ng in the oldest leaves and a distinct red/brownish ring in the trunk of the tree.
经济影响.这种线虫在经济上可造成高达80%的损失，然而，椰树和油棕的损失一般在10-15%之间。受感染的椰树一般都有四年到七年大，但受感染后其经济价值立即消失。
管理.To manage this disease scouting is the most important aspect; e