From: buzz@rsd.dl.nec.com (Buzz McDermott)
Subject: Frequently Asked Questions, Part 1 (of 2)
Keywords: FAQ
Organization: NEC America, Radio Software Dept
Date: Mon, 5 Oct 1992 17:00:18 GMT
Expires: Sat, 7 Nov 1992 15:00:00 GMT

Rec.Models.Rockets FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions): Part 1 of 2

[last modified: 01 Oct 1992]

This FAQ will be posted approximately once a month.

Part 1:
    Table of Contents
    Introduction to r.m.r and This FAQ
    Section  1: Glossary
    Section  2: Some Commonly Sought Addresses
    Section  3: Model Rocketry Questions
    Section  4: Born-Again Rocketeers
    Section  5: Other Sources of Information
Part 2:
    Section  6: Competition
    Section  7: Scale Modeling
    Section  8: On To High Power
    Section  9: Records                          
    Section 10: Construction and Finishing Tips 
    Section 11: Ignition and Launch Systems Tips
    Section 12: Large Rocket Glider Construction Tips

----------------------------------------

Introduction to Rec.Models.Rockets and This FAQ

  Rec.models.rockets (r.m.r) is a Usenet newsgroup oriented towards
  discussions and topics related to non-professional rocketry of all
  types.  All questions, comments, and ongoing discussions related to
  non-professional rocketry are welcome.

  This FAQ (list of Frequently Asked Questions) is an attempt to
  compile a number of questions and suggestions that have been repeatedly
  posted to r.m.r into a single, quickly readable document.  This 
  document is NOT a 'how to' on any form of non-professional rocketry.
  It's hoped that it might be of use in answering some of the more
  commonly asked questions, summarizing some good tips and suggestions,
  and directing the reader to other documents, books, sources, etc.,
  where more information may be found.  It is organized as a list of primary 
  topics (see the Table of Contents) with a number of questions and answers 
  under each.  The majority of this document deals with, but is not limited
  to,  consumer rocketry in the United States and Canada.

  This document was compiled (with much help from many others) by Buzz
  McDermott.  He would like to thank all those who contributed and
  helped with this FAQ.  Special thanks goes to Jack Hagerty, who has 
  acted as both an excellent editor and major contributor to the
  contents of this document.  Comments, corrections, suggestions for 
  improvements and new ideas for this FAQ may be mailed to 
  buzz@rsd.dl.nec.com.  All comments and suggestions (both good and bad) are 
  welcome and encouraged.

  Many of the rocket manufacturer and mail order house addresses in this 
  document were originally obtained from the 'List of rocket manufacturers 
  and organizations (Updated 2-13-92)', maintained by R. M. Jungclas.

----------------------------------------

Section 1: Glossary

The following are some commonly used abbreviations, terms, and acronyms used 
within r.m.r. These definitions have come from many contributors.  Thanks to 
all for their help in building this glossary.

advanced       see 'high power rocket'
rocket

AmSpac         Abbreviations for "American Spacemodeling", the journal of
AmSpam         the National Association of Rocketry.

amateur rocket The class of non-professional rocket beyond HPR. Amateur 
or             rockets use structural metal parts and very often the motor 
experimental   casing doubles as the airframe (as with professional rockets). 
rocket         These rockets can be very large and powerful, capable of 
               placing payloads many miles up. Activities in this field (one 
               can scarcely call it a hobby) include formulation and 
               manufacture of fuels and thus can be *extremely* hazardous. 
               This is the main reason that amateur rocketry is not to be 
               attempted alone. Another is expense as these vehicles can run 
               many hundreds or thousands of dollars and take months to build.
               The equipment necessary to safely pursue amateur rocketry 
               (sandbagged bunkers, loading pits, standby fire truck, etc.) 
               are quite beyond the resources of individuals.  The Black
               Rock Society and Pacific Rocketry Association are two amateur
               rocketry organizations.

               Not all amateur rockets are so large. Many of the "beginner" 
               vehicles would qualify as HPR or even model rockets in terms 
               of liftoff weight and total impulse, but fail the NAR/Tripoli 
               codes due to their metal airframes and user-compounded propel-
               lants. Note: There is a fine, but significant, difference 
               between using a metal cased reloadable motor with 
               pre-manufactured fuel slugs and stuffing a pipe with 
               zinc/sulphur (a common amateur beginner fuel).

               Neither the NAR nor Tripoli sanction amateur rocket activities.

B/G            Boost glider. A glider which is boosted to altitude by a rocket
               motor.  The pod containing the expended motor may separate 
               from the glider at ejection to be returned by streamer or 
               parachute (this is typical but is not required).  The more
               aerodynamically clean glider section is then free to glide 
               more slowly.

BAR            Born Again Rocketeer.  An individual who has rediscovered the
               hobby/sport after an absence of several years.

black powder   Basically, gunpowder. The 'traditional' model rocket motor
               fuel.  Used by Estes, Quest, FSI, and most other model rocket
               motor through D power.  FSI has black powder motors through
               F (and maybe, G) power.

CA             Cyanoacrylate ('super glue').  A very strong adhesive popular
               for use in competition and high power rockets, as well as 
               'on the field' repairs.  The three most common forms of CA are
               often refered to as 'hot', 'gap filling' and 'slow'.  Hot CA
               is very thin and has strong wicking properties.  It dries in
               only a few seconds.  Gap filling CA is a little thicker and
               generally comes in 15 - 30 second bond times.  Slow CA forms
               the strongest bond but its bond times are also much longer.
               Hot or gap filling CA is often used to tack parts into place
               prior to applying a stronger adhesive with a much longer 
               bonding time (such as an expoy).

CATO           a motor failure, generally explosive, where all the 
               propellant is burned in a much shorter time than planned.
               This can be a nozzle blow-out (loud, but basically harmless),
               an end-cap blow-out (where all of the pyrotechnic force 
               blows *forward* which usually does a pretty good job of 
               removing any internal structure including the recovery 
               system) and finally, a casing rupture which has 
               unpredictable, but usually devastating, effects.  Another 
               form of CATO is when there is a motor delay train or
               ejection failure.  This may be caused by either the delay
               train failing to burn or the ejection charge not firing, but
               the result is the same: the model prangs.

               Opinions on the meaning of the acronym range widely. Some 
               say it's not an acronym at all, but simply a contraction of 
               'catastrophic' and should be pronounced 'Cat-o'. Others 
               maintain that it is an acronym but disagree on the meaning, 
               offering both 'Catastrophic Take Off' and 'Catastrophically 
               Aborted Take Off'; the latter, at least, uses all the 
               letters.  Either of these are usually pronounced 'Kay-Tow', 
               like the Green Hornet's side kick.

               A CATO does not necessarily burn all of the fuel in a rocket 
               motor.  This is especially true for composite fuels, which 
               do not burn well when not under pressure.  For this reason
               you should be especially careful when approaching a CATO.

               Opinions on the origins say that it is either from the
               military rocket programs of WWII, the post war development 
               era, or even a modroc-only term which originated with the 
               MESS (Malfunctioning Engine Statistical Survey) performed 
               at NARMIT.

CG             Center of Gravity. The point about which a free body will 
               rotate when disturbed by an outside force. For a model
               rocket, this is the point where the model balances with
               exactly half its mass on either side.

composite      The term used broadly to cover solid fuel rocket motor 
               using other than black powder.  Composite motors require 
               different ignitors and ignitor systems from black powder 
               motors.

core sample    Synonyms describing a failure mode where the model comes down
tent peg       fast and hard (nose first) and ends up tail-high in the ground
lawn dart      (this is where large, colorful fins come in handy :-).  Often
               the nose cone has separated (taking the recovery device with
               it) and the model body tube ends up containing a nice 'core
               sample' of mud/dirt when pulled out of the ground.

CP             Center of (Aerodynamic) Pressure.  The point on a rocket 
               where stability-restoring forces due to airflow against the
               back part of the rocket (fins, etc.) exactly equal the 
               disturbing forces due to airflow against the part of the
               rocket ahead of that point. 
                
               The location of this point depends on how much the rocket's
               orientation is disturbed at the time of measurement.  If it 
               is at a very small angle to the "local wind" (line of flight),
               the fins' restoring contribution will be large, while the 
               nose's disturbing contribution will be small, resulting in a 
               CP that is way back.  The CP in this case can be located using 
               the Barrowman Equations.  If the rocket is nearly sideways, 
               the CP will be much more forward.  The CP in this case can be 
               located by balancing a cardboard silhouette of the rocket.

               Since all free bodies can rotate only on their center of mass, 
               stability is usually a simple matter of ensuring that your CG 
               is ahead of your CP, which ensures that the restoring forces 
               of airflow on the rear of the model will always overcome the 
               disturbing forces on the front.

               A good rule of thumb for sport models (both high and low power)
               is to design the rocket with the CP one or two body diameters
               ahead of the CG.

CPSC           Consumer Product Safety Commission.  The government agency 
               which has the task of deciding whether or not a given product
               is safe for 'general consumer' use. 

DQ             Disqualified flight.

engine         A machine that converts energy into mechanical motion. Such 
               a machine distinguished from an electric, spring-driven or
               hydraulic motor by its consumption of a fuel (from _American
               Heritage Dictionary_).

(FIRE)BALLS    an annual experimental rocketry launch where emphasis is on
               VERY LARGE advanced rockets.

high power     a non-professional rocket weighing more than 1500 grams
rocket         at liftoff, containing more than 133 grams of propellant,
 or            or containing any motor with more than 160NS of
advanced       total impulse.  High power motors go all the way to class 'O',
rocket         with over 40,000NS of total impulse.  High power rockets 
               require an FAA waiver to launch.  Tripoli defines a high power
               rocket as those with over 40NS of total impulse (i.e., 'F'
               power and above) and advanced rockets as those with more than
               160NS total impulse (i.e., 'H' power and above).

HPR            High Power [Rocket(ry)].  See 'high power rocket'.

HPR            'High Power Rocketry Magazine', formerly 'Tripolitan...
Magazine       America's High Power Rocketry Magazine'.  An independent
               magazine dealing with all aspects of consumer rocketry,
               but with a definite emphasis on high power, advanced and
               experimental consumer rocketry.  See section 5 for address.

land shark     A rocket which has failed in such a way that it ends up on
               the ground while still under power.  Upper stages of unstable
               multi-stage rockets often end up like this, as due some (too)
               heavy HPR rockets with long-burning, low thrust motors.

LDRS           The annual national high power sport launch sanctioned by 
               Tripoli.  The 1992 LDRS (XI) will be held in the Black Rock
               Dessert, NV., the week after NARAM.  LDRS reportedly stands
               for 'Large Dangerous Rocket Ships'.

Lovelace       A phenomenon where the nose cone is apparently "sucked" out of 
Effect         the body after motor burnout, but well before the expected 
               ejection. It is more prevalent on parabola, ogive and other 
               low drag nose shapes. The theory (as yet unproven) is that 
               since the nose cone has much less drag than the body, its 
               momentum tends to carry it forward faster (or, more correctly 
               its lower drag decelerates it more slowly) than the body 
               putting tension on the nose-body joint.  The condition is 
               exacerbated by any nose weights added for stability (which 
               also raise the momentum of the nose) and/or a loose fit of 
               the nose in the body.

               The term is named after an early '70s X-rated movie actress 
               who, ahh, um...well, go ask your dad :-)

medium power   a term sometimes used to describe rockets using motors between
rocket         the 'D' and 'H' power classes (exclusive).  Also used to 
               sometimes describe rockets which fall between the current
               NFPA 1122 weight limit of 1 pound (~454 grams) and the new
               proposed model rocket weight limit of 1500 grams.  Rockets in
               the 'E' through 'G' class aren't normally considered advanced,
               high power rockets but are often built using many of the same
               construction techniques as the larger rockets.

model rocket   An aero-vehicle that ascends into the air without the use of 
               aerodynamic lifting surfaces.  The gross launch weight,
               including motor(s), will not exceed 1500 grams.  Motor(s) for 
               said vehicle will not exceed 160 Newton seconds of impulse and/
               or contain more than 62.5 grams of propellant each, and no more 
               than a total of 125 grams of propellant in multiple motor
               situations.  All components of said vehicle will be of wood,
               paper, rubber, breakable plastic or similar material and
               without substantial metal parts.
 
               Note:  Current NFPA regulations (NFPA 1122) limits model
                      rockets to ~454 grams (1 pound) gross launch weight,
                      115 grams total propellant, and no motor with more 
                      than 80NS of total impulse.  The FAA requires a waiver
                      application and approval for any model over 1 pound.
                      The FAA is considering amending its FAR 101 to allow
                      models up to the current NAR model rocket definition
                      (1500 grams weight , 125 grams fuel...) to fly without a 
                      waiver.

                      Model rockets in Canada are limited to 1 pound total
                      launch weight and 80NS of total impulse.  The same 
                      rules apply for construction materials as with US NFPA
                      guidelines.

modroc         Model Rocket.  Also seen as 'modrocer', or similar spelling,
               to mean 'model rocketry enthusiast'.

motor          Something that imparts or produces motion, such as a machine
               or engine. A device that converts any form of energy into
               mechanical energy (from _American Heritage Dictionary_).

NAR            National Association of Rocketry. A national hobby organization
               promoting model and high power rocketry in the United States.
               The NAR promotes rocketry related sport flying, competitions,
               and education. See 'Often Sought Addresses'.

NARAM          National Association of Rocketry Annual Meet.  The NAR 
               national championships competition, held in August of
               each year.

NARCON         National Association of Rocketry Annual Convention.  An annual
               event sanctioned by the NAR oriented towards non-competitive
               (i.e., sport) model and high power rocketry. It includes
               seminars, R&D presentations and lots of sport flying.

NARTS          National Association of Rocketry Technical Services. See
               section 5 for address.

Newton &       The standard used to measure and record thrust and total
Newton-second  impulse, respectively,  of NAR and Tripoli certified rocket
(NS)           motors.  One pound = 4.45 newtons.

NSL            Nation Sport Launch.  An annual, national sport fly.  It has
               been immediately preceding each year's NARAM the last few 
               years.

NFPA           National Fire Protection Association.  The government body
               responsible for setting rules and regulations dealing with
               the use of non-professional rockets and motors.  The current
               NAR Model Rocket Sporting Code was developed by the NAR and
               NFPA.  Both the NAR and Tripoli are members of the NFPA.  G.
               Harry Stine ('the old rocketeer') is currently the chairmen
               of the pyrotechnics committee of the MFPA.  

NFPA 1122      The current NFPA regulation concerning model rocketry. The last
               adopted regulations were enacted in 1987 and defined a model
               rocket as being less than 1 pound in launch weight, containing 
               less than 4 ounces (~114 grams) of fuel, with no more than 160NS 
               total impulse in all motors, and no motor over 80NS of total 
               impulse.  The NAR is currently working with the NFPA to update 
               the definition of 'model rocket' to agree with the current NAR 
               definition (see 'model rocket').

PMC            Plastic Model Conversion.  The term used to describe a plastic,
               static model of some type (typically an aircraft, rocket or
               spaceship) that has been converted to fly as a model or
               high power rocket.  This term is also used as an abbreviation
               for an NAR-sanctioned competition utilizing converted models.

prang          Synonyms describing a failure mode whereby a model comes 
auger in       down aerodynamically stable, in other words, 'streamlines in'.
               This is almost always caused by some sort of recovery system 
               failure usually the result of a too-tight nose cone, too-
               tightly packed parachute or a too-loose motor that ejects out 
               the back.  Multi-stage models with upper stage ignition 
               failures also result in a prang.

               The results of a prang range from no damage at all (other
               that a few grass stains) on lightweight sport models to
               the total destruction of the rocket (usually a payloader 
               with a *very* expensive payload on board :-(.

               A prang that occurs while the motor is still burning (e.g.
               a marginally unstable rocket that becomes stable after doing 
               half a loop due to propellant burn off shifting the CG) is 
               called a 'Power Prang'.

red baron      a boost glider which has tangled with the streamer or 
               parachute of the booster pod.  The entire model tends to 
               nose dive into the ground, like a WWI airplane which has 
               just been shot down.

R/G            Rocket glider. A glider which is boosted to altitude by a 
               rocket.  The entire model glides down together.  No part of the
               model separates, as in a boost glider.  Technically, an R/G is
               a particular form of B/G.

RMS(TM)        Reloadable Motor System.  The trademarked name of the Aerotech/
               ISP reloadable motors.  Often used (incorrectly) as a generic
               name for all reloadable technology.

shred          a model which has lost one or more fins due to take-off
               acceleration.  Also used to refer to a shredded parachute
               or streamer.  May also be used to refer to a model which 
               has completely come apart during takeoff.

Tripoli        Tripoli Rocketry Association.  A consumer rocketry organization
(TRA)          founded to promote the interests of high power and advanced 
               rocketry enthusiasts.  See section 5.1 for address.

Tripolitan     "The Tripolitan...America's High Power Rocketry Magazine".
               The bi-monthly journal of the Tripoli Rocketry Association,
               published until July/August 1992.  See 'HPR Magazine'.

waiver         The term used to describe the official permission given by
               the FAA allowing rockets with more than 4 ounces of fuel or
               weighing more than 1 pound to be flown into FAA controlled
               airspace.  See section 8.7 for more details.
               details on FAA waivers.

YABAR          Yet Another Born Again Rocketeer.

---------------------------------------

Section 2: Some Commonly Sought Addresses

2.1 What national-level consumer rocketry organizations exist?

    Canadian Association of Rocketry
    P.O. Box 1031
    Postal Station "B"
    Mississauga, Ontario
    L4Y 3W3
    (416) 272-4622

    National Association of Rocketry
    P.O. Box 177 
    Altoona, WI 54270 
    (715) 834-8074
    (800) 262-4872
    Email: 71331.2506@compuserve.com

    Tripoli Rocketry Association, Inc.
    P.O. Box 339 
    Kenner, LA 70063-0339  

2.2 What are the addresses of the major model rocketry manufacturers?  Do they
    offer catalogs?

    Manufacturer                              Comments

    Aerotech Consumer Aerospace               Large model and HPR rocket
    1955 S. Palm St., Suite 15                 kits, composite motors, launch
    Las Vegas, NV 89104                        systems and supplies
    Email: 72020.371@compuserve.com           Catalog: $2

    Estes Industries, Inc.                    Model rocket kits & engines
    P.O. Box 227                               (largest & most visible)
    1285 H Street                              1/2A through D motors.
    Penrose, CO  81240                         (E & F motors 2nd half '92)
    719-372-6565                              Catalog: $1
    800-525-7561

    Model Rectifier Corporation               A-C model rocket kits & motors
    2500 Woodbridge Ave.                      Catalog: ??
    Edison, New Jersey  08817

    Quest Aerospace Education, Inc            A-C model rocket kits & engines,
    P.O. Box 42390                              launch systems, and supplies
    519 West Lone Cactus Drive                Catalog: free
    Phoenix, Arizona  85989-2390
    1-800-858-7302
    (602) 582-3438
    (602) 582-3828 FAX

2.3 What are the addresses of some of the  high power manufacturers? Do they
    offer catalogs?

    Manufacturer                              Comments

    Aerotech, Inc                             Composite motors, reloadables
    1955 South Palm St., Suite 15               (B - G)
    Las Vegas, NV 89104                       High power kits, parts, supplies
    (702) 641-2301 or 2302                    Catalog: $2

    Industrial Solid Propulsion, Inc.         Parent company of Aerotech.
    1955 South Palm St., Suite 15               F-O high power motors
    Las Vegas, NV 89104                       High power kits, parts, supplies
    (702) 641-2301 or 2302                    Catalog: $5
    
    LOC/Precision                             High Power Kits
    1042 Iroquois                             Catalog $2
    Macedonia, Ohio 44056
    (216)467-4514

    Microbrick Technologies, Inc.             High power kits, electronic 
    P.O. Box 701                               payloads and timers
    Schenectady, NY 12301                     Motor distributor
    (518) 372-0828                            Catalog: $1

    North Coast Rocketry                      Manufacturer of HPR kits,
    4848 South Highland Drive, Suite #424      parts and supplies
    Salt Lake City, Utah 84117                Distributor of Aerotech/ISP
    (800)877-6032 (voice or Fax)               motors and reloads
                                              Catalog:  $3

    Tiffany Hobbies of Ypsilanti (THOY)       HPR rocket kits, part, and
    P. O. Box 467                              supplies.
    Ypsilanti, Michigan  48197                Catalog: $2
    (313) 741-0847 (voice or Fax)

    Vulcan Systems, Inc                       G - K composite motors
    P.O. Box 6099                             Catalog; ??
    Colorado Springs, CO 80934                      
    (719) 633-9889

   Note:  Be sure and specify that you want a manufacturer's model rocket or
          high power catalog.  Some manufacturers offer both.

2.4  Are there other sources of kits, motors, parts and supplies I should
     know about?

     Refer to section 3.6 for model rocketry mail order suggestions,
     section 8.12 for high power mail order addresses, section 6.1 for 
     sources of competition rockets, and all of section 5 for even more
     sources of information.

2.5. Could you please summarize published electronic mail addresses for  
     rocketry manufacturers and individuals?

     Some useful email addresses follow.  They are all in Internet address 
     format.

      Aerotech (Bob Sanford)               72020.371@compuserve.com 
      Apogee Components (Ed LaCroix)       71441.111@compuserve.com
      Estes Industries (Michael Hellmund)  71351.32@compuserve.com
      MRC (Fred Fischer)                   70655.404@compuserve.com
      NAR Headquarters                     71331.2506@compuserve.com
      NARTS, NAR Technical Services        73320.1253@compuserve.com
      North Coast Rocketry (Chris Pearson) 73270.2745@compuserve.com

     Jack Hagerty (jack@rml.com) has a much more complete list of email 
     addresses.

---------------------------------------

Section 3: Model Rocketry Questions

3.1 Is the proper term rocket 'engine' or rocket 'motor'?

    Yes.  While some would argue that, technically, it is a rocket 'motor',
    the term 'engine' is used just as much (if not more frequently).
    In this document, the terms are meant to be interchangable and are
    used as such.

3.2 Are there any local or national organizations to which I could/should
    belong?

    There are two major national organizations serving the needs of non-
    professional rocketry.  The NAR is the largest and oldest, having been
    formed over 30 years ago.  The Tripoli Rocketry Association was formed in 
    1985 specifically to serve the needs of the high power rocketry community. 
    See the section 'On to High Power' for details on Tripoli.  The addresses
    for both are in the section 'Some Commonly Sought Addresses'.

      National Association of Rocketry
        -sanctions contests
        -insurance for rocket flying activities
        -American Spacemodeling magazine
        -high power certification
        -motor certification
        -NARTREK skills advancement program
        -dues: $25/year (senior)

      Canadian Association of Rocketry

3.3 What do the letters and numbers on a model rocket motor mean?

    The NAR has developed a motors classification scheme which has been 
    mandated by NFPA 1122 and most state regulations.  This system
    specifies the motors total impulse class, average thrust, and ejection
    charge delay.  This is printed on any motors certified by the NAR.
    the pieces are as follows, given the example:

        E15-10W

    The 'E' stands for the total impulse class of the motor.  This does not
    mean that the motor has that much power.  Motor classes indicate that a 
    a motor's total impulse falls within a given range.  All motors with total
    impulse anywhere in that range will be in the same motor class.

    The first number after the letter (15) is the AVERAGE thrust of the 
    motor, in Newtons (where 4.45n = 1 pound (lb).  The second number (after 
    the dash, '10') specifies the time delay before the ejection charge fires, 
    in seconds.  The delay time begins AFTER the motor has expended its fuel, 
    not when the motor ignites. 

    Any letter after the delay is manufacturer dependent.  It typically 
    indicates a fuel formulation.

        Letter    Range (NtSec)       Comments
        1/4A        0.00 -     0.62   Model rocket motors
        1/2A        0.63 -     1.25     "      "     "
          A         1.26 -     2.50     "      "     "
          B         2.51 -     5.00     "      "     "
          C         5.01 -    10.00     "      "     "
          D        10.01 -    20.00     "      "     "
          E        20.01 -    40.00     "      "     "
          F        40.01 -    80.00     "      "     "
          G        80.01 -   160.00   Exact status under CPSC/NFPA review
          H       160.01 -   320.00   High power rocket motors
          I       320.01 -   640.00     "    "     "      "
          J       640.01 -  1280.00     "    "     "      "
          K      1280.01 -  2560.00     "    "     "      "
          L      2560.01 -  5120.00     "    "     "      "
          M      5120.01 - 10240.00     "    "     "      "
          N     10240.01 - 20480.00     "    "     "      "
          O     20480.00 - 40960.00     "    "     "      "

    Engines of type 'F' or less, and having less than 62.5 grams (2.2 ounces)
    of propellant are classified as DOT Class C Toy Propellant Devices and are
    'model rocket' motors.  Anything larger is a Class B, 'high power' motor
    and their use falls under much stricter regulation.  

3.4 Can I legally fly model rockets in my state?  What are the restrictions?

    Several states still require some type of permit to fly model rockets.
    The requirements vary greatly between the states.  Also, local 
    municipalities are free to impose additional restrictions beyond those 
    defined in NFPA 1122 and any state laws.  Check with your local fire 
    marshal for restrictions in your area.  For example, the states
    of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and California all have stricter
    regulations than NFPA 1122.

3.5 I have a son/daughter that is (6 - 9) years old.  Is this too young for
    model rocketry?  If not, are there any tips for helping to keep their
    interest in the hobby?

    Model rocket manufacturers all recommend adult supervision for young
    children (usually, those under 12).  Many parents have had great success
    introducing these children to model rocketry.  Here are a few of the tips
    and suggestions posted to r.m.r:

    From cdt@rocket.sw.stratus.com (C. D. Tavares):
      Children under 10 or 11 do best in the hobby when a parent participates
      actively with them.  Introduce them to simple, skill-level-1 kits with
      plastic fin units.  Build yourself a rocket at the same time, then go
      out and fly them together.

    From jack@rml.com (Jack Hagerty):
      My own experience with my son (now 5 1/2, we've been flying since he 
      turned 4) is not to expect too much sustained interest at a time. Even 
      though my son has a longer-than-normal attention span for his age 
      (he'll watch a whole two hour movie!) and loves the whole idea of 
      building and flying rockets, after 4 or 5 flights (approx 1/2 hour) 
      he'd rather go play on the monkey bars at the adjacent school.
      This is magnified if there are any kids his own age around (such as his
      cousins that sometimes come with us).

    From dwade@jarthur.Claremont.EDU:
      Watching they should enjoy.  Pressing the button they should enjoy.
      Prepping with serious supervision.  Building simple kits with some 
      supervision and a pre-launch check.  There's a huge difference in 
      responsibility between kids.  One thing to stress is that a lot of very 
      careful kids will get bored or get pressured by bored friends to do 
      stupid things when you're not around.  I might not let kids have any 
      access to motors when unsupervised -- and there's no real reason why 
      that should cause them any trouble.  It is possible to make safety fun, 
      you know.  I think that's something that a lot of people miss -- if you
      present things that way, it seems to work out.  I don't have kids, but 
      I've got rocket launching friends who do.

    From J.COOK@ens.prime.com (Jim Cook):
      I've successfully built an Athena and an America with a 7 year old.  
      The body tube is pre-painted, the decals are self-adhesive, and they 
      like the gold or silver chrome nose cone.  You can build it in an hour 
      or two - just let them run around and call them over to help periodic-
      ally - "glue here", "cut here", "hold this".  They feel it's still 
      their rocket and that they helped.  Estes new E2X series may also be 
      similarly suitable, but I haven't tried, yet [ed. note:  the E2X 
      series go together with plastic model cement, such as Testors, not 
      white glue].

      Estes' new E2X series is similar in construction to the Athena and 
      America - they can be built in an hour or two with kids.

      Demo a range of motors.  Go from 1/2A to A to B with a model to 
      show kids the difference.

      Kids will invariably talk about launching them out of site or
      sticking a firework in them.  Answer with, "yeah, but I wouldn't
      want to wreck my model that I spent so much time building."  Making
      the kid answer forces him [or her] to think and teaches him [her]
      to value his [her] possessions.

    From buzz@rsd.dl.nec.com (Buzz McDermott):
      I've been building model rockets with my 9 year old son for the past 18
      months.  He builds plastic model planes and cars so the E2X kits from
      Estes work great for him.  We started with the Alpha III.  Now he 
      won't build Level I kits with single piece fin units.  They're 'too
      easy'.  He now preps and launches his own rockets.

      My six year old daughter and I just built our first rocket together.
      It was an Estes 'America'.  She was able to do most all of the work,
      with close supervision.  She especially liked helping to put the 
      plastic chute together.  It took about 1 hour, total, for us to put
      it together.  This included plenty of time for me to explain what 
      each piece was for.  When we flew it at the next local club launch
      I prepped the rocket (she 'helped' by putting in the engine and putting
      on the nose cone); she insisted on recovering it herself and loved it.
      I used B motors to keep it from drifting too far.  I recommend any of
      the Alpha III, Athena, or America as first kits for younger children.
      The Quest Falcon is also a good choice.

    From jstewart@software.mitel.com (John Stewart):
      My daughter loves rocketry. She started when she was 3. Get colorful
      rockets, build them yourself (e.g. the plastic Alpha II(?)), and don't
      fly them too high. (50-100' is more than fine) Let the child count to 5 
      (or try to!!) and push the button. Let them recover the rockets.  Have
      say, 5 to 10 rockets loaded, ready to go when heading out. Launch them,
      and untangle/fix them either at the field, or at home later, depending
      on the child's mood.  My 4-3/4 year old daughter is looking forward to 
      launching, possibly this weekend. We spent a year in New Zealand, but 
      she still knew all about the rockets, the parachutes, the streamers...

    From rbs@cyclops.micr.Virginia.EDU (Robert Sisk):
      People interested in easy to build model rocket kits for the younger
      crowd should check out QUEST models.  Some of the parts are color
      coded (centering rings, engine blocks, engine mount tube) and the fins
      of some models are plastic.  Some of the fins are supplied as a single
      unit that you glue into place.  Fast, easy, and with little or no 
      sanding!

3.6 Is there any way I can buy model rocket kits, parts and engines at less
    than full retail?  How about mail order?

    One mail order house has been recommended several times by posters to 
    r.m.r.  It is Bellville Wholesale Hobby.  It sells MRC at 40% off list, 
    Custom Rockets at 35% of list and Estes at 30% off list.  There is a 
    minimum order requirement.  For information and a catalog:

        Belleville Wholesale Hobby
        1827 North Charles Street
        Bellville, IL 62221-4025
        Phone: (618) 234-5989
        Fax:   (618) 234-9202
        Catalog: $2.00

    The following individual has been mentioned as a source for cheap 18, 24,
    and 33mm Estes-style body tubes (BT-20, -50, and -55, respectively), if 
    you are will to buy by the dozen (or more):
 
        Lou Scavone
        41312 Memphis Drive
        Sterling Heights, Michigan
        (313)739-3058

    Another potential source of 'inexpensive' body tubes is:

        Fred Shecter
        20505 E. Clear Spring Court
        Walnut CA 91789

    Fred is with the LA Rocket Society.  He is purported to have craft paper 
    tubes in lengths up to 34-36 inches.
     
    In Canada:

        OAS (Orleans Automation Systems) Rocketry Division
        Suite 606, 116 Albert St.
        Ottawa, Ont.
        K1P 5G3
        (613) 233-1159
        (613) 830-5811 (fax)

    If you do a fair amount of flying, Estes sells a 24-pack of engines called
    the Flight Pack.  It comes with 6 A8-3, 6 B6-4, 6 C6-5, 6 C6-7, recovery
    wadding and igniters.  It generally retails between $25-28, which is less
    than the list price of the materials included.

    Quest motors have been recommended by several r.m.r posters.  At the 
    present time, they retail at less than the Estes equivalents.

    You might also investigate your local NAR section, if one is located 
    convenient to you.  Clubs such as NAR sections often arrange discounts
    with local hobby merchants.  Several of the clubs also have at least
    one member selling parts and supplies at discount, mostly to the 
    club members.

    If you are looking for composite model rocket motors (i.e., Aerotech
    D & E motors) your best bet for discount prices would be some of the 
    high power mail order addresses listed in Section 8.12.

3.7 I've had a large number of motors CATO recently.  The engines are only
    about 2 years old.  I've had them stored in my (attic/garage/basement).

    From J.COOK@ens.prime.com (Jim Cook):
      Black powder motors tend to suffer catos when they are temperature
      cycled.  If you expose them to heat, be it storing them in the attic,
      on your car's dashboard, or in your metal range box in the hot sun on
      the launch field, you may have problems.  The engine expands with the
      heat, but when it cools, the propellant separates from the casing 
      inside This causes the propellant to burn faster due to burning on the
      side generating more pressure than was designed for, and ...boom...

      Storing black powder motors in a damp basement can cause the compressed
      clay nozzles to soften and also blow out.  If you must store your motors
      in a damp/humid area, put them in a zip lock plastic bag.

		[Note: There is an excellent article by Mat Steele in the May/June 1992 
             issue of American Spacemodeling.  This article goes into the 
             theoretical reasons why black powder model rocket motors fail]

3.8 Is it safe to use my old rocket engines from <nn> years ago?

    From J.COOK@ens.prime.com (Jim Cook):
      I've had properly stored engines from 1972 and 1975 work just fine.
      If you suspect a motor, fire it by burying it in the ground with just
      the nozzle showing, pointing up and use your launch system to ignite it
      as usual. [Note: be sure and stand at least 15-20 feet away from the
      motor when you fire it: Buzz]

3.9 What's a good way to find other rocket enthusiasts in my area?  How
    can I found out about local rocket clubs?

    The NAR sends a complete list of its local sections (NAR sanctioned 
    clubs) with each new member's information packet.  If there isn't
    a sanction near you they have a service to send you a list of
    other NAR members in your area, so that you can form your own
    section.

3.10 NFPA, FAA, DOT, ...  Who are all these organizations and how do they
     affect the rocketry hobby?

    DOT:  (Dept. of Transportation) regulates shipping of rocket motors and 
          reloads.
    CPSC: (Consumer Protection Safety Council) regulates what may and not
          be sold as a 'consumer' item
    FAA:  (Federal Aviation Administration) is responsible for airspace 
          control and regulates flights rockets that exceed 1 pound and
          enter FAA regulated airspace.
    NFPA: (National Fire Protection Association) regulates the use of non-
          professional rocket motors.  Most state and local laws concerning 
          the use of model rockets are based, in part, on NFPA rulings and
          regulations; especially NFPA 1122.

----------------------------------------

Section 4: Born-again Rocketeers

4.1 I have been out of model rockets for many (i.e. <nn>+) years now.
    All I ever used were Estes/Centuri/FSI kits. I never knew of anything
    else. I would appreciate it if someone could tell me more about
    what is going on in the sport/hobby currently.

4.1.1 Who's Left, Who's Not & Who's New

    Basically, it's all pretty much the same, or totally different,
    depending on your interests.  Estes is still Estes.  Most of their kits 
    are still the same materials, etc.  The trend for the last 10 years has 
    been for Estes to sell simpler and simpler kits.  There are lots of 
    plastic nose cones and fin units (already around when you were active 
    before).  There are now kits with pre-slotted body tubes and plastic 
    fins (as in the Estes E2X series).  Lot's of good stuff for beginners 
    and kids.  Estes still makes engines in the 1/2A - D range, all black 
    powder.

    Flight Systems is still here, selling kits and black powder engines in the 
    A-G range.

    Centuri, sadly, 'went away' in 1980.  Daemon Industries bought both Estes
    and Centuri in the 1970's.  They operated both companies as independent 
    units for several years.  Finally, Centuri was dissolved and its products
    absorbed into Estes.  Every now and then an old Centuri kit surfaces
    under the Estes banner.

    Now for 'who is new'.  First, in model rocketry there is a new kid
    on the block: Quest.  This is Bill Stine, some ex-Centuri people
    and others.  They are a direct competitor to Estes.  They have a line 
    of kits and engines (A-C).  Good quality.  Cheaper than Estes.

    If you were into competing you might have been familiar with Competition
    Model Rockets (CMR).  They are now defunct but there are constant rumors
    of a rebirth sometime in 1992.  Other companies have stepped in to fill 
    the space left by the exit of CMR.  See the section 'Competition' for some
    names and addresses.

    A lot of the 'neat' Estes kits of the 60's and 70's are no longer 
    available.  However, Estes is bringing them back (one by one) in so-
    called, 'limited run collector series'.  The first one of these is the 
    'Mars Snooper' kit from the 60's.  The Orbital Transport and other kits 
    are supposed to be forth- coming.  WARNING: expect to pay up to EIGHT 
    TIMES the original list price for these re-vamped kits.

4.1.2 Changes in Motor Technology

    The big changes have come in motors.  Expendable composite fuel motors
    are now available in D-G range for model rockets (G motors are 
    currently listed as banned devices by the CPSC and NFPA). These motors
    use ammonium perchlorate for fuel, similar to the rocket boosters on
    the space shuttle, allowing them to pack two to three times the power
    in the same space as a black powder motor. The D motors are the
    same size as Estes A-C motors (18x70mm).  This D is also a full 
    D power rating of 20 Newton-seconds, versus the Estes 24x70mm D of about
    17 Newton-seconds.  There are a couple of E motors the same size as 
    Estes D motors.  All of the motors give Estes kits an incredible ride, 
    if the models hold together.  The E-G power ranges are now sometimes 
    referred to as 'medium power'.  These are usually still model rockets
    (i.e., under 1500 gram launch weight).  These kits require stronger 
    construction methods and materials than typical model rockets.  Put an 
    Aerotech D21 or E25 in your old Big Bertha at your own risk!! You're 
    likely to end up with a model with no fins (i.e., a complete 'shred').

    Aerotech is the current leader in model rocket composite motors.  They 
    have D through G  expendable motors.  Vulcan Industries has announced 
    that they will be supplying Estes with Class C composite motors for a
    new line of rockets Estes will be coming out with in late summer/fall 
    of '92.

    Another new trend is 'reloadable' motor technology.  With reloadables
    you have a metal motor casing that you manually reload with solid fuel 
    pellets, delay and ejection charge for each flight.  The casing is 
    reusable.  Reloadable motors are available in everything from 18x70 mm 
    (with B - E power), 24mm, (with D - F power), 29mm, 38mm, and much 
    larger.  Again, you can get all the way up to 40,000+ Newton-seconds of 
    total impulse.  NOTE: NO RELOADABLE ENGINE IS A MODEL ROCKET ENGINE, NOT 
    EVEN THE SMALL ONES!! The NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) 
    has banned general use of the motors.  Only certified organizations, and 
    their members, can legally use them.  NAR and Tripoli members are 
    currently, temporarily, certified to use reloadable motors.  All of this 
    is in a state of flux and is currently on the agendas of the NFPA, CPSC,
    and DOT.  See section 8.5 for additional information.

4.1.3 High Power Rocketry

    Now there is also HIGH power rocketry (HPR).  These are rockets with 
    motors up to type O (with greater than 40,000 Newton seconds of impulse).
    There has been a lot of discussion about high power recently.  You have to
    be a member of either the NAR or Tripoli to fly rockets with H motors or 
    above.  To fly with H or above both organizations require that you be 
    'certified' by safely demonstrating a successful flight with a high power
    model in the presence of one or more 'qualified' members of the 
    organization.  There is now a HPR safety code as well as the original 
    model rocketry safety code.  There are expendable and reloadable 
    (discussed below) HPR motors available.  They are increasingly 
    expensive as the power goes up ( $10 for a G up to hundreds of dollars 
    for a really big (O) motor).  High power rockets start where model 
    rockets leave off (i.e., > 1500 grams).  High power models weighing
    more than 50 pounds are not uncommon.

    There are several manufacturers of high power kits and motors.  See the
    sections 8.3 and 8.12 for high power addresses.

    Oh, yes, HPR requires a duly authorized, signed-in-blood (in triplicate, 
    etc. :-) FAA waiver for each day you wish to fly.  It is ILLEGAL to fly
    high power rockets without a proper waiver. See section 8.7 for more
    information on FAA waivers.

----------------------------------------

Section 5: Other Sources of Information

5.1 What are some good books to read to learn more about model and high power 
    rocketry?

  Handbook of Model Rocketry, Fifth Edition   (out of print)
     G. Harry Stine
     Synopsis:
       THE handbook on model rocketry.  Covers just about everything you need
       to get started.  Good tips for experienced modelers as well.  Rumor has
       it that a 6th edition is under preparation and looking for a publisher.
       It is supposed to cover HPR.

  Basics of Model Rocketry
     Douglas R. Pratt
     Kalmbach Books, fifth printing 1991
     Synopsis:
       A general introduction to model rocketry.  Available from NARTS for $6.
       Also sold at many hobby and craft stores.

  Advanced Model Rocketry
     Michael A. Banks
     Kalmbach Books, 1985
     Synopsis:
       A good introduction to E/F/G level rocketry.  Some good construction
       hints.

  Building Plastic Models
     Edited by Harold A. Edmonson
     Kalmbach Books, eighth printing 1991
     Synopsis:
       Very helpful if you plan to do any PMC.  Excellent sections on 
       painting, sanding, detailing models.  Good discussion of modeling 
       tools.

  Famous Spaceships of Fact and Fantasy (and How to Model Them)
     Edited by Harold A. Edmonson
     Kalmbach Books, 1979
     Synopsis:
       This book describes how several modelers built and modified some 
       plastic models of rockets from fact and fantasy.  Great hints for PMC 
       detailing.  Includes Saturn V, Enterprise (TOS), Gallactica fighters, 
       Star Wars Fighters, shuttle Aurora from 2001: A Space Odyssey, and 
       others.

  The Model Rocketry Handbook
    Stuart Lodge
    Argus Books 1990
    ISBN 1-85486-047-X
    Synopsis:
      British handbook on model rocketry.  Geared towards beginners, but some
      good tips for more experienced rocketeers.  Available from NARTS for
      $15.25 to NAR members.  Softcover, 128 pages.

  Scale Model Rocketry, A Guide for the Historian-Craftsman
    Peter Alway
    Synopsis:
      This was a limited-run, spiral-bound book that Peter published 
      himself.  Those that have a copy say it is an excellent source of
      scale data on a number of US rockets.  It is out of production and
      Peter has sold out.  There is no published date on a new edition.
      Ed LaCroix at Apogee Components had a few copies left as of May 1992.
      They were $19.95 plus $3 S&H.

  Estes Technical Reports
      Estes has several introductory technical reports on rocket stability,
      design, and other topics compiled into a publication called 'The
      Classic Collection'.  These technical reports were first published in
      the 1960's.  Estes also sells several other introductory books on
      model rocketry.

  NCR Technical Reports
       North Coast Rocketry has a very extensive set of technical reports
       dealing with advanced rocketry topics.  These include clustering
       (black powder and composite engines), staging composite motors,
       adhesives, finishing techniques, launch systems, electronics,
       supersonic rocketry and 'mile high' rocketry.  A number of these
       are available from NARTS.  High power mail order shops often 
       stock these, as well.

   NAR Technical Services (NARTS)
   P.O. Box 1482
   Saugus, MA 01906
   Email: 73320.1253@compuserve.com
   Synopsis:
     Ok.  This is not a book.  It is a GREAT source of technical, scale,
     and other information for NAR members. The 1992 catalog includes
     books, technical reports (including some of the NCR series), and a
     virtual plethora of goodies.

5.2 Are there any rocketry magazines available?

  "American Spacemodeling"
      Journal of the National Association of Rocketry
      Published 8 times/year; subscription: $24/year (free w/NAR membership)
      Subscription:   American Spacemodeling
                      c/o National Association of Rocketry Headquarters
                      P.O. Box 177  
                      Altoona, WI 54270 
                      (800) 262-4872

  "High Power Rocketry Magazine"
      An independent consumer rocketry magazine.  Formerly the journal of
      the Tripoli Rocket Society.
      Published 6 times/yr; subscription $25/year (free w/Tripoli membership)
      Subscription:  High Power Rocketry
                     PO Box 96
                     Orem, Utah 84059-0096

  "Liftoff Magazine"
    P.O. Box 9331
    Grand Rapids, MI 49509-0331
    Subscription:  $25/year (4 issues)
    Synopsis:
      Liftoff is a ~40-page DTP-produced quarterly journal dealing with the
      history of space flight.  It is published by Glen E. Swanson.
   
  "Model Rocket News"
      Estes Industries newsletter
      Published twice or three times a year (Fall, Winter, Spring??).
      Free to recent mail-order purchasers and Estes Space Club members
      Subscription: ????

  "Estes Educator News"
      Estes Industries newsletter.
      Synopsis:
       A newsletter oriented to the needs of educators (teachers, rocketry
       classes at YMCA/summer camps, etc.).  Also useful for adult super-
       visors in model rocketry clubs.

5.3 Are there any other on-line sources of rocketry related information, 
     especially model and high power rocketry related?

    There are several lists of information maintained by readers of r.m.r.
    You can email them directly to get the latest copy of each list.
    These lists are also posted on a somewhat regular basis to this newsgroup.

    Description 

    List of Manufacturers, suppliers, mail order houses, etc., where
     you can get rocketry and rocketry related engines, parts,
     kits, data, etc.  Very extensive.
    Maintained by:  R. Michael Jungclas 
    Email:  rjungcla@ihlpb.att.com
    From the introduction to the list:
      Below is a list of current model rocket and high power manufacturers,
      organizations and specialty companies.

    List of sources for scale model data.
    Maintained by:  Kevin W. McKiou
    Email:  mckiou@cbnewse.cb.att.com

    Model Rocketry Materials Density Table
    Maintained by: Jack Hagerty
    Email: jack@rml.com (Jack Hagerty)
    From the introduction to the list:
      The following is an informal (but hopefully fairly accurate) table of
      the densities of common materials used in model rocket construction.
      It is a running list meaning that new items will be added and existing
      items will be updated as I use more of them. Many of the items are
      commercially available, and for these I obtained values by measuring
      the actual purchased items, not their catalog values.

    Model rocketry archive at SunSite.UNC.EDU
    Coordinated by:  Robert B. Sisk (rbs@cyclops.micr.Virginia.EDU)
    To access the archive:
      The r.m.r archive is available via anonymous FTP to SunSite.UNC.EDU.
      Login as 'anonymous' and specify you email address as password.
      Rocketry files are located in one of two places:
       /uploads/rockets                  (where files are initially uploaded)
       /pub/archive/rec.models.rockets   (the final resting place for 
                                          archived files).
      The archive system is a Sun system running SunOS version of Unix.

5.4 Are there any other on-line discussion groups relevant to model and high 
    power rocketry?

    There are several other newsgroups within Usenet that might be of interest
    to readers of r.m.r..  These include:

    - sci.aeronautics
    - sci.astro
    - sci.space.news
    - sci.space.shuttle

    None of the above are directly related to rocketry in any way.  You can 
    often get information on scale model sources, history of particular 
    vehicles, etc., from the NASA and aeronautics industry people who read
    these newsgroups.

    There is a model rocketry discussion group on CompuServe.  It is part of 
    the modelnet discussion groups. Type 'go modelnet' at any '!' prompt.
    You must have a CompuServe account to access this list.  The 'Sport
    Rocketry' Special Interest Group (SIG) of modelnet is analogous to the 
    Usenet r.m.r group.  Also, Internet users can mail CompuServe users if 
    the CompuServe id is known by using the address form: 
    123456.1234@compuserve.com, where the correct CompuServe account number 
    is substituted for "123456.1234" (note that a period separates the two
    numbers rather than a comma).

    If you are attempting to build or fly remote controlled B/G or R/G then
    rec.models.rc might have some answers for you.

    Finally, check with your local rocket club (NAR section, Tripoli prefect).
    These groups often run local BBS (bulletin boards) for the benefit of 
    their members.
Newsgroups: rec.models.rockets