# Long-Term Technological Forecasting

When will [AGI](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_ai) be created? When will [WBE](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading) be possible? It would be nice to have somewhat reliable methods of long-term technological forecasting. Do we? Here's my own brief overview of the subject...

[Nagy et al. (2010)](http://tuvalu.santafe.edu/~bn/workingpapers/NagyFarmerTrancikBui.pdf) is, I think, the best paper in the field. At first you might think it's basically supporting Kurzweillian conclusions about exponential curves for all technologies, but there are serious qualifications to make. The first is that the prediction laws they tested are linear regression models, which fit the data well but are not theoretically appropriate for modeling the data because the assumptions of independence and so on are not satisfied. A second and bigger qualification is that Nagy & company only used data from small time slices for most technologies examined in the paper. This latter problem becomes a larger source of worry when you note that we have reason to expect many technologies to follow a logistic rather than exponential growth pattern, and exponential and logistic growth patterns look the same for the first part of their curves — see [Modis (2006)](http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Modis-The-singularity-myth.pdf). A third qualification is that Nagy's [performance curves database](http://pcdb.santafe.edu/) is not representative of "technology in general" or anything like that. Fourth, Nagy's study is the _first_ of its kind, not a summary of 20 years of careful work all leading to a shared set of conclusions we can be fairly confident about. The [hedonic hotspots](/lw/4yq/the_neuroscience_of_pleasure/) that fire in my brain when I engage in hyperbole want me to say that serious long-term technological forecasting is not _summarized_ by Nagy but _begins_ with Nagy. (But that, of course, compresses history too much.)

[Williams (2011)](http://www.amazon.com/Prediction-Markets-Applications-Routledge-International/dp/041557286X) demonstrates that prediction markets just aren't yet tested in the domain of long-term forecasting, and have several incentive-structure problems yet to be worked out. I bought the book, but it's probably not worth $125. If you go to the library and want to copy just one chapter, make it Croxson's.

I see basically no evidence that _any_ expert elicitation method is reliable for long-term technological forecasting (e.g. see [Rowe & Wright 2001](http://teaching.p-design.ch/forecasting07/texts/RoweWright2001_Delphi_Technique.pdf)). The first study to show positive results from expert elicitation (in this case, a particular version of the Delphi method) for long-term forecasting is a single paper from _last year_: [this one](http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Parente-A-case-study-of-long-term-Delphi-accuracy.pdf).

So if you want to predict the future of technology, it's best [not to tell detailed stories](http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/nordmann-if-and-then-a-critique-of-speculative-nanoethics.pdf). Instead, you'll want to focus on "disjunctive" outcomes that, like the evolution of eyes or the emergence of markets, can come about through many different paths and can gather momentum once they begin. Humans actually tend to intuitively _under_estimate the likelihood of such convergent outcomes ([Tversky and Kahneman 1974](http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Kahneman-Tversky-Judgment-Under-Uncertainty.pdf)).