# Mass surveillance, red lines, and a crazy weekend

*\[These are my own opinions, and not representing OpenAI. Cross-posted on windowsontheory.\]*

AI has so many applications, and AI companies have limited resources and attention span. Hence if it was up to me, I’d prefer we focus on applications that are purely beneficial— science, healthcare, education — or even commercial, before working on anything related to weapons or spying. If someone has to do it, I’d prefer it not to be my own company. Alas, we can’t always get what we want.

This is a long-ish post, but the TL;DR is:

1.  I believe that harm to democracy is one of the most important risks of AI, and one that is not sufficiently highlighted.  
     
2.  While I wish it would have proceeded under different circumstances, the conditions in the deal signed between OpenAI and the DoW, as well as the publicity that accompanied it, provide a chance to move forward on this issue, and make using AI to collect, analyze, or de-anonymize people’s data at mass scale a risk that we track in a similar manner to other risks such as cybersecurity and bioweapons.  
     
3.  It is also too soon to “declare victory.” The true test of this deal is not the contract language. It will be in the safeguards we build, and the way we are able to monitor and ensure a model that is safe for our troops and does not enable mass surveillance of our people.

*\[Also; The possibility of Anthropic’s designation as a supply-chain risk is terrible. I hope it will be resolved asap.\]*

*Country of IRS agents in a datacenter*
---------------------------------------

How can AI destroy democracy? Throughout history, authoritarian regimes required a large obedient bureaucracy to spy and control their citizens. In East Germany, in addition to the full-time Stasi staff, one percent of the population served as informants. The KGB famously had multiple "purges" to ensure loyalty.

AI can potentially lead to a government bureaucracy loyal to whomever has control of the models training or prompting, ensuring an army of agents that will not leak, whistleblow, or disobey an illegal order. Moreover, since the government has the monopoly on violence, we don’t need advances in the “world of atoms” to implement that, nor do we need a “Nobel laureate” level of intelligence.

As an example, imagine that the IRS was replaced with an AI workforce. Arguably current models are already at or near the capability of automating much of those functions. In such a case the leaders of the agency could commence tax investigations at a large scale of their political enemies. Furthermore, even if each AI agent was individually aligned, it might not be possible for it to know that the person it received an order to audit was selected for political reasons. A human being goes home, reads the news, and can understand the broader context. A language model is born at the beginning of a task and dies at its end.

Historically, mass surveillance of a country’s own citizens was key for authoritarian governments. This is why so much of U.S. history is about preventing this, including the fourth amendment. AI opens new possibilities for analysis and de-anonymization of people’s data at a larger scale than ever before. For example, just recently, [Lermen et al](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.16800) showed that LLMs can be used to perform large scale autonomic de-anonymization on unstructured data.

While all surveillance is problematic, given the unique power that governments have over their own citizens and residence, restricting domestic surveillance by governments is of particular importance. This is why personally I view it as even more crucial to prevent than privacy violations by foreign governments or corporations. But the latter is important too, especially since governments sometimes “launder” surveillance by purchasing commercially available information.

It is not a lost cause - we can implement and regulate approaches for preventing this. AI can scale oversight and monitoring just as it can scale surveillance. We can also build in privacy and cryptographic protections to AI to empower individuals. But we urgently need to do this work.

Just like with the encryption debates, there will always be people that propose trading our freedoms for protection against our adversaries. But I hope we have learned our lesson from the PATRIOT act and the Snowden revelations.  While I don’t agree with its most expansive interpretations, I think the second amendment is also a good illustration that we Americans have always been willing to trade some safety to protect our freedom. Even in the world of advanced AI, we still have two oceans, thousands of nukes, and a military with a budget larger than China’s and Russia’s combined. We don’t need to give up our freedoms and privacy to protect ourselves.

*OpenAI’s deal with the Department of War*
------------------------------------------

While the potential for AI abuse in government is always present, it is amplified in the classified settings, since by their nature, this could make abuse much harder to detect. (E.g., we might have never heard of the NSA overreach if it wasn’t for Snowden.) For this reason, I am glad for the heightened scrutiny our deal with the DoW received (even if that scrutiny has not been so easy for me personally).

I feel that too much of the focus has been on the “legalese”, with people parsing every word of the contract excerpts we posted. I do not dispute the importance of the contract, but as Thomas Jefferson said “The execution of the laws is more important than the making of them.” The importance of a contract is a shared understanding between OpenAI and the DoW on what the models will and will not be used to do. I am happy that we are explicit in our understanding that our models will not be used for domestic mass surveillance, including via analysis of commercially available information of U.S. people. I am even happier that for the time being we will not be working with the intelligence agencies of the DoW, such as NSA, DIA, etc. Our leadership committed to announcing publicly if this changes, and of course this contract has nothing to do with domestic agencies such as DHS, ICE, or FBI. The intelligence agencies have the most sensitive workloads, and so I completely agree it is best to start in the easier cases. This also somewhat mitigates my worry about not ruling out mass surveillance of international citizens. (In addition to the fact that spying on one’s own people is inherently more problematic.)

I am also happy the contract prohibits using our models to direct lethal autonomous weapons, though realistically I do not think powering a killer drone via a cloud-based large model was ever a real possibility. A general purpose frontier model is an extremely poor fit for autonomously directing a weapon; also, the main selling point of autonomous drones is to evade jamming, which requires an on-device model. Given our current state of safety and alignment, lethal autonomous weapons are a very bad idea. But regardless, it would not have happened through this deal.

That said, there is a possibility that eventually our models will be used to help humans in target selection, as is [reportedly happening in Iran right now](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2026/mar/03/iran-war-heralds-era-of-ai-powered-bombing-quicker-than-speed-of-thought). This is a very heavy burden, and it is up to us to ensure that we do not scale to this use case without very extensive testing of safety and reliability.

The contract enables the necessary conditions for success but it is too soon to know if they are sufficient. It allows us to build in our safety stack to ensure the safe operation of the model and our red lines, as well as have our own forward deployed engineers (FDEs) in place. No safety stack can be perfect, but given the “mass” nature of mass surveillance, it does not need to be perfect to prevent it. That said, this is going to be a challenging enterprise: building safety for applications we are less familiar with, with the added complexities of clearance. Sam has said that we will deploy gradually, starting in the least risky and most familiar domains first.  I think this is essential.

*Can we make lemonade out of this lemon?*
-----------------------------------------

The previous defense contract of the DoW and Anthropic attracted relatively little attention. I hope that the increased salience of this issue can be used to elevate our standards as an industry. Just like we do with other risks such as bioweapons and cybersecurity, we need to build best practices for avoiding the risk of AI-enabled takeover of democracy, including mass domestic surveillance and high-stakes automated decisions (for example, selective prosecution or “social credit”). These risks are no less catastrophic than bioweapons, and should be tracked and reported as such. While, due to the classified nature of the domain, not everything can be reported, we can and should at least be public about the process.

If there is one thing that AI researchers are good at, it is measuring and optimizing quantities. If we can build the evaluations and turn tracking these risks into a science, we have a much better chance at combatting them. I am confident that it can be done given sufficient time. I am less confident that time will be sufficient.