From: eepmatt@casbah.acns.nwu.edu (Matthew Friedman)
Subject: FAQ: Speed up IIsi 25% for $4.11
Organization: Northwestern University, Evanston Illinois.
Date: Wed, 23 Dec 1992 08:20:49 GMT

Thought I'd post this once more since I'm heading out of town for a while. As
always, please let me know if you have any additions/corrections.

Cheers,
Matt


FAQ: Upgrading your Mac IIsi from 20MHz to 25MHz
Version 1.2
Compiled by Matt Friedman
eepmatt@casbah.acns.nwu.edu
23 December 1992
 
-----
 
This FAQ was compiled from comments, letters, and posts to
comp.sys.mac.hardware. I apologise for the many instances where I have not
been able to include attributions and sources. Maybe in version 2.0....
:)
 
-----
 
Contents:
Q: What does the "upgrade" do?
Q: What are the stats on the performance increase?
Q: Why does the upgrade work?
Q: Won't this void my warranty?
Q: Where do I get what I need, and how much will it cost?
Q: So how to I do it?
Q: But my CPU's only rated at 20MHz. How can this work?
Q: Why don't I just replace my CPU with one rated at 25MHz?
Q: Can I go higher than 25MHz?
Q: Do I need a certain speed of SIMMs for this to work?
Q: What if I have a NuBus adapter or FPU?
Q: What's the fail/success rate?
Q: Why doesn't someone just check the speed ratings for all
   the chips?
Q: Doesn't the upgrade produce more heat?
Q: Are there any other drawbacks to the procedure?
Q: What does Apple say about this?
Q: Who should try the upgrade?
Q: Don't you, as the compiler, want to include a disclaimer?
 
-----
 
Q: What does the "upgrade" do?
A: The upgrade involves swapping the 40MHz oscillator in your IIsi for a 50MHz
one, thus increasing the CPU speed by 25%, from 20MHz to 25MHz. Some systems
speeds, like displaying 8 bit graphics, have been noted to improve even more
than 25%. All this for around $4.11. 
 
-----
 
Q: What are the stats on the performance increase?
A: Numbers below are speed relative to a Mac classic, so bigger is better:
 
                     BEFORE          AFTER
CPU                   5.24            6.69
Graphics              6.17            7.64
Disk                  1.30            1.34
Math                  5.45            6.91
Overall Performance   4.75            5.92  (25% faster)
 
KWhetstones           6.33            7.97
Dhrystones            5.11            6.62
Towers                4.42            5.69
Quicksort             5.01            6.43
Bubble Sort           5.88            7.50
Queens                5.83            7.33
Puzzle                5.61            7.22
Permute               5.33            6.55
Fast Fourier          4.27            5.39
F.P. Matrix           4.53            5.70
Int. Matrix           4.85            6.09
Sieve                 6.53            8.35
BENCHMARK AVG.        5.31            6.74
 
Graphics:
1 bit (mono)          1.72            2.15
2 bit                 1.83            2.31
4 bit                 1.92            2.47
8 bit (256 colors)    1.22            1.89 (50% FASTER!!!!)
Avg:                  1.67            2.21
 
-----
 
Q: Why does the upgrade work?
A: Well, a caveat first. Most of what follows is conjecture, so while it
_does_ make sense, take it with a grain of salt rather than a shovel full of
earth. Only Apple's engineers know for sure, and they ain't saying.
	The main difference between the IIsi and the more expensive IIci is
expandability and speed. But aside from these differences, it's been asserted
that the guts of the two machines are more or less identical. 
	If you think about it, it does make engineering sense to reuse as much
of the IIci's design as possible. With chip prices falling these days, it
might be cheaper to use essentially the same board and chips in the two
machines. Putting a 20MHz CPU in the IIsi would then be a smart marketing
decision -- would you buy a IIci for $3500 if you could buy an equally fast
IIsi for $500 or $1000 less and sacrifice only expandability? So the IIsi may
have been "crippled" for marketing reasons, slowed down to allow the price of
its faster sister to be raised.
	Again, the above paragraphs may have no basis in fact, and are really
only rumours and whispers made over the net. For all we know, the IIsi chips
were designed to run at 20MHz which resulted in considerable savings which was
passed on to the consumer. Its up to you to draw your own conclusions from the
reasoning and testimonials of those who've made successful upgrades (given
below).
 
-----
 
Q: Won't this void my warranty?
A: Yes, absolutely. In fact, some Apple service technicians will refuse to
work on any machine that shows any evidence of user tampering at all. If you
attempt this upgrade, you may need to find a new service outlet.
 
-----
 
Q: Where do I get what I need, and how much will it cost?
A: You'll need a soldering "pencil" (preferably >30W), and its strongly
recommended to have a desoldering iron or a solder sucker, such as the
Soldapullt Model DS 017, as well. Thanks to James MacPhail for pointing out
that most soldering guns are step-down transformers that generate heat by
passing a large AC current through the tip. While this generates lots of heat,
there is also a large magnetic field at the tip. Some kinds of electronics are
destroyed by strong magnetic fields (similarly with electro-static discharge)
so in most cases, a "soldering gun" is a no-no for this kind of job. Use
something that does not build up a large magnetic field. You'll also need
something small to pry with. These tools you can get at any local Radio Shack.
	You'll need to install a heat sink as well. While this may not be
mandatory for every single machine, some people have reported that the upgrade
worked only after installing a heat sink on the CPU, so better safe than
sorry. Nothing fancy is necessary -- just about anything the size of the 68030
will do. You'll also need something to attach the heat sink with: thermal tape
and thermal glue have been reported to do the job handsomely.
	Also required is a 50MHz TTL oscillator package and a 14-pin DIP IC
socket for the oscillator (you may need to go back to 20MHz if your upgrade
fails).  
	Fry's electronics in Palo Alto, CA is one place that sells the
oscillator package and socket. If you walk in off the street it costs around
$4.00 for the oscillator, and the socket will put you back about 11 cents.
Mail order from Fry's is considerably more expensive, possibly by a factor of
two to three times. Their phone number is 415-496-6000. Fry's has another
outlet in Fremont at 510-770-3797.        
	Other suppliers include B.G. Micro: $1.49 for the oscillator and $3.25
for postage. $10 minimum for MC/Visa.  P.O. Box 280298, Dallas, TX 75228 (214)
271-5546. Digi-Key will also take MC/Visa, the part number is CTX121, $3.44/ea
+ $5 handling and actual shipping charge for orders under $25 only.
1-800-Digi-Key. I have no info on whether these two sell the sockets also.
 
-----
 
Q: So how to I do it?
A: Here's the procedure. It's an amalgam of the information posted by Jim K.
H. Yu and George John, who attributes the pioneering of this procedure to
"<forgot his name> at CalTech and Paul A. in Australia."
 
Open the case. (It lifts off from the back.) Don't forget about static -- an
anti-static bracelet would be an A+ idea.
 
Begin disassembly of the machine. This is kind of easy: the IIsi is a really
well-designed machine from an assembly-time standpoint. No screwdriver
involved in disassembly.
 
Remove the floppy drive. (Unplug it from the motherboard and lift it out of
the case while holding in the 2 small latches on the sides of the floppy
drive.)
 
Remove the hard drive. (Same thing, unplug the scsi cable from the motherboard
and the power cable, then just lift it out.  In this case the latches on the
case need to be pushed out so you can remove the drive.)
 
Remove the fan. (You have to squeeze the plastic on the sides near the bottom
and back of the case to get it out. Just lift it up while squeezing.)
 
Remove the power supply. (Again, just lift up while holding the two latches in
on the sides of the power supply's case.)
 
Remove the SIMMs. (They snap out easily. Again there are little metal latches
that hold them in place.)
 
Remove the motherboard. (Pull it towards the front of the case while pushing
the two tabs on the case that hold it in place to the outside.)
 
Prepare the oscillator's socket by cutting all pins except 1, 7, 8, and 14.
 
Warning: The soldering iron stuff comes next. If you have never used a
soldering iron before, DON'T START NOW! Virtually all of the people who have
attempted this upgrade have reported the soldering to be extremely difficult
and dangerous. Have an experienced solderer with you to help. The IIsi's
motherboard is a multi-layered board and can easily be damaged by excessive
heat or force.
 
Desolder the 40MHz oscillator. You should see a row of little silver boxes
just to the right of the SIMM slots. The one closest to the SIMMs should say
40.000 MHz on it. This is the guy to desolder. First note the oscillator's
orientation on the board by looking at the positioning of the sharp corner
(the other 3 corners are round). The sharp corner marks pin #1.
 
You could really screw things up here, so be careful with the soldering iron.
Try working on a pair of pins at a time -- get one pin hot enough to melt the
solder, then quickly switch to the adjacent pin and heat that pin while prying
the oscillator gently away from the motherboard on the other side.  Switch
back and forth between the pair while prying until one side has been
completely detached from the motherboard, then work on the other side.Leave
pin 7 for last, make sure your iron is good and hot. Before doing pin 7, heat
up the case of the oscillator near the location of the pin (The pin is
actually connected to the case, so the case draws away a lot of the heat, and
the gradient through the board keeps the solder from melting all the way
through).
 
 
Put the socket into the holes where the oscillator used to be. This is the
same thing in reverse -- instead of prying off the old chip you're pushing in
the new socket. Warm up the solder in one hole in the motherboard until it's
melted and push that pin of the socket in a bit, then repeat going around
clockwise until the socket is set firmly, all the way into the motherboard.
 
Glue the heat sink on the 63030 with a bit of thermal paste, or use the
thermal tape. This solution allows the heat sink to be removed easily. On the
other hand, too heavy a heat sink with too little paste may render it loose
inside the IIsi case, a very dangerous situation.
 
Reassemble everything and you're done. You might want to put your 40MHz
oscillator into the socket first, just to make sure your computer still works.
Be sure to put it back the same way it was facing when you took it out. All of
the oscillators have 3 rounded corners and one square corner. On my machine
the square corners are all facing the bottom right on my motherboard.
 
If it works, congratulations. Pop the 40MHz crystal out of the socket and put
in the 50MHz crystal. (Do this while the computer is off, of course!) Fire up
your computer and run a benchmark. Giggle like a maniac.
 
If you're a little more ambitious (or daring) you might try this variation
suggested by James MacPhail:
 
"I tried hooking up the 57.2832 MHz on-board osc. Initially I found it did not
work with my 80ns 4M simms, but did work with 80ns 2M simms. A while later,
the 2M simms didn't work either. I found that the bottleneck was the startup
test. I wired in a switch on the cover for the expansion slot card connector
opening which selects the 40 or 57.3 MHz output. I start-up at 40 MHz, drop
into MacsBug, switch to 57 MHz (the machine crashes when the clock is
switched), and Reset. 
 
"After installing the 40/57 MHz switch, the 2M 80ns and 4M 80ns SIMMs worked
fine. (I speculate that the startup test uses the 'test mode' of the SIMMs, as
it has different timing requirements) The machine works fine thereafter at the
higher speed. (At leer two terminals connected to that pin of the 40 and 57
MHz oscs. I used wire-wrap wire, trying to keep it as short as possible (each
piece is about 5" long)
 
"Since one doesn't want to introduce static-electricity inside the case, it is
best to keep the wires inside the case, and have the switch toggle outside the
case.
ast it has worked fine for about 60 hours continuously).
 
"I used a small SPDT toggle switch, with the center terminal connected to the
motherboard at pin "8" of the 40MHz osc position, adn the other two terminals
connected to that pin of the 40 and 57 MHz oscs. I used wire-wrap wire, trying
to keep it as short as possible (each piece is about 5" long).
 
"Since one doesn't want to introduce static-electricity inside the case, it is
best to keep the wires inside the case, and have the switch toggle outside the
case.
 
I also have added interrupt and reset buttons to the back of my IIsi (these
work even when the keyboard doesn't). I don't know if the keyboard reset will
work when the clock is switched..."
 
-----
 
Q: My CPU's only rated at 20MHz. Can the upgrade still work?
A: Possibly. In fact, virtually all of the reported successes have been on
machines with CPU's rated at only 20MHz. However, it's possible that a
percentage of those CPU's won't work at 25MHz.
	The practice of engineering products with margins of safety to cope
with random variations in component characteristics has been normal practise
for many years. Very few CPU's rated at 20MHz will work _only_ at 20MHz.
Without this buffer zone, it would be possible for a CPU rated at 20MHz to
have occasional errors when the operating environment (such as temperature)
fluctuated. Without this safety zone, a CPU operating at its rated speed might
occasionally fail.
	This means that in some instances the upgrade might be pushing the CPU
to its absolute limit, removing some if not all of this safety margin.
Computers that appeared to work flawlessly in the colder winter months might
possibly begin to exhibit failures on warmer summer days, or when other
environmental variables begin to change.
	On the other hand, your particular chip may have a safety margin that
can comfortably handle the increase. Your 20MHz 68030 might share the same
design as the 25MHz 68030, but due to irregularities in the silicon wafer and
fabrication process, just didn't pass a parameter tests at 25MHz (plus the
25MHz safety allowance). Such chips are then retested at 20MHz (or even 16MHz)
and sold as such.
	Marketing may also play a roll here. If demand for 20MHz CPUs is
higher than fabrication yield, some chips that might have achieved a 25MHz
rating could simply have never been tested beyond the 20MHz range.
	What this means is that some people may find that the upgrade won't
work at all, while others may find that a heat sink solves the problem (if
perhaps the only failed parameter test is related to excessive heat) and still
others will have no problem at all. To check and see what speed your CPU is
rated, pop the hood and look at the square chip near the bank of four vertical
plug-in memory modules. The CPU will have a label like MC68030fe20b, where the
20 represents the highest speed rating that particular chip was successfully
tested at. A couple of people have reported that their si's have actually come
with CPU's rated at 25MHz installed.
 
-----
 
Q: Why donUt I just replace my CPU with one rated at 25MHz?
A: (From James MacPhail) The answer is that it is a much more difficult and
expensive operation, and almost certainly requires expensive surface-mount
rework equipment. (And will probably destroy the old 68030 in the removal
unless the right equipment is available).
 
-----
 
Q: Can I go higher than 25MHz?
A: There were two reports that people had gone higher. One reported 27MHz off
of a 54MHz crystal, and another claimed to be running off of a 59.4MHz
crystal. However, do remember too that the assumption this upgrade bases its
validity on is that the IIsi is essentially the same as the 25MHz IIci-- going
past that speed may be really pushing an uncertain thing as it is.
 
-----
 
Q: Do I have to have SIMMs with a certain speed for this to work?
A: Nobody has tested whether a successful upgrade can be foiled by putting in
slower SIMMs, however the logic is appealing. The SIMMs in the IIci are 80ns
chips while the SIMMs in the early IIsi's are 100ns. This seems to follow
along with the 25% increase in speed the upgrades gives. 80ns = 25% faster
than 100ns. More recent si's have included 80ns chips. Keep in mind that even
though you may have upgraded your ram, there are still SIMMs soldered directly
onto the motherboard which may be rated at only 100ns.
 
-----
 
Q: What if I have a NuBus card or a FPU.
A: These seem to be the wild cards in most people's upgrade attempts. Some
successful upgrades have been made to systems with NuBus cards, but on the
other hand, most of the failures have been experienced on systems with NuBus
cards or FPU's. Nobody really seems to know why.
	Note that there _is_ a 40MHz oscillator in the Apple NuBus card, but
this does not need to be replaced. That oscillator apparently generates
signals for the NuBus only and the FPU runs off the motherboard. The fact that
some third party PDS cards contain an FPU and no oscillator supports that
conjecture. Also, one successfully upgraded machine with an FPU tested
increased FPU performance, which would again seem to suggest the FPU takes it
timing off the motherboard. But again, this is only conjecture.
 
-----
 
Q: What's the fail/success ratio?
A: A poll was taken by Tom Savard over comp.sys.mac.hardware. Here were the
results he posted:
 
Summary of IIsi 20->25MHz Upgrade Log Through 11/1
 
RAM     RAM Speed   Slot                Result 
=================================================
17      na          NuBus w/FPU         success 
na      na          empty               success 
na      na          empty               success 
17      na          NuBus w/FPU         success 
9       na          empty               success 
na      na          na                  success 
5       80 (ns)     NuBus w/FPU         success 
9       80          Quicksilver w/FPU   success 
5       na          empty               success 
17      na          030-direct w/FPU    success *
na      na          NuBus w/FPU         success #
na      na          cache card w/FPU    fail    $
na      na          NuBus w/FPU         fail    &
17      80          NuBus w/FPU         fail    !
 
* only to 22 MHz-didn't have correct crystal
# computer locked up after 5-10 Min. w/o Heatsink
$ possibly a bad oscillator
& did not have a heat sink installed
! failed with and without NuBus w/FPU installed
 
	It is important to note that any conclusions drawn from the log may be
irrelevant because the data sampling is very small and represents only
computer owners willing to post news to the net or email me.
	And, ironically, computer owners with permanently damaged systems may
no longer have the means or the desire to access the net.
 
	In all the reported failures to the net, no hardware damage occured,
and the machines were restored to operable condition by reinserting the
original 40MHz crystal back into the socket. (This is the reason for not
soldering the new crystal directly onto the motherboard.)
 
-----
 
Q: Why doesn't someone just check the chips' speed ratings?
A: Timing calculations must be done for each and every signal pathway in the
entire machine because if _any_ signal pathway is too slow for the faster
clock, then you cannot guarantee that the upgrade will work reliably.
	Furthermore, some of the chips are almost certainly Apple-proprietary,
e.g. custom PALs and/or ASICs, so a data sheet won't be readily available for
them. That makes it even harder to guarantee that all timing is within spec.
 
-----
 
Q: Does the upgrade increase the amount of heat produced by the si, and is
this a bad thing?
A: Yes and yes, if untreated. Running the si at a faster clockspeed will
increase the heat produced. P=(I^2)/R (power equals current squared divided by
resistance) and the upgrade increases the current by 25%, which will increase
the power by... well... at least 25%.
	Is this a problem? Untreated it could shorten the life of the CPU.
Also, the increased heat might cause more processing errors, depending on the
quality of your CPU. But the general net consensus seems to be that no
permanent damage could befall your hardware if you install a heat sink.
Whether you will encounter software errors or not is another question
altogether.
 
-----
 
Q: Are there any other drawbacks to the procedure?
A: Yes. One area that really hasn't been adequately tested is regarding
machines using LocalTalk (this is an area where accelerator boards usually
cause difficulties.) So far there has been one report that the speeded up si
works fine on LocalTalk, and none claiming problems.
	Anpther area where accelerator boards often have problems is
formatting floppy drives, but again there have been nothing but positive
reports from those with 25MHz machines in this area as well. 
	Probably the largest drawback, though, is that altering the system
clock may have unexpected and disturbing effects in some instances. Worse
still, its effects may be completely unpredictable. There's no worse problem
than an intermittent one. This alone is a good reason to keep a 40MHz
oscillator close to the computer. But the biggest drawback seems to be basic
uncertainty about the process. In a nutshell, its a gamble, and on top of that
no one really knows the long-run ramifications yet.
 
-----
 
Q: What does Apple say about this?
A: Nothing. Apple probably won't ever comment on the effects of unauthorized
modifications to the logic board (other than that it voids your warranty).
 
-----
 
Q: Who should try it?
A: The general opinion on the net seems to be that people should try this
upgrade if:
 
     1. They are experienced with a soldering iron, or can get
        someone who is to help them.
     2. Their machine is out of warranty.
     3. They are willing to gamble that even if the initial
        installation process goes successfully, somewhere down 
        the line they may start to experience random errors, 
        or even data loss. 
     4. They don't plan to use their machine for any extremely 
        important, expensive, or deadline related work for the 
        above reason.
 
If you can live with those, then its possible that you could get the closest
thing to a free lunch that you may come across in many many years.
 
-----
 
Q: Don't you, as the compiler, want to include a disclaimer?
A: Yes. I haven't tried this process -- just followed the discussion with
interest. I haven't even made up my mind about whether or not it will work.
For all I know, your computer will burst into flames, taking your house,
apartment building, block, city, etc., with it. But at least you'd get on the
evening news....
	All the people whose comments I compiled here expressed more or less
the same sentiment. If you try this, its your own decision and you have no one
but yourself to blame/congratulate if it fails/succeeds. But whatever the
result, if you have any corrections or additions you'd like to make to this
FAQ list, please email me at eepmatt@casbah.acns.nwu.edu and I'd be glad to
include them in the next revision.
 
Good Luck,
Matt

Newsgroups: comp.sys.mac.hardware