Buggy python submission (verdict: Runtime Error):
class DSU:
    def __init__(self, n):
        self._n = n
        self.parent_or_size = [-1] * n

    def merge(self, a, b):
        assert 0 <= a < self._n
        assert 0 <= b < self._n
        x, y = self.leader(a), self.leader(b)
        if x == y: return x
        if -self.parent_or_size[x] < -self.parent_or_size[y]: x, y = y, x
        self.parent_or_size[x] += self.parent_or_size[y]
        self.parent_or_size[y] = x
        return x

    def same(self, a, b):
        assert 0 <= a < self._n
        assert 0 <= b < self._n
        return self.leader(a) == self.leader(b)

    def leader(self, a):
        assert 0 <= a < self._n
        if self.parent_or_size[a] < 0: return a
        self.parent_or_size[a] = self.leader(self.parent_or_size[a])
        return self.parent_or_size[a]

    def size(self, a):
        assert 0 <= a < self._n
        return -self.parent_or_size[self.leader(a)]

    def groups(self):
        leader_buf = [self.leader(i) for i in range(self._n)]
        result = [[] for _ in range(self._n)]
        for i in range(self._n): result[leader_buf[i]].append(i)
        return [r for r in result if r != []]# N = int(input())

N, M = map(int, input().split())

dsu = DSU(N)

for _ in range(M):
    A_M, B_M = tuple(map(int, input().split()))
    leader_A_M = dsu.leader(A_M)
    leader_B_M = dsu.leader(B_M)
    dsu.merge(leader_A_M, leader_B_M)


# print(dsu.groups())
print(len(dsu.groups()) - 1)


Fixed submission:
class DSU:
    def __init__(self, n):
        self._n = n
        self.parent_or_size = [-1] * n

    def merge(self, a, b):
        assert 0 <= a < self._n
        assert 0 <= b < self._n
        x, y = self.leader(a), self.leader(b)
        if x == y: return x
        if -self.parent_or_size[x] < -self.parent_or_size[y]: x, y = y, x
        self.parent_or_size[x] += self.parent_or_size[y]
        self.parent_or_size[y] = x
        return x

    def same(self, a, b):
        assert 0 <= a < self._n
        assert 0 <= b < self._n
        return self.leader(a) == self.leader(b)

    def leader(self, a):
        assert 0 <= a < self._n
        if self.parent_or_size[a] < 0: return a
        self.parent_or_size[a] = self.leader(self.parent_or_size[a])
        return self.parent_or_size[a]

    def size(self, a):
        assert 0 <= a < self._n
        return -self.parent_or_size[self.leader(a)]

    def groups(self):
        leader_buf = [self.leader(i) for i in range(self._n)]
        result = [[] for _ in range(self._n)]
        for i in range(self._n): result[leader_buf[i]].append(i)
        return [r for r in result if r != []]# N = int(input())


N, M = map(int, input().split())

dsu = DSU(N)

for _ in range(M):
    A_M, B_M = tuple(map(int, input().split()))
    # 0始まりに合わせる
    A_M -= 1
    B_M -= 1
    leader_A_M = dsu.leader(A_M)
    leader_B_M = dsu.leader(B_M)
    dsu.merge(leader_A_M, leader_B_M)


# print(dsu.groups())
print(len(dsu.groups()) - 1)

Buggy python submission (verdict: Runtime Error):
class DSU:
    def __init__(self, n):
        self._n = n
        self.parent_or_size = [-1] * n

    def merge(self, a, b):
        assert 0 <= a < self._n
        assert 0 <= b < self._n
        x, y = self.leader(a), self.leader(b)
        if x == y: return x
        if -self.parent_or_size[x] < -self.parent_or_size[y]: x, y = y, x
        self.parent_or_size[x] += self.parent_or_size[y]
        self.parent_or_size[y] = x
        return x

    def same(self, a, b):
        assert 0 <= a < self._n
        assert 0 <= b < self._n
        return self.leader(a) == self.leader(b)

    def leader(self, a):
        assert 0 <= a < self._n
        if self.parent_or_size[a] < 0: return a
        self.parent_or_size[a] = self.leader(self.parent_or_size[a])
        return self.parent_or_size[a]

    def size(self, a):
        assert 0 <= a < self._n
        return -self.parent_or_size[self.leader(a)]

    def groups(self):
        leader_buf = [self.leader(i) for i in range(self._n)]
        result = [[] for _ in range(self._n)]
        for i in range(self._n): result[leader_buf[i]].append(i)
        return [r for r in result if r != []]# N = int(input())

N, M = map(int, input().split())

dsu = DSU(N)

for _ in range(M):
    A_M, B_M = tuple(map(int, input().split()))
    leader_A_M = dsu.leader(A_M)
    leader_B_M = dsu.leader(B_M)
    dsu.merge(leader_A_M, leader_B_M)


# print(dsu.groups())
print(len(dsu.groups()) - 1)


Fixed submission:
class DSU:
    def __init__(self, n):
        self._n = n
        self.parent_or_size = [-1] * n

    def merge(self, a, b):
        assert 0 <= a < self._n
        assert 0 <= b < self._n
        x, y = self.leader(a), self.leader(b)
        if x == y: return x
        if -self.parent_or_size[x] < -self.parent_or_size[y]: x, y = y, x
        self.parent_or_size[x] += self.parent_or_size[y]
        self.parent_or_size[y] = x
        return x

    def same(self, a, b):
        assert 0 <= a < self._n
        assert 0 <= b < self._n
        return self.leader(a) == self.leader(b)

    def leader(self, a):
        assert 0 <= a < self._n
        if self.parent_or_size[a] < 0: return a
        self.parent_or_size[a] = self.leader(self.parent_or_size[a])
        return self.parent_or_size[a]

    def size(self, a):
        assert 0 <= a < self._n
        return -self.parent_or_size[self.leader(a)]

    def groups(self):
        leader_buf = [self.leader(i) for i in range(self._n)]
        result = [[] for _ in range(self._n)]
        for i in range(self._n): result[leader_buf[i]].append(i)
        return [r for r in result if r != []]# N = int(input())


N, M = map(int, input().split())

dsu = DSU(N)

for _ in range(M):
    A_M, B_M = tuple(map(int, input().split()))
    # 0始まりに合わせる
    A_M -= 1
    B_M -= 1
    leader_A_M = dsu.leader(A_M)
    leader_B_M = dsu.leader(B_M)
    dsu.merge(leader_A_M, leader_B_M)


# print(dsu.groups())
print(len(dsu.groups()) - 1)