# Notes on Endurance

This post examines the virtue of **endurance**. It is meant mostly as an exploration of what other people have learned about this virtue, rather than as me expressing my own opinions about it, though I’ve been selective about what I found interesting or credible, according to my own inclinations. I wrote this not as an expert on the topic, but as someone who wants to learn more about it. I hope it will be helpful to people who want to know more about this virtue and how to nurture it.

What is endurance?
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Endurance is the virtue exhibited by someone who characteristically puts up with adversity, pain, discomfort, hardship, or suffering in a way that allows them to maintain their poise. To be endurance-as-a-virtue, you must be enduring because you have the confidence that you *can* endure; in other words, you aren’t just hopelessly enduring because you have no choice but to endure.

Related virtues
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There are several other virtues that are closely related to endurance or that are dependent on it:

*   A near-synonym for endurance is **fortitude**.
*   When you both endure and do not let whatever it is you are enduring distract you from your worthy projects, you exhibit [**persistence**, **perseverance**, **steadfastness**, or **tenacity**](https://www.lesswrong.com/s/xqgwpmwDYsn8osoje/p/wtzEWNPQaTBJsoEXK). It’s also trendy these days to use the words [**grit** or ***sisu***](https://www.lesswrong.com/s/xqgwpmwDYsn8osoje/p/wtzEWNPQaTBJsoEXK) to describe this.
*   Being resistant to the negative effects of adversity (to the extent where maybe you do not even feel you have to endure anything) is **hardiness** or **toughness**.
*   The ability to recover well from adversity is **resilience**.
*   When you both endure and don’t get bent about whatever it is you’re enduring, you’re also exhibiting [**forbearance** or **patience**](https://www.lesswrong.com/s/xqgwpmwDYsn8osoje/p/2fJJ8x99YcJDa5kbJ).
*   In the context of physical exertion, endurance is sometimes called **stamina** (sometimes this term is also used analogously in terms like “mental stamina”).
*   To endure something it helps to have [**hope/optimism**](https://www.lesswrong.com/s/xqgwpmwDYsn8osoje/p/62fx4bp4W2Bxn4bZJ) that it *can* be endured.

Aristotle pointed out parallels between endurance and [self control](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/53b9woahSTPQFtB2i/notes-on-self-control-continence): Self-control is resisting the temptation of things that seem immediately appealing (“I can do without that”); endurance is resisting the discouragement of things that seem immediately uncomfortable (“I can put up with that”). It can be difficult to distinguish them in some cases: is the regretful alcoholic reaching for the bottle because they cannot resist the temptation of a pleasing drink, or because they cannot endure the discomfort of withdrawal?

What good is it?
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> “The Romans ‘made Fortune sirname to Fortitude,’ for fortitude is that alchemy that turns all things to good fortune.” ―Thoreau[^gh6uyo4twd]

I’ve noticed that authors who praise the virtue of endurance often quickly pivot to describing the benefits of a related virtue like persistence or resilience. So it may be that what is best about endurance is that it is an essential ingredient of these other virtues. That doesn’t mean it is not worth considering on its own, as there may be useful ways of analyzing or of strengthening endurance in isolation.

I’ll try to stick with discussing endurance itself in this post, and save discussion of related virtues for later.

Endurance is often contrasted to things like “giving up,” “defeat,” “surrender.” This characterizes life’s various struggles as *battles*, adversity as the *opponent*, and makes endurance a crucial ingredient in *victory*. Simone de Beauvoir wrote that “the characteristic feature of all ethics is to consider human life as a game that can be won or lost and to teach man the means of winning.”[^g694vijee6q] If you consider life in this way, endurance is one of the keys to winning the game.

Endurance and gender
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In the culture I grew up in and am most familiar with, endurance seems to be often represented as a particularly masculine virtue, or at least a virtue whose absence is particularly unattractive in men. Men who lack endurance are caricatured as small and scrawny, with high-pitched whine, a hand-wringing lack of confidence, and a stooping lack of dignity: in short, as a sort of un-matured male, still dragging his blankie behind him into adulthood. Epithets like nebbish, pansy, or wimp usually imply both a lack of endurance and that the person so characterized is failing at being a man.

In women, endurance or the lack thereof does not seem to register so strongly as part of their gender identity, and there isn’t such a rich set of epithets to describe women without endurance. There are caricatures of women who, for example, faint away at the first sign of adversity, or who simply cannot go on because of some stereotypically feminine need (my nails! my hair! my heels!), but these usually do not imply a *failed* femininity but merely a delicate *variety* of femininity; and conversely a woman who *does* demonstrate great endurance is not violating gender norms by doing so but is usually portrayed as being admirable and not necessarily any less feminine (though sometimes men around her will have their masculinity called into question by comparison).

How to improve endurance
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In the case of physical stamina, the path to endurance is pretty clear: repeated exercise in which you approach the limits of your endurance causes gradual physical changes that have the effect of expanding the limits of your endurance.

For other forms of endurance, something similar seems to happen, though the mechanism is probably different. If you are not confident you can endure something, you may give up early. If you persist (or if you don’t have the choice not to) and so you do endure something you were not confident you could endure, you learn that your limits were greater than you expected, and so in the future when you encounter similar situations you may have more confidence, and therefore more endurance when tempted to give up.

So one way to build endurance may be to “fake it ’til you make it” — behave as though you have endurance even if you don’t, in order to prove that you *can* endure and build the confidence that endurance requires.

It is possible that what you think of as your lack of endurance is really masking a failure in another virtue, and so you can improve your endurance by working on that virtue instead. For example, if your difficulty enduring typically shows itself in the face of *frightening* circumstances, maybe it’s really [courage](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/gSXaGBtPQ5MM2fm2P/notes-on-courage) and not endurance that you’re lacking. If you cannot endure waiting, maybe it’s really patience you need. If you cannot endure loneliness, more self-reliance might come in handy. Some introspection at the point where your endurance seems to be giving out may be key here (“what exactly is the terrible consequence I expect will happen if I persist beyond this point?”).

It is easier to endure adversity if you have more resources in general. So for instance, if you have a strong social network, good money management understanding, confident interview skills, and so forth, it can be easier to endure a bout of unemployment simply because it is less daunting than it would be for someone without those resources. Maybe endurance is best thought of, then, not as a single, isolatable virtue, but more as a wisely-developed constellation of resources that can be drawn on in times of need, along with the skill to deploy them well.

It may also be helpful to familiarize yourself with the stories of other people who have gone through hardships and come out the other side thanks to the endurance they expressed along the way. There are many evocative and influential fictional stories along these lines (e.g. *The Old Man and the Sea*, the *Odyssey*), but also plenty of based-on-real-life stories. As you become more aware of just how much people *have* endured, you may have more confidence about what you personally *can* endure.

[^gh6uyo4twd]: H.D. Thoreau, The Service (1902)  

[^g694vijee6q]: Simone de Beauvoir, The Ethics of Ambiguity (1947)