# Will Machines Ever Rule the World? MLAISU W50

Watch this week's episode on [YouTube](https://youtu.be/saiqSZkDBSk) or listen to the audio version [here](https://share.transistor.fm/s/44069318).

Hopes and fears of the current AI safety paradigm, GPU performance predictions and popular literature on why machines will never rule the world. Welcome to the ML & AI safety Update!

Hopes & Fears of AI Safety
--------------------------

Karnofsky released [an article in his Cold Takes blog](https://www.cold-takes.com/high-level-hopes-for-ai-alignment/) describing his optimistic take on how current methods might lead to safe AGI:

1.  Utilizing the nascent field of digital neuroscience to understand when AI systems diverge from what we want. Neural networks are special in how much access we have to their brains, as we can both read and write.
2.  Limiting AI systems to avoid dangerous behaviour. This can include limiting it to human imitation; intentionally making them short-sighted, avoiding risks of long-term planning on short-term misalignment; focusing their abilities in a narrow domain; and inciting unambitiousness.
3.  Having checks and balances on AI such as using one model to supervise another and having humans supervise the AI. See [this article](https://openai.com/blog/critiques/) on supporting human supervision with AI.

At the same time, [Christiano writes](https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/Hw26MrLuhGWH7kBLm/ai-alignment-is-distinct-from-its-near-term-applications) a reminder that AI alignment is distinct from applied alignment. Updating models to be inoffensive will not lead to safe artificial general intelligence but sa*fer* short-term systems such as ChatGPT. [Steiner writes a counter-post](https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/yKzyCw5EjabyZRkbJ/existential-ai-safety-is-not-separate-from-near-term) on the usefulness of working with applied alignment as well.

Relatedly, [Shlegeris publishes a piece](https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/NG6FrXgmqPd5Wn3mh/trying-to-disambiguate-different-questions-about-whether) exploring whether reinforcement learning from human feedback is a good approach to alignment. He addresses questions such as if RLHF is better than alternative methods that achieve the same (yes), has been net positive (yes), and is useful for alignment research (yes).

The alternative perspective is pretty well covered in [Steiner’s piece](https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/6YNZt5xbBT5dJXknC/take-9-no-rlhf-ida-debate-doesn-t-solve-outer-alignment) this week on why RLHF / IDA / Debate won’t solve outer alignment. Basically, these methods do not optimize for truth or safety, they optimize for getting the humans to “click the approve button”, something that can lead to many failures down the road.

GPU Performance Predictions
---------------------------

Hobbhahn and Besiroglu of EpochAI, the main AI capabilities prediction organization, have [released a comprehensive forecasting report](https://epochai.org/blog/predicting-gpu-performance) on how GPU performance will develop during the next 30 years.

![](https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/JlKm8Z05tzSPD9pa9oY2iI3-xgKUJjzpR2IA1fZelhlf0xzS2PzUwaweg1nIBfzNc937UIUBNSOQvBUMJJZNLjxUDWEryITtGNjx5kWW_cng1zOQLu1iKhrK11JlaBSKwW9U9ofFioN4DQCPcxJJlHblXbCI0kn2TcuzcFAnEFpuoQU6fVK_BzOxtxdLiA)

They use a model composed of the relationship between GPU performance and its features and how features change over time due to making transistors smaller. They expect GPU performance to hit a theoretical peak before 2033 at 1e15 FLOP/s ([floating point operations per second](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/FLOPS)).

I also chatted with a few GPU researchers at NeurIPS and their take was that computing power will hit a peak, making AGI near-impossible. The newer GPUs from Google and Tesla are not necessarily better, they just avoid NVIDIA’s 4x markup on the price of GPUs.

This brings hope to how well we can avoid AGI being developed. Ajeya Cotra’s estimate of ~1e29 FLOP/s required for artificial general intelligence based on the computation done by a human during a lifetime seems to be significantly farther away than her estimates indicated based on the Epoch report. Read her estimates in the first part of her wonderful [transformative AI forecasting report](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IJ6Sr-gPeXdSJugFulwIpvavc0atjHGM82QjIfUSBGQ/edit).

“Why Machines Will Never Rule the World”
----------------------------------------

In the spirit of predicting how capable AGI will be, Machine Learning Street Talk, the hugely popular machine learning podcast, [has interviewed](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMnWAuoucjo&ab_channel=MachineLearningStreetTalk) Walid Saba about [his review](https://philpapers.org/archive/SABMWN.pdf) of the book from August, [“Why Machines Will Never Rule the World”](https://www.routledge.com/Why-Machines-Will-Never-Rule-the-World-Artificial-Intelligence-without/Landgrebe-Smith/p/book/9781032309934), by Landgrebe and Smith.

The book’s basic argument is that artificial general intelligence will not be possible for mathematical reasons. The human brain is a complex dynamical system and they argue that systems of this sort cannot be modeled with our modern neural network architectures or within computers at all due to the limited nature of training data as a function of the past.

These arguments are in line with Searle’s 1980 Chinese room argument and Penrose’s argument of non-computability based on Gödel’s incompleteness theorem. Walid Saba’s review is generally positive about the book. I personally disagree with the arguments since we do not need to **model** the complex system of the brain, we just need to **replicate it** in a simulator.

Nevertheless, it is an interesting discussion about whether AGI is possible.

Other news
----------

In other news…

*   [Steve Byrnes releases](https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/qusBXzCpxijTudvBB/my-agi-safety-research-2022-review-23-plans) his 2022 update on his research agenda working on brain-like AGI safety.
*   [A new paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2212.03827.pdf) shows that latent knowledge might be possible to discover in language models, building upon [the Eliciting Latent Knowledge problem](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WwsnJQstPq91_Yh-Ch2XRL8H_EpsnjrC1dwZXR37PC8/edit) set out by the Alignment Research Center.
*   Finite Factored Sets are re-framing of causality: They take us away from causal graphs and use a structure based on  [set partitions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_a_set) instead.  [Finite Factored Sets in Pictures](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/PfcQguFpT8CDHcozj/finite-factored-sets-in-pictures-6) summarizes and explains how that works. The language of finite factored sets seems useful to talk about and re-frame fundamental alignment concepts like embedded agents and decision theory.
*   The PIBBBS fellowship has [released their update](https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/gbeyjALdjdoCGayc6/reflections-on-the-pibbss-fellowship-2022#Overview_of_main_updates) on their program of integrating new fields into AI safety to get more perspectives. 
*   [We might be able](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2212.04089.pdf) to make models more safe by using inference on the gradient updating process between tasks to predict out-of-distribution behavior.
*   Haydn Belfield and Christian Ruhl [have released](https://thebulletin.org/2022/12/the-bulletin-names-haydn-belfield-and-christian-ruhl-2022-leonard-m-rieser-award-recipients/) concerns about AI in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, receiving a prize from the chief editors for their piece, also detailing the problems of thinking about race dynamics.

Opportunities
-------------

There are some exciting Winter opportunities this week! Again, thank you to AGISF for [sharing opportunities](https://agisf.com/opportunities) in the space.

*   You can now join the AGI safety fundamentals course, starting next year! This might be the most comprehensive course in AI safety and we highly encourage you to [apply here](https://ais.pub/agisf2)!
*   The Machine Learning Alignment Bootcamp in Berkeley (fully paid) is now open to preliminary applicants. [Show your interest here](https://ais.pub/mlab).
*   You can now sign up to **workshops in Berkeley** during the Winter (28th of December) that can show you how ML safety as a career might look. [Sign up here](https://ais.pub/aisworkshops).
*   [Sign up](https://ais.pub/gcp) **today (!)** for the Global Challenges Project workshops in Oxford at the end of January. 
*   Join the AI Testing Hackathon **in a few hours (!)** and/or just watch our intro livestream with Haydn Belfield. [Check the livestream out](https://ais.pub/jamlive).

This has been the ML & AI safety update. We will take a break for two weeks over Christmas but then be back with more wonderful hackathons and ML safety updates. See you then!