# Appendix: Hamming Questions

*Author's note: these questions were usually the prework for an activity called "Hamming Circles," in which four or five people sat down and spent 20-30 minutes with each person's Hamming Question at the center of a slow, intimate discussion.  The Hamming Circles activity is not fully described in this sequence, but these are the prompts given to participants before engaging in it.*

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Richard Hamming was a mathematician who worked at Bell Labs during the 1940s-1970s. He had a habit of sitting down with scientists in other fields and asking them “What are the important problems of your field?” After they explained their field's most important open problem, he would ask them: why aren't you working on *that?*

Though somewhat annoying, these questions are also extremely helpful for focusing one's attention on problems that are worthy of one's efforts. (See Hamming's talk “You and Your Research” for more.)

It is valuable to pose an analogous question to oneself: What are the most important problems in my life, and what's stopping me from working on them?

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**Prompt 0: Initial thoughts**

Did anything come up already? Is anything staring you in the face right now? Now that you have the idea of a “Hamming question” in mind: is anything obvious as your most important problem?

You might also try: Picturing another person, identical to you, and asking what their main bottleneck is.

**Prompt 1: Rate-limiting step**

The speed of a chemical reaction is determined by the speed of the slowest step—the rate-limiting step. What is yours? Or: what's your bottleneck? Is there a problem where solving it would be the equivalent of “wishing for more wishes?”

**Prompt 2: What are you not allowed to care about?**

Or: Is there some good outcome that you generally don't think about because it's too big to picture? Or too impossible?

Conversely, what do you *have* to care about, even though you'd really rather not/it doesn't feel like where your heart and soul actually want to be?

**Prompt 3: Genre-savviness**

When you're reading a novel, sometimes it seems like the book is dragging/stuck because there is an obvious thing that the character needs to do next in order to advance the plot (e.g. *clearly* she needs to go talk to the magician—can't she just do it already?). If your life is a novel: what is that obvious next thing?

**Prompt 4: What are you already pursuing, badly, in a convoluted/distorted way?**

Pica is a medical condition in which people who are iron deficient (for example) eat things like ice cubes, because the signal to eat things with iron is getting distorted into an urge to eat things which share superficial properties with iron. So: what is everything you're doing a pica for?

**Prompt 5: Scope Sensitivity/Magnitude of your problems**

Which problems in your life have effects that are the largest order of magnitude? You may want to think separately about the effects on you and the effects on the world. For example, for effects on you: If you think about the gap between your current life and a better version of your life, which problem could you solve to cross the largest fraction of that gap? Or, for effects on the world: If you think about the size of your positive impact on the world, which problem could you solve to increase that impact by the largest amount?

**Prompt 6: Gendlin's Focusing check**

Say aloud: “My life is fine.” (Or: “I feel all fine and good about my life.”)  
If you're like most people, something will catch in your throat. Write it down.

Then imagine putting that thing next to you on the park bench, and go again: “Apart from \[that thing\], my life is fine in all respects.” See what catches now.

For most people, something will catch maybe 3-5 times, and then the sentence will ring true. (“Apart from A, B, C, and D, my life really is fine.”)

**Prompt 7: Spinning plates**

What captures your curiosity the way that the spinning plate captured Feynman's curiosity? What do you find your attention drawn to? What feels interesting to your system 1?

**Prompt 8: Final go**

So, having now gone through all of that: What feels most alive? What *is* the most important problem, for you, right now?