Buggy python submission (verdict: Time Limit Exceeded):
class BinaryIndexedTree(object):
    def __init__(self, N):
        self.N = N
        self.bit = [0] * (N + 1)

    def bit_add(self, index, num):
        while (index <= self.N):
            self.bit[index] += num
            index += index & -index
        return

    def bit_sum(self,index):
        result = 0
        while (index > 0):
            result += self.bit[index]
            index -= index & -index
        return result

    def bit_sum_range(self, l, r):
        if (l == r):
            return 1
        else:
            return self.bit_sum(r) - self.bit_sum(l - 1)

def main():
    from sys import stdin
    N, Q = list(map(int, input().split()))
    c = list(map(int, input().split()))
    readline = stdin.readline
    query = [list(map(int, readline().split())) + [i] for i in range(Q)]
    query_result = [0 for i in range(Q)]
    collar_pos = [-1] * (N + 1)
    bit = BinaryIndexedTree(N)

    sorted_query = sorted(query, key=lambda query: query[1])

    index = 1
    for query in sorted_query:
        while (index <= query[1]):
            # update BIT
            if (collar_pos[c[index-1]] != -1):
                bit.bit_add(collar_pos[c[index-1]], -1)
            bit.bit_add(index, 1)
            # update collar_pos
            collar_pos[c[index-1]] = index
            index += 1
        query_result[query[2]] = bit.bit_sum_range(query[0], query[1])

    print(*query_result, sep='\n')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Fixed submission:
class BinaryIndexedTree(object):
    def __init__(self, N):
        self.N = N
        self.bit = [0] * (N + 1)

    def bit_add(self, index, num):
        while (index <= self.N):
            self.bit[index] += num
            index += index & -index
        return

    def bit_sum(self,index):
        result = 0
        while (index > 0):
            result += self.bit[index]
            index -= index & -index
        return result

    def bit_sum_range(self, l, r):
        if (l == r):
            return 1
        else:
            return self.bit_sum(r) - self.bit_sum(l - 1)

def main():
    from sys import stdin
    N, Q = list(map(int, input().split()))
    c = list(map(int, input().split()))
    readline = stdin.readline
    query = [list(map(int, readline().split())) + [i] for i in range(Q)]
    query_result = [0 for i in range(Q)]
    collar_pos = [-1] * (N + 1)
    bit = BinaryIndexedTree(N)

    sorted_query = sorted(query, key=lambda query: query[1])

    index = 1
    for query in sorted_query:
        l, r, q = query
        while (index <= r):
            # update BIT
            if (collar_pos[c[index-1]] != -1):
                bit.bit_add(collar_pos[c[index-1]], -1)
            bit.bit_add(index, 1)
            # update collar_pos
            collar_pos[c[index-1]] = index
            index += 1
        query_result[q] = bit.bit_sum_range(l, r)

    print(*query_result, sep='\n')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Buggy python submission (verdict: Time Limit Exceeded):
class BinaryIndexedTree(object):
    def __init__(self, N):
        self.N = N
        self.bit = [0] * (N + 1)

    def bit_add(self, index, num):
        while (index <= self.N):
            self.bit[index] += num
            index += index & -index
        return

    def bit_sum(self,index):
        result = 0
        while (index > 0):
            result += self.bit[index]
            index -= index & -index
        return result

    def bit_sum_range(self, l, r):
        if (l == r):
            return 1
        else:
            return self.bit_sum(r) - self.bit_sum(l - 1)

def main():
    from sys import stdin
    N, Q = list(map(int, input().split()))
    c = list(map(int, input().split()))
    readline = stdin.readline
    query = [list(map(int, readline().split())) + [i] for i in range(Q)]
    query_result = [0 for i in range(Q)]
    collar_pos = [-1] * (N + 1)
    bit = BinaryIndexedTree(N)

    sorted_query = sorted(query, key=lambda query: query[1])

    index = 1
    for query in sorted_query:
        while (index <= query[1]):
            # update BIT
            if (collar_pos[c[index-1]] != -1):
                bit.bit_add(collar_pos[c[index-1]], -1)
            bit.bit_add(index, 1)
            # update collar_pos
            collar_pos[c[index-1]] = index
            index += 1
        query_result[query[2]] = bit.bit_sum_range(query[0], query[1])

    print(*query_result, sep='\n')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Fixed submission:
class BinaryIndexedTree(object):
    def __init__(self, N):
        self.N = N
        self.bit = [0] * (N + 1)

    def bit_add(self, index, num):
        while (index <= self.N):
            self.bit[index] += num
            index += index & -index
        return

    def bit_sum(self,index):
        result = 0
        while (index > 0):
            result += self.bit[index]
            index -= index & -index
        return result

    def bit_sum_range(self, l, r):
        if (l == r):
            return 1
        else:
            return self.bit_sum(r) - self.bit_sum(l - 1)

def main():
    from sys import stdin
    N, Q = list(map(int, input().split()))
    c = list(map(int, input().split()))
    readline = stdin.readline
    query = [list(map(int, readline().split())) + [i] for i in range(Q)]
    query_result = [0 for i in range(Q)]
    collar_pos = [-1] * (N + 1)
    bit = BinaryIndexedTree(N)

    sorted_query = sorted(query, key=lambda query: query[1])

    index = 1
    for query in sorted_query:
        l, r, q = query
        while (index <= r):
            # update BIT
            if (collar_pos[c[index-1]] != -1):
                bit.bit_add(collar_pos[c[index-1]], -1)
            bit.bit_add(index, 1)
            # update collar_pos
            collar_pos[c[index-1]] = index
            index += 1
        query_result[q] = bit.bit_sum_range(l, r)

    print(*query_result, sep='\n')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Buggy python submission (verdict: Time Limit Exceeded):
class BinaryIndexedTree(object):
    def __init__(self, N):
        self.N = N
        self.bit = [0] * (N + 1)

    def bit_add(self, index, num):
        while (index <= self.N):
            self.bit[index] += num
            index += index & -index
        return

    def bit_sum(self,index):
        result = 0
        while (index > 0):
            result += self.bit[index]
            index -= index & -index
        return result

def main():
    N, Q = list(map(int, input().split()))
    c = list(map(int, input().split()))
    query = [tuple(list(map(int, input().split())) + [i]) for i in range(Q)]
    query_result = [0 for i in range(Q)]
    collar_pos = [-1] * (N + 1)
    bit = BinaryIndexedTree(N)

    sorted_query = sorted(query, key=lambda query: query[1])

    index = 1
    for query in sorted_query:
        while (index <= query[1]):
            # update BIT
            if (collar_pos[c[index-1]] != -1):
                bit.bit_add(collar_pos[c[index-1]], -1)
            bit.bit_add(index, 1)
            # update collar_pos
            collar_pos[c[index-1]] = index
            index += 1
        query_result[query[2]] = bit.bit_sum(query[1]) - bit.bit_sum(query[0]-1)

    print(*query_result, sep='\n')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Fixed submission:
class BinaryIndexedTree(object):
    def __init__(self, N):
        self.N = N
        self.bit = [0] * (N + 1)

    def bit_add(self, index, num):
        while (index <= self.N):
            self.bit[index] += num
            index += index & -index
        return

    def bit_sum(self,index):
        result = 0
        while (index > 0):
            result += self.bit[index]
            index -= index & -index
        return result

    def bit_sum_range(self, l, r):
        if (l == r):
            return 1
        else:
            return self.bit_sum(r) - self.bit_sum(l - 1)

def main():
    from sys import stdin
    N, Q = list(map(int, input().split()))
    c = list(map(int, input().split()))
    readline = stdin.readline
    query = [list(map(int, readline().split())) + [i] for i in range(Q)]
    query_result = [0 for i in range(Q)]
    collar_pos = [-1] * (N + 1)
    bit = BinaryIndexedTree(N)

    sorted_query = sorted(query, key=lambda query: query[1])

    index = 1
    for query in sorted_query:
        l, r, q = query
        while (index <= r):
            # update BIT
            if (collar_pos[c[index-1]] != -1):
                bit.bit_add(collar_pos[c[index-1]], -1)
            bit.bit_add(index, 1)
            # update collar_pos
            collar_pos[c[index-1]] = index
            index += 1
        query_result[q] = bit.bit_sum_range(l, r)

    print(*query_result, sep='\n')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Buggy python submission (verdict: Time Limit Exceeded):
N, Q = list(map(int, input().split()))
c = list(map(int, input().split()))
query = [tuple(list(map(int, input().split())) + [i]) for i in range(Q)]
query_result = [0 for i in range(Q)]

collar_pos = [-1] * (N + 1)
bit = [0] * (N + 1)

def bit_add(index, num):
    while (index <= N):
        bit[index] += num
        index += index & -index
    return

def bit_sum(index):
    result = 0
    while (index > 0):
        result += bit[index]
        index -= index & -index
    return result

sorted_query = sorted(query, key=lambda query: query[1])

index = 1
for query in sorted_query:
    while (index <= query[1]):
        # update BIT
        if (collar_pos[c[index-1]] != -1):
            bit_add(collar_pos[c[index-1]], -1)
        bit_add(index, 1)
        # update collar_pos
        collar_pos[c[index-1]] = index
        index += 1
    query_result[query[2]] = bit_sum(query[1]) - bit_sum(query[0]-1)

for q in query_result:
    print(q)

Fixed submission:
class BinaryIndexedTree(object):
    def __init__(self, N):
        self.N = N
        self.bit = [0] * (N + 1)

    def bit_add(self, index, num):
        while (index <= self.N):
            self.bit[index] += num
            index += index & -index
        return

    def bit_sum(self,index):
        result = 0
        while (index > 0):
            result += self.bit[index]
            index -= index & -index
        return result

    def bit_sum_range(self, l, r):
        if (l == r):
            return 1
        else:
            return self.bit_sum(r) - self.bit_sum(l - 1)

def main():
    from sys import stdin
    N, Q = list(map(int, input().split()))
    c = list(map(int, input().split()))
    readline = stdin.readline
    query = [list(map(int, readline().split())) + [i] for i in range(Q)]
    query_result = [0 for i in range(Q)]
    collar_pos = [-1] * (N + 1)
    bit = BinaryIndexedTree(N)

    sorted_query = sorted(query, key=lambda query: query[1])

    index = 1
    for query in sorted_query:
        l, r, q = query
        while (index <= r):
            # update BIT
            if (collar_pos[c[index-1]] != -1):
                bit.bit_add(collar_pos[c[index-1]], -1)
            bit.bit_add(index, 1)
            # update collar_pos
            collar_pos[c[index-1]] = index
            index += 1
        query_result[q] = bit.bit_sum_range(l, r)

    print(*query_result, sep='\n')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Buggy python submission (verdict: Runtime Error):
import math

N, Q = list(map(int, input().split()))
c = list(map(int, input().split()))
query = [tuple(list(map(int, input().split())) + [i]) for i in range(Q)]
query_result = [0 for i in range(Q)]

collar_pos = [-1] * N
bit = [0] * (N + 1)

def bit_add(index, num):
    while (index <= N):
        bit[index] += num
        index += index & -index
    return

def bit_sum(index):
    result = 0
    while (index > 0):
        result += bit[index]
        index -= index & -index
    return result

sorted_query = sorted(query, key=lambda query: query[1]) # sort by right

index = 1
for query in sorted_query:
    while (index <= query[1]):
        # update BIT
        if (collar_pos[c[index-1]] != -1):
            bit_add(collar_pos[c[index-1]], -1)
        bit_add(index, 1)
        # update collar_pos
        collar_pos[c[index-1]] = index
        index += 1
    query_result[query[2]] = bit_sum(query[1]) - bit_sum(query[0]-1)

for q in query_result:
    print(q)

Fixed submission:
class BinaryIndexedTree(object):
    def __init__(self, N):
        self.N = N
        self.bit = [0] * (N + 1)

    def bit_add(self, index, num):
        while (index <= self.N):
            self.bit[index] += num
            index += index & -index
        return

    def bit_sum(self,index):
        result = 0
        while (index > 0):
            result += self.bit[index]
            index -= index & -index
        return result

    def bit_sum_range(self, l, r):
        if (l == r):
            return 1
        else:
            return self.bit_sum(r) - self.bit_sum(l - 1)

def main():
    from sys import stdin
    N, Q = list(map(int, input().split()))
    c = list(map(int, input().split()))
    readline = stdin.readline
    query = [list(map(int, readline().split())) + [i] for i in range(Q)]
    query_result = [0 for i in range(Q)]
    collar_pos = [-1] * (N + 1)
    bit = BinaryIndexedTree(N)

    sorted_query = sorted(query, key=lambda query: query[1])

    index = 1
    for query in sorted_query:
        l, r, q = query
        while (index <= r):
            # update BIT
            if (collar_pos[c[index-1]] != -1):
                bit.bit_add(collar_pos[c[index-1]], -1)
            bit.bit_add(index, 1)
            # update collar_pos
            collar_pos[c[index-1]] = index
            index += 1
        query_result[q] = bit.bit_sum_range(l, r)

    print(*query_result, sep='\n')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Buggy python submission (verdict: Time Limit Exceeded):
import math

N, Q = list(map(int, input().split()))
c = list(map(int, input().split()))
l = []
r = []

for i in range(Q):
    li, ri = list(map(int, input().split()))
    l.append(li)
    r.append(ri)

for i in range(Q):
    print(len(set(c[l[i]-1:r[i]])))

Fixed submission:
class BinaryIndexedTree(object):
    def __init__(self, N):
        self.N = N
        self.bit = [0] * (N + 1)

    def bit_add(self, index, num):
        while (index <= self.N):
            self.bit[index] += num
            index += index & -index
        return

    def bit_sum(self,index):
        result = 0
        while (index > 0):
            result += self.bit[index]
            index -= index & -index
        return result

    def bit_sum_range(self, l, r):
        if (l == r):
            return 1
        else:
            return self.bit_sum(r) - self.bit_sum(l - 1)

def main():
    from sys import stdin
    N, Q = list(map(int, input().split()))
    c = list(map(int, input().split()))
    readline = stdin.readline
    query = [list(map(int, readline().split())) + [i] for i in range(Q)]
    query_result = [0 for i in range(Q)]
    collar_pos = [-1] * (N + 1)
    bit = BinaryIndexedTree(N)

    sorted_query = sorted(query, key=lambda query: query[1])

    index = 1
    for query in sorted_query:
        l, r, q = query
        while (index <= r):
            # update BIT
            if (collar_pos[c[index-1]] != -1):
                bit.bit_add(collar_pos[c[index-1]], -1)
            bit.bit_add(index, 1)
            # update collar_pos
            collar_pos[c[index-1]] = index
            index += 1
        query_result[q] = bit.bit_sum_range(l, r)

    print(*query_result, sep='\n')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()