Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
B rain tumor segmentation is an important and time-consuming part of diagnosis.Multi-class segmentation of different tumor types is a challenging task because of differences in shape, size, location, and distinctions in scanner parameters.It is known that even an experienced radiologist can make a mistake in 10-15% of cases.Many 2D and 3D convolutional neural network architectures have been proposed to solve this problem, and they have achieved significant success.The 2D approach is known to be faster and there are many more datasets with 2D data.In contrast, 3D models.Using computationally-costly 3D operations allows the model to account for context along the z-axis and learn 3-dimensional features.This simultaneously improves the quality of segmentation, increases the learning time, and decreases the speed of operation.In this paper, we decided to compare 2D and 3D approaches on 2 datasets with MRI images: from the BraTS2020 competition and our private Sibrerian Brain Tumor Image Segmentation dataset.In each dataset, the image is represented as 4 sequences T1, T1C, T2, T2-FLAIR, and a specialist-labeled mask.The data differ in dimensionality, class set, and tumor type.Comparisons were made based on the Dice Index.We performed an analysis of which cases and why they caused difficulties for the models.Final improvements on the test part of both datasets are in the range of 3-5% on the five-fold trained model according to the Dice metric.The results suggest interesting conclusions and will allow us to get a little closer to making a diagnosis with AI.
Cerebrovascular dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD): the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. The involvement of neurovasculature disorders in the progression of AD is now increasingly appreciated, but whether they represent initial factors or late-stage pathological changes during the disease is unclear.

Using senescence-accelerated OXYS rats, which simulate key characteristics of sporadic AD, we evaluated contributions of cerebrovascular alterations to the disease development. At preclinical, early, and advanced stages of AD-like pathology, in the hippocampus of OXYS and Wistar (control) rats, we evaluated (i) the blood vessel state by histological and electron-microscopic analyses; (ii) differences in gene expression according to RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to identify the metabolic processes and pathways associated with blood vessel function; (iii) the amount of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by western blot and immunohistochemical analysis.

We observed a loss of hippocampal blood vessel density and ultrastructural changes of those blood vessels in OXYS rats at the early stage of AD-like pathology. There were significant alterations in the vessels and downregulation of VEGF with an increased amount of amyloid β1–42 there at the advanced stage of the disease. According to RNA-Seq data analysis, major alterations in cerebrovascular processes of OXYS rats were associated with blood vessel development, circulatory system processes, the VEGF signaling pathway, and vascular smooth muscle contraction. At preclinical and early stages of the AD-like pathology, these processes were upregulated and then downregulated with age. At the advanced stage in OXYS rats, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with downregulation of cerebrovascular function as compared to Wistar rats. Among the 46 DEGs at the preclinical stage of the disease, 28 DEGs at the early stage, and among 85 DEGs at the advanced stage, using functional analysis and gene network construction, we identified genes (Nos1, P2rx4, Pla2g6, and Bdkrb2) probably playing a significant role in the development of cerebrovascular dysfunction in OXYS rats. Changes in expression of the genes functionally associated with cerebrovascular processes already in the early period of life may contribute to the development of AD-like pathology in OXYS rats.
The formation of hollow nanoparticles of alumina was detected when nanostructured carbon–aluminum material, synthesized by composite electrode sputtering in an electric arc, was annealed in oxygen. The synthesized material was characterized by the methods of transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, and roentgen-phase analysis. It is shown that the alumina is the γ-phase; the typical size of particles is 6 - 12 nm and they have a wall thickness of 2 - 3 nm. The mechanism of formation of the hollow nanoparticles of alumina is suggested.
Background: Gastritis and gastric cancer are the most common diseases in the Kazakh population. Polymorphisms in genes coding of cytokines have been played important role with gastric disease risk. The risk alleles of cytokines in patients with gastritis can predict the risk of developing gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate cytokine gene polymorphisms as risk factors for the development of gastritis in a case-control study with gastritis patients and healthy individuals from the Kazakh ethnic group, living in North Kazakhstan. Materials and Methods: The polymerase chain reaction followed by direct sequencing were used for detection of two functional polymorphisms in the IL1 gene family, and TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assay Sets were applied for three potentially functional polymorphisms in the IL10 gene, and one in the TNFA promoter. Results: Association analysis of studied allelic variants and the development of gastritis in H. pylori-positive patients showed that IL1B -31C/C, IL1B -511T/T and IL1RN -2/2 allelic variants were associated with development of gastritis (OR=1.8 (1.07-3.16), p=0.025; OR=1.7 (1.04-2.99), p=0.035, and OR=4.92 (2.45-9.85), p<0.001) respectively. Haplotype C-Т that combines both homozygous allelic variants of IL1B gene also had a statistically significant association with slightly higher OR (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.08-1.88). Conclusions: The data from the current study showed that the genotype IL-1B -511Т/-31C-IL1-RN-2 and H. pylori infection increase risk of gastritis in the Kazakh population. That genotype combination might be a factor increasing the risk of developing gastric cancer.
Analysing the genesis of Quaternary sediments is important for understanding the glaciation history and development of marine sediments in the northern part of Western Siberia. The problem is relevant since there is no consistent concept of the Quaternary sediment genesis in the north of Western Siberia. The formation of sediments is associated with marine, glacial and interglacial sedimentation conditions.

The research objective is to identify the persistent features characterising the conditions of sedimentation and relief formation using the Nadym River basin as an example. The best method for studying this problem is a comprehensive analysis of the lithological, chronostratigraphic, petrographic and geomorphological studies of the Quaternary sediment upper strata. This study provides data from the analysis of the basic characteristics of quartz grains at the site. A petrographic study of selected boulder samples was performed. The first use of a detailed digital elevation model applied to the study area made it possible to identify specific relief forms that could very likely be created during glaciations.

The rounding and morphology of the quartz grains provide evidence of possible glacial processing of some of the site strata. Some of them, by the shape and presence of striation, can be attributed to ice basins. Based on the analysis, we propose to consider the vast lake alluvial plains in the Nadym River basin as periglacial regions. This idea lays the lithological framework for understanding the reasons for the formation of the modern landscape structure. The materials and descriptions provided are of interest to researchers of Quaternary sediments, topography, vegetation and soil cover, particularly researchers engaged in revising the history of the natural environment development in the north of Western Siberia.
DATA REPORT article Front. Genet., 14 November 2019Sec. RNA Volume 10 - 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.01135
This research extends existing experimental data for the brain blood vessels [1, 2]

Experiments were performed to measure the blood flow in cerebral vessels and the obtained data was analyzed. To reconstruct the geometry of the Cerebral aneurysms (CA), DICOM images of real patients with aneurysms and ITK Snap [3] were used. In addition, the numerical calculations were performed in ANSYS (commercial software, License of Lavrentyev Institute of Hydrodynamics).

The results of these numerical calculations show a high level of agreement with experimental data from the literature.
We studied the Fourier spectrum of the light-scattering profiles of single particles in the Rayleigh-Gans-Debye (RGD) and Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) approximations. In the case of a homogeneous sphere, we found the relationship between the key parameters of the spectrum (including its phase) and the sphere characteristics – both analytically and numerically in the framework of the approximations and the rigorous Lorentz–Mie theory, respectively. Based on these results, we have improved the existing spectral characterization method for spheres extending the applicability range to particles with a higher refractive index.
The Confucius Institute at Novosibirsk State University focused on connotation construction, strengthened teaching management, and improved teaching level in its 2019 work.

This year, the Confucius Institute successfully completed the established teaching tasks, successfully held various cultural activities, strengthened exchanges between Novosibirsk State University and Xinjiang University, and expanded foreign exchanges.

In the future, the Confucius Institute will continue to work hard to coordinate all aspects of its work, improve quality and efficiency, and further enhance the influence of the Institute in the region.
The Production and Distributed Analysis system (PanDA) is a pilot-based workload management system that was originally designed for the ATLAS Experiment at the LHC and to use with grid sites. Since the coming LHC data taking runs will require more resources than grid computing alone can provide, the various LHC experiments are engaged in an ambitious program to extend the computing model to include opportunistically used resources such as High Performance Computers (HPCs), clouds and volunteer computers. To this end, PanDA is being extended beyond grids and ATLAS to be used on the new types of resources as well as by other experiments. A new key component is being developed, the next generation PanDA Pilot (Pilot 2). Pilot 2 is a complete rewrite of the original PanDA Pilot which has been used in the ATLAS Experiment for over a decade. The new Pilot architecture follows a component-based approach which improves system flexibility, enables a clear workflow control, evolves the system according to modern functional use-cases to facilitate coming feature requests from new and old PanDA users. This paper describes Pilot 2, its architecture and place in the PanDA hierarchy. Furthermore, its ability to be used either as a command tool or through APIs is explained, as well as how its workflows and components are being streamlined for usage on both grids and opportunistically used resources for and beyond the ATLAS experiment.
Polarization effects in this process are important for a number of physical problems.

We consider emission of a photon by an electron in the field of a strong laser wave. A probability of this process for circularly or linearly polarized laser photons and for arbitrary polarization of all other particles is calculated. We obtain the complete set of functions which describe such a probability in a compact invariant form.

Besides, we discuss in some detail the polarization effects in the kinematics relevant to the problem of electron to photon conversion at photon-photon and photon-electron colliders.
Spin selectivity, which results in the difference between the chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarisation enhancement coefficients of dyad diastereomers, is a phenomenon observed for chiral systems. This Minireview discusses the chemical nature of spin selectivity and the role of chiral associates in the chiral catalysis of an elementary radical reaction: electron transfer in chiral dyads. For more information, see the Minireview by Ageeva et al. on page 18587 ff.
the authors' earlier works

During the detonation of charges of plastic explosives based on PETN and RDX, the spatial structure of the arising flow and the degree of compression of the matter behind the detonation front were obtained using the synchrotron radiation facilities. The experiments were carried out with charges of small diameters, which made it possible to control the symmetry of the undisturbed charge of the explosive and the flow behind the detonation front. In addition, the advanced detector was used to increase the frame rate by 4 times in comparison with the authors' earlier works.
This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the heat transfer during flow boiling of refrigerant R236fa in a horizontal microchannel heat sink.

The experiments were performed using closed loop that re-circulates coolant. Microchannel heat exchanger that contains two microchannels with 2x0.4 mm cross-section was used as the test section. The dependence of average heat flux on wall superheat and critical heat flux were measured in the range of mass fluxes from 600 to 1600 kg/m 2 s and in the range of heat fluxes from 5 to 120 W/cm 2 .

For heat flux greater than 60 W/cm 2 , nucleate boiling suppression has significant effect on the flow boiling heat transfer, and this leads to decrease of the heat transfer coefficient with heat flux grows.
Proteoglycans (PGs) are heterogeneous macromolecules that can both suppress and induce mitotic activity and cell growth depending on their structure and experimental conditions. Possibly, their combination is necessary for the proper regulatory effect to the certain tissue. In the present study, an influence of bovine liver total proteoglycans on the mitotic activity of different mouse embryonic tissues and mouse adenocarcinoma cells was investigated. Bovine liver proteoglycans suppressed cell proliferation in the mouse liver (1.8% mitotic cells versus 10.6 % in the control animals) but not in the other tissues. The antimitotic effect of the PGs was tissue-specific as it was shown by experiments with bovine spleen and lung PG preparations. An influence of the total proteoglycan preparation on tumor cell proliferation was studied by treatment of primary breast adenocarcinoma cells with bovine liver PGs before injection into experimental animals. The treatment suppressed tumor formation in mice – only 20% animals developed tumors on 26th day and 55% ones on 43rd day (versus 75% and 100% in a control group, respectively). Intraperitoneal injection of the proteoglycans into mice with induced Ehrlich ascite carcinoma decreased tumor weight and tumor volume by 50%. These results indicate that bovine liver total proteoglycans are able to suppress cell proliferation in both fetal mouse tissues and orthotopic mammary carcinoma model in vivo. The effect is tissue-specific and species non-specific with optimal concentration 0.3-0.4 mg/g animal weight. The data suggest that total bovine proteoglycan preparations may be potential antimitotic compound to cell proliferation disorders for another animal species.
Summary Female interspecific vole hybrids were examined for the expression of the G6PD and GALA genes on the X chromosomes. When one of the parents was a species with a heterochromatin block on the X, and the other parent was M. arvalis , without a heterochromatin block on the X, preferential expression of the genes of the M. arvalis X was consistently observed. When both parental species had heterochromatin on the X, the parental forms of G6PD and GALA were in about equal proportions in the hybrid females. The results of the cytological identification of the active and inactive X on the metaphase spreads in the hybrid females are in agreement with the biochemical results. It is suggested that the observed phenomenon may be due to a nonrandom inactivation of the X chromosome containing a heterochromatin block in crosses involving M. arvalis and by a random inactivation in those with both parents having heterochromatin blocks on the X chromosomes. These results support our previous suggestion that heterochromatin has an effect on X inactivation in female interspecific vole hybrids.
Recently, the wide discussion about Higgs-factory design again returns to problem of high energy polarized electrons and positrons. It’s good known the radiative beam polarization at LEP-collider. It was obtained after spin resonance suppression at [Formula: see text] pick, but didn’t appear at energies above 70 GeV due to an enhancement of unavoidable depolarization effects.

We examine in this paper various ideas for radiative polarization at TLEP/FCC-ee and formulate some estimates for the polarization buildup time and the asymptotic polarization.

Using wigglers, a useful degree of polarization (for energy calibration), with a time constant of about 1 h, may be possible up to the threshold of W pair production. At higher energies such as the threshold of Higgs production, attaining a useful level of polarization may be difficult in a planar ring. With Siberian Snakes, wigglers and some imagination, polarization of reasonable magnitude, with a reasonable time constant (of not more than about 1 h), may be achievable at very high energies.
This study was aimed to evaluate the synaptic plasticity in projections from the dorsal lateral region (Dl) to the bilateral dorsal medial region (Dm) of the zebrafish telencephalon.

The results showed that unilateral electrical stimulation of the Dl evokes a negative field potential (FP) in both the contralateral and ipsilateral side of the Dm. We tested synaptic plasticity, including high-frequency stimulation-induced LTP (HFS-LTP) and low-frequency stimulation-induced LTD (LFS-LTD). We demonstrated that HFS-induced bilateral LTP is NMDAR-dependent by the application of an NMDAR antagonist, DL-AP5 (30 μM, suprafused for 10 min), which blocked the HFS-induced LTP in both the contralateral and ipsilateral Dm. In addition, LTP was restored after DL-AP5 was washed out by continuous aCSF suprafusion. Either LFS (1 Hz for 20 min) or applying the mGluR agonist, DHPG (40 μM, suprafused for 10 min) successfully induced bilateral LTD for at least 1 h. Furthermore, both the contralateral fEPSP and LTP vanished after ablation of the anterior commissure.

These results suggested that the potentiation is NMDAR-dependent. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that the projection between the Dl and contralateral Dm in the telencephalon of zebrafish is via the anterior commissure and possesses synaptic plasticity.
The process of ion solvation has been studied in the reversible system using the Van't Hoff equilibrium box.

It is shown that the Born formula for solvation energy describes a change in enthalpy rather than in Gibbs energy.
There is growing interest in cereals with anthocyanins in grain as a source of natural biologically active compounds beneficial for human health. In bread wheat, anthocyanins accumulate in the pericarp, under control of Pp genes, and in the aleurone layer, under control of Ba. Breeding anthocyanin-rich wheat cultivars is possible through the transfer of genes from genetic stocks to the desired cultivars.

A blue-grained substitution line, s:S294Th(4D) (BC7 progeny), of the bread wheat cultivar Saratovskaya 29 (S29) carrying the Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) chromosome 4Th was developed. The 4Th/4D substitution was confirmed with chromosome C-banding and multicolor FISH, as well as by microsatellite analysis. Total anthocyanin content in the bran fraction of the new blue-grained line was 475.7 μg/g compared to 355.6 μg/g of the control purple-grained near-isogenic line, i:S29Pp-A1Pp-D1Pp3P, and a total absence in S29.

Although the developed line carries entire chromosome substitution, its 1000 grains weight, milling parameters, and dough physical properties did not differ or decreased slightly comparison to S29. These results support that the developed substitution line can be of interest in breeding programs to increase the anthocyanin production in commercial varieties.
The effects of coherent monochromatic 0.14 THz radiation on human dermal fibroblasts were experimentally investigated using a solid-state radiation source based on an IMPATT diode. The fibroblast cells were exposed for 20 minutes to a wave beam of different power (10, 30, 50, 70, and 100 mW) and such parameters as proliferative activity, wound closure percentage, and the level of nitric oxide production in irradiated cells were studied. No tangible changes in the examined parameters were revealed, thereby allowing us to conclude that the low-frequency THz radiation does not affect the functional activity of the human dermal fibroblasts.
The article deals with the content and meaning of the Chinoiserie art style, which appeared in Europe in the 17th century and is based on traditional Chinese culture. It has distinct Chinese features and reflects a lot of Chinese elements. Chinoiserie still has a great influence on world culture in various spheres of art.

The main focus is on the formation and spread of chinoiserie in Russia, which was related to the beginning of the Enlightenment era, the development of Chinese-Russian trade, and the published works on sinology that appeared at that time. In addition, the geographical proximity of the two countries is also considered a major factor in the spread of chinoiserie in Russia. There are several stages in the existence and evolution of chinoiserie in Russia: the era of Emperor Peter the Great (18th century), when elements of Chinese architecture, sculpture, art, clothing, decor and ornaments, household items and utensils appeared. At the same time there also appeared imitations of Russian masters of Chinese decorative and applied arts. During this period of time, ordinary people are also introduced to Chinese items and products, such as cotton cloth, silk, porcelain, tea, rhubarb, etc., which are now an integral part of life in Russia. The next era of introducing Chinese culture is the 19th century. It is connected with the spread of international relations and political ties.

But chinoiserie evolution at this time was no longer as rapid and multifaceted as it had been a century earlier. The author concludes that chinoiserie reached its peak in Russia in the XVIII century, gradually began to decline in the XIX century, but in the XX century and nowadays it is becoming popular again.