From: mkant+@cs.cmu.edu (Mark Kantrowitz)
Newsgroups: comp.lang.lisp,news.answers
Subject: FAQ: Lisp Frequently Asked Questions 1/6 [Monthly posting]
Summary: Introductory Matter and Bibliography of Introductions and References
Date: 13 Dec 92 09:01:07 GMT
Article-I.D.: cs.lisp-faq-1.text_724237235
Expires: Tue, 26 Jan 1993 09:00:35 GMT
Reply-To: lisp-faq@think.com
Followup-To: poster
Organization: School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon
Supersedes: <lisp-faq-1.text_721645282@cs.cmu.edu>

Archive-name: lisp-faq/part1
Last-Modified: Thu Nov  5 19:30:40 1992 by Mark Kantrowitz
Version: 1.27

;;; ****************************************************************
;;; Answers to Frequently Asked Questions about Lisp ***************
;;; ****************************************************************
;;; Written by Mark Kantrowitz and Barry Margolin
;;; lisp-faq-1.text -- 60654 bytes

This post contains Part 1 of the Lisp FAQ.

If you think of questions that are appropriate for this FAQ, or would
like to improve an answer, please send email to us at lisp-faq@think.com.

Note that the lisp-faq mailing list is for discussion of the content
of the FAQ posting only.  It is not the place to ask questions about Lisp;
use either the common-lisp@ai.sri.com mailing list or the
comp.lang.lisp newsgroup for that.  If a question appears frequently
in one of those forums, it will get added to the FAQ list.

There are currently six parts to the Lisp FAQ:
   1. Introductory Matter and Bibliography of Introductions and References
   2. General Questions
   3. Common Programming Pitfalls
   4. Lisp/Scheme Implementations and Mailing Lists
   5. CLOS and PCL Questions
   6. FTP Archives and Resources
All parts are posted to comp.lang.lisp. Part 4 is cross-posted to the
comp.lang.scheme newsgroup. Part 5 is cross-posted to the
comp.lang.clos newsgroup. 

Topics Covered (Part 1):

  [1-0]   What is the purpose of this newsgroup?
  [1-1]   What documentation is available on Lisp? How can I learn Lisp?
  [1-2]   How can I improve my Lisp programming style and coding efficiency?
  [1-3]   Where can I learn about implementing Lisp interpreters and compilers?
  [1-4]   What does CLOS, PCL, X3J13, CAR, CDR, ... mean? 
  [1-5]   Where can I get a copy of the draft ANSI standard for Common Lisp?
  [1-6]   Lisp Job Postings

Topics Covered (Part 2):

  [2-1]   Is there a GNU-Emacs interface to Lisp?
  [2-3]   What is the equivalent of EXPLODE and IMPLODE in Common Lisp?
  [2-4]   Is Lisp inherently slower than more conventional languages such as C?
  [2-5]   Why does Common Lisp have "#'"?
  [2-6]   How do I call non-Lisp functions from Lisp?
  [2-7]   Can I call Lisp functions from other languages?
  [2-8]   I want to call a function in a package that might not exist at
          compile time. How do I do this?  
  [2-9]   What is CDR-coding?
  [2-10]  What is garbage collection?
  [2-11]  How do I save an executable image of my loaded Lisp system?
          How do I run a Unix command in my Lisp?
          How do I get the current directory name from within a Lisp program?
  [2-12]  I'm porting some code from a Symbolics Lisp machine to some
          other platform, and there are strange characters in the code.
          What do they mean?  
  [2-13]  History: Where did Lisp come from?
  [2-14]  How do I find the argument list of a function?
          How do I get the function name from a function object?
  [2-15]  How can I have two Lisp processes communicate via unix sockets?

Common Pitfalls (Part 3):

  [3-0]  Why does (READ-FROM-STRING "foobar" :START 3) return FOOBAR
         instead of BAR?  
  [3-1]  Why can't it deduce from (READ-FROM-STRING "foobar" :START 3)
         that the intent is to specify the START keyword parameter
         rather than the EOF-ERROR-P and EOF-VALUE optional parameters?   
  [3-2]  Why can't I apply #'AND and #'OR?
  [3-3]  I used a destructive function (e.g. DELETE, SORT), but it
         didn't seem to work.  Why? 
  [3-4]  After I NREVERSE a list, it's only one element long.  After I
         SORT a list, it's missing things.  What happened? 
  [3-5]  Why does (READ-LINE) return "" immediately instead of waiting
         for me to type a line?  
  [3-6]  I typed a form to the read-eval-print loop, but nothing happened. Why?
  [3-7]  DEFMACRO doesn't seem to work.
         When I compile my file, LISP warns me that my macros are undefined
         functions, or complains "Attempt to call <function> which is 
         defined as a macro.
  [3-8]  Name conflict errors are driving me crazy! (EXPORT, packages)
  [3-9]  Closures don't seem to work properly when referring to the
         iteration variable in DOLIST, DOTIMES and DO.
  [3-10] What is the difference between FUNCALL and APPLY?
  [3-11] Miscellaneous things to consider when debugging code.
  [3-12] When is it right to use EVAL?
  [3-13] Why does my program's behavior change each time I use it?
  [3-14] When producing formatted output in Lisp, where should you put the
         newlines (e.g., before or after the line, FRESH-LINE vs TERPRI,
         ~& vs ~% in FORMAT)?
  [3-15] I'm using DO to do some iteration, but it doesn't terminate. 

Lisp/Scheme Implementations and Mailing Lists (Part 4):

  [4-0]   Free Lisp implementations.
  [4-1]   Commercial Lisp implementations.
  [4-2]   Free Scheme implementations.
  [4-3]   Commercial Scheme implementations.
  [4-4]   Other Commercial Lisp-like Language implementations.
  [4-5]   Where can I get an implementation of Prolog in Lisp?
  [4-6]   What is Dylan?
  [4-7]   What Lisp-related discussion groups and mailing lists exist?
  [4-8]   What are R4RS and IEEE P1178?
  [4-9]   How do I do object-oriented programming in Scheme?

CLOS Questions (Part 5):

  [5-0]   What is CLOS (PCL) and where can I get it?
          How do you pronounce CLOS?
  [5-1]   What documentation is available about object-oriented
          programming in Lisp?  
  [5-2]   How I write a function that can access defstruct slots by
          name?  I would like to write something like 
          (STRUCTURE-SLOT <object> '<slot-name>).   
  [5-3]   How can I list all the CLOS instances in a class?
  [5-4]   How can I store data and CLOS instances (with possibly circular
          references) on disk so that they may be retrieved at some later
          time?
  [5-5]   Given the name of a class, how can I get the names of its slots?

FTP Resources (Part 6):

  [6-0] General information about FTP Resources for Lisp and Scheme
  [6-1] Repositories of Lisp Software
  [6-2] Repositories of Scheme Software
  [6-3] Publicly Redistributable Lisp Software
  [6-4] Publicly Redistributable Scheme Software
  [6-5] How can I use the X Window System or other GUIs from Lisp?
  [6-6] Formatting code in LaTeX

Search for [#] to get to question number # quickly.


Introduction:

Certain questions and topics come up frequently in the various network
discussion groups devoted to and related to Lisp.  This file/article is
an attempt to gather these questions and their answers into a convenient
reference for Lisp programmers.  It (or a reference to it) is posted
periodically.  The hope is that this will cut down on the user time and
network bandwidth used to post, read and respond to the same questions
over and over, as well as providing education by answering questions
some readers may not even have thought to ask.

This is not a Lisp tutorial, nor is it an exhaustive list of all Lisp
intricacies.  Lisp is a very powerful and expressive language, but with
that power comes many complexities.  This list attempts to address the
ones that average Lisp programmers are likely to encounter.  If you are
new to Lisp, see the answer to the question "How can I learn Lisp?".

The latest version of this file is available via anonymous FTP from CMU
and Thinking Machines: 

   To obtain the files from CMU, connect by anonymous ftp to any CMU CS
   machine (e.g., ftp.cs.cmu.edu [128.2.206.173]), using username
   "anonymous" and password "name@host". The files lisp-faq-1.text,
   lisp-faq-2.text, lisp-faq-3.text, lisp-faq-4.text, lisp-faq-5.text
   and lisp-faq-6.text are located in the directory
       /afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/mkant/Public/Lisp-Utilities/
   [Note: You must cd to this directory in one atomic operation, as
   some of the superior directories on the path are protected from
   access by anonymous ftp.] If your site runs the Andrew File System,
   you can just cp the files directly without bothering with FTP.

   To obtain the files from Thinking Machines, ftp them from ftp.think.com,
   in the directory /public/think/lisp/. The file faq.text contains all the
   parts of the FAQ in one file. In addition, specific versions of the FAQ
   are available as faq-<version>.text.

Unless otherwise specified, the Lisp dialect referred to is Common Lisp,
as defined by "Common Lisp: the Language" (aka "CLtL1") as well as
corrections (but not enhancements) from "Common Lisp: the Language, 2nd
Edition" (aka "CLtL2"), both by Guy L. Steele, Jr. and published by
Digital Press. Note that CLtL2 is NOT an official specification for
the language; ANSI Committee X3J13 is preparing such a specification.
See question [1-5] for information on the status of the ANSI
specification for Common Lisp. Enhancements such as CLOS, conditions,
and the LOOP macro will be referred to separately.

----------------------------------------------------------------
[1-0] What is the purpose of this newsgroup?

The newsgroup comp.lang.lisp exists for general discussion of
topics related to the programming language Lisp. For example, possible
topics can include (but are not necessarily limited to):
   announcements of Lisp books and products
   discussion of programs and utilities written in Lisp
   discussion of portability issues
   questions about possible bugs in Lisp implementations
   problems porting an implementation to some architecture
Postings should be of general interest to the Lisp community. See also
question [4-7].

Questions about object oriented programming in Lisp should be directed
to the newsgroup comp.lang.clos. Similarly, questions about the
programming language Scheme should be directed to the newsgroup
comp.lang.scheme. Discussion of functional programming language issues
should be directed to the newsgroup comp.lang.functional. Discussion
of AI programs implemented in Lisp should sometimes be cross-posted to
the newsgroup comp.ai.

----------------------------------------------------------------
[1-1] What documentation is available on Lisp? 
      How can I learn Lisp?

There are several good Lisp introductions and tutorials:

   1. David S. Touretzky
      "Common Lisp: A Gentle Introduction to Symbolic Computation"
      Benjamin/Cummings Publishers, 1990. 384 pages.
           Perhaps the best tutorial introduction to the language. It has
           clear and correct explanations, and covers some fairly advanced
           topics. The book is an updated Common Lisp version of the 1984
           edition published by Harper and Row Publishers. 

           Three free Lisp educational tools which were used in the book --
           Evaltrace, DTRACE and SDRAW -- are available by anonymous ftp from
           b.gp.cs.cmu.edu:/usr/dst/public/{lisp,evaltrace}. Evaltrace is a
           graphical notation for explaining how evaluation works and is
           described in "Visualizing Evaluation in Applicative Languages" by
           David S.  Touretzky and Peter Lee, CACM 45-59, October 1992. DTRACE
           is a "detailed trace" which provides more information than the 
           tracing tools provided with most Common Lisp implementations. SDRAW
           is a program that draws cons cell structures both for X11 and ascii
           terminals.

   2. Robert Wilensky
      "Common LISPcraft"
      W. W. Norton, 1986. 385 pages.

   3. Wade L. Hennessey 
      "Common Lisp"
      McGraw-Hill, 1989. 395 pages.
           Fairly good, but jumps back and forth from the simple to the
           complex rather quickly, with no clear progression in difficulty.

   4. Laurent Siklossy
      "Let's Talk LISP"
      Prentice-Hall, NJ, 1976. 237 pages.
           Good introduction, but quite out of date.

   5. Stuart C. Shapiro
      "Common Lisp: An Interactive Approach"
      Computer Science Press/W.H. Freeman, New York, 1992.
      ISBN 0-7167-8218-9

Other introductions to Lisp include:

   1. A. A. Berk.
      "LISP, The Language of Artificial Intelligence"
      Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985. 160 pages.

   2. Paul Y. Gloess.
      "An Alfred handy guide to Understanding LISP"
      Alfred Publishers (Sherman Oaks, CA), 1982. 64 pages.

   3. Ward D. Maurer.
      "The Programmer's Introduction to LISP"
      American Elsevier, 1972. 112 pages.

   4. Hank Bromley and Richard Lamson.
      "LISP Lore: A Guide to Programming the LISP Machine"
      Kluwer Academic (Boston), 1987. 337 pages.

   5. Sharam Hekmatpour.
      "Introduction to LISP and Symbol Manipulation"
      Prentice Hall (New York), 1988. 303 pages.

   6. Deborah G. Tatar
      "A programmer's guide to Common Lisp"
      Digital Press, 1987. 327 pages. ISBN 0-932376-87-8.
           Good introduction on Common Lisp.

   7. Timothy Koschmann
      "The Common Lisp Companion"
      John Wiley & Sons, 1990.
	   Targeted for those with some programming experience who wish to 
	   learn draft-ANSI Common Lisp, including CLOS and the CL condition 
	   system. Examples progress incrementally from simple numerical 
	   calculation all the way to a logic-programming extension to CL.
  
More advanced introductions to Lisp and its use in Artificial
Intelligence include:

   1. Peter Norvig.
      "Paradigms of AI Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp"
      Morgan Kaufmann, 1992. 946 pages. ISBN 1-55860-191-0.

        Provides an in-depth exposition of advanced AI programming techniques
        and includes large-scale detailed examples. The book is the most
        advanced AI/Common-Lisp programming text and reference currently
        available, and hence is not for the complete novice.  It focuses on the
        programming techniques necessary for building large AI systems,
        including object-oriented programming, and has a strong performance
        orientation.

        The text is marked by its use of "non-toy" examples to illustrate the
        techniques. All of the examples are written in Common Lisp, and copies
        of the source code are available by anonymous ftp from
        unix.sri.com:pub/norvig and on disk in Macintosh or DOS format from
        the publisher. Some of the techniques described include rule-based
        pattern matching (GPS, Eliza, a subset of Macsyma, the Emycin expert
        system shell), constraint propagation and backtracking (Waltz
        line-labelling), alpha-beta search (Othello), natural language
        processing (top-down, bottom-up and chart parsing), logic-programming
        (unification and Prolog), interpreters and compilers for Scheme, and
        object-oriented programming (CLOS).

        The examples are also used to illustrate good programming style and
        efficiency. There is a guide to trouble-shooting and debugging Lisp
        programs, a style guide, and a discussion of portability problems.
        Some of the efficiency techniques described include memoization,
        data indexing, compilation, delaying computation, proper use of
        declarations, avoiding garbage collection, and choosing and using the
        correct data structure.

        The book also serves as an advanced introduction to Common Lisp, with
        sections on the Loop macro, CLOS and sequences, and some coverage of 
        error handling, series, and the package facility.

   2. Eugene Charniak, Christopher K. Riesbeck, Drew V. McDermott
      and James R. Meehan.
      "Artificial Intelligence Programming", 2nd edition.
      Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (Hillsdale, NJ), 1987. 533 pages.
           Provides many nice code fragments, all of which are written
           in Common Lisp. The first half of the book covers topics
           like macros, the reader, data structures, control structures,
           and defstructs. The second half of the book describes
           programming techniques specific to AI, such as
           discrimination nets, production systems, deductive database
           retrieval, logic programming, and truth maintenance.

   3. Patrick H. Winston and Berthold K. P. Horn.
      "LISP", 3rd edition.
      Addison-Wesley (Reading, MA), 1989. 611 pages. ISBN 0-201-08319-1
           Covers the basic concepts of the language, but also gives a lot
           of detail about programming AI topics such as rule-based expert
           systems, forward chaining, interpreting transition trees, 
           compiling transition trees and finding patterns in images. Not 
           a tutorial. Has many good examples.

   4. Rodney A. Brooks.
      "Programming in Common Lisp"
      Wiley, 1985. 303 pages.

   5. John R. Anderson, Albert T. Corbett, and Brian J. Reiser.
      "Essential LISP"
      Addison-Wesley (Reading, MA), 1987. 352 pages.
           Concentrates on how to use Lisp with iteration and recursion.

   6. Robert D. Cameron and Anthony H. Dixon
      "Symbolic Computing with Lisp"
      Prentice-Hall, 1992, 326 pages. ISBN 0-13-877846-9.
           The book is intended primarily as a third-year computer science
           text. In terms of programming techniques, it emphasizes recursion
           and induction, data abstraction, grammar-based definition of Lisp
           data structures and functional programming style. It uses
           two Lisp languages: 
                (1) a purely functional subset of Lisp called Small Lisp and
                (2) Common Lisp.
           An MS-DOS interpreter for Small Lisp (including source) is
           provided with the book.  It considers applications of Lisp
           to formal symbolic data domains: algebraic expressions,
           logical formulas, grammars and programming languages. 

   7. Hasemer and Domingue.
      "Common Lisp Programming for Artificial Intelligence"
      Addison-Wesley, 1989.

   8. Steven Tanimoto
      "The Elements of Artificial Intelligence: An Introduction Using Lisp"
      Computer Science Press, Rockville, MD, 1987, 530 pages.

   9. Patrick R. Harrison
      "Common Lisp and Artificial Intelligence"
      Prentice Hall, 1990. ISBN 0-13-155243

  10. Rajeev Sangal
      "Programming Paradigms in Lisp"
      McGraw-Hill, 1991. ISBN 0-07-054666-5.

General Lisp reference books include:

   1. Guy L. Steele
      "Common Lisp: The Language" [CLtL1]
      Digital Press, 1984. 465 pages. ISBN 0-932376-41-X.

   2. Guy L. Steele
      "Common Lisp: The Language, 2nd Edition" [CLtL2]
      Digital Press, 1990. 1029 pages. ISBN 1-55558-041-6.

   3. Franz Inc. 
      "Common Lisp: The Reference"
      Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA 1988. ISBN 0-201-11458-5
           Entries on lisp functions in alphabetical order.

   4. K. Dybvig. 
      "The Scheme programming language"
      Prentice Hall, 1987.
         Good reference for Scheme.

Lisp periodicals include:
        
   1. LISP Pointers.
      Published by ACM SIGPLAN six times a year. Volume 1, Number 1
      was April-May 1987. 

   2. LISP and Symbolic Computation, Kluwer Academic Press. Volume 1
      was published in 1989. (jlz@lucid.com is the editor).  ISSN 0892-4635.
      Subscriptions: Institutions $169; Individuals $80. Add $8 for
      air mail. Kluwer Academic Publishers, PO Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, 
      The Netherlands, or Kluwer Academic Publishers, PO Box 358, Accord
      Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358. 

   3. Proceedings of the biannual ACM Lisp and Functional Programming
      Conference. (First one was in 1980.)

   4. Proceedings of the annual Lisp Users and Vendors Conference.

Implementation-specific questions:

   1. Lucid. See the wizards.doc file that comes with the Lucid
   release. It describes functions, macros, variables and constants that
   are not official parts of the product and are not supported.
   Constructs described in this file include: the interrupt facility, the
   source file recording facility, the resource facility, multitasking,
   writing your own streams, lisp pipes, i/o buffers, the compiler,
   floating-point functions, memory management, debugger information, the
   window tool kit, extensions to the editor, the foreign function
   interface, clos information, delivery toolkit information, and Lucid
   lisp training classes. The wizards.doc file also covers i/o
   constructs, functions for dealing with DEFSTRUCT, functions and
   constants for dealing with procedure objects, functions and constants
   for dealing with code objects, function for mapping objects,
   additional keyword argument to DISKSAVE, function used in the
   implementation of arrays, function for monitor-specific behavior for a
   process, additional keyword argument to RUN-PROGRAM, and load-time
   evaluation.

Introductions to Scheme (Many books on Scheme are worth reading
even if you use Common Lisp, because many of the issues are similar):

   1. Harold Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman, with Julie Sussman.
      "Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs"
      MIT Press (Cambridge, MA) and McGraw-Hill (New York), 1985.
      542 pages. ISBN 0-262-01077-1
           Starts off introductory, but rapidly gets into powerful
           Lisp-particular constructs, such as using closures and
           engines, building interpreters, compilers and
           object-oriented systems.  

   2. Daniel P. Friedman and M. Felleisen.
      "The Little LISPer"
      MIT Press (Cambridge, MA), 3rd printing, 1989. ISBN 0-262-56038-0.
      Science Research Associates (Chicago), 3rd ed, 1989. 206 pages.
           Good for a quick introduction. Uses Scheme instead of
           Common Lisp.  (The book uses a dialect of Scheme with
           footnotes about translating to Scheme or Common Lisp. The
           footnotes won't allow a non-expert to use Common Lisp for
           the advanced chapters because of the complexity.)

   3. George Springer and Daniel P. Friedman
      "Scheme and the Art of Programming" 
      MIT Press and McGraw Hill, 1990, 596 pages.
           Introduces basic concepts of programming in Scheme. Also deals 
           with object oriented programming, co-routining, continuations. 
           Gives numerous examples.

   4. Wolfgang Kreutzer and Bruce McKenzie
      "Programming for Artificial Intelligence: 
       Methods, Tools and Applications"
      Addison-Wesley (Reading, MA), 1990. 682 pages. 
      ISBN 0-201-41621-2.
           Discusses Scheme, Prolog, and Smalltalk, gives an overview of
           the history and philosophy of AI, surveys three major
           programming paradigms (procedural, declarative, and
           object-oriented), and metaphors to AI programming.

   5. Smith
      "Introduction to Scheme"
       1988.
           Focuses on PC Scheme.

   6. Michael Eisenberg 
      "Programming in Scheme"
      Scientific Press (Redwood City, CA), 1988. 304 pages.

   7. The Ken Dickey article, "The Scheme Programming Language", in
      COMPUTER LANGUAGES magazine, and the Revised^4 Report on the
      Algorithmic Language Scheme, both of which are available by anonymous
      ftp from the scheme archive at nexus.yorku.ca.

   8. Two articles in BYTE Magazine, February 1988, by Abelson and
      Sussman, and Clinger.

   9. The Info files from the MIT Scheme implementation.

Special Topics:

   Garbage Collection:

      Wilson, Paul R., "Uniprocessor Garbage Collection Techniques"
      Proceedings of the 1992 International Workshop on Memory Management.
      Surveys garbage collection techniques. Available by anonymous ftp from
      cs.utexas.edu:pub/garbage/gcsurvey.ps. Contact wilson@cs.utexas.edu
      for more info.

----------------------------------------------------------------
[1-2] How can I improve my Lisp programming style and coding efficiency?

There are several books about Lisp programming style, including:
   
   1. Molly M. Miller and Eric Benson
      "Lisp Style and Design"
      Digital Press, 1990. 214 pages. ISBN 1-55558-044-0.
           How to write large Lisp programs and improve Lisp programming 
           style. Uses the development of Lucid CL as an example. 

   2. Robin Jones, Clive Maynard, and Ian Stewart.
      "The Art of Lisp Programming"
      Springer-Verlag, 1989. 169 pages.

   3. W. Richard Stark.
      "LISP, Lore, and Logic: an algebraic view of LISP
       programming, foundations, and applications"
      Springer-Verlag, 1990. 278 pages. ISBN 0-387-97072-X
           Self-modifying code, self-reproducing programs, etc.

   4. CMU CL User's Manual, Chapter 7, (talks about writing
      efficient code). It is available by anonymous ftp from any CMU CS 
      machine (e.g., ftp.cs.cmu.edu [128.2.206.173]) as the file
        /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/clisp/docs/cmu-user/cmu-user.ps 
      [when getting this file by anonymous ftp, one must cd to 
      the directory in one atomic operation, as some of the superior
      directories on the path are protected from access by anonymous ftp.]

   5. See also Norvig's book, SICP (Abelson & Sussman), SAP
      (Springer and Friedman).

   6. Hallvard Tretteberg's Lisp Style Guide is available by anonymous
      ftp in ftp.think.com:/public/think/lisp/style-guide.text. There is
      a fair bit of overlap between Hallvard's style guide and the notes
      below and in part 3 of this FAQ.

Here are some general suggestions/notes about improving Lisp
programming style, readability, correctness and efficiency:

   General Programming Style Rules:

      - Write short functions, where each function provides a single,
        well-defined operation. Small functions are easier to
        read, write, test, debug, and understand.

      - Use descriptive variable and function names. If it isn't clear
        from the name of a function or variable what its purpose is,
        document it with a documentation string and a comment. In fact,
        even if the purpose is evident from the name, it is still worth
        documenting your code.

      - Don't write Pascal (or C) code in Lisp. Use the appropriate
        predefined functions -- look in the index to CLtL2, or use the
        APROPOS and DESCRIBE functions. Don't put a close parenthesis
        on a line by itself -- this can really aggravate programmers
        who grew up on Lisp. Lisp-oriented text editors include tools
        for ensuring balanced parentheses and for moving across 
        pairs of balanced parentheses.

      - Use proper indentation -- you should be able to understand
        the structure of your definitions without noticing the parentheses. 

   The following functions often abused or misunderstood by novices. 
   Think twice before using any of these functions.

      - EVAL. Novices almost always misuse EVAL. When experts use
        EVAL, they often would be better off using APPLY, FUNCALL, or
        SYMBOL-VALUE. Use of EVAL when defining a macro should set off
        a warning bell -- macro definitions are already evaluated
        during expansion. See also the answer to question 3-12.

      - PROGV. PROGV binds dynamic variables and is often misused in
        conjunction with EVAL, which uses the dynamic environment. 
        In general, avoid unnecessary use of special variables.
        PROGV is mainly for writing interpreters for languages embedded
        in Lisp. If you want to bind a list of values to a list of
        lexical variables, use
            (MULTIPLE-VALUE-BIND (..) (VALUES-LIST ..) ..)
        or
            (MULTIPLE-VALUE-SETQ (..) (VALUES-LIST ..))
        instead. Most decent compilers can optimize this expression. 
        However, use of this idiom is not to be encouraged unless absolutely
        necessary.

      - CATCH and THROW. Often a named BLOCK and RETURN-FROM are
        more appropriate. Use UNWIND-PROTECT when necessary.

      - Destructive operations, such as NCONC, SORT, DELETE,
        RPLACA, and RPLACD, should be used carefully and sparingly.
        In general, trust the garbage collector: allocate new
        data structures when you need them.

   To improve the readability of your code,

      - Don't use any C{A,D}R functions with more than two
        letters between the C and the R. When nested, they become
        hard to read. If you have complex data structures, you
        are often better off describing them with a DEFSTRUCT,
        even if the type is LIST. If you must use C{A,D}R, try to
        use destructuring-bind instead, or at least SECOND, THIRD,
        NTH, NTHCDR, etc.

      - Use COND instead of IF and PROGN. In general, don't use PROGN if
        there is a way to write the code within an implicit
        PROGN. For example, 
           (IF (FOO X)
               (PROGN (PRINT "hi there") 23)
               34)
        should be written using COND instead.

      - Never use a 2-argument IF or a 3-argument IF with a second
        argument of NIL unless you want to emphasize the return value;
        use WHEN and UNLESS instead. You will want to emphasize the
        return value when the IF clause is embedded within a SETQ,
        such as (SETQ X (IF (EQ Y Z) 2 NIL)). If the second argument 
        to IF is the same as the first, use OR instead: (OR P Q) rather
        than (IF P P Q). Use UNLESS instead of (WHEN (NOT ..) ..)
        but not instead of (WHEN (NULL ..) ..).

      - Use COND instead of nested IF statements. Be sure to check for
        unreachable cases, and eliminate those cond-clauses.

      - Use backquote, rather than explicit calls to LIST, CONS, and
        APPEND, whenever writing a form which produces a Lisp form, but
        not as a general substitute for LIST, CONS and APPEND. LIST, 
        CONS and APPEND usually allocate new storage, but lists produced
        by backquote may involve destructive modification (e.g., ,.).

      - Make the names of special (global) variables begin and end
        with an asterisk (*): (DEFVAR *GLOBAL-VARIABLE*)   
        Some programmers will mark the beginning and end of an internal
        global variable with a percent (%) or a period (.).
        Make the names of constants begin and end with a plus (+):
        (DEFCONSTANT +E+ 2.7182818)
        This helps distinguish them from lexical variables. Some people
        prefer to use macros to define constants, since this avoids
        the problem of accidentally trying to bind a symbol declared
        with defconstant.

      - If your program is built upon an underlying substrate which is
        implementation-dependent, consider naming those functions and
        macros in a way that visually identifies them, either by placing
        them in their own package, or prepending a character like a %, ., 
        or ! to the function name. Note that many programmers use the
        $ as a macro character for slot access, so it should be avoided
        unless you're using it for that purpose.

      - Don't use property lists. Instead, use an explicit hash table.
        This helps avoid problems caused by the symbol being in the wrong
        package, accidental reuse of property keys from other
        programs, and allows you to customize the structure of the table. 

      - Use the most specific construct that does the job. This lets
        readers of the code see what you intended when writing the code.
        For example, don't use SETF if SETQ will do (e.g., for lexical
        variables). Use the most specific predicate to test your conditions.
        If you intend for a function to be a predicate, have it return T
        for true, not just non-NIL. 

      - When NIL is used as an empty list, use () in your code. When NIL
        is used as a boolean, use NIL. Similarly, use NULL to test for an
        empty list, NOT to test a logical value. Use ENDP to test for the
        end of a list, not NULL.

      - Don't use the &AUX lambda-list keyword. It is always clearer to
        define local variables using LET or LET*.

      - When using RETURN and RETURN-FROM to exit from a block, don't
        use (VALUES ..) when returning only one value, except if you
        are using it to suppress extra multiple values from the first
        argument. 

      - If you want a function to return no values (i.e., equivalent to
        VOID in C), use (VALUES) to return zero values. This signals
        to the reader that the function is used mainly for side-effects.

      - (VALUES (VALUES 1 2 3)) returns only the first value, 1.
        You can use (VALUES (some-multiple-value-function ..)) to suppress
        the extra multiple values from the function. Use MULTIPLE-VALUE-PROG1
        instead of PROG1 when the multiple values are significant.

      - When using MULTIPLE-VALUE-BIND and DESTRUCTURING-BIND, don't rely
        on the fact that NIL is used when values are missing. This is
        an error in some implementations of DESTRUCTURING-BIND. Instead,
        make sure that your function always returns the proper number of
        values.

    Documentation:

      - Comment your code. Use three semicolons in the left margin before
        the definition for major explanations. Use two semicolons that
        float with the code to explain the routine that follows. Two
        semicolons may also be used to explain the following line when the
        comment is too long for the single semicolon treatment. Use
        a single semicolon to the right of the code to explain a particular
        line with a short comment. The number of semicolons used roughly
        corresponds with the length of the comment. Put at least one blank
        line before and after top-level expressions.

      - Include documentation strings in your code. This lets users
        get help while running your program without having to resort to
        the source code or printed documentation. 

   Issues related to macros:

      - Never use a macro instead of a function for efficiency reasons.
        Declaim the function as inline -- for example, 
          (DECLAIM (INLINE ..))
        This is *not* a magic bullet -- be forewarned that inline
        expansions can often increase the code size dramatically. INLINE
        should be used only for short functions where the tradeoff is
        likely to be worthwhile: inner loops, types that the compiler
        might do something smart with, and so on.

      - When defining a macro that provides an implicit PROGN, use the
        &BODY lambda-list keyword instead of &REST.

      - Use gensyms for bindings within a macro, unless the macro lets
        the user explicitly specify the variable. For example:
            (defmacro foo ((iter-var list) body-form &body body)
              (let ((result (gensym "RESULT")))
                `(let ((,result nil))
                   (dolist (,iter-var ,list ,result)
                     (setq ,result ,body-form)
                     (when ,result
                        ,@body)))))        
        This avoids errors caused by collisions during macro expansion
        between variable names used in the macro definition and in the
        supplied body.

      - Use a DO- prefix in the name of a macro that does some kind of
        iteration, WITH- when the macro establishes bindings, and
        DEFINE- or DEF- when the macro creates some definitions. Don't
        use the prefix MAP- in macro names, only in function names.

      - Don't create a new iteration macro when an existing function
        or macro will do.

      - Don't define a macro where a function definition will work just
        as well -- remember, you can FUNCALL or MAPCAR a function but 
        not a macro.

      - The LOOP and SERIES macros generate efficient code. If you're
        writing a new iteration macro, consider learning to use one
        of them instead.
  
   File Modularization:

      - If your program involves macros that are used in more than one
	file, it is generally a good idea to put such macros in a separate
	file that gets loaded before the other files. The same things applies
	to primitive functions. If a macro is complicated, the code that
	defines the macro should be put into a file by itself. In general, if
	a set of definitions form a cohesive and "independent" whole, they
	should be put in a file by themselves, and maybe even in their own
	package. It isn't unusual for a large Lisp program to have files named
	"site-dependent-code", "primitives.lisp", and "macros.lisp". If a file
	contains primarily macros, put "-macros" in the name of the file.

   Stylistic preferences:

      - Use (SETF (CAR ..) ..) and (SETF (CDR ..) ..) in preference to
        RPLACA and RPLACD. Likewise (SETF (GET ..) ..) instead of PUT.

      - Use INCF, DECF, PUSH and POP instead instead of the corresponding
        SETF forms.

      - Many programmers religiously avoid using CATCH, THROW, BLOCK,
        PROG, GO and TAGBODY.  Tags and go-forms should only be necessary
        to create extremely unusual and complicated iteration constructs. In
        almost every circumstance, a ready-made iteration construct or
        recursive implementation is more appropriate.

      - Don't use LET* where LET will do. Don't use LABELS where FLET
        will do. Don't use DO* where DO will do.

      - Don't use DO where DOTIMES or DOLIST will do.

      - If you like using MAPCAR instead of DO/DOLIST, use MAPC when
        no result is needed -- it's more efficient, since it doesn't
        cons up a list. If a single cumulative value is required, use
        REDUCE. If you are seeking a particular element, use FIND,
        POSITION, or MEMBER.

      - If using REMOVE and DELETE to filter a sequence, don't use the
        :test-not keyword or the REMOVE-IF-NOT or DELETE-IF-NOT functions.
        Use COMPLEMENT to complement the predicate and the REMOVE-IF
        or DELETE-IF functions instead.

      - Use complex numbers to represent points in a plane.

      - Don't use lists where vectors are more appropriate. Accessing the
        nth element of a vector is faster than finding the nth element
        of a list, since the latter requires pointer chasing while the
        former requires simple addition. Vectors also take up less space
        than lists. Use adjustable vectors with fill-pointers to
        implement a stack, instead of a list -- using a list continually
        conses and then throws away the conses.

      - When adding an entry to an association list, use ACONS, not
        two calls to CONS. This makes it clear that you're using an alist.

      - If your association list has more than about 10 entries in it,
        consider using a hash table. Hash tables are often more efficient.

      - When you don't need the full power of CLOS, consider using
        structures instead. They are often faster, take up less space, and
        easier to use.

      - Use PRINT-UNREADABLE-OBJECT when writing a print-function.

      - Use WITH-OPEN-FILE instead of OPEN and CLOSE.

      - When a HANDLER-CASE clause is executed, the stack has already
        unwound, so dynamic bindings that existed when the error
        occured may no longer exist when the handler is run. Use
        HANDLER-BIND if you need this. 

      - When using CASE and TYPECASE forms, if you intend for the form
        to return NIL when all cases fail, include an explicit OTHERWISE
        clause. If it would be an error to return NIL when all cases
        fail, use ECASE, CCASE, ETYPECASE or CTYPECASE instead.

      - Use local variables in preference to global variables whenever
        possible. Do not use global variables in lieu of parameter passing.
        Global variables can be used in the following circumstances:
          *  When one function needs to affect the operation of
             another, but the second function isn't called by the first.
             (For example, *load-pathname* and *break-on-warnings*.)
          *  When a called function needs to affect the current or future
             operation of the caller, but it doesn't make sense to accomplish
             this by returning multiple values.
          *  To provide hooks into the mechanisms of the program.
             (For example, *evalhook*, *, /, and +.)
          *  Parameters which, when their value is changed, represent a
             major change to the program.
             (For example, *print-level* and *print-readably*.)
          *  For state that persists between invocations of the program.
             Also, for state which is used by more than one major program.
             (For example, *package*, *readtable*, *gensym-counter*.)
          *  To provide convenient information to the user.
             (For example, *version* and *features*.)
          *  To provide customizable defaults. 
             (For example, *default-pathname-defaults*.)
          *  When a value affects major portions of a program, and passing
             this value around would be extremely awkward. (The example
             here is output and input streams for a program. Even when
             the program passes the stream around as an argument, if you
             want to redirect all output from the program to a different
             stream, it is much easier to just rebind the global variable.)

   Correctness and efficiency issues:

      - In CLtL2, IN-PACKAGE does not evaluate its argument. Use defpackage
        to define a package and declare the external (exported)
        symbols from the package. 

      - The ARRAY-TOTAL-SIZE-LIMIT may be as small as 1024, and the
        CALL-ARGUMENTS-LIMIT may be as small as 50. 

      - Novices often mistakenly quote the conditions of a CASE form.
        For example, (case x ('a 3) ..) is incorrect. It would return
        3 if x were the symbol QUOTE. Use (case x (a 3) ..) instead.

      - Avoid using APPLY to flatten lists. (apply #'append list-of-lists)
        is compiled into a function call, and can run into problems with
        the CALL-ARGUMENTS-LIMIT. Use REDUCE or MAPCAR instead:
           (reduce #'append list-of-lists :from-end t)
           (mapcan #'copy-list list-of-lists)
        The second will often be more efficient (see note below about choosing
        the right algorithm). Beware of calls like (apply f (mapcar ..)).

      - NTH must cdr down the list to reach the elements you are
        interested in. If you don't need the structural flexibility of
        lists, try using vectors and the ELT function instead.

      - Don't use quoted constants where you might later destructively
        modify them. For example, instead of writing '(c d) in
           (defun foo ()
             (let ((var '(c d)))
               ..))
        write (list 'c 'd) instead. Using a quote here can lead to
        unexpected results later. If you later destructively modify the 
        value of var, this is self-modifying code! Some Lisp compilers
        will complain about this, since they like to make constants
        read-only. Modifying constants has undefined results in ANSI CL.
        See also the answer to question [3-13].

        Similarly, beware of shared list structure arising from the use
        of backquote. Any sublist in a backquoted expression that doesn't
        contain any commas can share with the original source structure.

      - Don't proclaim unsafe optimizations, such as
           (proclaim '(optimize (safety 0) (speed 3) (space 1))) 
        since this yields a global effect. Instead, add the
        optimizations as local declarations to small pieces of
        well-tested, performance-critical code:
           (defun well-tested-function ()
              (declare (optimize (safety 0) (speed 3) (space 1)))
             ..)
        Such optimizations can remove run-time type-checking; type-checking
        is necessary unless you've very carefully checked your code
        and added all the appropriate type declarations.

      - Some programmers feel that you shouldn't add declarations to
        code until it is fully debugged, because incorrect
        declarations can be an annoying source of errors. They recommend
        using CHECK-TYPE liberally instead while you are developing the code.
        On the other hand, if you add declarations to tell the
        compiler what you think your code is doing, the compiler can
        then tell you when your assumptions are incorrect.
        Declarations also make it easier for another programmer to read
        your code. 

      - Don't change the compiler optimization with an OPTIMIZE
        proclamation or declaration until the code is fully debugged
        and profiled.  When first writing code you should say 
        (declare (optimize (safety 3))) regardless of the speed setting.

      - Depending on the optimization level of the compiler, type
        declarations are interpreted either as (1) a guarantee from
        you that the variable is always bound to values of that type,
        or (2) a desire that the compiler check that the variable is
        always bound to values of that type. Use CHECK-TYPE if (2) is
        your intention.

      - If you get warnings about unused variables, add IGNORE
        declarations if appropriate or fix the problem. Letting such
        warnings stand is a sloppy coding practice.

   To produce efficient code,

      - choose the right algorithm. For example, consider seven possible
        implementations of COPY-LIST:

           (defun copy-list (list)
             (let ((result nil))
               (dolist (item list result)
                 (setf result (append result (list item))))))

           (defun copy-list (list)
             (let ((result nil))
               (dolist (item list (nreverse result))
                 (push item result))))

           (defun copy-list (list)
             (mapcar #'identity list))

           (defun copy-list (list)
             (let ((result (make-list (length list))))
               (do ((original list (cdr original))
                    (new result (cdr new)))
                   ((null original) result)
                 (setf (car new) (car original)))))

           (defun copy-list (list)
             (when list
               (let* ((result (list (car list)))
                      (tail-ptr result))
                 (dolist (item (cdr list) result)
                   (setf (cdr tail-ptr) (list item))
                   (setf tail-ptr (cdr tail-ptr))))))
        
            (defun copy-list (list)
              (loop for item in list collect item))

            (defun copy-list (list)
              (if (consp list) 
                  (cons (car list)
                        (copy-list (cdr list)))
                  list))

        The first uses APPEND to tack the elements onto the end of the list.
        Since APPEND must traverse the entire partial list at each step, this
        yields a quadratic running time for the algorithm.  The second
        implementation improves on this by iterating down the list twice; once
        to build up the list in reverse order, and the second time to reverse
        it. The efficiency of the third depends on the Lisp implementation,
        but it is usually similar to the second, as is the fourth.  The fifth
        algorithm, however, iterates down the list only once. It avoids the
        extra work by keeping a pointer (reference) to the last cons of the 
        list and RPLACDing onto the end of that. Use of the fifth algorithm 
        may yield a speedup. Note that this contradicts the earlier dictum to
        avoid destructive functions. To make more efficient code one might
        selectively introduce destructive operations in critical sections of
        code. Nevertheless, the fifth implementation may be less efficient in
        Lisps with cdr-coding, since it is more expensive to RPLACD cdr-coded
        lists. Depending on the implementation of nreverse, however,
        the fifth and second implementations may be doing the same
        amount of work. The sixth example uses the Loop macro, which usually
        expands into code similar to the third. The seventh example copies
        dotted lists, and runs in linear time. It's equivalent to the other
        linear-time examples in a lisp that is properly tail-recursive. 

      - use type declarations liberally in time-critical code, but
        only if you are a seasoned Lisp programmer. Appropriate type
        declarations help the compiler generate more specific and
        optimized code. It also lets the reader know what assumptions
        were made. For example, if you only use fixnum arithmetic,
        adding declarations can lead to a significant speedup. If you
        are a novice Lisp programmer, you should use type declarations
        sparingly, as there may be no checking to see if the
        declarations are correct. Wrong declarations can lead to errors
        in otherwise correct code, and can limit the reuse of code
        in other contexts. Depending on the Lisp compiler, it may also
        be necessary to declare the type of results using THE, since
        some compilers don't deduce the result type from the inputs.

      - check the code produced by the compiler by using the
        disassemble function

----------------------------------------------------------------
[1-3] Where can I learn about implementing Lisp interpreters and compilers?

Books about Lisp implementation include:

   1. John Allen
      "Anatomy of Lisp"
      McGraw-Hill, 1978. 446 pages. ISBN 0-07-001115-X

   2. Samuel Kamin
      "Programming Languages, An Interpreter-Based Approach"
      Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-06824-9
           Includes sources to several interpreters for Lisp-like
           languages, and a pointer to sources via anonymous ftp.

   3. Sharam Hekmatpour
      "Lisp: A Portable Implementation"
      Prentice Hall, 1985. ISBN 0-13-537490-X.
           Describes a portable implementation of a small dynamic
           Lisp interpreter (including C source code). 

   4. Peter Henderson
      "Functional Programming: Application and Implementation"
      Prentice-Hall (Englewood Cliffs, NJ), 1980. 355 pages.

   5. Peter M. Kogge
      "The Architecture of Symbolic Computers"
      McGraw-Hill, 1991. ISBN 0-07-035596-7.
           Includes sections on memory management, the SECD and
           Warren Abstract Machines, and overviews of the various
           Lisp Machine architectures.
   
   6. Daniel P. Friedman, Mitchell Wand, and Christopher T. Haynes
      "Essentials of Programming Languages"
      MIT Press, 1992, 536 pages. ISBN 0-262-06145-7.
           Teaches fundamental concepts of programming language
           design by using small interpreters as examples. Covers
           most of the features of Scheme. Includes a discussion
           of parameter passing techniques, object oriented languages,
           and techniques for transforming interpreters to allow
           their implementation in terms of any low-level language.
           Also discusses scanners, parsers, and the derivation of
           a compiler and virtual machine from an interpreter.
           Source files available by anonymous ftp from cs.indiana.edu
           in the directory /pub/eopl (129.79.254.191).

   7. Also see the proceedings of the biannual ACM Lisp and
      Functional Programming conferences, and the implementation
      notes for CMU Common Lisp.
----------------------------------------------------------------
[1-4]  What does CLOS, PCL, X3J13, CAR, CDR, ... mean? 

Glossary of acronyms:
   CAR             Originally meant "Contents of Address portion of Register",
                   which is what CAR actually did on the IBM 704.
   CDR             Originally meant "Contents of Decrement portion of 
                   Register", which is what CDR actually did
                   on the IBM 704. Pronounced "Cudder".
   LISP            Originally from "LISt Processing"
   GUI             Graphical User Interface
   CLOS            Common Lisp Object System. The object oriented
                   programming standard for Common Lisp. Based on
                   Symbolics FLAVORS and Xerox LOOPS, among others.
                   Pronounced either as "See-Loss" or "Closs". See also PCL.
   PCL             Portable Common Loops. A portable CLOS implementation.
                   Available by anonymous ftp from parcftp.xerox.com:pcl/.
   LOOPS           Lisp Object Oriented Programming System. A predecessor
                   to CLOS on Xerox Lisp machines.
   X3J13           Subcommittee of the ANSI committee X3 which is
                   working on the ANSI Standardization of Common Lisp.
   ANSI            American National Standards Institute
   CL              Common Lisp
   SC22/WG16       The full name is ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 16. It stands
                   for International Organization for
                   Standardization/International Electronics(?)  
                   Congress(?) Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 22,
                   Working Group 16.  This long-winded name is the ISO
                   working group working on an international Lisp standard,
                   (i.e., the ISO analogue to X3J13).
   CLtL1           First edition of Guy Steele's book, 
                   "Common Lisp the Language". 
   CLtL2           Second edition of Guy Steele's book,
                   "Common Lisp the Language". 

   SICP            Abelson and Sussman's book "Structure and
                   Interpretation of Computer Programs".
   SCOOPS          An experimental object-oriented programming
                   language for Scheme.
   R3RS            Revised^3 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme.
   R4RS            Revised^4 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme.
----------------------------------------------------------------
[1-5]   Where can I get a copy of the draft ANSI standard for Common Lisp?

The draft proposed American National Standard for Common Lisp is under
public review until November 23, 1992. 

Hard copies of the draft may be purchased from Global Engineering
Documents, Inc., 2805 McGaw Avenue, Irvine, CA  92714, 1-800-854-7179,
714-261-1455 for a single copy price of $80 ($104 international).
Copies of the TeX sources and Unix-compressed DVI files may be
obtained by anonymous FTP from parcftp.xerox.com in the directory
/pub/cl/document/*. The file Reviewer-Notes.text should be read before
ftp'ing the other files.

There is no mechanism for submitting Public Review comments by e-mail.
Comments on the draft must be submitted in hard copy format BOTH to X3
Secretariat, Attn: Lynn Barra, 1250 Eye Street NW, Suite 200,
Washington, DC 20005-3922 AND to American National Standards Institute,
Attn: BSR Center, 11 West 42nd St. 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036.

----------------------------------------------------------------
[1-6]   Lisp Job Postings

The LISP-JOBS mailing list exists to help programmers find Lisp
programming positions, and to help companies with Lisp programming
positions find capable Lisp programmers. (Lisp here means Lisp-like
languages, including Scheme.)

Material appropriate for the list includes Lisp job announcements and
resumes from Lisp programmers (which should be sent only once) should
be sent to lisp-jobs@amc.com.  Administrative requests (e.g., to be
added to the list) should be sent to lisp-jobs-request@amc.com.

----------------------------------------------------------------
     
;;; ********************************
;;; Change Log *********************
;;; ********************************
;;; Date      Who     Ver   Reason
;;; ------------------------------------------------------------
;;;  7-FEB-92 mk      1.0   Initial release.
;;; 10-FEB-92 mk      1.1   Pre-release corrections and additions.
;;; 10-FEB-92 mk      1.11  Minor changes from Arun Welch, Mitch Marks, 
;;;                         Mike Meyer, Matthias Felleisen, and John Gateley.
;;; 11-FEB-92 mk      1.12  Corrections by John Carroll, Jason Trenouth, Joel
;;;                         Riedesel, David Neves, Lawrence Mayka and
;;;                         Bruce Miller.
;;; 13-FEB-92 mk      1.13  Renumbering. Split into 3 files. Some more FAQs.
;;; 23-MAR-92 mk      1.14  Updated various FTP entries, bug in EXPLODE.
;;;                         Updated harlequin entry.
;;; 25-MAR-92 mk      1.15  Added question [2-18]: saving data and CLOS
;;;                         instances to disk for later retrieval.
;;;  1-MAY-92 mk      1.17  Added entry for Feel to question [1-5]. Updated CMU
;;;                         ftp machines to point to ftp.cs.cmu.edu. Fixed CMU
;;;                         CL entry to be approximately version independent.
;;;                         Revised entry on Garnet. uunet.uu.net -> ftp.uu.net
;;; 12-MAY-92 mk      1.18  Split questions 1-5, 1-6, and 1-7 into part 4,
;;;                         which is now cross-posted to comp.lang.scheme, and
;;;                         questions 1-8, 2-3, 2-9 and 2-18 into part 5 which
;;;                         is now cross-posted to comp.lang.clos.
;;;                         Added detail to Norvig entry in 1-1.
;;;                         Updated entries for several Lisp implementations.
;;; 26-MAY-92 mk      1.19  Changed 5-2 on the basis of comments by Jeff Greif.
;;; 29-MAY-92 mk      1.20  Added question [2-17] about lisp sockets.
;;; 16-JUN-92 mk      1.21  Moved the question about object oriented
;;;                         programming references to part 5 of the FAQ.
;;;                         Entry on Dylan. Addition to MIT Scheme entry
;;;                         regarding Schematik.
;;; 22-JUN-92 mk            Updated SOAR entry.
;;; 24-JUN-92 mk            Fixed MCL entry to note that CLIM is available 
;;;                         from ILA, not via Apple.
;;; 25-JUN-92 mk      1.22  Added question [2-18].
;;; 17-JUL-92 mk            Added entry on PSD (Portable Scheme Debugger).
;;; 20-JUL-92 mk            Updated entry on T3.1
;;; 30-JUL-92 mk            Added entry on XIT to question 2-2.
;;;  3-AUG-92 mk            Updated PC-Scheme entry (bought by Ibuki).
;;;  6-AUG-92 mk      1.23  Merged in Jeff Dalton's pitfalls list.
;;; 19-AUG-92 mk            Added entry on FOCL. Move three questions from 
;;;                         part 2 to part 3, to keep part 2 under 64k.
;;; 26-AUG-92 mk            Added some items from Hallvard Tretteberg's
;;;                         Lisp style guide.
;;; 31-AUG-92 mk      1.24  Updated entries for CMU CL and SIOD.
;;;  8-SEP-92 mk            Added entry on VSCM to part 4. Added entry on
;;;                         Pixie Scheme, Help, and Le-Lisp.
;;; 14-SEP-92 mk            Fixed Symbolics entry. Added entry on CLIM-library.
;;; 15-SEP-92 mk            Updated MIT C-Scheme entry.
;;; 17-SEP-92 mk            Added entry on Lisp-Jobs. Fixed Le-Lisp entry.
;;;                         Added 3-15.
;;; 23-SEP-92 mk            Added entry on COLAB to ftp resources.
;;;                         Added entry on WCL to Part 4.
;;; 30-SEP-92 mk            Added entry on Dr. Dobb's lisp-style C extensions.
;;;                         Updated entry on Friedman/Wand/Haynes' book.
;;;  9-OCT-92 mk      1.25  Updated Chez Scheme entry.
;;;                         Added entry on extracting the function name from
;;;                         the function object, provided by Kerry Koitzsch.
;;; 14-OCT-92 mk      1.26  Split off the ftp resources question from Part 2
;;;                         into its own file, now labels Part 6.
;;;                         Broke up the question into smaller pieces
;;;                         and reorganized it too. Reorganized Part 4.
;;; 20-OCT-92 mk            Added description of Koschmann text,
;;;                         thanks to L. Mayka.
;;; 27-OCT-92 mk      1.27  Added question 6-6 about formatting code in LaTeX.
;;;  3-NOV-92 mk            Added comment on file modularization to 1-2.
;;;                         Added note on the CLOS code repository to
;;;                         6-1.
;;;  5-NOV-92 mk            Added info on Lucid benchmark programs in the 
;;;                         goodies/ directory. Also the Lucid
;;;                         wizards.doc file.
;;; 11-NOV-92 mk    Added entry on Karlsruhe CLISP to 4-0.
;;; 13-NOV-92 mk    Added entry on ARS MAGNA to part 6, subsection Planning
;;;                 Testbeds.
;;; 17-NOV-92 mk    Added entry on GECO and GAL to 6-3.
;;; 17-NOV-92 mk    Updated prices in Allegro CL entry.
;;; 24-NOV-92 mk    Added entry on the automatic memoization facility
;;;                 to part 6. 
;;; ------------------------------------------------------------

;;; *EOF*
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