In 1848, at the outbreak of revolution in France, Germany and much of the Old Continent, the Communist Manifesto proclaimed: “A spectre is haunting Europe–the spectre of Communism.” Seventy years later, amidst the carnage of the first imperialist world war, the Bolsheviks under V.I. Lenin and Leon Trotsky led a workers insurrection that took power in Russia.
Noong 1848, sa pagbulwak ng rebolusyon sa Pransya, Aleman, at sa halos lahat bansa sa Lumang Kontinente (Old Continent), inihayag ng Manipesto ng Komunista: “Isang multo ang tumakot sa Europa – ang multo ng komunismo.”