# Why do theists, undergrads, and Less Wrongers favor one-boxing on Newcomb?

Follow-up to: [Normative uncertainty in Newcomb's problem](/r/discussion/lw/hpy/normative_uncertainty_in_newcombs_problem/)  
  
**Philosophers and atheists break for two-boxing; theists and Less Wrong break for one-boxing**  
Personally, I would one-box on [Newcomb's Problem](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcomb's_paradox). Conditional on one-boxing for lawful reasons, one boxing earns $1,000,000, while two-boxing, conditional on two-boxing for lawful reasons, would deliver only a thousand. But this seems to be firmly a minority view in philosophy, and numerous heuristics about expert opinion suggest that I should re-examine the view.  
  
In the PhilPapers survey, Philosophy undergraduates start off divided roughly evenly between one-boxing and two-boxing:

### Newcomb's problem: one box or two boxes?

| Other | 142 / 217 (65.4%) |
| --- | --- |
| Accept or lean toward: one box | 40 / 217 (18.4%) |
| Accept or lean toward: two boxes | 35 / 217 (16.1%) |

But philosophy faculty, who have learned more (less likely to have no opinion), and been subject to further selection, break in favor of two-boxing:

### Newcomb's problem: one box or two boxes?

| Other | 441 / 931 (47.4%) |
| --- | --- |
| Accept or lean toward: two boxes | 292 / 931 (31.4%) |
| Accept or lean toward: one box | 198 / 931 (21.3%) |

Specialists in decision theory (who are also more atheistic, more compatibilist about free will, and more physicalist than faculty in general) are even more convinced:

### Newcomb's problem: one box or two boxes?

| Accept or lean toward: two boxes | 19 / 31 (61.3%) |
| --- | --- |
| Accept or lean toward: one box | 8 / 31 (25.8%) |
| Other | 4 / 31 (12.9%) |

Looking at the [correlates](http://philpapers.org/surveys/linear_most_with.pl?A=main:Newcomb's%20problem:one%20box#main) of answers about Newcomb's problem, two-boxers are more likely to believe in physicalism about consciousness, atheism about religion, and other positions generally popular around here (which are also usually, but not always, in the direction of philosophical opinion). Zooming in one correlate, most theists with an opinion are one-boxers, while atheists break for two-boxing:

| [Newcomb's problem:two boxes](http://philpapers.org/surveys/linear_most_with.pl?A=main%3ANewcomb%27s%20problem%3Aone%20box) | 0.125 |
| \\| \\| one box \\| two boxes \\| \\| atheism \\| \\\\\\| 28.6% \\\\\\| (145/506) \\\\\\| \\\\\\| --- \\\\\\| --- \\\\\\| \\| \\\\\\| 48.8% \\\\\\| (247/506) \\\\\\| \\\\\\| --- \\\\\\| --- \\\\\\| \\| \\| theism \\| \\\\\\| 40.8% \\\\\\| (40/98) \\\\\\| \\\\\\| --- \\\\\\| --- \\\\\\| \\| \\\\\\| 31.6% \\\\\\| (31/98) \\\\\\| \\\\\\| --- \\\\\\| --- \\\\\\| \\| Response pairs: 655 p-value: 0.001 |   |

Less Wrong breaks overwhelmingly for one-boxing in [survey](/lw/fp5/2012_survey_results/) answers for 2012:  
  
**NEWCOMB'S PROBLEM**  
One-box: 726, 61.4%  
Two-box: 78, 6.6%  
Not sure: 53, 4.5%  
Don't understand: 86, 7.3%  
No answer: 240, 20.3%

When I elicited LW confidence levels in a [poll](/r/discussion/lw/hpy/normative_uncertainty_in_newcombs_problem/969i), a majority indicated 99%+ confidence in one-boxing, and 77% of respondents indicated 80%+ confidence.  
  
**What's going on?**  
  
I would like to understand what is driving this difference of opinion. My poll was a (weak) test of the hypothesis that Less Wrongers were more likely to account for uncertainty about decision theory: since on the standard Newcomb's problem one-boxers get $1,000,000, while two-boxers get $1,000, even a modest credence in the correct theory recommending one-boxing could justify the action of one-boxing.  
  
If new graduate students read the computer science literature on [program equilibrium](http://mechroom.technion.ac.il/~moshet/progeqnote4.pdf), including some local contributions like [Robust Cooperation in the Prisoner's Dilemma](/lw/hmw/robust_cooperation_in_the_prisoners_dilemma/) and [A Comparison of Decision Algorithms on Newcomblike Problems](http://intelligence.org/files/Comparison.pdf), I would guess they would tend to shift more towards one-boxing. Thinking about what sort of decision algorithms it is rational to program, or what decision algorithms would prosper over numerous [one-shot Prisoner's Dilemmas with visible source code](/r/lesswrong/lw/hmx/prisoners_dilemma_with_visible_source_code/), could also shift intuitions. A number of philosophers I have spoken with have indicated that frameworks like the use of causal models with nodes for logical uncertainty are meaningful contributions to thinking about decision theory. However, I doubt that for those with opinions, the balance would swing from almost 3:1 for two-boxing to 9:1 for one-boxing, even concentrating on new decision theory graduate students.  
  
On the other hand, there may be an effect of unbalanced presentation to non-experts. Less Wrong is on average less philosophically sophisticated than professional philosophers. Since philosophical training is associated with a shift towards two-boxing, some of the difference in opinion could reflect a difference in training. Then, postings on decision theory have almost all either argued for or assumed one-boxing as the correct response on Newcomb's problem. It might be that if academic decision theorists were making arguments for two-boxing here, or if there was a reduction in pro one-boxing social pressure, there would be a shift in Less Wrong opinion towards two-boxing.  
  
Less Wrongers, what's going on here? What are the relative causal roles of these and other factors in this divergence?  
  
ETA: The SEP [article](http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/decision-causal/#NewPro) on Causal Decision Theory.