# Investing for a World Transformed by AI

AI looks likely to cause major changes to society over the next decade.

Financial markets have mostly not reacted to this forecast yet. I expect
it will be at least a few months, maybe even years, before markets have
a large reaction to AI. I\'d much rather buy too early than too late, so
I\'m trying to reposition my investments this winter to prepare for AI.

This post will focus on scenarios where AI reaches roughly human levels
sometime around 2030 to 2035, and has effects that are at most 10 times
as dramatic as the industrial revolution. I\'m not confident that such
scenarios are realistic. I\'m only saying that they\'re plausible enough
to affect my investment strategies.

### Companies working on AI

Google\'s DeepMind seems a bit more likely than any other company to
produce valuable AI. That\'s a good enough reason to hold a modest
position in Google. [TPU](https://cloud.google.com/tpu) and
[Waymo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo) are additional AI-related
reasons for holding Google stock.

OpenAI is a serious contender. Microsoft has a \$1 billion stake in
OpenAI. But profits from that seem to be [capped at
100x](https://openai.com/blog/openai-lp/), so the best case scenario
seems to be that Microsoft shareholders get \$13.40 per share from that
stake. Maybe Microsoft will invest more in OpenAI. I only see Microsoft
getting a modest boost from AI.

[Conjecture](https://conjecture.dev) sounds [quite
promising](https://www.lesswrong.com/tag/conjecture-org). I offered to
invest \$100k in them this summer. They don\'t seem interested in
investments that small.

There are other new private companies that I haven\'t been able to
evaluate. Here are some that seem worth paying some attention to:

-   [Adept](https://www.adept.ai/)
-   [Anthropic](https://www.anthropic.com/)
-   [Bubble City](https://www.syntience.com/)
-   [Character](https://blog.character.ai/introducing-character/)
-   [Cohere](https://cohere.ai/)
-   [Inflection
    AI](https://techcrunch.com/2022/05/13/inflection-ai-led-by-linkedin-and-deepmind-co-founders-raises-225m-to-transform-computer-human-interactions/)
-   [Keen
    Technologies](https://community.element14.com/members-area/b/blog/posts/john-carmack-introduces-new-agi-startup-keen-technologies-and-has-raised-20-million)

That\'s a dramatic pace of new startups being founded that look
potentially important. VC\'s seem to have been throwing enough money at
them in mid-2022 that they likely had little reason to talk to more
ordinary investors such as myself. Investment in such startups has maybe
cooled slightly now that FTX has stopped throwing money at them, but
I\'m guessing it hasn\'t cooled much.

I see a 50% chance that one or more of these new startups will make
DeepMind and OpenAI irrelevant. I have little hope of being able to buy
a diversified portfolio of such startups, so I don\'t expect to profit
from direct investments in companies working on AI.

### Computing Hardware Companies

The most promising investments involve the hardware needed to power AI.
That mostly means semiconductors.

Semiconductor capital equipment companies seem more promising than
companies that are more directly involved in making chips, as capital
equipment is more cyclical, and less dependent on specific uses.

My current semiconductor-related investments are (in alphabetic order):
AMKR, AOSL, ASML, ASYS, KLAC, MTRN, LSE:SMSN, TRT.

I\'m likely to buy more sometime in 2023, but I\'m being patient because
we\'re likely at a poor part of an industry cycle.

Others that I\'m considering buying: ACLS, AMAT, INTC, LRCX, MU, and
PLAB.

Some of you will be surprised that I didn\'t suggest NVDA. Its PE and
price/sales ratio are high compared to my other semiconductor
investments. I can imagine buying it if its stock price drops relative
to other semiconductor stocks. But I suspect its fans underestimate the
risk of competition from hardware that is optimized more specifically
for deep learning.

I\'ve invested in privately held [Fathom
Radiant](https://fathomradiant.co), which seems to have a shot at
NVIDIA-like success in AI-related hardware. I\'m unsure whether they\'ll
want any more investment in 2023.

I\'ve seen some noise about neuromorphic computing. I suspect that such
research is far enough from commercialization that it\'s hard to figure
out how to invest in it. (Also, I\'m nervous about helping to speed up
AI, as it\'s already coming fast enough to worry me.)

I have a tiny position in Everspin Technologies (MRAM), mainly because
of vague suggestions that their technology will support neuromorphic
computing. I haven\'t found much substance to that speculation, so I
think of it as a real long-shot. Maybe a 2% chance of a 500x return this
decade, without a high risk of the stock becoming worthless?

INTC also does some neuromorphic work, and seems to be a relatively safe
investment even if it lags behind the cutting edge.

### Datacenters

Datacenters seem likely to become a major industry, but I don\'t see
great investments here.

AMZN, MSFT, and GOOGL are likely to get some benefit from datacenter
growth. I guess I\'ll expand my GOOGL holdings and buy small positions
in AMZN and MSFT sometime in 2023, when I see signs that their stock\'s
downward momentum has dissipated.

EQIX is an example of a company whose revenue growth seems likely to
accelerate. But that will be capital-intensive, causing the company to
sell enough shares that revenue per share growth doesn\'t look very
impressive. Also, its PE is high.

AAOI is a floundering company that gets over 30% of its revenues from
selling products to datacenters. It might recover and profit from
datacenter growth, but I\'ll wait for its losses to shrink before
buying.

Semiconductor stocks seem to be strictly better ways of benefiting from
datacenter growth than datacenter-specific stocks.

### Robotics

AI seems to be on the verge of turning robotics into a major industry.
But it\'s still hard to see when and where the key advances will happen.
I suspect the main winners will be companies that aren\'t yet public, as
I\'m not too impressed by the opportunities I see so far. I\'m playing
this mainly via tiny positions in LIDAR companies (INVZ, OUST, LAZR) and
SYM.

I have a moderately large position in
[OSS](https://seekingalpha.com/article/4439788-autonomous-vehicles-rugged-transportation-computing-artificial-intelligence-one-stop-systems-stock),
whose ruggedized computing products have some robotruck applications. I
should look more carefully for other companies that make
robotics-related hardware.

### Energy

Electricity use is likely to become a larger fraction of the economy as
AI takes off. AI is energy-intensive, and will catalyze much more
digital activity.

Utility-scale solar seems likely to supply an important fraction of that
additional electricity.

My two biggest solar bets are CSIQ, and SCIA. I have smaller positions
in JKS, DQ, SEHK:1799.

For power grid infrastructure and solar farm construction, I have
positions in MTZ, MYRG, PLPC, and PRIM.

I consider it somewhat likely that nuclear energy will somehow grow more
important as a result of AI, but I\'m pretty fuzzy on the details.
Fusion is likely to be feasible in the 2030s, but I have little idea as
to whether it will be competitive.

For fission, there\'s SMR, uranium mining companies, and uranium
futures. I haven\'t invested in these, and I\'m not in any hurry to
decide which of these to buy.

### Others

Here are some weak guesses about how AI will affect existing companies
that make up significant parts of current portfolios, by industry:

-   banks: slightly negative - customers will shop around more for
    better terms, but the basic business looks relatively stable
-   investment banks, brokers, etc.: slightly positive - profit per
    transaction will decline as markets become more efficient; the total
    number of transactions will increase, possibly by a lot
-   homebuilders, real estate (REITs): neutral? I see relatively few
    effects here
-   casualty insurance: slightly positive - better risk analysis and
    understanding of contracts will cause more risks to be insured
-   life/annuity insurance: neutral?
-   pharma/biotech/hospitals/health insurance: negative? increased
    innovation may render existing companies obsolete?
-   chemicals: mildly positive, due to increased demand
-   mining: positive - possibly large increases in demand, which will be
    hard to offset by more efficient production
-   oil and gas: mildly positive, due to increased energy use; but oil
    stocks will be riskier, as AI will slightly speed up innovation in
    competing energy sources
-   aerospace and defense: I don\'t know
-   autos: weakly positive? robocars will increase miles driven; profit
    margins likely decrease as cars increasingly bought by experienced
    price-sensitive buyers (Uber, Lyft)
-   trucking: positive - robotrucks will make it more flexible /
    convenient
-   shipping: mildly positive for oil tankers and dry bulk ships, mildly
    negative for container ships (robotic factories mean less reward for
    trade between high wage and low wage countries)
-   restaurants: neutral, but with increased risk? likely increased
    concentration into a few chains that handle robotics well (i.e.
    publicly traded chains prosper at the expense of smaller
    restaurants); increased competition from companies specializing in
    delivering meals to homes or preparing meals at home
-   fashion/clothing: negative - less IRL signaling, replaced by VR
    equivalents
-   electric utilities: negative? increased demand, but regulations
    ensure that shareholder returns are mostly unrelated to demand

We should also think about the effects of an AI-induced [general
increase](https://www.openphilanthropy.org/research/could-advanced-ai-drive-explosive-economic-growth/)
in [economic
growth](https://www.metaculus.com/questions/3477/if-human-level-artificial-intelligence-is-developed-will-world-gdp-grow-by-at-least-300-in-any-of-the-subsequent-15-years/).
Some of the biggest winners in that scenario will be commodified
industries where capacity is slowest to change: oil and gas, mining, and
shipping.

### Other scattered thoughts

I see many changes coming that are hard for investors to exploit.

For example, many forms of therapy seem ripe for being replaced by AI.
Most patients can\'t find top-notch therapists. Therapists have little
ability to document their successes. Even when they are able to get a
reputation as a great therapist, they can\'t scale up to serve more than
a tiny fraction of the clients that need them.

AI can eliminate the latter problem. The reputation problem is much
harder. If one out of every 10,000 patients publishes informative
reviews of the AI, that will generate reputations that are much more
informative than those of current therapists (assuming that fewer
reviewers are actively creating noise).

If the system gets good enough feedback about the results of its advice,
it will only take a few years to accumulate better knowledge than the
top 1% of therapists. I imagine an AI therapist who has treated a few
million patients will be able to usefully sort patients into thousands
of categories, and, for the average category, the AI will have tried a
dozen different approaches, and will remember which ones worked best.
The AI doesn\'t need an IQ of 100 to translate that specialized
knowledge into a large advantage.

Some countries will adopt enough regulations that prevent AI therapy.
Will they be able to prevent patients from learning about and finding
ways to use AI therapists that are launched in other countries? I\'m
mildly optimistic, but not willing to bet much.

That might cause an important decrease in prescription drugs for mental
health. It seems premature to short the relevant stocks, but I\'m going
to start paying attention to that area (see the new etf SANE).

I expect that in something like 5 years, several AIs will be created
that are able, given enough capital, to make stock markets too efficient
for me to be able to measurably outperform the market. Should I prepare
to retire from this career? The \"given enough capital\" part won\'t
happen instantly. There\'s lots of investment funds that will be slow to
adopt AIs, and there are a moderate number of market inefficiencies that
will remain until a lot of capital is mobilized to eliminate them. So
I\'m unlikely to retire as a stock market speculator before 2030.

Can I be one of the leaders in applying AI to the stock market? I plan
to think more about this, but my current guess is that the superior
access to large datasets of big institutions gives them too much of an
advantage for me to compete with, and I\'m not comfortable with joining
one.