# A Sketch of Good Communication

"Often I compare my own Fermi estimates with those of other people, and that’s sort of cool, but what’s way more interesting is when they share what variables and models they used to get to the estimate."

– Oliver Habryka*, at a model building workshop at FHI in 2016*

* * *

One question that people in the AI x-risk community often ask is

> "By what year do you assign a 50% probability of human-level AGI?"

We go back and forth with statements like "Well, I think you're not updating enough on AlphaGo Zero." "But did you know that person X has 50% in 30 years? You should weigh that heavily in your calculations."

However, 'timelines' is not the interesting question. The interesting parts are in the causal models *behind* the estimates. Some possibilities:

*   Do you have a story about how the brain in fact implements back-propagation, and thus whether current ML techniques have all the key insights?
*   Do you have a story about the reference class of human brains and monkey brains and evolution, that gives a forecast for how hard intelligence is and as such whether it’s achievable this century?
*   Do you have a story about the amount of resources flowing into the problem, that uses factors like 'Number of PhDs in ML handed out each year' and 'Amount of GPU available to the average PhD'?

Timelines is an area where many people discuss one variable all the time, where in fact the interesting disagreement is much deeper. Regardless of whether our 50% dates are close, when you and I have different models we will often recommend contradictory strategies for reducing x-risk.

For example, Eliezer Yudkowsky, Robin Hanson, and Nick Bostrom all have different timelines, but their models tell such different stories about what’s happening in the world that focusing on timelines instead of the broad differences in their overall pictures is a red herring.

(If in fact two very different models converge *in many places*, this is indeed evidence of them both capturing the same thing - and the more different the two models are, the more likely this factor is ‘truth’. But if two models significantly disagree on strategy and outcome yet hit the same 50% confidence date, and we should not count this as agreement.)

Let me sketch a general model of communication.

A Sketch
--------

**Step 1:** You each have a different model that predicts a different probability for a certain event.

![](https://39669.cdn.cke-cs.com/rQvD3VnunXZu34m86e5f/images/6776c4fc859e07c00823cebfcda5ddbf9229a9a31d4b187a.png)

“I see your probability of reaching human level AGI in the next 25 years is 0.6, whereas mine is 0.3.”

**Step 2:** You talk until you have understood how they see the world.

![](https://39669.cdn.cke-cs.com/rQvD3VnunXZu34m86e5f/images/cec3562d7738616d6f59927f4f7dd0877960644e5af5454b.png)

“I understand that your model is that all the funding and excitement means that the very best researchers of the next generation will be working on this problem in 10 years or so, and you think there’s a big difference between a lot of average researchers versus having a few peak researchers.”

**Step 3:** You do some cognitive work to integrate the evidences and ontologies of you and them, and this implies a new probability.

![](https://39669.cdn.cke-cs.com/rQvD3VnunXZu34m86e5f/images/9ecd1ead456def5e35ef16145df0b37c52ee5c37ce4a5fdf.png)

“I have some models from neuroscience that suggest the problem is very hard. I'd thought you thought the problem was easy. But I agree that the greatest researchers (Feynmans, von Neumans, etc) can make significantly bigger jumps than the median researcher."  
  
"If we were simply increasing the absolute number of average researchers in the field, then I’d still expect AGI much slower than you, but if now we factor in the very peak researchers having big jumps of insight (for the rest of the field to capitalise on), then I think I actually have shorter timelines than you.”

One of the common issues I see with disagreements in general is people jumping prematurely to the third diagram before spending time getting to the second one. It’s as though if you both agree on the decision node, then you must surely agree on all the other nodes.

I prefer to spend an hour or two sharing models, before trying to *change* either of our minds. It otherwise creates false consensus, rather than successful communication. Going directly to Step 3 can be the right call when you’re on a logistics team and need to make a decision quickly, but is quite inappropriate for research, and in my experience the most important communication challenges are around deep intuitions.

Don't practice coming to agreement; practice exchanging models.

Something other than Good Reasoning
-----------------------------------

Here’s an alternative thing you might do after Step 1. This is where you haven't changed your model, but decide to agree with the other person anyway.

![](https://39669.cdn.cke-cs.com/rQvD3VnunXZu34m86e5f/images/7fd6e060f7bfc7e0238998cd8e9f9a6786b9e83c85e8ad9c.png)

This doesn’t make *any* sense but people try it anyway, especially when they’re talking to high status people and/or experts. “Oh, okay, I’ll try hard to believe what the expert said, so I look like I know what I’m talking about.”

![](https://39669.cdn.cke-cs.com/rQvD3VnunXZu34m86e5f/images/a71017e760079ff01d07c7b1cbec27007199ca607dd96d79.png)

This last one is the *worst*, because it means you can’t notice your confusion any more. It represents “Ah, I notice that p = 0.6 is inconsistent with my model, therefore I will *throw out my model*.” Equivalently, “Oh, I don’t understand something, so *I’ll stop trying.*”

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*This is the first post in a series of short thoughts on epistemic rationality, integrity, and curiosity. My thanks to Jacob Lagerros and Alex Zhu for comments on drafts.*

*Descriptions of your experiences of successful communication about subtle intuitions (in any domain) are welcomed.*