# A review of cryonics/brain preservation in 2016

_Relevance to Less Wrong_: Whether you think it is for better or worse, users on LW [are about 50,000x more likely to be signed up for cryonics than the average person](http://www.brainpreservation.org/interest-in-cryonics-from-the-less-wrong-2016-survey/). 

_Disclaimer_: I volunteer at the [Brain Preservation Foundation](http://www.brainpreservation.org/), but I speak for myself in this post and I'm only writing about publicly available information.

In 2016, cryonics remains a fringe operation. When it is discussed in the news or on social media, many express surprise that cryonics is a "real thing" outside of science fiction. Many others who do know about cryonics tend to label it a pseudoscience. Brain preservation (BP) through non-conventional cryonics methods such as those using aldehyde fixation is even more fringe, with most people not aware of it, and others dismissing it because it uses "toxic" chemicals. 

  

Here's a rundown of some events important to cryonics/BP in 2016. 

  

**Research progress**

  

\- The [Brain Preservation Foundation prize](http://www.brainpreservation.org/small-mammal-announcement/) was won in February by Robert McIntyre and Greg Fahy. Their winning technique uses glutaraldehyde fixation followed by glycerol cryoprotection (in addition to a step to improve blood-brain barrier permeability and several other components) and allows for the preservation of neural structure as verified by electron microscopy across the cortex. McIntyre has since started a company called [Nectome](https://www.nectome.com/) in part to improve and refine this procedure.

\- Aschwin de Wolf of Advanced Neural Biosciences [announced in November at the CryoSuisse conference](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUhZ6-mtWVk&t=2000s) that Advanced Neural Biosciences has developed a method that reduces dehydration in rat brain vitrification by using "brain optimized cryoprotectants." There is no peer-reviewed data or more detailed procedure available as of yet, and viability of the tissue may be a concern. 

  

**Legal progress**

  

\- In Canada, Keegan Macintosh and Carrie Wong [are challenging the anti-cryonics laws in British Columbia](http://motherboard.vice.com/read/the-only-anti-cryonics-law-in-north-america-is-being-challenged-in-court). 

\- [A right-to-die law passed in Colorado](http://www.theverge.com/2016/11/8/13520908/assisted-suicide-colorado-death-dignity-right-die-election-2016). Although not directly relevant to cryonics, it increases the number of locations where it might be possible to start brain preservation procedures in a more controlled manner by taking advantage of physician-assisted suicide in a terminally ill patient. This has been described as "cryothanasia" and is controversial both within the cryonics community and outside of it. 

\- As far as I know, cryonics and brain preservation remain illegal in France, China, and many other areas. 

  

**Current Cryonics Organizations **

  

\- Alcor

\- Cryonics Institute 

\- KrioRus. They are planning on moving to Tver, which is a few hours west of Moscow ([see Bloomberg profile](https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-decapitate-and-chill/)). 

\- Oregon Cryonics. This year, they put a hold on [allowing users to sign up through their member portal](http://www.oregoncryo.com/memberPortal.html), with the organization pivoting towards research until they can focus on "some critical cryonics research" to validate their methods. [OC was profiled by Vice in March](http://motherboard.vice.com/read/life-is-chill-when-you-believe-science-will-solve-death-cryonics). 

\- TransTime. This small cryonics company in San Leandro is still active, and [was profiled in a video in Fusion earlier this year](http://fusion.net/story/281674/real-future-episode-9-cryonics/). 

\- Osiris. This is a new, for-profit company in Florida that has so far been controversial within the cryonics community, and was [recently profiled in the Miami New Times](http://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/floridas-first-body-freezing-cryonics-facility-says-it-will-open-in-miami-8864582).  

\- There are other organizations that only do standby and/or cryoprotectant perfusion. 

  

**Essays about cryonics**

  

\- Tim Urban's [post at Wait But Why](http://waitbutwhy.com/2016/03/cryonics.html) about cryonics has wonderful diagrams explaining concepts such as why many people consider death to be a process, not an event. Like most everything Urban writes, it went viral and is still being posted on social media.  

\- Corey Pein's [article at The Baffler](http://thebaffler.com/salvos/everybody-freeze-pein) focuses primarily on critiques of Alcor and in particular Max More. 

\- In April, [an essay by Rachel Nuwer](http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160424-if-cryonics-suddenly-worked-wed-need-to-face-the-fallout) at BBC considered what would happen if cryonics worked. 

\- Neuroscientist Clive Coen critiqued cryonics in [an essay at New Humanist](https://newhumanist.org.uk/articles/5116/to-store-perchance-to-thaw) in November. 

\- In January, [PZ Myers critiqued aldehyde stabilized cryopreservation](http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2016/01/29/how-can-you-protect-a-brain-by-destroying-it/) as "wishful thinking" because it is not yet possible to upload the memories/behaviors of even a simple organism based on information extracted post-fixation. 

  

**Cryonics in the news**

  

\- In April, [a profile of Elaine Walker](http://www.cnbc.com/2016/04/26/meet-the-company-offering-a-chance-at-immortality-for-200000.html), who is signed up with Alcor, on CNBC led to a moderately large amount of press for cryonics. 

\- In August, [a profile of Steve Aoki in Rolling Stone](http://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/inside-steve-aokis-quest-for-edm-immortality-w435894), who is also signed up with Alcor, mentions his plan to do cryonics. 

\- In November, by far the biggest news story of the year about cryonics (dominating almost all of the Google trends variance) was about a [14-year-old girl who wanted cryonics and who had to go to court to prevent her father from stopping it](https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/nov/18/teenage-girls-wish-for-preservation-after-death-agreed-to-by-court). The court allowed her to be cryopreserved following her legal death. This case and related issues were covered extensively in the Guardian and other British news outlets, sparking debate about cryonics generally in the UK.