# Database of existential risk estimates

_This post was written for [Convergence Analysis](https://www.convergenceanalysis.org/), though the opinions expressed are my own. [Cross-posted from the Effective Altruism Forum](https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/JQQAQrunyGGhzE23a/database-of-existential-risk-estimates)._

This post:

*   Provides [a spreadsheet](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1XUwqBPQ-sFkO5h4tdYrVvlK8ooFWyR8XbBVntt820JI/copy) you can use for making your own estimates of [existential risks](https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/skPFH8LxGdKQsTkJy/clarifying-existential-risks-and-existential-catastrophes) (or of similarly “extreme” outcomes)
*   Announces [a database of estimates of existential risk (or similarly extreme outcomes)](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1W10B6NJjicD8O0STPiT3tNV3oFnT8YsfjmtYR8RO_RI/edit?usp=sharing), which I hope can be collaboratively expanded and updated
*   Discusses why I think this database may be valuable
*   Discusses some pros and cons of using or making such estimates

Key links relevant to existential risk estimates
================================================

*   [Here’s](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1XUwqBPQ-sFkO5h4tdYrVvlK8ooFWyR8XbBVntt820JI/copy) a spreadsheet listing some key existential-risk-related things people have estimated, without estimates in it.

    *   The link makes a copy of the spreadsheet so that you can add your own estimates to it.
    *   I mention this first so that you have the option of providing _somewhat_ independent estimates, before looking at (more?) estimates from others.
    *   Some discussion of good techniques for forecasting, which may or may not apply to such long-range and extreme-outcome forecasts, can be found [here](https://aiimpacts.org/evidence-on-good-forecasting-practices-from-the-good-judgment-project/), [here](https://80000hours.org/podcast/episodes/prof-tetlock-predicting-the-future/), [here](https://80000hours.org/podcast/episodes/philip-tetlock-forecasting-research/), [here](https://www.openphilanthropy.org/blog/efforts-improve-accuracy-our-judgments-and-forecasts), and [here](https://www.openphilanthropy.org/blog/how-feasible-long-range-forecasting).

*   [Here’s](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1W10B6NJjicD8O0STPiT3tNV3oFnT8YsfjmtYR8RO_RI/edit?usp=sharing) a database of all estimates of existential risks, or similarly extreme outcomes (e.g., reduction in the expected value of the long-term future), which I’m aware of. I intend to add to it over time, and hope readers suggest additions as well.
*   The appendix of [this article by Beard et al.](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016328719303313) is where I got many of the estimates from, and it provides more detail on the context and methodologies of those estimates than I do in the database.
*   [Beard et al.](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016328719303313) also critically discuss the various methodologies by which existential-risk-relevant estimates have been or could be derived.
*   In [this post](https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/KfqFLDkoccf8NQsQe/potential-downsides-of-using-explicit-probabilities), I discuss some pros and cons of using or stating explicit probabilities in general.

Why this database may be valuable
=================================

I’d bet that the majority of people reading this sentence have, at some point, seen one or more estimates of extinction risk by the year 2100, from _one particular source_.^[For example, it’s referred to in [these three](https://80000hours.org/articles/extinction-risk/#who-shouldnt-prioritise-safeguarding-the-future) [80,000 Hours](https://80000hours.org/problem-profiles/global-catastrophic-biological-risks/) [articles](https://80000hours.org/problem-profiles/nuclear-security/).] These estimates may in fact have played a role in major decisions of yours; I believe they played a role in my own career transition. That source is [an informal survey](https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/reports/2008-1.pdf) of [global catastrophic risk](https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/EMKf4Gyee7BsY2RP8/michaela-s-shortform?commentId=vgqcDG9nMdMx8c3aj) researchers, from _2008_.

As [Millett and Snyder-Beattie](https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/hs.2017.0028) note:

> The disadvantage \[of that survey\] is that the estimates were likely highly subjective and unreliable, especially as the survey did not account for response bias, and the respondents were not calibrated beforehand.

Additionally, in any case, it was just one informal survey, and is now _12 years old_.^[Additionally, [Beard et al.’s](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016328719303313) appendix says the survey had only 13 participants. [The original report](https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/reports/2008-1.pdf) of the survey’s results doesn’t mention the number of participants.] So why is it so frequently referenced? And why has it plausibly (in my view) influenced so many people?

I also expect that essentially the same pattern is likely to repeat, perhaps for another dozen years, but now with [Toby Ord’s recent existential risk estimates](https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/Z5KZ2cui8WDjyF6gJ/my-thoughts-on-toby-ord-s-existential-risk-estimates). Why do I expect this?

I originally thought the answer to each of these questions was essentially that we have _so little_ else to go on, and the topic is _so important_. It seemed to me there had just been _so few attempts_ to actually estimate existential risks or similarly extreme outcomes (e.g., extinction risk, reduction in the expected value of the long-term future).

I’d argue that this causes two problems:

1.  We have less information to inform decisions such as whether to prioritise longtermism over other cause areas, whether to prioritise existential risk reduction over other longtermist strategies, and especially _which_ existential risks to be most concerned about.
2.  We may [anchor](https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/KfqFLDkoccf8NQsQe/potential-downsides-of-using-explicit-probabilities) too strongly on the very sparse set of estimates we _are_ aware of, and get caught in [information cascades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_cascade).

Indeed, it seems to me probably not ideal how many strategic decisions people concerned about existential risks (myself included) have made so far without having first collected and critiqued a wide array of such estimates.

This second issue seems all the more concerning given the many reasons we have for skepticism about estimates on these matters, such as:

*   The lack of directly relevant data (e.g., prior human extinction events) to inform the estimates
*   Estimates often being little more than quick guesses
*   It often being hard to interpret what is actually being estimated
*   The possibility of [response bias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_bias)
*   The estimators typically being people who are especially concerned about existential risks, and thus arguably being essentially [“selected for”](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_bias) above average pessimism
*   [A general lack of evidence about the trustworthiness of long-range forecasts](https://www.openphilanthropy.org/blog/how-feasible-long-range-forecasting), and specific evidence of expert forecasts often being unreliable even for forecasts of events just a few years out (e.g., from [Tetlock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_Political_Judgment:_How_Good_Is_It))

Thus, we may be anchoring on a small handful of estimates which could in fact warrant little trust.

But what else are we to do? One option would be to each form our own, independent estimates. This may be ideal, which is why I opened by linking to [a spreadsheet](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1XUwqBPQ-sFkO5h4tdYrVvlK8ooFWyR8XbBVntt820JI/edit?usp=sharing) you can duplicate to do that in.

But it seems plausible that “expert” estimates of these long-range, extreme outcomes would correlate better with what the future actually has in store for us than the estimates most of us could come up with, at least without investing a great deal of time into it. (Though I’m certainly not sure of that, and I don’t know of any _directly_ relevant evidence. Plus, Tetlock’s work may provide some reason to doubt the idea that “experts” can be assumed to make better forecasts in general.)

And in any case, most of us have probably already been exposed to a handful of relevant estimates, making it harder to generate “independent” estimates of our own.

So I decided to collect all quantitative estimates I could find of existential risks or other similarly “extreme outcomes”, as this might:

1.  Be useful for decision-making, because I do _think_ these estimates are likely better than nothing or than just phrases like “plausible”, plausibly by a very large margin.
2.  Reduce a relatively “blind” reliance on any _particular_ source of estimates, and perhaps even make it easier for people to produce _effectively_ somewhat independent estimates. My hope is that providing a variety of _different_ estimates will throw anchors in many directions (so to speak) in a way that somewhat “cancels out”, and that it’ll also highlight the occasionally major discrepancies between different estimates. I do not want you to take these estimates as gospel.

Above, I said “I originally thought the answer to each of these questions was essentially that we have _so little_ else to go on, and the topic is _so important_.” I still think that’s not far off the truth. But since starting this database, I discovered [Beard et al.’s](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016328719303313) appendix, which has a variety of other relevant estimates. And I wondered whether that meant this database wouldn’t be useful.

But then I realised that many or most of the relevant estimates from that appendix weren’t mentioned in Ord’s book. And it’s still the case that I’ve seen the 2008 survey estimates _many_ times, and _never_ seen most of the estimates in Beard et al.’s appendix (see [this post](https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/frYYAAa5K4nHqRCPG/current-estimates-for-likelihood-of-x-risk) for an indication that I’m not alone in that). And Beard et al. don’t mention Ord’s estimates (perhaps because it was released a couple months before Ord’s book was), nor a variety of other estimates I found (perhaps because they’re from “informal sources” like 80,000 Hours articles).

So I still think collecting all relevant estimates in one place may be useful. And another benefit is that this database can be updated over time, including via suggestions from readers, so it can hopefully become comprehensive and stay up to date.

So please feel free to:

*   [Make your own estimates](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1XUwqBPQ-sFkO5h4tdYrVvlK8ooFWyR8XbBVntt820JI/copy)
*   Take a look through [the database](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1W10B6NJjicD8O0STPiT3tNV3oFnT8YsfjmtYR8RO_RI/edit?usp=sharing) as and when you’d find that useful
*   Comment in there regarding estimates or details that could be added, corrections if I made any mistakes, etc.
*   Comment here regarding whether my rationale for this database makes sense, regarding pros, cons, and best practice for existential risk estimates in general, etc.

_This post was sort-of inspired by [one sentence in a comment by MichaelStJules](https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/Z5KZ2cui8WDjyF6gJ/my-thoughts-on-toby-ord-s-existential-risk-estimates?commentId=syQM8yQTzZnDNqweu), so my thanks to him for that. My thanks also to [David Kristoffersson](https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/users/david_kristoffersson) for helpful feedback and suggestions._

_See also [my thoughts on Toby Ord’s existential risk estimates](https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/Z5KZ2cui8WDjyF6gJ/my-thoughts-on-toby-ord-s-existential-risk-estimates), which are featured in the database._