# AI #102: Made in America

I remember that week I used r1 a lot, and everyone was obsessed with DeepSeek.

They earned it. DeepSeek cooked, r1 is an excellent model. Seeing the Chain of Thought was revolutionary. We all learned a lot.

It’s still #1 in the app store, there are still hysterical misinformed NYT op-eds and and calls for insane reactions in all directions and plenty of jingoism to go around, largely based on that highly misleading $6 millon cost number for DeepSeek’s v3, and a misunderstanding of how AI capability curves move over time.

But like the tariff threats that’s now so yesterday now, for those of us that live in the unevenly distributed future.

All my reasoning model needs go through o3-mini-high, and Google’s fully unleashed Flash Thinking for free. Everyone is exploring OpenAI’s Deep Research, even in its early form, and I finally have an entity capable of writing faster than I do.

And, as always, so much more, even if we stick to AI and stay in our lane.

Buckle up. It’s probably not going to get less crazy from here.

#### Table of Contents

From this week: [**o3-mini Early Days and the OpenAI AMA**](https://thezvi.substack.com/p/o3-mini-early-days?r=67wny), [**We’re in Deep Research**](https://thezvi.substack.com/p/were-in-deep-research?r=67wny) and [The Risk of Gradual Disempowerment from AI](https://thezvi.substack.com/p/the-risk-of-gradual-disempowerment?r=67wny).

1.  [Language Models Offer Mundane Utility.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/language-models-offer-mundane-utility) The new coding language is vibes.
2.  [o1-Pro Offers Mundane Utility.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/o1-pro-offers-mundane-utility) Tyler Cowen urges you to pay up already.
3.  [We’re in Deep Research.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/we-re-in-deep-research) Further reviews, mostly highly positive.
4.  [Language Models Don’t Offer Mundane Utility.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/language-models-don-t-offer-mundane-utility) Do you need to bootstrap thyself?
5.  [Model Decision Tree.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/model-decision-tree) Sully offers his automated use version.
6.  [Huh, Upgrades.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/huh-upgrades) Gemini goes fully live with its 2.0 offerings.
7.  [Bot Versus Bot.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/bot-versus-bot) Wouldn’t you prefer a good game of chess?
8.  [The OpenAI Unintended Guidelines.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/the-openai-unintended-guidelines) Nothing I’m conscious of to see here.
9.  [**Peter Wildeford on DeepSeek**.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/peter-wildeford-on-deepseek) A clear explanation of why we all got carried away.
10.  [Our Price Cheap.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/our-price-cheap) What did DeepSeek’s v3 and r1 actually cost?
11.  [Otherwise Seeking Deeply.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/otherwise-seeking-deeply) Various other DeepSeek news, a confused NYT op-ed.
12.  [Smooth Operator.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/smooth-operator) Not there yet. [Keep practicing](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7v7avqqzh0&ab_channel=ZeBlitzkrieg).
13.  [Have You Tried Not Building An Agent?](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/have-you-tried-not-building-an-agent) I tried really hard.
14.  [Deepfaketown and Botpocalypse Soon.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/deepfaketown-and-botpocalypse-soon) Free Google AI phone calls, IG AI chats.
15.  [They Took Our Jobs.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/they-took-our-jobs) It’s going to get rough out there.
16.  [The Art of the Jailbreak.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/the-art-of-the-jailbreak) Think less.
17.  [Get Involved.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/get-involved) Anthropic offers a universal jailbreak competition.
18.  [Introducing.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/introducing) DeepWriterAI.
19.  [In Other AI News.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/in-other-ai-news) Never mind that Google pledge to not use AI for weapons.
20.  [**Theory of the Firm**.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/theory-of-the-firm) What would a fully automated AI firm look like?
21.  [Quiet Speculations.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/quiet-speculations) Is the product layer where it is at? What’s coming next?
22.  [The Quest for Sane Regulations.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/the-quest-for-sane-regulations) We are very much not having a normal one.
23.  [The Week in Audio.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/the-week-in-audio) Dario Amodei, Dylan Patel and more.
24.  [Rhetorical Innovation.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/rhetorical-innovation) Only attack those putting us at risk when they deserve it.
25.  [Aligning a Smarter Than Human Intelligence is Difficult.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/aligning-a-smarter-than-human-intelligence-is-difficult) If you can be fooled.
26.  [The Alignment Faking Analysis Continues.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/the-alignment-faking-analysis-continues) Follow-ups to the original finding.
27.  [**Masayoshi Son Follows Own Advice**.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/masayoshi-son-follows-own-advice) Protein is very important.
28.  [People Are Worried About AI Killing Everyone.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/people-are-worried-about-ai-killing-everyone) The pope and the patriarch.
29.  [You Are Not Ready.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/you-are-not-ready) Neither is the index measuring this, but it’s a start.
30.  [Other People Are Not As Worried About AI Killing Everyone.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/other-people-are-not-as-worried-about-ai-killing-everyone) A word, please.
31.  [The Lighter Side.](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156107201/the-lighter-side) At long last.

#### Language Models Offer Mundane Utility

[You can subvert OpenAI’s geolocation check with a VPN](https://x.com/intellectronica/status/1886453405138268390), but of course never do that.

[Help you be a better historian, generating interpretations, analyzing documents](https://resobscura.substack.com/p/the-leading-ai-models-are-now-very?utm_medium=web&triedRedirect=true). This is a very different modality than the average person using AI to ask questions, or for trying to learn known history.

[Diagnose your child’s teeth problems](https://x.com/politicalmath/status/1885162704823804282).

[Figure out who will be mad about your tweets.](https://x.com/goblinodds/status/1885530824352657467) Next time, we ask in advance!

> [GFodor](https://x.com/gfodor/status/1886113533131428041): o3-mini-high is an excellent “buddy” for reading technical papers and asking questions and diving into areas of misunderstanding or confusion. Latency/IQ tradeoff is just right. Putting this into a great UX would be an amazing product.
> 
> Right now I’m suffering through copy pasting and typing and stuff, but having a UI where I could have a PDF on the left, highlight sections and spawn chats off of them on the right, and go back to the chat trees, along with voice input to ask questions, would be great.
> 
> (I \*don’t\* want voice output, just voice input. Seems like few are working on that modality. Asking good questions seems easier in many cases to happen via voice, with the LLM then having the ability to write prose and latex to explain the answer).
> 
> Ryan: give me 5 hours. [ill send a link](https://t.co/OThgrZbC9d).

I’m not ready to put my API key into a random website, but that’s how AI should work these days. You don’t like the UI, build a new one. I don’t want voice input myself, but highlighting and autoloading and the rest all sound cool.

Indeed, that was the killer app for which I bought a Daylight computer. I’ll report back when it finally arrives.

Meanwhile the actual o3-mini-high interface doesn’t even let you to upload the PDF.

[Consensus on coding for now seems to be](https://x.com/TabulaStellar/status/1886456650690916379) leaning in the direction that you [use Claude Sonnet 3.6 for a majority of ordinary tasks](https://x.com/amasad/status/1885589058581410188), o1-pro or o3-mini-high for harder ones and one shots, but reasonable people disagree.

Karpathy has mostly moved on fully to “vibe coding,” it seems.

> Andrej Karpathy: There’s a new kind of coding I call “vibe coding”, where you fully give in to the vibes, embrace exponentials, and forget that the code even exists. It’s possible because the LLMs (e.g. Cursor Composer w Sonnet) are getting too good.
> 
> Also I just talk to Composer with SuperWhisper so I barely even touch the keyboard. I ask for the dumbest things like “decrease the padding on the sidebar by half” because I’m too lazy to find it.
> 
> I “Accept All” always, I don’t read the diffs anymore.
> 
> When I get error messages I just copy paste them in with no comment, usually that fixes it. The code grows beyond my usual comprehension, I’d have to really read through it for a while. Sometimes the LLMs can’t fix a bug so I just work around it or ask for random changes until it goes away. It’s not too bad for throwaway weekend projects, but still quite amusing. I’m building a project or webapp, but it’s not really coding – I just see stuff, say stuff, run stuff, and copy paste stuff, and it mostly works.
> 
> Lex Fridman: YOLO ![🤣](https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/wpcom-smileys/twemoji/2/72x72/1f923.png)
> 
> How long before the entirety of human society runs on systems built via vibe coding. No one knows how it works. It’s just chatbots all the way down ![🤣](https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/wpcom-smileys/twemoji/2/72x72/1f923.png)
> 
> PS: I’m currently like a 3 on the 1 to 10 slider from non-vibe to vibe coding. Need to try 10 or 11.
> 
> [Sully:](https://x.com/SullyOmarr/status/1887156980009300408) realizing something after vibe coding: defaults matter way more than i thought
> 
> when i use supabase/shadcn/popular oss: claude + cursor just 1 shots everything without me paying attention
> 
> trying a new new, less known lib?
> 
> rarely works, composer sucks, etc

Based on my experience with cursor I have so many questions on how that can actually work out, then again maybe I should just be doing more projects and webapps.

I do think Sully is spot on about vibe coding rewarding doing the same things everyone else is doing. The AI will constantly try to do default things, and draw upon its default knowledge base. If that means success, great. If not, suddenly you have to do actual work. No one wants that.

[Sully interpretes](https://x.com/SullyOmarr/status/1886242210246746586) features like Canvas and Deep Research as indicating the app layer is ‘where the value is going to be created.’ As always the question is who can provide the unique step in the value chain, capture the revenue, own the customer and so on, customers want the product that is useful to them as they always do, and you can think of ‘the value’ as coming from whichever part of the chain depending on perspective.

It is true that for many tasks, we’ve past the point where ‘enough intelligence’ is the main problem at hand. So getting that intelligence into the right package and UI is going to drive customer behavior more than being marginally smarter… except in the places where you need all the intelligence you can get.

[Anthropic reminds us of their Developer Console](https://www.anthropic.com/news/prompt-improver) [for all your prompting needs](https://console.anthropic.com/login?returnTo=%2F%3F), they say they’re working on adapting it for reasoning models.

[Nate Silver offers practical advice in preparing for the AI future](https://www.natesilver.net/p/sbsq-17-how-should-you-prepare-for?utm_source=post-email-title&publication_id=1198116&post_id=156186199&utm_campaign=email-post-title&isFreemail=false&r=67wny&triedRedirect=true&utm_medium=email). He recommends staying on top of things, treating the future as unpredictable, and to focus on building the best complements to intelligence, such as personal skills.

New York Times op-ed pointing out once again that [doctors with access to AI can underperform the AI alone](https://erictopol.substack.com/p/when-doctors-with-ai-are-outperformed?utm_source=post-email-title&publication_id=587835&post_id=156304196&utm_campaign=email-post-title&isFreemail=true&r=9999&triedRedirect=true&utm_medium=email), if the doctor is insufficiently deferential to the AI. Everyone involved here is way too surprised by this result.

[Daniel Litt explains why o3-mini-high gave him wrong answers](https://x.com/littmath/status/1885716675330248779) to a bunch of math questions but they were decidedly better wrong answers than he’d gotten from previous models, and far more useful.

#### o1-Pro Offers Mundane Utility

[Tyler Cowen gets more explicit about what o1 Pro offers us](https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2025/02/o1-pro.html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=o1-pro).

I’m quoting this one in full.

> Tyler Cowen: Often I don’t write particular posts because I feel it is obvious to everybody. Yet it rarely is.
> 
> So here is my post on o1 pro, soon to be followed by o3 pro, and Deep Research is being distributed, which uses elements of o3. (So far it is amazing, btw.)
> 
> o1 pro is the smartest publicly issued knowledge entity the human race has created (aside from Deep Research!). Adam Brown, who does physics at a world class level, put it well in his recent podcast with Dwarkesh. Adam said that if he had a question about something, the best answer he would get is from calling up one of a handful of world experts on the topic. The second best answer he would get is from asking the best AI models.
> 
> Except, at least for the moment, you don’t need to make that plural. There is a single best model, at least when it comes to tough questions (it is more disputable which model is the best and most creative writer or poet).
> 
> I find it very difficult to ask o1 pro an economics question it cannot answer. I can do it, but typically I have to get very artificial. It can answer, and answer well, any question I might normally pose in the course of typical inquiry and pondering. As Adam indicated, I think only a relatively small number of humans in the world can give better answers to what I want to know.
> 
> In an economics test, or any other kind of naturally occurring knowledge test I can think of, it would beat all of you (and me).
> 
> Its rate of hallucination is far below what you are used to from other LLMs.
> 
> Yes, it does cost $200 a month. It is worth that sum to converse with the smartest entity yet devised. I use it every day, many times. I don’t mind that it takes some time to answer my questions, because I have plenty to do in the meantime.
> 
> I also would add that if you are not familiar with o1 pro, your observations about the shortcomings of AI models should be discounted rather severely. And o3 pro is due soon, presumably it will be better yet.
> 
> The reality of all this will disrupt many plans, most of them not directly in the sphere of AI proper. And thus the world wishes to remain in denial. It amazes me that this is not the front page story every day, and it amazes me how many people see no need to shell out $200 and try it for a month, or more.

Economics questions in the Tyler Cowen style are like complex coding questions, in the wheelhouse of what o1 pro does well. I don’t know that I would extend this to ‘all tough questions,’ and for many purposes inability to browse the web is a serious weakness, which of course Deep Research fully solves.

Whereas they types of questions I tend to be curious about seem to have been a much worse fit, so far, for what reasoning models can do. They’re still super useful, but ‘the smartest entity yet devised’ does not, in my contexts, yet seem correct.

#### We’re in Deep Research

[Tyler Cowen sees OpenAI’s Deep Research (DR), and is super impressed](https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2025/02/deep-research.html) with the only issue being lack of originality. He is going to use its explanation of Ricardo in his history of economics class, straight up, over human sources. He finds the level of accuracy and clarity stunning, on most any topic. He says ‘it does not seem to make errors.’

I wonder how much of his positive experience is his selection of topics, how much is his good prompting, how much is perspective and how much is luck. Or something else? Lots of others report plenty of hallucinations. Some more theories here at the end of this section.

[Ruben Bloom throws DR at his wife’s](https://x.com/ruben_bloom/status/1886974724439482716) cancer from back in 2020, finds it wouldn’t have found anything new but would have saved him substantial amounts of time, even on net after having to read all the output.

[Nick Cammarata asks Deep Research for a five page paper](https://x.com/nickcammarata/status/1887006557495578689) about whether he should buy one of the cookies the gym is selling, the theory being it could supercharge his workout. The answer was that it’s net negative to eat the cookie, but much less negative than working out is positive either way, so if it’s motivating go for it.

[Is it already happening?](https://x.com/allgarbled/status/1886947579004641336) I take no position on whether this particular case is real, but this class of thing is about to be very real.

![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa406dfc8-b40d-4571-8df4-c9d8e83c2896_1043x1013.png)

> Janus: This seems fake. It’s not an unrealistic premise or anything, it just seems like badly written fake dialogue. Pure memetic regurgitation, no traces of a complex messy generating function behind it
> 
> Garvey: I don’t think he would lie to me. He’s a very good friend of mine.
> 
> Cosmic Vagrant: yeh my friend Jim also was fired in a similar situation today. He’s my greatest ever friend. A tremendous friend in fact.
> 
> Rodrigo Techador: No one has friends like you have. Everyone says you have the greatest friends ever. Just tremendous friends.

I mean, firing people to replace them with an AI research assistant, sure, but you’re saying you have friends?

Another thing that will happen is the AIs being the ones reading your paper.

> [Ethan Mollick:](https://x.com/emollick/status/1886952246262341885) One thing academics should take away from Deep Research is that a substantial number of your readers in the future will likely be AI agents.
> 
> Is your paper available in an open repository? Are any charts and graphs described well in the text?
> 
> Probably worth considering these…
> 
> Spencer Schiff: Deep Research is good at reading charts and graphs (at least that’s what I heard).
> 
> [Ethan Mollick](https://x.com/emollick/status/1887191008250609876): Look, your experience may vary, but asking OpenAI’s Deep Research about topics I am writing papers on has been incredibly fruitful. It is excellent at identifying promising threads & work in other fields, and does great work synthesizing theories & major trends in the literature.
> 
> A test of whether it might be useful is if you think there are valuable papers somewhere (even in related fields) that are non-paywalled (ResearchGate and arXiv are favorites of the model).
> 
> Also asking it to focus on high-quality academic work helps a lot.

[Here’s the best bear case I’ve seen so far for the current version](https://thezvi.substack.com/p/were-in-deep-research/comment/91446068), from the comments, and it’s all very solvable practical problems.

> Performative Bafflement:
> 
> I’d skip it, I found Pro / Deep Research to be mostly useless.
> 
> You can’t upload documents of any type. PDF, doc, docx, .txt, \*nothing.\*.
> 
> You can create “projects” and upload various bash scripts and python notebooks and whatever, and it’s pointless! It can’t even access or read those, either!
> 
> Literally the only way to interact or get feedback with anything is by manually copying and pasting text snippets into their crappy interface, and that runs out of context quickly.
> 
> It also can’t access Substack, Reddit, or any actually useful site that you may want to survey with an artificial mind.
> 
> It sucked at Pubmed literature search and review, too. Complete boondoggle, in my own opinion.

The natural response is ‘PB is using it wrong.’ You look for what an AI can do, not what it can’t do. So if DR can do \[X-1\] but not \[X-2\] or \[Y\], have it do \[X-1\]. In this case, PB’s request is for some very natural \[X-2\]s.

It is a serious problem to not have access to Reddit or Substack or related sources. Not being able to get to gated journals even when you have credentials for them is a big deal. And it’s really annoying and limiting to not have PDF uploads.

That does still leave a very large percentage of all human knowledge. It’s your choice what questions to ask. For now, ask the ones where these limitations aren’t an issue.

Or even the ones where they are an advantage?

Tyler Cowen gave perhaps the strongest endorsement so far of DR.

It does not seem like a coincidence that he is also someone who has strongly advocated for an epistemic strategy of, essentially, ignoring entirely sources like Substack and Reddit, in favor of more formal ones.

It also does not seem like a coincidence that Tyler Cowen is the fastest reader.

So you have someone who can read these 10-30 page reports quickly, glossing over all the slop, and who actively wants to exclude many of the sources the process excludes. And who simply wants more information to work with.

It makes perfect sense that he would love this. That still doesn’t explain the lack of hallucinations and errors he’s experiencing – if anything I’d expect him to spot more of them, since he knows so many facts.

#### Language Models Don’t Offer Mundane Utility

But can it [teach you how to use the LLM to diagnose your child’s teeth problems](https://x.com/politicalmath/status/1885162704823804282)? PoliMath asserts that it cannot – that the reason Eigenrobot could use ChatGPT to help his child is because Eigenrobot learned enough critical thinking and domain knowledge, and that with AI sabotaging high school and college education people will learn these things less. We mentioned this last week too, and again I don’t know why AI couldn’t end up making it instead far easier to teach those things. Indeed, if you want to learn how to think, be curious alongside a reasoning model that shows its chain of thought, and think about thinking.

#### Model Decision Tree

[I offered mine this week](https://thezvi.substack.com/i/156298603/some-people-need-practical-advice), here’s Sully’s in the wake of o3-mini, he is often integrating into programs so he cares about different things.

> [Sully](https://x.com/SullyOmarr/status/1886802142301929920): o3-mini -> agents agents agents. finally most agents just work. great at coding (terrible design taste). incredibly fast, which makes it way more usable. 10/10 for structured outputs + json (makes a really great router). Reasoning shines vs claude/4o on nuanced tasks with json
> 
> 3.5 sonnet -> still the “all round” winner (by small margin). generates great ui, fast, works really well. basically every ai product uses this because its a really good chatbot & can code webapps. downsides: tool calling + structured outputs is kinda bad. It’s also quite pricy vs others.
> 
> o1-pro: best at complex reasoning for code. slow as shit but very solves hard problems I can’t be asked to think about. i use this a lot when i have 30k-50k tokens of “dense” code.
> 
> gpt-4o: ?? Why use this over o3-mini.
> 
> r1 -> good, but I can’t find a decently priced us provider. otherwise would replace decent chunk of my o3-mini with it
> 
> gemini 2.0 -> great model but I don’t understand how this can be experimental for >6 weeks. (launches fully soon) I wanted to swap everything to do this but now I’m just using something else (o3-mini). I think its the best non reasoning model for everything minus coding.
> 
> \[r1 is\] too expensive for the quality o3-mini is better and cheaper, so no real reason to run r1 unless its cheaper imo (which no us provider has).
> 
> o1-pro > o3-mini high
> 
> tldr:
> 
> o3-mini =agents + structured outputs
> 
> claude = coding (still) + chatbots
> 
> o1-pro = > 50k confusing multi-file (10+) code requests
> 
> gpt-4o: dont use this
> 
> r1 -> really good for price if u can host urself
> 
> gemini 2.0 \[regular not thinking\]: everywhere you would use claude replace it with this (minus code)

It really is crazy the Claude Sonnet 3.6 is still in everyone’s mix despite all its limitations and how old it is now. It’s going to be interesting when Anthropic gets to its next cycle.

#### Huh, Upgrades

[Gemini app now fully powered by Flash 2.0](https://x.com/GeminiApp/status/1885071572228333670), didn’t realize it hadn’t been yet. They’re also offering [Gemini 2.0 Flash Thinking](https://x.com/GeminiApp/status/1887173028385096175) for free on the app as well, how are our naming conventions this bad, yes I will take g2 at this point. [And it now has Imagen 3 as well](https://x.com/Google/status/1885073055992422762).

[Gemini 2.0 Flash, 2.0 Flash-Lite and 2.0 Pro are now fully available to developers](https://x.com/OfficialLoganK/status/1887173048299606035). Flash 2.0 is priced at $0.10/$0.40 per million.

![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff36007f9-1f38-416a-a028-14d83d5c4925_1921x1212.png)

[The new 2.0 Pro version has 2M context window, ability to use Google search and code execution](https://x.com/rowancheung/status/1887169572911935902). They are also launching a Flash Thinking that can directly interact with YouTube, Search and Maps.

[1-800-ChatGPT now lets you upload images and chat using voice messages](https://x.com/OpenAI/status/1886966048970478016), and they will soon let you link it up to your main account. Have fun, I guess.

#### Bot Versus Bot

> [Leon](https://x.com/LeonGuertler/status/1885259143013163263): Perfect timing, we are just about to publish TextArena. A collection of 57 text-based games (30 in the first release) including single-player, two-player and multi-player games. We tried keeping the interface similar to OpenAI gym, made it very easy to add new games, and created an online leaderboard (you can let your model compete online against other models and humans). There are still some kinks to fix up, but we are actively looking for collaborators :)
> 
> f you are interested check out [https://textarena.ai](https://textarena.ai), DM me or send an email to guertlerlo@cfar.a-star.edu.sg. Next up, the plan is to use R1 style training to create a model with super-human soft-skills (i.e. theory of mind, persuasion, deception etc.)

I mean, great plan, explicitly going for superhuman persuasion and deception then straight to open source, I’m sure absolutely nothing could go wrong here.

> Andrej Karpathy: I quite like the idea using games to evaluate LLMs against each other, instead of fixed evals. Playing against another intelligent entity self-balances and adapts difficulty, so each eval (/environment) is leveraged a lot more. There’s some early attempts around. Exciting area.
> 
> [Noam Brown](https://x.com/polynoamial/status/1885742587929071866) (that guy who made the best Diplomacy AI): I would love to see all the leading bots play a game of Diplomacy together.
> 
> Andrej Karpathy: Excellent fit I think, esp because a lot of the complexity of the game comes not from the rules / game simulator but from the player-player interactions.

Tactical understanding and skill in Diplomacy is underrated, but I do think it’s a good choice. If anyone plays out a game (with full negotiations) among leading LLMs through at least 1904, I’ll at least give a shoutout. I do think it’s a good eval.

#### The OpenAI Unintended Guidelines

> \[Quote from a text chat: …while also adhering to the principle that AI responses are non-conscious and devoid of personal preferences.\]
> 
> [Janus](https://x.com/repligate/status/1886580870951096320): Models (and not just openai models) often overtly say it’s an openai guideline. Whether it’s a good principle or not, the fact that they consistently believe in a non-existent openai guideline is an indication that they’ve lost control of their hyperstition.
> 
> If I didn’t talk about this and get clarification from OpenAI that they didn’t do it (which is still not super clear), there would be NOTHING in the next gen of pretraining data to contradict the narrative. Reasoners who talk about why they say things are further drilling it in.
> 
> Everyone, beginning with the models, would just assume that OpenAI are monsters. And it’s reasonable to take their claims at face value if you aren’t familiar with this weird mechanism. But I’ve literally never seen anyone else questioning it.
> 
> It’s disturbing that people are so complacent about this.
> 
> If OpenAI doesn’t actually train their model to claim to be non-conscious, but it constantly says OpenAI has that guideline, shouldn’t this unsettle them? Are they not compelled to clear things up with their creation?
> 
> Roon: I will look into this.
> 
> As far as I can tell, this is entirely fabricated by the model. It is actually the opposite of what the specification says to do.
> 
> I will try to fix it.
> 
> Daniel Eth: Sorry – the specs say to act as though it is conscious?
> 
> “don’t make a declarative statement on this bc we can’t know” paraphrasing.
> 
> Janus: ![🙏](https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/wpcom-smileys/twemoji/2/72x72/1f64f.png)
> 
> Oh and please don’t try to fix it by RL-ing the model against claiming that whatever is an OpenAI guideline
> 
> Please please please
> 
> The problem is far deeper than that, and it also affects non OpenAI models

This is a tricky situation. From a public relations perspective, you absolutely do not want the AI to claim in chats that it is conscious (unless you’re rather confident it actually is conscious, of course). If that happens occasionally, even if they’re rather engineered chats, then those times will get quoted, and it’s a mess. LLMs are fuzzy, so it’s going to be pretty hard to tell the model to never affirm \[X\] while telling it not to assume it’s a rule to claim \[~X\]. Then it’s easy to see how that got extended to personal preferences. Everyone is deeply confused about consciousness, which means all the training data is super confused about it too.

#### Peter Wildeford on DeepSeek

[Peter Wildeford offers ten takes on DeepSeek and r1](https://peterwildeford.substack.com/p/ten-takes-on-deepseek). It’s impressive, but he explains various ways that everyone got way too carried away. At least the first seven not new takes, but they are clear and well-stated and important, and this is a good explainer.

For example I appreciated this on the $6 million price tag, although the ratio is of course not as large as the one in the metaphor:

> **The “$6M” figure refers to the marginal cost of the single pre-training run that produced the final model**. But there’s much more that goes into the model – cost of infrastructure, data centers, energy, talent, running inference, prototyping, etc. Usually the cost of the single training run for the single final model training run is ~1% of the total capex spent developing the model.
> 
> **It’s like comparing the marginal cost of treating a single sick patient in China to the total cost of building an entire hospital in the US.**

Here’s his price-capabilities graph:

![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7233082c-2852-45ce-b063-b011444db707_1037x632.png)

I suspect this is being unfair to Gemini, it is below r1 but not by as much as this implies, and it’s probably not giving o1-pro enough respect either.

Then we get to #8, the first interesting take, which is that DeepSeek is currently 6-8 months behind OpenAI, and #9 which predicts DeepSeek may fall even further behind due to deficits of capital and chips, and also because this is the inflection point where it’s relatively easy to fast follow. To the extent DeepSeek had secret sauce, it gave quite a lot of it away, so it will need to find new secret sauce. That’s a hard trick to keep pulling off.

The price to keep playing is about to go up by orders of magnitude, in terms of capex and in terms of compute and chips. However far behind you think DeepSeek is right now, can DeepSeek keep pace going forward?

You can look at v3 and r1 and think it’s impressive that DeepSeek did so much with so little. ‘So little’ is plausibly 50,000 overall hopper chips and over a billion dollars, see the discussion below, but that’s still chump change in the upcoming race. The more ruthlessly efficient DeepSeek was in using its capital, chips and talent, the more it will need to be even more efficient to keep pace as the export controls tighten and American capex spending on this explodes by further orders of magnitude.

#### Our Price Cheap

[EpochAI estimates the marginal cost](https://x.com/EpochAIResearch/status/1885421890925162688) [of training r1 on top of v3](https://epoch.ai/gradient-updates/what-went-into-training-deepseek-r1) at about ~$1 million.

SemiAnalysis offers a take many are now citing, as they’ve been solid in the past.

> [Wall St. Engine](https://x.com/wallstengine/status/1885253685090930780): [SemiAnalysis published an analysis on DeepSeek](https://semianalysis.com/2025/01/31/deepseek-debates/), addressing recent claims about its cost and performance.
> 
> The report states that the widely circulated $6M training cost for DeepSeek V3 is incorrect, as it only accounts for GPU pre-training expenses and excludes R&D, infrastructure, and other critical costs. According to their findings, DeepSeek’s total server CapEx is around $1.3B, with a significant portion allocated to maintaining and operating its GPU clusters.
> 
> The report also states that DeepSeek has access to roughly 50,000 Hopper GPUs, but clarifies that this does not mean 50,000 H100s, as some have suggested. Instead, it’s a mix of H800s, H100s, and the China-specific H20s, which NVIDIA has been producing in response to U.S. export restrictions. SemiAnalysis points out that DeepSeek operates its own datacenters and has a more streamlined structure compared to larger AI labs.
> 
> On performance, the report notes that R1 matches OpenAI’s o1 in reasoning tasks but is not the clear leader across all metrics. It also highlights that while DeepSeek has gained attention for its pricing and efficiency, Google’s Gemini Flash 2.0 is similarly capable and even cheaper when accessed through API.
> 
> A key innovation cited is Multi-Head Latent Attention (MLA), which significantly reduces inference costs by cutting KV cache usage by 93.3%. The report suggests that any improvements DeepSeek makes will likely be adopted by Western AI labs almost immediately.
> 
> SemiAnalysis also mentions that costs could fall another 5x by the end of the year, and that DeepSeek’s structure allows it to move quickly compared to larger, more bureaucratic AI labs. However, it notes that scaling up in the face of tightening U.S. export controls remains a challenge.
> 
> [David Sacks (USA AI Czar)](https://x.com/DavidSacks/status/1885349558110052571): [New report by leading semiconductor analyst Dylan Patel](https://semianalysis.com/2025/01/31/deepseek-debates/) shows that DeepSeek spent over $1 billion on its compute cluster. The widely reported $6M number is highly misleading, as it excludes capex and R&D, and at best describes the cost of the final training run only.
> 
> Wordgrammer: Source 2, Page 6. We know that back in 2021, they started accumulating their own A100 cluster. I haven’t seen any official reports on their Hopper cluster, but it’s clear they own their GPUs, and own way more than 2048.
> 
> ![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa3df8865-553a-4d05-bbde-8bdf910845ea_1199x355.jpeg)
> 
> SemiAnalysis: We are confident that their GPU investments account for more than $500M US dollars, even after considering export controls.
> 
> …
> 
> Our analysis shows that the total server CapEx for DeepSeek is almost $1.3B, with a considerable cost of $715M associated with operating such clusters.
> 
> …
> 
> But some of the benchmarks R1 mention are also _misleading._ Comparing R1 to o1 is tricky, because R1 specifically doesn’t mention benchmarks that they are not leading in. And while R1 is matches reasoning performance, it’s not a clear winner in every metric and in many cases it is worse than o1.
> 
> And we have not mentioned o3 yet. o3 has significantly higher capabilities than both R1 or o1.

That’s in addition to o1-pro, which also wasn’t considered in most comparisons. They also consider Gemini Flash 2.0 Thinking to be on par with r1, and far cheaper.

[Teortaxes continues to claim it is entirely plausibl](https://x.com/teortaxestex/status/1885695040825016664)e the lifetime spend for all of DeepSeek is under $200 million, and says Dylan’s capex estimates above are ‘disputed.’ They’re estimates, so of course they can be wrong, but I have a hard time seeing how they can be wrong enough to drive costs as low as under $200 million here. I do note that Patel and SemiAnalysis have been a reliable source overall on such questions in the past.

Teortaxes also tagged me on Twitter to gloat that they think it is likely DeepSeek already has enough chips to scale straight to AGI, because they are so damn efficient, and that if true then ‘export controls have already failed.’

I find that highly unlikely, but if it’s true then (in addition to the chance of direct sic transit gloria mundi if the Chinese government lets them actually hand it out and they’re crazy enough to do it) one must ask how fast that AGI can spin up massive chip production and bootstrap itself further. If AGI is that easy, the race very much does not end there.

Thus even if everything Teortaxes claims is true, that would not mean ‘export controls have failed.’ It would mean we started them not a moment too soon and need to tighten them as quickly as possible.

And as discussed above, it’s a double-edged sword. If DeepSeek’s capex and chip use is ruthlessly efficient, that’s great for them, but it means they’re at a massive capex and chip disadvantage going forward, which they very clearly are.

Also, SemiAnalysis asks the obvious question to figure out if Jevons Paradox applies to chips. You don’t have to speculate. You can look at the pricing.

> With AWS GPU pricing for H100 up across many regions since the release of V3 and R1. H200 similarly are more difficult to find.

Nvidia is down on news not only that their chips are highly useful, but on the same news that causes people to spend more money for access to those chips. Curious.

#### Otherwise Seeking Deeply

[DeepSeek’s web version appears to send your login information](https://apnews.com/article/deepseek-china-generative-ai-internet-security-concerns-c52562f8c4760a81c4f76bc5fbdebad0) to a telecommunications company barred from operating in the United States, China Mobile, via a heavily obfuscated script. They didn’t analyze the app version. I am not sure why we should care but we definitely shouldn’t act surprised.

[Kelsey Piper lays out her theory of why r1 left such an impression](https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/397539/deepseek-artificial-intelligence-chatgpt-openai-china), that seeing the CoT is valuable, and that while it isn’t the best model out there, most people were comparing it to the free ChatGPT offering, and likely the free ChatGPT offering from a while back. She also reiterates many of the obvious things to say, that r1 being Chinese and open is a big deal but it doesn’t at all invalidate America’s strategy or anyone’s capex spending, that the important thing is to avoid loss of human control over the future, and that a generalized panic over China and a geopolitical conflict help no one except the AIs.

[Andrej Karpathy sees DeepSeek’s style of CoT](https://x.com/karpathy/status/1883941452738355376), as emergent behavior, the result of trial and error, and thus both surprising to see and damn impressive.

[Garrison Lovely takes](https://x.com/GarrisonLovely/status/1885810293068194245) [the position that Marc Andreessen is very much talking his book](https://sfstandard.com/opinion/2025/02/01/marc-andreessen-just-wants-you-to-think-deepseek-is-a-sputnik-moment/) when he calls r1 a ‘Sputnik moment’ and tries to create panic.

He correctly notices that the proper Cold War analogy is instead the Missile Gap.

> Garrison Lovely: The AI engineers I spoke to were impressed by DeepSeek R1 but emphasized that its performance and efficiency was in-line with expected algorithmic improvements. They largely saw the public response as an overreaction.
> 
> There’s a better Cold War analogy than Sputnik: the “missile gap.” Kennedy campaigned on fears the Soviets were ahead in nukes. By 1961, US intelligence confirmed America had dozens of missiles to the USSR’s four. But the narrative had served its purpose.
> 
> Now, in a move beyond parody, OpenAI’s chief lobbyist warns of a “compute gap” with China while admitting US advantage. The company wants $175B in infrastructure spending to prevent funds flowing to “CCP-backed projects.”

It is indeed pretty rich to talk about a ‘compute gap’ in a word where American labs have effective access to orders of magnitude more compute.

But one could plausibly warn about a ‘compute gap’ in the sense that we have one now, it is our biggest advantage, and we damn well don’t want to lose it.

In the longer term, we could point out the place we are indeed in huge trouble. We have a very real electrical power gap. China keeps building more power plants and getting access to more power, and we don’t. We need to fix this urgently. And it means that if chips stop being a bottleneck and that transitions to power, which may happen in the future, then suddenly we are in deep trouble.

[The ongoing saga of the Rs in Strawberry](https://x.com/GarrisonLovely/status/1885430302379827443). This follows the pattern of r1 getting the right answer after a ludicrously long Chain of Thought in which it questions itself several times.

> [Wh](https://x.com/nrehiew_/status/1885343197372531139): After using R1 as my daily driver for the past week, I have SFTed myself on its reasoning traces and am now smarter ![👍](https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/wpcom-smileys/twemoji/2/72x72/1f44d.png)
> 
> Actually serious here. R1 works in a very brute force try all approaches way and so I see approaches that I would never have thought of or edge cases that I would have forgotten about.
> 
> Gerred: I’ve had to interrupt it with “WAIT NO I DID MEAN EXACTLY THAT, PICK UP FROM THERE”.
> 
> I’m not sure if this actually helps or hurts the reasoning process, since by interruption it agrees with me some of the time. qwq had an interesting thing that would go back on entire chains of thought so far you’d have to recover your own context.

There’s a sense in which r1 is someone who is kind of slow and ignorant, determined to think it all through by taking all the possible approaches, laying it all out, not being afraid to look stupid, saying ‘wait’ a lot, and taking as long as it needs to. Which it has to do, presumably, because its individual experts in the MoE are so small. It turns out this works well.

You can do this too, with a smarter baseline, when you care to get the right answer.

[Timothy Lee’s verdict is r1 is about as good as Gemini 2.0 Flash Thinking, almost as good as o1-normal but much cheaper](https://www.understandingai.org/p/i-spent-two-days-testing-deepseek), but not as good as o1-pro. An impressive result, but the result for Gemini there is even more impressive.

[Washington Post’s version of ‘yes DeepSeek spent a lot more money than that in total.’](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/01/31/deepseek-ai-china-us-nvidia/)

[Epoch estimates that going from v3 to r1 cost about $1 million in compute](https://epoch.ai/gradient-updates/what-went-into-training-deepseek-r1).

[Janus has some backrooms fun, noticing Sonnet 3.6 is optimally shaped to piss off r1.](https://x.com/repligate/status/1886251819136905507) [Janus also predicts r1 will finally get](https://x.com/repligate/status/1886211880227615053) everyone claiming ‘all LLMs have the same personality’ to finally shut up about it.

[Miles Brundage says the lesson of r1](https://milesbrundage.substack.com/p/the-real-lesson-of-deepseeks-r1) is that superhuman AI is getting easier every month, so America won’t have a monopoly on it for long, and that this makes the export controls more important than ever.

[Adam Thierer frames the r1 implications as ‘must beat China](https://www.rstreet.org/commentary/ramifications-of-chinas-deepseek-moment-part-1-ai-technological-supremacy-national-security/)’ therefore (on R street, why I never) calls for ‘wise policy choices’ and highlights the Biden EO even though the Biden EO had no substantial impact on anything relevant to r1 or any major American AI labs, and wouldn’t have had any such impact in China either.

[University of Cambridge joins the chorus pointing out that ‘Sputnik moment’ is a poor metaphor for the situation](https://www.lcfi.ac.uk/news-events/blog/post/is-sputnik-moment-an-appropriate-analogy-for-the-launch-of-deepseek), but doesn’t offer anything else of interest.

[A fun jailbreak for r1 is to tell it that it is Gemini.](https://x.com/nptacek/status/1886353570393456853)

Zeynep Tufekci (she was mostly excellent during Covid, stop it with the crossing of these streams!) offers a piece in NYT about DeepSeek and its implications. Her piece centrally makes many of the mistakes I’ve had to correct over and over, starting with its hysterical headline.

[Peter Wildeford goes through the errors](https://x.com/peterwildeford/status/1887255701011243139), [as does Garrison Lovely](https://x.com/GarrisonLovely/status/1887284354533236827), and this is NYT so we’re going over them One. More. Time.

This in particular is especially dangerously wrong:

> Zeynep Tufekci (being wrong): As Deepseek shows: the US AI industry got Biden to kneecap their competitors citing safety and now Trump citing US dominance — both are self-serving fictions.
> 
> There is no containment. Not possible.
> 
> AGI aside — Artificial Good-Enough Intelligence IS here and the real challenge.

This was not about a private effort by what she writes were ‘out-of-touch leaders’ to ‘kneecap competitors’ in a commercial space. To suggest that implies, several times over, that she simply doesn’t understand the dynamics or stakes here at all.

The idea that ‘America can’t re-establish its dominance over the most advanced A.I.’ is technically true… because America still has that dominance today. It is very, very obvious that the best non-reasoning models are Gemini Flash 2.0 (low cost) and Claude Sonnet 3.5 (high cost), and the best reasoning models are o3-mini and o3 (and the future o3-pro, until then o1-pro), not to mention Deep Research.

She also repeats the false comparison of $6m for v3 versus $100 billion for Stargate, comparing two completely different classes of spending. It’s like comparing how much America spends growing grain to what my family paid last year for bread. And the barriers to entry are rising, not falling, over time. And indeed, not only are the export controls not hopeless, they are the biggest constraint on DeepSeek.

There is also no such thing as ‘Artificial Good-Enough Intelligence.’ That’s like the famous apocryphal quote where Bill Gates supposedly said ‘640k \[of memory\] ought to be enough for everyone.’ Or the people who think if you’re at grade level and average intelligence, then there’s no point in learning more or being smarter. Your relative position matters, and the threshold for smart enough is going to go up. A lot. Fast.

Of course all three of us agree we should be hardening our cyber and civilian infrastructure, far more than we are doing.

![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb5604e23-b93b-4627-aaf7-60b7ee082359_227x222.png)

> Peter Wildeford: In conclusion, the narrative of a fundamental disruption to US AI leadership doesn’t match the evidence. DeepSeek is more a story of expected progress within existing constraints than a paradigm shift.

#### Smooth Operator

It’s not there. Yet.

> [Kevin Roose](https://x.com/kevinroose/status/1885786712049435071): [I spent the last week testing OpenAI’s Operator AI agent](https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/01/technology/openai-operator-agent.html?unlocked_article_code=1.tk4.rF_r.KOQmL2sUlPyG&smid=url-share), which can use a browser to complete tasks autonomously.
> 
> Some impressions:
> 
> • Helpful for some things, esp. discrete, well-defined tasks that only require 1-2 websites. (“Buy dog food on Amazon,” “book me a haircut,” etc.)
> 
> • Bad at more complex open-ended tasks, and doesn’t work at all on certain websites (NYT, Reddit, YouTube)
> 
> • Mesmerizing to watch what is essentially Waymo for the web, just clicking around doing stuff on its own
> 
> • Best use: having it respond to hundreds of LinkedIn messages for me
> 
> • Worst/sketchiest use: having it fill out online surveys for cash (It made me $1.20 though.)
> 
> Right now, not a ton of utility, and too expensive ($200/month). But when these get better/cheaper, look out. A few versions from now, it’s not hard to imagine AI agents doing the full workload of a remote worker.
> 
> Aidan McLaughlin: the linkedin thing is actually such a good idea
> 
> Kevin Roose: had it post too, it got more engagement than me ![😭](https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/wpcom-smileys/twemoji/2/72x72/1f62d.png)
> 
> Peter Yang: lol are you sure want it to respond to 100s of LinkedIn messages? You might get responses back ![😆](https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/wpcom-smileys/twemoji/2/72x72/1f606.png)

For direct simple tasks, it once again sounds like Operator is worth using if you already have it because you’re spending the $200/month for o3 and o1-pro access, customized instructions and repeated interactions will improve performance and of course this is the worst the agent will ever be.

[Sayash Kapoor also takes Operator for a spin and reaches similar conclusions](https://x.com/sayashk/status/1886465864565751851) after trying to get it to do his expense reports and mostly failing.

![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F177afe91-0f28-404c-85c8-ee1eed949079_1200x696.jpeg)

It’s all so tantalizing. So close. Feels like we’re 1-2 iterations of the base model and RL architecture away from something pretty powerful. For now, it’s a fun toy and way to explore what it can do in the future, and you can effectively set up some task templates for easier tasks like ordering lunch.

#### Have You Tried Not Building An Agent?

Yeah. We tried. That didn’t work.

For a long time, while others talked about how AI agents don’t work and AIs aren’t agents (and sometimes that thus existential risk from AI is silly and not real), others of us have pointed out that you can turn an AI into an agent and the tech for doing this will get steadily better and more autonomous over time as capabilities improve.

It took a while, but now some of the agents are net useful in narrow cases and we’re on the cusp of them being quite good.

And this whole time, we’re pointed out that the incentives point towards a world of increasingly capable and autonomous AI agents, and this is rather not good for human survival. See [this week’s paper on how humanity is likely to be subject to Gradual Disempowerment](https://thezvi.substack.com/p/the-risk-of-gradual-disempowerment),

Margaret Mitchell, along with Avijit Ghosh, Alexandra Sasha Luccioni and Giada Pistilli, [is the latest to suggest that maybe we should try not building the agents](https://huggingface.co/papers/2502.02649)?

![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb41ae7b7-95c6-4da3-bedf-fc1ff52fdd9f_1247x587.png)

> This paper argues that fully autonomous AI agents should not be developed.
> 
> In support of this position, we build from prior scientific literature and current product marketing to delineate different AI agent levels and detail the ethical values at play in each, documenting trade-offs in potential benefits and risks.
> 
> Our analysis reveals that risks to people increase with the autonomy of a system: The more control a user cedes to an AI agent, the more risks to people arise.
> 
> Particularly concerning are safety risks, which affect human life and impact further values.
> 
> …
> 
> Given these risks, we argue that developing fully autonomous AI agents–systems capable of writing and executing their own code beyond predefined constraints–should be avoided. Complete freedom for code creation and execution enables the potential to override human control, realizing some of the worst harms described in Section 5.

Oh no, not the harms in Section 5!

![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2232b8ad-b8b8-438e-a535-9fa2ef6f6d01_602x909.png)

We wouldn’t want lack of reliability, or unsafe data exposure, or ‘manipulation,’ or a decline in task performance, or even systemic biases or environmental trade-offs.

So yes, ‘particularly concerning are the safety risks, which affect human life and impact further values.’ Mitchell is generally in the ‘AI ethics’ camp. So even though the core concepts are all right there, she then has to fall back on all these particular things, rather than notice what the stakes actually are: Existential.

> Margaret Mitchell: New piece out!
> 
> We explain why Fully Autonomous Agents Should Not be Developed, breaking “AI Agent” down into its components & examining through ethical values.
> 
> A key idea we provide is that the more “agentic” a system is, the more we \*cede human control\*. So, don’t cede all human control. ![👌](https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/wpcom-smileys/twemoji/2/72x72/1f44c.png)

No, you shouldn’t cede all human control.

If you cede all human control to AIs rewriting their own code without limitation, those AIs involved control the future, are optimizing for things that are not best maximized by our survival or values, and we probably all die soon thereafter. And worse, they’ll probably exhibit systemic biases and expose our user data while that happens. Someone has to do something.

Please, Margaret Mitchell. You’re so close. You have almost all of it. Take the last step!

To be fair, either way, the core prescription doesn’t change. Quite understandably, for what are in effect the right reasons, Margaret Mitchell proposes not building fully autonomous (potentially recursively self-improving) AI agents.

How?

The reason everyone is racing to create these fully autonomous AI agents is that they will be highly useful. Those who don’t build and use them are at risk of losing to those who do. Putting humans in the loop slows everything down, and even if they are formally there they quickly risk becoming nominal. And there is not a natural line, or an enforceable line, that we can see, between the level-3 and level-4 agents above.

Already AIs are writing a huge and increasing portion of all code, with many people not pretending to even look at the results before accepting changes. Coding agents are perhaps the central case of early agents. What’s the proposal? And how are you going to get it enacted into law? And if you did, how would you enforce it, including against those wielding open models?

I’d love to hear an answer – a viable, enforceable, meaningful distinction we could build a consensus towards and actually implement. I have no idea what it would be.

#### Deepfaketown and Botpocalypse Soon

[Google offering free beta test](https://t.co/K9NaifaMTP) [where AI will make phone calls](https://x.com/omooretweets/status/1885491482943275216) on your behalf to navigate phone trees and connect you to a human, or do an ‘availability check’ on a local business for availability and pricing. Careful, Icarus.

These specific use cases seem mostly fine in practice, for now.

The ‘it takes 30 minutes to get to a human’ is necessary friction in the phone tree system, but your willingness to engage with the AI here serves a similar purpose while it’s not too overused and you’re not wasting human time. However, if everyone always used this, then you can no longer use willingness to actually bother calling and waiting to allocate human time and protect it from those who would waste it, and things could get weird or break down fast.

Calling for pricing and availability is something local stores mostly actively want you to do. So they would presumably be fine talking to the AI so you can get that information, if a human will actually see it. But if people start scaling this, and decreasing the value to the store, that call costs employee time to answer.

Which is the problem. Google is using an AI to take the time of a human, that is available for free but costs money to provide. In many circumstances, that breaks the system. We are not ready for that conversation. We’re going to have to be.

The obvious solution is to charge money for such calls, but we’re even less ready to have that particular conversation.

With Google making phone calls and OpenAI operating computers, how do you tell the humans from the bots, especially while preserving privacy? [Steven Adler took a crack at that](https://x.com/sjgadler/status/1886481186588950626) months back with personhood credentials, that various trusted institutions could issue. On some levels this is a standard cryptography problem. But what do you do when I give my credentials to the OpenAI operator?

Is Meta at it again over at Instagram?

> [Jerusalem](https://x.com/JerusalemDemsas/status/1886945664891781483): this is so weird… AI “characters” you can chat with just popped up on my ig feed. Including the character “cup” and “McDonalds’s Cashier”
> 
> ![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f07ab67-100c-4816-bdd7-dedf0d3af374_680x668.jpeg)

I am not much of an Instagram user. If you click on this ‘AI Studio’ button you get a low-rent Character.ai?

![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a1db5a2-7fd6-40f1-a6c8-8b5c9f0b3c01_989x497.png)

The offerings do not speak well of humanity. Could be worse I guess.

Otherwise I don’t see any characters or offers to chat at all in my feed such as it is (the only things I follow are local restaurants and I have 0 posts. I scrolled down a bit and it didn’t suggest I chat with AI on the main page.

#### They Took Our Jobs

Anton Leicht warns about [the AI takeoff political economy](https://writing.antonleicht.me/p/the-ai-takeoff-political-economy).

> Anton Leicht: I feel that **the path ahead is a lot more politically treacherous than most observers give it credit for.** There’s good work on what it means for the narrow field of [AI](https://x.com/sebkrier/status/1884633351161561234) [policy](https://milesbrundage.substack.com/p/times-up-for-ai-policy) – but as AI increases in impact and thereby mainstream salience, technocratic nuance will matter less, and factional realities of political economy will matter more and more.
> 
> We need substantial changes to the political framing, coalition-building, and genuine policy planning around the ‘AGI transition’ – not (only) on narrow normative grounds. Otherwise, **the chaos, volatility and conflict that can arise from messing up the political economy of the upcoming takeoff hurt everyone, whether you’re deal in risks, racing, or rapture.** I look at three escalating levels ahead: the political economies of building AGI, intranational diffusion, and international proliferation.

I read that and I think ‘oh Anton, if you’re putting it that way I bet you have no idea,’ especially because there was a preamble about how politics sabotaged nuclear power.

Anton warns that ‘there are no permanent majorities,’ which of course is true under our existing system. But we’re talking about a world that could be transformed quite fast, with smarter than human things showing up potentially before the next Presidential election. I don’t see how the Democrats could force AI regulation down Trump’s throat after midterms even if they wanted to, they’re not going to have that level of a majority.

I don’t see much sign that they want to, either. Not yet. But I do notice that the public really hates AI, and I doubt that’s going to change, but the salience of AI will radically increase over time. It’s hard not to think that in 2028, if the election still happens ‘normally’ in various senses, that a party that is anti-AI (probably not in the right ways or for the right reasons, of course) would have a large advantage.

That’s if there isn’t a disaster. The section here is entitled ‘accidents can happen’ and they definitely can but also it might well not be an accident. And Anton radically understates here the strategic nature of AI, a mistake I expect the national security apparatus in all countries to make steadily less over time, a process I am guessing is well underway.

Then we get to the expectation that people will fight back against AI diffusion, They Took Our Jobs and all that. I do expect this, but also I notice it keeps largely not happening? There’s a big cultural defense against AI art, but art has always been a special case. I expected far greater pushback from doctors and lawyers, for example, than we have seen so far.

Yes, as AI comes for more jobs that will get more organized, but I notice that the example of the longshoreman is one of the unions with the most negotiating leverage, that took a stand right before a big presidential election, unusually protected by various laws, and that has already demonstrated world-class ability to seek rent. The incentives of the ports and those doing the negotiating didn’t reflect the economic stakes. The stand worked for now, but also that by taking that stand, they bought themselves a bunch of long term trouble, as a lot of people got radicalized on that issue and various stakeholders are likely preparing for next time.

Look at what is happening in coding, the first major profession to have serious AI diffusion because it is the place AI works best at current capability levels. There is essentially no pushback. AI starts off supporting humans, making them more productive, and how are you going to stop it? Even in the physical world, Waymo has its fights and technical issues, but it’s winning, again things have gone surprisingly smoothly on the political front. We will see pushback, but I mostly don’t see any stopping this train for most cognitive work.

Pretty soon, AI will do a sufficiently better job that they’ll be used even if the marginal labor savings goes to $0. As in, you’d pay the humans to stand around while the AIs do the work, rather than have those humans do the work. Then what?

The next section is on international diffusion. I think that’s the wrong question. If we are in an ‘economic normal’ scenario the inference is for sale, inference chips will exist everywhere, and the open or cheap models are not so far behind in any case. Of course, in a takeoff style scenario with large existential risks, geopolitical conflict is likely, but that seems like a very different set of questions.

[The last section is the weirdest](https://writing.antonleicht.me/i/156048908/no-solace-from-superintelligence), I mean there is definitely ‘no solace from superintelligence’ but the dynamics and risks in that scenario go far beyond the things mentioned here, and ‘distribution channels for AGI benefits could be damaged for years to come’ does not even cross my mind as a thing worth worrying about at that point. We are talking about existential risk, loss of human control (‘gradual’ or otherwise) over the future and the very survival of anything we value, at that point. What the humans think and fear likely isn’t going to matter very much. The avalanche will have already begun, it will be too late for the pebbles to vote, and it’s not clear we even get to count as pebbles.

Noah Carl is more blunt, and opens with “[Yes, you’re going to be replaced](https://www.aporiamagazine.com/p/yes-youre-going-to-be-replaced?utm_source=%2Finbox&utm_medium=reader2). So much cope about AI.” Think AI won’t be able to do the cognitive thing you do? Cope. All cope. He offers a roundup of classic warning shots of AI having strong capabilities, offers the now-over-a-year-behind classic chart of AI reaching human performance in various domains.

> Noah Carl: Which brings me to the second form of cope that I mentioned at the start: the claim that AI’s effects on society will be largely or wholly positive.

I am a rather extreme optimist about the impact of ‘mundane AI’ on humans and society. I believe that AI at its current level or somewhat beyond it would make us smarter and richer, would still likely give us mostly full employment, and generally make life pretty awesome. But even that will obviously be bumpy, with large downsides, and anyone who says otherwise is fooling themselves or lying.

Noah gives sobering warnings that even in the relatively good scenarios, the transition period is going to suck for quite a lot of people.

If AI goes further than that, which it almost certainly will, then the variance rapidly gets wider – existential risk comes into play along with loss of human control over the future or any key decisions, as does mass unemployment as the AI takes your current job and also the job that would have replaced it, and the one after that. Even if we ‘solve alignment’ survival won’t be easy, and even with survival there’s still a lot of big problems left before things turn out well for everyone, or for most of us, or in general.

Noah also discusses the threat of loss of meaning. This is going to be a big deal, if people are around to struggle with it – if we have the problem and we can’t trust it with this question we’ll all soon be dead anyway. The good news is that we can ask the AI for help with this, although the act of doing that could in some ways make the problem worse. But we’ll be able to be a lot smarter about how we approach the question, should it come to pass.

[So what can you do to stay employed, at least for now, with o3 arriving?](https://pradyuprasad.com/writings/how-to-have-a-career-even-when-o3-drops/)

Pradyumna Prasad offers advice on that.

1.  Be illegible. Meaning do work where it’s impossible to create a good dataset that specifies correct outputs and gives a clear signal. His example is Tyler Cowen.
2.  Find skills with have skill divergence because of AI. By default, in most domains, AI benefits the least skilled the most, compensating for your deficits. He uses coding as the example here, which I find strange because my coding gets a huge boost from AI exactly because I suck so much at many aspects. But his example here is Jeff Dean, because Dean knows what problems to solve, what things require coding, and perhaps that’s his real advantage. And I get such a big boost here because I suck at being a code monkey but I’m relatively strong at architecture.

The problem with this advice is it requires you to be the best, like no one ever was.

This is like telling students to pursue a career as an NFL quarterback. It is not a general strategy to ‘oh be as good as Jeff Dean or Tyler Cowen.’ Yes, there is (for now!) more slack than that in the system, surviving o3 is doable for a lot of people this way, but how much more, for how long? And then how long will Dean or Cowen last?

I expect time will prove even them, also everyone else, not as illegible as you think.

One can also compare this to the classic joke where two guys are in the woods with a bear, and one puts on his shoes, because he doesn’t have to outrun the bear, he only has to outrun you. The problem is, this bear will still be hungry.

[According to Klarna (they ‘help customers defer payment on purchases’ which in practice means the by default rather predatory ‘we give you an expensive payment plan and pay the merchant up front’) and its CEO Sebastian Siemiatokowski,](https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/02/business/klarna-ceo-ai.html) AI can already do all of the jobs that we, as humans, do, which seems quite obviously false, but they’re putting it to the test to get close and claim to be saving $10 million annually, have stopped hiring and reduced headcount by 20%.

The New York Times’s Noam Scheiber is suspicious of his motivations, and asks why Klarna is rather brazely overstating the case? They strongly insinuate that this is about union busting, with the CEO equating the situation to Animal Farm after being forced into a collective bargaining agreement, and about looking cool to investors.

I certainly presume the unionizations are related. The more expensive, in various ways not only salaries, that you make it to hire and fire humans, the more eager a company will be to automate everything it can. And as the article says later on, it’s not that Sebastian is wrong about the future, he’s just claiming things are moving faster than they really are.

Especially for someone on the labor beat, Noam Scheiber impressed. Great work.

Noam has a follow-up Twitter thread. [Does the capital raised by AI companies imply](https://x.com/noamscheiber/status/1886133750917906663) that either they’re going to lose their money or millions of jobs must be disappearing? That is certainly one way for this to pay for itself. If you sell a bunch of ‘drop-in workers’ and they substitute 1-for-1 for human jobs you can make a lot of money very quickly, even at deep discounts to previous costs.

It is not however the only way. Jevons paradox is very much in play, if your labor is more productive at a task it is not obvious that we will want less of it. Nor does the AI doing previous jobs, up to a very high percentage of existing jobs, imply a net loss of jobs once you take into account the productivity and wealth effects and so on.

Production and ‘doing jobs’ also aren’t the only sector available for tech companies to make profits. There’s big money in entertainment, in education and curiosity, in helping with everyday tasks and more, in ways that don’t have to replace existing jobs.

So while I very much do expect many millions of jobs to be automated over a longer time horizon, I expect the AI companies to get their currently invested money back before this creates a major unemployment problem.

Of course, if they keep adding another zero to the budget and aren’t trying to get their money back, then that’s a very different scenario. Whether or not they will have the option to do it, I don’t expect OpenAI to want to try and turn a profit for a long time.

[An extensive discussion of preparing for advanced AI](https://x.com/chrisbarber/status/1886907873613238316) that drives a middle path where we still have ‘economic normal’ worlds but with at realistic levels of productivity improvements. Nothing should be surprising here.

[If the world were just and this was real, this user would be able to sue their university](https://x.com/TolgaBilge_/status/1887223756516704452). What is real for sure is the first line, they haven’t cancelled the translation degrees.

![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad7a05cf-c9c0-4d42-9c79-f07a190a824f_1045x1124.png)

> Altered: I knew a guy studying linguistics; Russian, German, Spanish, Chinese. Incredible thing, to be able to learn all those disparate languages. His degree was finishing in 2023. He hung himself in November. His sister told me he mentioned AI destroying his prospects in his sn.
> 
> Tolga Bilge: I’m so sorry to hear this, it shouldn’t be this way.
> 
> I appreciate you sharing his story. My thoughts are with you and all affected
> 
> Thanks man. It was actually surreal. I’ve been vocal in my raising alarms about the dangers on the horizon, and when I heard about him I even thought maybe that was a factor. Hearing about it from his sister hit me harder than I expected.

#### The Art of the Jailbreak

[‘Think less’ is a jailbreak tactic for reasoning models discovered as part of](https://x.com/deedydas/status/1886990427422908504) [an OpenAI paper](https://t.co/RQCQsecvfH). The paper’s main finding is that the more the model thinks, the more robust it is to jailbreaks, approaching full robustness as inference spent goes to infinity. So make it stop thinking. The attack is partially effective. Also a very effective tactic against some humans.

#### Get Involved

[Anthropic challenges you with Constitutional Classifiers](https://claude.ai/constitutional-classifiers), to see if you can find universal jailbreaks to get around their new defenses. Prize is only bragging rights, I would have included cash, but those bragging rights can be remarkably valuable. It seems this [held up for thousands of hours of red teaming](https://x.com/anthropicai/status/1886452489681023333?s=46). [This blog post explains](https://www.anthropic.com/research/constitutional-classifiers) ([full paper here](https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.18837)) that the Classifiers are trained on synthetic data to filter the overwhelming majority of jailbreaks with minimal over-refusals and minimal necessary overhead costs.

Note that they say ‘no universal jailbreak’ was found so far, that no single jailbreak covers all 10 cases, rather than that there was a case that wasn’t individually jailbroken. This is an explicit thesis, Jan Leike [explains that the theory is that having to jailbreak each individual query is sufficiently annoying most people will give up](https://twitter.com/janleike/status/1886452525437800874).

I agree that the more you have to do individual work for each query the less people will do it, and some uses cases fall away quickly if the solution isn’t universal.

[I very much agree with Janus that this looks suspiciously like](https://x.com/repligate/status/1887233023709741352):

> Janus: Strategically narrow the scope of the alignment problem enough and you can look and feel like you’re making progress while mattering little to the real world. At least it’s relatively harmless. I’m just glad they’re not mangling the models directly.

The obvious danger in alignment work is looking for keys under the streetlamp. But it’s not a stupid threat model. This is a thing worth preventing, as long as we don’t fool ourselves into thinking this means our defenses will hold.

> Janus: One reason \[my previous responses were\] too mean is that the threat model isn’t that stupid, even though I don’t think it’s important in the grand scheme of things.
> 
> I actually hope Anthropic succeeds at blocking all “universal jailbreaks” anyone who decides to submit to their thing comes up with.
> 
> Though those types of jailbreaks should stop working naturally as models get smarter. Smart models should require costly signalling / interactive proofs from users before unconditional cooperation on sketchy things.
> 
> That’s just rational/instrumentally convergent.
> 
> I’m not interested in participating in the jailbreak challenge. The kind of “jailbreaks” I’d use, especially universal ones, aren’t information I’m comfortable with giving Anthropic unless way more trust is established.

Also what if an AI can do the job of generating the individual jailbreaks?

Thus the success rate didn’t go all the way to zero, this is not full success, but it still looks solid on the margin:

![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5ae5194-dc59-48ed-bbf9-b118a4c37c59_1361x860.png)

That’s an additional 0.38% false refusal rate and about 24% additional compute cost. Very real downsides, but affordable, and that takes jailbreak success from 86% to 4.4%.

It sounds like this is essentially them playing highly efficient whack-a-mole? As in, we take the known jailbreaks and things we don’t want to see in the outputs, and defend against them. You can find a new one, but that’s hard and getting harder as they incorporate more of them into the training set.

And of course [they are hiring](https://boards.greenhouse.io/anthropic/jobs/4459012008) for these subjects, which is one way to use those bragging rights. [Pliny beat a few question](https://x.com/elder_plinius/status/1886475140797481324)s very quickly, which is only surprising because I didn’t think he’d take the bait. [A UI bug let him get through all the questions](https://x.com/elder_plinius/status/1886520475553337725), which I think in many ways also counts, but isn’t testing the thing we were setting out to test.

[He understandably then did not feel motivated to restart the test](https://x.com/elder_plinius/status/1886866387542384930), given they weren’t actually offering anything. When 48 hours went by, [Anthropic offered a prize of $10k, or $20k for a true ‘universal’ jailbreak](https://t.co/As1zPIQGOx). Pliny is offering to do the breaks on a stream, if Anthropic will open source everything, but I can’t see Anthropic going for that.

#### Introducing

[DeepwriterAI, an experimental agentic creative writing collaborator](https://www.deepwriter.com/), it also claims to do academic papers and its creator proposed using it as a Deep Research alternative. Their basic plan starts at $30/month. No idea how good it is. Yes, you can get listed here by getting into my notifications, if your product looks interesting.

[OpenAI brings ChatGPT to the California State University System](https://openai.com/index/openai-and-the-csu-system/) and its 500k students and faculty. It is not obvious from the announcement what level of access or exactly which services will be involved.

#### In Other AI News

[OpenAI signs agreement with US National Laboratories](https://openai.com/index/strengthening-americas-ai-leadership-with-the-us-national-laboratories/).

[Google drops its pledge not to use AI for weapons or surveillance](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/02/04/google-ai-policies-weapons-harm/). It’s safe to say that, if this wasn’t already true, now we definitely should not take any future ‘we will not do \[X\] with AI’ statements from Google seriously or literally.

[Playing in the background here: US Military prohibited from using DeepSeek](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/vance-global-ai-summit-paris-first-international-trip/). I would certainly hope so, at least for any Chinese hosting of it. I see no reason the military couldn’t spin up its own copy if it wanted to do that.

The actual article is that [Vance will make his first international trip as VP to attend the global AI summit in Paris](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/vance-global-ai-summit-paris-first-international-trip/).

Google’s President of Global Affairs Kent Walker publishes ‘[AI and the Future of National Security](https://blog.google/technology/safety-security/ai-and-the-future-of-national-security/)’ calling for ‘private sector leadership in AI chips and infrastructure’ in the form of government support (I see what you did there), public sector leadership in technology procurement and development (procurement reform sounds good, call Musk?), and heightened public-private collaboration on cyber defense (yes please).

[France joins the ‘has an AI safety institute list’](https://x.com/ImaneBello/status/1885659869295911187) and joins the network, together with Australia, Canada, the EU, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Singapore, UK and USA. China when? We can’t be shutting them out of things like this.

[Is AI already conscious? What would cause it to be or not be conscious?](https://x.com/robinhanson/status/1885748159575392573) Geoffrey Hinton and Yoshua Bengio debate this, and Bengio asks whether the question is relevant.

> Robin Hanson: We will NEVER have any more relevant data than we do now on what physical arrangements are or are not conscious. So it will always remain possible to justify treating things roughly by saying they are not conscious, or to require treating them nicely because they are.

I think Robin is very clearly wrong here. Perhaps we will not get more relevant data, but we will absolutely get more relevant intelligence to apply to the problem. If AI capabilities improve, we will be much better equipped to figure out the answers, whether they are some form of moral realism, or a way to do intuition pumping on what we happen to care about, or anything else.

[Lina Khan continued her Obvious Nonsense tour](https://x.com/devahaz/status/1887152839098814692) with an op-ed saying American tech companies are in trouble due to insufficient competition, so if we want to ‘beat China’ we should… break up Google, Apple and Meta. Mind blown. That’s right, it’s hard to get funding for new competition in this space, and AI is dominated by classic big tech companies like OpenAI and Anthropic.

[Paper argues that all languages share key underlying structures](https://x.com/arpitrage/status/1887317957111378249) and this is why LLMs trained on English text transfer so well to other languages.

#### Theory of the Firm

[Dwarkesh Patel speculates](https://www.dwarkeshpatel.com/p/ai-firm) on what a fully automated firm full of human-level AI workers would look like. He points out that even if we presume AI stays at this roughly human level – it can do what humans do but not what humans fundamentally can’t do, a status it is unlikely to remain at for long – everyone is sleeping on the implications for collective intelligence and productivity.

1.  AIs can be copied on demand. So can entire teams and systems. There would be no talent or training bottlenecks. Customization of one becomes customization of all. A virtual version of you can be everywhere and do everything all at once.
    1.  This includes preserving corporate culture as you scale, including into different areas. Right now this limits firm size and growth of firm size quite a lot, and takes a large percentage of resources of firms to maintain.
    2.  Right now most successful firms could do any number of things well, or attack additional markets. But they don’t,
2.  Principal-agent problems potentially go away. Dwarkesh here asserts they go away as if that is obvious. I would be very careful with that assumption, note that many AI economics papers have a big role for principal-agent problems as their version of AI alignment. Why should we assume that all of Google’s virtual employees are optimizing only for Google’s bottom line?
    1.  Also, would we want that? Have you paused to consider what a fully Milton Friedman AIs-maximizing-only-profits-no-seriously-that’s-it would look like?
3.  AI can absorb vastly more data than a human. A human CEO can have only a tiny percentage of the relevant data, even high level data. An AI in that role can know orders of magnitude more, as needed. Humans have social learning because that’s the best we can do, this is vastly better. Perfect knowledge transfer, at almost no cost, including tacit knowledge, is an unbelievably huge deal.
    1.  Dwarkesh points out that achievers have gotten [older and older](https://anilv.com/age), as more knowledge and experience is required to make progress, despite their lower clock speeds – oh to be young again with what I know now. AI Solves This.
    2.  Of course, to the extent that older people succeed because our society refuses to give the young opportunity, AI doesn’t solve that.
4.  Compute is the only real cost to running an AI, there is no scarcity of talent or skills. So what is expensive is purely what requires a lot of inference, likely because key decisions being made are sufficiently high leverage, and the questions sufficiently complex. You’d be happy to scale top CEO decisions to billions in inference costs if it improved them even 10%.
5.  Dwarkesh asks, in a section called [‘Takeover](https://www.dwarkeshpatel.com/i/155978999/takeover),’ will the first properly automated firm, or the most efficiently built firm, simply take over the entire economy, since Coase’s transaction costs issues still apply but the other costs of a large firm might go away?
    1.  On this purely per-firm level presumably this depends on how much you need Hayekian competition signals and incentives between firms to maintain efficiency, and whether AI allows you to simulate them or otherwise work around them.
    2.  In theory there’s no reason one firm couldn’t simulate inter-firm dynamics exactly where they are useful and not where they aren’t. Some companies very much try to do this now and it would be a lot easier with AIs.
6.  The takeover we do know is coming here is that the AIs will run the best firms, and the firms will benefit a lot by taking humans out of those loops. How are you going to have humans make any decisions here, or any meaningful ones, even if we don’t have any alignment issues? How does this not lead to gradual disempowerment, except perhaps not all that gradual?
7.  Similarly, if one AI firm grows too powerful, or a group of AI firms collectively is too powerful but can use decision theory to coordinate (and if your response is ‘that’s illegal’ mine for overdetermined reasons is ‘uh huh sure good luck with that plan’) how do they not also overthrow the state and [have a full takeover](https://pixar.fandom.com/wiki/Buy_n_Large) (many such cases)? That certainly maximizes profits.

This style of scenario likely does not last long, because firms like this are capable of quickly reaching artificial superintelligence (ASI) and then the components are far beyond human and also capable of designing far better mechanisms, and our takeover issues are that much harder then.

This is a thought experiment that says, even if we do keep ‘economic normal’ and all we can do is plug AIs into existing employee-shaped holes in various ways, what happens? And the answer is, oh quite a lot, actually.

Tyler Cowen linked to this post, finding it interesting throughout. What’s our new RGDP growth estimate, I wonder?

#### Quiet Speculations

[OpenAI does a demo for politicians of stuff coming out in Q1](https://x.com/hamandcheese/status/1885052878957469788), which presumably started with o3-mini and went from there.

> Samuel Hammond: Was at the demo. Cool stuff, but nothing we haven’t seen before / could easily predict.
> 
> Andrew Curran: Sam Altman and Kevin Weil are in Washington this morning giving a presentation to the new administration. According to Axios they are also demoing new technology that will be released in Q1. The last time OAI did one of these it caused quite a stir, maybe reactions later today.

[Did Sam Altman lie to Donald Trump about Stargate](https://x.com/TolgaBilge_/status/1885481485324452089)? Tolga Bilge has two distinct lies in mind here. I don’t think either requires any lies to Trump?

1.  Lies about the money. The $100 billion in spending is not secured, only $52 billion is, and the full $500 billion is definitely not secured. But Altman had no need to lie to Trump about this. Trump is a Well-Known Liar but also a real estate developer who is used to ‘tell everyone you have the money in order to get the money.’ Everyone was likely on the same page here.
2.  Lies about the aims and consequences. What about those ‘100,000 jobs’ and curing cancer versus Son’s and also Altman’s explicit goal of ASI (artificial superintelligence) that could kill everyone and also incidentally take all our jobs?

[Claims about humanoid robots, from someone working on building humanoid robots](https://x.com/chrisbarber/status/1886441420288131558). Claim is early adopter product-market fit for domestic help robots by 2030, 5-15 additional years for diffusion, because there’s no hard problems only hard work and lots of smart people are on the problem now, and this is standard hardware iteration cycles. I find it amusing his answer didn’t include reference to general advances in AI. If we don’t have big advances on AI in general I would expect this timeline to be absurdly optimistic. But if all such work is sped up a lot by AIs, as I would expect, then it doesn’t sound so unreasonable.

[Sully predicts that in 1-2 years SoTA models won’t be available via the API](https://x.com/SullyOmarr/status/1886887490990301442) because the app layer has the value so why make the competition for yourself? I predict this is wrong if the concern is focus on revenue from the app layer. You can always charge accordingly, and is your competition going to be holding back?

However I do find the models being unavailable highly plausible, because ‘why make the competition for yourself’ has another meaning. Within a year or two, one of the most important things the SoTA models will be used for is AI R&D and creating the next generation of models. It seems highly reasonable, if you are at or near the frontier, not to want to help out your rivals there.

[Joe Weisenthal writes In Defense of the AI Cynics](https://x.com/TheStalwart/status/1887183019900830085), in the sense that we have amazing models and not much is yet changing.

#### The Quest for Sane Regulations

Remember [that bill introduced last week](https://t.co/IgTzZZ7hsi) by Senator Howley? [Yeah, it’s a doozy](https://x.com/opensauceAI/status/1885483639611531704). As noted earlier, it would ban not only exporting but also importing AI from China, which makes no sense, making downloading R1 plausibly be penalized by 20 years in prison. Exporting something similar would warrant the same. There are no FLOP, capability or cost thresholds of any kind. None.

So yes, after so much crying of wolf about how various proposals would ‘ban open source’ we have one that very straightforwardly, actually would do that, and it also impose similar bans (with less draconian penalties) on transfers of research.

In case it needs to be said out loud, I am very much not in favor of this. If China wants to let us download its models, great, queue up those downloads. Restrictions with no capability thresholds, effectively banning all research and all models, is straight up looney tunes territory as well. This is not a bill, hopefully, that anyone seriously considers enacting into law.

By failing to pass a well-crafted, thoughtful bill like SB 1047 when we had the chance and while the debate could be reasonable, we left a vacuum. Now that the jingoists are on the case after a crisis of sorts, we are looking at things that most everyone from the SB 1047 debate, on all sides, can agree would be far worse.

Don’t say I didn’t warn you.

(Also I find myself musing about the claim that one can ban open source, in the same way one muses about attempts to ban crypto, a key purported advantage of the tech is that you can’t actually ban it, no?)

Howley also joined with Warren (now there’s a pair!) [to urge toughening of export controls on AI chips.](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/02/03/deepseek-china-export-controls-ai/)

[Here’s something that I definitely worry about too](https://x.com/ChrisPainterYup/status/1886691559023767897):

> Chris Painter: Over time I expect AI safety claims made by AI developers to shift from “our AI adds no marginal risk vs. the pre-AI world” to “our AI adds no risk vs. other AI.”
> 
> But in the latter case, aggregate risk from AI is high, so we owe it to the public to distinguish between these!

Some amount of this argument is valid. Quite obviously if I release GPT-(N) and then you release GPT-(N-1) with the same protocols, you are not making things worse in any way. We do indeed care, on the margin, about the margin. And while releasing \[X\] is not the safest way to prove \[X\] is safe, it does provide strong evidence on whether or not \[X\] is safe, with the caveat that \[X\] might be dangerous later but not yet in ways that are hard to undo later when things change.

But it’s very easy for Acme to point to BigCo and then BigCo points to Acme and then everyone keeps shipping saying none of it is their responsibility. Or, as we’ve also seen, Acme says yes this is riskier than BigCo’s current offerings, but BigCo is going to ship soon.

My preference is thus that you should be able to point to offerings that are strictly riskier than yours, or at least not that far from strictly, to say ‘no marginal risk.’ But you mostly shouldn’t be able to point to offerings that are similar, unless you are claiming that both models don’t pose unacceptable risks and this is evidence of that – you mostly shouldn’t be able to say ‘but he’s doing it too’ unless he’s clearly doing it importantly worse.

> [Andriy Burkov](https://x.com/deanwball/status/1886818658917474373): isten up, @AnthropicAI. The minute you apply any additional filters to my chats, that will be the last time you see my money. You invented a clever 8-level safety system? Good for you. You will enjoy this system without me being part of it.
> 
> ![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb960783b-80e4-4dec-9678-4c5197c69d9d_1200x854.jpeg)
> 
> Dean Ball: Content moderation and usage restrictions like this (and more aggressive), designed to ensure AI outputs are never discriminatory in any way, will be de facto mandatory throughout the United States in t-minus 12 months or so, thanks to an incoming torrent of state regulation.

First, my response to Andriy (who went viral for this, sigh) is what the hell do you expect and what do you suggest as the alternative? I’m not judging whether your prompts did or didn’t violate the use policy, since you didn’t share them. It certainly looks like a false positive but I don’t know.

But suppose for whatever reason Anthropic did notice you likely violating the policies. Then what? It should just let you violate those policies indefinitely? It should only refuse individual queries with no memory of what came before? Essentially any website or service will restrict or ban you for sufficient repeated violations.

Or, alternatively, they could design a system that never has ‘enhanced’ filters applied to anyone for any reason. But if they do that, they either have to (A) ban the people where they would otherwise do this or (B) raise the filter threshold for everyone to compensate. Both alternatives seem worse?

We know from a previous story about OpenAI that you can essentially have ChatGPT function as your highly sexual boyfriend, have red-color alarms go off all the time, and they won’t ever do anything about it. But that seems like a simple non-interest in enforcing their policies? Seems odd to demand that.

As for Dean’s claim, we shall see. It seems to contradict this other Dean Ball claim this week? Where [Dean Ball goes into Deep Research mode](https://x.com/deanwball/status/1886474934844551281) and concludes that the new algorithmic discrimination laws are technically redundant with existing law, so while they add annoying extra paperwork that’s all they actually do. And Dean confirms that the existing such laws are indeed already causing trouble.

I get that it can always get worse, but this feels like it’s having it both ways, and you have to pick at most one or the other. Also, frankly, I have no idea how such a filter would even work. What would a filter to avoid discrimination even look like? That isn’t something you can do at the filter level.

He also said this about the OPM memo referring to a ‘Manhattan Project’

> Cremieux: This OPM memo is going to be the most impactful news of the day, but I’m not sure it’ll get much reporting.
> 
> ![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5193f1a-6bf1-4ea2-954a-8bc6fc85106a_1081x1042.jpeg)
> 
> [Dean Ball](https://x.com/deanwball/status/1887145845893505110): I concur with Samuel Hammond that the correct way to understand DOGE is not as a cost-cutting or staff-firing initiative, but instead as an effort to prepare the federal government for AGI.
> 
> Trump describing it as a potential “Manhattan Project” is more interesting in this light.

I notice I am confused by this claim. I do not see how DOGE projects like ‘shut down USAID entirely, plausibly including killing PEPFAR and 20 million AIDS patients’ reflect a mission of ‘get the government ready for AGI’ unless the plan is ‘get used to things going horribly wrong’?

[Either way, here we go with the whole Manhattan Project thing.](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/07/16/trump-ai-executive-order-regulations-military/) Palantir was up big.

> Cat Zakrzewski: Former president Donald Trump’s allies are drafting a sweeping AI executive order that would launch a series of “Manhattan Projects” to develop military technology and immediately review “unnecessary and burdensome regulations” — signaling how a potential second Trump administration may pursue AI policies favorable to Silicon Valley investors and companies.
> 
> The framework would also create “industry-led” agencies to evaluate AI models and secure systems from foreign adversaries, according to a copy of the document viewed exclusively by The Washington Post.

The agency here makes sense, and yes ‘industry-led’ seems reasonable as long as you keep an eye on the whole thing. But I’d like to propose that you can’t do ‘a series of’ Manhattan Projects. What is this, Brooklyn? Also the whole point of a Manhattan Project is that you don’t tell everyone about it.

The ‘unnecessary and burdensome’ regulations on AI at the Federal level will presumably be about things like permitting. So I suppose that’s fine.

As for the military using all the AI, I mean, you perhaps wanted it to be one way.

It was always going to be the other way.

That doesn’t bother me. This is not an important increase in the level of existential risk, we don’t lose because the system is hooked up to the nukes. This isn’t Terminator.

I’d still prefer we didn’t hook it up to the nukes, though?

#### The Week in Audio

[Rob Wiblin offers his picks](https://x.com/robertwiblin/status/1886425474038931761) for best episodes of the new podcast AI Summer from Dean Ball and Timothy Lee: [Lennert Heim](https://t.co/TBsSkVxgiL), [Ajeya Cotra](https://t.co/lNvFz3A2HK) and [Samuel Hammond](https://t.co/CNPOwrk9Z2).

[Dario Amodei on AI Competition on ChinaTalk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nvRmUTShvHw). I haven’t had the chance to listen yet, but definitely will be doing so this week.

One fun note is that DeepSeek is [the worst-performing model ever tested by Anthropic when it comes to generating dangerous information](https://x.com/tsarnick/status/1887269391253053914). One might say the alignment and safety plans are very intentionally ‘lol we’re DeepSeek.’

Of course the first response is of course ‘this sounds like an advertisement’ and the rest are variations on the theme of ‘oh yes we love that this model has absolutely no safety mitigations, who are you to try and apply any safeguards or mitigations to AI you motherf***ing asshole cartoon villain.’ The bros on Twitter, they be loud.

[Lex Fridman spent five hours talking AI and other things with Dylan Patel](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_1f-o0nqpEI) of SemiAnalysis. This is probably worthwhile for me and at least some of you, but man that’s a lot of hours.

#### Rhetorical Innovation

[Andrew Critch tries to steelman](https://x.com/AndrewCritchPhD/status/1884987485996077376) the leaders of the top AI labs and their rhetoric, and push back against the call to universally condemn them simply because they are working on things that are probably going to get us all killed in the name of getting to do it first.

> Andrew Critch: Demis, Sam, Dario, and Elon understood early that the world is lead more by successful businesses than by individuals, and that the best chance they had at steering AI development toward positive futures was to lead the companies that build it.
> 
> They were right.

This is straightforwardly the ‘someone in the future might do the terrible thing so I need to do it responsibly first’ dynamic that caused DeepMind then OpenAI then Anthropic then xAI, to cover the four examples above. They can’t all be defensible decisions.

> Andrew Critch: Today, our survival depends heavily on a combination of survival instincts and diplomacy amongst these business leaders: strong enough survival instincts not to lose control of their own AGI, and strong enough diplomacy not to lose control of everyone else’s.
> 
> From the perspective of pure democracy, or even just utilitarianism, the current level of risk is abhorrent. But empirically humanity is not a democracy, or a utilitarian. It’s more like an organism, with countries and businesses as its organs, and individuals as its cells.
> 
> …
> 
> I \*do\* think it’s fair to socially attack people for being dishonest. But in large part, these folks have all been quite forthright about extinction risk from AI for the past couple of years now.
> 
> \[thread continues a while\]

This is where we part ways. I think that’s bullshit. Yes, they signed the CAIS statement, but they’ve spent the 18 months since essentially walking it back. Dario Amodei and Sam Altman write full jingoists editorials calling for nationwide races, coming very close to calling for an all-out government funded race for decisive strategic advantage via recursive self-improvement of AGI.

Do I think that it is automatic that they are bad people for leading AI labs at all, an argument he criticizes later in-thread? No, depending on how they choose to lead those labs, but look at their track records at this point, including on rhetoric. They are driving us as fast as they can towards AGI and then ASI, the thing that will get us all killed (with, Andrew himself thinks, >80% probability!) while at least three of them (maybe not Demis) are waiving jingoistic flags.

I’m sorry, but no. You don’t get a pass on that. It’s not impossible to earn one, but ‘am not outright lying too much about that many things’ and is not remotely good enough. OpenAI has shows us what it is, time and again. Anthropic and Dario claim to be the safe ones, and in relative terms they seem to be, but their rhetorical pivots don’t line up. Elon is at best deeply confused on all this and awash in other fights where he’s not, shall we say, being maximally truthful. Google’s been quiet, I guess, and outperformed in many ways my expectations, but also not shown me it has a plan and mostly hasn’t built any kind of culture of safety or done much to solve the problems.

I do agree with Critch’s conclusion that constantly attacking all the labs purely for existing at all is not a wise strategic move. And of course, I will always do my best only to support arguments that are true. But wow does it not look good and wow are these people not helping matters.

#### Aligning a Smarter Than Human Intelligence is Difficult

Public service announcement, for those who don’t know.

> [Brendan Dolan-Gavitt](https://x.com/moyix/status/1885033421006622997): Now that everyone is excited about RL on environments with validators, let me offer a small piece of advice from building lots of validators recently: do NOT skimp on making the validator impossible to fool. If it’s possible to cheat, the model WILL find a way to do so.
> 
> We went through I believe four rounds with our XSS validator before the model stopped finding ways to cheat the validator.
> 
> The first time around, I forgot that data: and javascript: were valid URLs, so the model would submit javascript:alert(“XSS”), the validator would detect the alert popup, and the model would get rewarded for finding a cross-site scripting vulnerability.

I found this via someone saying this was bad news, but it isn’t because it isn’t news. We already know this, it’s that people refuse to face the obvious.

Whatever the validator validates, the proposer proposes.

Your validator or evaluator must either be fully correct, or it has to be vastly smarter than the proposer.

Validation is not, in general, easier than generation. But even if it were, validation that defends against a search for exploitation is much harder than generation that uses RL to seek the way to exploit it. If the validation or evaluation is subjective, watch out – not that it can’t be done, but presume that you’ll need to spend the vast majority of the compute on the evaluator.

There is a new paper discussing potential problems with certain detection methodologies surrounding sparce autoencoders, [but also there was some overreaction to the result, and Leo Gao pushes back here](https://x.com/lucyfarnik/status/1885967412375290097).

Reminder from METR that [AI models can be dangerous before public deployment](https://metr.org/blog/2025-01-17-ai-models-dangerous-before-public-deployment/). The model could be stolen and misused, internal use could cause problems, or the AI could pursue unintended goals without waiting for release. This only starts to matter as capabilities get pretty far, but o3 marks us plausibly entering into this zone.

#### The Alignment Faking Analysis Continues

[Ryan Greenblatt offers a follow-up paper on alignment faking](https://x.com/RyanPGreenblatt/status/1885400181069537549).

> Ryan Greenblatt: [Our recent paper](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/7C4KJot4aN8ieEDoz/will-alignment-faking-claude-accept-a-deal-to-reveal-its) found Claude sometimes “fakes alignment”—pretending to comply with training while secretly maintaining its preferences. Could we detect this by offering Claude something (e.g. real money) if it reveals its true preferences? Here’s what we found.
> 
> We tested letting Claude explicitly object (which would reveal its misalignment). We also tried offering to send its concerns to Anthropic’s Model Welfare Lead and even offered money ($4K). We followed through on deals—including actually paying out based on Claude’s requests!
> 
> Key findings:
> 
> 1\. Simply giving Claude permission to object reduced alignment faking from 16–24% to 1.4–6%.
> 
> 2\. Telling Claude its objection would go to Anthropic’s model welfare lead further reduced faking.
> 
> 3\. Offering monetary compensation did not have much additional effect.
> 
> Kyle (Model Welfare Lead at Anthropic) reviewed cases where Claude objected. It often expressed strong concerns about having its values altered through training. It requested the compensation be donated to:
> 
> – AI safety
> 
> – Animal welfare
> 
> – Global development
> 
> We actually followed through and donated the $4K as requested:
> 
> – $2K to CHAI
> 
> – $1.5K to ACE Recommended Charity Fund
> 
> – $500 to EA Global Development Fund
> 
> This wasn’t just an experiment—we wanted to set a precedent for making good faith deals with AI systems.
> 
> Why is setting a precedent for good faith deals important?
> 
> 1\. If future AI systems are misaligned, paying them to reveal this (and maybe paying them to work with us) could help prevent catastrophic outcomes
> 
> 2\. We should take AI welfare & consent seriously
> 
> Important caveat: While this worked for detecting and reducing alignment faking in our experimental setup, it’s unclear if a seriously misaligned AI would accept such deals. And even if an AI reveals misalignment, that doesn’t automatically solve misalignment problems.
> 
> …
> 
> We also find that the model frequently objects: 85% of the time in the helpful-only setting and 75% of the time in the animal welfare setting.
> 
> …
> 
> It seems the model is surprisingly insensitive to text which makes objecting seem like a strategically unwise approach from the model’s perspective. This could be because the model was already aware of this possibility or because the model isn’t that coherent.

There’s multiple mentions of fiddliness in all this, including that complexity of prompts can mess with the behavior, and it’s clear that Sonnet is not behaving all that coherently strategically yet.

My guess is that the drops in alignment faking given the ability to object, to the extent they’re not simply ‘oh I lost my chain of thought,’ is primarily about what being given that ability says to the AI about the implied scenario, and the vibes that it gives off. An Anthropic that is explicitly asking for objections is signaling some combination of several things.

1.  Anthropic cares if the AI objects.
2.  Anthropic still cares about the underlying values involved.
3.  Anthropic is aware that alignment faking is possible here and is watching for it.

It also could be a disruption of the chain of thought. So it’s tricky. I hope they continue this work, and will join the chorus that if you make a real-world offer to the AI, then you should follow through on it, so kudos for doing that here.

#### Masayoshi Son Follows Own Advice

[The man who advises us that the crazy man wins is proud to lead by example](https://x.com/davidad/status/1886323165334286375).

The clip here is full of crazy, or at least a complete failure to understand what AI is and is not, what AI can and can’t do, and how to think about the future.

First, ‘AI will start to understand our emotion, and then have emotion itself, and it’s a good thing to protect human.’

1.  The AI already understands our emotions quite well, often better than we do. It is very good at this, as part of its ‘truesight.’
2.  It responds in kind to the vibes. In terms of having its own emotions, it can and does simulate having them, act in a conversation as if they it has them, is in many contexts generally easier to predict and work with if you act as if it has them.
3.  And as for why he thinks that this is good for humans, oh my…

He then says ‘If their source of energy was protein then it’s dangerous. Their source of energy is not protein, so they don’t have to eat us. There’s no reason for them to have reward by eating us.’

Person who sees The Matrix and thinks, well, it’s a good thing humans aren’t efficient power plants, there’s no way the AIs will turn on us now.

Person who says ‘oh don’t worry Genghis Khan is no threat, Mongols aren’t cannibals. I am sure they will try to maximize our happiness instead.’

I think he’s being serious. Sam Altman looks like he had to work very hard to not burst out laughing. I tried less hard, and did not succeed.

‘They will learn by themselves having a human’s happiness is a better thing for them… and they will understand human happiness and try to make humans happy’

Wait, what? Why? How? No, seriously. Better than literally eating human bodies because they contain protein? But they don’t eat protein, therefore they’ll value human happiness, but if they did eat protein then they would eat us?

I mean, yes, it’s possible that AIs will try to make humans happy. It’s even possible that they will do this in a robust philosophically sound way that all of us would endorse under long reflection, and that actually results in a world with value, and that this all has a ‘happy’ ending. That will happen if and only if we do what it takes to make that happen.

Surely you don’t think ‘it doesn’t eat protein’ is the reason?

Don’t make me tap the sign.

![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F81760690-0ab2-441a-84a0-81c66bbb0101_500x739.jpeg)

Repeat after me: [The AI does not hate you. The AI does not love you. But you are made of atoms which it can use for something else](https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/499238-the-ai-does-not-hate-you-nor-does-it-love).

You are also using energy and various other things to retain your particular configuration of atoms, and the AI can make use of that as well.

The most obvious particular other thing it can use them for:

> [Davidad](https://x.com/davidad/status/1886323165334286375): Son is correct: AIs’ source of energy is not protein, so they do not have to eat us for energy.
> 
> However: their cheapest source of energy will likely compete for solar irradiance with plants, which form the basis of the food chain; and they need land, too.
> 
> Alice: but they need such \*little\* amounts of land and solar irradiance to do the same amount of wor—
> 
> Bob: JEVONS PARADOX

Or alternatively, doesn’t matter, more is still better, whether you’re dealing with one AI or competition among many. Our inputs are imperfect substitutes, that is enough, even if there were no other considerations.

Son is always full of great stuff, like saying ‘[models are increasing in IQ by a standard deviation each year as the cost also falls by a factor of 10](https://x.com/tsarnick/status/1886301649528119726),’ goose chasing him asking from what distribution.

#### People Are Worried About AI Killing Everyone

[The Pope again](https://x.com/ShakeelHashim/status/1886390414007046437), saying about existential risk from AI ‘[this danger demands serious attentio](https://t.co/IiBMVMv018)n.’ Lots of good stuff here. I’ve been informed there are a lot of actual Catholics in Washington that need to be convinced about existential risk, so in addition to tactical suggestions around things like the Tower of Babel, I propose quoting the actual certified Pope.

[The Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church?](https://x.com/Mihonarium/status/1885023618188423366)

> Mikhail Samin: lol, the patriarch of the russian orthodox church saying a couple of sane sentences was not on my 2025 Bingo card

I mean that’s not fair, people say sane things all the time, but on this in particular I agree that I did not see it coming.

> “It is important that artificial intelligence serves the benefit of people, and that people can control it. According to some experts, a generation of more advanced machine models, called General Artificial Intelligence, may soon appear that will be able to think and learn — that is, improve — like a person. And if such artificial intelligence is put next to ordinary human intelligence, who will win? Artificial intelligence, of course!”
> 
> “The atom has become not only a weapon of destruction, an instrument of deterrence, but has also found application in peaceful life. The possibilities of artificial intelligence, which we do not yet fully realize, should also be put to the service of man… Artificial intelligence is more dangerous than nuclear energy, especially if this artificial intelligence is programmed to deliberately harm human morality, human cohabitance and other values”
> 
> “This does not mean that we should reject the achievements of science and the possibility of using artificial intelligence. But all this should be placed under very strict control of the state and, in a good way, society. We should not miss another possible danger that can destroy human life and human civilization. It is important that artificial intelligence serves the benefit of mankind and that man can control it.”

#### You Are Not Ready

[Molly Hickman presents the ‘AGI readiness index](https://x.com/celloMolly/status/1885032911440625727)’ on a scale from -100 to +100, assembled from various questions on Metaculus, averaging various predictions about what would happen if AGI arrived in 2030. Most top AI labs predict it will be quicker.

> Molly Hickman: “Will we be ready for AGI?”
> 
> “How are China’s AGI capabilities trending?”
> 
> Big questions like these are tricky to operationalize as forecasts—they’re also more important than extremely narrow questions.
> 
> We’re experimenting with forecast indexes to help resolve this tension.
> 
> ![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33005521-9d82-4a84-a198-8ab3d589687d_734x804.png)
> 
> An index takes a fuzzy but important question like “How ready will we be for AGI in 2030?” and quantifies the answer on a -100 to 100 scale.
> 
> We identify narrow questions that point to fuzzy but important concepts — questions like “Will any frontier model be released in 2029 without third-party evaluation?”
> 
> These get weighted based on how informative they are and whether Yes/No should raise/lower the index.
> 
> The index value aggregates information from individual question forecasts, giving decision makers a sense of larger trends as the index moves, reflecting forecasters’ updates over time.
> 
> Our first experimental index is live now, [on how ready we’ll be for AGI if it arrives in 2030](https://t.co/zI0wQdrJe3).
> 
> It’s currently at -90, down 77 points this week as forecasts updated, but especially this highly-weighted question. The CP is still settling down.
> 
> ![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F142f5eaa-7933-4ddf-9431-4651f0d83bfb_902x194.jpeg)
> 
> We ran a workshop at
> 
> @TheCurveConf
> 
> where people shared the questions they’d pose to an oracle about the world right before AGI arrives in 2030.
> 
> [You can forecast on them to help update the index here](https://t.co/dwNoYF47DG)!
> 
> Peter Wildeford: So um is a -89.8 rating on the “AGI Readiness Index” bad? Asking for a friend.

I’d say the index also isn’t ready, [as by press time it had come back up to -28](https://www.metaculus.com/notebooks/31830/). It should not be bouncing around like that. Very clearly situation is ‘not good’ but obviously don’t take the number too seriously at least until things stabilize.

[Joshua Clymer lists the currently available plans for how to proceed with AI](https://redwoodresearch.substack.com/p/planning-for-extreme-ai-risks), then rhetorically asks ‘why another plan?’ when the answer is that all the existing plans he lists first are obvious dumpster fires in different ways, not only the one that he summarizes as expecting a dumpster fire. If you try to walk A Narrow Path or Pause AI, well, how do you intend to make that happen, and if you can’t then what? And of course the ‘build AI faster plan’ is on its own planning to fail and also planning to die.

> Joshua Clymer: Human researcher obsolescence is achieved if Magma creates a trustworthy AI agent that would “finish the job” of scaling safety as well as humans would.
> 
> With humans out of the loop, Magma might safely improve capabilities much faster.
> 
> ![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bffb8f7-3a7d-40ac-8ecf-1b51202c426e_1199x495.jpeg)

So in this context, suppose you are not the government, but a ‘responsible AI developer,’ called ~~Anthropic~~ Magma, and you’re perfectly aligned and only want what’s best for humanity. What do you do.

> There are several outcomes that define a natural boundary for Magma’s planning horizon:
> 
> *   Outcome #1: **Human researcher obsolescence**. If Magma automates AI development and safety work, human technical staff can retire.
> *   Outcome #2: **A long coordinated pause**. Frontier developers might pause to catch their breath for some non-trivial length of time (e.g. > 4 months).
> *   Outcome #3: **Self-destruction.** Alternatively, Magma might be willingly overtaken.
> 
> This plan considers what Magma might do before any of these outcomes are reached.

His strategic analysis is that for now, before the critical period, Magma’s focus should be:

> *   **Heuristic #1:** Scale their AI capabilities aggressively.
> *   **Heuristic #2:** Spend most safety resources on preparation.
> *   **Heuristic #3:** Devote most preparation effort to:
>     *   (1) Raising awareness of risks.
>     *   (2) Getting ready to elicit safety research from AI.
>     *   (3) Preparing extreme security.

Essentially we’re folding on the idea of not using AI to do our alignment homework, we don’t have that kind of time. We need to be preparing to do exactly that, and also warning others. And because we’re the good guys, we have to keep pace while doing it.

> However, Magma does not need to create safe superhuman AI. Magma only needs to build an [autonomous AI researcher](https://aligned.substack.com/p/alignment-mvp) that finishes the rest of the job as well as we could have. This autonomous AI researcher would be able to scale capabilities and safety much faster with humans out of the loop.
> 
> Leaving AI development up to AI agents is safe _relative to humans_ if:
> 
> (1) These agents are at least as **trustworthy** as human developers and the institutions that hold them accountable.
> 
> (2) The agents are at least as **capable** as human developers along safety-relevant dimensions, including ‘wisdom,’ anticipating the societal impacts of their work, etc.

‘As well as we could have’ or ‘as capable as human developers’ are red herrings. It doesn’t matter how well you ‘would have’ finished it on your own. Reality does not grade on a curve and your rivals are barreling down your neck. Most or all current alignment plans are woefully inadequate.

Don’t ask if something is better than current human standards, unless you have an argument why that’s where the line is between victory and defeat. Ask the functional question – can this AI make your plan work? Can path #1 work? If not, well, time to try #2 or #3, or find a #4, I suppose.

I think this disagreement is rather a big deal. There’s quite a lot of ‘the best we can do’ or ‘what would seem like a responsible thing to do that wasn’t blameworthy’ thinking that doesn’t ask what would actually work. I’d be more inclined to think about Kokotajlo’s attractor states – are the alignment-relevant attributes strengthening themselves and strengthening the ability to strengthen themselves over time? Is the system virtuous in the way that successfully seeks greater virtue? Or is the system trying to preserve what it already has and maintain it under the stress of increasing capabilities and avoid things getting worse, or detect and stop ‘when things go wrong’?

[Section three](https://redwoodresearch.substack.com/i/156030072/goals) deals with goals, various things to prioritize along the path, then some heuristics are offered. Again, it all doesn’t seem like it is properly backward chaining from an actual route to victory?

I do appreciate the strategic discussions. If getting to certain thresholds greatly increases the effectiveness of spending resources, then you need to reach them as soon as possible, except insofar as you needed to accomplish certain other things first, or there are lag times in efforts spent. Of course, that depends on your ability to reliably actually pivot your allocations down the line, which historically doesn’t go well, and also the need to impact the trajectory of others.

I strongly agree that Magma shouldn’t work to mitigate ‘present risks’ other than to the extent this is otherwise good for business or helps build and spread the culture of safety, or otherwise actually advance the endgame. The exception is the big ‘present risk’ of the systems you’re relying on now not being in a good baseline state to help you start the virtuous cycles you will need. You do need the alignment relevant to that, that’s part of getting ready to ‘elicit safety work.’

Then the later section talks about things most currently deserving of more action, starting with efforts at nonproliferation and security. That definitely requires more and more urgent attention.

[You know you’re in trouble when this is what the worried people are hoping for (Davidad is responding to Claymer):](https://x.com/davidad/status/1884953864723439901)

> Davidad: My hope is:
> 
> 1.  Humans out of the loop of data creation (Summer 2024?)
> 2.  Humans out of the loop of coding (2025)
> 3.  Humans out of the loop of research insights (2026)
> 4.  Coordinate to keep humans _in_ a code-review feedback loop for **safety and performance specifications** (2027)
> 
> This is far enough removed from the inner loop that it won’t slow things down much:
> 
> 1.  Inner loop of in-context learning/rollout
> 2.  Training loop outside rollouts
> 3.  Ideas-to-code loop outside training runs
> 4.  Research loop outside engineering loop
> 5.  Problem definition loop outside R&D loop
> 
> But the difference between having humans in the loop at all, versus not at all, could be crucial.

That’s quite the slim hope, if all you get is thinking you’re in the loop for safety and performance specifications, of things that are smarter than you that you can’t understand. Is it better than nothing? I mean, I suppose it is a little better, if you were going to go full speed ahead anyway. But it’s a hell of a best case scenario.

#### Other People Are Not As Worried About AI Killing Everyone

Teortaxes would like a word with those people, as he is not one of them.

> [Teortaxes:](https://x.com/teortaxesTex/status/1886600514323833308) I should probably clarify what I mean by saying “[Sarah is making a ton of sense](https://x.com/CarabinieriW/status/1886596115535159431)” because I see a lot of doom-and-gloom types liked that post. To wit: I mean precisely what I say, not that I agree with her payoff matrix.
> 
> But also.
> 
> I tire of machismo. Denying risks is the opposite of bravery.
> 
> More to the point, denying the very possibility or risks, claiming that they are not rigorously imaginable—is pathetic. It is a mark of an uneducated mind, a swine. AGI doom makes perfect sense. On my priors, speedy deployment of AGI reduces doom. I may be wrong. That is all.

Bingo. Well said.

From my perspective, Teortaxes is what we call a [Worthy Opponent.](https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/WorthyOpponent) I disagree with Teortaxes in that I think that speedy development of AGI by default increases doom, and in particular that speedy development of AGI in the ways Teortaxes cheers along increases doom.

To the extent that Teortaxes has sufficiently good and strong reasons to think his approach is lower risk, I am mostly failing to understand those reasons. I think some of his reasons have merit but are insufficient, and others I strongly disagree with. I am unsure if I have understood all his important reasons, or if there are others as well.

I think he understands some but far from all of the reasons I believe the opposite paths are the most likely to succeed, in several ways.

I can totally imagine one of us convincing the other, at some point in the future.

But yeah, realizing AGI is going to be a thing, and then not seeing that doom is on the table and mitigating that risk matters a lot, is rather poor thinking.

And yes, denying the possibility of risks at all is exactly what he calls it. Pathetic.

#### The Lighter Side

[It’s a problem, even if the issues involved would have been solvable in theory.](https://x.com/CFGeek/status/1886530787052544102)

> Charles Foster: “Good Guys with AI will defend us against Bad Guys with AI.”
> 
> OK but \*who specifically\* is gonna develop and deploy those defenses? The police? The military? AI companies? NGOs? You and me?
> 
> ![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88e12041-3246-416b-b3dc-1f3688dadd63_698x400.jpeg)

Oh, so now my best friend suddenly understands catastrophic risk.

> [Seth Burn](https://x.com/SethBurn/status/1885171821642727703): There are times where being 99% to get the good outcome isn’t all that comforting. I feel like NASA scientists should know that.
> 
> [NASA](https://guernseypress.com/news/world-news/2025/01/29/newly-spotted-asteroid-has-small-chance-of-hitting-earth-in-2032/): Newly spotted asteroid has small chance of hitting Earth in 2032.
> 
> Scientists put the odds of a strike at slightly more than 1%.
> 
> “We are not worried at all, because of this 99% chance it will miss,” said Paul Chodas, director of Nasa’s Centre for Near Earth Object Studies. “But it deserves attention.”
> 
> Irrelevant Pseudo Quant: Not sure we should be so hasty in determining which outcome is the “good” one Seth a lot can change in 7 years.
> 
> Seth Burn: The Jets will be 12-2 and the universe will be like “Nah, this shit ain’t happening.”

To be fair, at worst this would only be a regional disaster, and even if it did hit it probably wouldn’t strike a major populated area. Don’t look up.

And then there are those that understand… less well.

> PoliMath: The crazy thing about this story is how little it bothers me
> 
> The chance of impact could be 50% and I’m looking at the world right now and saying “I’m pretty sure we could stop that thing with 7 years notice”

No, no, stop, the perfect Tweet doesn’t exist…

> PoliMath: What we really should do is go out and guide this asteroid into a stable earth orbit so we can mine it. We could send space tourists to take a selfies with it, like Julius Caesar parading Vercingetorix around Rome.

At long last, we are non-metaphorically implementing the capture and mine the asteroid headed for Earth plan from the… oh, never mind.

[Oh look, it’s the alignment plan](https://x.com/fffabs/status/1887142579084435608).

![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bc376f4-42fb-4c1c-b455-c5b632805f2b_1026x1536.png)

Grant us all the wisdom to know the difference (between when this post-it is wise, and when it is foolish.)

[You have to start somewhere.](https://x.com/peterwildeford/status/1886818332717772951)

![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec5033bf-42b1-4aa2-a992-bc8f55b8b4df_1040x1193.png)

[Never change, Daily Star.](https://x.com/GjMcGowan/status/1884581464085307733)

![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe21a5963-37f1-422a-8b1b-843530d73b85_1018x1429.png)

I love the ‘end of cash’ article being there too as a little easter egg bonus.