# Consider The Hand Axe

A long time ago, some primitive apes got addicted to rocks.

The earliest [stone tools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_tool) were crude bastards, made by smashing large river pebbles together and calling it a day.

[![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_lossy/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639e4292-55eb-405b-97e7-9e2e460f8e01_1000x557.gif)](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F639e4292-55eb-405b-97e7-9e2e460f8e01_1000x557.gif)

[José-Manuel Benito Álvarez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chopping_tool.gif)

Stone choppers like the one above took the prehistoric neighborhood by storm almost 3 million years ago. However dull the tools themselves may have been, this was *the* cutting-edge technology for literally *more than a million years*, a timescale I have no capacity of comprehending. Not until around 1.7 *million* years ago (again, no idea what this means) that someone got the bright idea of chipping away both sides of a rock. You can see [what the (tedious) process looks like.](https://youtu.be/BwmpNKWGdGw)

The end result is the unassuming tear-drop shaped [hand axe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_axe), by far the longest used tool in human history. There are no accessories here with the hand axe, its name comes from the fact that you use it by holding it directly with your hands:

[![undefined](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffcecc676-0302-4e18-bff9-8951a2b1860d_950x900.png)](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffcecc676-0302-4e18-bff9-8951a2b1860d_950x900.png)

[José-Manuel Benito Álvarez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_axe#/media/File:Agarre_de_un_bifaz.png)

On top of being tedious and painful to make, you can imagine that it’s not terribly comfortable to hold while using. Hand axes also have to be somewhat bulky because of the necessity of combining the sharp useful end with the blunt holding end. But what if — stay with me for a second — instead of holding the thing directly with our pathetic squishy hands, we held something that “handled” the tool for us? It took humans about another *million* years to discover hafting, with the earliest examples from around 500,000 years ago but the technique didn’t really find its stride until the [microlith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlith) era of stone tools around 35,000 years ago.

Then humans found metal.

* * *

> *"Technological advance is an inherently iterative process. One does not simply take sand from the beach and produce a Dataprobe. We use crude tools to fashion better tools, and then our better tools to fashion more precise tools, and so on. Each minor refinement is a step in the process, and all of the steps must be taken."*
> 
> – Chairman Sheng-ji Yang, "[Looking God in the Eye](https://civilization.fandom.com/wiki/Polymorphic_Software_(SMAC))"

The historian Bret Devereaux has an excellent and highly-recommended [series on the history of iron](https://acoup.blog/2020/09/18/collections-iron-how-did-they-make-it-part-i-mining/). The popular depiction of iron being a rare commodity (typified within medieval and fantasy genre) obscures some of the reality. As a material, iron is *extremely* abundant — the fourth most common element in the Earth’s crust, making up 5% of its mass. The hurdle with iron wasn’t finding it but rather getting it out of the ground and into a useable form. It required a lot of dead trees and broken shins. One of the illustrations Devereaux cited is from 1556, and shows how workers wore shin protection as they crushed the ore into useable chunks:

[![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9266cf3d-4aeb-42b4-8598-c4c8b38ac719_596x548.png)](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9266cf3d-4aeb-42b4-8598-c4c8b38ac719_596x548.png)

Think about how many mangled limbs had to accumulate before medieval OSHA cared enough about this hazard. After the ore is dug out of the ground, the next hurdle was figuring out how to reach the high temperatures needed for processing. Because of how finicky iron is about absorbing too much carbon, the only feasible avenue was charcoal, which is made from wood, which is [cut from *many many* trees](https://acoup.blog/2020/09/25/collections-iron-how-did-they-make-it-part-ii-trees-for-blooms/). As Devereaux notes:

> To put that in some perspective, a Roman legion (roughly 5,000 men) in the Late Republic might have carried into battle around 44,000kg (c. 48.5 tons) of iron – not counting pots, fittings, picks, shovels and other tools we know they used. That iron equipment in turn might represent the mining of around 541,200kg (c. 600 tons) of ore, smelted with 642,400kg (c. 710 tons) of charcoal, made from 4,620,000kg (c. 5,100 tons) of wood. Cutting the wood and making the charcoal *alone*, from our figures above, might represent something like (I am assuming our charcoal-burners are working in teams) 80,000 man-days of labor. For one legion.

To understate it, much has changed since. A stainless steel spoon today is a trivially manufactured artifact. But just the material from that spoon would have represented thousands of times its weight in stone and tree, all excavated by hand. I think about what this spoon, held in the palm of my hand, would have previously cost in terms of human toil and crushed limbs.

* * *

This post is about AI.

I feel like I’m holding a hand axe right now, while everyone around me is revving up their chainsaws. I feel like I’m a peasant awestruck at the intricacies of a steel spoon, unaware of its bargain bin progeny.

It’s difficult, and exhausting, to keep up with the pace of AI developments. I also question my ability to make any sort of [concrete or realistic predictions in this field](https://ymeskhout.substack.com/p/near-term-risks-of-an-obedient-artificial), so I’ll try to keep it semi-grounded in the present.

What already seems evident is that, even if we assume a complete halt to any further developments, content creation is *already* utterly trivialized. Do you want a picture of a cat riding a unicycle while smoking a hookah? Here’s 50. Do you want those same drawings but done as if Picasso was tripping out on LSD? Done. Do you want the script from an 80-episode television series involving these psychedelic Picasso unicycle cats as they work to solve a murder mystery on a cruise ship in a black hole? And you want each cat voiced by a different rap artist from Kanye West to DMX? Why not also make it a choose-your-own adventure series controlled by each viewer? Sure, whatever, done. Some of these require a little work to stitch together, but you can have it all.

Part of where my feelings are settling are a bizarre mix of trepidation, ennui, fatigue, and…excitement? I’m not the only one to ever experience mild frustration that a given movie, TV show, book, video game, etc. wasn’t *exactly* just right, and if only the creators changed this *one* thing that would’ve been so much better.

I encounter this feeling constantly with video games and for that same reason I tend to gravitate towards extensively modifying big-budget video games to my liking with mods. For a period of time, I definitely sunk in *more* hours finding, installing, and configuring Skyrim mods than actually playing the game itself. This was only possible because *other* people were insane enough to pop the hood open and get their hands dirty. If I wanted cold weather survival elements added to Skyrim, I was lucky enough that [someone else had the gumption](https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/11163) to analyze the game files, draft up pseudo-scripts, and collect custom-made assets into a coherent package that actually worked.

I also appreciate the esoterism of open-source oeuvres made entirely by coding hobbyists, like the suburban apocalypse simulator [Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead](https://www.vault.themotte.org/post/reviewing_the_game_cataclysm_dark_days_ahead). Cataclysm is a jury-rigged amalgamation, cobbled together over the years by dozens of drive-by developers. Some aspects of the game are painfully undercooked, such as the lack of any real ending, while others are pathologically overdeveloped, such as the ridiculously intricate vehicle physics system which manages to accurately simulate *drag resistance* in a game where no one will ever know the difference. The only reason there’s any progress made on these projects is because there are enough enthusiasts roaming around with actual coding talent, but they’ll only chase after their own whims and then move on. Anyone else with ideas either has to convince one of these sensei to take up their cause, or drudge through hours of coding tutorials on YouTube to ever stand a chance. Lots of fields stay fallow then.

Outside of play and in the realm of work, much of my time is chasing after tedium. A few tasks manage to reliably trigger my procrastination reflex with the main one being legal research and writing. Let’s say I’m trying to have incriminating statements or evidence suppressed. If the scenario is even slightly interesting, I am not likely to find a case precedent within my jurisdiction that is perfectly on point. Instead, I dump a few search terms into a legal database and then spend *hours* with dozens of tabs open, dutifully reviewing each hoping I can find enough adjacent precedent to triangulate into an answer into my own case. Judicial opinions are almost never written in a uniform manner, so I often find myself realizing a given case is worthless only after already wasting several minutes reviewing it. After all that research, I have to synthesize it into something legally accurate without boring the overworked judge to death.

It’s all tedious boring work. It’s also a perfect use-case scenario for chatGPT because it would be trivial for me to just *ask* it to quickly find and summarize whatever is analogous to what I’m looking for, then write something custom-tailored. The day that [Westlaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westlaw) incorporates chatGPT is the day that Thomson Reuters will become a pseudo-branch of the Treasury Department, for its ability to just print money from the legal profession. To be clear, my concern here is not job loss. I imagine that with greater productivity comes greater expectations, especially with AI helpers at our side.

* * *

I wonder, why bother with any of it now?

On the consumption side, whatever game I choose to play now will only get way better in a few months as I’m able to trivially customize it to my mind’s whim. Same with whatever television show, or movie, or book. Or existence.

On the production side there’s so much more I want to write but I also wonder, why bother writing anything if it’s just going to be swallowed up whole and incorporated into the labyrinthian halls of a Borges infinite library. Realistically the only effect this post will ultimately leave upon the world is a faint whisper of an errant memory. The rest will either be carved up into individual tokens or buried under a figurative mountain of indecipherable pages. I see the entire corpus of mankind’s creative output as a tiny ship, a gnat really, about to swallowed by a towering ocean wave. Part of me just wants to sit and wait for the flood.

I wrote this entire post without chatGPT, to prove something I guess. It took hours. I had to look up some new concepts, read enough to understand them, revisit old essays I read, and review them to refresh my memory. After all that, I had to use my dumb fingers to tap buttons on my dumb keyboard, over and over again.

I’m the idiot holding the hand axe. I’m the imbecile mangling my shins with rock debris. Why bother?