# Abstract advice to researchers tackling the difficult core problems of AGI alignment

*[Crosspost from my blog](https://tsvibt.blogspot.com/2025/11/abstract-advice-to-researchers-tackling.html).*




This some quickly-written, better-than-nothing advice for people who want to make progress on the hard problems of technical AGI alignment.

 

# Background assumptions


* The following advice will assume that you're aiming to help solve the core, important technical problem of desigining AGI that does stuff humans would want it to do. 
   * This excludes everything that isn't about minds and designing minds and so on; so, excluding governance, recruiting, anything social, fieldbuilding, fundraising, whatever. (Not saying those are unimportant; just, this guide is not about that.)
   * I don't especially think you *should* try to do that. It's very hard, and it's more important that AGI capabilities research gets stopped. I think it's so hard that [human intelligence amplification](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/jTiSWHKAtnyA723LE/overview-of-strong-human-intelligence-amplification-methods) is a better investment.
   * However, many people say that they want to help with technical AI safety. If you're mainly looking to get a job, this is not the guide for you. This guide is only aimed at helping you help solve the important parts of the problem, which is a very very neglected task among people who say they want to help with technical AI safety generally.
* The following advice will not presume any specific way that AGI will be like or unlike current AI.
* The following advice will presume that technical AGI alignment is a very difficult task, probably more difficult than anything humanity has ever done, and is pre-paradigm, i.e. no one is remotely close to knowing how to go about finding a solution.
* __The following advice is not consensus, and is phrased strongly and confidently, without caveats and also without evidence or justification. Consider checking the comments for critiques, nuances, and so on. This is just what I would tell someone if I only have this amount of words and one day to write it down, phrased with the best approximation of appropriate emphasis that I can make with that amount of efforts.__ (My credentials are only that I tried to solve the hard problem for about one decade, and I tried (with unknown success) to mentor a bunch of people to do that in several contexts; you can see much of my object-level writing here: <https://tsvibt.blogspot.com/search/label/AGI%20alignment>)

# Dealing with deference

It's [often necessary to defer to other people](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/jzy5qqRuqA9iY7Jxu/the-problem-of-graceful-deference-1), but this creates problems. [Deference has many dangers](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/ksBcnbfepc4HopHau/dangers-of-deference) which are very relevant to making progress on the important technical problems in AGI alignment. 

You should come in with the assumption that you are already, by default, deferring on many important questions. This is normal, fine, and necessary, but also it will probably prevent you from making much contribution to the important alignment problems. So you'll have to engage in a process of figuring out where you were deferring, and then gradually un-defer by starting to doubt and investigate yourself. 

On the other hand, the field has trouble making progress on important questions, because few people study the important questions and also when they share what they've learned, other people do not build on that. So you should study what they've learned, but defer as little as possible. You should be especially careful about deference on background questions that strongly direct what you independently investigate. Often people go for years without questioning important things that would greatly affect what they want to think about; and then they are too stuck into a research life under those assumptions.

However, don't fall into the ["Outside the Box" Box](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/qu95AwSrKqQSo4fCY/the-outside-the-box-box). It's not remotely sufficient, and is often anti-helpful, to *just* be like "Wait, actually what even *is* alignment? Alignment to *what*?". Those are certainly important questions, without known satisfactory answers, and you shouldn't defer about them! However, often what people are *doing* when they ask those questions, is that they are reaching for the easiest "question the assumptions" question they can find. In particular, they are avoiding hearing the lessons that someone in the field is trying to communicate. You'll have to learn to learn from other people who have made conclusions about important questions, while also continuing to doubt their background conclusions and investigate those questions.

If you're wondering "what alignment research is like", there's no such thing. Most people don't do real alignment research, and the people that do have pretty varied ways of working. You'll be forging your own path.

If you absolutely must defer, even temporarily as you're starting, then try to [defer gracefully](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/zLG2DnJw6oEZqAgaE/tools-for-deferring-gracefully).

# Sacrifices

The most important problems in technical AGI alignment tend to be [illegible](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/PMc65HgRFvBimEpmJ/legible-vs-illegible-ai-safety-problems). This means they are less likely to get funding, research positions, mentorship, political influence, collaborators, and so on. You will have a much stronger headwind against gathering [Steam](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/inedT6KkbLSDwZvfd/steam). On average, you'll probably have less of all that if you're working on the hard parts of the problem that actually matter. These problems are also simply much much harder. 

You can balance that out by doing some other work on more legible things; and there will be some benefits (e.g. the people working in this area are more interesting). It's very good to avoid making sacrifices, and often people accidentally make sacrifices in order to grit their teeth and buckle up and do the hard but good thing, but actually they didn't have to make that sacrifice and could have been both happier and more productive. 

But, all that said, you'd likely be making some sacrifices if you want to actually help with this problem. 

However, I don't think you should be committing yourself to sacrifice, at least not any more than you absolutely have to commit to that. Always leave [lines of retreat](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/3XgYbghWruBMrPTAL/leave-a-line-of-retreat) as much as feasible. 

One hope I have is that you will be aware of the potentially high price to investing this research, and therefore won't feel too bad about deciding against some or all of that investment. It's much better if you can just say to yourself "I don't want to pay that really high price", rather than taking an adjacent-adjacent job and trying to contort yourself into believing that you are addressing the hard parts. That sort of contortion is unhealthy, doesn't do anything good, and also pollutes the epistemic commons. 

You may not be cut out for this research. That's ok. 

# True doubt

To make progress here, you'll have to [Truly Doubt](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/43PTNr4ZMaezyAJ5o/the-proper-use-of-doubt) many things. You'll have to question your concepts and beliefs. You'll have to come up with cool ideas for alignment, and then also truly doubt them to the point where you actually figure out the fundamental reasons they cannot work. If you can't do that, you will not make any significant contribution to the hard parts of the problem. 

You'll have to kick up questions that don't even seem like questions because they are just how things work. E.g. you'll have to seriously question what goodness and truth are, how they work, [what is a concept](https://tsvibt.github.io/theory/pages/bl_24_08_22_06_29_36_040329.html), [do concepts ground out in observations or math](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/JFoQ3echrH2pfjKuP/non-directed-conceptual-founding), etc.

You'll have to notice when you're secretly hoping that something is a good idea because it'll get you collaborators, recognition, maybe funding. You'll have to quickly doubt your idea in a way that could actually convince you thoroughly, at the core of the intuition, why it won't work. 

This isn't to say "[smush your butterfly ideas](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/R6M4vmShiowDn56of/butterfly-ideas)". 

# Iterative babble and prune

Cultivate the virtues both [of babble and of prune](https://www.lesswrong.com/w/babble-and-prune). Interleave them, so that you are babbling with concepts that were forged in the crucible of previous rounds of prune. [Good babble requires good prune.](https://tsvibt.blogspot.com/2023/09/a-hermeneutic-net-for-agency.html#good-babble-requires-good-prune)

A central class of examples of iterative babble/prune is [the Builder/Breaker game](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/yLTpo828duFQqPJfy/builder-breaker-for-deconfusion). You can do this came for parts of a supposed safe AGI (such as "a decision theory that truly stays myopic", or something), or for full proposals for aligned AGI. 

I would actually probably recommend that if you're starting out, you mainly do Builder/Breaker on full proposals for making useful safe AGI, rather than on components. That's because if you don't, you won't learn about [shell games](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/zqmAMst8hmsdJqrpR/shell-games).

__You should do this a lot. You should probably do this like literally 5x or 10x as much as you would have done otherwise. Like, break 5 proposals. Then do other stuff. Then maybe come up with one or two proposals, and then break those, and also break some other ones from the literature. This is among the few most important pieces of advice in this big list.__

More generally you should do Babble/Prune on the object and meta levels, [on all relevant dimensions](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/fzKfzXWEBaENJXDGP/what-is-wisdom-1).

# Learning to think

You're not just trying to solve alignment. It's hard enough that you also have to solve how to solve alignment. You have to figure out how to think productively about the hard parts of alignment. You'll have to gain new concepts, directed by [the overall criterion of really understanding alignment](https://tsvibt.blogspot.com/2023/09/a-hermeneutic-net-for-agency.html#1-summary). This will be a process, not something you do at the beginning.

Get [the fundamentals right](https://tsvibt.github.io/theory/pages/bl_24_07_27_16_11_32_875751.html)—generate hypotheses, stare at data, pratice [the twelve virtues](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/7ZqGiPHTpiDMwqMN2/twelve-virtues-of-rationality). 

[Dwell in](https://tsvibt.github.io/theory/pages/bl_24_08_01_14_01_47_609192.html) the fundamental questions of alignment for however long it takes. [Plant questions](https://tsvibt.github.io/theory/pages/bl_24_08_02_09_12_51_000047.html) there and tend to them.

# Grappling with the size of minds

A main reason alignment is exceptionally hard is that minds are big and complex and [interdependent](https://tsvibt.blogspot.com/2023/09/a-hermeneutic-net-for-agency.html#the-whole-mind-is-involved-in-any-of-its-aspects) and have many subtle aspects that are [alien to what you even know how to think about](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/zwRQW9gEyszmHwff8/endo-dia-para-and-ecto-systemic-novelty). You will have to grapple with that by [talking about minds directly at their level](https://tsvibt.blogspot.com/2023/09/a-hermeneutic-net-for-agency.html#withdrawal). 

If you try to only talk about nice, empirical, mathematical things, then you will be [stumbling around](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/unCG3rhyMJpGJpoLd/koan-divining-alien-datastructures-from-ram-activations?commentId=apD6dek5zmjaqeoGD) [hopelessly](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/HbkNAyAoa4gCnuzwa/wei-dai-s-shortform?commentId=uMaQvtXErEqc67yLj) [under the](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/QzQQvGJYDeaDE4Cfg/talent-needs-of-technical-ai-safety-teams?commentId=BNkpTqwcgMjLhiC8L) [streetlight](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/nwpyhyagpPYDn4dAW/the-field-of-ai-alignment-a-postmortem-and-what-to-do-about). This is that illegibility thing I mentioned earlier. It sucks but it's true.

Don't turn away from it [even as it withdraws from you](https://tsvibt.blogspot.com/2023/09/a-hermeneutic-net-for-agency.html#withdrawal). 

If you don't grapple with the size of minds, you will just be doing [ordinary science](https://tsvibt.github.io/theory/pages/bl_24_12_02_20_55_43_296908.html), which is great and is also too slow to solve alignment.

# Zooming

Zoom in on details because that's how to think; but also, interleave zooming out. Ask big picture questions. How to think about all this? What are the elements needed for an alignment solution? How do you get those elements? What are my fundamental confusions? Where might there be major unknown unknowns?

Zoomed out questions are much more difficult. But that doesn't mean you shouldn't investigate them. It means you should consider your answers [provisional](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/5ie8Mfwq5tEBCBDEC/provisionality). It means you should [dwell in and return to](https://tsvibt.github.io/theory/pages/bl_24_08_01_14_01_47_609192.html) them, and [plant questions](https://tsvibt.github.io/theory/pages/bl_24_08_02_09_12_51_000047.html) about them so that you can gain data.

Although they are more difficult, many key questions are, in one or another sense, zoomed out questions. Key questions should be investigated early and often so that you can [overhaul your key assumptions and concepts as soon as possible](https://tsvibt.github.io/theory/pages/bl_24_07_27_07_43_32_191325.html). The longer a key assumption is wrong, the longer you're missing out on a whole space of investigation.

# Generalize a lot 

When an idea or proposal fails, try to generalize far. Draw really wide-ranging conclusions. In some sense this is very fraught, because you're making a much stronger claim, so it's much much more likely to be incorrect. So, the point isn't to become really overconfident. The point is to *try having hypotheses at all*, rather than having no hypotheses. Say "no alignment proposal can work unless it does X"—and then you can counterargue against that, in an inverse of the Builder/Breaker game (and another example of interleavede Babble/Prune). 

You can ask yourself: ["How could I have thought that faster?"](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/rYq6joCrZ8m62m7ej/how-could-i-have-thought-that-faster)

You can ask yourself: "What will I probably end up wishing I would have thought faster? What generalization might my future self have gradually come to formulate and then be confident in by accumulating data, which I could think of now and test more quickly?"

Example: Maybe you think for a while about brains and neurons and neural circuits and such, and then you decide that this is too indirect a way to get at what's happening in human minds, and instead you need a different method. Now, you should consider generalizing to "actually, [any sort of indirect/translated access to minds](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/unCG3rhyMJpGJpoLd/koan-divining-alien-datastructures-from-ram-activations) carries very heavy costs and doesn't necessarily help that much with understanding what's important about those minds", and then for example apply this to neural net interpretability (even assuming those are mind-like enough).

Example: Maybe you think a bunch about a chess-playing AI. Later you realize that it is just too simple, not mind-like enough, to be very relevant. So you should consider generalizing a lot to thing that anything that fails to be mind-like will not tell you much of what you need to know about minds as such.

# Notes to mentors

If you're going to be mentoring *other* people to try to solve the actual core hard parts of the technical AGI alignment problem:

* For very motivated / active mentees, experiment with giving firm but maximally abstract / meta advice. The reason for this is to allow them maximally leeway to figure out new ways of thinking, but to still accelerate that process with good tips. Try to just nudge them slightly, to get the full flow of their thinking unblocked and [pointing in the right direction at least at an abstract level so that they will eventually figure out how to move in many more right directions]. As an analogy, a bouldering coach might want to not say "put your foot here" but rather "try having a higher temperature for your attempts, i.e. try out more and more different methods".
* Ideally your advice should make it through the [chronophone](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/cKrgy7hLdszkse2pq/archimedes-s-chronophone). E.g., generally don't recommend deferring to a specific person about a key question, because the real message there is "defer to someone about this question", which is probably wrong. 
* Make sure they are doing Babble/Prune [on all the relevant dimensions](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/fzKfzXWEBaENJXDGP/what-is-wisdom-1), both object-level and meta-level. 

# Object level stuff

* I would suggest reading Yudkowsky's not-super-mathy technical writing on AGI alignment, e.g. [his Arbital writing](https://www.lesswrong.com/w/eliezer-s-lost-alignment-articles-the-arbital-sequence) and [List of Lethalities](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/uMQ3cqWDPHhjtiesc/agi-ruin-a-list-of-lethalities). You could try reading [Creating Friendly AI](https://intelligence.org/files/CFAI.pdf).
* I would suggest not reading very much more. The alignment field did not solve its problems, and it did not solve its meta problems (stating problems well, stating the important problems, selecting between problems, noticing failure to state important inexplicit problems, correcting these failures at the discourse level). So you cannot go out and read about what the problems are. You just can't do that, sorry. It's not possible. There's no list. Even if you read everything anyone's ever written on AGI alignment, you still won't solve it. You cannot read the understanding that you need. You'll have to figure it out yourself. You can take inspiration from others's writings obviously, but you cannot download the answers or the questions. 
* If you want something from me, I've collected and compressed down some of the core challenges in alignment in "[The fraught voyage of aligned novelty](https://tsvibt.blogspot.com/2023/03/the-fraught-voyage-of-aligned-novelty.html)", but it's written in a way that probably won't be very useful to you.