# My intellectual influences

Prompted by a friend's question about my reading history, I've been thinking about what shaped the worldview I have today. This has been a productive exercise, which I recommend to others. Although I worry that some of what's written below is post-hoc confabulation, at the very least it's forced me to pin down what I think I learned from each of the sources listed, which I expect will help me track how my views change from here on. This blog post focuses on non-fiction books (and some other writing); I've also written a blog post on [how fiction has influenced me](http://thinkingcomplete.blogspot.com/2020/11/my-fictional-influences.html).

My first strong intellectual influence was Eliezer Yudkowsky’s writings on Less Wrong (now collected in [*Rationality: from AI to Zombies*](https://www.readthesequences.com/)). I still agree with [many](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/a7n8GdKiAZRX86T5A/making-beliefs-pay-rent-in-anticipated-experiences) [of](https://www.lesswrong.com/s/5uZQHpecjn7955faL/p/fysgqk4CjAwhBgNYT) [his](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/8vpf46nLMDYPC6wA4/optimization-and-the-intelligence-explosion) [core](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/yA4gF5KrboK2m2Xu7/how-an-algorithm-feels-from-inside) [claims](https://www.lesswrong.com/s/FrqfoG3LJeCZs96Ym/p/dLJv2CoRCgeC2mPgj), but don’t buy into the overarching narratives as much. In particular, the idea of “rationality” doesn’t play a big role in my worldview any more. Instead I focus on [specific habits and tools](http://thinkingcomplete.blogspot.com/2019/09/seven-habits-towards-highly-effective.html) for thinking well (as in *Superforecasters*), and creating communities with productive epistemic standards (a focus of less rationalist accounts of reason and science, e.g. *The Enigma of Reason* and *The* *Structure of Scientific Revolutions*).  
  
Two other strong influences around that time were [Scott Alexander](http://slatestarcodex.com/)’s writings on [tribalism](https://slatestarcodex.com/2014/12/17/the-toxoplasma-of-rage/) [in](https://slatestarcodex.com/2014/11/03/all-in-all-another-brick-in-the-motte/) [politics](https://slatestarcodex.com/2014/09/30/i-can-tolerate-anything-except-the-outgroup/), and Robin Hanson’s work on signalling (particularly [*Elephant in the Brain*](http://elephantinthebrain.com/)), both of which are now foundational to my worldview. Both are loosely grounded in evolutionary psychology, although not reliant on it. More generally, even if I’m suspicious of many individual claims from evolutionary psychology, the idea that humans are continuous with animals is central to my worldview (see *Darwin’s Unfinished Symphony* and *Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are?*). In particular, it has shaped my views on naturalistic ethics (via a variety of sources, with Wright’s *The Moral Animal* being perhaps the most central).

Another big worldview question is: how does the world actually change? At one point I bought into techno-economic determinism about history, based on reading big-picture books like *Guns, Germs and Steel and The Silk Roads*, and also because of my understanding of the history of science (e.g. the prevalence of [multiple discovery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_discovery)). Sandel’s *What Money Can’t Buy* nudged me towards thinking more about cultural factors; so did books like *The Dream Machine* and *The Idea Factory*, which describe how many technologies I take for granted were constructed. And reading Bertrand Russell’s [*History of Western Philosophy*](http://thinkingcomplete.blogspot.com/2018/08/on-first-looking-into-russells-history.html) made me start thinking about the large-scale patterns in intellectual history (on which *The Modern Mind* further shaped my views).  

This paved the way for me to believe that there’s room to have a comparable influence on our current world. Here I owe a lot to Tyler Cowen’s *The Great Stagnation* (and to a lesser extent [its sequels](http://thinkingcomplete.blogspot.com/2018/08/book-review-complacent-class.html)), Peter Thiel’s [talks and essays](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1zao_AyBhNb8TPWrQqgXn5NzNAgfEqzTIaFYos7wdqGI/edit?usp=sharing) (and to a lesser extent his book *Zero to One*), and [Paul Graham’s essays](http://www.paulgraham.com/articles.html). My new perspective is similar to the standard “[Silicon](http://www.paulgraham.com/swan.html) [Valley](http://www.paulgraham.com/wealth.html) [mindset](http://www.paulgraham.com/siliconvalley.html)”, but focusing more on the role of ideas than technologies. To repurpose the well-known quote: “Practical men who believe themselves to be quite exempt from any intellectual influence are usually the slaves of some defunct philosopher.”  

Here’s a more complete list of nonfiction books which have influenced me, organised by topic (although I’ve undoubtedly missed some). I'm no longer updating this post, but [here's a list of books I've enjoyed more recently](https://twitter.com/RichardMCNgo/status/1449937391704174592?t=KlyorVOg4OYb9XYPxCaiDQ&s=19). I welcome recommendations, whether they’re books that fit in with these lists, or books that fill gaps in them!

On ethics:
*   The Righteous Mind
    
*   Technology and the Virtues
    
*   Reasons and Persons
    
*   What Money Can’t Buy
    
*   The Precipice

On human evolution:
*   The Enigma of Reason
    
*   The Human Advantage
    
*   Darwin’s Unfinished Symphony
    
*   The Secret of our Success
    
*   Human Evolution (Dunbar)
    
*   The Mating Mind
    
*   The Symbolic Species

On human minds and thought:
*   Rationality: from AI to Zombies
    
*   The Elephant in the Brain
    
*   How to Create a Mind
    
*   Why Buddhism is True
    
*   The Blank Slate
    
*   The Language Instinct
    
*   The Stuff of Thought
    
*   The Mind is Flat
    
*   Superforecasting
    
*   Thinking, Fast and Slow

On other sciences:
*   Scale: The Universal Laws of Life and Death in Organisms, Cities and Companies
    
*   Superintelligence
    
*   The Alignment Problem
    
*   Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are?
    
*   The Moral Animal
    
*   Ending Aging

*   Improbable Destinies
    
*   The Selfish Gene
    
*   The Blind Watchmaker
    
*   Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos
    
*   Quantum Computing Since Democritus

On science itself:
*   [The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe](https://thinkingcomplete.blogspot.com/2019/04/book-review-sleepwalkers.html)
    
*   The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
    
*   The End of Science
    
*   The Fabric of Reality
    
*   The Beginning of Infinity
    
*   Reinventing Discovery
    
*   The Dream Machine
    
*   The Idea Factory

On philosophy:
*   [A History of Western Philosophy](http://thinkingcomplete.blogspot.com/2018/08/on-first-looking-into-russells-history.html)
    
*   The Intentional Stance
    
*   From Bacteria to Bach and Back
    
*   Good and Real
    
*   The Big Picture
    
*   Consciousness and the Social Brain
    
*   An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

On history and economics:
*   The Shortest History of Europe
    
*   A Farewell to Alms
    
*   [The Technology Trap](http://thinkingcomplete.blogspot.com/2019/07/book-review-technology-trap.html)
    
*   Iron, Steam and Money
    
*   The Enlightened Economy
    
*   The Commanding Heights 

*   A Short History of Nearly Everything
    
*   The Modern Mind
    
*   [23 things they don’t tell you about capitalism](https://thinkingcomplete.blogspot.com/2018/04/book-review-23-things-they-dont-tell.html)
    
*   [Why are the prices so damn high?](https://www.mercatus.org/system/files/helland-tabarrok_why-are-the-prices-so-damn-high_v1.pdf)
    
*   The Silk Roads
    
*   Sapiens
    
*   The Historical Figure of Jesus

On politics and society:
*   Destined for War
    
*   Prisoners of Geography
    
*   [How Democracy Ends](http://thinkingcomplete.blogspot.com/2018/11/how-democracy-ends-review-and.html)
    
*   Why Nations Fail
    
*   Factfulness
    
*   What Terrorists Want
    
*   The Lexus and the Olive Tree
    
*   Bowling Alone
    
*   Antifragile
    
*   [The Female Eunuch](https://thinkingcomplete.blogspot.com/2016/12/book-review-female-eunuch-by-germaine.html)

On life, love, etc:
*   Deep Work
    
*   Man's Search for Meaning
    
*   More Than Two
    
*   Authentic Happiness
    
*   [Happiness by Design](https://thinkingcomplete.blogspot.com/2017/11/book-review-happiness-by-design.html)
    
*   Written in History

Other:
*   [Age of Em](https://ageofem.com/)
    
*   Immortality: The Quest to Live Forever and How It Drives Civilization
    
*   Surely you’re Joking, Mr Feynman
    
*   Impro
    
*   Never Split the Difference