibers.
Vibrational properties of hydrogenated silicon-rich nitride () of various stoichiometry () and hydrogenated amorphous silicon () films were studied using Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Furnace annealing during 5 hours in Ar ambient at and pulse laser annealing were applied to modify the structure of films. Surprisingly, after annealing with such high-thermal budget, according to the FTIR data, the nearly stoichiometric silicon nitride film contains hydrogen in the form of Si–H bonds. From analysis of the FTIR data of the Si–N bond vibrations, one can conclude that silicon nitride is partly crystallized. According to the Raman data films with hydrogen concentration 15% and lower contain mainly Si–H chemical species, and films with hydrogen concentration 30–35% contain mainly Si–H 2 chemical species. Nanosecond pulse laser treatments lead to crystallization of the films and its dehydrogenization.
To study etiologic factors and pathogenetic mechanisms of scoliosis development.

Material and Methods. We investigated vertebral body growth plates (GP) from convex and concave sides of the curve, intervertebral discs (IVD), and vertebral bone tissue – surgical material obtained from 100 patients at the age from 10 to 14 years with III–IV grade idiopathic scoliosis (IS). Structural components of the spine of 12–14 years old children obtained from the forensic medicine department were used as controls. The methods of morphohistochemistry, biochemistry, and ultrastructural analysis were used to study glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), oxidation-reduction enzymes, alkali and acid phosphatases, RNA, DNA, qualitative and quantitative composition of GAGs. The expression of proteoglycan genes of cartilage tissue and their protein products was investigated with molecular genetic assays.

Results. Pathogenetic mechanism of spine deformity formation in idiopathic scoliosis was formulated. It was shown that idiopathic scoliosis development is predetermined by a disorder in regulation and synthesis of proteoglycans in vertebral GP. The decrease of chondroitin sulphate and increase of keratan sulphate components in proteoglycans indicate the change of proteoglycan spectrum in IS. The revealed keratan sulphate fraction is a result of increased expression of lumikan gene in condition of sharp decrease of aggrecan gene expression and its protein product quantity in chondroblasts of patients with III–IV grade IS. Conclusion. Alteration in aggrecan gene expression at the level of transcription and translation testifies for its involvement in scoliosis development.
The paper discusses possibilities and directions for bridging the gaps between academic research and business by reducing barriers and strengthening incentives for the development of partnership interactions between participants of the regional innovation ecosystem. Many researchers from developed and developing countries focus on the problems of interaction between universities and companies in order to find ways to increase academic research effectiveness and make the results relevant to the business sector’s real demand. Development of partnership relations is known to be a factor which accelerates creation and dissemination of innovations. Improvement of such relationship favours academic researchers’ possibilities, educational programs adjustment, and regional economy development. Basing on international experience review, the paper determines the main tendencies and perspectives of research – business cooperation as well as key directions of partnership cooperation support. The empirical part of the paper deals with the results of original pilot survey which uses data from a number of research, educational organizations and high tech companies from Novosibirsk region. The aim of the survey was to analyze success factors and main obstacles for sustainable research – business cooperation. Qualitative methods including case studies, interviews, and surveys were used within the research. It is shown that, although all representatives of science and business recognize the need to develop partnership relationships, differences in motivations and conflicting goals of participants still remain. Besides well known barriers (lack of financial and other resources, personnel etc.) some other factors turned to be important. Low level of confidence and negative cooperation experience impede cooperation development. Personal issues and previous successful experience help to develop and improve partnerships. Such cases could be found. State support (especially at the regional level) is quite necessary; it is not limited to financial instruments. Support of communications which helps to increase the level of confidence and to decrease “attrition costs” of cooperation is also of great importance
within Balitsky's shock-wave formalism

We present the calculation of the impact factor for the photon to quark, antiquark and gluon transition. We also rederive the impact factor for photon to quark and antiquark transition.

These results provide the necessary building blocks for further phenomenological studies of inclusive diffractive deep inelastic scattering as well as for two and three jets diffractive production which go beyond approximations discussed in the literature.
Аннотация.Пространственное распределение факторов и результатов развития современной России меняется.Общая концентрация экономической активности сопровождается миграцией ресурсов экономической активности из периферии в центр, с востока на запад и из регионов добывающей в регионы обрабатывающей специализации.В исследовании используется набор индикаторов экономической активности: население, занятость, основные фонды и ВРП.Рассматривается несколько направлений трансформации: запад -восток, «центр» -«периферия», регионы добывающей и обрабатывающей специализации.Методами исследования выступают индекс Тейла и оценки регрессионных уравнений.Анализ показал, что наблюдается перемещение экономической активности с востока на запад, из «периферии» в «центр» и из добывающих в обрабатывающие регионы.Темпы данных процессов не очень высокие, и можно говорить, скорее, об эволюционной динамике.Однако при существующем достаточно высоком уровне межрегиональных различий в сочетании с низкой плотностью населения продолжение данных тенденций создаст проблемы связности и интегрированности пространства страны.Факторы, определяющие пространственные трансформации в России, имеют рыночную, технологическую и агломерационную природу, к ним относятся емкость и доступность внешних рынков, наличие крупных городских центров, концентрирующих ресурсы развития и извлекающих выгоды масштаба производства и разнообразия товаров и услуг.Результаты оценок регрессии методом инструментальных переменных показали, что вес ресурсной экономики, инвестиции федерального бюджета и доля городского населения не оказывают статистически значимого влияния на объемы
Later Han 後漢 termination in the 220 AD was a result of multiple crises, one aspect of which had been the political bankruptcy of the emperor and his loyalists. A turbulent and war-torn period, which started from the rebellion of the Yellow Turbans in 184 AD, has been a topic of discussion for many years ever since the Jin 晉empire. Although in the last years approaches to studies of the Later Han differ, there are three key historiographical ideas: the final years of the Later Han are discussed as a part of the Later Han, as a part of the Three Kingdoms era 三國 or are included into both periods.

This case study is an attempt to show the possibility of a different approach and treat the period of 184–220 AD as a transition between Han and Wei empires, according to information about the local administrative appointments which can be found in the first chapter of San-guo zhi 三國志, being a biography of the most important statesman of this period – Cao Cao 曹操.

The accounts, which can be found in his biography, indicate that Cao Cao's appointments did not precisely follow the traditions of the Later Han administrative system, but neither were they in full agreement with the ideas, which were later implemented during the Wei-Jin Nan-beichao period. His conduct was much more pragmatic than that of other Later Han statesmen, but he never ventured as far as his successors did in granting too much power to the local gentry.
A quasi-classical approximation is constructed to describe the eigenvalues of the magnetic Laplacian on a compact Riemannian manifold in the case when the magnetic field is given by a non-exact 2-form. For this, the multidimensional WKB method in the form of the Maslov canonical operator is applied. In this case, the canonical operator takes values in sections of a non-trivial line bundle. The constructed approximation is demonstrated for the example of the Dirac magnetic monopole on the two-dimensional sphere. Bibliography: 18 titles.
Chemical reduction of [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4‐ c ][1,2,5]thiadiazole ( 2 ) with 1,1,2,2‐tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethene ( 3 ) leads to the [ 3 ] 2+ [ 1 2 ] 2– salt ( 4 ) whose X‐ray crystal structure reveals diamagnetic π‐dimers of the [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4‐ c ][1,2,5]thiadiazolidyl radical anion ( 1 ). The interplanar separation of 324.5 pm in the [ 1 2 ] 2– dimers is significantly shorter than the sum of the isotropic van der Waals radii of two S atoms of 348–358 pm.

CASSCF calculations suggest that the largest contributor to the singlet ground state of these π‐dimers is the closed‐shell electronic configuration, although a noticeable contribution from a configuration with a singlet biradical character was also found.

The [ 1 2 ] 2– dimers exhibit diamagnetism and a singlet ground state with contributions from both closed-shell and biradical configurations.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among the global youth and commonly results in long-lasting sequelae, including paralysis, epilepsy, and a host of mental disorders such as major depressive disorder. Previous studies were mainly focused on severe TBI as it occurs in adults. This study explored the long-term adverse effect of mild TBI in juvenile animals (mTBI-J). Male Sprague Dawley rats received mTBI-J or sham treatment at six weeks old, then underwent behavioral, biochemical, and histological experiments three weeks later (at nine weeks old). TTC staining, H&E staining, and brain edema measurement were applied to evaluate the mTBI-J induced cerebral damage. The forced swimming test (FST) and sucrose preference test (SPT) were applied for measuring depression-like behavior. The locomotor activity test (LAT) was performed to examine mTBI-J treatment effects on motor function. After the behavioral experiments, the dorsal hippocampus (dHip) and ventral hippocampus (vHip) were dissected out for western blotting to examine the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB). Finally, a TrkB agonist 7,8-DHF was injected intraperitoneally to evaluate its therapeutic effect on the mTBI-J induced behavioral abnormalities at the early adult age. Results showed that a mild brain edema occurred, but no significant neural damage was found in the mTBI-J treated animals. In addition, a significant increase of depression-like behaviors was observed in the mTBI-J treated animals; the FST revealed an increase in immobility, and a decrease in sucrose consumption was found in the mTBI-J treated animals. There were no differences observed in the total distance traveled of the LAT and the fall latency of the rotarod test. The hippocampal BDNF expression, but not the TrkB, were significantly reduced in mTBI-J, and the mTBI-J treatment-induced depression-like behavior was lessened after four weeks of 7,8-DHF administration. Collectively, these results indicate that even a mild juvenile TBI treatment that did not produce motor deficits or significant histological damage could have a long-term adverse effect that could be sustained to adulthood, which raises the depression-like behavior in the adult age. In addition, chronic administration of 7,8-DHF lessens the mTBI-J treatment-induced depression-like behaviors in adult rats. We suggest the potential usage of 7,8-DHF as a therapeutic agent for preventing the long-term adverse effect of mTBI-J.
In recent papers Steelman et al. ("Is the nuclear refractive index lower than cytoplasm? Validation of phase measurements and implications for light scattering technologies") and Schürmann et al. ("Cell nuclei have lower refractive index and mass density than cytoplasm") obtained quantitative phase images of whole cells of various types and corresponding isolated nuclei and concluded that the refractive index (RI) of the nucleus is significantly smaller than that of the cytoplasm. The comment shows that this conclusion and assumptions used in retrieving the RI necessarily imply a characteristic dip in the center of the whole-cell phase images. This dip is not present in any of the phase images in the discussed papers, which is a strong argument against the conclusion of smaller nucleus RI. It is also discussed whether a different processing of the phase images can help to clarify this issue.
Chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP) has emerged as a highly informative method to study spin-dependent radical reactions by analyzing enhanced NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) signals of their diamagnetic reaction products. In this way, one can probe the structure of elusive radical intermediates and determine their magnetic parameters. A careful examination of experimental CIDNP data at variable magnetic fields shows that formation of hyperpolarized molecules in a coherent state is a ubiquitous though rarely discussed phenomenon. The presence of nuclear spin coherences commonly leads to subsequent polarization transfer among coupled spins in the diamagnetic products of radical recombination reaction that must be taken into account when analyzing the results of CIDNP experiments at low magnetic field. Moreover, such coherent polarization transfer can be efficiently exploited to polarize spins, which do not acquire CIDNP directly. Here we explain under what conditions such coherences can be generated, focusing on the key role of level anti-crossings in coherent polarization transfer, and provide experimental approaches to probing nuclear spin coherences and their time evolution. We illustrate the theoretical consideration of the outlined coherent spin phenomena in CIDNP by examples, obtained for the dipeptide tryptophan–tryptophan.
We present the measurement of the first to fourth order moments of the four-momentum transfer squared, ${q}^{2}$, of inclusive $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{X}_{c}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}$ decays using the full Belle dataset of $711\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of integrated luminosity at the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}(4S)$ resonance where $\ensuremath{\ell}=e$, $\ensuremath{\mu}$. The determination of these moments and their systematic uncertainties open new pathways to determine the absolute value of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element ${V}_{cb}$ using a reduced set of matrix elements of the heavy quark expansion.

In order to identify and reconstruct the ${X}_{c}$ system, we reconstruct one of the two $B$-mesons using machine learning techniques in fully hadronic decay modes. The moments are measured with progressively increasing threshold selections on ${q}^{2}$ starting with a lower value of $3.0\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$ in steps of $0.5\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$ up to a value of $10.0\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$. The measured moments are further unfolded, correcting for reconstruction and selection effects as well as QED final state radiation.

We report the moments separately for electron and muon final states and observe no lepton flavor universality violating effects.
Experimental studies of the influence of unit Reynolds number on the laminar-turbulent transition in a supersonic boundary layer of a swept wing with a subsonic leading edge at Mach number 2 are performed. The experiments were performed on a model of a swept wing with a swept angle of the leading edge of 72 degrees and with a 3% profile with a variable chord length in span. The hot-wire measurements showed that a laminar-turbulent transition in a supersonic boundary layer of a swept wing with a subsonic leading edge occurs earlier (~25-30%) than on a model with a supersonic leading edge with the same oncoming flow parameters. It is shown that a change unit Reynolds number insignificant influence the laminar-turbulent transition in the boundary layer of a swept wing with a subsonic leading edge.