# Prediction as coordination

I want to introduce a model of why forecasting might be useful which I think is underappreciated: it might help us solve coordination problems.

This is currently only a rough idea, and I will proceed by examples, pushing this post out early rather than not at all.

  

**The standard model of forecasting**

This looks something like:

> We have our big, confusing, philosophical, long-term uncertainties. We then need to 1) find the right short-term questions which capture these uncertainties, which are 2) understandable to traditional Superforecasters without very deep inside knowledge, and whose expertise has only been demonstrated on short-term questions in more well-understood domains, who then 3) use tools like outside views and guesstimates to answer them.

When I hear people say they're not excited about forecasting, it's almost always because they think this standard model won't work for AI safety. I'm very sympathetic to that view.

  

**Example 1: coordination in mathematics via formalism**

When quantifying our beliefs, we lose a large amount of nuance and interpretability. This is similar to how, when formalising things mathematically, we sacrifice the majority of human understanding.

What we gain, instead, is the ability to express and communicate thoughts...

*   much more succinctly
*   using a precise, interpersonally standardised format of interpretation
*   in a way which clarifies certain logical and conceptual relations

This is a trade-off that allows a _community_ of mathematicians to make intellectual progress together, and to effectively make results [common knowledge](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/9QxnfMYccz9QRgZ5z/the-costly-coordination-mechanism-of-common-knowledge) in a way which allows them to coordinate on what to solve next.

  

**Example 2: futures markets as using predictions for coordination**

Getting enough food for everyone is a big coordination problem. We want some people to stockpile things like rice and wheat so that we're prepared for a drought, but we also don't want people to waste opportunities on storing stuff which has to be thrown away in case the next harvest goes well. These kinds of problems are solved by futures markets, which effectively predict the future price of rice, and thereby provide an incentive arbitrage away any abrupt price fluctuations (i.e. to strategically stockpile/sell out rice so as to match future supply and demand). [Robert Shiller has suggested these as a candidate for the greatest financial innovation](https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2019/01/option-value-civilization.html#blog-comment-159892276).

  

**Example 3: predicting community consensus**

One particularly interesting use case is trying to predict what the x-risk community will believe at some time _t_ in the future. Assuming the community is truth-seeking, anyone who spots the direction in which opinions will converge _in advance_ of their convergence has 1) performed an important epistemic service, and 2) provided important evidence of their own epistemic trustworthiness.

For example, the CAIS model has gathered a fair amount of attention. (I personally don't have a strong inside view on it.) If someone would have predicted this shift more than a year ago, we would want to trust them a bit more next time they predicted a shift in community attention.

It was mentioned to me that one researcher thought this model important more than 1.5 years ago; but the reason he thought so was not because of superior reasoning -- but because of inside knowledge.

This is an inefficiency. The frontiers of our collective attention allocation do not line up with the frontiers of our intellectual progress, and hence see abrupt fluctuations as papers are released and the advantage of inside info is dispelled.

One implementation of this might look like sending out a survey asking about important questions to important organisations on ~yearly intervals, and then have people trying to predict the outcomes of that survey.

This has one important advantage over the standard uses of forecasting: we don't have to resolve the questions "all the way down". If we simply ask what people will _think_ take-off speeds are likely to be, rather than what take-off speeds are _actually_ going to be, and further assume that people move closer to the truth in expectation, this gives us a much cheaper signal to evaluate.

  

**Example 4: avoiding info-cascades**

[Info-cascades](http://learnmoore.org/papers/Mellers%20et%20al%202014.pdf) occur when people update off of each others beliefs without appropriately sharing the evidence for those beliefs, and the same pieces of evidence end up "double-counted". Having better system for tracking who believes what and why could help solve this, and prediction systems could be one way of doing so.

  

**Example 5: building fire alarms**

[Eliezer notes](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/BEtzRE2M5m9YEAQpX/there-s-no-fire-alarm-for-artificial-general-intelligence) that rather than being evidence of a fire, fire alarms make it common knowledge that it's social acceptable to act _as if_ there's a fire. They're the cue on which everyone jumps from one social equilibrium to another.

Eliezer claims there's no fire alarm for AGI in society more broadly. I suspect there are also areas within the x-risk space where we don't have fire alarms. Prediction systems are one way of building them.

  

**Who is going to make the forecasts?**

An important clarification: I'm _not_ saying that we should "outsource" the intellectual work of solving hard x-risk research problems to forecasters without domain-expertise. (That is _another_ interesting and controversial proposal one might discuss.)

Rather, I'm saying that we should use predictions as a _vehicle_ to capture the changing beliefs of _current_ domain-experts, and allocate their attention going forwards, (smoothing out attentional discontinuities in expectation).

I'm not saying we should replace Eric Drexler with a swarm of hobby forecasters. I'm saying that a few full-time x-risk researchers might realise before the rest of the community that Eric's work deserves marginally more attention, _and be right about that_,  and that community-internal forecasting systems can allow us to more effectively use their insights.

  

**Can't we just use blog posts?**

Compared to a numerical prediction, a blog post...

*   ...takes more effort to produce
*   ...might take more effort to read and interpret
*   ...doesn't have a standardized format of interpretation
*   ...doesn't allow gathering and visualisation of the beliefs of multiple people
*   ...doesn't natively update in the light of new information

Blog posts have the crucial property of being "essay complete" in their expressiveness, but that comes at the cost of idiosyncracy and poor scalability.

A better model is probably to treat blog posts as part of the ground truth over which predictions operate, just as the rice and wheat markets provide the ground truth for their respective futures markets.

I'd rather have only blog posts than only prediction systems, but I'd rather have _both_ than only blog posts.