Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex, multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that constitutes the most common cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly in developed countries. Incomplete knowledge about its pathogenesis prevents the search for effective methods of prevention and treatment of AMD, primarily its 'dry' type, which is by far the most common (90% of all AMD cases). In recent years, AMD became younger: late stages of the disease are now detected in relatively young people.

It is known that AMD pathogenesis—according to the age-related structural and functional changes in the retina—is linked with inflammation, hypoxia, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and an impairment of neurotrophic support, but the mechanisms that trigger the conversion of normal age-related changes to the pathological process as well as the reason for early AMD development remain unclear. In the adult mammalian retina, de novo neurogenesis is very limited. Therefore, the structural and functional features that arise during its maturation and formation can exert long-term effects on further ontogenesis of this tissue.

The aim of this review is to discuss possible contributions of the changes/disturbances in retinal neurogenesis to the early development of AMD.
The authors traced the most significant events and results achieved in the course of previous studying of archaeological findings of ancient and medieval swords on the territory of Southern Siberia and Central Asia.

Definite formal signs, considerable for identification of typological affiliation, of the sword finding from the Kuragino Village are singled out. According to the formal signs, this finding is related to a particular individual type of iron swords. The item has a long, right double-edged blade and a removable guard, which is smoothly curved to sideways of the blade, and a right handle's haft.

Our analysis allows us to conclude that the iron sword was likely to be used by the Yenisei Kyrgyz warriors in the course of hostilities with their adversaries among the nomads, against the Old Turks and Uyghurs people, on the territory of Southern Siberia and contiguous territories of the Central Asian region during a certain historical period, including the Early Middle Ages, in particular the third quarter of the 1st millennium A. D. That historical period included inception of the Yenisei Kyrgyz state on the territory of the steppe regions of Minusinsk Hollow, which is located to the north of the West-Sayan Mountains.
Mechanochemical methodologies, particularly ball milling, have become commonplace in many laboratories. In the present work, we examine the effects of milling ball mass on the polymorphic conversion of anhydrous caffeine. By investigating a single-phase system, the rate-limiting step of particle-particle contact formation is eliminated. It is found that larger milling balls lead to considerably faster conversion rates. Modelling of the transformation rate suggests that a single, time-independent rate constant is insufficient to describe the transformation. Instead, a convolution of at least two rate-determining processes is required to correctly describe the transformation. This suggests that the early stages of the transformation are governed only by the number of particle-ball collisions. As the reaction proceeds, these collisions less frequently involve reactant, and the rate becomes limited by mass transport, or mixing, even in originally single-phase systems, which become multi-phase as the product is formed. Larger milling balls are less hindered by poorly mixed material. This likely results from a combination of higher impact energies and higher surface areas associated with the larger milling balls. Such insight is important for the selective and targeted design of mechanochemical processes.
see [15] and [5] for other proofs

We introduce a series of interesting subgroups of finite index in Aut(F n ). We introduce a subgroup K(n) of finite index in Aut(F n )

This implies that Aut(F 3) does not have Kazhdan's property (T). We prove also that every subgroup of finite index in Aut(F n ), n ⩾ 3, which contains the subgroup of IA-automorphisms has a finite abelianization. We show, that its abelianization is infinite for n=3, and it is finite for n ⩾ 4. We ask, whether the abelianization of its commutator subgroup K(n)′ is infinite for n ⩾ 4. If so, then Aut(F n ) would not have Kazhdan's property (T) for n ⩾ 4.
Many types of modern lasers feature nonlinear properties, which makes controlling their operation a challenging engineering problem. In particular, fibre lasers present both high-performance devices that are already used for diverse industrial applications, but also interesting and not yet fully understood nonlinear systems. Fibre laser systems operating at high power often have multiple equilibrium states, and this produces complications with the reproducibility and management of such devices.

Self-tuning and feedback-enabled machine learning approaches might define a new era in laser science and technology. The present study is the first to demonstrate experimentally the application of machine learning algorithms for control of the pulsed regimes in an all-normal dispersion, figure-eight fibre laser with two independent amplifying fibre loops. The ability to control the laser operation state by electronically varying two drive currents makes this scheme particularly attractive for implementing machine learning approaches. The self-tuning adjustment of two independent gain levels in the laser cavity enables generation-on-demand pulses with different duration, energy, spectral characteristics and time coherence. We introduce and evaluate the application of several objective functions related to selection of the pulse duration, energy and degree of temporal coherence of the radiation.

Our results open up the possibility for new designs of pulsed fibre lasers with robust electronics-managed control.
Background: Dendritic cells (DCs) are known to contribute to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) through presentation of cartilage glycoprotein, production of proinflammatory cytokines and activation of Th1/Th17 responses. DCs are a heterogeneous population and can be divided into groups: myeloid (mDCs) and plasmacytoid (pDCs). DCs can induce both immune response and tolerance. Objectives: To investigate the subpopulations of peripheral blood DCs (myeloid and plasmacytoid) in patients with early RA as a predictor of responsibility to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) treatment. Methods: Fifty two patients with early RA (duration of the disease up to 12 months) were included in the study. All patients fullfield ACR/EULAR criteria (2010) and received methotrexate, leflunomide, sulfasalazine or their combination. Fifty five patients with osteoarthritis (OA) used as a control group. Analysis of the content of the B-lymphocytes, myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs was carried out by flow cytometry. B-lymphocytes, subtypes of peripheral blood DCs were characterized by the following phenotypes: myeloid DCs (CD3-CD14-CD19-HLA-DR + CD11c + CD123-), plasmacytoid DCs (CD3-CD14-CD19-HLA-DR + CD11c-CD123 +), B-lymphocytes (CD19 +). Analyses were performed before treatment and after 3 and 6 months. Results: Patients with early RA are characterized by significant evaluation of the population of myeloid DCs in comparison of patients with osteoarthritis (26.6% vs 23.5, p=0.0007). Furthermore, the difference was found in the number of cells with the phenotype B-lymphocytes: 5.4% vs 3%, p = 0.0005). No significant differences were observed in the number of plasmocytoid DCs. After 3 and 6 month of observation we detected reducing amount of myeloid DCs 26.6% vs 21.1% vs 18.4% respectively. Also we revealed reducing B-cells in treatment (5.4% vs 3 % vs 2%). Disease activity according to DAS28 droped to low (4.32 to3.06, p=0.03). We also revealed a reliable negative correlation between both the activity of the disease and the B- cells (rS=-0.4, p=0.05, n=52) and myeloid DCS (rS=-0.6, p=0.0004, n=52). A reducing of the immune cells during the DMARDS therapy suggests that they are an attractive marker for good clinical response to therapy. Conclusion: The data obtained confirm the determining role of myeloid DC and B lymphocytes in maintaining systemic inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, these cells are a target of DMARDs therapy and a predictor of a good clinical response. Disclosure of Interests: None declared
Head-on collision of laser-induced plasma wakefields with differing profiles of electrostatic potential has been recently found to be an efficient mechanism for generating high-power electromagnetic emission at the second harmonic of the plasma frequency (Timofeev et al 2017 Phys. Plasmas 24 103106). This mechanism is attractive for creating a source of tunable narrow-band coherent radiation in the terahertz frequency range.

In this paper, we generalize the theory of electromagnetic emission produced by non-linear interaction of two plasma wakes to the case of an arbitrary collision angle. Such a theory is used to evaluate the angular distribution of the second harmonic radiation as well as its total generation efficiency for parameters of the proof-of-principle experiment in which laser axes will be aligned with a small finite angle.

Theoretical predictions are qualitatively confirmed by particle-in-cell simulations.
Late-replicating domains (intercalary heterochromatin) in the Drosophila genome display a number of features suggesting their organization is quite unique. Typically, they are quite large and encompass clusters of functionally unrelated tissue-specific genes. They correspond to the topologically associating domains and conserved microsynteny blocks.

Our study aims at exploring further details of molecular organization of intercalary heterochromatin and has uncovered surprising heterogeneity of chromatin composition in these regions. Using the 4HMM model developed in our group earlier, intercalary heterochromatin regions were found to host chromatin fragments with a particular epigenetic profile.

Aquamarine chromatin fragments (spanning 0.67% of late-replicating regions) are characterized as a class of sequences that appear heterogeneous in terms of their decompactization. These fragments are enriched with enhancer sequences and binding sites for insulator proteins. They likely mark the chromatin state that is related to the binding of cis-regulatory proteins. Malachite chromatin fragments (11% of late-replicating regions) appear to function as universal transitional regions between two contrasting chromatin states. Namely, they invariably delimit intercalary heterochromatin regions from the adjacent active chromatin of interbands. Malachite fragments also flank aquamarine fragments embedded in the repressed chromatin of late-replicating regions. Significant enrichment of insulator proteins CP190, SU(HW), and MOD2.2 was observed in malachite chromatin. Neither aquamarine nor malachite chromatin types appear to correlate with the positions of highly conserved non-coding elements (HCNE) that are typically replete in intercalary heterochromatin. Malachite chromatin found on the flanks of intercalary heterochromatin regions tends to replicate earlier than the malachite chromatin embedded in intercalary heterochromatin. In other words, there exists a gradient of replication progressing from the flanks of intercalary heterochromatin regions center-wise. The peculiar organization and features of replication in large late-replicating regions are discussed as possible factors shaping the evolutionary stability of intercalary heterochromatin.
We report a measurement of the time-dependent ratio of D0->K+pi- to D0->K-pi+ decay rates in D*+-tagged events using 1.0 fb^{-1} of integrated luminosity recorded by the LHCb experiment. We measure the mixing parameters x'2=(-0.9+-1.3)x10^{-4}, y'=(7.2+-2.4)x10^{-3} and the ratio of doubly-Cabibbo-suppressed to Cabibbo-favored decay rates R_D=(3.52+-0.15)x10^{-3}, where the uncertainties include statistical and systematic sources. The result excludes the no-mixing hypothesis with a probability corresponding to 9.1 standard deviations and represents the first observation of D0-D0bar oscillations from a single measurement.
The law of large numbers by J. Bernoulli and related methodological and philosophical issues are considered. The significance of the St. Petersburg paradox for the modern understanding of risk is shown.

The paper aims to represent the author's methodological position that risk is a consequence of the decisions made by the person and is always associated with the person who not only makes a choice, but also evaluates the probabilities of possible events and associated losses. Taking a risk, the person chooses an alternative that is the result of her decision, although the possible results are not exactly known to her. The key to managing risk is the issue of measuring it.

Our thesis is that decision-making under the conditions of risk is not a person's collision with circumstances independent of her, but a conscious and rational choice.
Supramolecular interactions in the solid state attract much attention. Different experimental and computational approaches are used, to predict and to design crystal structures, to predict the properties based on molecular and crystal structures, to range different types of intermolecular interactions. Analysis of the crystal structures at fixed (e.g. ambient) temperature and pressure conditions is most common for experiments, whereas most DFT calculations are limited to 0 K, to minimize computational costs.

In the present invited contribution I attempt to illustrate this using several selected examples from my own practice and from the papers published by other research groups. I consider, in particular, the results of variable-temperature and variable-pressure studies of continuous lattice strain and phase transitions in small-molecule organic compounds, the results of variable-temperature and variable-pressure crystallization, the results of comparing the dissolution profiles of mono- and multi-component small-molecule organic crystals.

At the same time, evolution of a crystal structure as a function of experimental conditions can contribute significantly to understanding the structure-forming role and relative energies of different types of intermolecular interactions in the same crystal structure and of similar interactions in a series of different but structurally or chemically related compounds. I shall also discuss how variable-temperature and variable-pressure experimental diffraction data can assist in optimizing the calculations aimed at comparing the relative stability of polymorphs and predicting polymorph transitions.
We present here a comprehensive study of the light yield of primary and secondary scintillations produced in gaseous and liquid Ar in the near infrared (NIR) and visible region, at cryogenic temperatures. The measurements were performed using Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (GAPDs) and pulsed X-ray irradiation. The primary scintillation yield of the fast emission component in gaseous Ar was found to be independent of temperature in the range of 87–160 K; it amounted to 17000±3000 photon/MeV in the NIR in the range of 690–1000 nm. In liquid Ar at 87 K, the primary scintillation yield of the fast component was considerably reduced, amounting to 510±90 photon/MeV, in the range of 400–1000 nm. Proportional NIR scintillations (electroluminescence) in gaseous Ar were also observed; their amplification parameter at 160 K was measured to be 13 photons per drifting electron per kV. No proportional scintillations were observed in liquid Ar up to the electric fields of 30 kV/cm. The applications of NIR scintillations in dark matter search and coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering experiments and in ion beam radiotherapy are considered.
Interface properties of VOPc films on Ni(111) and graphene/Ni(111) were investigated

by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) suggests that the strength of the interaction depends on the molecular orientation (oxygen-up or oxygen-down)

The XAS spectra reveal that the molecules grow highly ordered on both substrates, flat lying on the substrate surface. On Ni(111), strong interactions between vanadium ions of the VOPc molecules and the substrate were observed. It seems, however, that not all molecules of the first monolayer interact with the substrate. The interaction can be completely prevented by graphene as an intermediate layer. Graphene affects not only the strength of the interaction at the interface, but also the energy level alignment
The architecture of an agrarian intelligent system is proposed, which forms the basis for a selflearning management decision support system. The system is designed to cover all stages of the preliminary analysis – from the agricultural problem formulation to the provision of an analytical report, forecast or recommendation. Based on the knowledge generated by the system, a person who does not even have a special education in agriculture can make an adequate managerial decision. The system consists of the following set of modules and blocks: the space of agricultural tasks, the space of data sources, data storage, journals, the space of models, the documentation space of decision support, the task (as an element of space), formalization of user data, formation of an input data array for applying the model, the model output data, indicators, models, the access to journals, data selection, the active circuit of the agrarian intelligent system, nodes of the agrarian intelligent system. In the future this system will be able to automate the mаnаgement of agricultural processes within the framework of the approach referred to as “Smart farming”. It is also proposed to use, in addition to the well-known models (imitation, optimization, and others), the concept of agent modeling, on which many modern foreign systems of predictive technologies in agriculture are based. The ﬂ exibility of the system allows one to adapt it in order to solve the widest range of agricultural producer problems depending on the enterprise production specialization, climatic conditions of agricultural activities, the choice of cultivated crops and the level of intensiﬁ cation of agricultural technologies. The system is built as ﬂ exible and wide as possible in order to adapt to various requests, including those that may arise in the future, but have not yet been formulated at present.
A brief review of the corresponding literature on Schumann resonances and lightnings is also given.

We show that due to the distribution of lightning hotspots around the globe, these transients have characteristic time lags, and this feature can be useful to further suppress such a background, especially in searches of the stochastic gravitational-wave background.

Schumann resonance transients which propagate around the globe can potentially generate a correlated background in widely separated gravitational-wave detectors.
Background Hypertension is recognized as an important contributor to high cardiovascular mortality in Russia. A comprehensive analysis of data from Russian studies that measured blood pressure in population-based samples has not been previously undertaken.

Methods We obtained anonymized individual records of blood pressure measurements from 14 surveys conducted in Russia in 1975–2017 relating to a total of 137,687 individuals. For comparative purposes we obtained equivalent data from 4 surveys in the USA and England for 23,864 individuals. A meta-regression on aggregated data adjusted for education was undertaken to estimate time trends in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the prevalence of elevated blood pressure (> 140/90 mmHg), and hypertension (defined as elevated blood pressure and/or the use of blood pressure-lowering) medication. A meta-analysis of pooled individual-level data was used to assess male-female differences in blood pressure and hypertension.

Results During the period 1975–2017 mean blood pressure, the prevalence of elevated blood pressure and hypertension remained stable among Russian men. Among Russian women, mean systolic blood pressure decreased at an annual rate of 0.25 mmHg ( p < 0.1) at age 35–54 years and by 0.8 mmHg ( p < 0.01) at ages 55 and over. The prevalence of elevated blood pressure also decreased by 0.8% per year ( p < 0.01), but the prevalence of hypertension remained stable. Mean blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension were higher in Russia compared to the USA and England at all ages and for both sexes. Conclusions In contrast to the generally observed downward trend in elevated blood pressure in many other countries, levels in Russia have changed little over the past 40 years, although there are some positive trends among women. Improved strategies to bring down the high levels of mean blood pressure and hypertension in Russia compared to countries such as England and the USA are important to further reduce the high burden of CVD in Russia.
Loss of coherence with increasing excitation amplitudes and spatial size modulation is a fundamental problem in designing Raman fiber lasers. While it is known that ramping up laser pump power increases the amplitude of stochastic excitations, such higher energy inputs can also lead to a transition from a linearly stable coherent laminar regime to a non-desirable disordered turbulent state. This report presents a new statistical methodology, based on first passage statistics, that classifies lasing regimes in Raman fiber lasers, thereby leading to a fast and highly accurate identification of a strong instability leading to a laminar-turbulent phase transition through a self-consistently defined order parameter. The results have been consistent across a wide range of pump power values, heralding a breakthrough in the non-invasive analysis of fiber laser dynamics.
In this study, the influence of the accelerated argon cluster ion beam on the topography of stainless steel and optical glass surfaces has been investigated.

The dose dependencies of the root-mean-square roughness and power spectral density function are obtained.

The possibility of smoothing the material's surface to the sub-nanometer level of roughness is shown. It is demonstrated that by the cluster ion treatment the effective roughness decreases at different ranges of spatial frequencies. Anisotropic structure of the treated material effects on the obtained surface roughness.
История кафедрыВ 1962 г. акад.В. В. Воеводским на кафедре общей физики была создана специализация «молекулярная и биологическая физика».Ее руководителем стал канд.физ.мат.наук, доц.А. И. Бурштейн (в настоящее время проф.Вейцмановского института, Израиль).Специализация обеспечивала подготовку кадров для многих лабораторий химического и физико-химического комплекса институтов Академгородка, которые работали над проблемами, лежащими на стыке химии и физики, и требовали для своего решения совместных усилий специалистовхимиков и специалистов-физиков.Исследования на стыке наук стали очень популярны во второй половине XX в., особенно был заметен прогресс на границах физики и химии, химии и биологии.Грандиозное продвижение в этих науках в первой половине XX в. несколько обнажило фланги, и естественным образом началось сочленение и выравнивание линии фронта.

Попутно, однако, всегда совершается и другой процесс, возможно, еще более важный по последствиям.Речь идет о проникновении одних наук в другие, ассимиляции идей, результатов и образа мышления разных дисциплин.Свершившаяся в XIX в. математизация физики изменила ее лицо до неузнаваемости.Нечто подобное началось и вследствие внедрения физики и математики в химию.В свою очередь и химические результаты оказывали влияние на физиков.Например, хорошо известная колебательная реакция Белоусова -Жаботинского сильно поспособствовала созданию правильных представлений в нелинейной неравновесной термодинамике.

За время существования специализации на ней получили образование 120 чел., из них 20 чел.впоследствии защитили доктор