From: rabjab@golem.ucsd.edu (Jeff Bytof)
Newsgroups: sci.astro
Subject: Jupiter's Arrow: An Economical SETI Strategy
Date: 20 Aug 1992 15:45:41 GMT
Organization: sio
NNTP-Posting-Host: lutherlab.ucsd.edu
Keywords: SETI

        
              JUPITER'S ARROW: AN ECONOMICAL STRATEGY FOR INITIATING 
                            INTERSTELLAR COMMUNICATION
        
                                  Jeff Bytof
                      University of California, San Diego
                                 Mail Code 0230
                               La Jolla, CA 92093
        
        Abstract:
        
        A strategy is outlined that allows the effort expended by a 
        civilization seeking to establish interstellar communication 
        with us to be minimized.  The method uses a time reference 
        based on the orbital motion of Jupiter to coordinate signal 
        transmission, acquisition and acknowledgement.
        
        
        
              Signals beamed at Earth from another technological 
        civilization may not be "on" continuously.  This is because 
        of the understandable need to minimize the cost of a project 
        that has no guarantee of success (1).  However, intermittent 
        signaling presents a difficulty if we do not know the 
        sender's schedule, or are not observing the sky 
        omnidirectionally (2).
        
              If brief, infrequent yet periodic incoming signals are 
        assumed to be coordinated with a cyclical process observable 
        by both the sender and receiver, a matching search strategy 
        can be formulated.  Possible timing mechanisms of interest 
        suitable for signal coordination have been discussed (3).  
        It has also been proposed that the Sun and Jupiter, the 
        largest and most visible objects in our Solar System, be 
        employed as a likely timing method (4).  In this report, a 
        technique is outlined utilizing the Sun-Jupiter timing 
        system to minimize the efforts of sender and receiver by 
        coordinating the transmission, receipt and acknowledgement 
        of a signal sent to us for the purpose of establishing 
        contact.
         
              As seen from the center of our Solar System, Jupiter, 
        as a result of its orbital motion around the Sun, achieves 
        minimum angular separation from each star once every 11.86 
        years.  Figure 1 shows where the loci of minimum separations 
        project on our sky as a function of year.  By this strategy,
        signals would be timed to arrive here when Jupiter was 
        closest to a sender's direction as viewed heliocentrically.  
        Our task as listeners is to look in the potential sender's 
        direction for a brief period at the time of his star's 
        minimum heliocentric separation with Jupiter.  Hence, the 
        Sun-Jupiter vector acts as an obvious indicator or "arrow" 
        towards the set of directions we should search.
         
              For the sender to properly "navigate" signals to us, 
        he must make telescopic observations to determine the 
        distance to our Solar System and be able to calculate the 
        future position of Jupiter to a desired level of accuracy.  
        The sender must also estimate the probable error in the 
        arrival time of the signal, because this determines the 
        minimum message duration that will result in a high  
        probability of being received by us at the time we might be 
        expected to be looking for it.
         
              It is likely that a sender of a message across 
        interstellar space would be interested in receiving a 
        meaningful and appropriately timed reply. The message we  
        receive may contain instructions for us to transmit an 
        acknowledgement at a specific moment, corrected for his 
        timing errors.  If our acknowledgement is sent properly, it 
        would arrive at the sender's receiver within a pre-planned 
        time window, thus dramatically reducing the amount of 
        dedicated instrument time that he needs to spend checking 
        for replies from our direction.

              As defined, the "Jupiter's Arrow" strategy requires 
        the sender to make only one transmission and reply check in 
        our direction every 11.86 years.  Any increase in the 
        quality of his knowledge of the distance and dynamics of our 
        Solar System would further reduce arrival-time error, 
        thereby minimizing the duration of transmission and 
        monitoring periods, freeing the sender to use his 
        instruments for other tasks almost all of the time.

              As searchers adhering to the Jupiter's Arrow strategy, 
        we need to examine each direction at the proper time only 
        once, given that a sender is actually transmitting with the 
        strategy and we are using a receiver with the correct 
        frequency and adequate sensitivity.  Missed signals would 
        repeat every 11.86 years, ensuring that even a search making 
        a small number of observations per year would eventually 
        succeed.
        
        
                            REFERENCES AND NOTES 
        
        
        1. S. von Hoerner, Science 134, 1839 (1961).
        
        
        2. J. Pfleiderer, AIAA Progress in Aeronautics and 
        Astronautics 110, 305 (1988); R. H. Gray, Journal of the 
        British Interplanetary Society 43, 531 (1990).
        
        3. Objects proposed for timers include supernovae, variable 
        stars and double stars [W. I. McLaughlin, Icarus 32, 464 
        (1977); G. W. Pace and J. C. G. Walker, Nature 254, 400 
        (1975); T. B. Tang, Journal of the British Interplanetary 
        Society 29, 469 (1976)].
        
        4. C. E. Singer, Cosmic Search 4, 22 (1982).
        
        5. I thank Andrew Buffington, Stanley Miller, David Newton, 
        Alan Schneider, Woodruff Sullivan and Jill Tarter for 
        helpful discussions.
                                * * *      
        Fig. 1. Isochrones of minimum heliocentric Jupiter-star angular
        separation projected on our sky.  A planetary ephemeris was
        used to determine the time of Jupiter's minimum separation
        with each star.  The times of minimum separation are summarized
        by search curves for January 1st of each year from 1992 to 2002.
        Circles represent stars brighter than magnitude 4.5. 
 
       
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Following is a uuencoded, compressed ascii PostScript version of Figure 1.
On a Unix system, the command sequence to extract it should be:
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      lpr ljplot.ps       (to a PostScript printer)
The version of PostScript *should* be fairly portable!
I will US mail a copy of the manuscript and figure to any requestor.           
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end
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