Buggy python submission (verdict: Runtime Error):
import types

_atcoder_code = """
# Python port of AtCoder Library.

__version__ = '0.0.1'
"""

atcoder = types.ModuleType('atcoder')
exec(_atcoder_code, atcoder.__dict__)

_atcoder_dsu_code = """
import typing


class DSU:
    '''
    Implement (union by size) + (path compression)
    Reference:
    Zvi Galil and Giuseppe F. Italiano,
    Data structures and algorithms for disjoint set union problems
    '''

    def __init__(self, n: int = 0):
        self._n = n
        self.parent_or_size = [-1] * n

    def merge(self, a: int, b: int) -> int:
        assert 0 <= a < self._n
        assert 0 <= b < self._n

        x = self.leader(a)
        y = self.leader(b)

        if x == y:
            return x

        if -self.parent_or_size[x] < -self.parent_or_size[y]:
            x, y = y, x

        self.parent_or_size[x] += self.parent_or_size[y]
        self.parent_or_size[y] = x

        return x

    def same(self, a: int, b: int) -> bool:
        assert 0 <= a < self._n
        assert 0 <= b < self._n

        return self.leader(a) == self.leader(b)

    def leader(self, a: int) -> int:
        assert 0 <= a < self._n

        if self.parent_or_size[a] < 0:
            return a

        self.parent_or_size[a] = self.leader(self.parent_or_size[a])
        return self.parent_or_size[a]

    def size(self, a: int) -> int:
        assert 0 <= a < self._n

        return -self.parent_or_size[self.leader(a)]

    def groups(self) -> typing.List[typing.List[int]]:
        leader_buf = [self.leader(i) for i in range(self._n)]

        result = [[] for _ in range(self._n)]
        for i in range(self._n):
            result[leader_buf[i]].append(i)

        return list(filter(lambda r: r, result))
"""

atcoder.dsu = types.ModuleType('atcoder.dsu')
exec(_atcoder_dsu_code, atcoder.dsu.__dict__)
DSU = atcoder.dsu.DSU

# from atcoder.dsu import DSU
import sys
input = sys.stdin.readline


def main():
    N, M = map(int, input().split())
    dsu = DSU(N)
    for _ in range(M):
        A, B = map(int, input().split())
        dsu.merge(A, B)
    print(len(dsu.groups()) - 1)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()


Fixed submission:
import types



_atcoder_code = """
# Python port of AtCoder Library.

__version__ = '0.0.1'
"""

atcoder = types.ModuleType('atcoder')
exec(_atcoder_code, atcoder.__dict__)

_atcoder_dsu_code = """
import typing


class DSU:
    '''
    Implement (union by size) + (path compression)
    Reference:
    Zvi Galil and Giuseppe F. Italiano,
    Data structures and algorithms for disjoint set union problems
    '''

    def __init__(self, n: int = 0):
        self._n = n
        self.parent_or_size = [-1] * n

    def merge(self, a: int, b: int) -> int:
        assert 0 <= a < self._n
        assert 0 <= b < self._n

        x = self.leader(a)
        y = self.leader(b)

        if x == y:
            return x

        if -self.parent_or_size[x] < -self.parent_or_size[y]:
            x, y = y, x

        self.parent_or_size[x] += self.parent_or_size[y]
        self.parent_or_size[y] = x

        return x

    def same(self, a: int, b: int) -> bool:
        assert 0 <= a < self._n
        assert 0 <= b < self._n

        return self.leader(a) == self.leader(b)

    def leader(self, a: int) -> int:
        assert 0 <= a < self._n

        if self.parent_or_size[a] < 0:
            return a

        self.parent_or_size[a] = self.leader(self.parent_or_size[a])
        return self.parent_or_size[a]

    def size(self, a: int) -> int:
        assert 0 <= a < self._n

        return -self.parent_or_size[self.leader(a)]

    def groups(self) -> typing.List[typing.List[int]]:
        leader_buf = [self.leader(i) for i in range(self._n)]

        result = [[] for _ in range(self._n)]
        for i in range(self._n):
            result[leader_buf[i]].append(i)

        return list(filter(lambda r: r, result))
"""

atcoder.dsu = types.ModuleType('atcoder.dsu')
exec(_atcoder_dsu_code, atcoder.dsu.__dict__)
DSU = atcoder.dsu.DSU

import sys
input = sys.stdin.readline
# from atcoder.dsu import DSU

def main():
    N, M = map(int, sys.stdin.readline().split())
    dsu = DSU(N)
    for _ in range(M):
        A, B = map(int, sys.stdin.readline().split())
        dsu.merge(A-1, B-1)
    print(len(dsu.groups()) - 1)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()