Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Nowadays, a variety of data-compressors (or archivers) is available, each of which has its merits, and it is impossible to single out the best ones. Thus, one faces the problem of choosing the best method to compress a given file, and this problem is more important the larger is the file. It seems natural to try all the compressors and then choose the one that gives the shortest compressed file, then transfer (or store) the index number of the best compressor (it requires log m bits, if m is the number of compressors available) and the compressed file. The only problem is the time, which essentially increases due to the need to compress the file m times (in order to find the best compressor). We suggest a method of data compression whose performance is close to optimal, but for which the extra time needed is relatively small: the ratio of this extra time and the total time of calculation can be limited, in an asymptotic manner, by an arbitrary positive constant. In short, the main idea of the suggested approach is as follows: in order to find the best, try all the data compressors, but, when doing so, use for compression only a small part of the file. Then apply the best data compressors to the whole file. Note that there are many situations where it may be necessary to find the best data compressor out of a given set. In such a case, it is often done by comparing compressors empirically. One of the goals of this work is to turn such a selection process into a part of the data compression method, automating and optimizing it.
We demonstrate that spectral peak power of negatively chirped optical pulses can acquire a blueshift after amplification by a semiconductor optical amplifier. The central wavelength of a transform limited optical pulse translates over 20 nm towards a shorter wavelength after propagation in a single-mode fiber and semiconductor optical amplifier. A chirped Gaussian pulse with full width at half maximum 1 ps and dimensionless chirp parameter C = − 20 can be blueshifted by 5 THz.
Aporrectodea caliginosa is a universally distributed and highly abundant peregrine earthworm that is the object of many ecological and ecotoxicological studies. Molecular phylogenetic analysis suggested that A. caliginosa consists of three highly diverged genetic lineages.

In this study, we investigated morphological diversity within a sample of these three lineages from Belarus. We detected a variety of forms with different degrees of pigmentation and a shift in the clitellum position.

The three genetic lineages of A. caliginosa demonstrated different propensity to particular morphological variants, including size, colour, and the clitellum position, yet no character could be used to distinguish among the lineages with sufficient accuracy. Thus, our results suggest that identification of the genetic lineage should be recommended for ecological studies involving A. caliginosa to account for possible differences between them.
The interaction of terephthalonitrile ( 1 ) dianion ( 1 2 – ) with benzonitrile ( 2 ) or m ‐tolunitrile ( 3 ) provides 4,4'‐dicyanobiphenyl ( 4 ) or 4,4'‐dicyano‐2‐methylbiphenyl ( 5 ), respectively. This result shows that dianion 1 2 – serves as a reagent for p‐ cyanophenylation of aromatic nitriles. Based on experimental data, such as the chemical trapping of the 4,4'‐dicyanobiphenyl precursor 4‐cyano‐1‐( p ‐cyanophenyl)cyclohexa‐2,5‐dienyl anion ( 7 ) and the failure to obtain biphenyl 4 through the interaction of independently generated radical anions (RAs) 1 · – and 2 · – , as well as on the results of quantum‐chemical calculations, a mechanism is suggested that includes a charge‐transfer complex (CTC) between 1 2 – and the aromatic nitrile as the key intermediate. The formation of this CTC is followed either by an intracomplex electron transfer (ET) and recombination of terephthalonitrile and aromatic nitrile RAs within an unequilibrated RA pair, or by synchronous ET and bonding of the ipso‐ carbon atom of terephthalonitrile with the p‐ carbon atom of the aromatic nitrile. The synthetic significance of p‐ cyanophenylation of arenecarbonitriles by dianion 1 2 – is illustrated by the high yield of biphenyl product 4 (approx. 90 %) as well as by the possibility of a one‐pot synthesis of 4‐butyl‐4'‐cyanobiphenyl and 4‐butyl‐4'‐cyano‐2‐methylbiphenyl by successive treatment of dianion 1 2 – with nitrile 2 or 3 and butyl bromide. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Ca(OH)2 is of interest for thermochemical heat storage

The addition of KNO3 reduces the dehydration temperature of Ca(OH)2

The addition of KNO3 reduces the dehydration temperature of Ca(OH)2 which is of interest for thermochemical heat storage
It has been repeatedly demonstrated that the centromere-specific histone H3 (CENH3), a key component of the centromere, shows considerable variability between species within taxa.

We determined the molecular structure and phylogenetic relationships of CENH3 in 11 Secale species and subspecies that possess distinct pollination systems and are adapted to a wide range of abiotic and biotic stresses. The rye ( Secale cereale ) genome encodes two paralogous CENH3 genes, which differ in intron-exon structure and are transcribed into two main forms of the protein, αCENH3 and βCENH3. These two forms differ in size and amino acid substitutions.

In contrast to the reported differences in CENH3 structure between species within other taxa, the main forms of this protein in Secale species and subspecies have a nearly identical structure except some nonsynonymous substitutions. The CENH3 proteins are strictly controlled by genetic factors responsible for purifying selection. A comparison between Hordeum , Secale and Triticum species demonstrates that the structure of CENH3 in the subtribes Hordeinae and Triticinae evolved at different rates. The assumption that reticulate evolution served as a factor stabilizing the structure and evolutionary rate of CENH3 and that this factor was more powerful within Secale and Triticum than in Hordeum , is discussed.
The article studies the methods that substantiated the legitimacy of the power of the Russian monarch over the vast territories of Siberia. The context of this study is the Russian political culture of the late 16th to early 18th centuries. Based on information from chronicles as well as diplomatic and administrative documents, the authors identify and systematize the main political, ideological, and legal arguments that were most often used by the Russian government to justify the Tsars rule over Siberia. The arguments can be divided into two groups according to the target audience: the first group was intended for conversation with the heads of foreign countries, the second one addressed the Siberian peoples and also the Russian people broadly. In foreign policy, the representatives of the Moscow Tsar emphasized the antiquity and the strength of the bond between these territories and the Russian state. The diplomats tended to exaggerate the scale of the Russian military, socio-economic, political, and cultural (religious) development of the new territories. At the same time, they were silent about the resistance of the local population to the tsarist servicemen. At home the authorities applied other legal arguments to bolster their legitimacy. In interaction with indigenous populations, the Russian governors and service people usually forced the communities (in the form of an ultimatum) to accept the claim that the Tsar owned the Siberian lands as a fiefdom. With this the socio-political status of the Siberian peoples radically changed: they became subjects to the Russian Tsar, as kholops or yasak-payers. The Russian combatants and colonists, in direct contact with the indigenous population, informed the Siberian peoples about recent government directives and fully identified with the official claim to authority. In the eyes of the Russian population, an additional element was the religious and political idea that the Tsar had been chosen by God, from which followed the duty to expand the Russian Orthodox tsardom.
Chronic infections with the flatworm parasites Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis and Schistosoma haematobium are classified as group 1 biological carcinogens, i.e. definitive causes of cancer. In addition, we reported findings that support the inclusion of Opisthorchis felineus in this list of biological carcinogens. By contrast, infections with close phylogenetic relatives including Fasciola hepatica have not been associated with carcinogenesis. Earlier reports revealed of oxysterol metabolites of Opisthorchis liver fluke origin conjugated with DNA bases, suggesting that the generation of these DNA-adducts may underlie the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of the infection with these food-borne pathogens.

Here we employed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to investigate, compare and contrast spectrograms of soluble extracts from F. hepatica adult worms from bile ducts of cattle with those from O. viverrini and O. felineus from experimentally-infected hamsters.

F. hepatica displayed a complex spectrophotometric profile. F. hepatica and Opisthorchis spp. shared several common compounds including oxysterol-like metabolites, bile acids and DNA-adducts, but the spectrometric profiles of these Opisthorchis species included far fewer compounds than F. hepatica. These findings support the postulate that oxysterol-like metabolites of parasite origin can initiate carcinogenesis and they point to a molecular basis for the inconsistencies among major groups of liver flukes concerning infection-induced malignancy.
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important food crops in the world. The genome of this potato species is autotetraploid and has a high level of heterozygosity, also this potato species is a cross-pollinated plant. These characteristics complicate the genetic analysis and breeding process. The tuber’s eye depth is an important trait that affects the suitability of potato varieties for processing. Potato breeding for this trait is based on phenotypic assessment. Identification of the loci that control tuber eye depth would allow diagnostic markers for the marker-assisted selection to be created.

The aim of this study is to search for loci associated with the eye depth by analyzing Solanum tuberosum varieties from the GenAgro collection of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, genotyped using the Illumina 22K SNP potato array DNA chip. The 24 significant markers associated with the “eye depth” trait were identified using 15,214 SNP markers genotyped with the Illumina 22K SNP potato array chip and the general linear model (GLM) taking into account the population structure.

Data obtained showed the presence of SNPs in four genomic regions: on chromosome 4 (1 marker in the 3.92 Mb area), 5 (1 marker in the 4.67 Mb area) and 10 (1 marker in the 4.87 Mb area and 21 markers in the region between 48.1–48.9 Mb). The results of localization in the region 48.1–48.9 Mb of chromosome 10 correspond to previously published studies, the remaining three regions were detected for the first time. DNA sections containing SNPs linked to the tuber’s eye depth were studied in the SolTub_3.0 potato genome assembly (https:// plants.ensembl.org/). KASP markers were developed based on the data obtained. It will be possible to screen the breeding material and to breed the varieties more effectively using current markers associated with a shallow tuber’s eye depth.
We report measurements of the exclusive cross section for e+e−→D0D*−π+ as a function of center-of-mass energy from the D0D*−π+ threshold to 5.2 GeV with initial-state radiation. No evidence is found for Y(4260)→D0D*−π+ decays. The analysis is based on a data sample collected with the Belle detector at or near a center-of-mass energy of 10.58 GeV with an integrated luminosity of 695 fb−1 at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e+e− collider.Received 4 August 2009DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.80.091101©2009 American Physical Society
The study is motivated by monitoring the space orientation of a hydrolic fracture used in oil production. Streaming potential arises due to the leakage of ionic fracking fluid under the rock elastic forces which make the fracture disclosure disappear after pumping stops. The vector of electric field correlates with the fracture space orientation since the fluid leakage is directed normally to the fracture surfaces. We develop a mathematical model for the numerical evaluation of the streaming potential magnitude. To this end, we perform an asymptotic analysis taking advantage of scale separation between the fracture disclosure and its length. The contrast between the virgin rock fluid and the fluid invading from the fracture is proved to be crucial in a build up of a net charge at the invasion front. Calculations reveal that an increase of the viscosity and resistivity contrast parameters results in an increase of the streaming potential magnitude. Such a conclusion agrees with laboratory experiments.
Various approaches are considered in the method of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) for calculating the volume concentration of gas phase in a liquid during the rarefaction or destruction. A scheme for calculating the concentration of gas phase, consisting of three stages, is proposed. At low concentrations, the calculation is carried out according to the full model, which includes the laws to describing the concentration dynamics. At high concentration the simplified model is used, when the change in concentration is determined by the dynamics of liquid. When the maximum concentration is reached, corresponding to a single particle without neighbors, the rate of concentration growth is fixed and the further development of the process is governed by inertia.
A quantized optical cavity mode controlled by dissipation, squeezed-light source and feedback loop is studied.

The feedback is activated by detections of photons leaving the cavity and rapidly shifts the phase of the cavity field by π. The steady-state of the mode and first-order field correlation functions are obtained in closed analytical form and investigated.

It appears that the feedback radically modifies the mode's spectrum. It gains asymmetry and its double-peaked structure becomes much more pronounced than in no-feedback case.
The work is aimed at modelling and analyzing joint behavior of currency exchange rates in 3 developing European countries – the Check Republic, Hungary, and Poland with the use of Copula functions. The study focuses only on internal relations with no consideration for any additional (external) factors.

When building the models, several elliptic and Archimedean Copula families were estimated, and pair-Copula (vine) constructions of different families were considered. The work estimates the parameters of inherent interconnection narrowness of the currency rates under study based on the selected model built on the daily data in relation to RUB over the period 2007–2017. Besides, the paper considers two approaches to interval forecasting – with the use of correlated multiplier function and wave function which accounts the most likely value range as of the given date. The time-horizon of the study was 30 days.

The work reveals the most appropriate in terms of consistency to the available data model based on the multivariate elliptical Student Copula. In the conclusion of the work, a comparative analysis of the proposed approaches was carried out, and the comparison was made between the forecasts and actual figures.
Scholar’s and mythological historical narratives coexist independently, but now they have been increasingly confused.

To find ways to compare them and highlight the properties which distinguish them, we turn to P. Ricoeur's concept of triple mimesis. Narratives are cognitive tools, so they are almost omnipresent. Since there is nothing in the narrative that would distinguish one type from another, it is necessary to pay attention to how they function, to the ways of representing reality that use different types of narratives. For this, the article uses the concept of P. Ricoeur's mimetic circle, which takes into account not only the narrative dimension itself, but also its “depth”, the degree of approximation to reality.
Design of chemically modified oligonucleotides for regulation of gene expression has attracted considerable attention over the last decades. One actively pursued approach involves antisense or antigene constructs carrying reactive groups, many of these based on transition metal complexes.

In this study, we have investigated the kinetics and thermodynamics of sequence-specific modification of DNA with deoxyribooligonucleotide linked to Co(II)-tetracarboxyphthalocyanine (PtcCo(II)) in the presence of H(2)O(2).

The complexes of Co(II) with phthalocyanines are extremely good catalysts of oxidation of organic compounds with molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide.
The photophysics of a number salicylic acid derivatives (SADs) in aqueous solutions was investigated in a wide range of pH by time‐correlated single photon counting ( λ ex = 350 nm, τ resp = 300 ps) and fluorescence up‐conversion ( λ ex = 266 nm, τ resp = 300 fs) techniques.

The acid–base equilibrium constants in the ground (p K a ) and the excited states ( ${ m p}K_{ m a}^* $ ), the fluorescence quantum yields as well as the lifetimes of anionic, neutral, and cationic forms of SADs were determined. Evidence of ultrafast excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) leading to the formation of the proton‐transferred excited state of SADs was obtained from the fluorescence up‐conversion measurement.

The nature of the ESIPT process is discussed.
Most photoswitchable molecular magnets exhibit thermally induced switching, as is typical of spin crossover (SCO), valence tautomerism and SCO-like phenomena.

We report a rare case of a copper-nitroxide based molecular magnet Cu(hfac)2Li-Pr that does not exhibit quantitative SCO-like behavior in the temperature range of its chemical stability (2–350 K); however, it can be switched to a metastable thermally inaccessible spin state via visible/near-IR light at cryogenic temperatures. By means of photogeneration, unique information on this otherwise unobservable spin state has been obtained using steady-state Q-band (34 GHz) and time-resolved W-band (94 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy.

In particular, we have found that the electronic structure and relaxation properties of the photoinduced state in Cu(hfac)2Li-Pr are very similar to those in its sister compound Cu(hfac)2Ln-Pr that is thermally switchable and has been exhaustively characterized by many analytical methods, previously. The first observation of photoswitchable behavior in a thermally unswitchable copper-nitroxide based molecular magnet Cu(hfac)2Li-Pr paves the way for photoswitching applications of this and similar compounds in the remarkably broad temperature range of 2–350 K.
A ground-based laser system for space debris cleaning requires pulse power well above the critical power for self-focusing in the atmosphere. Self-focusing results in beam quality degradation and is detrimental for the system operation.

We demonstrate that, for the relevant laser parameters, when the thickness of the atmosphere is much less than the focusing length (that is, of the orbit scale), the beam transit through the atmosphere produces the phase distortion only. The model thus developed is in very good agreement with numerical modeling.

This implies that, by using phase mask or adaptive optics, it may be possible to eliminate almost completely the impact of self-focusing effects in the atmosphere on the laser beam propagation.
Accurate prediction of tsunami wave parameters at certain coast locations is still among unsolved problems of tsunami hazard mitigation: for example, a country-wide tsunami alert in Japan after Chilean event of February 27, 2010.The expected wave height was largely overestimated: more than 3 meters expected versus 1,2 meters in reality.Thus, hundreds of thousands people were suggested to move out of coast line, hundreds of trains were delayed of canceled, which led to significant unjustified costs.One of the reasons of inaccurate predictions of tsunami parameters is that very little information about initial disturbance of the sea bed at tsunami source is available.In this paper, we suggest a way to improve the quality of tsunami source parameters prediction.To have more stable results, we suggest a direct solution of inverse problem of source parameters identification in 1D (in space) hyperbolic equation (shallow water approximation) along the wave ray from source to DART buoy.As was recently discovered, uniqueness theorems are available to such inverse problems.So-called preliminary calculation approach is one of the most popular ways to determine tsunami parameters at source.This technique consists of several steps.First, the subduction zone is covered by the set of "unit sources".Then, this zone typical shape of initial disturbance of unit amplitude is suggested at each unit source.Wave propagation from all these sources is calculated over the entire bathymetry, including the tsunameters locations (DART buoys).After real event time series obtained at DART are approximated as linear combinations of preliminary calculated time series from unit sources.V. Titov (University of Washington, Seattle) proposed and implemented this technique.This works rather well provided that a few unit sources cover the entire source area.However, there are a few constraints.Firstly, in case of an extended source area, too many CPU resources are needed.Secondly, real disturbance at source is approximated as a linear combination of only one selected shape, located at several unit sources.We suggest the following improvements to the methodology by V. Titov.Smaller system of unit sources should be considered to approximate all typical shapes of initial disturbance by several suitable basis functions.To support this, performance of data analysis should be dramatically improved.This could be done by using signal orthogonalization procedure and calculation of Fourier coefficients of the measured time series with respect to orthogonal basis.We will show preliminary numerical tests.
Transcription Regulatory Regions Database (TRRD) is an informational resource containing an integrated description of the gene transcription regulation. An entry of the database corresponds to a gene and contains the data on localization and functions of the transcription regulatory regions as well as gene expression patterns. TRRD contains only experimental data that are inputted into the database through annotating scientific publication. TRRD release 6.0 comprises the information on 1167 genes, 5537 transcription factor binding sites, 1714 regulatory regions, 14 locus control regions and 5335 expression patterns obtained through annotating 3898 scientific papers. This information is arranged in seven databases: TRRDGENES (general gene description), TRRDLCR (locus control regions); TRRDUNITS (regulatory regions: promoters, enhancers, silencers, etc.), TRRDSITES (transcription factor binding sites), TRRDFACTORS (transcription factors), TRRDEXP (expression patterns) and TRRDBIB (experimental publications). Sequence Retrieval System (SRS) is used as a basic tool for navigating and searching TRRD and integrating it with external informational and software resources. The visualization tool, TRRD Viewer, provides the information representation in a form of maps of gene regulatory regions. The option allowing nucleotide sequences to be searched for according to their homology using BLAST is also included. TRRD is available at http://www.bionet.nsc.ru/trrd/.