# Early 2022 Paper Round-up

My students and collaborators have been doing some particularly awesome work over the past several months, and to highlight that I wanted to summarize their papers here, and explain why I’m excited about them. There’s six papers in three categories.

**Human-Aligned AI**

*   [The Effects of Reward Misspecification: Mapping and Mitigating Misaligned Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.03544) (_w/ Alex Pan, Kush Bhatia_)
*   [Summarizing Differences between Text Distributions with Natural Language](https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.12323) (_w/ Ruiqi Zhong, Charlie Snell, Dan Klein_)

**Robustness**

*   [Predicting Out-of-Distribution Error with the Projection Norm](https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.05834) (_w/ Yaodong Yu, Zitong Yang, Alex Wei, Yi Ma_)
*   [Capturing Failures of Large Language Models via Human Cognitive Biases](https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.12299) (_w/ Erik Jones_)
*   [PixMix: Dreamlike Pictures Comprehensively Improve Safety Measures](https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.05135) (_w/ Dan Hendrycks, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Leonard Tang, Bo Li, Dawn Song_)

**Science of ML**

*   [More Than a Toy: Random Matrix Models Predict How Real-World Neural Representations Generalize](https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.06176) (_w/ Alex Wei, Wei Hu_)

I'll go over the first category (human-aligned AI) today, and save the other two for next week. As always, we love getting feedback on our work, so let us know what you think!

Human-Aligned AI
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While AI alignment is a somewhat subtle and complex problem, two basic issues are that (1) ML systems often hack their reward functions, and (2) human supervision doesn’t necessarily solve this, because humans can’t easily understand the consequences of intervening on complex systems. Alex and Ruiqi’s papers help address each of these questions in turn.

**Mapping and Mitigating Misaligned Models.** What Alex Pan and Kush Bhatia did was construct a wide variety of reinforcement learning environments where reward hacking is possible, and measured the extent to which it occurred. They do this by defining both a “proxy” and “true” reward, and look at what happens to the true reward as we optimize the proxy reward. Two key insights are that:

*   Optimizing the proxy reward for longer, or with larger policy models, often leads to **lower** true reward.
*   When this happens, it sometimes occurs suddenly, via a **phase transition** (in both the quantitative reward and the qualitative behavior).

A simple illustration of both is a traffic simulator, where the RL agent is trying to shape traffic flow to be more efficient. Small neural net models help cars merge efficiently onto the highway, but large models instead block cars from merging at all (which allows the cars already on the highway to move really fast and consequently achieves high proxy reward).

![reward_misspecification](https://bounded-regret.ghost.io/content/images/2022/04/reward_misspecification.png)

In this case, the proxy reward was actually the reward suggested by the designes of the traffic simulator, highlighting the difficulty of choosing good reward functions in practice.

_Why you should care._ Our results show that reward hacking is likely to become a bigger problem in the future (since it seems to get worse as models get larger). It also shows that in some cases, reward hacking could appear suddenly or unexpectedly. This seems important to investigate and we are hoping others will join us in continuing to understand when reward hacking occurs and how to prevent it.

**Summarizing Differences Between Text Distributions.** Ruiqi Zhong and Charlie Snell built a system that does the following: given two different distributions of natural language text, it generates a natural language description of what is different about the two distributions. It works by commbining a proposer (which consumes a small number of examples and generates hypotheses) with a verifier (which re-ranks all the hypotheses on using a large set of examples). An example is shown below:

![proposer_verifier](https://bounded-regret.ghost.io/content/images/2022/04/proposer_verifier.png)

While this might sound like a simple task, many tasks can be reduced to it. Here are a couple examples we consider in the paper:

*   **Debugging datasets.** Classification datasets intended to test some capability often contain a spurious cue that makes the task easier. We can find these spurious cues by feeding the positive and negative class as the two distributions to our system. On the MNLI dataset, we find the known spurious cue _“has a negative verb”_, and on a spam dataset we found the novel spurious cue _“has a high number of hyperlinks”_.
*   **Labeling text clusters.** Unsupervised algorithms often group text into semantically meaningful clusters. However, since there are many such clusters, it can be expensive to label them by hand. By asking how one cluster differs from the union of the others, our system can do this automatically. Some example cluster descriptions are _"is about art history"_, _"contains numbers"_, _"is about a sports team"_, _"is about a scientific discovery"_, and _"describes a person"_. Our system outperformed a human expert, in terms of accuracy of the descriptions as measured by MTurkers.

Some other applications are describing what inputs activate a neuron, how language on Twitter has changed over time, how teacher evaluations differ across genders, or what the differences are between an in-distribution and out-of-distribution dataset.

_Why you should care._ One hope for AI is that it will help humans make better decisions than they could by themselves. One way to do this is by consuming complex data that humans could not easily process and then explaining it in a useful way. Our system does this—it would be time-consuming to manually look over two large datasets to understand how they differ, but the system can do it automatically. We hope future work will both improve this type of system (there is definitely still headroom!) and design ML systems that help humans understand other types of complex data as well.

### Summary

We have one paper that is the first empirical demonstration of an important failure mode (phase transitions for reward hacking), and another that can eventually amplify human capabilities, by helping them understand complex data. Both pretty exciting! (At least in my biased opinion.)

If you liked these, check back next week for the other four papers!