Buggy python submission (verdict: Runtime Error):
import sys
import math
import collections
import bisect
import copy
import itertools

# import numpy as np

sys.setrecursionlimit(10 ** 7)
INF = 10 ** 16
MOD = 10 ** 9 + 7
# MOD = 998244353

ni = lambda: int(sys.stdin.rstrip())
ns = lambda: map(int, sys.stdin.rstrip().split())
na = lambda: list(map(int, sys.stdin.rstrip().split()))
na1 = lambda: list(map(lambda x: int(x) - 1, sys.stdin.rstrip().split()))


# ===CODE===

class UnionFind():
    def __init__(self, n):
        self.n = n
        self.parents = [-1] * n

    def find(self, x):
        if self.parents[x] < 0:
            return x
        else:
            self.parents[x] = self.find(self.parents[x])
            return self.parents[x]

    def union(self, x, y):
        x = self.find(x)
        y = self.find(y)

        if x == y:
            return

        if self.parents[x] > self.parents[y]:
            x, y = y, x

        self.parents[x] += self.parents[y]
        self.parents[y] = x

    def size(self, x):
        return -self.parents[self.find(x)]

    def same(self, x, y):
        return self.find(x) == self.find(y)

    def members(self, x):
        root = self.find(x)
        return [i for i in range(self.n) if self.find(i) == root]

    def roots(self):
        return [i for i, x in enumerate(self.parents) if x < 0]

    def group_count(self):
        return len(self.roots())

    def all_group_members(self):
        return {r: self.members(r) for r in self.roots()}

    def __str__(self):
        return '\n'.join('{}: {}'.format(r, self.members(r)) for r in self.roots())


def main():
    n, m = ns()
    p = na()
    p_idx = {pi - 1: i for i, pi in enumerate(p)}

    uf = UnionFind(n)

    for _ in range(m):
        x, y = ns()
        uf.union(x - 1, y - 1)

    ans = 0
    for l in uf.all_group_members().values():
        base = set(l)
        for m in l:
            if p_idx[m] in base:
                ans += 1

    print(ans)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()


Fixed submission:
import sys
import math
import collections
import bisect
import copy
import itertools

# import numpy as np

sys.setrecursionlimit(10 ** 7)
INF = 10 ** 16
MOD = 10 ** 9 + 7
# MOD = 998244353

ni = lambda: int(sys.stdin.readline().rstrip())
ns = lambda: map(int, sys.stdin.readline().rstrip().split())
na = lambda: list(map(int, sys.stdin.readline().rstrip().split()))
na1 = lambda: list(map(lambda x: int(x) - 1, sys.stdin.readline().rstrip().split()))


# ===CODE===

class UnionFind():
    def __init__(self, n):
        self.n = n
        self.parents = [-1] * n

    def find(self, x):
        if self.parents[x] < 0:
            return x
        else:
            self.parents[x] = self.find(self.parents[x])
            return self.parents[x]

    def union(self, x, y):
        x = self.find(x)
        y = self.find(y)

        if x == y:
            return

        if self.parents[x] > self.parents[y]:
            x, y = y, x

        self.parents[x] += self.parents[y]
        self.parents[y] = x

    def size(self, x):
        return -self.parents[self.find(x)]

    def same(self, x, y):
        return self.find(x) == self.find(y)

    def members(self, x):
        root = self.find(x)
        return [i for i in range(self.n) if self.find(i) == root]

    def roots(self):
        return [i for i, x in enumerate(self.parents) if x < 0]

    def group_count(self):
        return len(self.roots())

    def all_group_members(self):
        return {r: self.members(r) for r in self.roots()}

    def __str__(self):
        return '\n'.join('{}: {}'.format(r, self.members(r)) for r in self.roots())


def main():
    n, m = ns()
    p = na1()

    uf = UnionFind(n)

    for _ in range(m):
        x, y = ns()
        uf.union(x - 1, y - 1)

    ans = 0
    for i, pi in enumerate(p):
        if uf.same(i, pi):
            ans += 1

    print(ans)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Buggy python submission (verdict: Time Limit Exceeded):
import sys
import math
import collections
import bisect
import copy
import itertools

# import numpy as np

sys.setrecursionlimit(10 ** 7)
INF = 10 ** 16
MOD = 10 ** 9 + 7
# MOD = 998244353

ni = lambda: int(sys.stdin.readline())
ns = lambda: map(int, sys.stdin.readline().split())
na = lambda: list(map(int, sys.stdin.readline().split()))
na1 = lambda: list(map(lambda x: int(x) - 1, sys.stdin.readline().split()))


# ===CODE===

class UnionFind():
    def __init__(self, n):
        self.n = n
        self.parents = [-1] * n

    def find(self, x):
        if self.parents[x] < 0:
            return x
        else:
            self.parents[x] = self.find(self.parents[x])
            return self.parents[x]

    def union(self, x, y):
        x = self.find(x)
        y = self.find(y)

        if x == y:
            return

        if self.parents[x] > self.parents[y]:
            x, y = y, x

        self.parents[x] += self.parents[y]
        self.parents[y] = x

    def size(self, x):
        return -self.parents[self.find(x)]

    def same(self, x, y):
        return self.find(x) == self.find(y)

    def members(self, x):
        root = self.find(x)
        return [i for i in range(self.n) if self.find(i) == root]

    def roots(self):
        return [i for i, x in enumerate(self.parents) if x < 0]

    def group_count(self):
        return len(self.roots())

    def all_group_members(self):
        return {r: self.members(r) for r in self.roots()}

    def __str__(self):
        return '\n'.join('{}: {}'.format(r, self.members(r)) for r in self.roots())


def main():
    n, m = ns()
    p = na()
    p_idx = {pi - 1: i for i, pi in enumerate(p)}

    uf = UnionFind(n)

    for _ in range(m):
        x, y = ns()
        uf.union(x - 1, y - 1)

    ans = 0
    for l in uf.all_group_members().values():
        base = set(l)
        for m in l:
            if p_idx[m] in base:
                ans += 1

    print(ans)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()


Fixed submission:
import sys
import math
import collections
import bisect
import copy
import itertools

# import numpy as np

sys.setrecursionlimit(10 ** 7)
INF = 10 ** 16
MOD = 10 ** 9 + 7
# MOD = 998244353

ni = lambda: int(sys.stdin.readline().rstrip())
ns = lambda: map(int, sys.stdin.readline().rstrip().split())
na = lambda: list(map(int, sys.stdin.readline().rstrip().split()))
na1 = lambda: list(map(lambda x: int(x) - 1, sys.stdin.readline().rstrip().split()))


# ===CODE===

class UnionFind():
    def __init__(self, n):
        self.n = n
        self.parents = [-1] * n

    def find(self, x):
        if self.parents[x] < 0:
            return x
        else:
            self.parents[x] = self.find(self.parents[x])
            return self.parents[x]

    def union(self, x, y):
        x = self.find(x)
        y = self.find(y)

        if x == y:
            return

        if self.parents[x] > self.parents[y]:
            x, y = y, x

        self.parents[x] += self.parents[y]
        self.parents[y] = x

    def size(self, x):
        return -self.parents[self.find(x)]

    def same(self, x, y):
        return self.find(x) == self.find(y)

    def members(self, x):
        root = self.find(x)
        return [i for i in range(self.n) if self.find(i) == root]

    def roots(self):
        return [i for i, x in enumerate(self.parents) if x < 0]

    def group_count(self):
        return len(self.roots())

    def all_group_members(self):
        return {r: self.members(r) for r in self.roots()}

    def __str__(self):
        return '\n'.join('{}: {}'.format(r, self.members(r)) for r in self.roots())


def main():
    n, m = ns()
    p = na1()

    uf = UnionFind(n)

    for _ in range(m):
        x, y = ns()
        uf.union(x - 1, y - 1)

    ans = 0
    for i, pi in enumerate(p):
        if uf.same(i, pi):
            ans += 1

    print(ans)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Buggy python submission (verdict: Time Limit Exceeded):
import sys
import math
import collections
import bisect
import copy
import itertools

# import numpy as np

sys.setrecursionlimit(10 ** 7)
INF = 10 ** 16
MOD = 10 ** 9 + 7
# MOD = 998244353

ni = lambda: int(sys.stdin.readline())
ns = lambda: map(int, sys.stdin.readline().split())
na = lambda: list(map(int, sys.stdin.readline().split()))
na1 = lambda: list(map(lambda x: int(x) - 1, sys.stdin.readline().split()))


# ===CODE===

class UnionFind():
    def __init__(self, n):
        self.n = n
        self.parents = [-1] * n

    def find(self, x):
        if self.parents[x] < 0:
            return x
        else:
            self.parents[x] = self.find(self.parents[x])
            return self.parents[x]

    def union(self, x, y):
        x = self.find(x)
        y = self.find(y)

        if x == y:
            return

        if self.parents[x] > self.parents[y]:
            x, y = y, x

        self.parents[x] += self.parents[y]
        self.parents[y] = x

    def size(self, x):
        return -self.parents[self.find(x)]

    def same(self, x, y):
        return self.find(x) == self.find(y)

    def members(self, x):
        root = self.find(x)
        return [i for i in range(self.n) if self.find(i) == root]

    def roots(self):
        return [i for i, x in enumerate(self.parents) if x < 0]

    def group_count(self):
        return len(self.roots())

    def all_group_members(self):
        return {r: self.members(r) for r in self.roots()}

    def __str__(self):
        return '\n'.join('{}: {}'.format(r, self.members(r)) for r in self.roots())


def main():
    n, m = ns()
    p = na()
    p_idx = {pi - 1: i for i, pi in enumerate(p)}

    uf = UnionFind(n)

    for _ in range(m):
        x, y = ns()
        uf.union(x - 1, y - 1)

    ans = 0
    for l in uf.all_group_members().values():
        base = set(l)
        idx = set()
        for m in l:
            idx.add(p_idx[m])
        ans += len(base & idx)

    print(ans)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()


Fixed submission:
import sys
import math
import collections
import bisect
import copy
import itertools

# import numpy as np

sys.setrecursionlimit(10 ** 7)
INF = 10 ** 16
MOD = 10 ** 9 + 7
# MOD = 998244353

ni = lambda: int(sys.stdin.readline().rstrip())
ns = lambda: map(int, sys.stdin.readline().rstrip().split())
na = lambda: list(map(int, sys.stdin.readline().rstrip().split()))
na1 = lambda: list(map(lambda x: int(x) - 1, sys.stdin.readline().rstrip().split()))


# ===CODE===

class UnionFind():
    def __init__(self, n):
        self.n = n
        self.parents = [-1] * n

    def find(self, x):
        if self.parents[x] < 0:
            return x
        else:
            self.parents[x] = self.find(self.parents[x])
            return self.parents[x]

    def union(self, x, y):
        x = self.find(x)
        y = self.find(y)

        if x == y:
            return

        if self.parents[x] > self.parents[y]:
            x, y = y, x

        self.parents[x] += self.parents[y]
        self.parents[y] = x

    def size(self, x):
        return -self.parents[self.find(x)]

    def same(self, x, y):
        return self.find(x) == self.find(y)

    def members(self, x):
        root = self.find(x)
        return [i for i in range(self.n) if self.find(i) == root]

    def roots(self):
        return [i for i, x in enumerate(self.parents) if x < 0]

    def group_count(self):
        return len(self.roots())

    def all_group_members(self):
        return {r: self.members(r) for r in self.roots()}

    def __str__(self):
        return '\n'.join('{}: {}'.format(r, self.members(r)) for r in self.roots())


def main():
    n, m = ns()
    p = na1()

    uf = UnionFind(n)

    for _ in range(m):
        x, y = ns()
        uf.union(x - 1, y - 1)

    ans = 0
    for i, pi in enumerate(p):
        if uf.same(i, pi):
            ans += 1

    print(ans)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Buggy python submission (verdict: Time Limit Exceeded):
import sys
import math
import collections
import bisect
import copy
import itertools

# import numpy as np

sys.setrecursionlimit(10 ** 7)
INF = 10 ** 16
MOD = 10 ** 9 + 7
# MOD = 998244353

ni = lambda: int(sys.stdin.readline())
ns = lambda: map(int, sys.stdin.readline().split())
na = lambda: list(map(int, sys.stdin.readline().split()))
na1 = lambda: list(map(lambda x: int(x) - 1, sys.stdin.readline().split()))


# ===CODE===

class UnionFind():
    def __init__(self, n):
        self.n = n
        self.parents = [-1] * n

    def find(self, x):
        if self.parents[x] < 0:
            return x
        else:
            self.parents[x] = self.find(self.parents[x])
            return self.parents[x]

    def union(self, x, y):
        x = self.find(x)
        y = self.find(y)

        if x == y:
            return

        if self.parents[x] > self.parents[y]:
            x, y = y, x

        self.parents[x] += self.parents[y]
        self.parents[y] = x

    def size(self, x):
        return -self.parents[self.find(x)]

    def same(self, x, y):
        return self.find(x) == self.find(y)

    def members(self, x):
        root = self.find(x)
        return [i for i in range(self.n) if self.find(i) == root]

    def roots(self):
        return [i for i, x in enumerate(self.parents) if x < 0]

    def group_count(self):
        return len(self.roots())

    def all_group_members(self):
        return {r: self.members(r) for r in self.roots()}

    def __str__(self):
        return '\n'.join('{}: {}'.format(r, self.members(r)) for r in self.roots())


def main():
    n, m = ns()
    p = na()
    p_idx = {pi - 1: i for i, pi in enumerate(p)}

    uf = UnionFind(n)

    for _ in range(m):
        x, y = ns()
        uf.union(x - 1, y - 1)

    ans = 0
    for l in uf.all_group_members().values():
        base = set(l)
        idx = set()
        for m in l:
            idx.add(p_idx[m])
        ans += len(base & idx)

    print(ans)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()


Fixed submission:
import sys
import math
import collections
import bisect
import copy
import itertools

# import numpy as np

sys.setrecursionlimit(10 ** 7)
INF = 10 ** 16
MOD = 10 ** 9 + 7
# MOD = 998244353

ni = lambda: int(sys.stdin.readline().rstrip())
ns = lambda: map(int, sys.stdin.readline().rstrip().split())
na = lambda: list(map(int, sys.stdin.readline().rstrip().split()))
na1 = lambda: list(map(lambda x: int(x) - 1, sys.stdin.readline().rstrip().split()))


# ===CODE===

class UnionFind():
    def __init__(self, n):
        self.n = n
        self.parents = [-1] * n

    def find(self, x):
        if self.parents[x] < 0:
            return x
        else:
            self.parents[x] = self.find(self.parents[x])
            return self.parents[x]

    def union(self, x, y):
        x = self.find(x)
        y = self.find(y)

        if x == y:
            return

        if self.parents[x] > self.parents[y]:
            x, y = y, x

        self.parents[x] += self.parents[y]
        self.parents[y] = x

    def size(self, x):
        return -self.parents[self.find(x)]

    def same(self, x, y):
        return self.find(x) == self.find(y)

    def members(self, x):
        root = self.find(x)
        return [i for i in range(self.n) if self.find(i) == root]

    def roots(self):
        return [i for i, x in enumerate(self.parents) if x < 0]

    def group_count(self):
        return len(self.roots())

    def all_group_members(self):
        return {r: self.members(r) for r in self.roots()}

    def __str__(self):
        return '\n'.join('{}: {}'.format(r, self.members(r)) for r in self.roots())


def main():
    n, m = ns()
    p = na1()

    uf = UnionFind(n)

    for _ in range(m):
        x, y = ns()
        uf.union(x - 1, y - 1)

    ans = 0
    for i, pi in enumerate(p):
        if uf.same(i, pi):
            ans += 1

    print(ans)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Buggy python submission (verdict: Time Limit Exceeded):
import sys
import math
import collections
import bisect
import copy
import itertools

# import numpy as np

sys.setrecursionlimit(10 ** 7)
INF = 10 ** 16
MOD = 10 ** 9 + 7
# MOD = 998244353

ni = lambda: int(sys.stdin.readline())
ns = lambda: map(int, sys.stdin.readline().split())
na = lambda: list(map(int, sys.stdin.readline().split()))
na1 = lambda: list(map(lambda x: int(x) - 1, sys.stdin.readline().split()))


# ===CODE===

class UnionFind():
    def __init__(self, n):
        self.n = n
        self.parents = [-1] * n

    def find(self, x):
        if self.parents[x] < 0:
            return x
        else:
            self.parents[x] = self.find(self.parents[x])
            return self.parents[x]

    def union(self, x, y):
        x = self.find(x)
        y = self.find(y)

        if x == y:
            return

        if self.parents[x] > self.parents[y]:
            x, y = y, x

        self.parents[x] += self.parents[y]
        self.parents[y] = x

    def size(self, x):
        return -self.parents[self.find(x)]

    def same(self, x, y):
        return self.find(x) == self.find(y)

    def members(self, x):
        root = self.find(x)
        return [i for i in range(self.n) if self.find(i) == root]

    def roots(self):
        return [i for i, x in enumerate(self.parents) if x < 0]

    def group_count(self):
        return len(self.roots())

    def all_group_members(self):
        return {r: self.members(r) for r in self.roots()}

    def __str__(self):
        return '\n'.join('{}: {}'.format(r, self.members(r)) for r in self.roots())


def main():
    n, m = ns()
    p = na()
    p_idx = {pi - 1: i for i, pi in enumerate(p)}

    uf = UnionFind(n)

    for _ in range(m):
        x, y = ns()
        uf.union(x - 1, y - 1)

    ans = 0
    for l in uf.all_group_members().values():
        base = set(l)
        idx = set()
        for m in l:
            idx.add(p_idx[m])
        ans += len(base & idx)

    print(ans)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()


Fixed submission:
import sys
import math
import collections
import bisect
import copy
import itertools

# import numpy as np

sys.setrecursionlimit(10 ** 7)
INF = 10 ** 16
MOD = 10 ** 9 + 7
# MOD = 998244353

ni = lambda: int(sys.stdin.readline().rstrip())
ns = lambda: map(int, sys.stdin.readline().rstrip().split())
na = lambda: list(map(int, sys.stdin.readline().rstrip().split()))
na1 = lambda: list(map(lambda x: int(x) - 1, sys.stdin.readline().rstrip().split()))


# ===CODE===

class UnionFind():
    def __init__(self, n):
        self.n = n
        self.parents = [-1] * n

    def find(self, x):
        if self.parents[x] < 0:
            return x
        else:
            self.parents[x] = self.find(self.parents[x])
            return self.parents[x]

    def union(self, x, y):
        x = self.find(x)
        y = self.find(y)

        if x == y:
            return

        if self.parents[x] > self.parents[y]:
            x, y = y, x

        self.parents[x] += self.parents[y]
        self.parents[y] = x

    def size(self, x):
        return -self.parents[self.find(x)]

    def same(self, x, y):
        return self.find(x) == self.find(y)

    def members(self, x):
        root = self.find(x)
        return [i for i in range(self.n) if self.find(i) == root]

    def roots(self):
        return [i for i, x in enumerate(self.parents) if x < 0]

    def group_count(self):
        return len(self.roots())

    def all_group_members(self):
        return {r: self.members(r) for r in self.roots()}

    def __str__(self):
        return '\n'.join('{}: {}'.format(r, self.members(r)) for r in self.roots())


def main():
    n, m = ns()
    p = na1()

    uf = UnionFind(n)

    for _ in range(m):
        x, y = ns()
        uf.union(x - 1, y - 1)

    ans = 0
    for i, pi in enumerate(p):
        if uf.same(i, pi):
            ans += 1

    print(ans)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()