Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
The conductivity of a two-dimensional HgTe quantum well with a width $\ensuremath{\sim}6.3\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$, close to the transition from ordinary to topological insulating phases, is studied. The Fermi level is supposed to get to the overall energy gap. The consideration is based on the percolation theory. We have found that the width fluctuations convert the system to a random mixture of domains with positive and negative energy gaps with internal edge states formed near zero gap lines. In the case with no potential fluctuations, the conductance of a finite sample is provided by a random edge states network. The zero-temperature conductivity of an infinite sample is determined by the free motion of electrons along the zero-gap lines and tunneling between them. The conductance of a single $p\ensuremath{-}n$ junction, which is crossed by the edge state, is found. The result is applied to the situation when potential fluctuations transform the system to a mixture of $p$- and $n$-domains. It is stated that the tunneling across $p\ensuremath{-}n$ junctions forbids the low-temperature conductivity of a random system, but the latter is restored due to the random edge states crossing the junctions.
The article examines the impact of sanctions on Russian energy sector from theoretical and practical view point.A review of foreign and Russian literature devoted to the positive impact of sanctions on Russian economy in general and in particular on the sector of interest is made.We have revealed contradictory trends that affect production capacity and prices under sanctions.On the one hand, the reduction of oil refining cost in dollar terms and crude oil price decrease allowed gasoline producers to maintain the level of sales profitability without a significant increase in prices.On the other hand, price increase on the imported equipment and technology and limited access to them complicate the implementation of projects that are aimed to the modernization of oilrefining industry.Thus, the aim of the study is to forecast the gasoline market on the basis of assessing of scenarios for the development of the petrochemical industry by Russian producers under sanctions.The forecast also considers the probabilities of modernization project implementation at Russia's largest oil refineries.We have developed the following scenarios for petrochemical industry development: import substitution, conservative and stagnated scenarios.They take into account the growth of octane addictive market as well as challenges that large producers face with under sanctions.The tools for production capacity forecast in terms of macroeconomic and geopolitical uncertainty have been developed on the basis of the expert-statistical Bayesian approach.We have developed possible scenarios for petrochemical industry development and forecasted gasoline volume and prices till 2026 considering the expert survey data that was conducted among market participants in 2016.We have determined the opportunities to support petrochemical industry by the public authorities under sanctions: tax measures (tax remissions to support investment demand out of proceeds of shareholders' interest, due to compensation of the costs associated with this type of expenses, etc.); development of a favorable institutional environment, developed infrastructure, accessible raw materials and technologies.Further the research will be devoted to the assessment of opportunities for the implementation of the tools developed by the authors in other economic sectors of Russia.
Associative experiments are considered to be a reliable method to identify conscious and unconscious meanings of words. Thus, the 'language consciousness of the individual' (a concept introduced by Moscow School of Psycholinguistics, describing the language of an individual or a community from a psycholinguistic point of view) becomes visible to the external observer.

The article describes the first stage of the realization of a complex psycholinguistic associative experiment in French and Russian. The aim of this experiment is to identify associative fields of words describing the attitude of young people towards multiculturalism, academic mobility and internationalization of higher education in target cities. The associative experiment will supplement sociological and other studies and will allow us to show the respondents' naive views on various words describing certain aspects of students' life.

After processing the results of the experiment, a fragment of the associative network modeling the lexicon of French and Russian students in this subject area will be obtained. The analysis of the most stable and repetitive reactions of a large number of participants makes it possible to infer the collective opinion.
The gene from Sporosarcina species 9D encoding Sse 9I DNA-methyltransferase (M.Sse9I) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant plasmid pMSse-1 contains the M.Sse9I gene 1086 bp in length, corresponding to a protein of 362 amino acid residues. M.Sse9I recognizes the tetranucleotide sequence 5-AATT-3′ and modifies the second adenine within the recognition sequence. The amino acid sequence of M.Sse9I was compared with those of other methylases. According to mutual positions of four conservative domains the new enzyme belongs to a subgroup of D12 class. This subgroup includes Sse 9I, Cvi AII, Nl aIII and N-terminal domains of Ll aI, Fok I and Sts I DNA-methyltransferases.
Background It is generally recognized that recurrent aggression can be the result of various psychiatric disorders. The aim of our study was to analyze the mRNA levels, in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain, of the genes that may possibly be associated with aggression consistently shown by male mice in special experimental settings. Methodology/Principal Findings The genes were Th, Dat1, Snca and Bdnf; the male mice were a group of animals that had each won 20 daily encounters in succession and a group of animals that had the same winning track record followed by a no-fight period for 14 days. Increased Th, Dat1 and Snca mRNA levels were in the fresh-from-the-fight group as compared to the controls. Increased Th and Dat1 mRNA levels were in the no-fight winners as compared to the controls. Significant positive correlations were found between the level of aggression and Th and Snca mRNA levels. Conclusions Repeated positive fighting experience enhances the expression of the Th, Dat1 and Snca genes, which are associated with brain dopaminergic systems. The expression of the Th and Dat1 genes stays enhanced for a long time.
Presumptive somatic cells of the copepod Cyclops kolensis specifically eliminate a large fraction of their genome by the process of chromatin diminution. The eliminated DNA (eDNA) remains only in the germline cells. Very little is known about the nature of the sequences eliminated from somatic cells.

We cloned a fraction of the eDNA and sequenced 90 clones that total 32 kb. The following organizational patterns were demonstrated for the eDNA sequences. All do not contain open reading frames. Each fragment contains 1–3 families of short repeats (10–30 bp) highly homologous within families (87%–100%). Most repeats are separated by spacers up to 50 bp long. Homologous regions were found between fragments, motifs from 15–300 bp in length. Among fragments there occur groups in which the same motifs are ordered in the same fashion. However, spacers between the motifs differ in length and nucleotide composition. Ubiquitous motifs (those occurring in all fragments) were identified. Analysis of motifs revealed submotifs, each occurring within several motifs. Thus, motifs may be regarded as mosaic structures composed of submotifs (short repeats).

Taken together, the results provide evidence of a high organizational ordering of the DNA sequences restricted to the germline. With this in mind, it appears incorrect to refer to this part of the genome as junk. Moreover, eDNA is redundant for only the somatic cells—its function is to be sought in germline cells.
Background Opisthorchis felineus, O. viverrini, and Clonorchis sinensis (family Opisthorchiidae) are parasitic flatworms that pose a serious threat to humans in some countries and cause opisthorchiasis/clonorchiasis. Chronic disease may lead to a risk of carcinogenesis in the biliary ducts. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that control gene expression at post-transcriptional level and are implicated in the regulation of various cellular processes during the parasite- host interplay. However, to date, the miRNAs of opisthorchiid flukes, in particular those essential for maintaining their complex biology and parasitic mode of existence, have not been satisfactorily described. Methodology/Principal Findings Using a SOLiD deep sequencing-bioinformatic approach, we identified 43 novel and 18 conserved miRNAs for O. felineus (miracidia, metacercariae and adult worms), 20 novel and 16 conserved miRNAs for O. viverrini (adult worms), and 33 novel and 18 conserved miRNAs for C. sinensis (adult worms). The analysis of the data revealed differences in the expression level of conserved miRNAs among the three species and among three the developmental stages of O. felineus. Analysis of miRNA genes revealed two gene clusters, one cluster-like region and one intronic miRNA in the genome. The presence and structure of the two gene clusters were validated using a PCR-based approach in the three flukes. Conclusions This study represents a comprehensive description of miRNAs in three members of the family Opistorchiidae, significantly expands our knowledge of miRNAs in multicellular parasites and provides a basis for understanding the structural and functional evolution of miRNAs in these metazoan parasites. Results of this study also provides novel resources for deeper understanding the complex parasite biology, for further research on the pathogenesis and molecular events of disease induced by the liver flukes. The present data may also facilitate the development of novel approaches for the prevention and treatment of opisthorchiasis/clonorchiasis.
The need for vernalization is a duration-dependent eﬀect of low, positive temperatures in order to ensure the plants' transition to generative development. If the requirement for the duration of germination is not met, the plant will not enter the stage of forming generative organs. The vernalization requirements of winter soft wheat samples of diﬀerent geographical origins are determined. An assessment of the vernalization period duration inﬂuence on the severity of the elements of the yield structure is given. The research material consisted of 15 cultivars of soft winter wheat of various geographic origin. The samples were germinated in paper rolls, then vernalized in a climatic chamber at a temperature of 3–5 ºС for 60, 50, and 40 days. At the end of vernalization, 10 plants of each sample were planted in a greenhouse. The dates of the onset of phenological phases were noted: tube emergence, earing, ﬂowering. To determine the main elements of the yield structure, a structural analysis of plants was carried out. With an increase in the vernalization period, a decrease in the interfacial periods from tube emergence to ﬂowering was noted. The inﬂuence of the timing of vernalization was noted on the manifestation of the spike length trait. It was found that the total number of stems and the number of productive stems in almost all varieties decreases with an increase in the period of vernalization. Signiﬁcant diﬀerences between collection varieties in the need for vernalization, due to both their geographical origin and the genotype of plants are revealed. In all the studied forms, with an increase in the period of vernalization, the rate of plant development increased to varying degrees, the total number of stems, the productive stem and the length of the spike decreased.
The heat transfer during impact, evaporation and dynamics of the water drop on the heated thin constantan foil have been studied.

The function of diameter versus time is constructed.
Plasma-arc (PA) sputtering method was applied for synthesis of Pt/CeO2 and Pd/CeO2 nanoparticles. PA represents a joint sputtering of a graphite electrode with various metals (Ce with Pt or Pd).

This novel approach allows obtaining highly dispersed metals and ceria on the first stage of synthesis. The thermal treatment of an initial composite in air at 600°C-1000°C results in the burnt of a carbon shell and formation of CeO2 with a fluorite-type structure. XPS and TEM analysis showed that Pd and Pt species are stabilized in the ionic form due to strong interaction with ceria.

Obtained nanoparticles have a high potential of application as catalysts for efficient low temperature CO oxidation.
Phylogenetic analysis is one of the useful tools available for revealing the evolution of life on the Earth; however, it has difficulty in principle distinguishing old and new genomes just by comparing phylogenomic trees. To overcome this difficulty, a new method is introduced which utilizes the Earth's history derived from geologic information to trace genomic evolution. This idea is inspired by Darwin's natural selection, and explains how living organisms change with the environment. In other words, life's genome does not change if the environment remains the same. A key is the birthplace of life on Hadean Earth, which is thought to be an ultra-reducing environment with H2 produced in abundance through serpentinization. OD1 is a potential microbe that has survived on the Earth since the Hadean. Its habitat, Hakuba-Happo in Japan, is a unique serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal system on land, and it has avoided evolution by remaining in a super-reducing environment from the Hadean to the present. OD1 is regarded as a “living fossil” of the Hadean microbe. Ultra-reducing environments have disappeared over the Earth's history. How has OD1 survived since the Hadean to the present? A possible scenario is proposed based on Plate Tectonics. OD1 habitats have gone through the following transitions: (1) super-reducing environment in a natural nuclear geyser on a primordial continent in the Hadean; (2) serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal system along a mid-oceanic ridge transform fault during the Archean-Proterozoic; (3) subduction-accretion and escape from oxygenated Phanerozoic ocean floor; and, (4) jacked up by growth of accretionary complexes and taking refuge in a hydrothermal system above a volcanic front. OD1 habitats have been reduced with geological age as free oxygen has increased in the surface environment. OD1 may be a “living microfossil” of the Hadean, making its way continuously through ultra-reducing environments on a tightrope.
By Monte Carlo method we study peculiarities of scattering of short laser pulses in the water media with reflection from the underlying and water-air boundaries.

The results of numerical modeling show that the ring-shaped structures of light may appear in the water layers.
Beneath Italy, we identify a high-velocity anomaly which has the appearance of a long, narrow 'sausage' with a steeply dipping part down to a depth of 400 km and then expanding horizontally over approximately 400 km. Rather than to interpret it as a remnant of the former Tethyan oceanic slab

In this study we present a new regional tomography model of the upper mantle beneath Italy and the surrounding area derived from the inversion of travel times of P and S waves from the updated International Seismological Centre (ISC) catalogue

we consider that it is made up of the infra continental lithospheric mantle of Adria, which is progressively delaminated, whereas its overlying crust becomes progressively accreted into the Apenninic tectonic wedge
To reveal the equilibrium state of oil and gas and water in a petroliferous basin with a high content of saline water

calculations of water-gas equilibrium were carried out, using a new simulation method, for the Arctic territories of the West Siberian oil and gas bearing province

The gas saturation coefficient increases with depth and total gas saturation of the formation water. All the water layers with gas saturation bigger than 1.8 L/L have the critical gas saturation coefficient value of 1.0, which creates favorable conditions for the accumulation of hydrocarbons; and unsaturated formation water can dissolve gas in the existent pool. The gas saturation coefficient of formation water is related to the type of fluid in the reservoir. Condensate gas fields have gas saturation coefficients from 0.8 to 1.0, while oil reservoirs have lower gas saturation coefficient. Complex gas-water exchange patterns indicate that gas in the Jurassic–Cretaceous reservoirs of the study area is complex in origin.
This is a defense of Pyrrhonian skepticism against the charge that the suspension of judgment based on equipollence is vitiated by the assent given to the equipollence in question. The apparent conflict has a conceptual side as well as a practical side, examined here as separate challenges with a section devoted to each. The conceptual challenge is that the skeptical transition from an equipollence of arguments to a suspension of judgment is undermined either by a logical contradiction or by an epistemic inconsistency, perhaps by both, because the determination and affirmation of equipollence is itself a judgment of sorts, one that is not suspended. The practical challenge is that, independently of any conceptual confusion or contradiction, suspending judgment in reaction to equipollence evinces doxastic commitment to equipollence, if only because human beings are not capable of making assessments requiring rational determination without believing the corresponding premises and conclusions to be true.

The two analytic sections addressing these challenges are preceded by two prefatory sections, one laying out the epistemic process, the other reviewing the evidentiary context.

The response from the conceptual perspective is that the suspension of judgment based on equipollence is not a reasoned conclusion adopted as the truth of the matter but a natural reaction to an impression left by the apparently equal weight of opposing arguments. The response from the practical perspective is that the acknowledgment of equipollence is not just an affirmation of the equal weight of arguments but also an admission of inability to decide, suggesting that any assent, express or implied, is thrust upon the Pyrrhonist in a state of epistemic paralysis affecting the will and the intellect on the matter being investigated. This just leaves a deep disagreement, if any, regarding whether equipollence is an inference based on discursive activity or an impression coming from passive receptivity. But this, even if resolved in favor of the critic (which it need not and ought not be), is not the same as confusion or inconsistency on the part of the Pyrrhonist, the demonstration of which is the primary aim of this paper.
The low-emittance lattice cell concept with usage of superconducting bending magnets with longitudinal field gradient and anti-bends is applied to develop a compact storage ring for x-ray light source of high brilliance. Its synchrotron radiation generation potential is compared with existing compact light source.
The article notes the tendency towards the preferred choice of the preposition pro (about) (instead of o) in modern Russian speech. The above said leads to a change in the compatibility of the accusative word form with the explanatory meaning, to an expansion of the range of verbs and nouns that control this form. The use of the word forms in names is updated (in different communicative spheres). Observations on the use of the so-called “The Accusative of theme” in media speech allowed us to identify different communicative intentions of the speaker, which are marked by the word form pro (about) N4: fixation of the topic, announcement, continuation and development, return to the topic, change of topic, forecast, clarification, accentuation. In addition, as part of the predicate, the word form with the preposition pro (about) is used as a means of the object of speech / thought characterization. In these syntactic conditions, a new way of defining the concept is formed: X eto pro (is about) N4, as well as a new question: What is X about? They are actively used in speech by adherents of the newest rhetorical canon – as opposed to the traditional one.
A setup has been created to study the drying of wet coals by microwave radiation with a frequency of 2.45 GHz. Time dependences of humidity and surface temperature of brown coal samples from the Talovskoye deposit in Siberia are measured at an absorbed energy density of about 30 W g −1 . The analysis of the data obtained is carried out and the mechanisms of possible processes that explain the observed patterns are considered.
The dynamic of explosive vaporization of the water on the multilayer thin-film resistor with the size of 100 × 110 μm has been investigated.

An original optical method based on measuring of laser intensity reflected from resistor surface was used.

The characteristics of the initial stage of the explosive vaporization were obtained. The dependence of the boiling temperature on the temperature growth rate and the dependence of boiling time on the effective heat flux were defined. The lifetime of the main vapour bubble and the satellite bubble were estimated.
The title 1:1 salt, C 7 H 8 NO 2 + ·C 5 H 3 N 2 O 2 − (systematic name: 4-carboxyanilinium pyrazine-2-carboxylate), was synthesized successfully by slow evaporation of a saturated solution from water–ethanol (1:1 v / v ) mixture and characterized by X-ray diffraction (SCXRD, PXRD) and calorimetry (DSC). The crystal structure of the salt was solved and refined at 150 and 293 K.

The salt crystallizes with one molecule of 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and one molecule of pyrazinoic acid (POA) in the asymmetric unit. In the crystal, the PABA and POA molecules are associated via COOH...N arom heterosynthons, which are connected by N—H...O hydrogen bonds, creating zigzag chains. The chains are further linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions along the b axis [centroid-to-centroid distances = 3.7377 (13) and 3.8034 (13) Å at 150 and 293 K, respectively] to form a layered three-dimensional structure.
We present a systematic analysis of the stationary regimes of nonlinear parity-time(PT) symmetric laser composed of two coupled fiber cavities.

We find that power-dependent nonlinear phase shifters broaden regions of existence of both PT-symmetric and PT-broken modes, and can facilitate transitions between modes of different types. We show the existence of non-stationary regimes and demonstrate an ambiguity of the transition process for some of the unstable states.

We also identify the presence of higher-order stationary modes, which return to the initial state periodically after a certain number of round-trips.