Hengzongshu/ArticleAgent huggingface dataset:
Results on the creation and properties of transistor-type MIS structures (MIST) with an Al2O3 thin-film gate dielectric based on PbSnTe:In films obtained by molecular beam epitaxy are presented. The source-drain current-voltage characteristics (CVC) and gate characteristics of the MIST at Т = 4.2 К have been investigated. It is shown that in MIST based on PbSnTe:In films with n ~ 1017 cm-3 the modulation of the channel current reaches 7 – 8 % in the range of gate voltages – 10 V < Ugate < + 10 V. The features of the source-drain CVC and the gate characteristics for a pulsed and sawtooth variation of Ugate are considered.
Myc-like regulatory factors carrying the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain belong to a large superfamily of transcriptional factors (TFs) present in all eukaryotic kingdoms. In plants, the representatives of this superfamily regulate diverse biological processes including growth and development as well as response to various stresses. As members of the regulatory MBW complexes, they participate in biosynthesis of flavonoids. In wheat, only one member (TaMyc1) of the Myc-like TFs family has been studied, while structural and functional organization of further members remained uncharacterized.

From two Myc-subfamilies described recently in the genomes of Triticeae tribe species, we investigated thoroughly the members of the subfamily I which includes the TaMyc1 gene.Comparison of the promoter regions of the Myc subfamily I members in wheat suggested their division into two groups (likely homoeologous sets): TaMyc-1 (TaMyc-A1/TaMyc1, TaMyc-B1, TaMyc-D1) and TaMyc-2 (TaMyc-A2 and TaMyc-D2). It was demonstrated that the TaMyc-D1 copy has lost its functionality due to the frame shift mutation. The study of functional features of the other four copies suggested some of them to be involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins. In particular, TaMyc-B1 is assumed to be a co-regulator of the gene TaC1-A1 (encoding R2R3-Myb factor) in the MBW regulatory complex activating anthocyanin synthesis in wheat coleoptile. The mRNA levels of the TaMyc-A1, TaMyc-B1, TaMyc-A2 and TaMyc-D2 genes increased significantly in wheat seedlings exposed to osmotic stress. Salinity stress induced expression of TaMyc-B1 and TaMyc-A2, while TaMyc-A1 was repressed.

The features of the structural and functional organization of the members of subfamily I of Myc-like TFs in wheat were determined. Myc-like co-regulator (TaMyc-B1) of anthocyanin synthesis in wheat coleoptile was described for the first time. The Myc-encoding genes presumably involved in response to drought and salinity were determined in wheat. The results obtained are important for further manipulations with Myc genes, aimed on increasing wheat adaptability.
Recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized the production of therapeutic proteins. Thus, genes of a great number of human proteins have already been identified and cloned. The use of farm animals as bioreactors may be the better choice to produce recombinant therapeutic proteins. For this activity, the term "pharming" was created, referring to the use of genetic engineering to obtain a transgenic or genetically modified animal. Considering the advantages and disadvantages of livestock species, goats appear as a very good model. In addition, the first human commercially approved biological drug (antithrombin (AT)) was produced from the milk of transgenic goats. The aim of this chapter is to present various reproductive technologies used to obtain transgenic goats secreting recombinant proteins in milk. Initially, this chapter presents the methods for embryo production (in vivo and in vitro) to realize the DNA microinjection in pronuclear embryos. Thus, the techniques of superovulation of donors (in vivo embryo production) and ovarian stimulation for oocyte recovery (in vitro embryo production) are described. Also, the methods for DNA microinjection and embryo transfer are detailed in this chapter. Finally, this chapter describes the reproductive procedures used for obtaining transgenic goats by cloning.
Background Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases are key DNA repair enzymes involved in the base excision repair (BER) pathway. In BER, an AP endonuclease cleaves DNA at AP sites and 3′-blocking moieties generated by DNA glycosylases and/or oxidative damage. A Triticum aestivum cDNA encoding for a putative homologue of ExoIII family AP endonucleases which includes E. coli Xth, human APE1 and Arabidopsis thaliana AtApe1L has been isolated and its protein product purified and characterized. Methodology/Principal Findings We report that the putative wheat AP endonuclease, referred here as TaApe1L, contains AP endonuclease, 3′-repair phosphodiesterase, 3′-phosphatase and 3′→5′ exonuclease activities. Surprisingly, in contrast to bacterial and human AP endonucleases, addition of Mg2+ and Ca2+ (5–10 mM) to the reaction mixture inhibited TaApe1L whereas the presence of Mn2+, Co2+ and Fe2+ cations (0.1–1.0 mM) strongly stimulated all its DNA repair activities. Optimization of the reaction conditions revealed that the wheat enzyme requires low divalent cation concentration (0.1 mM), mildly acidic pH (6–7), low ionic strength (20 mM KCl) and has a temperature optimum at around 20°C. The steady-state kinetic parameters of enzymatic reactions indicate that TaApe1L removes 3′-blocking sugar-phosphate and 3′-phosphate groups with good efficiency (kcat/KM = 630 and 485 μM−1·min−1, respectively) but possesses a very weak AP endonuclease activity as compared to the human homologue, APE1. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, these data establish the DNA substrate specificity of the wheat AP endonuclease and suggest its possible role in the repair of DNA damage generated by endogenous and environmental factors.
Chromodomain-containing LTR retrotransposons are one of the most successful groups of mobile elements in plant genomes. Previously, we demonstrated that two types of chromodomains (CHDs) are carried by plant LTR retrotransposons. Chromodomains from group I (CHD_I) were detected only in Tcn1-like LTR retrotransposons from nonseed plants such as mosses (including the model moss species Physcomitrella) and lycophytes (the Selaginella species). LTR retrotransposon chromodomains from group II (CHD_II) have been described from a wide range of higher plants. In the present study, we performed computer-based mining of plant LTR retrotransposon CHDs from diverse plants with an emphasis on spike-moss Selaginella. Our extended comparative and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that two types of CHDs are present only in the Selaginella genome, which puts this species in a unique position among plants. It appears that a transition from CHD_I to CHD_II and further diversification occurred in the evolutionary history of plant LTR retrotransposons at approximately 400 MYA and most probably was associated with the evolution of chromatin organization.
We present measurements of the transverse and longitudinal energy spread of photoelectrons emitted from a GaAsP photocathode as a function of its degradation state. The cathode was initially activated to a state of negative electron affinity in our photocathode preparation facility, achieving a quantum efficiency of 3% at a wavelength of 532 nm. It was then transferred under XHV conditions to our transverse energy spread spectrometer, where energy spread measurements were made while the photocathode was progressively degraded through a controlled exposure to oxygen. Data have been collected under photocathode illumination at 532 nm, and the changing photoelectron energy distribution associated with the changes in the level of electron affinity due to quantum efficiency degradation through an exposure to 0.25 L of oxygen has been demonstrated. Our experiments have shown that GaAsP boasts a significantly higher resilience to degradation under exposure to oxygen than a GaAs photocathode, though it does exhibit a higher level of mean transverse energy. Coupled with the favourable published data on GaAsP photoemission response times, we conclude that GaAsP is a viable candidate material as a particle accelerator electron source.
Aim . To determine glucose levels and the prevalence of hyperglycemia, as a component of metabolic syndrome (MS), among men of an open population of 25-64 years of Siberian city. Material and methods . The study of the prevalence of MS and its components was carried out following a cardiological screening of men aged 25-64 years of Western Siberia city (Tyumen). In order to conduct a single-step epidemiological study using the “random numbers” method, a representative sample of 1000 people was formed among men 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64 years of Tyumen, the response was 85,2%. Hyperglycemia was taken into account according to the criteria of the metabolic syndrome by NCEPATPIII (2004), IDF (2005), Russian Society of Cardiology (RSC) (2009). The distribution of quantitative parameters in the population was assessed using a percentile analysis. Results . An average glucose level was established for men of 25-64 years old in Tyumen (4,9±0,8 mmol/l). In participants of 35-44 and 55-64 years, a significant increase in glucose levels was determined. The prevalence of hyperglycemia was 174% according to the same NCEPATP, IDF assessment criteria, 77% — according to the RSC criteria. A consistent age-related trend in the prevalence of hyperglycemia was formed in 3 decades of 25-54 years diapason. Conclusion . The presented regional features of glucose levels and the prevalence of hyperglycemia should be taken into account when developing a strategy for the prevention of cardiovascular and other non-infectious diseases in Siberian cities.
Dendrons, also named dendritic wedges, are composed of a core having two different types of functions, of which one type is used for growing or grafting branched arms, generally multiplied by 2 at each layer by using 1→2 branching motifs. A large diversity of structures has been already synthesized. In practically all cases, their synthesis is based on the synthesis of known dendrimers, such as poly(aryl ether), poly(amidoamine) (in particular PAMAM), poly(amide) (in particular poly(L‐lysine)), 1→3 branching motifs (instead of 1→2), poly(alkyl ether) (poly(glycerol) and poly(ethylene glycol)), poly(ester), and those containing main group elements (poly(carbosilane) and poly(phosphorhydrazone)).

In most cases, the hydrophilic functions are on the surface of the dendrons, whereas one or two hydrophobic tails are linked to the core. Depending on the structure of the dendrons, and on the experimental conditions used, the amphiphilic dendrons can self‐associate at the air‐water interface, or form micelles (eventually tubular, but most generally spherical), or form vesicles. This review is organized depending on the nature of the internal structure of the amphiphilic dendrons (aryl ether, amidoamine, amide, quaternary carbon atom, alkyl ether, ester, main group element).

These associated dendrons are suitable for the encapsulation of low‐molecular or macromolecular bioactive entities to be delivered in cells. The properties issued from their self‐associations are described all along the review.
We investigated the relationship between 'epigenetic age' (EA) derived from DNA methylation (DNAm) and myocardial infarction (MI)/acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

A random population sample was examined in 2003/2005 (n = 9360, 45-69, the HAPIEE project) and followed up for 15 years. From this cohort, incident MI/ACS (cases, n = 129) and age- and sex-stratified controls (n = 177) were selected for a nested case-control study. Baseline EA (Horvath's, Hannum's, PhenoAge, Skin and Blood) and the differences between EA and chronological age (CA) were calculated (ΔAHr, ΔAHn, ΔAPh, ΔASB). EAs by Horvath's, Hannum's and Skin and Blood were close to CA (median absolute difference, MAD, of 1.08, -1.91 and -2.03 years); PhenoAge had MAD of -9.29 years vs. CA. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of MI/ACS per 1-year increments of ΔAHr, ΔAHn, ΔASB and ΔAPh were 1.01 (95% CI 0.95-1.07), 1.01 (95% CI 0.95-1.08), 1.02 (95% CI 0.97-1.06) and 1.01 (0.93-1.09), respectively. When classified into tertiles, only the highest tertile of ΔAPh showed a suggestion of increased risk of MI/ACS with OR 2.09 (1.11-3.94) independent of age and 1.84 (0.99-3.52) in the age- and sex-adjusted model. Metabolic modulation may be the likely mechanism of this association.

In conclusion, this case-control study nested in a prospective population-based cohort did not find strong associations between accelerated epigenetic age markers and risk of MI/ACS. Larger cohort studies are needed to re-examine this important research question.
The article discusses constitutional symbolism in the theory and practice of Russian constitutionalism, the problem of constitutional modernization in the context of the Russian state and legal tradition, the nature and legal forms of the constituent power, the constitutional status and the generative possibilities of the constituent power as constituents. The paper examines scientific approaches to understanding constitutional modernization in contemporary Russian jurisprudence, the meaning of constitutional symbolism and constitution as legal, political and moral communication in modern society.

The study has been carried out on the basis of formal-legal, concrete historical and comparative legal methods of analysis, the method of constitutional design and legal hermeneutics.

The author suggests the following conclusions: 1) It is necessary to rethink the range of subjects of the right to amend and revise the Constitution in the Russian constitutional law that reflects the constitutional tradition (in comparative and historical contexts) outlined in 18th-19th centuries rather than modern capabilities of the information society and e-government (e-ruling); 2) The importance and efficiency of democratic involvement increases and requires revision of the thesis that the head of state (in the history of Russia — the monarch, emperor, president) is the only authoritative and constitutionally significant 'guardian' of the Constitution rigidity and the main political and legal route of its transformation and change; 3) Legal formalization and use of legal procedures of the constitutional will and expression of the will of citizens of the country in the process of elaboration, discussion, adoption and introduction of amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation (current), and in the future amount to the development and adoption of the draft new Constitution of the country; 4) In the context of Russia's intent to join the 4th Industrial Revolution and the development of institutions of information society (including in the field of electoral procedures and the formation of information and digital constitutionalism), it is necessary to create a constitutional sector of the Internet supported by the State at the federal and regional levels for the use of information technologies and institutions of digital constitutionalism in the process of determining citizens' opinion on opportunities, prospects, content of amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, their nation-wide discussion in the Internat.
We propose a general alternative spectroscopic approach that uses a feedback control of the input probe field parameters to stabilize the medium's response at a fixed constant level while taking the spectra. In this case the extractable spectroscopic information is contained in the variable input parameters. Along this line, we have found a universal and simple way, using the spontaneous emission for feedback control, to dramatically increase the amplitude, contrast, and quality factor of different atomic resonances. Our method, unlike the conventional spectroscopy, does not require an optically dense medium. Theoretical analysis has been experimentally confirmed with spectroscopy of the dark resonance in atomic rubidium vapor. The considerable increase (2 orders) of the resonance amplitude and a threefold decrease of the width have been observed in optically thin medium. As a result, the quality factor of the dark resonance is increased by 2 orders of magnitude and its contrast reaches a record level of 260$%$. Different schemes, including magneto-optical Hanle spectroscopy and Doppler-free spectroscopy, have also shown an enhanced performance by using the proposed technique.
Eukaryotic DNA replicates asynchronously, with discrete genomic loci replicating during different stages of S phase.
Cerebral arteriovenous malformation is a difficult, dangerous, and most frequently encountered vascular failure of development. It consists of vessels of very small diameter, which perform a discharge of blood from the artery to the vein. In this regard it can be adequately modeled using porous medium. Endovascular embolization of arteriovenous malformation is effective treatment of such pathologies. However, the danger of intraoperative rupture during embolization still exists. The purpose is to model this process and build an optimization algorithm for arteriovenous malformation embolization. To study the different embolization variants, the initial-boundary value problems, describing the process of embolization, were solved numerically by using a new modification of CABARET scheme. The essential moments of embolization process were modeled in our numerical experiments. This approach well reproduces the essential features of discontinuous two-phase flows, arising in the embolization problems. It can be used for further study on the process of embolization.
The infection of a cell with influenza virus comprises the stages of receptor binding to the cell membrane, endocytosis of virus particle, and fusion of the virus envelope and cell endosome membrane, which is determined by the conformational changes in hemagglutinin, a virus envelope protein, caused by pH decrease within the endosome. The pH value that induces conformation rearrangements of hemagglutinin molecule considerably varies for different influenza virus strains, first and foremost, due to the differences in amino acid structure of the corresponding proteins.

The main goal of this study was to construct a model making it possible to assess the critical pH value characterizing the fusogenic activity of influenza virus hemagglutinin from the data on hemagglutinin structure and experimental verification of this model. Under this model, we assume that when the electrostatic force between interacting hemagglutinin molecules in the virus envelop exceeds a certain value, the hemagglutinin HA1 subunits are arranged so that they form a cavity sufficient for penetration of water molecules. This event leads to an irreversible hydration of the inner fragments of hemagglutinin molecule in a trimer and to the completion of conformational changes. The geometry of electrostatic field in hemagglutinin trimer was calculated taking into account the polarization effects near the interface of two dielectrics, aqueous medium and protein macromolecule. The critical pH values for the conformational changes in hemagglutinin were measured by the erythrocyte hemolysis induced by influenza virus particles when decreasing pH. The critical pH value conditionally separating the pH range into the regions with and without the conformational changes was calculated for several influenza virus H1N1 and H3N2 strains based on the data on the amino acid structure of the corresponding hemagglutinin molecules.

Comparison of the theoretical and experimental values of critical pH values for influenza virus strains suggests that the proposed model of the interaction between water molecules and influenza virus envelope proteins has a high prediction efficiency.
Die Bildgebung von Gasen stellt eine große Herausforderung dar, ob per MRT oder mit anderen Methoden. NMR‐ und MRT‐Signale sind direkt proportional zur Kernspindichte und zur Kernspinpolarisation (Ausrichtungsgrad der Kernspins bzgl. eines angelegten Magnetfeldes). Die Kernspinpolarisation ist unter typischen Bedingungen sehr niedrig, z. B. ist die Polarisation bei 1.5 T und einer physiologisch relevanten Temperatur nur ein hunderttausendstel der maximal erreichbaren Polarisation. Daher wird MRT in erster Linie zur Bildgebung von Wasser, welches in Gewebe in hoher Konzentration vorliegt, herangezogen. Hyperpolarisationsmethoden erhöhen vorübergehend die Kernspinpolarisation bis zu einem Polarisationsgrad von maximal eins, was eine Signalverstärkung von mehreren Größenordnungen bedeutet. Dies ermöglicht 3D‐Bildgebung von weniger konzentrierten Analyten, wie etwa Biomolekülen oder Gasen. Parawasserstoff‐induzierte Polarisation (PHIP) kann sehr schnell erzielt werden. Zudem sind die verwendeten Verfahren leicht skalierbar und relativ kostengünstig. In diesem Kurzaufsatz fassen wir ausgewählte Neuerungen im Bereich der Parawasserstoff‐induzierten Polarisation zusammen, die in Zukunft zu neuen, inhalierbaren Kontrastmitteln führen können.
A shear flow of a viscosity-stratified fluid in a Hele-Shaw cell is considered. The long-wave approximation is applied to the governing equations. To describe the evolution of the mixing layer, a special flow with a three-layered structure is considered. A one-dimensional model is derived by averaging the motion equations over the cell width, taking into account the flow structure. For a stationary flow, solutions of motion equations are constructed. The influence of viscosity on the mixing layer evolution is investigated by performing a numerical experiment for a flow with different viscosities in the layers and for a flow with always zero viscosity. It is shown that viscosity has a significant influence on the flow evolution.
In this paper we discuss L. Petrażycki’s idea of norm as a normative relation and show its repercussions in two perspectives connected to each other, in the legal theory in the framework of which it was originally introduced and where its role was straightforward, and in logic where it played a shadowy role of a fresh idea which in his expectation would have been the core of the novel logical theories capable of modelling reasoning in law and morals.

We pay attention to the scholarly environment in which Petrażycki has proposed those ideas

and to the unlucky fate of his academic legacy which is now being rediscovered.
The analysis of numerous experimental and theoretical studies demonstrates that the electrophysical properties of composites, such as electrical conductivity, dielectric and magnetic permeability, are most sensitive to changes in the packing of particles in the composite, especially when the fillers exhibit both shape anisotropy and variation of other parameters.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) provide the possibility to produce tailor-made composites with variable spatial distribution within a composite matrix. Moseenkov et al. (article no. 1700257) have studied composites with MWCNT concentrations close to the percolation threshold upon variation in (i) the morphology of the reinforcing material using MWCNTs with different aspect ratio and nanotube aggregate size (up to the average size of 300 mm) that were isolated from each other by thin polymer layers, and (ii) the type of the polymer matrix.

In the region close to and above the percolation threshold, the electrophysical properties of the composites were found to be strongly affected by the spatial distribution of MWCNTs in the composite matrix. The effect of the size of conductive fillers (nanotubes) on the EMI reflectance of the composites was different for microwave and terahertz ranges.
A continuous point-like laser discharge of record high temperature has been produced in argon at atmospheric pressure with focusing of the radiation of the Novosibirsk terahertz free electron laser (NovoFEL).

According to spectral measurements, the temperature in the center of the millimeter-sized plasma sphere was 28000 K at a plasma density of 1.5×1017 cm-3 and an average NovoFEL power of 200 W at a wavelength of 130 μm (2.3 THz).