# Covid-19 5/7: Fighting Limbo

Last week: [Covid-19 4/30: Stuck in Limbo](https://thezvi.wordpress.com/2020/04/30/covid-19-4-30-stuck-in-limbo/)

Recently: [Covid-19: New York’s Antibody Tests 2](https://thezvi.wordpress.com/2020/05/06/covid-19-new-yorks-antibody-tests-2/), [On “COVID-19 Superspreader Events in 28 Countries: Critical Patterns and Lessons”](https://thezvi.wordpress.com/2020/04/29/on-covid-19-superspreader-events-in-28-countries-critical-patterns-and-lessons/)

Background Assumptions: [On R0](https://thezvi.wordpress.com/2020/04/07/on-r0/), [Taking Initial Viral Load Seriously](https://thezvi.wordpress.com/2020/04/01/taking-initial-viral-load-seriously/), [On New York’s Antibody Tests](https://thezvi.wordpress.com/2020/04/25/on-new-yorks-antibody-tests/), [My Covid-19 Thinking: 4/23 pre-Cuomo Data](https://thezvi.wordpress.com/2020/04/23/my-covid-19-thinking-4-23-pre-cuomo-data/)

Spreadsheet where I do work: [Access it here as read only](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1fG6Egvt6-h9DwYBXwAVHGT_gIznoYrvpcWjOT_jZmrc/edit?usp=sharing)

Deaths By Week in the 5 Big Regions:

|     | WEST | MIDWEST | SOUTH | NE ex-NY | NY  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mar 26-Apr 1 | 164 | 450 | 182 | 143 | 364 |
| Mar 19-Mar 25 | 424 | 1894 | 667 | 856 | 1988 |
| Apr 2-8 | 764 | 3873 | 1331 | 2248 | 4694 |
| Apr 9-15 | 890 | 4853 | 1596 | 3605 | 5318 |
| Apr 16-22 | 1033 | 5189 | 1727 | 5165 | 3716 |
| Apr 23-29 | 1128 | 5234 | 1694 | 4742 | 2666 |
| Apr 30-May 6 | 988 | 5126 | 1740 | 4921 | 1862 |

Positive Tests By Week By Region:

|     | WEST | MIDWEST | SOUTH | NE ex-NY | NY  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mar 26-Apr 1 | 7176 | 7812 | 9927 | 11923 | 33106 |
| Mar 19-Mar 25 | 16665 | 22121 | 28412 | 37339 | 55123 |
| Apr 2-8 | 19925 | 31460 | 38989 | 60433 | 67556 |
| Apr 9-15 | 16291 | 29267 | 35570 | 62293 | 64463 |
| Apr 16-22 | 20065 | 34130 | 33932 | 65080 | 43437 |
| Apr 23-29 | 21873 | 42343 | 34683 | 62355 | 42475 |
| Apr 30-May 6 | 23424 | 49205 | 37595 | 52232 | 24287 |

Tests each week (New York’s 5/6 negative rate assumed to be same as 5/5):

|     | USA Pos% | USA ex-NY Pos % | NY Pos % | USA Tests | USA ex-NY Tests | NY Tests |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mar 26-Apr 1 | 16.2% | 10.7% | 32.0% | 347577 | 258695 | 88882 |
| Mar 19-Mar 25 | 20.2% | 15.4% | 45.1% | 728474 | 611073 | 117401 |
| Apr 2-8 | 19.8% | 15.8% | 45.5% | 1067220 | 922947 | 144273 |
| Apr 9-15 | 20.1% | 16.5% | 40.1% | 1039790 | 878931 | 160859 |
| Apr 16-22 | 15.7% | 13.8% | 30.2% | 1253535 | 1109565 | 143970 |
| Apr 23-29 | 13.7% | 12.6% | 21.0% | 1480101 | 1277602 | 202499 |
| Apr 30-May 6 | 10.6% | 10.3% | 13.3% | 1733601 | 1550320 | 183281 |

Total Positive Tests:

|     | USA Positives | USA Ex-NY Pos |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mar 26-Apr 1 | 56198 | 27769 |
| Mar 19-Mar 25 | 146888 | 93987 |
| Apr 2-8 | 211095 | 145491 |
| Apr 9-15 | 209067 | 144604 |
| Apr 16-22 | 197111 | 153674 |
| Apr 23-29 | 202934 | 160459 |
| Apr 30-May 6 | 184614 | 160327 |

### New York: Rapidly Making It Here

The news keeps getting better, with each day seeming to be a more rapid decline in positive test rates and the implied R0. Last week I had R0 ~ 0.78, and now I have more like R0 ~ 0.74.

I believe that this reflects a real drop in the effective R0 over time. Some of that is shifts in behavior. Some of that is additional herd immunity, especially in the places it is most valuable. Some of that is selection, as the infection shifts to where it can better be contained. Some of that is that we have more resources fighting fewer infections.

That means more rapid improvement in the near term, and also more flexibility to work with before things start getting worse again. We see the opposite of what one might fear, where people start going stir crazy or get desperate for funds, and stop respecting the rules in bad ways.

We’ve still got a ways to go here. I estimate just over 20,000 new infections are still happening every day in the state. But on 5/17, unless there is a major change, I think that is likely to be down to around 10,000. I do not think Cuomo’s “Phase 1” reopening will impact R0 much.

How did New York succeed where others failed?

Was it herd immunity? That’s my main hypothesis, and what I mostly believe.

Was it that things were so bad that people actually changed behavior more than elsewhere? Cell phone data doesn’t seem to back this up enough.

Was it Cuomo’s great leadership? I guess it didn’t _hurt _once we got started.

Was it that New Yorkers now have enough experience that they’re making the _right _changes more than elsewhere? I don’t see much evidence of anything like that.

If anything, New York is by default uniquely vulnerable, as we saw early on, so that’s a huge factor working the other way. Herd immunity is the only thing that makes sense to me. I continue to believe in about 21% ever-been-infected rate for the state, which at current pace will stabilize at 23% if there is no second wave here.

That is about where I would expect herd immunity _in practice _to be big enough, so that makes sense to me. You have an 80/20 rule slash power law for interactions. It shouldn’t take much beyond that to get us home.

### Seriously, Stop Thinking It Takes 75% Infected To Get Herd Immunity

Shame on anyone who treats herd immunity as a boolean, rather than something that doesn’t do anything until you hit a threshold. Also shame on anyone who doesn’t realize that you get partial immunity much bigger than the percent of people infected. And of course, shame once again on everyone who tries to look responsible by saying we don’t know if antibodies grant immunity at all (as opposed to be being uncertain about how long it lasts and worrying it might wear off in a year) – once again, W.H.O. [delenda est](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthago_delenda_est).

General reminder that people’s behavior and exposure to the virus, and probably also their vulnerability to it, follow power laws. When half the population is infected and half isn’t, the halves aren’t chosen at random. They’re based on people’s behaviors.

Thus, expect much bigger herd immunity effects than the default percentages. Ignore any SIR or SIRD models that both are trying to model things under large (20%+) infection rates, and also treat all people the same. It’s garbage assumptions that yield garbage results, even if the rest of the assumptions are perfect.

Also shame to anyone who ‘warns us’ that because R0 changes that things are even harder to deal with and we won’t get proper herd immunity essentially ever. For example, the usually excellent and intellectually honest (even when I strongly disagree) [Interfluidity](https://www.interfluidity.com/) claimed that you need to be more responsible than three quarters _of those you interact with_ because until most of _them _are infected, you won’t get the herd immunity benefits.

But of course this is utter nonsense multiple ways. If your local group never gets infected because the virus doesn’t spread any more, you’re safe. Also, if your local group has safe practices you can keep R0<1 locally without any help from herd immunity.

Herd immunity will be even more helpful if people get antibody tests, and we place those who are immune in key positions.

### Other Regions: Making Not Much

The Midwest and South are clearly in limbo.

The West sees a ~10% improvement in deaths, which is good. It continues to be at a low baseline rate, which is also good. And its positive test count likely reflects increased testing and a slight improvement. But this is effectively still being stuck in limbo.

The Northeast outside of New York did see a decline in positive test counts, which seems to be real rather than a decline in testing, but it didn’t see a decline in deaths. Data is indeed terrible, but we also see an accelerating decline in New York where I’ve looked in greater detail. So there’s some chance that the region has turned an important corner. That’s the good news.

That still leaves three of our four major regions in a limbo situation.

The positive testing rates went up. Some of this does seem like an indication of progress. But outside of New York a lot of the effect seems to be an artifact of where we’re doing the testing. The regions that are doing relatively well seem to be ramping up testing more than regions which are doing poorly. This does not seem like a coincidence. Areas that have their act together in some ways also get it together in others, and are more likely to do [the correct amount of testing](https://thezvi.wordpress.com/2017/12/02/more-dakka/) when given time to acquire it.

### This Is How The Country Reopens

Not with a bang, but with a wimper.

There are some reports of lines around the block for newly opened nail salons. That makes sense, as for some people such things are considered essential services, and they went without for a long time. There’s bound to be a temporary surge in demand. However, places one frequents like restaurants and bad axe throwing ranges (and yes that’s the name and it’s a thing) are seeing few if any customers coming by. Just because you allow something to open today doesn’t mean people are eager to do or in the habit of doing what was banned yesterday.

Last week we were in a worst case scenario situation of sorts in many parts of the country. We were locked down, devastating the economy, yet we were neither gathering substantial herd immunity nor were we successfully squashing the virus. A week later, we were looking at being in the same situation except poorer and with fewer options. It is one thing to do a lock down initially, when one hopes it will allow squashing of the pandemic, and time was needed to get testing online and health care ready. Now that all further big progress on such fronts seems so far away, it seems like folly – as we do in end of life care, it looked like we are going to bankrupt the patient’s family so they can die a few weeks later.

So, because of all that and because I am optimistic about people’s private adaptations – see this post along similar lines, [Dumb Reopening Just Might Work](https://johnhcochrane.blogspot.com/2020/05/dumb-reopening-might-just-work.html) –  I wasn’t feeling great about things overall, but it seemed like partially reopening was likely to be the lesser of two evils.

A week later, it is still too early to know what effect those reopenings had on infection rates. Probably very little will happen that wasn’t already going to happen. Since very little was already going to happen, that means little will happen.

### Projections

There has been talk of alarmingly rising projections of infection counts and death rates. The ‘internal model’ that The New York Times asserts Trump was using, that would show hundreds of thousands of infections per day in a month, may or may not have actually been an administration model. That wouldn’t actually be a big jump, if it’s real infections rather than positive tests, since we know the death rates are undercounts and we can then extrapolate, we’re almost at that level now.

People continue to talk as if we have one-time effects rather than continuous effects. Reopening to drive R0>1 will result in ‘X deaths’ where X is not that much bigger. But if you really think a policy leads to R0>1 then you need to bite the bullet and believe it causes herd immunity levels of infection wherever implemented. How could it not? Rates of change remain a thing whether we admit it or not.

Similarly, whether or not things have just gotten better or worse seems to be driving people’s feelings about the danger level and what actions are appropriate. This is like when a ‘good economy’ is one where there’s growth and things are currently improving, and a ‘bad economy’ is one that isn’t growing and is getting worse right now, no matter what the _levels_ of activity and wealth are. It’s emotionally resonant, but nonsense.

The [Good Judgment project](https://goodjudgment.io/covid-recovery/#1369) seems to think there’s about a 50/50 shot that deaths will be above several hundred thousand, but their definitions and categories are murky so it’s hard to pin down. In my [predictions evaluations](https://thezvi.wordpress.com/2020/05/01/slatestarcodex-2020-predictions-buy-sell-hold/), I was willing to consider more than 300k deaths a solid favorite, and 100k deaths almost a can’t happen. I still think those are both true.

The project does have some good news – they are confident baseball will be back within two months. I could really, really use that, and I am not alone.

It still does not seem like we have the will necessary to squash this virus without help from herd immunity. Our lock down methods, absent massive infection rates or herd immunity help, get us R0 only slightly below 1. That’s not good enough, because we can’t sustain such tactics. So we are unlikely to see death rates much lower than we see now until we see a spike first.

How we do will depend on whether we are able to find sustainable ways to bring down rates of infection, and our willingness to let things run their course if we cannot do so.

The good news is there is lots of low hanging fruit we can use to improve. The bad news is that we seem incapable of grabbing it through government/collective action.

At every turn, the government’s role in this has been to try and get through the next week without things looking too bad. Actions are taken as part of a general trend of motion towards that which does not look blameworthy in the near term. No one, on any side or at any level, is building physical models, or has a plan for how to make this actually work that makes any sense. All the real plans that might actually work are in the hands of private actors.

Thus, we got lock downs because not doing so would have quickly seemed blameworthy. But there was no action taken with the time that bought us, because our system does not generate actions designed to achieve physical objectives. We’ve lost such abilities, and show no sign of being able to get them back. Eventually, private actors will figure things out sufficiently that there will be rising pressure to do useful things or at least get out of the way. We saw this for example on masks, which flipped from ‘governments conspire together to outright lie to us that they don’t work’ to ‘they’re mandatory and you’re horrible to not use one’ in the span of a week. Same will be true of antibody tests when their time comes.

I do think that ‘get out of the way’ is the best we can reasonably hope for from such people on the ‘contain the virus’ front. And it would do a lot of good. Simply getting out of the way at the beginning would have been far better than the active interference, shutting down, lying, banditry and piracy we’ve actually seen. That’s distinct from any looting and corruption on the financial rescue side. But it’s no surprise that we spent almost all the money on bribing people, and almost none of the money on health care or on research or on testing or on anything that might actually solve our problems.

If we do get ‘get out of the way’ to (vaguely and gradually) happen, then the future looks (relatively) bright. The big mystery remains, _this virus is not actually that easy to catch, R0 starts only around four, we’re seeing dramatic behavior changes, why isn’t this enough?_

It’s not enough, presumably, because the changes aren’t that big in some of the places that actually matter, we’re not enforcing the rules much, and we’re not doing the research to find out what actually matters, at all.

### Low-Hanging Fruit

What are the easy slam-dunk things we should be doing, but aren’t doing, or aren’t doing enough?

There’s a long list. Do not consider this complete. It’s the things that I could come up with and remember today, nothing more, _that I consider slam-dunk obviously correct to do. _I don’t know of good arguments against any of this. I left off anything with political implications that are bad for a major party, even if they’re otherwise obviously right, and gave myself about 10 minutes. I’m also not listing anything I think we should do for economic reasons. Different post.

The basic conclusion: Yes. There’s treasure everywhere.

If I had to pick one thing to focus on one thing a private person can do, it’s **we need to figure out how this spreads. **One rich person, who cares, can fund the necessary work to figure this out. If you have the resources but need help figuring out how to do it, I will help you with that.

If I had to pick one thing to focus on for public choice, it would be allowing challenge trials for vaccination and also to gather other information. But if I wasn’t counting that because “ethicists” want us all to die, and I need something they would allow, I would point be our continuing failure to provide reasonable help with isolation of the sick outside of hospitals. But that’s mostly a question of where I think I could get traction.

1.  We should gather much better data, pay a lot to do so. Stop worrying so much about privacy and “ethics” of such matters. Do lots of surveys. Figure out how people get infected, what people’s actual behaviors are.
2.  Even better, actually run freaking experiments. Run them to figure out how people get infected. It’s crazy we still don’t know if surfaces even matter.
3.  If we can’t run freaking experiments, let’s find better ways to do the studies. If you give me a team I’ll design ways to figure things out. I can’t be the only one who can.
4.  Once you’ve agreed to that, next do challenge trials for vaccination.
5.  Then, once we’ve agreed to do that, we should do experiments to study [variolation](https://thezvi.wordpress.com/2020/04/01/taking-initial-viral-load-seriously/).
6.  Also, we should be spending _even more massive and epic _amounts on vaccines. We should be building facilities for everything plausible, running challenge trials, promising to pay premium prices, you name it. If we don’t feel like we overpaid and got robbed when it’s finally over, _we didn’t pay enough._
7.  We should be spending massive, epic amounts on testing, both regular and antibody testing.
8.  Anyone who has a positive antibody test should be given an easily visible sign of this, and encouraged to do whatever the hell they want. Passports ho.
9.  We should _actually enforce _the rules we care about. People who test positive need to actually be quarantined. Likely even more than that, _social gatherings that flaunt the rules need to be stopped, and if necessary severely punished. _This can’t go on.
10.  We should have our contact tracing app working, seriously what the hell is taking so long, Apple and Google?
11.  We should be raising prices on the things we want more of, rather than calling for action against price gouging.
12.  We should in general stop preventing people from doing useful things, via the regulatory state, unless absolutely necessary.
13.  We should pass laws allowing people to wave liability for potential infection, so business can operate reasonably and people can generally choose what risks they want to take.
14.  We should reopen essentially all outdoor spaces.
15.  Where things need to be in short supply to prevent crowding, instead of ruining it for everyone, we should mandate allocation by price. Best kind of tax.
16.  We should provide free accommodations and meals, at hotels and on campuses, for anyone with a doctor’s prescription for quarantine, at least on a voluntary basis, until all available lodging is full.
17.  We should ensure Covid-19 positive people are kept out of nursing homes, rather than _literally requiring that they take them. _Insanity.
18.  We should provide large subsidies to grocery store and restaurant store-run delivery and pick-up services, to prevent crowding and exposure, and provide indirect help to those in need.

### Paths Forward

My plan is to do a weekly update with the national statistics and some of my general thoughts, and continue to supplement with other posts on other stuff, whether Covid-19, gaming, rationality or otherwise. I’m hoping these have been helpful – I’ve been extremely frustrated that it seems plausible that someone like me could be useful in this situation, since literally everyone has one job and this is it. And yet.

I also want to say I appreciate the thank yous I’ve been getting. They help me keep going. It would also be helpful, if you think these are useful, to provide signal boosts, so others can be helped as well.