foreign currency transaction gains ( losses ) foreign currency transaction gains ( losses ) in millions were as follows: .
[['years ended december 31,', '2017', '2016', '2015'], ['mexico', '$ 17', '$ -8 ( 8 )', '$ -6 ( 6 )'], ['philippines', '15', '12', '8'], ['bulgaria', '14', '-8 ( 8 )', '3'], ['chile', '8', '-9 ( 9 )', '-18 ( 18 )'], ['aes corporation', '3', '-50 ( 50 )', '-31 ( 31 )'], ['argentina', '1', '37', '124'], ['united kingdom', '-3 ( 3 )', '13', '11'], ['colombia', '-23 ( 23 )', '-8 ( 8 )', '29'], ['other', '10', '6', '-14 ( 14 )'], ['total ( 1 )', '$ 42', '$ -15 ( 15 )', '$ 106']]
total ( 1 ) $ 42 $ ( 15 ) $ 106 _____________________________ ( 1 ) includes gains of $ 21 million , $ 17 million and $ 247 million on foreign currency derivative contracts for the years ended december 31 , 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively .the company recognized net foreign currency transaction gains of $ 42 million for the year ended december 31 , 2017 primarily driven by transactions associated with vat activity in mexico , the amortization of frozen embedded derivatives in the philippines , and appreciation of the euro in bulgaria .these gains were partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency derivatives in colombia .the company recognized net foreign currency transaction losses of $ 15 million for the year ended december 31 , 2016 primarily due to remeasurement losses on intercompany notes , and losses on swaps and options at the aes corporation .this loss was partially offset in argentina , mainly due to the favorable impact of foreign currency derivatives related to government receivables .the company recognized net foreign currency transaction gains of $ 106 million for the year ended december 31 , 2015 primarily due to foreign currency derivatives related to government receivables in argentina and depreciation of the colombian peso in colombia .these gains were partially offset due to decreases in the valuation of intercompany notes at the aes corporation and unfavorable devaluation of the chilean peso in chile .income tax expense income tax expense increased $ 958 million to $ 990 million in 2017 as compared to 2016 .the company's effective tax rates were 128% ( 128 % ) and 17% ( 17 % ) for the years ended december 31 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively .the net increase in the 2017 effective tax rate was due primarily to expense related to the u.s .tax reform one-time transition tax and remeasurement of deferred tax assets .further , the 2016 rate was impacted by the items described below .income tax expense decreased $ 380 million to $ 32 million in 2016 as compared to 2015 .the company's effective tax rates were 17% ( 17 % ) and 42% ( 42 % ) for the years ended december 31 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively .the net decrease in the 2016 effective tax rate was due , in part , to the 2016 asset impairments in the u.s. , as well as the devaluation of the peso in certain of our mexican subsidiaries and the release of valuation allowance at certain of our brazilian subsidiaries .these favorable items were partially offset by the unfavorable impact of chilean income tax law reform enacted during the first quarter of 2016 .further , the 2015 rate was due , in part , to the nondeductible 2015 impairment of goodwill at dp&l and chilean withholding taxes offset by the release of valuation allowance at certain of our businesses in brazil , vietnam and the u.s .see note 19 2014asset impairment expense included in item 8 . 2014financial statements and supplementary data of this form 10-k for additional information regarding the 2016 u.s .asset impairments .see note 20 2014income taxes included in item 8 . 2014financial statements and supplementary data of this form 10-k for additional information regarding the 2016 chilean income tax law reform .our effective tax rate reflects the tax effect of significant operations outside the u.s. , which are generally taxed at rates different than the u.s .statutory rate .foreign earnings may be taxed at rates higher than the new u.s .corporate rate of 21% ( 21 % ) and a greater portion of our foreign earnings may be subject to current u.s .taxation under the new tax rules .a future proportionate change in the composition of income before income taxes from foreign and domestic tax jurisdictions could impact our periodic effective tax rate .the company also benefits from reduced tax rates in certain countries as a result of satisfying specific commitments regarding employment and capital investment .see note 20 2014income taxes included in item 8 . 2014financial statements and supplementary data of this form 10-k for additional information regarding these reduced rates. .

Question: in 2017 what percentage of foreign currency transaction gains were attributable to mexico?
Answer: 40%