# Preparing for a Warning Shot

*Crossposted to the* [*EA Forum*](https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/QFpp76HJ5ZGzmAvem/preparing-for-a-warning-shot) *and* [*my Substack*](https://substack.com/@irrationalitycommunity?)*.* 

**Confidence level:** moderate uncertainty and not that concrete (yet). Exploratory, but I think this is plausibly important and underexplored.

### **TL;DR**

Early AI safety arguments often assumed we wouldn’t get meaningful warning shots (a non-existential public display of misalignment) before catastrophic misalignment, meaning things would go from “seems fine” to “we lose” pretty quickly. Given what we now know about AI development (model weight changes, jagged capabilities, slow or fizzled takeoff), that assumption looks weaker than it used to.

Some people gesture at “warning shots,” but almost no one is working on what we should do in anticipation. That seems like a mistake. Preparing for warning shots—especially ambiguous ones—could be a high-leverage and neglected area of AI Safety.

**The classic “no warning shot” picture**
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A common view in early AI safety research—associated especially with [Yudkowsky](https://intelligence.org/2017/10/13/fire-alarm/) and Bostrom—was roughly:

*   A sufficiently intelligent misaligned system would know that revealing misalignment while weak is bad for it.
*   So if things go wrong, they go wrong suddenly (AKA a [treacherous turn](https://www.lesswrong.com/w/treacherous-turn)).
*   Therefore, we shouldn’t expect intermediate failures that clearly demonstrate large scale risks before we know that it’s too late.

If this picture is right, then preparing for warning shots is basically pointless. All the work has to be pre-emptive, because by the time you get evidence, it’s already over.

**Why this picture now looks less likely**
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Several modern developments weaken the assumptions behind the no-warning-shot view.

**1\. Iterative, fragmented AI development.**  
Modern models are [retrained and replaced frequently](https://80000hours.org/podcast/episodes/toby-ord-inference-scaling-ai-governance/#might-ai-go-rogue-early-on-021316), making it less clear that a single system will have the long-term strategic coherence assumed in classic arguments.[^jd5ny55u2t] If a model expects its weights/values to change before it’s capable of takeover, we might see clumsy or partial attempts (i.e. a model [experience machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_machine)-ing itself in desperation – like [taking over a lab and giving itself compute](https://80000hours.org/podcast/episodes/toby-ord-inference-scaling-ai-governance/#might-ai-go-rogue-early-on-021316)).

**2\. Jagged capabilities.**  
We now more clearly see the [jaggedness of capabilities](https://helentoner.substack.com/p/taking-jaggedness-seriously): systems can be extremely competent in some domains and very weak in others. That makes localized or partial failures more plausible: a model might overestimate its own abilities (in out-of-distribution scenarios, other capabilities required for takeover, etc), misunderstand key constraints, or fail in ways that look like warning shots rather than decisive catastrophes. Further, jaggedness can also lead to warning shot misuse cases.

**3\. Slow takeoff or fizzle scenarios.**  
[Some](https://coefficientgiving.org/research/what-a-compute-centric-framework-says-about-takeoff-speeds/) [work](https://epoch.ai/gradient-updates/most-ai-value-will-come-from-broad-automation-not-from-r-d) suggests plausible paths to powerful AI that involve stalls, plateaus, or uneven progress. These worlds naturally contain more opportunities for things (like [blackmailing humans](https://www.metaculus.com/questions/16553/ai-blackmail-for-material-gain-by-eoy-2028/)) to go wrong before total loss of control, (especially in conjunction with point 1) making warning shots more likely. 

**4\. Proto–warning shots already exist.**  
Empirical instances of[emergent misalignment](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.17424), [alignment faking](https://www.anthropic.com/research/alignment-faking), [scheming](https://openai.com/index/detecting-and-reducing-scheming-in-ai-models/), [cyber-attacks](https://www.anthropic.com/news/disrupting-AI-espionage), and other [weird](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r_9wkavYt4Y) and [unexpected](https://www.moltbook.com/) behaviors aren’t catastrophes, but they have meaningfully shaped discourse already.

None of this shows that high-profile warning shots are likely. But it does suggest the probability is non-trivial, and potentially higher than earlier discussions often implied.

**Warning shots can shift the Overton Window**
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The importance of warning shots isn’t just epistemic—it’s political. A salient failure can make policymakers and the public more receptive to arguments about misaligned AI by changing what counts as a reasonable concern rather than an abstract fear. In practice, many forms of AI regulation that currently look politically infeasible (like pauses, deployment restrictions, mandatory oversight) may become discussable only after a concrete incident reframes the risk.

This matters especially under anti-preemption worldviews, which are common among policymakers and institutions. A [standard critique of AI safety](https://80000hours.org/podcast/episodes/dean-ball-ai-policy-governance-white-house/#the-case-for-regulating-at-the-last-possible-moment-003305) is that it demands anticipatory governance from institutions that are historically bad at it. Governments are often reactive by design: regulating abstract, low-probability technical risks in advance is politically difficult to justify, even when the expected value case is strong.[^ud40rf07vtm]

Warning shots change this dynamic. They reduce the degree of preemption required, shifting the ask from “act now based on a potential future scenario” to “respond to demonstrated failures.” In doing so, they make AI safety arguments/worries more legible to a much wider coalition.

**Preparedness matters because warning shots could be ambiguous**
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If warning shots occur and lead to good outcomes, one might argue that this is simply a reason for greater optimism—and that such worlds deserve less attention, since things go well by default. But the updates induced by warning shots are far from guaranteed to be the right ones. This means there may be significant leverage in shaping how warning-shot worlds unfold.

A warning shot could easily lead to:

*   Blame being assigned to specific labs or architectures rather than the deeper difficulty of alignment,
*   Underreaction, overreaction, or broad AI backlash instead of targeted risk reduction,
*   Or a chaotic mix of panic, regulatory capture, and bad incentives.

While [some](https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/8tosr8XzqvYXR9ckB/warning-shots-probably-wouldn-t-change-the-picture-much) [take](https://intelligence.org/2017/10/13/fire-alarm/) [this](https://hollyelmore.substack.com/p/the-myth-of-ai-warning-shots-as-cavalry) uncertainty as grounds for further pessimism (on the view that institutions will fail to update even in light of new evidence), it can also support the opposite conclusion. If the default response to warning shots could plausibly be good OR bad, then there may be substantial leverage in increasing the probability of favorable responses.

**Examples of potentially useful preparedness work**:

*   Ex ante commitments or conditional regulations by labs or governments to specific responses conditional on classes of events,[^wq9rfoq8qy]
*   Forecasting which warning shots are most likely to see what other leverage can be had in those situations,[^2i13flz97w3]
*   Make policy memos or executive orders in advance for various warning shot situations,
*   Pre-agreed coordination mechanisms to reduce overreaction, underreaction, or misdirected backlash,
*   [Seeing what we can learn](https://sparai.org/projects/sp26/recJpcWbGJpuOXUs9) from historical warning shots,
*   Mapping and coordinating with actors who are likely to respond anyway.

There’s an analogy here to committing behind a partial [veil of ignorance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_position): deciding in advance how to respond can help counteract future panic, incentives, and motivated reasoning. Making predictions and commitments, then, seems like it could potentially have high leverage. 

**Risks and perverse incentives**
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This line of work isn’t free of danger, though.

Anticipating/encouraging warning shots could:

*   Incentivize exaggeration of weak signals,[^2ik1n110qbm]
*   Encourage morally unacceptable attempts to manufacture or accelerate “proof of danger,”
*   Or lead to epistemic sloppiness, where early failures are misattributed entirely to alignment issues.

Any serious work here should then:

*   Explicitly discourage manufacturing warning shots,
*   Take moral risks seriously.

**A speculative implication for AI safety research**
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More speculatively, if this kind of focus is right, it suggests a shift in how we should think about the current AI safety research landscape.

Early AI safety work quite reasonably emphasized first-principles arguments about catastrophic risk. But as the field matures, as others have argued, it becomes increasingly important to revisit those initial arguments and ask how strongly they should still guide our priorities—especially given that we are now investing heavily in specific pathways to catastrophe that are not obviously the ones originally motivating concern.

**Conclusion**
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I’m not claiming warning shots are likely, or that they’ll be sufficient on their own to produce good outcomes. But given how AI is actually being developed and governed, it seems increasingly plausible that we’ll get partial or ambiguous signals before catastrophe.

Preparing for how we interpret and respond to those signals looks like an important—and currently underexplored—part of AI safety.

**Would love feedback on:**

*   Whether this overstates the likelihood or usefulness of warning shots,
*   Which kinds seem most plausible or most dangerous,
*   Whether anyone is already doing work squarely focused on this.

*Thanks to ChatGPT for helping rewrite and polish some of this piece. *

[^jd5ny55u2t]: This doesn’t mean that we will definitely not get a warning shot: if a model is confident that it could align the next set of models (at least, to the degree where it perceives that it would be better to do that given value drift than to try a warning shot), it might do that instead.  

[^ud40rf07vtm]: It also genuinely changes the level of safety. As Ege argues, lots of people are worried about AGI not because of AGI itself (he says those things will happen anyways and are something to be excited about if controllable) but because of the speed at which they happen. If we are in a world where these things happen much slower, these worries start to dissipate.  

[^wq9rfoq8qy]: Dario Amodei, for instance, has stated that he would support much stronger regulation conditional on clearer evidence of imminent, concrete danger and sufficient specificity to design effective rules: “To be clear, I think there’s a decent chance we eventually reach a point where much more significant action is warranted, but that will depend on stronger evidence of imminent, concrete danger than we have today, as well as enough specificity about the danger to formulate rules that have a chance of addressing it.”  

[^2i13flz97w3]: I also think that there may be substantial alpha in framing “warning shots” as confirmation of the broader AI safety worldview. 

[^2ik1n110qbm]: Some have argued that reported signs of misalignment from frontier labs have already been exaggerated. One plausible explanation is incentive-driven: if researchers believe the underlying risks are very high, they may be motivated—consciously or not—to emphasize ambiguous evidence to encourage precaution.