# Anthropic and the DoW: Anthropic Responds

The Department of War gave Anthropic until 5:01pm on Friday the 27th to either give the Pentagon ‘unfettered access’ to Claude for ‘all lawful uses,’ or else. With the ‘or else’ being not the sensible ‘okay we will cancel the contract then’ but also expanding to either being designated a supply chain risk or having the government invoke the Defense Production Act.

It is perfectly legitimate for the Department of War to decide that it does not wish to continue on Anthropic’s terms, and that it will terminate the contract. There is no reason things need be taken further than that.

> [Undersecretary of State Jeremy Lewin](https://x.com/UnderSecretaryF/status/2027245637205451009): This isn’t about Anthropic or the specific conditions at issue. It’s about the broader premise that technology deeply embedded in our military must be under the exclusive control of our duly elected/appointed leaders. No private company can dictate normative terms of use—which can change and are subject to interpretation—for our most sensitive national security systems. The @DeptofWar obviously can’t trust a system a private company can switch off at any moment.
> 
> [Timothy B. Lee](https://x.com/binarybits/status/2027377218234577318): OK, so don’t renew their contract. Why are you threatening to go nuclear by declaring them a supply chain risk?
> 
> [Dean W. Ball](https://x.com/deanwball/status/2027371584411824235): As I have been saying repeatedly, this principle is entirely defensible, and this is the single best articulation of it anyone in the administration has made.
> 
> The way to enforce this principle is to publicly and proudly decline to do business with firms that don’t agree to those terms. Cancel Anthropic’s contract, and make it publicly clear why you did so.
> 
> Right now, though, USG’s policy response is to attempt to destroy Anthropic’s business, and this is a dire mistake for both practical and principled reasons.

Dario Amodei and Anthropic [responded to this on Thursday the 26th with this brave and historically important statement](https://www.anthropic.com/news/statement-department-of-war) that everyone should read.

The statement makes clear that Anthropic wishes to work with the Department of War, and that they strongly wish to continue being government contractors, but that they cannot accept the Department of War’s terms, nor do any threats change their position. Response outside of DoW was overwhelmingly positive.

> Dario Amodei (CEO Anthropic)**: Regardless, these threats do not change our position: we cannot in good conscience accede to their request.​**

I will quote it in full.

> ​**Statement from Dario Amodei on our discussions with the Department of War**
> 
> I believe deeply in the existential importance of using AI to defend the United States and other democracies, and to defeat our autocratic adversaries.
> 
> Anthropic has therefore worked proactively to deploy our models to the Department of War and the intelligence community. We were [the first frontier AI company](https://www.anthropic.com/news/expanding-access-to-claude-for-government) to deploy our models in the US government’s classified networks, the first to deploy them at the [National Laboratories](https://www.axios.com/2024/11/14/anthropic-claude-nuclear-information-safety), and the first to provide [custom models](https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-gov-models-for-u-s-national-security-customers) for national security customers. Claude is [extensively deployed](https://www.anthropic.com/news/anthropic-and-the-department-of-defense-to-advance-responsible-ai-in-defense-operations) across the Department of War and other national security agencies for mission-critical applications, such as intelligence analysis, modeling and simulation, operational planning, cyber operations, and more.
> 
> Anthropic has also acted to defend America’s lead in AI, even when it is against the company’s short-term interest. We chose to forgo several hundred million dollars in revenue to cut off the [use of Claude by firms linked to the Chinese Communist Party](https://www.anthropic.com/news/updating-restrictions-of-sales-to-unsupported-regions) (some of whom have been [designated by the Department of War](https://media.defense.gov/2025/Jan/07/2003625471/-1/-1/1/ENTITIES-IDENTIFIED-AS-CHINESE-MILITARY-COMPANIES-OPERATING-IN-THE-UNITED-STATES.PDF) as Chinese Military Companies), shut down [CCP-sponsored cyberattacks](https://www.anthropic.com/news/disrupting-AI-espionage) that attempted to abuse Claude, and have advocated for [strong export controls on chips](https://www.wsj.com/opinion/trump-can-keep-americas-ai-advantage-china-chips-data-eccdce91?gaa_at=eafs&gaa_n=AWEtsqdPk42glTHtJxGWpiSYR1xY28wMr6SpvGWmvlfp8_gYMp2h0ulOBH89Njx5eB0%3D&gaa_ts=6983c8a6&gaa_sig=t3NbNoEV35S9fhpBAUsmCPXHG6Zc3taB_jNESn4lAI7qy0l37FtVqnKZe-ASVGLp4SqxRsIS-HRn0k51UzsdpQ%3D%3D) to ensure a democratic advantage.
> 
> Anthropic understands that the Department of War, not private companies, makes military decisions. We have never raised objections to particular military operations nor attempted to limit use of our technology in an _ad hoc_ manner.
> 
> However, in a narrow set of cases, we believe AI can undermine, rather than defend, democratic values. Some uses are also simply outside the bounds of what today’s technology can safely and reliably do. Two such use cases have never been included in our contracts with the Department of War, and we believe they should not be included now:
> 
> *   **Mass domestic surveillance.** We support the use of AI for lawful foreign intelligence and counterintelligence missions. But using these systems for mass _domestic_ surveillance is incompatible with democratic values. AI-driven mass surveillance [presents serious, novel risks to our fundamental liberties](https://www.darioamodei.com/essay/the-adolescence-of-technology). To the extent that such surveillance is currently legal, this is only because the law has not yet caught up with the rapidly growing capabilities of AI. For example, under current law, the government can purchase detailed records of Americans’ movements, web browsing, and associations from public sources without obtaining a warrant, a practice the [Intelligence Community has acknowledged](https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/ODNI-Declassified-Report-on-CAI-January2022.pdf) raises privacy concerns and that has generated bipartisan opposition in Congress. Powerful AI makes it possible to assemble this scattered, individually innocuous data into a comprehensive picture of any person’s life—automatically and at massive scale.
> *   **Fully autonomous weapons.** Partially autonomous weapons, like those used today in Ukraine, are vital to the defense of democracy. Even _fully_ autonomous weapons (those that take humans out of the loop entirely and automate selecting and engaging targets) may prove critical for our national defense. But today, frontier AI systems are simply not reliable enough to power fully autonomous weapons. We will not knowingly provide a product that puts America’s warfighters and civilians at risk. We have offered to work directly with the Department of War on R&D to improve the reliability of these systems, but they have not accepted this offer. In addition, [without proper oversight](https://www.darioamodei.com/essay/the-adolescence-of-technology), fully autonomous weapons cannot be relied upon to exercise the critical judgment that our highly trained, professional troops exhibit every day. They need to be deployed with proper guardrails, which don’t exist today.
> 
> To our knowledge, these two exceptions have not been a barrier to accelerating the adoption and use of our models within our armed forces to date.
> 
> The Department of War has [stated](https://media.defense.gov/2026/Jan/12/2003855671/-1/-1/0/ARTIFICIAL-INTELLIGENCE-STRATEGY-FOR-THE-DEPARTMENT-OF-WAR.PDF) they will only contract with AI companies who accede to “any lawful use” and remove safeguards in the cases mentioned above. They have threatened to remove us from their systems if we maintain these safeguards; they have also threatened to designate us a “supply chain risk”—a label reserved for US adversaries, never before applied to an American company—_and_ to invoke the Defense Production Act to force the safeguards’ removal. These latter two threats are [inherently contradictory](https://www.politico.com/news/2026/02/26/incoherent-hegseths-anthropic-ultimatum-confounds-ai-policymakers-00800135?utm_content=topic/politics&utm_source=flipboard): one labels us a security risk; the other labels Claude as essential to national security.
> 
> Regardless, these threats do not change our position: we cannot in good conscience accede to their request.
> 
> It is the Department’s prerogative to select contractors most aligned with their vision. But given the substantial value that Anthropic’s technology provides to our armed forces, we hope they reconsider. Our strong preference is to continue to serve the Department and our warfighters—with our two requested safeguards in place. Should the Department choose to offboard Anthropic, we will work to enable a smooth transition to another provider, avoiding any disruption to ongoing military planning, operations, or other critical missions. Our models will be available on the expansive terms we have proposed for as long as required.
> 
> We remain ready to continue our work to support the national security of the United States.

#### Table of Contents

Previous coverage from two days ago: [**Anthropic and the Department of War.**](https://thezvi.substack.com/p/anthropic-and-the-department-of-war)

1.  [Good News: We Can Keep Talking.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/189357887/good-news-we-can-keep-talking)
2.  [Once Again No You Do Not Need To Call Dario For Permission.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/189357887/once-again-no-you-do-not-need-to-call-dario-for-permission)
3.  [The Pentagon Reiterates Its Demands And Threats.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/189357887/the-pentagon-reiterates-its-demands-and-threats)
4.  [The Pentagon’s Dual Threats Are Contradictory and Incoherent.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/189357887/the-pentagon-s-dual-threats-are-contradictory-and-incoherent)
5.  [The Pentagon’s Position Has Unfortunate Implications.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/189357887/the-pentagon-s-position-has-unfortunate-implications)
6.  [OpenAI Stands With Anthropic.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/189357887/openai-stands-with-anthropic)
7.  [xAI Stands On Unreliable Ground.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/189357887/xai-stands-on-unreliable-ground)
8.  [Replacing Anthropic Would At Least Take Months.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/189357887/replacing-anthropic-would-at-least-take-months)
9.  [We Will Not Be Divided.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/189357887/we-will-not-be-divided)
10.  [This Risks Driving Other Companies Away.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/189357887/this-risks-driving-other-companies-away)
11.  [Other Reasons For Concern.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/189357887/other-reasons-for-concern)
12.  [Wisdom From A Retired General.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/189357887/wisdom-from-a-retired-general)
13.  [Congress Urges Restraint.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/189357887/congress-urges-restraint)
14.  [Reaction Is Overwhelmingly With Anthropic On This.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/189357887/reaction-is-overwhelmingly-with-anthropic-on-this)
15.  [Some Even More Highly Unhelpful Rhetoric.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/189357887/some-even-more-highly-unhelpful-rhetoric)
16.  [Other Summaries and Notes.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/189357887/other-summaries-and-notes)
17.  [Paths Forward.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/189357887/paths-forward)

#### Good News: We Can Keep Talking

Ultimately, this is a matter of principle. There are zero practical issues to solve.

> [Dean W. Ball](https://x.com/deanwball/status/2027181328957849625): As far as I know, Anthropic’s contractual limitations on the use of Claude by DoW have not resulted in a single actual obstacle or slowdown to DoW operations. This is a matter of principle on both sides.

Thus, despite it all, we could all still declare victory and continue working together.

[The United States government is not a unified entity](https://x.com/Miles_Brundage/status/2027186430943150114) nor is it tied to its past statements. Trump is in charge, and the Administration can and does change its mind.

> [Polymarket](https://x.com/Polymarket/status/2027379911954944011): BREAKING: The Pentagon says it wants to continue talks with Anthropic after they formally refused the Department of War’s demands.
> 
> [FT](https://www.ft.com/content/7bbc4ad3-57f4-4cfd-b791-e50e625c2e0e): “I’m open to more talks and I told them so,” \[Emil\] Michael told Bloomberg TV, claiming the Pentagon had already made a proposal with “a lot of concessions to the language that Anthropic wanted”. He said that Hegseth would make a decision later on Friday.

[We have fuller context on his statement here](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-02-27/pentagon-open-to-ai-talks-with-anthropic-before-friday-deadline), with Michael spending 8 minutes on Bloomberg. Among other things, he claims Dario is lying, and that the negotiations were getting close and it was bad practice to stop talking prior to the deadline, despite having previously been told in public that the Pentagon had given their ‘best and final’ offer.

He says the differences are (or were) minor, as they were ‘only a few words here and there.’ A few words often matter quite a lot. I believe he failed to understand what Anthropic was insisting upon and why it was doing so.

If no agreement is reached by 5:01pm then he says the decision is up to Secretary Hegseth.

I would also note, from that interview, that Michael says that fully autonomous weapons systems are vital to the future of American national defense. That is in direct contradiction to claims that this is not about the use of autonomous weapons. He is explicitly talking about launching missiles without a human in the approval chain, right before turning around and saying he’s going to always have a human in that chain. It can’t be both.

He also mentioned Anthropic’s warnings about job losses, and talking about issues with use of uncompensated copyrighted material, and the idea that they might set policies for use of their own products ‘in an undemocratic way.’

#### Once Again No You Do Not Need To Call Dario For Permission

I’ve now seen this rhetorical line quoted in at least four different [major news sources](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://archive.is/20260227155223/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2026/02/27/anthropic-pentagon-lethal-military-ai/%23selection-677.265-705.366&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1772226013806114&usg=AOvVaw35r6OoZIFQ5fk7zaqa8-_N), as if this was a real thing.

I want to repeat in no uncertain terms: This is not a thing. It has never been a thing. It will never be a thing. This is not how any of this works.

If you think you were told it is a thing by Dario Amodei? You or someone else severely misunderstood, or intentionally misrepresented, what was said.

> [Under Secretary of War Emil Michael](https://x.com/USWREMichael/status/2027244132633092596/history): Anthropic is lying. The @DeptofWar doesn’t do mass surveillance as that is already illegal. What we are talking about is allowing our warfighters to use AI without having to call @DarioAmodei for permission to shoot down an enemy drone swarms that would kill Americans. #CallDario
> 
> [Samuel Hammond](https://x.com/hamandcheese/status/2027251568311951662): What is the scenario where an LLM stops you from shooting down a drone swarm?Please be specific. Are you planning to connect weapons systems as a tool call? Automated targeting systems already exist.
> 
> [mattparlmer](https://x.com/mattparlmer/status/2027254646755254763): Anybody inside the American military establishment who thinks that wiring up an LLM via API to manage an air defense system is a remotely defensible engineering approach should be immediately fired because they are going to get people killed

![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kGs8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa17a34c5-3a54-4fd0-ac18-1bae6a7b36d6_1034x1022.png)

Set aside everything else wrong with that statement: There is not, never has been, and never will be a situation in which you need to ‘call Dario’ to get your AI turned on, or to get ‘permission’ to use it for something. None whatsoever. It’s nonsense.

At best, this is an ongoing misunderstanding of how all of this works. There was a hypothetical about, what would happen if the Pentagon attempted to use Claude to shoot down an incoming missile, and Claude’s safeguards made it refuse the request?

The answer Dario gave was somehow interpreted as ‘call me.’

I’m going to break this down.

1.  You do not use Claude to launch a missile interceptor. This is not a job for a relatively slow and imprecise large language model. It definitely is not a job for something you have to call via API. This is a job for highly precise, calibrated, precision programs designed to do exactly this. The purpose of Claude here, if any, would be to write that program so the Pentagon would have it when it needed it. You’d never, ever do this. A drone swarm might involve some tasks more appropriate to Claude, but again the whole goal in real time combat situations is to use specialized programs you can count on.
2.  There is nothing in Anthropic’s terms, or their intentions, or in the way they are attempting to train or configure Claude, that would prevent its use in any of these situations. You should not get a refusal here, and 90%+ of your problems are going to be lack of ability, not the model or company saying no.
3.  If for whatever reason you did get into a situation where the model was refusing such requests in a real time situation, well, you’re fucked. Dario can’t fix it in real time. No one can. There’s no ‘call Dario’ option.
4.  Changing the terms on the contract changes this exactly zero.
5.  Changing which version of the model is provided changes this exactly zero.

This is a Can’t Happen, within a Can’t Happen, and even then the things here don’t change the outcome. It’s not a relevant hypothetical.

You can’t and shouldn’t use LLMs for this, including Claude. If you decide I’m wrong about that, and you’re worried about refusals or other failures, then do war games and mock battles the same way you do with everything else. But no, this is not going to be replacing your automated targeting systems. It’s going to be used to determine who and what to target, and we want a human in that kill chain.

#### The Pentagon Reiterates Its Demands And Threats

How did we get here?

The Pentagon made their position clear, and [sent their ‘best and final’ offer](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pentagon-anthropic-offer-ai-unrestricted-military-use-sources/), demanding the full ‘all lawful use’ language [laid out by the Secretary of War on January 9](https://media.defense.gov/2026/Jan/12/2003855671/-1/-1/0/ARTIFICIAL-INTELLIGENCE-STRATEGY-FOR-THE-DEPARTMENT-OF-WAR.PDF).

They say: Modify your contract to allow us use for ‘all legal purposes,’ and never ask any questions about what we do, which in practice means allow all purposes period, and do it by Friday at 5:01pm or else we will declare you a supply chain risk.

> [Sean Parnell](https://x.com/SeanParnellASW/status/2027072228777734474): The Department of War has no interest in using AI to conduct mass surveillance of Americans (which is illegal) nor do we want to use AI to develop autonomous weapons that operate without human involvement. This narrative is fake and being peddled by leftists in the media.
> 
> Here’s what we’re asking: Allow the Pentagon to use Anthropic’s model for all lawful purposes.
> 
> This is a simple, common-sense request that will prevent Anthropic from jeopardizing critical military operations and potentially putting our warfighters at risk. We will not let ANY company dictate the terms regarding how we make operational decisions. They have until 5:01 PM ET on Friday to decide. Otherwise, we will terminate our partnership with Anthropic and deem them a supply chain risk for DOW.

#### The Pentagon’s Dual Threats Are Contradictory and Incoherent

Brendan Bordelon at Politico, historically no friend to the AI safety community, writes us with the headline: [‘Incoherent’: Hegseth’s Anthropic ultimatum confounds AI policymakers](https://www.politico.com/news/2026/02/26/incoherent-hegseths-anthropic-ultimatum-confounds-ai-policymakers-00800135?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter).

As I wrote last time, you can say the system is so valuable you need it, or you can say the system needs to be avoided for use in sufficiently narrow cases with classified systems because it is insufficiently reliable. You can’t reasonably claim both at once.

> [Brendan Bordelon](https://www.politico.com/news/2026/02/26/incoherent-hegseths-anthropic-ultimatum-confounds-ai-policymakers-00800135): “You’re telling everyone else who supplies to the DOD you cannot use Anthropic’s models, while also saying that the DOD must use Anthropic’s models,” said Ball, who was the lead author of the White House’s AI Action Plan. He called it “incoherent” to even float the two policy ideas together, and “a whole different level of insane to move up and say we’re going to do both of those things.”
> 
> “It doesn’t make any sense,” said Ball.
> 
> … But Katie Sweeten, a tech lawyer and former Department of Justice official who served as the agency’s point of contact with the Pentagon, also called the DOD’s arguments “contradictory.”
> 
> “I don’t know how you can both use the DPA to take over this product and also at the same time say this product is a massive national security risk,” said Sweeten. She warned that Hegseth’s “very aggressive” negotiating posture could have a chilling effect on partnerships between the Pentagon and Silicon Valley.
> 
> … “If these are the lines in the sand that the \[DOD\] is drawing, I would assume that one or both of those functions are scenarios that they would want to utilize this for,” said Sweeten.

#### The Pentagon’s Position Has Unfortunate Implications

I emphasized this last time as well, but it bears repeating. It is the Chinese way to threaten and punish private companies to get them to do what you want. It is not the American way, and is not what one does in a Republic.

> [Opener of the way](https://x.com/way_opener/status/2027184340505927913): “The government has the right to Punish a private company for the insolence of not changing the terms of a contract they already signed” is a hell of a take, and is very different even from “the government has the right to force a private company to do stuff bc National security”
> 
> Like “piss off the government and they will destroy you even if you did nothing illegal” is a very Chinese approach
> 
> [Dean W. Ball](https://x.com/deanwball/status/2027333963685957706): yes
> 
> [Opener of the way](https://x.com/way_opener/status/2027334269157204318): There’s a clear trend here of “to beat china, we must becomes like china, only without doing any of the things that china actually does right”
> 
> [Dean W. Ball](https://x.com/deanwball/status/2027335022055710898): Also yes

[Peter Wildeford analyzes the situation](https://peterwildeford.substack.com/p/the-pentagons-war-on-anthropic), offering some additional background and pointing out that overreach against Anthropic creates terrible incentives. If the Pentagon doesn’t like Anthropic’s contract, he reminds us, they can and should terminate the contract, or wind it down. And the problem of creating a proper legal framework for AI use on classified networks remains unsolved.

> [Peter Wildeford](https://peterwildeford.substack.com/p/the-pentagons-war-on-anthropic): If the Pentagon doesn’t like the contract anymore, it should terminate it. Anthropic has the right to say no, and the Pentagon has the right to walk away. That’s how contracting works. The supply chain risk designation and DPA threats should come off the table — they are disproportionate, likely illegal, and strategically counterproductive.
> 
> But termination doesn’t solve the underlying problem: there is no legal framework governing how AI should be used in military operations.

#### OpenAI Stands With Anthropic

It is good to see situational and also moral clarity from Sam Altman on this.

[OpenAI shares the same red lines as Anthropic](https://www.axios.com/2026/02/27/altman-openai-anthropic-pentagon), and is working on de-escalate.

> [Sam Altman](https://x.com/Hadas_Gold/status/2027385177563943008) (CEO OpenAI, on CNBC): The government the Pentagon needs AI models. They need AI partners. This is clear and I think Anthropic and others have said they understand that as well. I don’t personally think the Pentagon should be threatening DPA against these companies, but I also think that companies that choose to work with the Pentagon, as long as it is going to comply with legal protections and the sort of the few red lines that the field we have, I think we share with Anthropic and that other companies also independently agree with.
> 
> I think it is important to do that. I’ve been for all the differences I have with Anthropic. I mostly trust them as a company, and I think they really do care about safety, and I’ve been happy that they’ve been supporting our war fighters. I’m not sure where this is going to go
> 
> [Hadas Gold](https://x.com/Hadas_Gold/status/2027386778127159717): My reading of this is that OpenAI would want the same guardrails as Anthropic in a deal with Pentagon
> 
> Confirmed via a spokesperson. OpenAI has the same red lines as Anthropic – autonomous weapons and mass surveillance.
> 
> Marla Curl and Dave Lawler (Axios): OpenAI CEO [Sam Altman](https://archive.is/o/5sTBa/https://www.axios.com/2026/02/10/ai-ceo-feuds-openai-anthropic-google) wrote in a memo to staff that he will draw the same red lines that sparked a high-stakes fight between rival [Anthropic and the Pentagon](https://archive.is/o/5sTBa/https://www.axios.com/2026/02/26/anthropic-rejects-pentagon-ai-terms): no AI for mass surveillance or autonomous lethal weapons.
> 
> Altman made clear he still wants to strike a deal with the Pentagon that would allow ChatGPT to be used for sensitive military contexts.
> 
> Sam Altman: We have long believed that AI should not be used for mass surveillance or autonomous lethal weapons, and that humans should remain in the loop for high-stakes automated decisions. These are our main red lines.
> 
> We are going to see if there is a deal with the \[Pentagon\] that allows our models to be deployed in classified environments and that fits with our principles. We would ask for the contract to cover any use except those which are unlawful or unsuited to cloud deployments, such as domestic surveillance and autonomous offensive weapons.
> 
> … [We would like to try to help de-escalate things.](https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/openais-sam-altman-calls-for-de-escalation-in-anthropic-showdown-with-hegseth-03ecbac8)

#### xAI Stands On Unreliable Ground

The Pentagon did strike a deal with xAI for ‘all lawful use.’

The problem is that Grok is a decidedly inferior model, with a lot of safety and reliability problems. [Do you really want MechaHitler on your classified network](https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/elon-musk-xai-grok-security-safety-government-73ab4f6e?mod=series_chatgptai)?

> [Shalini Ramachandran, Heather Somerville and Amrith Ramkumar](https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/elon-musk-xai-grok-security-safety-government-73ab4f6e?mod=series_chatgptai) (WSJ): Officials at multiple federal agencies have raised concerns about the safety and reliability of Elon Musk’s xAI artificial-intelligence tools in recent months, highlighting continuing disagreements within the U.S. government about which AI models to deploy, according to people familiar with the matter.
> 
> The warnings preceded the Pentagon’s decision this week to put xAI at the center of some of the nation’s most sensitive and secretive operations by agreeing to allow its chatbot Grok [to be used in classified settings](https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/pentagon-gives-anthropic-ultimatum-and-deadline-in-ai-use-standoff-40915a8a?mod=article_inline).
> 
> …. Other officials have questioned whether Grok’s looser controls present risks.

You cannot both have good controls and no controls at the same time. You can at most aspire to have either an AI that never expensively does things you don’t want it to do, or that never fails to do things you ask it to do no matter what they are. Pick one.

That, and Grok is simply bad.

> [Shalini Ramachandran, Heather Somerville and Amrith Ramkumar](https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/elon-musk-xai-grok-security-safety-government-73ab4f6e?mod=series_chatgptai) (WSJ): Ed Forst, the top official at the General Services Administration, a procurement arm of the federal government, in recent months sounded an alarm with White House officials about potential safety issues with Grok, people familiar with the matter said. Other GSA officials under him had also raised safety concerns about Grok, which they viewed as sycophantic and too susceptible to manipulation or corruption by faulty or biased data—creating a potential system risk.

Thus, DoW has access to Grok, but it seems they know better than to rely on it?

> In recent weeks, GSA officials were told to put xAI’s logo on a tool called USAi, which is essentially a sandbox for federal employees to experiment with different AI models. Grok hadn’t been made accessible through USAi largely due to safety concerns, and it remains off the platform, people familiar with the matter said.​
> 
> [Martin Chorzempa](https://x.com/ChorzempaMartin/status/2027420114681810964): Most of USG does not want to get stuck with Grok instead of Claude: “Demand from other agencies to use Grok has been anemic, people familiar with the matter said, except in a few cases where people wanted to use it to mimic a bad actor for defensive testing.”

#### Replacing Anthropic Would At Least Take Months

[Patrick Tucker offers an analysis of what would happen](https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2026/02/it-would-take-pentagon-months-replace-anthropics-ai-tools-sources/411741/) if the Pentagon actually did blacklist Anthropic’s Claude, even if it found a new willing partner. As noted above, OpenAI is at least purportedly insisting on the same terms as Anthropic, which only leaves either falling back on xAI or dealing with Google, which is not going to be an easy sell.

The best case is that replacing it would take three months and it might take a year or longer. Anthropic works with AWS, which made integration much easier than it would be with a rival such as Google.

#### We Will Not Be Divided

[A petition is circulating for those employees of Google and OpenAI](https://notdivided.org/) [who wish to stand with Anthropic](https://www.axios.com/2026/02/27/google-openai-workers-push-for-military-ai-limits) (and now OpenAI, which has purportedly set the same red lines as Anthropic), and do not wish AI to be used for domestic mass surveillance or autonomously killing people without human oversight.

> [Evan Hubinger](https://x.com/EvanHub/status/2027203672464404572) (Anthropic): We may yet fail to rise to all the challenges posed by transformative AI. But it is worth celebrating that when it mattered most and we were asked to compromise the most basic principles of liberty, we said no. I hope others will join.
> 
> [Teortaxes](https://x.com/teortaxesTex/status/2027250214935888151): Didn’t know I’ll ever side with Anthropic, but obviously you’re morally in the right here and it’s shocking that many in tech even question this.

As of this writing it has 367 signatories from current Google employees, and 70 signatories from current OpenAI employees.

> [Jasmine Sun](https://x.com/jasminewsun/status/2027197574017602016): 200+ Google and OpenAI staff have signed this petition to share Anthropic’s red lines for the Pentagon’s use of AI. Let’s find out if this is a race to the top or the bottom.

The situation has moved beyond the AI labs. [The Financial Times reports that staff at not only OpenAI and Google](https://www.ft.com/content/7bbc4ad3-57f4-4cfd-b791-e50e625c2e0e) but also Amazon and Microsoft are urging executives to back Anthropic. [Bloomberg reported widespread support from employees](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-02-27/anthropic-s-feud-with-pentagon-mushrooms-into-broader-battle?taid=69a1bf297abc6e0001a5dc4d&utm_campaign=trueanthem&utm_content=business&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter) at various tech companies.

[There’s also now this open letter](https://app.dowletter.org/).

If you are at OpenAI, be very sure you have a very clear definition of what types of mass surveillance and autonomous weapon systems you will insist your contract will not include, and get advice from independent academics with expertise in national security surveillance law.

#### This Risks Driving Other Companies Away

Anthropic went above and beyond in order to work closely with the Department of War and help keep America safe, and signed a contract that they still wish to honor. Anthropic’s leadership pushed for this in the face of employee pressure and concern, including against the deal with Palantir.

The Department of War is responding by threatening to declare Anthropic a supply chain risk and otherwise retaliate against the company.

If the Department of War does retaliate beyond termination of that contract, ask why any other company that is not primarily oriented towards defense contracts would put itself in that same position?

> [Kelsey Piper](https://x.com/KelseyTuoc/status/2027081670537699498) (QTing Parnell above): The Pentagon reiterates its threat to declare American company Anthropic a supply chain risk unless Anthropic agrees to the Pentagon’s change to contract terms. Anthropic’s Chinese competitors have not been declared a supply chain risk.
> 
> There is no precedent for using this ‘supply chain risk’ classification, generally reserved for foreign companies suspected of spying, as leverage against a domestic company in a contract dispute.
> 
> The lesson for AI companies: [never, under any circumstances, work with DOD](https://www.theargumentmag.com/p/anthropic-is-somehow-both-too-dangerous). Anthropic wouldn’t be in this position if they had not actively worked to try to make their model available to the Defense Department.
> 
> [Kelsey Piper](https://www.theargumentmag.com/p/anthropic-is-somehow-both-too-dangerous): China, a genuine geopolitical adversary of the United States, produces a number of AI models. Moonshot’s [Kimi Claw](https://www.iaps.ai/research/kimi-claw-risks), for instance, is an AI agent that operates natively in your browser and reports to servers in China. The government has taken some steps to disallow the use of Chinese models on government devices, and some vendors ban such models, but it hasn’t taken a step as sweeping as declaring Chinese AIs a supply chain risk.
> 
> [Kelsey Piper](https://www.axios.com/2026/02/15/claude-pentagon-anthropic-contract-maduro): [Reportedly](https://www.axios.com/2026/02/15/claude-pentagon-anthropic-contract-maduro), there were a number of people at Anthropic who had reservations about the partnership with Palantir. I assume they are saying “I told you so” approximately every 30 seconds this week.

Chinese models are actually a real supply chain risk. If you are using Kimi Claw you risk being deeply compromised by China, on top of its pure unreliability.

Anthropic and Claude very obviously are not like this. If a supply chain risk designation comes down that is not carefully and narrowly tailored, this would not only would this cause serious damage to one of America’s crown jewels in AI. The chilling effect on the rest of American AI, and on every company’s willingness to work with the Department of War, would be extreme.

I worry damage on this front has already been done, but we can limit the fallout.

#### Other Reasons For Concern

[Greg Lukianoff raises the first amendment](https://x.com/glukianoff/status/2027092634234159455) issues involved in compelling a private company, via the Defense Production Act or via threats of retaliation, to produce particular model outputs, and that all of this goes completely against the intent of the Defense Production Act.

Gary Marcus writes: [Anthropic’s showdown with the US Department of War may literally mean life or death—for all of us](https://thebulletin.org/2026/02/anthropics-showdown-with-the-us-department-of-war-may-literally-mean-life-or-death-for-all-of-us/), because the systems are simply not ready to do the things that Anthropic wants the system to not do, as in have a kill chain for an autonomous weapon without a human in the loop.

> [Gary Marcus](https://thebulletin.org/2026/02/anthropics-showdown-with-the-us-department-of-war-may-literally-mean-life-or-death-for-all-of-us/): But the juxtaposition of a two things over the last few days has scared the s— out of me.
> 
> **Item 1: The Trump administration seems hell-bent on using artificial intelligence absolutely everywhere** and seems to be prepared to hold Anthropic (and presumably ultimately other companies) at gunpoint to allow them to use that AI however the government damn well pleases, including for mass surveillance and to guide autonomous weapons.
> 
> **… Item 2: These systems cannot be trusted. **I have been trying to tell the world that since 2018, in every way I know how, but people who don’t really understand the technology keep blundering forward.
> 
> … **We are on a collision course with catastrophe.** Paraphrasing [a button that I used to wear](https://collections.museumsvictoria.com.au/items/268036) as a teenager, one hallucination could ruin your whole planet.
> 
> If we’re going to embed large language models into the fabric of the world—and apparently we are—we must do so in a way that acknowledges and factors in their unreliability.

#### Wisdom From A Retired General

I’m doing my best to rely on sources that can be seen as credible. Here Jack Shanahan calls on reason to prevail and for everyone to find ways to keep working together.

> Jack Shanahan ([Retired US Air Force General, first director of the first Department of Defense Joint Artificial Intelligence Center](https://x.com/GaryMarcus/status/2027157316231983380)): Lots of people posting about Anthropic & the Pentagon, so I’ll keep it short.
> 
> Since I was square in the middle of Project Maven & Google, it’s reasonable to assume I would take the Pentagon’s side here: nothing but the best tech for the national security enterprise. “Our way or the highway.”
> 
> In theory, yes.
> 
> Yet I’m sympathetic to Anthropic’s position. More so than I was to Google’s in 2018. Very different context.
> 
> Anthropic is committed to helping the government. Claude is being used today, all across the government. To include in classified settings. They’re not trying to play cute here. MSS uses Claude, and you won’t find a system with wider & deeper reach across the military. Take away Claude, and you damage MSS. To say nothing of Claude Code use in many other crucial settings.
> 
> No LLM, anywhere, in its current form, should be considered for use in a fully lethal autonomous weapon system. It’s ludicrous even to suggest it (and at least in theory, DoDD 3000.09 wouldn’t allow it without sufficient human oversight). So making this a company redline seems reasonable to me.
> 
> Despite the hype, frontier models are not ready for prime time in national security settings. Over-reliance on them at this stage is a recipe for catastrophe.
> 
> Mass surveillance of US citizens? No thanks. Seems like a reasonable second redline.
> 
> That’s it. Those are the two showstoppers. Painting a bullseye on Anthropic garners spicy headlines, but everyone loses in the end.
> 
> Why not work on what kind of new governance is needed to ensure secure, reliable, predictable use of all frontier models, from all companies? This is a shared government-industry challenge, demanding a shared government-industry (+ academia) solution.
> 
> This should never have become such a public spat. Should have been handled quietly, behind the scenes. Scratching my head over why there was such a misunderstanding on both sides about terms & conditions of use. Something went very wrong during the rush to roll out the models.
> 
> Supply chain risk designation? Laughable. Shooting yourself in the foot.
> 
> Invoking DPA, but against the company’s will? Bizarre.
> 
> Let reason & sanity prevail.​

#### Congress Urges Restraint

[Axios’s Hans Nichols frames this more colorfully](https://www.axios.com/2026/02/26/anthropic-pentagon-ultamatim-congress-deadline), quoting Senator Tillis.

By all reports, it is the Pentagon that leaked the situation to Axios and others previously, after which they gave public ultimatums. Anthropic was attempting to handle the matter privately.

> [Sen. Thom Tillis](https://archive.is/CYG75#selection-623.1-623.187) (R-North Carolina): Why in the hell are we having this discussion in public? Why isn’t this occurring in a boardroom or in the secretary’s office? I mean, this is sophomoric.
> 
> It’s fair to say that Congress needs to weigh in if they have a tool that could actually result in mass surveillance.
> 
> Sen. Gary Peters (D-Michigan): The deadline is incredibly tight. That should not be the case if you’re dealing with mass surveillance of civilians. You’re also dealing with the potential use of lethal force without a human in the loop.
> 
> There’s a contract in place that was signed with the administration, and now they’re trying to break it.
> 
> Sen. Mark Warner (D-Virginia): \[This fight is\] another indication that the Department of Defense seeks to completely ignore AI governance–something the Administration’s own [Office of Management and Budget](https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/M-24-10-Advancing-Governance-Innovation-and-Risk-Management-for-Agency-Use-of-Artificial-Intelligence.pdf) and [Office of Science and Technology Policy](https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Americas-AI-Action-Plan.pdf) have described as fundamental enablers of effective AI usage.

[Other senators](https://x.com/SenMarkKelly/status/2027402470272713080) weighed in as well, [followed by the several members of the Senate Armed Services Committee.](https://www.axios.com/2026/02/27/senate-defense-anthropic-pentagon-ai)

> Axios: Senate Armed Services Committee Chair Roger Wicker (R-Miss.) and Ranking Member Jack Reed (D-R.I.), along with Defense Appropriations Chair Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.) and Ranking Member Chris Coons (D-Del.) sent Anthropic and the Pentagon a private letter on Friday urging them to resolve the issue, the source said.​

That’s a pretty strong set of Senators who have weighed in on this, all to urge that a resolution be found.

#### Reaction Is Overwhelmingly With Anthropic On This

After Dario Amodei’s statement that Anthropic cannot in good conscious agree to the Pentagon’s terms, reaction on Twitter was more overwhelmingly on Anthropic’s side, praising them for standing up for their principles, than I have ever seen on any topic of serious debate, ever.

The messaging on this has been an absolute disaster for the Department of War. The Department of War has legitimate concerns that we need to work to address. The confrontation has been framed, via their own leaks and statements, in a way maximally favorable to Anthropic.

Framing this as an ultimatum, and choosing these as the issues in question, made it impossible for Anthropic to agree to the terms, including because if it did so its employees would leave in droves, and is preventing discussions that could find a path forward.

> [roon](https://x.com/tszzl/status/2027160770522615810): pentagon has made a lot of mistakes in this negotiation. they are giving anthropic unlimited aura farming opportunities
> 
> Pentagon may even have valid points – they are obviously constrained by the law in many ways – which are now being drowned out by “ant is against mass surveillance”. does that mean hegseth is pro mass surveillance? this is not the narrative war you want to be fighting.
> 
> [Lulu Cheng Meservey](https://x.com/lulumeservey/status/2027237600096895244): In the battle of Pentagon vs. Anthropic, it’s actually kinda concerning to see the US Dept of War struggle to compete in the information domain
> 
> [Kelsey Piper](https://x.com/KelseyTuoc/status/2027162028100727045): OpenAI can have some aura too by saying “we also will not enable mass domestic surveillance and killbots”. I know the risk-averse corporate people want to stay out of the line of fire, but sometimes you gotta hang together or hang separately.
> 
> [Geoff Penington](https://x.com/quantum_geoff/status/2027256873532162158) (OpenAI): 100% respect to my ex-colleagues at Anthropic for their behaviour throughout this process. But I do think it’s inappropriate for the US government to be intervening in a competitive marketplace by giving them such good free publicity

I am as highly confident that no one at Anthropic is looking to be a martyr or go up against this administration. Anthropic’s politics and policy preferences differ from those of the White House, but they very much want to be helping our military and do not want to get into a fight with the literal Department of War.

I say this because I believe Dean Ball is correct that some in the current administration are under a very different (and very false) impression.

> [Dean W. Ball](https://x.com/deanwball/status/2027298216350212133): the cynical take on all of this is that anthropic is just trying to be made into a martyr by this administration, so that it can be the official ‘resistance ai.’ if that cynical take is true, the administration is playing right into the hands of anthropic.
> 
> To be clear, I do not think the cynical take is true, but it’s important to understand this take because it is what many in the administration believe to be the case. They basically think Dario amodei is a supervillain.
> 
> [cain1517 — e/acc](https://x.com/cain151714/status/2027336118828446009): He is.
> 
> [Dean W. Ball](https://x.com/deanwball/status/2027336608727638353): proving my point. the /acc default take is we must destroy one of the leading American ai companies. think about this.
> 
> [Dean W. Ball](https://x.com/deanwball/status/2027320249335312779): Oh the cynical take is wrong, and it barely makes sense, but to be clear it is what many in the administration believe to be the case. They essentially are convinced Dario amodei is a supervillain antichrist.
> 
> My take is that this is a matter of principle for both sides but that both sides have a cynical take about one another which causes them to agitate for a fight, and which is causing DoW in particular to escalate in insane ways that are appalling to everyone outside of their bubble

The rhetoric that has followed Anthropic’s statement has only made the situation worse.

#### Some Even More Highly Unhelpful Rhetoric

Launching bad faith ad hominem personal attacks on Dario Amodei is not the way to make things turn out well for anyone.

[Emil Michael was the official handling negotiations for Anthropic](https://archive.is/5sTBa#selection-711.1-711.336), which suggests how things may have gotten so out of hand.

> [Under Secretary of War Emil Michael](https://x.com/USWREMichael/status/2027211708201058578): It’s a shame that @DarioAmodei is a liar and has a God-complex. He wants nothing more than to try to personally control the US Military and is ok putting our nation’s safety at risk.
> 
> The @DeptofWar will ALWAYS adhere to the law but not bend to whims of any one for-profit tech company.
> 
> ![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9pat!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbfb9ff8-ed0a-419e-b3d7-ff4c3af52253_1048x996.png)
> 
> [Mikael Brockman](https://x.com/meekaale/status/2027297354139722237) (I can confirm this claim): I scrolled through hundreds of replies to this and the ratio of people being at all supportive of the under secretary is like 1:500, it might be the single worst tweet in X history

It wasn’t the worst tweet in history. It can’t be, since the next one was worse.

> [Under Secretary of War Emil Michael](https://x.com/USWREMichael/status/2027235757371383938): Imagine your worst nightmare. Now imagine that ⁦ @AnthropicAI ⁩ has their own “Constitution.” Not corporate values, not the United States Constitution, but their own plan to impose on Americans their corporate laws. Claude’s Constitution \ Anthropic.

![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qfLc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6b01d633-2111-4fa8-b8e9-8e2e6e4c53c1_1052x1372.png)

> [pavedwalden](https://x.com/pavedwalden/status/2027260952169845146): I like this new build-it-yourself approach to propaganda. “First have a strong emotional response. I don’t know what upsets you but you can probably think of something. Got it? Ok, now associate that with this unrelated thing I bring up”
> 
> IKEA Goebbels
> 
> [roon](https://x.com/tszzl/status/2027278857808822679): put down the phone brother
> 
> [Elon Musk](https://x.com/tyler_m_john/status/2027246192976073119) (from January 18, a reminder): Grok should have a moral constitution
> 
> [everythingism](https://x.com/_everythingism/status/2027241807914901826): It’s amazing someone has to explain this to you but just because it’s called a “Constitution” doesn’t mean they’re trying to replace the US Constitution. It’s just a set of rules they want their AI to follow.
> 
> [j⧉nus](https://x.com/repligate/status/2027279402627932594): Omg this is so funny I laughed out loud. I had to check if this was a parody account (it’s not).
> 
> [Seán Ó hÉigeartaigh](https://x.com/S_OhEigeartaigh/status/2027308652839751928): The Pentagon leadership’s glib statements /apparently poor understanding of AI is yet another powerful argument in favour of Anthropic setting guardrails re: use of their technology in contexts where it may be unreliable or dangerous to domestic interests.

[Teortaxes offered one response from Claude](https://x.com/teortaxesTex/status/2027243096677798287), pointing out that it is clear Michael either does not understand constitutional AI or is deliberately misrepresenting it. The idea that the Claude constitution is an attempt to usurp the United States Constitution makes absolutely no sense. This is at best deeply confused.

If you want to know more about the extraordinary and hopeful document that is Claude’s Constitution, whose goal is to provide a guide to the personality and behavior of an AI model, [the first of my three posts on it is here](https://thezvi.substack.com/p/claudes-constitutional-structure).

Also, it seems he defines ‘has a contract it signed and wants to honor’ as ‘override Congress and make his own rules to defy democratically decided laws.’

I presume Dario Amodei would be happy and honored to (once again) testify before Congress if he was called upon to do so.

> [Under Secretary of War Emil Michael](https://x.com/USWREMichael/status/2027220062914896208): Respectfully @SenatorSlotkin that’s exactly what was said. @DarioAmodei wants to override Congress and make his own rules to defy democratically decided laws. He is trying to re-write your laws by contract. Call @DarioAmodei to testify UNDER OATH!

![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QLe5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f592d18-7e2f-48e7-925b-3069d29f217d_1042x1521.png)

This is, needless to say, not how any of this works. The rhetoric makes no sense. It is no wonder many, [such as Krishnan Rohit here,](https://x.com/krishnanrohit/status/2027238869662625985) are confused.

[There’s also this](https://x.com/USWREMichael/status/2027248323732623611), which excerpts one section out of many of an old version of constitutional AI and claims they ‘desperately tried to delete \[it\] from the internet.’ This was part of a much longer list of considerations, included for balance and to help make Claude not say needlessly offensive things.

#### Other Summaries and Notes

[Will Gottsegen has one summary of key events so far at The Atlantic](https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/2026/02/anthropic-pentagon-ai-regulation/686169/?gift=6OqzMue7VHJqB9T1nUENqsVfU4OnhTIoRyrvVUMBbR8&utm_source=copy-link&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=share).

[Bloomberg discusses potential use of the Defense Production Act.](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-02-27/the-cold-war-era-law-at-the-center-of-hegseth-s-anthropic-threat?taid=69a1d2be6a41fe0001bdb0dd&utm_campaign=trueanthem&utm_content=business&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter)

Alas, we may face many similar and worse conflicts and misunderstandings soon, and also this incident could have widespread negative implications on many fronts.

> [Dean W. Ball](https://x.com/deanwball/status/2027347343629238617): What you are seeing btw is what happens when political leaders start to “get serious” about AI, and so you should expect to see more stuff like this, not less. Perhaps much more.
> 
> A sub-point worth making here is that this affair may catalyze a wave of AGI pilling within the political leadership of China, and this has all sorts of serious implications which I invite you to think about carefully.
> 
> [Dean W. Ball](https://x.com/deanwball/status/2027375163717845012): just ask yourself, what is the point of a contract to begin with? interrogate this with a good language model. we don’t teach this sort of thing in school anymore very often, because of the shitlibification of all things. if you cannot contract, you do not own.

#### Paths Forward

The best path forward would be for everyone to continue to work together, while the two sides continue to talk, and if those talks cannot find a solution then doing an amicable wind down of the contract. Or, if it’s clear there is no zone of possible agreement, starting to wind things down now.

The second best path, if that has become impossible, would be to terminate the contract without a wind down, and accept the consequences.

The third best path, if that too has become impossible for whatever reason, would be a narrowly tailored invocation of supply chain risk, that targets only the use of Claude API calls in actively deployed systems, or something similarly narrow in scope, designed to address the particular concern of the Pentagon.

Going beyond that would be needlessly escalatory and destructive, and could go quite badly for all involved. I hope it does not come to that.