# How much do markets value Open AI?

Summary: A BOTEC indicates that Open AI might have been valued at 220-430x their annual recurring revenue, which is high but not unheard of. Various factors make this multiple hard to interpret, but it generally does not seem consistent with investors believing that Open AI will capture revenue consistent with creating transformative AI.

Overview
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*Epistemic status: revenue multiples are intended as a rough estimate of how much investors believe a company is going to grow, and I would be surprised if my estimated revenue multiple was off by more than a factor of 5. But the "strategic considerations" portion of this is a bunch of wild guesses that I feel much less confident about.*

1.  There has been some discussion about how much markets are expecting transformative AI, e.g. [here](https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/8c7LycgtkypkgYjZx/agi-and-the-emh-markets-are-not-expecting-aligned-or). One obvious question is "why isn't Open AI valued at a kajillion dollars?"
2.  I estimate that Microsoft's investment implicitly valued OAI at **220-430x their annual recurring revenue**. This is high - average multiples are [around 7x](https://www.saas-capital.com/blog-posts/private-saas-company-valuations-multiples/), but [some pharmaceutical companies](https://finviz.com/screener.ashx?v=121&f=cap_midover&o=-ps) have multiples > 1000x.[^ln5qvlqbcj8] **This would seem to support the argument that investors think that OAI is exceptional** (but not "equivalent to the Industrial Revolution" exceptional[^con4zkaub4s]).
3.  However, Microsoft received a set of benefits from the deal which make the EV multiple overstated. Based on adjustments, I can see the **actual implied multiple being anything from -2,200x to 3,200x**.
    1.  (Negative multiples imply that Microsoft got more value from access to OAI models than the amount they invested and are therefore willing to treat their investment as a liability rather than an asset.)
4.  One particularly confusing fact is that OAI's valuation appears to have gone from $14 billion in 2021 to $19 billion in 2023. Even ignoring anything about transformative AI, I would have expected that the success of ChatGPT etc. should have resulted in a more than a 35% increase.
5.  Qualitatively, my guess is that **this was a nice but not exceptional deal for OAI, and I feel confused why they took it**. One possible explanation is “the kind of people who can deploy $10B of capital are institutionally incapable of investing at > 200x revenue multiples”, which doesn’t seem crazy to me. Another explanation is that this is basically guaranteeing them a massive customer (Microsoft), and they are willing to give up some stock to get that customer.
6.  Squiggle model [here](https://www.squiggle-language.com/playground#code=eNp9Uktv2zAM%2FiuEe7HTxLHy6OoCOwxDB%2Bww7NCiJ6OGINOzBlsyZClBWuy%2Fj3Tqpi2yXWSA5Pei%2BRwNjd3fha6T7hDdeBdwPpZuK%2B2tmyoV1jK0%2FqutMLqJejv4srMGD%2BVOtkF6bQ18hlWOeWGo7pv2UP5ydu%2Bb0kmP1Iu34C2IbfIYi6VYJTTnHGOyDGYQC1jAGWACy3%2F24BFGHoc7NIE1mHFGRX7wqjDa7HDwWJVK9trLlkYEigwII%2Fcl7sqOIum%2BHf2dzbSAjxzs6EWxMJUelA3GMzHNpuvCDCidakaKkTZdce70UzKauqZ3M2Wa0JTB1rVW%2BIoSa8zHyRlcqOAckoQ0JlCEV20gbrHm3WWssEpIgat5eg0X8OPu2z3cPsCUsDDyKbiTQixIgWGYn3A0VP0OY9rTNmj47GpmcPSw3izTDbuN0%2BMvTrdshTz0ztba0wdrpAjqxfTVuBCSXdDM9GcUSXDbWNfJNs7mgjnid9u8hHdruoQ3kRLiOpZtDVIpHAaW%2BfnlO51Ohe0wJ4nQVtyjg%2BYeat%2Bgg146fyjMh2s4t4j%2FHkP05y%2FoyRSd)
7.  It would be cool if someone did a similar write up about Anthropic, although publicly available information on them is slim. My guess is that they will have an even higher revenue multiple (maybe infinite? I'm not sure if they had revenue when they first raised).

Details
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*   Valuation: $19B
    *   A bunch of news sites (e.g. [here](https://www.semafor.com/article/01/09/2023/microsoft-eyes-10-billion-bet-on-chatgpt)) reported that Microsoft invested $10 billion to value OAI at $29 billion. I assume that this valuation is post money, meaning the pre-money valuation is 19 billion.
    *   Although [this site](https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/chatgpts-creator-openai-doubled-value-151239313.html) says that they were valued at $14 billion in 2021, meaning that they only increased in value 35% the past two years. This seems weird, but I guess it is consistent with the view that markets aren’t valuing the possibility of TAI.
*   Revenue: $54M/year
    *   [Reuters claims](https://www.reuters.com/business/chatgpt-owner-openai-projects-1-billion-revenue-by-2024-sources-2022-12-15/) they are projecting $200M revenue in 2023. 
    *   FastCompany [says](https://www.fastcompany.com/90850342/openai-mira-murati-chatgpt-dall-e-gpt-4) they made $30 million in 2022.
    *   If the deal closed in early 2023, then presumably annual projections of their monthly revenue were higher than $30 million, though it's unclear how much. 
    *   Let’s arbitrarily say MRR will increase 10x this year, implying a monthly growth rate of 10^(1/12) = 1.22
    *   Solving the geometric series of 200 =  x * (1-1.22^12) / (1 -1.22) we get that their first month revenue is $4.46M, a run rate of $53.52M/year
*   Other factors:
    *   The vast majority of the investment is going to be spent on Microsoft services. Azure [supposedly has](https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/21/google-leaked-doc-microsoft-azure-losing-money-on-29-bln-in-revenue.html) a 30% profit margin, although I would not be that surprised to learn that this deal involved Microsoft selling services below their nominal value. But this also presumably has some strategic value for Azure so I’m just going to consider this a 30% cut on the cost of capital.
    *   Profit: Microsoft gets 75% of OAI profit until it recoups its investment, then gets 49%. Since their investment should have only given them a 34% stake this could be seen as actually valuing OAI at something like (.34/.49) * $19B = $13.2B.
    *   Profit cap: Importantly, there is some profit cap, although the amount has not been disclosed as far as I can tell. Their [founding announcement](https://openai.com/blog/openai-lp) says “Returns for our first round of investors are capped at 100x their investment (commensurate with the risks in front of us), and we expect this multiple to be lower for future rounds as we make further progress.” I don't really know how to value this, and I also don’t know what the actual limit was for this round, apart from the “expectation” that it’s <100. I don't think there's ever been a historical instance of a $10 billion investment generating >100 X returns. Also, I'm not sure if this is limiting the value of their shares, their profit, or both. I would guess that the Microsoft analysts working on this deal didn't change their valuation estimate of open AI very much based on this cap, but who knows.
*   Strategic value to Microsoft: 
    *   Microsoft gets access to use open AI models in a bunch of its products as part of this deal. This seems really hard to estimate but I will try to make up some numbers.
    *   In this section I’m going to assume a 30% annual discount rate because the future is uncertain. This number is made up.
    *   Bing
        *   “Search and news advertising revenue increased $100 million or 3%. Search and news advertising revenue excluding traffic acquisition costs increased 10% driven by higher search volume and the Xandr acquisition.” - [earnings release](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/investor/earnings/fy-2023-q3/more-personal-computing-performance)
        *   Microsoft [bragged](https://blogs.bing.com/search/march_2023/The-New-Bing-and-Edge-%E2%80%93-Momentum-from-Our-First-Month/) about passing 100 million DAUs for the first time, but this honestly looks to me like pretty normal growth? Q3 was their slowest growing quarter in the past year. 
        *   So I don’t know, say chat is responsible for 20-70% of this revenue increase?
    *   Office
        *   Office drives a lot more revenue than search for Microsoft, and my subjective impression is that AI could be extraordinarily powerful for their sales, but there aren't hard numbers to go off of
        *   I'm just going to say it that using OAI models could increase their growth rate 0-2x for one year and this is valued at 9.8 times revenue (Microsoft’s current multiple)
        *   … this alone is worth more than $10 billion
    *   Azure
        *   [This post](https://tomtunguz.com/cloud-earnings-q223/) infers from Microsoft public statements that Azure ML currently has a $900 million run rate and the number of customers (though not necessarily the amount of revenue) has 10x’d quarter over quarter.
        *   So maybe say this is another 1-$2 billion of revenue?
*   Strategic value to Open AI
    *   All of the above instances of strategic value to Microsoft are arguably also instances of strategic value to open AI: Microsoft will presumably need to pay OAI some fee each time they use one of their models, and which party gains more from that trade is unclear.
    *   For simplicity I'm just going to say that OAI stands to gain a similar amount to Microsoft and not model this separately
*   Net value
    *   I honestly have no clue which entity stands to benefit more from this partnership
    *   I’m just going to model this as a normal distribution centered around 0, though this is very made up

*I received a number of helpful comments on a draft of this, particularly from two anonymous reviewers.*

[^ln5qvlqbcj8]: Thanks to Pat Myron for this link. 

[^con4zkaub4s]: Someone asked: do we have any historical examples of companies growing enough to actually get a 100x return at this scale? I think there are some, though not many: Saudi Aramco IPO’d at $1.88T, almost exactly 100 times OAI’s $19B valuation.