# Twitter Polls: Evidence is Evidence

Follow-up to: [Law of No Evidence](https://thezvi.wordpress.com/2021/12/20/law-of-no-evidence/)

Recently, [there was some debate](https://twitter.com/AgnesCallard/status/1571325051756068865) about a few Twitter polls, which led into a dispute over the usefulness of Twitter polls in general and how to deal with biased and potentially misleading evidence.

[![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1024bc07-661e-4063-bbea-aa7ef9586cfa_903x109.png)](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1024bc07-661e-4063-bbea-aa7ef9586cfa_903x109.png)

[![Image](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32ee6673-1202-4584-a507-5e0512192234_1382x933.jpeg "Image")](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32ee6673-1202-4584-a507-5e0512192234_1382x933.jpeg)

[![Image](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8bd19cbc-1dae-4442-9130-fc67b926291a_1389x1131.jpeg "Image")](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8bd19cbc-1dae-4442-9130-fc67b926291a_1389x1131.jpeg)

[![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51979727-04cd-4b63-9914-fadefb6432b9_892x427.png)](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51979727-04cd-4b63-9914-fadefb6432b9_892x427.png)

Agnus Callard is explicitly asking the same question I asked, which is the _opposite_ of ignoring sample bias: _What is accounting for the difference?_

Sample selection is _definitely_ one of the explanations here. One can also point to several other key differences.

1.  My poll asks about _you,_ Patrick asks about _how others seem._
2.  My poll asks about struggle, Patrick asks about stability.
3.  My poll asks about a year versus a point in time, a potential flaw.
4.  My poll asks about now, Patrick asks about since pandemic onset.

None of this is well-controlled or ‘scientific’ in the Science![™](https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/wpcom-smileys/twemoji/2/72x72/2122.png) sense. No one is saying any of this is _conclusive_ or precise.

[![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ac091a6-e59b-480c-8999-e73292d7dbae_874x1051.png)](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ac091a6-e59b-480c-8999-e73292d7dbae_874x1051.png)

What is ‘bad’ evidence if it isn’t weak evidence? Adam’s theory here is that it is _misleading_ evidence. That makes sense as a potential distinction. Under this model:

1.  _Weak_ evidence induces a small Bayesian update in the correct direction.
2.  _Bad_ evidence can induce an update _in the wrong direction._

Usually, people with such taxonomies will also think that _strong_ evidence by default _trumps_ weak evidence, allowing you to entirely ignore it. That is _not_ how that works. Either something has a likelihood ratio, or it doesn’t.

The question is, what to do about the danger that _someone might misinterpret the data and update ‘wrong’?_

[![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c35b3fe-390d-492d-82d5-ab1a7e745411_910x667.png)](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c35b3fe-390d-492d-82d5-ab1a7e745411_910x667.png)

[![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7be9eea9-2d97-4ddc-ad74-58ff6135ee9a_919x423.png)](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7be9eea9-2d97-4ddc-ad74-58ff6135ee9a_919x423.png)

[![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0524dcff-9e5d-407a-8784-b82558e29b89_909x535.png)](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0524dcff-9e5d-407a-8784-b82558e29b89_909x535.png)

I love that the account is called ‘Deconstruction Guide.’ Thanks, kind sir.

Whether or not this ‘depends on the poll’ depends on what level of technically correct we are on, and one can go back and forth on that several times. The fully correct answer is: Yes, some info. You always know that the person chose to make the poll, and how many people chose to respond given the level of exposure, and the responses always tell you _something,_ even if the choices were ‘Grune’ and ‘Mlue,’ ‘Yes’ and ‘Absolutely,’ or ‘Maybe’ and ‘Maybe Not.’

Remember that _if any other result would have told you something,_ then this result _also_ tells you something, because it means the result that would have told you something did not happen. That doesn’t mean it helps you with any _particular_ question.

Anyway, back to main thread.

[![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8ddb2c96-3279-47d0-87f6-112cf3260864_889x784.png)](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8ddb2c96-3279-47d0-87f6-112cf3260864_889x784.png)

Getting into a Socratic dialog with a Socratic philosopher, and letting them play the role of Socrates. Classic blunder.

I certainly want to know the extent to which the world is full of lunatics.

Adam Gurri’s new claim has now narrowed to something more reasonable, that citing a Twitter poll _as representative even of some subgroup_ marks you as foolish.

We can agree that taking a Twitter poll, not adjusting for sample bias, and drawing conclusions is foolish. Saying it equates to a subgroup that is similar to the group polled still requires dealing with response bias and all that, but mostly seems fine. Adjusting for the nature of your sample should render the whole thing fine in any case.

You can _also_ find good information in a Twitter poll by comparing its results _to another Twitter poll_ using the same account (and same retweets, ideally)_._ The _difference_ between the two is meaningful. This can be a difference between questions or wordings, or a difference over time, or something else.

### Rules of Evidence

[![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b61fdf-4a52-49b4-ac02-e2873d54e1e3_889x1090.png)](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b61fdf-4a52-49b4-ac02-e2873d54e1e3_889x1090.png)

Aristotle is indeed wise. He points to the important distinction between evidence, as in Bayesian evidence or a reason one might change one’s mind or one’s probabilities, and _the rules of evidence_ in a given format of debate or discourse. In a court of law, some forms of Bayesian evidence are considered _irrelevant_ or, even more extremely, _prejudicial,_ exactly _because_ they should cause one to update their probabilities _and the law wants the jury not to do that._

Which is sometimes the right thing to do. Still, you have to admit it is kind of weird.

I think a lot of the reason it is so often right to do it is because we use very strange standards of evidence and burdens of proof in other places, forcing corrections. And also of course juries are random people so they have a lot of biases and we worry about overadjustments. Then there are the cases where we think the jury would reach exactly the _right_ conclusion, but we think that’s _bad,_ actually.

Anyway.

In the formal rules for public discourse, how should we consider Twitter polls?

A Twitter poll _without proper context_ should be fully inadmissible here.

What about with the proper context? That gets trickier.

I consider what I do on my blog a form of public discourse, and I notice that in _whatever thing that it is I am doing in most posts,_ a Twitter poll _with context_ is _obviously_ admissible. That is because ‘the thing I am doing’ is attempting to reason in public and establish a model of the world, how it works and what it is going to do. I am not trying to _persuade_ anyone as such.

That’s a different department.

We should strive _to minimize our visits_ to that department, whenever possible.

[![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8ace6e54-e0ab-4034-aa17-20c9c59904e1_879x186.png)](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8ace6e54-e0ab-4034-aa17-20c9c59904e1_879x186.png)

[![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43ecf61a-0d84-43b6-b1ff-b202f5741836_877x214.png)](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43ecf61a-0d84-43b6-b1ff-b202f5741836_877x214.png)

Exactly. Keep your evidential requirements as low as possible. But no lower.

I do occasionally, and likely will more often in the future, visit the other department. In those situations, I am more careful about using such evidence. I know it is by its nature unpersuasive to most, and a point of vulnerability, and requires a certain level of epistemic trust. Thus, in these situations, I try even more than usual to at most rely on it and other similar facts only for loose bounds and non-binding intuitions – by default, it’s not admissible.

### Crux One

And now, at least I hope, a crux.

[![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7dc16d8c-b1a2-4aeb-b471-9beaa1cd7148_892x430.png)](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7dc16d8c-b1a2-4aeb-b471-9beaa1cd7148_892x430.png)

Yes, exactly. Everything is evidence. You should updateon almost _anything._ That is indeed how probability and knowledge work.

To state the obvious, if evidence does not cause one to be more likely to be led to the correct conclusion, _you are doing evidence wrong, bro do you even Bayes?_

My first response would be to attempt to [_fix it_](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yo3uxqwTxk0&ab_channel=pablopatel)_._ If I couldn’t, then yes, I would consider not seeking out, or even actively avoiding, such information.

The tricky case is when you are being shown evidence that is selected to attempt to change your mind. Which is the basis of most ‘public discourse,’ especially that which is going to engage with someone (in any direction) with a publication called Liberal Currents. In such situations, you need to ask what actual evidence you are getting when you are given evidence. Often this is mainly comparing the quality and strength of the evidence you got to the quality and strength you would expect. If the evidence is weaker than you expected, you should update in the opposite direction on the information that this was the best this source could do.

I do not understand the claim that ‘we have statistics’ on the Twitter poll question. Is Adam suggesting someone ran a Proper Scientific Study on people’s updates from looking at Twitter polls? Which seems very hard to do usefully, and I assume is not it. Instead, I am assuming he means ‘we have statistical tools for evaluating samples and they say that your samples are worthless.’

I think this claim is simply doing statistics wrong. The samples are quite big enough. All you have to do is understand the nature of the samples. Or, use the poll _to get insight into the sample._ Which, then, you can, among other things, poll again later.

Whenever I read a scientific paper, there is about a 50/50 chance I conclude that they have buried the lead, often entirely _missing_ the lead, even if I also agree with their main claim. They do not realize what they have learned. [They do the equivalent of concluding that the key thing in life is herring sandwiches, instead of realizing it is boredom](https://smile.amazon.com/Mostly-Harmless-Douglas-Adams-audiobook/dp/B000JCE3A2/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=mostly+harmless+douglas+adams&qid=1663540785&sprefix=mostly+harmless%2Caps%2C77&sr=8-1).

[Instead of looking for something specific, look for anything at all. Much better odds.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LcVph_23VIE&ab_channel=ChrisHecker)

### Crux Two

Thus:

[![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d8b6865-b39d-4ba2-8c4f-3a20a4ac96c4_903x613.png)](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d8b6865-b39d-4ba2-8c4f-3a20a4ac96c4_903x613.png)

Tiago nails it. Knowing that _different samples and differently worded questions and answers_ explain the answer is better than not knowing that. One should not mistake it either for Deep Wisdom, or for the main thing available to be learned. It is a way to _avoid_ learning what there is to learn, by figuring out _which differences_ did it. There is a surprising result. It has a cause, and the details there are often going to be interesting. Using ‘there is a cause one could find’ as a semantic stop sign will not help you.

Indeed, I realized I could Do Science to the situation. Was it primarily the different samples, or was it primarily the different wording? There’s a way to find out!

[![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0ce2bda-9cfc-4c7e-81f8-45e21caac274_895x393.png)](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa0ce2bda-9cfc-4c7e-81f8-45e21caac274_895x393.png)

I grabbed the results here because someone new retweeted the poll, potentially corrupting the comparison after that, and any sample >300 is fine here. Here is the larger sample, which converged some towards Patrick’s results.

[![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7afaa1d-b881-4adc-ab62-9e2d97833a15_889x412.png)](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7afaa1d-b881-4adc-ab62-9e2d97833a15_889x412.png)

That is exactly Patrick’s wording. Does it match Patrick’s poll?

[![Image](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32ee6673-1202-4584-a507-5e0512192234_1382x933.jpeg "Image")](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32ee6673-1202-4584-a507-5e0512192234_1382x933.jpeg)

Mostly it does. The difference is that my sample includes more ‘about the same’ and less at the extremes, which is likely cultural differences in what counts as about the same. I’m also guessing my audience has a lower-than-usual Lizardman Constant, and that together they explain the whole difference.

Thus, we have learned that, at least in this context, no, the samples are very similar. Mostly the difference is the wordings. If Patrick were to do my exact poll For Science, I expect him to get roughly my result with a bit more noise.

The next step, if one wanted to continue learning, would be to change individual components and see if anything more changed – e.g. [do Patrick’s wording with respect to yourself only](https://twitter.com/TheZvi/status/1571962239590039559).

[![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78208c0a-e361-4d4e-a2f3-37b33d8cee88_906x385.png)](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78208c0a-e361-4d4e-a2f3-37b33d8cee88_906x385.png)

Does this represent people having a more optimistic view of themselves than they do of others? Or is this people _correctly_ doing aggregation, since 10% of people becoming less stable makes people overall less stable and larger groups have less variance? My presumption is this is a mix.

This still does leave stability down versus the original finding of struggling also down. That too is logically compatible but on its own implausible, so there is more here to explain. One could continue. For now, I will stop there.

### Conclusions

The original thread finished up with [Agnus using the Robin Hanson signal](https://twitter.com/AgnesCallard/status/1571647231052349441) to attempt to put a bet together, which did not work as there was nothing close to a meeting of the minds on what was in dispute. Adam’s final position seemed to be that as long as Twitter polls _did not match national polls as accurately as other national polls matched each other_ then they were useless. It was unclear whether you would be allowed to correct for bias before checking. That seems important given that most national polls are doing various bias-correcting things under the hood.

Adam’s whole position here, to me, is rather silly, even if we limit ourselves to use cases where the Twitter poll is being used _only_ to try and extrapolate towards national sentiment. Of course when we are trying to measure the output of process X we will get a less accurate measure by using process Y than by repeating process X. That is true even if X is not doing as good a job as Y of measuring underlying value V. We still might gain insight into V. We _especially_ might gain insight into V if X costs hundreds or thousands of dollars per use while Y falls under the slogan ‘this website is free.’

The principle mirrors the question about to what extent Proper Scientific Studies are the only form of evidence, making it legitimate to say No Evidence of X whenever there is no Proper Scientific Study claiming X, no matter what your lying eyes think or how many times your lying ears hear “Look! It’s an X!”

### Takeaways

1.  All evidence is evidence. All evidence is net useful if well-handled.
2.  Those who deny this are likely epistemically hostile and/or operate in a highly hostile epistemic environment. Treat accordingly.
3.  Do your best to stay out of such places and discussions, when you can.
4.  Biased or misleading evidence is evidence, often of many things.
5.  One must preserving [Conservation of Expected Evidence](https://www.lesswrong.com/tag/conservation-of-expected-evidence#:~:text=Conservation%20of%20Expected%20Evidence%20is,expectation%20of%20counterevidence%20%5B1%5D.).
6.  Mostly compare information from hostile or biased sources to expectations.
7.  See what is there to be learned, [being curious and exploring](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LcVph_23VIE&ab_channel=ChrisHecker).
8.  Look for comparisons that let you control for bias. Often quite straightforward.
9.  Never get into a Socratic dialog where a Socratic philosopher gets to ask the questions when death is on the line. Or you want to ‘win.’ Otherwise, sure.
10.  Twitter polls are neat and chances are you are not doing enough of them.