Where it is part of a larger exstrophy, not only the urethra but also the bladder (bladder exstrophy) or the entire perineum (cloacal exstrophy) are open and exposed on birth, requiring closure.
== Ссылки ==* Exstrophy of the Bladder and Epispadias — Children’s Hospital Boston* Hypospadias & Epispadias Association (Международная ассоциация по гипоспадии и эписпадии)