# Reshaping the AI Industry

The wider AI research community is an almost-optimal engine of apocalypse. The primary metric of a paper's success is how much it improves capabilities along concrete metrics, publish-or-perish dynamics supercharge that, the safety side of things is neglected to the tune of [1:49 rate of safety to other research](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/AtfQFj8umeyBBkkxa/a-bird-s-eye-view-of-the-ml-field-pragmatic-ai-safety-2#Nearly_all_ML_research_is_unrelated_to_safety), and most results are made public so as to give everyone else in the world a fair shot at ending it too.

It doesn't have to be this way. The overwhelming majority of the people involved do not actually want to end the world. There must exist an equilibrium in which their intentions match their actions.

Even fractionally shifting the status quo towards that equilibrium would have massive pay-offs, as far as timelines are concerned. Fully overturning it may well constitute a sufficient condition for humanity's survival. Yet I've seen precious little work done in this area, compared to the technical questions of AI alignment. It [seems](https://www.lesswrong.com/s/FaEBwhhe3otzYKGQt/p/bffA9WC9nEJhtagQi) to be [picking up](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/kipMvuaK3NALvFHc9/what-an-actually-pessimistic-containment-strategy-looks-like) in [recent months](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/wrkEnGrTTrM2mnmGa/retracted-it-s-time-for-ea-leadership-to-pull-the-short), though — and I'm happy to contribute.

This post is an attempt at a comprehensive high-level overview of the tactical and strategic options available to us.

* * *

**1\. Rationale**
-----------------

Why is it important? Why is it *crucial*?

**First.** We, uh, need to make sure that if we figure alignment out *people actually implement it*. Like, imagine that tomorrow someone comes up with a clever hack that robustly solves the alignment problem... but it increases the compute necessary to train any given ML model by 10%, or it's a bit tricky to implement, or something. Does the wider AI community universally adopt that solution? Or do they ignore it? Or do the industry leaders, after we extensively campaign, pinky-swear to use it the moment they start training models they feel might actually pose a threat, then predictably and fatally misjudge that?

In other words: When the time comes, we'll need to convince people that safety is important enough to fuss around a bit for its sake. But if we can't convince them to do that *now*, what would change *then*?

I suppose having a concrete solution, instead of vague prophecies of doom, would give us more credibility. But... would it, really? And what if we won't have a concrete solution even then, just a bunch of weird heuristics that may nonetheless measurably improve our odds?

The latter seems reasonably likely, too. As [this excellent post](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/AtfQFj8umeyBBkkxa/a-bird-s-eye-view-of-the-ml-field-pragmatic-ai-safety-2#Transfer_between_paradigms_is_hard) points out, most of the contemporary deep-learning progress comes from "messy bottom-up atheoretical empirical tinkering". If AGI comes from DL, it's plausible that, even if we arrive at the solution to alignment from mathematical foundations, the actual *implementation* will take the form of messy hacks. Ones that will probably need to be fine-tuned for any given model architecture. And given the [no-fire-alarm](https://intelligence.org/2017/10/13/fire-alarm/) principle[^hi5u3uygm4t], to be safe, we'll need to ensure that any sufficiently big model is only run with these hacks built-in.

If any given AI researcher is still not taking alignment seriously by then, how will we make them bother with all of that every time they run an experiment? How will we ensure they don't half-ass it even once?

**Second.** If that figure I quoted, the 49:1 ratio, is even remotely correct, there's plenty of room to upscale our research efforts. Imagine if every researcher started spending 2% more of their time thinking about alignment. That'd double the researcher-hours spent on the problem!

Which doesn't directly translate into 2x *progress*, I'll grant. Given the field's pre-paradigmic status, the returns to scale might be relatively small... but by no means *negligible*. Even if we don't necessarily have research directions clearly outlined, having much more people stumbling around in the dark still increases the chances of bumping into something useful.

Another argument I've seen is that upscaling may increase the capabilities gain too much. I don't find this convincing:

*   I'm doubtful an hour spent on alignment research can reasonably be expected to speed up capabilities more than an hour spent directly trying to increase capabilities. I don't rule that out, though.
*   That isn't an argument against upscaling, it's an argument against *incompetent* upscaling. If it's true, that means we'll need to introduce strict information-security measures. It'd be a (significant) complication, but not a "no".

(The progress on mechanistic interpretability, in particular, can *absolutely* be usefully upscaled. One of the main bottlenecks there is understanding individual circuits, which is a (relatively) low-skill task that's 1) mainly bottlenecked by researcher-hours, not top-researcher-hours, 2) can be easily parallelized. It's probably not the only research direction like this, too — we just need to look for them.)

**Third**, slowing progress down. This one is straightforward enough, I suppose.

*   Every researcher-hour or dollar we can convince to spend on alignment research is an hour or dollar not spent on capabilities research.
*   Every day we buy is a day we might solve alignment.
*   The effects could be fairly outsized. The top researchers are [orders of magnitude more productive than the median ones](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/AtfQFj8umeyBBkkxa/a-bird-s-eye-view-of-the-ml-field-pragmatic-ai-safety-2#Research_ability_and_impact_is_long_tailed), most of the progress is funded by a few multi-million corporations, and most of the compute in the world is controlled by a few private and state actors. We don't have to convince half the world to make the timelines twice as long; just a few people.
*   Even if we can't buy enough time to solve alignment, every day we buy is a day the world doesn't end. If life is worth living, that has to mean something.

**2\. Existing Work**
---------------------

*   [Pragmatic AI Safety](https://www.lesswrong.com/s/FaEBwhhe3otzYKGQt) seems to be aimed at the same thing I'm arguing for, and their work had a significant impact on this post.
    *   I disagree with some of their mission parameters, however. See 3.4.
*   Chris Olah suggests some interesting interventions [here](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/X2i9dQQK3gETCyqh2/chris-olah-s-views-on-agi-safety).
    *   A hypothesis that achieving a fractional mechanistic understanding of neural networks would create a snowball effect. The status quo is that it's okay to have models be black boxes, but opening them up a bit would put into stark relief what we *don't* know about them, and that may make researchers at large more worried/interested in understanding them.
    *   A strategy where we recruit *neuroscientists* to work on mechanistic interpretability. Chris suggests it won't require much re-training.
    *   The Distill project, which attempts (attempted) to soften the publish-or-perish dynamic and make interpretability projects appealing to entrants in the field.
*   [Logan Riggs suggests](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/vaHgLF2BCEdK3KxQd/convincing-all-capability-researchers) to pay the top researchers money to work on alignment, with the idea that either they'll solve it (unlikely) or appreciate the difficulty of the problem and start taking it more seriously.
*   [Here](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/CpvyhFy9WvCNsifkY/discussion-with-eliezer-yudkowsky-on-agi-interventions) Eliezer makes some off-hand suggestions; e. g., that turning OpenAI into ClosedAI and generally making research more closed-doors would be useful (if insufficient).
*   [lc's call for more serious activism](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/kipMvuaK3NALvFHc9/what-an-actually-pessimistic-containment-strategy-looks-like), with which I fully agree.
*   [Not Relevant's post](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/wrkEnGrTTrM2mnmGa/retracted-it-s-time-for-ea-leadership-to-pull-the-short). Though it's retracted, I appreciate it and the discussion it generated.
*   [AI Safety Arguments Competition](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/3eP8D5Sxih3NhPE6F/usd20k-in-prizes-ai-safety-arguments-competition).

I'm sure I've missed a lot of things, but this seems like a good start.

**3\. Types of Interventions**
------------------------------

I would broadly categorize them into the following:

1.  Direct appeals to "insiders": researchers and the leadership of AI labs. Difficult, but worthwhile. Most of them already know about AI risk and have dismissed it for one reason or another, but convincing the industry leaders would be highly valuable.
2.  *Indirect* appeals to insiders. If we can't convince them that their work is going to end the world, perhaps we can attract them away from it by *other* means, such as better career opportunities, more interesting research directions, or higher-ROI projects?
3.  Appeals to "outsiders": general public, governments. Very *tricky*. Achieving any effect at all would be difficult, but it also needs to be done carefully, lest we make the situation worse.
4.  Finding a way to progress AI Safety that fits the current tastes of AI researchers. E. g., practically-useful scalable mechanistic interpretability techniques.
5.  Shifting academic incentives or changing research tastes. E. g., Chris Olah's suggestion that achieving partial interpretability would make people more interested in understanding ML models.

If you feel that any of this is very ill-advised or *icky*, [GOTO 6](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/mF8dkhZF9hAuLHXaD/reshaping-the-ai-industry#6__The_Thin_Line).

### **3.0. Effective Strategies for Changing Public Opinion**

[The titular paper](https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/re6FsKPgbFgZ5QeJj/effective-strategies-for-changing-public-opinion-a) is very relevant here. I'll summarize a few points.

*   The main two forms of intervention are *persuasion* and *framing*.
*   Persuasion is, to wit, an attempt to change someone's set of beliefs, either by introducing new ones or by changing existing ones.
*   Framing is a more subtle form: an attempt to change the relative *weights* of someone's beliefs, by empathizing different aspects of the situation, recontextualizing it.
*   There's a dichotomy between the two. Persuasion is found to be very ineffective if used on someone with high domain knowledge. Framing-style arguments, on the other hand, are more effective the more the recipient knows about the topic.
*   Thus, persuasion is better used on non-specialists, and it's most advantageous the first time it's used. If someone tries it and fails, they raise the recipient's domain knowledge, and the second persuasion attempt would be correspondingly hampered. Cached thoughts are also in effect.
*   Framing, conversely, is better for specialists.

It should really go without saying, but epistemic hygiene stays important here. We're not "aiming to explain, not persuade" anymore, we're very much aiming to *persuade*, but that in itself is not unethical. It's no excuse to slip into an arguments-are-soldiers employ-all-the-fallacies lie-your-head-off mindset. (If you need a "pragmatic" reason not to do that, [GOTO 5](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/mF8dkhZF9hAuLHXaD/reshaping-the-ai-industry#5__Avoid_Thermonuclear_Ideas).)

### **3.1. Straightforward Appeals to Insiders**

As per above, we'd be fighting an uphill battle here. Researchers and managers are knowledgeable on the subject, have undoubtedly heard about AI risk already, and weren't convinced. Arguments that *recontextualize* AI risk, AI, or existential risks in general, are likely to be more effective than attempts to tell them things they already know. They're more likely to *misprioritize* safety, rather than be totally ignorant of the need for it.

An in-depth overview of the best ways to craft an argument is beyond the scope of this post (though [this](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/m2axtF3iiu6YxXM2n/convincing-people-of-alignment-with-street-epistemology) might be a good place to look). Two important meta-principles to keep in mind:

*   Know your audience. The shorter the distance between your model of your audience and their actual beliefs, the more effective your arguments will be.
    *   [Why are](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/AtfQFj8umeyBBkkxa/a-bird-s-eye-view-of-the-ml-field-pragmatic-ai-safety-2#How_do_researchers_feel_about_AGI_and_AI_Safety__) AI specialists who know about AI risk but aren't convinced aren't convinced? Why is [*the specific person you're talking to*](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/WxW6Gc6f2z3mzmqKs/debate-on-instrumental-convergence-between-lecun-russell) not convinced? What language or terminology do the people in your audience respect, and how can you translate your arguments into it?[^gx314q5i9w] What language or terminology do they *dislike*, such that using it would downgrade your argument?
    *   For example, talking about impending AGI, or about superintelligences taking over the world, is very much a *faux pas*. It's better to [taboo](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/WBdvyyHLdxZSAMmoz/taboo-your-words) these terms, and replace them with specialized context-appropriate definitions. Most of our arguments work perfectly well like that.
    *   (If you want to get acquainted with the viewpoint, [here](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/LfHWhcfK92qh2nwku/transcripts-of-interviews-with-ai-researchers) you will find 11 interviews with AI researchers about AI Safety.)
*   Don't treat your interlocutors as enemies, or ideological opponents. This style of engagement is notoriously ineffective, and may end up directly counter-productive: burn bridges, severely compromise further persuasion attempts, or even damage our ability to collaborate at all. It's a [radioactive](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/mF8dkhZF9hAuLHXaD/reshaping-the-ai-industry#5__Avoid_Thermonuclear_Ideas) mindset.
    *   [Double-crux](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/exa5kmvopeRyfJgCy/double-crux-a-strategy-for-mutual-understanding) instead of debating.

There are two tacks to take here: macro-level and micro-level.

**Macro.** Broad appeals to the entire industry, with the aim of changing the agreed-upon social reality, de-stigmatizing AI Safety, and so on. Concrete projects may look like [this](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/3eP8D5Sxih3NhPE6F/usd20k-in-prizes-ai-safety-arguments-competition).

**Micro.** Targeted efforts to convince industry leaders. As [per](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/AtfQFj8umeyBBkkxa/a-bird-s-eye-view-of-the-ml-field-pragmatic-ai-safety-2#Research_ability_and_impact_is_long_tailed), 50% of AI progress is made by fewer than 50% of the researchers; orders of magnitude fewer than that. Similarly, getting the leadership of DeepMind and OpenAI fully on our side would have an outsized impact. In theory, a project here may go all the way down to "find effective arguments to convince *this specific very important person*" levels of fidelity.

I'm more optimistic about the second tack, and generally about activism that has precise focused short-term objectives whose success or failure can be clearly evaluated, and which we can quickly iterate on.

One of the flaws of the "micro" approach is that our victories may be [washed away by a paradigm shift](https://www.lesswrong.com/s/FaEBwhhe3otzYKGQt/p/AtfQFj8umeyBBkkxa#Transfer_between_paradigms_is_hard). Most of the top GOFAI researchers didn't keep their positions into the ML era, and the top ML researchers may not survive into the next one. I expect this isn't *much* of a problem, though. If we manage to convince the leading researchers, their views should quickly trickle down to the rest of the field, and the field's structure is likely to survive an upheaval.

### **3.2. Sideways Appeals to Insiders**

There's one dimension along which we *can* broaden our standards for persuasion.

When trying to influence people — either individually or *en masse* — we usually argue that addressing existential risks is necessary because, *duh*, the looming end of humanity. The importance of that work should be self-evident to any moral person. They'd agree with us if we can only make them recognize the existential threat for the existential threat it is. No, it isn't just sci-fi! Yes, working out these weird math problems really can save the world!

But it's not the *only* reason someone might decide to work on AI Safety. People's career choices are motivated by all kinds of things:

*   [They want to work on cool stuff](https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/d7fJLQz2QaDNbbWxJ/what-are-the-coolest-topics-in-ai-safety-to-a-hopelessly).
*   They want a flexible work agenda.
*   They want to be paid well.
*   They want to advance their career.
*   They want to work in a culture they like.
*   They want to be put into contact with influential people.
*   They want to be respected, or do something that's viewed as respectable.

And so on. This approach is relatively neglected, I suspect, because it's *steeped* in ulterior motives. There's a very specific reason we'd be making these arguments, and it's not because we want our interlocutors to have fun/get rich/etc.

But there's no reason we can't be *open* about these motives, which would take all under-handedness out of it. And there are many legitimate reasons to prefer AI Safety over "mainstream" capabilities research:

*   Our field is less saturated. There are more low-hanging fruits, more chances to make a major contribution.
*   We're not lacking in funding: they may well get higher pay here.
*   Significant progress can be made without access to vast amounts of compute.
*   Some of the AI Safety subfields are very unlike mainstream ML (more focus on math, etc.), so some people might find them a better fit for their skills/tastes.
*   We do seem to have a pretty good culture.

Overall, I don't expect this approach to work on the top-tier researchers, for obvious reasons. But it might work to attract the people *entering* the field, potentially *en masse*. It might also work as a good supplement to straightforward appeals: when we're trying to convince someone not to work on X, it's good to have a ready offer for what to do *instead.* Even better if that offer is more lucrative than their current job.

Another thing to keep in mind: [trivial inconveniences](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/reitXJgJXFzKpdKyd/beware-trivial-inconveniences). Making entering or transitioning to AI Safety 10% easier might have disproportionate effects, like doubling the amount of entrants.

Concrete projects in this area may involve creating organizations working on reducing AI risk that make competitive job offers, providing funding or career assistance to ML specialists, [explaining how to start](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/P3Yt66Wh5g7SbkKuT/how-to-get-into-independent-research-on-alignment-agency), [advertising personally appealing features of working on AI risk](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/BseaxjsiDPKvGtDrm/we-choose-to-align-ai), [encouraging people to have fun](https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/kWmHNgFbWXGXa9RQg/new-community-builders-don-t-have-enough-fun), and lowering the barrier to entry by [distilling research](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/zo9zKcz47JxDErFzQ/call-for-distillers#comments). On that note, Chris Olah's Distill project is also a good example of a "macro-level" intervention of this type, though it's [on hiatus/potentially failed](https://distill.pub/2021/distill-hiatus/).

### **3.3. Appeals to Outsiders**

Any effective work along this dimension requires answering an exciting question: how do you put out a flame using a flamethrower?

Perhaps that's a bit harsh. Perhaps even *counter*-*productively* harsh, given my previous calls for treating audiences with respect. But let's not kid ourselves: we've seen how the world handled COVID-19.

An initiative that pushes for X might convince people or governments to do anti-X instead. If we convince them to do X after all, they might do extremely ineffective things that accomplish nothing, or even somehow do things that actually make anti-X happen. And conversely, activism completely unrelated to X might make it happen!

Good news, though: COVID-19 had *shown us* just how badly things are broken. Keeping [the Simulacra Levels](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/qDmnyEMtJkE9Wrpau/simulacra-levels-and-their-interactions) and the [autopsies of the failures](https://www.lesswrong.com/tag/covid-19) in mind, it might be possible to find interventions that have the effects we want.

That's explicitly what we'd be doing, though: deciding what effect we want to cause, then searching for an action that would cause it, once propagated through the broken pathways of our civilization. For that reason, I'm not making the distinction between "straightforward" and "sideways" appeals here: surface-level efforts to achieve something aren't strongly correlated with that thing happening, *even given their surface-level success*. All appeals are sideways appeals.

Having a good model of realpolitik is a necessity here.

The general principles of "know your audience" and "maintain epistemic hygiene" still apply, though. The inference gap is much larger, but that has its advantages: direct persuasion would be more effective, on average.

Useful *consequences* in this area may include:

*   Passing laws that introduce new regulations over AI development.
*   Passing laws that mandate major AI labs to spend a fraction of their budget on AI Safety.
*   Passing laws that increase oversight of the use of large quantities of compute.
*   Pushing back on research transparency in AI. Creating the sociopolitical conditions under which long periods of closed-doors research are possible.
*   Convincing major cloud computing providers to only provide vast amounts of compute if the request has been approved by an AI Safety committee.
*   Restricting the supply of GPUs and other specialized computing modules.
*   Raising the societal levels of concern over massive AI models.
*   Convincing public figures (celebrities, billionaires) to put pressure or raise concerns with regards to AI Safety.
*   Putting (diffuse) political or social pressure on major AI labs to prioritize safety.
*   [Causing major economic actors to divest the entire AI industry, or specific labs](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/kipMvuaK3NALvFHc9/what-an-actually-pessimistic-containment-strategy-looks-like?commentId=LDDZT3AyeA4j9Gmcc).

Again, causing these consequences is not as simple as pushing for them on the object-level. Lobbying for laws that regulate AI is likely to lead to poorly-targeted bans with lots of loopholes that just burn our political capital; mandating AI Safety oversight is useless if the safety committees will consist of yes-men; trying to rile up the public might well see their ire redirected our way.

Some inspirations here might be what had happened to nuclear energy or human cloning, or how the woke movement had managed to infiltrate the corporate/academic culture. Anti-corporate movements might be good allies of convenience here in general. An anti-inspiration, what *not* to do, is what's happened to cryonics.

**Warning:** This entire space of interventions has elevated levels of [background radiation](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/mF8dkhZF9hAuLHXaD/reshaping-the-ai-industry#5__Avoid_Thermonuclear_Ideas). Most interventions of this type are deceptively ineffective, and if you're aiming for impact first and foremost, it'd be very easy to slip into bad epistemic habits or unethical practices.

Moreover, it's *necessarily* antagonistic with regards to AI researchers and major AI labs. Any success here would worsen the public or legal landscape for them, and they'd be less likely to listen to straightforward appeals from us.

I've not completely despaired of this approach; the payoffs are significant, and I'm sure there are *some* interventions that are at once effective and reliable and ethical and only scorch our bridges. Furthermore, if straightforward appeals and other cooperative ideas won't work, pivoting to this is an obvious Plan B.

As far as *directly useful* consequences are concerned, I would empathize well-targeted interventions with easily evaluated victory/failure conditions, even more so than in 3.1.

However, the best plays here might be *tactically useful* interventions, aimed at what Pragmatic AI Safety calls [diffuse factors](https://www.lesswrong.com/s/FaEBwhhe3otzYKGQt/p/n767Q8HqbrteaPA25#Improving_Contributing_Factors). Such interventions don't directly decrease AI risk, but they create favourable conditions for *other* interventions. E. g., causing the public to be vaguely concerned about AI won't directly help, but a world in which the public is concerned is a world in which we're more well-positioned to influence the AI industry in other ways. (I'll come back to that in [Part 4](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/mF8dkhZF9hAuLHXaD/reshaping-the-ai-industry#4__What_You_Can_Do).)

### **3.4. Joining the Winning Side**

In some sense, the easiest way to accomplish our goal is not to try to change the AI industry's incentive structures, but to *ride them*. The industry as a whole is agnostic with regards to alignment. It cares about:

*   Easily measurable success metrics.
*   Clear, factorizable research directions.
*   Profit, funding.

Current alignment research directions are none of these things. Progress is difficult to measure, the problem doesn't cleanly break down into sub-problems you could work on in isolation, and the results don't translate to e. g. more powerful and marketable ML models. Reducing the alignment problem to this sort of "digestible" form is non-trivial — that's the whole problem with our [lack of an established paradigm](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/P3Yt66Wh5g7SbkKuT/how-to-get-into-independent-research-on-alignment-agency#Preparadigmicity).

But. I think there are certain potential avenues of alignment research that are relatively amendable to being transformed into a form the AI industry would find digestible, while also being pretty effective and practical ways to make progress on alignment.

And herein lies my disagreement with Pragmatic AI Safety. They suggest that [alignment research should aim for zero capabilities advancement](https://www.lesswrong.com/s/FaEBwhhe3otzYKGQt/p/bffA9WC9nEJhtagQi#Minimal_Capabilities_Externalities). I think the metric to keep in mind here, instead, is *expected return on capabilities for an hour of research*.

*   As far as influencing a current AI researcher is concerned, if we can make them pursue a research direction that somewhat progresses alignment while progressing capabilities *not faster* than what they'd be doing otherwise, our impact is positive.
    *   Even if the research direction doesn't progress alignment very much on a per-hour basis, recall how relatively tiny AI Safety is. A significant fraction of AI researchers starting to progress alignment at 5% the rate of a specialized alignment researcher might double or triple raw progress industry-wide.
*   It would, in fact, be ideal to find some research direction that has *a fractionally higher* return on capabilities as whatever the ML field is doing right now, but which *also* significantly progresses alignment. It wouldn't, in practice, shift 100% of the AI industry there, but it would go a great way towards that.

It pays to play along with the current industry incentives, most notably the profit motive. In addition, the idea of aiming for minimal capabilities externalities seems deeply unnatural for me for other reasons:

*   In terms of "in-house" research, our field is, again, tiny. Any progress we make on capabilities will be a rounding error next to the rest of the AI industry's. We should aim for *maximum alignment progress*, period, it's difficult enough without any additional constraints.
*   Moreover, I don't think alignment and capabilities are orthogonal. I think they're very much *positively correlated*. Alignment could be viewed [as an interface](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/42YykiTqtGMyJAjDM/alignment-as-translation), or as being able to make a program [Do What You Mean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DWIM). A ML model that goes crazy off-distribution and kills everyone isn't just poorly aligned, it's also not very good at demonstrating good performance along the metrics the researchers actually care about ([relevant post](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/YFckXwZg8Zcaib5ff/pop-culture-alignment-research-and-taxes#The_Impossibility_Of_A_Negative_Alignment_Tax)). [The unidentifiability problem](https://www.lesswrong.com/s/r9tYkB2a8Fp4DN8yB/p/pL56xPoniLvtMDQ4J#3_2__The_task) isn't just a mesa-optimizer problem, it's also an acknowledged generic DL problem.

All in all, I'm optimistic about the existence of research projects that are at once 1) quickly reachable, 2) would find traction with the current status quo of the AI industry, 3) efficiently progress alignment. Crucially, finding such a research direction would nearly *guarantee* that the alignment solution is implemented in any future major model.

The most obvious candidate is mechanistic interpretability, of course (and it's no coincidence that it seems to be the most popular AI Safety direction outside our circle), but I have a few other ideas that I hope to post soon.

### **3.5. Influencing the Research Culture**

All of the other approaches attempt to influence the AI industry through intermediaries: through the research projects it pursues, through the people it's implemented on, through the wider social environment it's embedded in. But perhaps there is room for a more direct intervention?

The industry is a social construct. The qualities that make a project a good one, the tastes the researchers have, the incentives they operate under — all of this is, to some extent, arbitrary. It has a ground-truth component, but the current configuration is not *uniquely determined* by the ground truth of the research subject. Rather, it's defined by *weights* that this social construct currently assigns to different features of the ground truth.

The current AI industry prefers tinkering to [empiricism](https://distill.pub/2020/circuits/zoom-in/#natural-science), and capabilities to safety. How can we shift this?

There's been two proposals that I've already mentioned:

1.  [Chris Olah's](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/X2i9dQQK3gETCyqh2/chris-olah-s-views-on-agi-safety#Deliberate_design): Improve interpretability techniques enough that understanding some fraction of your model becomes normalized. Conceit:
    *   *Right now, not knowing anything about how your model works internally is completely normal. If even partly understanding one’s model became normal, however, then the amount we don’t know might become glaring and concerning. Chris provides the following analogy to illustrate this: if the only way you’ve seen a bridge be built before is through unprincipled piling of wood, you might not realize what there is to worry about in building bigger bridges. On the other hand, once you’ve seen an example of carefully analyzing the structural properties of bridges, the absence of such an analysis would stand out.*
2.  [Logan Riggs'](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/vaHgLF2BCEdK3KxQd/convincing-all-capability-researchers): Pay N top ML researchers a fat chunk of money to work on alignment for 3 months, with the promise of a truly vast amount of money if they solve it.
    *   Conceit: They won't manage to do it, but forcing them to engage with the problem would make them appreciate its difficulty, and shift research tastes field-wide towards it.
    *   Issue: Defining what "working on the alignment problem" means, and ensuring they actually try to solve it, instead of "trying to solve" it but actually working on some trivialization of it, then disagreeing that their solution doesn't work.

I think something like 2) is worth implementing. I'm unclear on how to evaluate 1); I'm guessing mechanistic interpretability just hasn't progressed that far yet. If we generalize from those two, though...

We want to synthesize a construct *C* with the following properties:

1.  *C* is true.
2.  *C* could be easily made part of the social reality of the AI industry or academic culture.
3.  Common knowledge of *C* changes the AI industry's incentive gradients towards less focus on capabilities improvement and/or towards more work on AI Safety.

What is a fact such that, if the researchers knew of it and knew other researchers or the general public or the grant-makers also knew of it, would make them pursue alignment research? What is a fact that would change the sociopolitical landscape such that the incentives shift, even fractionally, towards the things we want?

"Sufficiently powerful non-aligned AI is going to end the world and aligning AI is difficult" as *C* evidently doesn't satisfy the second criterion. Logan's idea is to *force* it into the industry's social reality by a monetary injection. Chris Olah's idea has a more niche definition of AI risk as *C*, but either 2) is still difficult, or 3) didn't work out.

Both approaches take *C* for granted, then attempt to find paths to satisfying 2). I think there's some promise in *directly* mining the concept-space for a *C* that'd have the desired properties "out of the box". It's essentially the "sideways appeals" approach writ large.

I suspect studying the history of science for cases where research tastes/standards changed would be useful here. An example of such a shift might be the replication crisis in psychology (in the broadest of terms).

I suspect this approach hasn't been exhausted, given that it's pretty non-intuitive.

I suspect this idea is overly clever in a very stupid way and will not actually work.

Still, if it does work, there are probably some low-hanging fruits there. And just intuitively... If you go looking for a reason, you generally find one, don't you?

**4\. What You Can Do**
-----------------------

The logistics graph that leads to a superintelligent AI's deployment has many bottlenecks, and controlling any *one* of them would be sufficient. Taking over the researcher supply, or the money supply, or the compute supply, or the research project supply, or the reputation supply, or the supply of any other crucial resource I'm not thinking of, would ensure excellent conditions for a safe advanced AI to emerge.

But the path to this doesn't look like a concentrated push along the corresponding dimension. As Pragmatic AI Safety points out, [diversification is key](https://www.lesswrong.com/s/FaEBwhhe3otzYKGQt/p/n767Q8HqbrteaPA25#Diversification).

There are interdependencies everywhere: success at one thing affects the probabilities of success of all other projects. Finding an appealing research direction would make it easier to attract people our way. Putting social pressure on major AI labs would make safety-adjacent research directions more appealing. Shifting research tastes in a subfield would make it easier to change people's minds. And so on.

Moreover, it's not obvious what bottleneck would be the easiest to gain control of, without the benefit of hindsight. Future events and novel discoveries may shift any part of the landscape in unpredictable ways, open or close doors for us.

Improving AI Safety's future position means pursuing a strategy that is robust to such random environmental fluctuations. It means [maximizing our far-away action space](https://www.lesswrong.com/s/ehnG4mseKF6xALmQy/p/ahZQbxiPPpsTutDy2). We need to have a diversified portfolio of plans; we need to be improving our position all across the board, always looking for what new opportunities have arisen.

In theory, it would be great to have central coordination. Some organization or resource which tracks the feasibility of various interventions across the entire gameboard, and pursues/recommends those that move the gameboard into the most advantageous states while spending the least resources, ~~and also you should put me in charge~~.

In practice, this sort of coordination is both difficult and fragile, with a single point of failure. We're not a single organization, either, but a diverse conglomerate of organizations, movements, groups and individuals.

But we can *approximate* central coordination.

It's [often](https://www.lesswrong.com/s/FaEBwhhe3otzYKGQt/p/n767Q8HqbrteaPA25#Diversification) [pointed](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/DJB82jKwgJE5NsWgT/some-cruxes-on-impactful-alternatives-to-ai-policy-work) [out](https://astralcodexten.substack.com/p/more-antifragile-diversity-libertarianism) that impact in the modern world has a tail-heavy distribution. In some areas, it's effective to have many separate groups putting their full strength behind diverse high-variance projects. Many of them will fail, but some will succeed massively.

The project of advancing AI Safety is, to a large extent, one such area.[^a1x4c6dx9sb] My general advice would be as follows:

*   Be opportunistic. Keep an up-to-date mental picture of the world, look for local opportunities to advance our cause, and coordinate with others where possible.
    *   A good project also *creates* opportunities upon success; ideally, the whole thing should work as a positive feedback loop.
*   [Use your Pareto frontier](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/P3Yt66Wh5g7SbkKuT/how-to-get-into-independent-research-on-alignment-agency#Use_Your_Pareto_Frontier). We need diversity; we don't want our projects to converge because we're using the same heuristics to pick them. Look for what you or your group specifically is uniquely well-placed or well-suited to do, and do that.
*   Be ambitious. Again, tail-heavy distribution: going for low-success-rate high-reward plays is a good policy to adopt (as long as the only thing at stake is your plan's success!).
*   Cheat. Not in the sense of being unethical, in the sense of reframing and revising the problem so that you can achieve 80% the impact with 20% the effort. It's not always possible, but it frequently is, in sociopolitical interventions especially. [Tug sideways](https://www.overcomingbias.com/2019/03/tug-sideways.html).
*   Keep scale in mind. Changing the value of a crucial industry-wide variable by 1% is enormous impact.

There's a caveat here, though: without central coordination, how can we ensure that none of these disparate projects trip *each other* up? As I'd mentioned, successfully appealing to governments might mess up our relations with AI researchers, and failed persuasion attempts (macro- and micro- both) often make subsequent ones much harder.

Some amount of that is probably inevitable. Part of it can be mitigated by trying out minimal/small-scale versions of any projects that might result in net-negative impact on failure. But a much larger chunk of it could be mitigated by ensuring that we—

**5\. Avoid Thermonuclear Ideas**
---------------------------------

You likely know what I'm talking about. The class of ideas that includes lying and manipulation as its most tame members, and expands to cover some much worse extremes.

I know some of these ideas may seem very clever and Appropriately Drastic, and the stakes — literally astronomical — could not be higher. We're accelerating directly into a wall, and our attempts to swerve away seem ineffectual. It may feel emotionally resonant to resolve to Stop Being Nice and Pull Out All the Stops and solve the problem in some gravely decisive fashion, By Any Means Necessary.

But it will not work in the real world, outside fantasies. It will not solve the problem in the long term, and in the meantime it will crash and burn, and hurt people, and ruin our PR, and tank the chances of other, more productive and realistic approaches. Even if you think *your* idea will definitely succeed, you're failing to think at scale. What would you expect to work better: a policy under which some of us pursue plans that blow up so hard they set us collectively back a few years, or a policy under which our plans only ever compound on each other's successes?

Following the first policy is a defection, not just against the rest of society, but against all *our* other risk-mitigation initiatives. We're better than this.

As a rule-of-thumb, you can use something like [Shannon's maxim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerckhoffs%27s_principle). If whatever clever plan you're considering *and the entire causal chain that led to it* became common knowledge, would it fail *and* destroy our credibility and our other plans? If yes, this is a radioactive plan, get it away.

Things that seem like ruthless pragmatism are frequently not actually ruthlessly pragmatic. They're just excuses to indulge your base instincts.

Be cool, in general. Find ways to be cool about this mess. We have [resources](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/pLLeGA7aGaJpgCkof/mental-health-and-the-alignment-problem-a-compilation-of) for that and everything.

**6\. The Thin Line**
---------------------

I concur with [lc's post](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/kipMvuaK3NALvFHc9/what-an-actually-pessimistic-containment-strategy-looks-like) and the people in [that post's comments](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/kipMvuaK3NALvFHc9/what-an-actually-pessimistic-containment-strategy-looks-like?commentId=Hyg8pgLTY5oYFEdAK): we have a slight taboo against the sort of full-scale activism I'm arguing for. It's exemplified by [this](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/3eP8D5Sxih3NhPE6F/usd20k-in-prizes-ai-safety-arguments-competition?commentId=hM6DkcDf5qqyCs4L2) sort of sentiment. I suspect it's a combination of two things:

*   An instinctive desire to stay far, far away from the radioactive plans I've described in the previous section.
*   A failure to shift between epistemic and instrumental rationality; between enforcing community norms internally and having an external impact.

It makes sense that it exists. One of the foundations of this movement is "raising the sanity waterline" — and approaching interactions with people outside the movement with less rigor is not how you set an example. It's also easier to enforce the same norms upon yourself and each other in all situations, instead of switching between different sets depending on context.

I'm *tempted* to say that we've overcorrected here; that we can or *must* relax our standards somewhat, in the light of shortening timelines and in the face of our slow progress.

But I'm not sure. Relaxing the standards is *absolutely* a slippery slope. This decision might be "meta-radioactive", in the sense that it will see us accelerating straight into the epicenter of a nuclear explosion.

I don't know how to strike the right balance here. It definitely *seems* like we can opt to be more effective without inching towards self-defeating Stupid Evil, but maybe the mere act of acknowledging that possibility would shift our social reality in undesirable ways? Maybe [John's position](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/3eP8D5Sxih3NhPE6F/usd20k-in-prizes-ai-safety-arguments-competition?commentId=hM6DkcDf5qqyCs4L2) is right, and we should call out our epistemically suspect behavior even as we agree that it's the right thing to do.

**7\. Closing Thoughts**
------------------------

The recent months have seen increasing amounts of alarm and doom-saying in our circles. AI capabilities are advancing rapidly, while our attempts to align it proceed at a frustratingly slow pace. There are [optimistic](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/3L46WGauGpr7nYubu/the-plan) [voices](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/qHCDysDnvhteW7kRd/arc-s-first-technical-report-eliciting-latent-knowledge), but the general disposition seems [quite grim](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/j9Q8bRmwCgXRYAgcJ/miri-announces-new-death-with-dignity-strategy).

Well. If alignment is really so hard, maybe we should quit trying to solve it?

In hindsight, I'm a bit baffled that field-building wasn't our main focus *this entire time*. Getting the AI industry to take AI risk seriously is a *necessary and sufficient* condition for survival. Solving alignment by ourselves is... neither. If the technical problems are truly insurmountable in the time we have left — and I don't yet know that they are, but I can certainly imagine it — we should just shift our focus to social-based solutions.

The goal, I should note, is not *outreach*. Convincing a few, or many, AI researchers to switch to alignment won't solve the problem where we have a multi-billion dollar industry stockpiling uranium in the hopes of spontaneously assembling a nuclear reactor. The aim should be to shift that status quo. Changing people's minds is a fine instrumental goal, but the terminal one is to influence [the robust agent-agnostic process](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/LpM3EAakwYdS6aRKf/what-multipolar-failure-looks-like-and-robust-agent-agnostic) itself.

I'd like to suggest that there might be a snowball effect involved — that a 10% progress at this task would make the subsequent 90% easier, and so on. There might, indeed, be. I'm not that optimistic, though. I expect it'll be an uphill battle all the while, because the sort of carefulness we'd like to cultivate has the tendency to rot away, as organizations become corrupted and people value-drift.

It's possible that this is also impossible. That we can't change the AI industry in time, any more than we can independently solve alignment in time. But it seems less impossible to me.

And if we keep looking for approaches that are less and less impossible, perhaps we'll find one that isn't impossible at all.

[^hi5u3uygm4t]: Which may or may not have been recently confirmed by this. 

[^gx314q5i9w]: Very important. See point 7 here. 

[^a1x4c6dx9sb]: But not AI Safety itself, of course, only the project of spreading it. AI is very much Scott's Distribution 1, and the fact that our civilization is treating it as a Distribution 2 is the entire bloody problem.