# Native mental representations that give huge speedups on problems?

[x-post from r/slatestarcodex]

Is there a list/textbook of immediately usable mental representations like memory palaces?

I'm not talking about theoretical models of cognitive processes here (although they might suggest entire classes of the sort of thing I'm looking for). I'm talking specific techniques and 'ways of thinking' about certain things that immediately give huge _speedups_.

In case I'm still not making sense, lemme provide another example. Around five years ago, Brienne Yudkowsky, then Brienne Strohl, made a [video about how to remember things](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CySXwIKvsR4).

TL;DW: If you want to remember duck -> apple -> Overton window -> ischemia, encapsulate each concept in some sensually vivid scenario in your head and _link_ these scenes like a story.

After learning what she calls 'binding' [1], I've never had problems remembering lists again. I've never lost a string of thoughts and ideas in the shower, nor forgotten what I needed to once I'm out of the house. This is an especially drastic improvement for me, because I have severe combined-type ADHD.

I'm not talking about chunked models per se (e.g., Meditations on Moloch gives you a lens through which to view the vast majority of social structures, but it's not a model that I'd call _native_ to our wetware) but more of stuff a couple of levels down. Data structures that we as humans can immediately use, algorithms that by being "close to the metal" dramatically obviates lots of brain cycles that would have been wasted [2].

Some things in the cluster of what I'm getting at in conceptspace: _heuristics_, _knowledge representation_, _perceptual differences_, _Tufte's body of work_, _neurolinguistics and related fields_, _Math vs Verbal distinction_, _[Mazur's four kinds of mathematical intuitions](http://www.math.harvard.edu/~mazur/preprints/math_ed_2.pdf "WARNING: PDF")_

Why I think this is a real thing rather than some made-up attempt to crystallise nonsense: everyone knows about optical illusions. But why do we have them? Well, from Wikipedia:

> The hypothesis claims that visual illusions occur because the neural circuitry in our visual system evolves, by neural learning, to a system that makes very efficient interpretations of usual 3D scenes based in the emergence of simplified models in our brain that speed up the interpretation process but give rise to optical illusions in unusual situations. In this sense, the cognitive processes hypothesis can be considered a framework for an understanding of optical illusions as the signature of the empirical statistical way vision has evolved to solve the inverse problem.

If you know something about neural networks, our visual system seems to have learned how to see in _layers_, where each layer corresponds to some structural aspect of seeing that the brain then mashes up into something whole and perceptually understandable.

So in a sense, what I wanna know is: **what are the layers we use for everything else?**

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[1]: In the literature this falls under the umbrella of [associative memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_memory_(psychology)).

[2]: I'm reminded of the apocryphal story about Gauss' childhood where he and his classmates were tasked to sum the numbers 1 to 100. He figured it'd be way faster to pair 1 and 100, 2 and 99, and so on because they all have the same sum of 101. There are 50 such pairs, so the sum should be 101 x 50 = 5050, which is the answer he arrived at after a minute or so of thinking.

This act of _pairing_ is such a fundamental mental shortcut that it took until [Lobachevsky and Dirichlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_function_concept#Lobachevsky_and_Dirichlet) to cast it as a mathematical concept separate from all its uses.