# Five Theses on AI Art

1\. We've Been On This Ride Before
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[Virginia Woolf, writing at the dawn of cinema](https://sabzian.be/text/the-cinema) (1926), expresses doubt about whether or not this new medium has any legs:

> *"Anna \[Karenina\] falls in love with Vronsky” – that is to say, the lady in black velvet falls into the arms of a gentleman in uniform and they kiss with enormous succulence, great deliberation, and infinite gesticulation, on a sofa in an extremely well-appointed library, while a gardener incidentally mows the lawn. So we lurch and lumber through the most famous novels of the world. So we spell them out in words of one syllable, written, too, in the scrawl of an illiterate schoolboy. A kiss is love. A broken cup is jealousy. A grin is happiness. Death is a hearse. None of these things has the least connexion with the novel that Tolstoy wrote, and it is only when we give up trying to connect the pictures with the book that we guess from some accidental scene – like the gardener mowing the lawn – what the cinema might do if left to its own devices. But what, then, are its devices? If it ceased to be a parasite, how would it walk erect?"*

Reviewing clips from [Anna Karenina (1911)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teUsrBOeM6M)[^4hvbgwbgd9k], you can see her point. Every single scene is shot from an awkward, middle-ish distance. The composition is terrible, the movement is jittery, there really aren't that many pixels to look at and it's monochrome to boot.

![anna-karenina](https://bear-images.sfo2.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/jenn/anna-karenina.gif)

The camera is still, even when action takes place in different locations around the set.

![anna-karenina-2](https://bear-images.sfo2.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/jenn/anna-karenina-2.gif)

It reads (watches?) more like a bootleg recording of a stage play than a movie as we would know one today. Not only were early filmmakers overly focused on adapting classical works of literature, it was doing so through emulating adjacent, well established mediums, instead of exploring the boundaries of its own. The incentives are understandable there: you want to exploit the established market, you don't want to do something too weird and scare the ~~hoes~~ investors, "emulate x perfectly" is such a wonderfully clear win condition.

I don't blame Virginia Woolf for doubting if cinema has any devices at all. But the film industry slowly got their act together, and by the time they made my comfort movie Sissi in 1955, they had managed to invent things like close ups, and shooting scenes from more than one angle, and also colour and sound.

![sissi](https://bear-images.sfo2.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/jenn/sissi.gif)

And then by the time they shot Barbie (2024), they had invented more things, like zooming and panning the camera, shenanigans with body doubles so they don't need both of their very expensive movie stars to be on set at the same time, and spending hundreds of millions of dollars on making a single movie.

![barbie-movie](https://bear-images.sfo2.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/jenn/barbie-movie.gif)

Maybe the industry will continue to invent more things! It just took the industry a few decades to start cooking, is all.

I don't think this story is unique to cinema. [Deconstructing Arguments Against AI Art](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/DxeiYddzJH3CBhK5E/deconstructing-arguments-against-ai-art) notes similar dynamics for photography, recorded music, and digital drawing and editing tools.

2\. Rapid Mass Adoption Makes AI Art Seem More Banal Than It Is
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One thing that's different this time around is the rapid accessibility of the shiny new technology.

To wildly oversimplify, historically, new inventions tend to percolate out very slowly: super expensive prototypes only accessible to a handful of dedicated specialists and wealthy patrons who existed in a tight feedback loop with the manufacturers (or *were* the manufacturers), then a gradual, often decades-long, democratization. Think books/manuscripts, cameras, film recorders, personal computers. This gave culture time to adapt, and for genuine craft to emerge alongside the new toy.

Now imagine if we’d somehow only invented the camera after smartphones were already in everyone’s pocket. One random Tuesday morning, every single person on Earth suddenly has a camera app. What’s the immediate, overwhelming result? An instant, planet-wide tsunami of the most banal photos imaginable: beach sunsets and cute girls and juicy burgers and so so many pictures of cats.

Of course everyone would be tripping over themselves to denounce it as a worthless, trivial gimmick, utterly incapable of producing anything of True Artistic Merit™ or any kind of value.

Perhaps they might change their minds when they see the first photo that came from an active war zone, or deep space, or the other end of a microscope. Or maybe it doesn't happen until someone gets the idea to take a lot of pictures in very quick succession, dozens of times per second, and then play back the pictures on a screen at very high speed accompanied by sound. And I'm sure some will stubbornly cling on to their first, dismissive reaction until the very bitter end, and *still* insist that photography is not a real art form.

I think we're sort of stuck at this step of the discourse currently, but why wouldn't we be? Woolf published her hate mail more than [30 years](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re) after the first public screenings of the Lumière brothers' first short films. This means we can continue collectively having bad takes about AI art until 2050, and *still* come out ahead.

3\. AI Art Will Democratize More Mediums
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Feature-length movies, animated cartoons of any length, and video games are examples of mediums where it's very difficult to make a finished piece with one person, or only a small number of them. Teams are good for various things, but they also encumber you — they require capital, overhead coordination work, and the smoothing over of disagreements in artistic vision.

Something wonderful happened to music in the 00s, called "[FL Studio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FL_Studio) is good now". When I was in grade school, two kids just a few years older than me met on an internet hobbyist forum for producing electronic music. With very little formal music training, and mostly the computers they already had around, they were able to create little tunes to share with others, and talk shop.

Porter Robinson and Madeon went on to make the glittering, soaring EDM that defined my adolescence. They picked up music theory as they went, started collaborating with other artists, and continue to make music that is really good. But at the start, they were just teens messing around in their bedrooms.

I want that to happen to more mediums! I want edgy cartoons clearly made by a single emo teen, with production values rivalling that of *The Lion King* or *The Little Mermaid*. I want them to explode over the internet, so much so that we end up treating them with mild disdain, the way we treat, like SoundCloud rappers today[^ojtbj7vg98n]. I want video game production to be as accessible to any fifteen year old as recording bedroom pop or shooting a video for TikTok. Yes, the variance is going to be high, and the median is going to be crap, but why care? It's already like that for everything else, and we have the curatorial technology for dealing; the good will float to the top, and we'll all be better off for having more variety to choose from.

It’s good if more modes of artistic expression aren’t gated behind technical expertise with film cameras or game engines, proficiency with actually playing a musical instrument, or colour theory. Powerful AI can make it easier for people to get started, and they'll pick up what they require as they go along.

4\. AI Art Will Make M**ake Other Artistic Mediums Do Interesting Things in Response**
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Once cameras could capture realistic likenesses cheaply, it freed up painters to explore other directions with more deliberation (or perhaps desperation). That's kind of how we got [impressionism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism#Content_and_composition),[^aoazhcw9mc] and everything afterwards:

> Rather than compete with photography to emulate reality, artists focused "on the one thing they could inevitably do better than the photograph—by further developing into an art form its very subjectivity in the conception of the image, the very subjectivity that photography eliminated".

A similar story plays out with theatre and film, though to a [smaller and messier extent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth-century_theatre):

> Throughout the century, the artistic reputation of theatre improved after being derided throughout the 19th century. However, the growth of other media, especially film, has resulted in a diminished role within the culture at large. In light of this change, theatrical artists have been forced to seek new ways to engage with society. The various answers offered in response to this have prompted the transformations that make up its modern history.

In the first case, portraiture was an attractor that many painters were historically pulled into. When demand for that suddenly dissipated, a vivid artistic movement bloomed, and that’s how we got our Monets and Van Goghs. In the second, film took over the role that theatre had as cheap entertainment for the masses, and then theatre, too, went off in weirder directions (though, uh, cards on the table I'm less confident? that that's a good thing since I'm not actually an experimental theatre enjoyer). And perhaps movies today are weirder than they otherwise would have been, if YouTube hadn't then taken the place of cheap entertainment for the masses in turn!

Artistic mediums, as we understand them, are a mix of technical constraints innate to the medium and incentives that are not. In the best case, getting rid of some of the incentives can enable its practitioners to better explore the breadth of what it is technically capable of.

AI artists are going to find certain niches that older mediums are currently servicing sub-optimally, and it'll be the kick in the pants the older mediums need to stretch out fully and do more exploration.[^0g7urf7q147a] I look forward to the results.

Regarding film and theatre, there's also a pretty interesting bi-directionality that ended up happening. Personnel and technologies continue to flow back and forth between the two mediums, presumably for the better (though to [some theatre snobs' dismay](https://monoskop.org/images/9/94/Sontag_Susan_1964_Film_and_Theatre.pdf)). More recently, did you know the guy who made [Potion Seller](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_FQU4KzN7A) for the new location for cheap entertainment for the masses ended up making [one of the best movies of 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challengers_(film))?

You could imagine some cinematography technique emerging from AI-generated media that seems obvious in hindsight but is lateral to where the film industry is currently heading. That technique could then make its way back into traditional filmmaking. More shrimp Jesus in all of the movies, that's what I always say.

5\. The Devices of AI Art Will Take Time To Emerge
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By and large, creative use of AI today is falling into the same trap as early cinema did: we use it to generate the kinds of things we are already familiar with: static text, images, videos, software. We don't let it be strange, in the way AI is strange. So here's the question of the hour: *what are the devices of AI art?*

It's still the very early days, but I think Gary Hustwit's 2024 documentary, Eno, might be instructive. Eno rarely agrees to documentaries, but he's a neophile, and Hustwit baited him into this one with the AI angle. All in all, he ended up recording 30 hours of interviews with Eno, and separately assembled 500 hours of archival footage. Then he hand-assigned weights to every slice of film, and created an algorithm to generate a unique 90 minute documentary for every screening. You can see the trailer [here](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R89DFlUqaTI), but to watch the actual documentary, you'll need to catch a bespoke showing in a theatre.

Ben Davis is probably my favourite contemporary art critic. He [writes](https://news.artnet.com/art-world/brian-eno-documentary-generative-art-personality-2518437):

> "I’ve seen *Eno* three times now. I love Brian Eno, so this was not a chore, and I can say that each version contained incidents that probably would be central to this or that telling of Eno’s career that the other two versions didn’t include. ... The tone is consistent, and consistently affecting... I imagine that it is very, very difficult to assemble all the parts and to weight all the probabilities to generate this consistent personality—**it is likely more labor, not less.**" (emphasis mine)

(It's a great documentary! Go watch it if you can catch a showing. But, uh, also, if you do you should cross your fingers and hope for a cut that features more David Bowie than U2. Davis again: "*Admittedly, to say that you are looking at an artwork for its “personality” is also to say that you might catch it on better or worse days.*")

Beyond experimental documentaries, artists dabbling with AI are doing lots of other things too! Like, ummmmm, [making an impression of your sixteen-year-old self from an iPhone backup and then letting you talk to an LLM roleplaying as them](https://github.com/henrygabriels/clone_yourself_from_an_iphone_backup). Oh uhhhh [have humans vote on thousands of generated pieces weekly and then the best ones get minted into NFTs](https://botto.com/)?

Okay, look, I fully admit that at the moment none of it is very good. But there's really no reason to expect it to be; we're working with the equivalent of pinhole cameras here, and a body of knowledge has not yet been established.

But this is going to be a very temporary state of affairs, especially if the capital keeps flowing. The tech is going to improve, the creators are going to update on what works well, we're going to figure out what the best practices are and what to stay away from.

It takes like thirty years for us to figure this shit out! Let it cook! Just let the AI cook. [Certainly](https://ai-2027.com/) [nothing](https://ifanyonebuildsit.com/) [bad](http://aisafetyfundamentals.com/blog/alignment-introduction) will happen from just letting the AI cook for thirty years.

[^4hvbgwbgd9k]: Woolf possibly watched the 1920 adaptation, but sadly I couldn't find versions of that online. 

[^ojtbj7vg98n]: I also happen to think that SoundCloud rappers can be very good, but that's beside the point. 

[^aoazhcw9mc]: To be clear, that is one factor among broader cultural, philosophical, and artistic questions that artists were exploring at the time, but my understanding is that it's an important one. 

[^0g7urf7q147a]: ...in the best case. In the worst case they shrivel up and die. But that's a sacrifice I'm willing to make o7