Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Natural ionizing radiation, which potentially affects biota inhabiting the Earth, can be broadly divided into two types according to origin: cosmic radiation and subsurface radiation. Cosmic radiation contains galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic particles. Subsurface radiation is derived from radionuclides such as uranium, thorium, and radon. The levels of these forms of natural radiation were not constant temporally and spatially, and underwent a lot of changes in the early Earth environment. However, the ground level radiation dose rate of secondary muons derived from a supernova event that causes the most severe biological effects among forms of cosmic radiation is estimated to be 1 sievert (Sv) per year at most, which is too low to have lethal and mutagenic effects on terrestrial microbes. On the other hand, a nuclear fission chain reaction occurred in Oklo uranium ore deposit in Gabon about 2 billion years ago and continued intermittently for 105-106 years. The average total radiation dose rate of a typical natural fission reactor in Oklo is estimated to be 47.4 Sv per hour.

Recent EXAFS and isotopic analyses indicate that biogenic processes are more important for uranium ore genesis than previously understood. D. radiodurans and its closely related species Thermus thermophilus are shown to have the ability to reduce U(VI) to U(IV) under anaerobic conditions.

These lines of evidence suggest that a common ancestor of Deinococcus and Thermus might be involved in the formation process of Oklo uranium ore deposit. Therefore, the radiation dose rate at Oklo-type natural nuclear reactors would be suitable for affecting the growth of microbes and generating genome evolution through accumulated mutations.
Raman conversion in multimode GRIN fibers is accompanied by sufficient improvement of the output beam quality in comparison with that for pump radiation

Here we review experimental results and physical mechanisms leading to the beam quality improvement (beam cleaning) in multimode Raman lasers and amplifiers, including effects of Raman gain, fiber Bragg gratings and Rayleigh backscattering feedback in GRIN fibers

which offers opportunities to create amplifiers and lasers of new type based on directly 9xx-nm diode pumped passive GRIN fibers, which may operate at almost any wavelength in transmission window (0.95-2 micron) of silica fibers
Effects of plasma inhomogeneity on self-modulating proton bunches and accelerated electrons were studied numerically. The main effect is the change of the wakefield wavelength which results in phase shifts and loss of accelerated particles. This effect imposes severe constraints on density uniformity in plasma wakefield accelerators driven by long particle bunches. The transverse two stream instability that transforms the long bunch into a train of micro-bunches is less sensitive to density inhomogeneity than are the accelerated particles. The bunch freely passes through increased density regions and interacts with reduced density regions.
A collective approach to cluster analysis is considered in the paper.

An algorithm of centroid averaging is proposed. The algorithm allows constructing the consensus partition of a dataset into clusters, using a set of partitions built with any centroid-based algorithm. Some details of implementation in a multithreaded environment that allows increasing the algorithm performance are given.

We discuss results of applying the proposed algorithm to modeled data and for the segmentation of hyperspectral images with noise channels.
The current status of protection of the natural water and atmospheric resources is assessed as negative, without clear improving tendencies but with a stable pro-cyclical character. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said about the management of production and consumption waste. Even in the stagnation periods, the volume of generated and accumulated waste continues growing. In the year 2018, the first indicator doubled compared to the year 2005. Thus, the urgency of the research is augmented by the unfavourable ecological situation in Russia.

The objective of the paper is to develop methodological approaches to the analysis and forecasting of the situation. The objective determined the following targets: to study the current state of the environment regarding the handling of waste, to develop premises to forecast generation and accumulation of waste, to assess the ecological load for the nearest future.

Despite the active efforts to reform the waste management system undertaken since 2014, the Russian legislation is imperfect and contradictory in this aspect, not capable of stimulating the processing of waste. The principal contradictions of the ongoing reforms are considered in this paper.
МУЛЬТИФОКАЛЬНЫЙ АТЕРОСКЛЕРОЗ У БОЛЬНЫХ ИШЕМИЧЕСКОЙ БОЛЕЗНЬЮ СЕРДЦА РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ВОЗРАСТНЫХ ГРУПП.

КЛИНИКО-ГЕМОДИНАМИЧЕСКИЕ ПАРАЛЛЕЛИ

Д. А. Яхонтов 1 , Ю
Whether dialogue is possible between different models describing formation autism spectrum disorders (ASD)? This problem is considered. Features of methodical bases and the corresponding terminology in the model of mind, approaches based on interpersonal interactions, model of sensory integration were compared. In addition to earlier described “through” phenomena connected with development of RAS (intolerance to uncertainty and deficiency of self-perception) the contribution of interpersonal attachment disturbances was described. The conclusion about ability to integrate approaches by consideration of basic phenomena in development of RAS is drawn.
In this paper, we present NEREL, a Russian dataset for named entity recognition and relation extraction.NEREL is significantly larger than existing Russian datasets: to date it contains 56K annotated named entities and 39K annotated relations.Its important difference from previous datasets is annotation of nested named entities, as well as relations within nested entities and at the discourse level.NEREL can facilitate development of novel models that can extract relations between nested named entities, as well as relations on both sentence and document levels.NEREL also contains the annotation of events involving named entities and their roles in the events.The NEREL collection is available via https://github.com/nerel-ds/NEREL.
Members of the family Filoviridae produce variously shaped, often filamentous, enveloped virions containing linear non-segmented, negative-sense RNA genomes of 15-19 kb. Several filoviruses (e.g., Ebola virus) are pathogenic for humans and are highly virulent. Several filoviruses infect bats (e.g., Marburg virus), whereas the hosts of most other filoviruses are unknown. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on Filoviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/filoviridae.
We use mesoscopic lattice Boltzmann and phase-field methods to simulate the growth of crystals from supercooled melt in the presence of melt convection and the behavior of a pinned droplet under the action of the electric field.

In the first problem, the flow influences significantly the shape and the stability of growing patterns, leading to the enhanced development of fingers in the direction opposite to the flow. In the second problem, after the application of the electric field, the droplet begins to elongate in the field direction and the oscillations are produced. These oscillations decay in time due to a viscosity of a fluid.

After several oscillations, the droplet acquires its equilibrium shape. The contact angle is essentially reduced compared to the case without an electric field.
two widely used methods for transient gene expression in plants-agroinfiltration and transfection of isolated protoplasts

method for characterization of the signal sequences and determinations of target protein localization in a plant cell. This method, called the AgI-PrI, implies extraction of protoplasts from plant tissues after agroinfiltration. The suggested approach combines the advantages of agroinfiltration and transfection of isolated protoplasts

The AgI-PrI technic can be applied to other plant species
The research is carried out on some legal issues of smart contracts and their place in Russian and other countries' contract law. By means of contract law such issues are analysed: 1) conclusion and performance of smart contracts' obligations; 2) practical issues arising due to smart contracts' use; 3) contract law provisions that might be applied to smart contracts; 4) issues that are not covered by the legislation but need to be addressed.

A smart contract is considered to be a contract with the specific type of performance of obligations (automated performance). Smart contract is a contract concluded with an exchange of data (type of a written form). Smart contracts are performed with the help of automated performance and previously expressed consent of parties.

It is proved that smart contracts could be modified and terminated giving a mechanism for that as well as provides for measures of defence and responsibility that could be applied for obligations out of smart contracts. As the result, provisions of smart contracts that reflect smart contracts' place and peculiarities in contract law are formulated.
The Pancake graph is well known because of the open Pancake problem. It has the structure that any l –cycle, 6 ≤ l ≤ n ! , can be embedded in the Pancake graph P n , n ≥ 3 . Recently it was shown that there are exactly n ! / 6 independent 6 –cycles and n !( n − 3) distinct 7 –cycles in the graph. In this paper we characterize all distinct 8 –cycles by giving their canonical forms as products of generating elements. It is shown that there are exactly n !( n 3 + 12 n 2 − 103 n + 176) / 16 distinct 8 –cycles in P n , n ≥ 4 . A maximal set of independent 8 –cycles contains n ! / 8 of these.
Stable nitroxide-substituted cyrhetrenes were synthesized and characterized by EPR, CV, XRD, magnetochemistry and quantum chemistry methods.
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a reversible post-translational modification that plays an essential role in many cellular processes, including regulation of DNA repair. Cellular DNA damage response by the synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is mediated mainly by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1). The XPC-RAD23B complex is one of the key factors of nucleotide excision repair participating in the primary DNA damage recognition. By using several biochemical approaches, we have analyzed the influence of PARP1 and PAR synthesis on the interaction of XPC-RAD23B with damaged DNA. Free PAR binds to XPC-RAD23B with an affinity that depends on the length of the poly(ADP-ribose) strand and competes with DNA for protein binding. Using (32)P-labeled NAD(+) and immunoblotting, we also demonstrate that both subunits of the XPC-RAD23B are poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated by PARP1. The efficiency of XPC-RAD23B PARylation depends on DNA structure and increases after UV irradiation of DNA. Therefore, our study clearly shows that XPC-RAD23B is a target of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation catalyzed by PARP1, which can be regarded as a universal regulator of DNA repair processes.
Numerical simulation of the motion of a Taylor gas bubble in a heated small-diameter tube is carried out. Two models are used to describe the dependence of surface tension on temperature. In the first model, the surface tension decreases with temperature, and in the second, it increases, which corresponds to pure water and an aqueous surfactant solution. It is shown that the derivative sign affects the thickness of the liquid film around the bubble.
Modern day studies of wind-driven sea waves are usually focused on wind forcing rather than on the effect of resonant nonlinear wave interactions. The authors assume that these effects are dominating and propose a simple relationship between instant wave steepness and time or fetch of wave development expressed in wave periods or lengths. This law does not contain wind speed explicitly and relies upon this asymptotic theory. The validity of this law is illustrated by results of numerical simulations, in situ measurements of growing wind seas and wind wave tank experiments. The impact of the new vision of sea wave physics is discussed in the context of conventional approaches to wave modeling and forecasting.
The aim of the study was to assess the 10-year risk of fractures (FRAX®), taking into account the values of bone mineral density (BMD) and trabecular bone index (TBI) in a population sample of women over 55 years of age with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2).

The study was carried out on the material of the population cohort of the international project HAPIEE (Novosibirsk). The design of the study is «case-control». Random groups of women aged 55-84 with and without DM2 were formed in combination with the presence or absence of fractures in the history (n = 103, group 4). Standardized questionnaires, anthropometry, densitometry (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, DEXA), TBI and FRAX® fracture risk determination were performed on all people.

In the studied population groups «case-control» of women aged 55-84 years with diabetes mellitus and fractures in their history, the risk of FRAX® fractures is lower with regard to DEXA and does not differ significantly in terms of TBI in comparison with women without DM2 fractures. The data obtained reflect the difficulties in diagnostics and the need to search for additional methods of early diagnosis of increased risk of fractures in patients with DM2.
The Afrotheria, a supraordinal grouping of mammals whose radiation is rooted in Africa, is strongly supported by DNA sequence data but not by their disparate anatomical features. We have used flow-sorted human, aardvark, and African elephant chromosome painting probes and applied reciprocal painting schemes to representatives of two of the Afrotherian orders, the Tubulidentata (aardvark) and Proboscidea (elephants), in an attempt to shed additional light on the evolutionary affinities of this enigmatic group of mammals. Although we have not yet found any unique cytogenetic signatures that support the monophyly of the Afrotheria, embedded within the aardvark genome we find the strongest evidence yet of a mammalian ancestral karyotype comprising 2 n = 44. This karyotype includes nine chromosomes that show complete conserved synteny to those of man, six that show conservation as single chromosome arms or blocks in the human karyotype but that occur on two different chromosomes in the ancestor, and seven neighbor-joining combinations (i.e., the synteny is maintained in the majority of species of the orders studied so far, but which corresponds to two chromosomes in humans). The comparative chromosome maps presented between human and these Afrotherian species provide further insight into mammalian genome organization and comparative genomic data for the Afrotheria, one of the four major evolutionary clades postulated for the Eutheria.
The article discusses the issue of the content of the pre-contractual legal relationship and the role of good faith in it. As a result of the analysis, it is concluded that the content of the pre-contractual legal relationship includes only one pre-contractual obligation – to negotiate in good faith. It should be considered as a duty that includes separate elements – manifestations of the general obligation of the parties to behave in good faith, arising at the pre-contractual stage, or, in other words, requirements for good behavior. These elements include the obligation to inform; the obligation not to interrupt negotiations without giving reasons if the other party relied on the person's intention to conclude a contract; the obligation to keep the information received in confidentiality if the party knows that the information is secret and cannot be used by third parties. An attempt has been made to prove that the meaning of good faith is not in addition to the pre-contractual obligation, but in its specification.
Production of hyperpolarized catalyst-free gases and liquids by heterogeneous hydrogenation with parahydrogen can be useful for various technical as well as biomedical applications, including in vivo studies, investigations of mechanisms of industrially important catalytic processes, enrichment of nuclear spin isomers of polyatomic gases, and more. In this regard, the wide systematic search for heterogeneous catalysts effective in pairwise H2 addition required for the observation of parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP) effects is crucial.

Here in this work we demonstrate the competitive advantage of Pd-based bimetallic catalysts for PHIP in heterogeneous hydrogenations (HET-PHIP). The dilution of catalytically active Pd with less active Ag or In atoms provides the formation of atomically dispersed Pd1 sites on the surface of Pd-based bimetallic catalysts, which are significantly more selective toward pairwise H2 addition compared to the monometallic Pd.

Furthermore, the choice of the dilution metal (Ag or In) has a pronounced effect on the efficiency of bimetallic catalysts in HET-PHIP, as revealed by comparing Pd-Ag and Pd-In bimetallic catalysts.
The species composition of nematodes and their vectors were analyzed in the Tomsk region.

It has been shown that all three species of malaria mosquitoes, Anopheles messeae s.s., An. daciae and An. beklemishevi, can transmit Dirofilaria repens in 89% of confirmed cases.

The species-specific infection of the intermediate host with dirofilarias depends on the geographical location.
Domestication and centuries of selective breeding have changed genomes of sheep breeds to respond to environmental challenges and human needs. The genomes of local breeds, therefore, are valuable sources of genomic variants to be used to understand mechanisms of response to adaptation and artificial selection. As a step toward this we performed a high-density genotyping and comprehensive scans for signatures of selection in the genomes from 15 local sheep breeds reared across Russia.Results demonstrated that the genomes of Russian sheep breeds contain multiple regions under putative selection. More than 50% of these regions matched with intervals identified in previous scans for selective sweeps in sheep genomes. These regions contain well-known candidate genes related to morphology, adaptation, and domestication (e.g., KITLG, KIT, MITF, and MC1R), wool quality and quantity (e.g., DSG@, DSC@, and KRT@), growth and feed intake (e.g., HOXA@, HOXC@, LCORL, NCAPG, LAP3, and CCSER1), reproduction (e.g., CMTM6, HTRA1, GNAQ, UBQLN1, and IFT88), and milk-related traits (e.g., ABCG2, SPP1, ACSS1, and ACSS2). In addition, multiple genes that are putatively related to environmental adaptations were top-ranked in selected intervals (e.g., EGFR, HSPH1, NMUR1, EDNRB, PRL, TSHR, and ADAMTS5). Moreover, we observed that multiple key genes involved in human hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies, and genetic disorders accompanied with an inability to feel pain and environmental temperatures, were top-ranked in multiple or individual sheep breeds from Russia pointing to a possible mechanism of adaptation to harsh climatic conditions.Our work represents the first comprehensive scan for signatures of selection in genomes of local sheep breeds from the Russian Federation of both European and Asian origins. We confirmed that the genomes of Russian sheep contain previously identified signatures of selection, demonstrating the robustness of our integrative approach. Multiple novel signatures of selection were found near genes which could be related to adaptation to the harsh environments of Russia. Our study forms a basis for future work on using Russian sheep genomes to spot specific genetic variants or haplotypes to be used in efforts on developing next-generation highly productive breeds, better suited to diverse Eurasian environments.
The paper studied the regularities of the formation of interactions between participants of the investment project of low-rise housing construction in Russia and developed the method of effectiveness assessment.

In this paper, with the help of statistical methods we analyzed investment projects of low-rise housing construction, simulation methods contributed to developing the basic model of interaction of subjects of investment project, using econometric methods we identified basic functions of the considered actors and identified the main risks arising in the course of the project, as well as methods of indicative planning helped to develop a new scheme of interaction between the participants of the investment project of low-rise residential buildings and effectiveness estimation of their interactions.

The patterns, the problems of interactions between investment project participants are identified and the economic nature of these problems is reveiled. The authors have shown a new basic model of interaction of actors of low-rise housing construction and the method of evaluating the effectiveness of their interaction. The importance of this article derives from the fact that with the help of the developed model of interaction of the main actors of the low-rise housing qualitative-functional and subjective spheres can be identified in which functions of low-rise housing actors vary depending on a variety of investment techniques.
Landau-Yang theorem is sometimes formulated as a selection rule forbidding two real (that is, non-virtual) photons with zero total momentum to be in the state of the total angular momentum J=1. In this paper we discuss whether the theorem itself and this particular formulation can be extended to a pair of two {\em twisted} photons, which carry orbital angular momentum with respect to their propagation direction. We point out possible sources of confusion, which may arise both from the unusual features of twisted photons and from the fact that usual proofs of the Landau-Yang theorem operate in the center of motion reference frame, which, strictly speaking, exists only for plane waves. We show with an explicit calculation that a pair of twisted photons does have a non-zero overlap with the J=1 state. What is actually forbidden is production of a spin-1 particle by such a photon pair, and in this formulation the Landau-Yang theorem is rock-solid. Although both the twisted photon pair and the spin-1 particle can exist in the J=1 state, these two systems just cannot be coupled in a gauge-invariant and Lorentz invariant manner respecting Bose symmetry.
We report the complex phase behavior of the glass forming protic ionic liquid (PIL)

d3-octylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
The photo-oxidation of the nucleobase, thymine (Thy), and nucleoside, thymidine (dThy), by dipyridyl (DP) has been investigated in aqueous solution using time-resolved laser flash photolysis.

The pH dependence of the oxidation rate constants is measured within a large pH scale. As a consequence, the chemical reactivity of the reactants existing in solution at a certain range of pH is predicted. Bimolecular rate constants of the quenching reactions between triplet dipyridyl and thymine and thymidine are, respectively, kq = 2.4 × 10(7) M(-1) s(-1) (pH < 5.8) and kq = 1.0 × 10(7) M(-1) s(-1) (5.8 < pH < 9.8). Cyclic voltammetry was used to measure the potentials of thymine oxidation and dipyridyl reduction in water at pH < 7.

Both results give hints for a proton coupled electron-transfer (PCET) reaction from thymine to triplet dipyridyl.
Polyethylene and polymethylmethacrylate were irradiated with intense beam of high-energy electrons or with 'white' beam of synchrotron radiation with different doses.

Results of changes in structure after irradiation ex situ and in situ during heating up to melting point for polyethylene are presented using synchrotron radiation X-Ray diffraction. Measurements were performed using SR from the VEPP-3 storage ring.