From: alanf@tekig6.PEN.TEK.COM (Alan M Feuerbacher)
Newsgroups: talk.origins
Subject: Re: macroevolution
Date: 11 Sep 92 17:28:21 GMT
Organization: Tektronix, Inc., Beaverton,  OR.

In article <1992Sep11.112526.20889@cs.joensuu.fi> asiivo@cs.joensuu.fi (Antti Siivonen) writes:
>sbishop@desire.wright.edu writes:
>>Then how come you think the book is so wonderful?
>
>	I give you a reverse answer: It doesn't contain trickery. 
>
>	Trickery is what magicians do: They make audience look to the right
>	hand when the left hand is working. The same is done in science, but
>	using words, references and charts. 
>	[deleted]
>
>		Andreas - Siperian Sirri   Siberian Stint
>

The book most certainly contains trickery in precisely the manner you
describe.  The following discussion shows a clear example of it.
If you can show how the trickery is not really trickery, let's hear it.

Would anyone like to count the number of tricks?


------------------------Cut here----------------------------






THE GENESIS ACCOUNT AS EXPLAINED BY THE _LIFE_ BOOK

   We will consider in some detail how the Watchtower Soci-
ety's book _Life--How Did It Get Here? By Evolution Or By
Creation?_ handles the Genesis creation account.  Chapter 3
explains the account.  It gives details of each creative
day, and assigns to them "long periods of time--milleniums."
Paragraph 32 draws the conclusion:

   From what we have considered, the Genesis creation
   account emerges as a scientifically sound document....

The trouble is, up to this point chapter 3 has considered
nothing that leads to this conclusion.  The only things it
has covered are descriptions of Genesis' creative days and
certain obvious facts, i.e., light exists, night and day
exist, there is dry land, the sun and moon can be seen in
the sky, there are seasons and there are many forms of life.
Only in the discussion that follows paragraph 32 does the
writer touch upon the idea that Genesis is scientifically
sound.  Paragraph 33 continues:

   All the knowledge of the wise men of Egypt could not
   have furnished Moses, the writer of Genesis, any clue
   to the process of creation....  Where, then, did Moses
   learn all these things?  Apparently from someone who
   was there.

Note here that the writer has _already assumed_ Genesis to
have been proven scientifically sound, even though he has
not yet done so, and he says explicitly he is _about_ to
prove such by his next argument, in paragraph 34, which
states:

   The science of mathematical probability offers strik-
   ing proof that the Genesis creation account must have
   come from a source with knowledge of the events.  The
   account lists 10 major stages in this order:  (1) a
   beginning; (2) a primitive earth in darkness and
   enshrouded in heavy gases and water; (3) light; (4) an
   expanse or atmosphere; (5) large areas of dry land;
   (6) land plants; (7) sun, moon and stars discernible
   in the expanse, and seasons beginning; (8) sea mon-
   sters and flying creatures; (9) wild and tame beasts,
   mammals; (10) man.  Science agrees that these stages
   occurred in this general order.  What are the chances
   that the writer of Genesis just guessed this order?
   The same as if you picked at random the numbers 1 to
   10 from a box, and drew them in consecutive order.
   The chances of doing this _on your first try_ are 1 in
   3,628,800!  So, to say the writer just happened to
   list the foregoing events in the right order without
   getting the facts from somewhere is not realistic.









                            - 2 -



   The key point claimed is that science agrees that the
stages of creation occurred in the general order stated in
Genesis, and therefore God must have informed Moses of them.
How does the writer show the order in which science says the
stages occurred?  He does not do so in the main text.  How-
ever, in a side box not referenced in the main text he says
the following:

   A well-known geologist said this about the Genesis
   creation account:

   "If I as a geologist were called upon to explain
   briefly our modern ideas of the origin of the earth
   and the development of life on it to a simple, pas-
   toral people, such as the tribes to whom the Book of
   Genesis was addressed, I could hardly do better than
   follow rather closely much of the language of the
   first chapter of Genesis."  This geologist, Wallace
   Pratt, also noted that the order of events--from the
   origin of the oceans, to the emergence of land, to the
   appearance of marine life, and then to birds and mam-
   mals--is essentially the sequence of the principle
   divisions of geologic time.

   So _Life_ supports its key point with a quotation from a
single geologist.  It provides no geological data, and no
references to geology texts or any other science reference
material.  From this one quotation and the list of ten cre-
ation events, it draws the conclusion that there is next to
no chance that the writer of Genesis just guessed the right
order of creation.  But is the key "fact" correct, i.e., is
it really true that science agrees that the stages of cre-
ation occurred in the same general order as presented in
Genesis?  I here present a summary of what most geology
books say.  Note that what science says concerning the early
universe and earth is highly speculative because of the
scarcity of data from those early periods.  This is widely
acknowledged by geology texts.

   The most recent theory on the origin of the universe pos-
tulates that everything began in a sort of explosion called
the "Big Bang." Science can make no statement about what
existed prior to the Big Bang because the physics are not
            *
understood.   So science and Genesis may agree that there
was a beginning, but the details are radically different.
__________________________
  * A  number of physicists question the Big Bang theory,
    because of its increasing inability to  explain  cer-
    tain types of new observations, such as the homogene-
    ity of the  cosmic  microwave  background  radiation.
    This  radiation  is  said to be a kind of echo of the
    big bang.  The theory has also been  said  to  suffer
    from too many ad-hoc patches.








                            - 3 -



This eliminates agreement with point (1) above.

   What was the primitive earth like?  Again science cannot
say with any certainty.  Many theories have been advanced,
but almost all are acknowledged to be speculative because
there is no conclusive evidence.  One category of theory
postulates that the early earth was extremely hot because of
the gravitational energy released by matter falling onto it
as it condensed from the primordial nebula from which the
solar system formed.  The earth then slowly cooled, releas-
ing the gases that formed the atmosphere and the water vapor
that eventually condensed to form the oceans.  Another cate-
gory of theory postulates that the early earth was rela-
tively cool at first, and the interior gradually heated up
to its current state because of radioactive elements it con-
tained. [1] The gradual heating released the various gases
during volcanic eruptions.  So the composition and evolution
of the early atmosphere is poorly understood, as is the mode
of formation of the oceans.  What is agreed upon is that a
solid surface existed before any oceans accumulated upon it.
These things eliminate agreement with points (2), (3), (4),
(5), and (7) above.

   _Life's_ author is aware that science does not say any-
thing conclusive about the early atmosphere, because he says
on page 41:

   The fact is, any attempt to establish the nature of
   earth's primitive atmosphere can only be based on
   guesswork or assumption.  No one knows for sure what
   it was like.

Apparently by page 41 he has forgotten the above points,
because if no one knows for sure what the atmosphere was
like there can be no agreement on what it was like.  It is
evident the author claims that science and Genesis agree on
the state of the primitive atmosphere when it suits his pur-
pose, but later he claims science really knows nothing about
the early atmosphere when it suits a different purpose.
This choosing among "facts" to suit preexisting notions is
inappropriate in a book published by an organization that
claims to be interested in truth.

   What about the order of creation of life?  The geological
record of the rocks is much clearer on this than on the
early history of the earth.  Due to the scarcity of evi-
dence, much is speculative about early one-celled forms of
life, but there is a great deal of evidence regarding life
after hard-shelled forms appeared.  According to most geo-
logical source references, first came one-celled organisms
__________________________
  1 Stephen G. Brush, "Finding the Age of  the  Earth  by
    Physics  or by Faith?," _Journal of Geological Educa-
    tion_, vol. 30, p. 40, 1982.








                            - 4 -



called prokaryotes, which do not contain a nucleus.  They
appeared at first in the form of anaerobic bacteria, then in
the form of photosynthetic bacteria, next aerobic bacteria,
and finally blue-green algae.  Next came one celled organ-
isms called eukaryotes, which contain a nucleus.  Finally
came multicellular organisms in great variety.

   The multicellular organisms were at first marine inverte-
brates of various types.  Then fish and higher marine plants
appeared.  Next came land plants, amphibians, and insects.
Next reptiles, then birds and mammals, and finally man.
Note especially that science says fish came _before_ land
plants, and some land animals such as amphibians and scorpi-
ons came before _any_ flying creatures, including flying
insects.  If Genesis were correct, whales in particular
would have come before dinosaurs, and so would birds,
because the simple pastoral Israelites would have understood
"the great sea monsters" to include whales, and the "flying
creatures" to include birds.  The fossil record shows there
were both swimming and flying dinosaurs that often were
built along the same lines as their mammalian and avian
counterparts.  But this was unknown to the Israelites.
These things show that (6) above is out of order, and (6),
(8), and (9) are mixed up.  The only thing that is entirely
in agreement with science in the above list is that man came
last.

   _Life's_ statement that the Genesis stages of creation
agree with science is true in only the loosest sense.  If
you consider that Genesis' saying that the universe had a
beginning is significant, then other primitive creation sto-
ries must be just as significant, as virtually all of them
say there was a beginning.  So what is the extent of the
agreement between science and Genesis?

   After a beginning, life forms appeared, among which man
was last.

   That's it.

   There is no agreement in the details.  Therefore _Life's_
claim that the Genesis account came from a source with
knowledge of the events has not been shown.  In fact, where
science makes a definite statement, it disagrees with the
Genesis account in almost every detail.

   It should be clear why the _Life_ book refers to no geo-
logical data to prove its point, because the data disprove
it.  Instead, it has to resort to quoting a single geolo-
gist, who, not surprisingly, was a creationist who believed
the earth was created in six literal days.  This is typical
of the Watchtower Society's arguments with respect to sci-
ence and the Bible.  When there is no support in scientific
publications the Society quotes other religious or








                            - 5 -



creationist writings without telling the reader the nature
of the source.

   So what is the probability that the Genesis writer got
his knowledge of the order of creation from God, based on
its "agreement" with what science says?

   _Zero._

   Note that this conclusion does not depend on whether the
"facts" of science are correct.  It depends only on the fact
that science and the Genesis account do not agree.  Whether
the "facts" of science are correct is another matter
entirely.

                         .    .    .


   The _Life_ book's quotation of geologist Wallace Pratt,
as mentioned above, is an example of how the Watchtower
Society fails to include significant points about a refer-
ence, even though the points left out can make a decisive
difference in the reader's judgement of the subject.  Wal-
lace Pratt was a geologist and an executive for Humble Oil
Company and Standard Oil Company (Exxon) at various times in
his career.  Here is the full context of _Life's_ quotation
of him. [2] Let the reader make his own judgement.

   Pratt is as much at home in the worlds of literature
   and philosophy as he is in those of science and indus-
   try.  He is intrigued by the power of poetic expres-
   sion.  In "Sermons in Stones," a lecture which he gave
   in 1928, he said, "If I as a geologist were called
   upon to explain briefly our modern ideas of the origin
   of the earth and the development of life on it to a
   simple, pastoral people, such as the tribes to whom
   the Book of Genesis was addressed, I could hardly do
   better than follow rather closely much of the language
   of the first chapter of Genesis."  He noted that the
   order of events--from the origin of the oceans, to the
   emergence of land, to the appearance of marine life
   and then of birds and mammals--is essentially the
   sequence of the principle divisions of geologic time
   from the Cosmic Era to the Psychozoic.  He was undis-
   turbed by the way Genesis compresses millions of geo-
   logic years into six days, for "Are we not assured,
   indeed, that with the Creator, `a day is as a thousand
   years and a thousand years as a day?' "

   Many of the theories of the origin of the earth to
   which scientists gave credence in 1928 have been
__________________________
  2 W. L. Copithorne, "The Worlds of Wallace Pratt," _The
    Lamp_,  vol. 53, pp. 11-14, Standard Oil, Fall, 1971.








                            - 6 -



   sharply modified in the light of new discoveries in
   geology and astronomy, but not enough, Pratt feels, to
   disrupt the parallelism with Genesis.  "Science is
   like that," he says.  "No scientific theory is sacro-
   sanct.  Somebody has said that the great glory of sci-
   ence is that its truths of today are its absurdities
   of tomorrow.  And that is so.  New facts always
   inspire scientists to devise new hypotheses and to
   demolish old ones."

Note two important points from this: (1) Pratt was a cre-
ationist who believed the earth was created in six literal
days, and (2) _Life's_ reference was to a lecture he gave in
1928.  _Life_ is silent on these points because they deflate
its argument, in spite of comments from Pratt.  Here again
the Watchtower Society withholds information that could help
a reader evaluate its argument.

   An interesting point about Pratt was his religious belief
that the earth was created in six literal days.  Pratt was
legendary for his ability to find oil fields based on the
geology of an area.  He regularly used the idea that oil
bearing strata were laid down over a long period of time, so
that the strata had a certain consistency he was able to
discern so as to pick out likely oil fields with great suc-
cess.  How was he able to reconcile the two conflicting sets
of beliefs?
                         .    .    .

   The above information showing that Genesis and science do
not agree on the order of creation of life is not new.  An
article by Stephen Jay Gould appeared in the column "This
View of Life" in _Natural History_ [3] and described a
series of articles written in 1885-1896 by onetime British
premier W. E. Gladstone and paleontologist T. H. Huxley con-
cerning the Genesis creation account.  Basically they argued
about whether Genesis agreed with geology, and Huxley showed
conclusively that they disagreed.

   There is nothing new under the sun.  The old argument the
_Life_ book revives is no better than it was one hundred
years ago.  The same mistakes of fact are made.  Therefore,
_Life's_ key argument in Chapter 3, that science and Genesis
agree on the order of creation, which it bases on a state-
ment by a geologist with six-literal-day creationist
beliefs, is incorrect.  When the details are examined, it is
evident that Genesis cannot be reconciled with the fossil
record, just as Thomas Huxley pointed out one hundred years
ago.
__________________________
  3 Stephen Jay Gould, "Genesis and Geology: Are you  in-
    terested  in the rock of ages, or the age of rocks?,"
    _Natural History_, vol.  97,  pp.  12-20,  September,
    1988.

------------------------Cut here----------------------------

Alan Feuerbacher          |  As long as you think you have the truth, you
Tektronix, Inc.           |  will feel no need to pursue knowledge and
PO Box 500, MS 47-623     |  understanding.
Beaverton, OR  97077      |  There is often a difference between good
alanf@atlas.pen.tek.com   |  sound reason and reasons that sound good.
Newsgroups: talk.origins