Under Khosrau I, the Academy of Gundishapur, which had been founded in the 5th century, became "the greatest intellectual center of the time", drawing students and teachers from every quarter of the known world.
V času njegove vladavine so bile objavljene številne zgodovinske kronike, od katerih je edina preživela "Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan" (Ardašhirjevo delo), mešanica zgodovine in romance, ki je služila kot podlaga za iranski nacionalni ep Šahname.