HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
Organization: Johannes Kepler University Linz - Computing Center
Date: Tue, 26 Jan 1993 16:39:10 CET
From: <K3032E0@ALIJKU11.BITNET>
Newsgroups: sci.astro
Subject: Re: meteor over Italy = Killer meteorite ?
 <93022.124235K3032E0@ALIJKU11.BITNET>
 <1993Jan26.014109.23839@organpipe.uug.arizona.edu>


Thanx for the information on the SPACEWATCH-progarm|
As I am a regular reader of IAUCs and MPCs (I  do astrometric work on comets
and minor planets myself here in Linz/Austria, observer code 540) I DO know
about these spectacular findings with the SPACEWATCH telescope.

However, as nobody seems to know the size of the Italy/Croatia-Meteoreite,
I'd thought it's best to suppose a size typical for Meteorites dropping
on Earth these days: A few Kilogramms, and a few inches in diameter. Of course,
meteorids out there are larger than the meteorites dropping down then, but I
doubt weather even the SPACEWATCH telescope could detect one (not to mention
ALL) of these meteorids soon enough to tell WHERE they will eventually drop
down. (Otherwise there's no need to buy samples for my meteorite collection
anymore|)
If this meteorite *really* crasehed a house and killed two people living there,
it may have benn quite large, so the SPACEWATCH may be able to detect such
bodies out there.

After all, keep up the good work with the SPACEWATCH-telescope and let's
hope there will be enough money available to set up a network of these
telescopes|

 Greetings
   Herbert

  >> K3032E0@EDVZ.UNI-Linz.AC.AT <<
  >> K3032E0@ALIJKU11.BITNET     <<
From: ethanb@ptolemy.astro.washington.edu (Ethan Bradford)
Newsgroups: sci.astro
Subject: Re: Dark matter
Date: 24 Jan 93 23:12:46
Organization: U. of Washington
NNTP-Posting-Host: ptolemy.astro.washington.edu
In-reply-to: jt_rask@pavo.concordia.ca's message of 25 Jan 93 00:27:00 GMT
TO: jt_rask@pavo.concordia.ca (RASKU, JASON T.)

The only recent news w.r.t. dark matter that I know of was the
conclusion that there was a lot more dark matter than previously
thought in a small (3 galaxy) cluster.  If the cluster is typical, the
universe is definitely closed.  The evidence for the dark matter is
still indirect; in this case it is necessary to confine the hot gas in
the cluster.

There are active direct searches for two different promising
candidates.  Subatomic Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs)
are being searched for in accelerator results and in direct-detection
experiments (trying to see the heat they deposit when they interact
with very cold germanium).  Star-sized MACHOs (MAssive Compact Halo
Objects) are being probed by looking for lensing of stars in the
Mageleanic Clouds.  Both searches should have significant results in
a few years -- either they will find something, or the possibility of
that kind of dark matter will be somewhat constrained.  My favorite
candidate, massive neutrinos, wouldn't show up in these searches.
Newsgroups: sci.astro
From: zellner@stsci.edu
Subject: Re: Asteroidal Satellites
Organization: Space Telescope Science Institute
Distribution: na
Date: Fri, 22 Jan 1993 18:17:23 GMT


> In article <C18v5H.6oA@well.sf.ca.us>, metares@well.sf.ca.us (Tom Van 
Flandern) writes:

>>      And the only way that asteroids can get lots of satellites orbiting
>> them with anything like the observed abundance is in the explosive breakup
>> of a much larger parent body.  The prediction that asteroid satellites are
>> numerous and commonplace originates from the exploded planet hypothesis.
> 

Toutatis was indeed a surprise.  But the "observed abundance" is still very
small.  Extensive groundbased surveys looking for satellite objects separated
by an arcsecond or more have been uniformly negative.  We have an approved
Space Telescope program to look down to the HST resolution for a dozen or
more candidate objects.  A year from now, I'll let you know what we saw.

Ben

Xref: sparky sci.astro:14331 sci.space:19703
Newsgroups: sci.astro,sci.space
Subject: Bob@??? RE: TIDE Prediction Prog.
From: lbartel@vax1.umkc.edu
Date: 22 Jan 93 16:20:32 CST
Organization: University of Missouri - Kansas City
NNTP-Posting-Host: vax1.umkc.edu

to Bob@??? re TIDE program

If you requested I forward you the tide prediction program from 
"hage@netcom.com", watch for the latest revised tide prediction
program to be posted here, on sci.astro.

I lost your address.
From: bs@tekig7.PEN.TEK.COM (Robert L Swarts)
Newsgroups: sci.astro
Subject: Re: PC Software
Keywords: For the PC/ Apple Mac, Cheap(ish).
Date: 25 Jan 93 15:58:26 GMT
Organization: Tektronix, Inc., Beaverton,  OR.

I have a copy of EZ Cosmos 4.0 for Windows. It's very inexpensive
(typically $50) and quite powerful. It can even be used to monitor
or control your telescope with appropriate hardware. It's advertised
in S&T and the Orion catalog.

bs
From: jbrown@stein.u.washington.edu (Jeffery Brown)
Newsgroups: sci.astro
Subject: Re: Availability of "Explanatory Supplement"
Date: 22 Jan 1993 21:25:59 GMT
Organization: University of Washington, Seattle
Distribution: world
NNTP-Posting-Host: stein.u.washington.edu

In article <727701137snz@chrism.demon.co.uk> chris@chrism.demon.co.uk writes:
>Does anyone know if the long-awaited new edition of the "Explanatory
>Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac" has been published yet?
>
It has, but it's now published commercially, not by the US Gov't Printing
Office and H.M. Stationery Office.

"Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac", P. K. Seidelmann, ed.
1992   Published by University Science Books.  ISBN 0-935702-68-7 (that's
hardbound; I don't know if it's available in softcover).  I got mine back
in September or so, having ordered it in advance.  Unfortunately, I've 
forgotten what it cost me; I think it was in the $50 (+/- $15) range, and
I know I got a discount by ordering it early.
---
Jeff Brown         Mage of the Seven Towers
Astronomy Dept.    jbrown@u.washington.edu
U. of Washington   jbrown@phast.phys.washington.edu
Newsgroups: sci.astro
From: b12958@cbnewsc.cb.att.com (peter.f.schultz)
Subject: Re: Killer-meteorite ?
Organization: AT&T
Date: Fri, 22 Jan 1993 17:26:14 GMT

From article <1jnqjhINNjpc@shelley.u.washington.edu>, by hammer1@carson.u.washington.edu (The Ghost of Elvis):
> L629159@LMSC5.IS.LMSC.LOCKHEED.COM writes:
> .......
> 
>>  I recall the story of the woman struck by the meteorite.  The local
>>newspapers ran a photo. It was a nasty bruise.  Good thing the meteor
>>didn't get a straight shot at her...  My recollection puts the site
>>in Tennessee, but it's a long time ago.  ........  
> 
>>Al Moore  
> 
>   The woman was Mrs. Annie (E. Hewlett) Hodges of Sylacauga, Alabama.
> She was struck by a nine-pound stony meteorite that crashed through her
> roof on Nov. 30, 1954...  It's a good thing it took a couple bounces around
> the inside of her living room first, judging by the size of the bruise it 
> left on her...
> 
> Mark Hammergren,
> Dept. of Astronomy
> University of Washington    
>  


I recall reading about this in LIFE magazine about that time.
Probably within a couple of weeks of the above date.  Black and
white photos, I think.

Pete Schultz
AT&T Bell Laboratories
Naperville, IL
From: ludwigsburg@igc.apc.org (Ludwigsburg Middle School)
Newsgroups: sci.astro
Subject: Accretion Question
Date: 22 Jan 93 14:29:00 GMT
Nf-ID: #N:cdp:1465500005:000:998
Nf-From: cdp.UUCP!ludwigsburg    Jan 22 06:29:00 1993


>re: spin rate of planets - the traditional approach based on
angular
>momentum of the particles the planets accreted from doesn't work
because
>it assumes accretion of small particles onto one planetary
nucleus per
>planet.  In fact, a better understanding of accretion now leads
to the
>concept that an inner planet accreted from a range of objects up
to 10
>per cent of the planet's final mass - i.e. Earth was not built
out of a
>zillion bits of dust but out of 2 objects the size of Mars, 15
the size of
>the Moon, 40 the size of Ceres and so on.
>Phil Stooke I may be in over my head with this since astronomy is
my avocation and 8th grade earth science in my vocation, however
if this explanation of planet formation is accurate how did the 2
objects the size of Mars, 15 the size of the Moon, or 40 the size
of Ceres form? I enjoy immensely reading this conference and I am
learning continually from the discussions. Thanks folks!  Larry
Bahn Patch American High School, Stuttgart, Germany
From: ark@alice.att.com (Andrew Koenig)
Newsgroups: sci.astro
Subject: Re: research grade vs. commercial grade
Date: 21 Jan 93 08:39:10 GMT
Article-I.D.: alice.24670
Reply-To: ark@alice.UUCP ()
Distribution: na
Organization: AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill NJ

In article <1993Jan20.211839.27984@zip.eecs.umich.edu> gilgalad@quip.eecs.umich.edu (Ralph Seguin) writes:

> Hi.  I'm looking at buying a scope from somebody local.  Their
> scope is a Meade 826c 8" Newtonian.  He said that the scope was research
> grade.  What exactly does this mean?

It means they really want to sell it.
-- 
				--Andrew Koenig
				  ark@europa.att.com
Newsgroups: sci.astro
From: pahakala@cc.helsinki.fi
Subject: Roche lobe shape
Organization: University of Helsinki
Date: Sat, 23 Jan 1993 12:33:09 GMT

Does anyone know if the Roche lobe filling binary star component shape
(3d, taking into account tidal+rotational effects) has been derived?
For instance as a Spherical harmonics expansion....
       
                  Cheers, Pasi Hakala 
                  Observatory & Astrophysics Lab.  
                  Helsinki University, Finland
Organization: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
Date: Tuesday, 26 Jan 1993 09:05:35 PST
From: Patrick Clancey <CLANCEY@SLACVM.SLAC.STANFORD.EDU>
Newsgroups: sci.astro
Subject: Re: A picture of a black hole?

The HST picture of the "X" in M51 is available as a gif from
several anonymous FTP sites:

    at C.SCS.UIUC.EDU as M51X.GIF
    at WUARCHIVE.WUSTL.EDU in /graphics/gif/m as m51x
    at GIPSY.VMARS.TUWIEN.AC.AT in /pub/spacegifs/misc as m51x.gif
    at NIC.FUNET.FI in /pub/pics/gif/pics/space/misc as m51x.gif

Patrick Clancey
CLANCEY@SLAC.STANFORD.EDU
Newsgroups: sci.astro,sci.geo.meteorology,rec.radio.shortwave
From: oler@rho.uleth.ca (Cary Oler)
Subject: AURORA: Middle Latitude Auroral Activity WATCH - 26 Jan
Organization: University of Lethbridge
Date: 26 Jan 93 07:25:57 GMT

                /\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\

                    MIDDLE LATITUDE AURORAL ACTIVITY WATCH

                         ISSUED: 00:00 UT, 26 JANUARY

                /\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\

VALID UNTIL: 19:00 UTC ON 27 JANUARY

MODERATE RISK PERIOD: 26 - 28 JANUARY (UT days)

PREDICTED ACTIVITY INDICES FOR NEXT 3 DAYS: 25, 20, 15
(INPUT INTO THE PREDICTIVE AURORA SOFTWARE *)

POTENTIAL MAGNITUDE OF MIDDLE LATITUDE AURORAL ACTIVITY:  LOW TO MODERATE

EXPECTED LUNAR INTERFERENCE:  LOW

OVERALL OPPORTUNITY FOR OBSERVATIONS FROM MIDDLE LATITUDES:  FAIR

AURORAL ACTIVITY MAY BE OBSERVED APPROXIMATELY NORTH OF A LINE FROM...

        PRIMARILY EXTREME SOUTHERN CANADA NORTHWARD.  A FEW NORTHERN U.S.
        LOCATIONS MAY ALSO SPOT SOME ACTIVITY UNDER DARK SKIES OVER THE
        CENTRAL TO EASTERN U.S..

ACTIVITY MAY ALSO BE OBSERVED APPROXIMATELY NORTH OF A LINE FROM...

        NORTHERN U.K. TO THE NETHERLANDS.  THIS IS NOT EXPECTED TO BE A
        PARTICULARLY GOOD OPPORTUNITY FOR AREAS OF SOUTHERN AUSTRALIAN AND
        NEW ZEALAND.

* Contact: Oler@Rho.Uleth.CA or COler@Solar.Stanford.Edu for more information
           regarding the Auroral Activity Prediction and Simulation Software.


SYNOPSIS...

     A fair to good opportunity for observing auroral activity will exist
     over the next 24 to 48 hours.  A well-placed solar coronal hole is
     expected to generate the activity.  The brunt of activity should occur
     on 26 January, but is not expected to be very strong.  Most of the
     observed auroral activity should be confined to areas north of the U.S./
     Canada border.  Users of our auroral activity prediction and simulation
     software should input values of between 20 and 30 (the target activity
     level for 26 January is 25, dropping to 20 and 15 for 27 and 28 Jan.)
     for the best contoured maps of predicted auroral visibility. For more
     information, contact: Oler@Rho.Uleth.CA, or: COler@Solar.Stanford.Edu.

     This WATCH will remain active until 19:00 UT on 27 January when it
     will either be updated or allowed to expire.


**  End of Watch  **
Newsgroups: sci.astro
From: camera@news.weeg.uiowa.edu (Gabriele Camera)
Subject: meteor over Italy
Organization: University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
Date: Thu, 21 Jan 1993 23:38:21 GMT

I have just read news on an Italian newspaper regarding a meteor that 2 days 
ago, Jan 19, passed over northern Italy. It was around 2 a.m. and people 
heard a loud boom while the sky was being illuminated as during daylight.
This phenomenon lasted about 10/20 seconds. Also shock waves were reported.
Newspapers speculated that it was a meteor and that it went straight on 
Croatia. 

Can anybody give me some more details? Is it possible that such a meteor is
not tracked by astronomers well in advance and no warnings are issued?

                Thank you for your help,

                                                Gabriele


Gabriele Camera
Dept. of Economics
University of Iowa


Newsgroups: sci.astro
From: gawne@stsci.edu
Subject: Re:  High Performance Fortran
Organization: Space Telescope Science Institute
Distribution: na
Date: Thu, 28 Jan 1993 22:04:32 GMT

Charles Koelbel wrote:
> 
> Announcing a new version of the High Performance Fortran Language
> Specification.  (Finally!)
> 
> REQUEST FOR PUBLIC COMMENT ON HIGH PERFORMANCE FORTRAN

And Ralph L. Place replied:
>OK.  My comment is that this sounds like putting a Ferrari engine in
>a dinasour, sitting on its neck with whip in hand hollering 'Giddyup'.

Not to argue the age of FORTRAN, but how many jobs have you applied for
that don't require proficiency in it?  For so long as we have to be able
to work in this language I'm pleased that people continue to revise and
improve it.

I got my university computer science training from a very avant-garde 
computer science department which eschewed FORTRAN as a dead language
and insisted on teaching us all PASCAL.  Then I had to learn FORTRAN on
my own so I could qualify for employment in Physics and Astronomy.

Until the Computer Science community can convince the scientists and
engineers that they should really forget the language they've been 
programming in for the last umpity-ump years, then "the rumors concerning
the death of FORTRAN will be greatly exaggerated."  to misqoute M. Twain.

-Bill Gawne,  Space Telescope Science Institute
Xref: sparky sci.astro:14300 sci.space:19688
From: sysmgr@king.eng.umd.edu (Doug Mohney)
Newsgroups: sci.astro,sci.space
Subject: Re: Hewlett Packard conin space
Date: 22 Jan 1993 15:36:48 GMT
Organization: Computer Aided Design Lab, U. of Maryland College Park
Reply-To: sysmgr@king.eng.umd.edu
NNTP-Posting-Host: croft.eng.umd.edu

In article <1993Jan21.184138.22352@aio.jsc.nasa.gov>, kjenks@gothamcity.jsc.nasa.gov writes:
>
>Before you ask, the SPOC software is NOT available to the general
>public.  It includes a world map showing day/night and the current
>position of the Orbiter, updated in real time. 

Like, bogus. Do you realize how much money NASA could make by selling it off to
Space Junkies at $50 a pop? :)


                    I have talked to Ehud, and lived.
  -- >                  SYSMGR@CADLAB.ENG.UMD.EDU                        < --
Organization: Johannes Kepler University Linz - Computing Center
Date: Fri, 22 Jan 1993 12:42:35 CET
From: <K3032E0@ALIJKU11.BITNET>
Newsgroups: sci.astro
Subject: Re: meteor over Italy = Killer meteorite ?

Possibly this is the same object which is said to have killed two old
brothers when it destroyed their house in Croatia. I don't know weather this
is true, if so, it must have been rather large.

Nontheless, I think not even the largest telescopes on earth with the most
sensetive CCDs could have detected this small object before it entered the
earths atmosphere - not to mention to search for unknown bodies of this
size| After all, we are not able to detect most of the much larger near-earth
objects. I suppose some catastrophe like the Tunguska-event, which distroyed
a wide area in Siberia in 1908, would happen just as unexpected in our days.
There's not much change of discovering near-earth-objects a long time before
they eventually impact on the surface on earth, if they are discovered at all.
However, impacts which cause major damages don't happen very often, though
a few falls in this century could have caused much more damage if they had
impacted in more populated areas. Examples are the Sikhote-Aline-meteorite
shower, when approx. 100t of iron meteorites rained dowm in 1947, the
1.77t Jilin-meteorite (which missed the city of Jilin, China, only by a few
kilometers in the 1970's) and, of course, the Tunguska-event.

Don't worry, be happy, and keep looking UP|
  Herbert
Organization: Georgia Institute of Technology-Office of Information Technology
Date: Fri, 22 Jan 1993 03:55:47 EST
From: <LABBEY@GITVM1.BITNET>
Newsgroups: sci.astro
Subject: Re: research grade vs. commercial grade
Distribution: na
 <1993Jan21.191712.12358@gov.on.ca>

One wonders what kind of "research" is done with an 8" telescope?

Besides, astronomers don't do "research".  They observe.  "Research"
implies the ability to change the conditions of the experiment.

Leonard Abbey, F.R.A.S.
Georgia Tech Research Institute
Atlanta, Georgia, USA
labbey@gitvm1.gatech.edu
Newsgroups: sci.astro
From: zellner@stsci.edu
Subject: asteroid heterogeneity
Organization: Space Telescope Science Institute
Distribution: na
Date: Tue, 26 Jan 1993 19:28:55 GMT


 > There are sparse data, indeed, on the heterogeneity of the surfaces of
 > single asteroids. As for the innards, I expect they are as diverse as the
 > meteorites, which are pretty diverse.

As to small-scale surface heterogeneity, that is correct.  However one can 
look for changes in color or polarization as an object rotates or as we see
different aspects from one apparition to another, and generally there are no
detectable changes.  Probably many of them are rather compositionally 
homogeneous clear through.  But also I think each asteroid, under multiple 
impacts, tends to blanket itself in a well-mixed layer of its own dust.
Certainly most of the smaller asteroids must be like that.

Exceptions include Vesta, which has long been known to show large-scale
variegation (apparently different lava flows on it surface, and some exposed
pieces of its olivine mantle), and too a lesser degree some of the larger
S-types.  

Years ago I noted that Ceres is remarkably uniform polarimetrically, and I 
predicted that it would not show any large-scale albedo features.  That was 
confirmed recently by HST images by Rudi Albrecht et al.

As to internal homogeneity, we do have the evidence of the Hirayama families.
The large Eos, Koronis, and Themis families each stand out against the 
background spectroscopically; clearly they are fragments of homogeneous
bodies.  Lately Rick Binzel has looked at quite a few small members of the
Vesta family, and they all show the charactistic basaltic composition with
the individual variations that you would expect.  However Vesta is essentially
intact, and we don't have any direct information on its deep interior.

About 15 years ago I drew a fanciful reconstruction of the Nysa-Herta family: 
135 Hertha made the metallic core and 44 Nysa the enstatite mantle, both
differentiated from an original enstatite-chondritic or similar composition.
That picture fell into disfavor when it was discovered that the smaller 
fragments of the family are all of the dark P type, but recently Mike Gaffey
has resurrected my picture with a geochemical explanation for the P's.

Then there are some noteworthy families that don't make a bit of geochemical
sense. 

Ben

Newsgroups: sci.astro
From: bankst@kauri.vuw.ac.nz (Timothy Banks)
Subject: Re: Cleaning mirrors
Organization: Victoria University of Wellington
Date: Wed, 27 Jan 1993 20:51:40 GMT


Incidentally, people might like to chase up some info on CO2 cleaning
of mirrors - helps keep the reflectivity up nicely. The ESO _Messenger_
would be a good place to start, as the new ESO scope will have such a
system built in. 'Fraid I don't know any more details, as it is only just
being implemented at the Observatories here. If there enough interest, next
time I'm down at Mount John ("Where?" you all cry! Have a look at one of the
last issues of _Southern Astronomy_ ("What?")) I'll ask one of the friendly
technicians for his references to photocopy.



-- 
  Timothy Banks, Physics Department, Victoria University of Wellington, NZ.
       bankst@kauri|rata|matai.vuw.ac.nz, banks@beagle.phys.vuw.ac.nz.
    "He's dead, Jim!" "OK, you take the tricorder, I'll take the wallet!"
From: det@sw.stratus.com (David Toland)
Newsgroups: sci.astro
Subject: Re: Vacuum Question
Date: 27 Jan 93 13:42:23 GMT
Reply-To: somebody@somehost.edu
Organization: Stratus Computer Inc.
NNTP-Posting-Host: phlan.sw.stratus.com

In article <1993Jan27.070005.13031@mr.med.ge.com>, hinz@bonfire (David Hinz (hinz@picard.med.ge.com)) writes:
> I don't know if I buy the freeze in seconds bit.  As I recall reading,
> perhaps here, space is not so good at being a heat sink.  Yes, it's
> quite cold (not many moving molecules), but it can't carry heat away
> from you too fast (same reason).

Umm, the temperature is *not* measured by the number of moving molecules,
but rather their velocity distribution.  You are correct, however, in
saying they cannot transfer much heat out of a body.  Convection and
conduction are definitely unimportant heat gain/loss mechanisms in
the vacuum of space.  Radiational heating/cooling and heat of phase
change (e.g. evaporation of volatiles) are more important, yet still
not high rate under conditions of a human body exposed in space.

(Well, radiational heating at 1 A.U. *is* pretty significant - ask
anyone who has gotten sunburned by falling asleep on the beach).

-- 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
All opinions are MINE MINE MINE, and not necessarily anyone else's.
det@phlan.sw.stratus.com   |  "Laddie, you'll be needin' something to wash
                           |  that doon with."
Newsgroups: sci.astro
From: lippert@alcoa.com (Kenn Lippert)
Subject: Re: Venus or Mercury - Which is HOTTER?
Followup-To: sci.astro
Organization: Alcoa Technical Center
Date: Thu, 28 Jan 1993 12:51:29 GMT

In article <1993Jan26.123422@usho21.hou281.chevron.com>,
hhtra@usho21.hou281.chevron.com (T.M.Haddock) wrote:
> 
> 
>  My 2nd grader comes home and tells us what she has learned that day. 
>  Yesterday it was:
> 
>       Even though Mercury is closer to the Sun, Venus is hotter.
> 
> 
>  That's not right... is it? 
> 
>  Any sources I can consult for a definitive answer?
> 
> 
>  Thanks.
> 
>  TRAVIS

I'll say just one word; greenhouse!

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
	"What do you want for Christmas Tom Servo?"					    
		  "I want a Ted Williams signature
		   inflatable bathtub pillow."		          Kenn Lippert
    						                                 	Alcoa Technical Center
	"How about you Gypsy?"		                 		lippert@alcoa.com			    
		   "I want a pony."
					
	"Crow?"		   
		   "I want to decide who lives and who dies!"

  "Oh, I don't know..."
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~