From: morrow@fnalo.fnal.gov (Inherit the Elmo)
Newsgroups: rec.arts.comics.info
Subject: SANDMAN: Annotation 31 Revised
Summary: Norton
Keywords: sandman annotation
Date: 28 Sep 92 17:31:20 GMT
Followup-To: rec.arts.comics.misc
Organization: Stephen Jay Gould Fan Club
X-Posted-From: fnalo.fnal.gov


                         The Annotated Sandman
    
               Edited and largely written by Greg Morrow
      
              Issue 31:  "Three Septembers and a January"
                     Neil Gaiman and Shawn McManus

              Third story in anthology _Distant Mirrors_
                  Not yet reprinted in any other form

Disclaimer:  Sandman and all related characters are copyrights and trademarks
of DC Comics Inc.  Sandman and this annotation are intended for mature
audiences only.

Notice:  Commentaries and additional information should go to
morrow@fnal.fnal.gov (Internet) or morrow@fnal.BITNET.  This material is
posted by the editor directly to rec.arts.comics and COMICS-L, and is licensed
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from theory.lcs.mit.edu in pub/wald/sandman.  Please contact the editor if you 
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permission of the editor (as agent for the contributors) is forbidden.

Sources:  A note in _Sandman_ #31 indicates that the title of this anthology
came from Barbara Tuchman's text _A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th
Century_.
	Historical fact in this story comes from Herbert Asbury's _The Barbary
Coast_ and William Drury's _Norton I, Emperor of the United States_.  It was
inspired by Catherine Caufield's _The Emperor of the United States of America
and Other Magnificent British Eccentrics_.

Themes:  "Thermidor" takes place at least partly in what we would call July,
while "August" and this story have their time frames clearly noted.  As Gaiman
says in this issue, there is another story in _Distant Mirrors_ not yet told;
its title is "Ramadan", and it will eventually see the light of day, probably
in a trade paperback publication of _Distant Mirrors_.  Ramadan is a month in
the Moslem calendar of particular religious significance (Not sure what; either
the birth, death, or hegira of Mohammed, I think).  "Ramadan" evaded
publication with the other Distant Mirrors due to delays in the art/production
stage.
	We may comment on the roles various nations have played: 
"Thermidor" was played out against the backdrop of the French Revolution;
"August" determined whither the Roman Empire would go.  In this story, the
United States of itself is not a featured character, but we follow a man who
was its Emperor, at least in his own mind, an interesting contrast.
	We may further note the preponderance of Emperors in the anthology. 
"August" and this story have obvious emperors, and the chaos seen in
"Thermidor" would not be tamed until the rise of another Emperor--Napoleon.
	"Thermidor" was not about government, but it touched on government
and those who govern.  "August" was fundamentally about government and the
choices of the governors.  This story is just as fundamentally _not_ about
government, and its protagonist is governor of himself and no more, and _that_
is the tale's point.
	Other important themes touched on in this trilogy include
responsibility in many forms, and the role of destiny.

Page 1 panel 1:  This is Joshua Norton, of whom we will learn more shortly.
	Panel 3:  The bloated female figure on the bed is Despair, one of the
seven Endless and the younger sister to Dream.
	Panel 4:  The formal means by which the Endless make contact with each
other is by the caller's standing in a gallery in its domain and using a symbol
(sigil) of the one to be called.  The ring with a hook is Despair's sigil.
Dream's sigil has been seen in the past to be his helmet.

Page 2:  This is a splash panel.  Note Dream's period attire; Dream is the only
Endless who seems to care about the appropriateness of his appearance.  Death
is the only other Endless with any sense of costume, save, perhaps, Destiny.
	In the credit box, Gaiman takes the title PJF, probably meaning
Pre-Joycean Fellowship.  This is a group whose membership primarily overlaps
with that of the Scribblies, an sf/fantasy writers group located in
Minneapolis, Minnesota, containing such notables as Steven Karl Zoltan Brust,
Pamela Dean, Emma Bull, and Will Shetterley (who is known in comics for his
_Captain Confederacy_).  The Pre-Joycean Fellowship believes that literature
can be both accessible and meaningful.  They identify James Joyce as the first 
proponent of the idea that literature must be inaccessible to be meaningful.  
The term Pre-Joycean was coined in analogy to the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood 
(a turn of the century British artist's group, but I'm probably wrong).

Page 3 panel 4:  It is perhaps noteworthy that Despair is so certain that
Desire and Delirium will cooperate with her.
	Panel 5:  The "brother" is the missing Endless, whose identity will be
made clear in the _Sandman_ Special #1.  An upcoming storyline will feature the
search for the missing brother.

Page 4:  Norton's background as given here seems to be correct.
	Panel 2:  Norton and other wealthy businessman cornered the market on
rice in San Francisco, expecting to make a huge profit through their monopoly. 
Their fortunes and hopes were dashed when a Japanese ship sailed into port,
loaded with rice, shortly before they were to sell.

Page 5 panel 5:  The "oldest sister" is Death, of course.  The map has some
remarkable flaws.  The modern map has borders between Nevada and Arizona, 
Missouri and Arkansas, Michigan's Upper Peninsula and Wisconsin, and Ohio and 
Kentucky.  The missing border between Nevada and Arizona may be an accurate 
representations of the period's pre-statehood territorial boundaries, 
but borders had long since been set for the other cases, particularly Kentucky
and Ohio, which dates back at least to 1792, and probably back to the earliest
colonial days.

Page 6 panel 5:  The [San Francisco] Daily Evening Bulletin was published
between 8 Oct 1855 and 18 May 1895, becoming The Bulletin on 20 May 1895,
continuing through to 19 Sept 1928, when it ceased publication.  It was
published every day except Sunday.                                

Page 7 panel 2-4:  This is presumably the correct text of Norton's original
proclamation.  Note the further information that he was from the British colony
in South Africa (The Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa).
In panel two, note the lettering correction mark in "preemptory".  My
dictionary lists "preemptive" and not "preemptory"; both would be incorrect. 
The probable original and correct word is "peremptory", meaning "dictatorial; 
with authority; not to be denied".
	Panel 6:  In the mid-1800's, newspapers did not have to compete with
television, and had also not undergone the homogenization that modern culture
has seen.  (This, of course, is demeaning to and not representative of the many
fine alternative papers existing today; the point is that all newspapers were
alternative, in some sense, long ago.)  Accordingly, it is not surprising that 
a newspaper would publicize something as daft as Norton's proclamation; it was
bound to get people's attention.
	Incidentally, the figure shadowed against the wall in this panel is
Norton himself, as made evident on the next page.

Page 8 panel 3:  Grown-up:  An unusual concept to apply to the Endless.

Page 9 panel 1:  The second September.  This is Samuel Langhorne Clemens
(Nov 1835-1910, making him 28 at this time), who would one day become the 
foremost writer and humorist of his day under the pen name of Mark Twain.  It 
has been verified that Twain was indeed working for a San Francisco newspaper 
during this period, having left Virginia City and arrived in San Francisco
earlier in 1864; there is a book of collected essays from his work on this 
paper.  He did not apparently write about the Emperor, however, nor is there 
any confirmation that he knew him.
	My source has "Langhorn" as the proper spelling for Clemens' second
name; however, common usage prefers the '-e' ending.
	Panel 4:  Note the sign on the building; The Morning Call was the
newspaper Clemens was working for.

Page 10 panel 5-6:  The Golden Gate Bridge, between San Francisco and 
Sausalito, is the most famous bridge in the Bay area.  It was constructed 
during the period 1933-1937.  It does _not_ go to Oakland.  Norton is 
foreshadowing the Bay Bridge, opened in 1936, which does cross the Bay to 
Oakland.  Chris Claremont has referred to the bridge as the "Emperor Norton"
bridge, in X-Men c. #200, though this usage is otherwise unfamiliar to a native
of the city.

Page 11 panel 1:  This is Delirium, the youngest Endless.  Her multicolored
hair and partially shaved scalp are significant anachronisms.
	Panel 2-3:  San Francisco had, and has, a large Chinese population;
its "Chinatown" is another landmark of the city.  Though the Chinese had
emigrated voluntarily, they were treated as badly, or worse, than the black
slaves and former slaves; this theme appeared in some of Twain's stories.
	Panel 5:  Clemens is recounting what will become one of his most famous
stories, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County".  This is an
anachronism, as Twain had not yet heard the story.
	Note that Delirium's word balloon is uncolored, no doubt an oversight.
	Panel 6:  Note Delirium's uneasy relationship with Dream, to be
expanded upon in later issues.

Page 12 panel 4:  Delirium has expressed the dislike of being laughed at
before, in _Sandman_ #21 page 17 panel 5, and does so again in a later issue.
	Panel 5:  Note Delirium's creation.

Page 13 panel 2:  I cannot confirm this Imperial decree.  However, judging by
his later character, Clemens would have been delighted with the appointment,
and in any case, it was most apt in its description of the role Twain would
play in American literature.
	Panel 4:  The frog is Delirium's creature.

Page 14 panel 1:  The third September.
	Panel 2:  Wuz:  of course, "was" and "wuz" are pronounced exactly
alike.  Believe it or not, there is actually a word in the language that
describes the practice of using non-standard spelling to suggest dialect, even 
though the pronunciation suggested by the non-standard spelling is in fact the
standard pronunciation, such as using "-in' " for "-ing".  Unfortunately :-( I
can't remember the word....  The practice works because the mental ear has been
trained to "hear" non-standard spellings with non-standard pronunciation.
	Panel 3-4:  'Frisco:  The nickname of the city of San Francisco, which
is itself Spanish, meaning "Saint Francis".  "SF" also sees extensive use in
written language.  Natives of San Francisco tend to dislike the abbreviation
'Frisco.
	Panel 4-5:  The Emperor issued his own money, and exchanged it for US
currency.  Most people regarded the Emperor's money as a souvenir (Again,
"soo-ven-ear" is exactly how the word is usually pronounced) and were glad to
pay its face value in exchange.  As noted further along, a number of
establishments accepted the Emperor's money as well as US currency.  By such
means did the Emperor survive.

Page 15 panel 1:  It would appear that Norton has a chamberlain, a Chinese
named Ah How.  No refs.  His speech pattern is completely clicheed: here he
excessively praises Norton and denigrates himself; in the very next panel, he
utters a paraphrasing of a proverb, possibly Confucian.  Part of the training
as an official of the Imperial Court was the study of Chinese literature and 
poetry.  Phrasing advice in terms of metaphor and allegory was not uncommon.  
Here, the analogy was stated in an unusually direct manner, possibly for the
benefit of Western-trained thinkers, who are not so used to dissecting oblique
statements.
	Panel 2:  Tong wars:  Chinese crime organizations are known as tongs.
There is a legend about an incident in Chinatown where two opposing Tongs were 
verging on open violence, when Norton walked along and simply told the people 
to leave in peace.  And they did so, perhaps defeated by his presence.
	Panel 3:  Note Ah How's queue, the long ponytail.  The custom of
wearing the hair this way originated among the Manchu people.  When the Manchu
conquered the rest of China, ending the Han (or Ming--conflicting accounts) 
dynasty and beginning the Ching dynasty, the last imperial dynasty, they 
forced the conquered people to adopt the queue as a sign of submission.  The 
order was by Dorgan, uncle of and regent for the first Ch'ing emperor 
Shun-Chih.  Later, the queue became a symbol of Chinese culture.
	Opium is a narcotic derived from the poppy; heroin and morphine are
both derived from opium.  Opium was a vice brought from the Orient, and opium
dens were a feature in many "Chinatowns" until about the turn of the century.
The vice was forced upon the Chinese, as a result of the Opium Wars, with
Britain, of 1840-1842.  The vice persisted until 1907, as a means of balancing 
trade between the British Empire and China, as China did not particularly want 
foreign goods.  Perhaps ironically, the Tongs today have ties with the
opium trade; the Tongs originally were formed for the purpose of being
pro-Imperial China.
	Panel 4:  Ah How's speech in this panel reflects how ignorant
white men thought all Chinese immigrants spoke, another cliche.
	Panel 5:  As we shall see, the Cobweb Palace (for which I have seen 
no hard refs) is a place where reality and unreality touch.
	Neil Gaiman confirms that the Cobweb Palace is a real place; the most
complete description is in Asbury's _Barbary Coast_.
	The Cobweb Palace is not a "Soft Place", as originally speculated,
despite its fantastic elements.  "Soft places" are large and indeterminate in 
location; the Cobweb Palace is neither.
	A Cobweb Palace is featured in Akira Kurosawa's _Throne of Blood_, an
adaptation of Shakespeare's _Macbeth_.  The castle obtained by the
Macbeth-analog after slaying his lord is called the Cobweb Palace, and is
surrounded by the Cobweb Forest.

Page 16 panel 1:  The parrot is at least semi-intelligent.
	Panel 3:  The Palace is full of cages.  Is this symbolic of the trap
laid for Norton?  See also page 19 panel 2-3.
	Panel 4:  A hock is any white Rhine wine, from a variety called
Hochheimer.  California's wine industry had not yet become important, although 
this could still be a local vintage; the Californian wine industry has evinced 
considerable disinterest in the geographical significance of wine names.

Page 17 panel 1:  Gaiman says the King of Pain was a real person; I have no
refs for him, save perhaps for the song "King of Pain" from the Police's album
_Synchronicity_.  Wolfsbane and aconite, as well as monkshood, are all names
for the same plant.  Aconite is an analgesic in small doses, and a poison in
larger ones.

Page 19 panel 8:  A wonderful bit of wisdom.

Page 21 panel 5:  The Kindly Ones are the Eumenides, or the Furies, an aspect
of the three-in-one goddess, dedicated to revenge and punishment.  This is 
aftershadowing; Desire's, ahem, _desire_ for revenge will later result in the 
storyline of _The Doll's House_.
	""Get down and lick, Pain.": Probably a reference to bootlicking; may
also refer to the licking of wounds.

Page 22 panel 1:  The January of the title.
	Panel 6:  Tom O'Bedlam:  From "Bethelem", referring to a notorious
insane asylum for men in England.  The name means a madman.  Mad Maudlin or
Mary Maudlin is the female counterpart, from the asylum of "Mary Magdalene".
	There may be a character by this name in William Shakespeare's works.
The modern usage of "bedlam" arises from Tom O'Bedlam.  Tom O'Bedlam is also 
an old folk song, probably of English origin.  Robert Silverberg, a noted SF 
author, recently wrong a novel of the same name, using lines from the song as 
chapter titles.  "Filk" versions of the song are also known to exist.

One sampling of the song:

	"For to find my Tom O'Bedlam,
	"Ten thousand miles I'll travel;
	"Mad Maudlin goes on dirty toes
	"For to save her shoes from gravel..."

Another, the chorus:

	"While I do sing: Any food,
	"Any feeding, drink, or clothing?
	"Come, dame or maid, be not afraid,
	"Poor Tom will injure nothing."

Page 23 panel 4:  The lesson is (see page 5 panel 3) is at least partly that
dreams are not "nothing", and also partly that Dream is of a different class of
being than Despair, the elder Endless instead of the younger.  The younger are
more fragile.  Despair's slowness to learn may be due to the self-absorption of
those in despair, isolating her from external reality.

Page 24 panel 1:  This is Death, again.  No refs for the Hastings Society.
	Panel 2-3:  The legend of the Tzaddikim appears to be accurate.
Webster's Ninth Collegiate (1991) defines 'tzaddik' as a variation of 'zaddik',
and 'zaddik' as "1) a righteous and saintly person by Jewish religious 
standards; 2) the spiritual leader of a modern Hasidic community."
	One other fictional reference has been found, a novel titled _The Last 
of the Just_, author unknown.  This source postulates fifty Tzaddikim, instead 
of  thirty-six. The fifty's sufferings and burdens redeem the entire Jewish 
people, and possibly all of humanity.  If there are less than fifty at any 
time, the world is tossed into chaotic times.  The novel is set during World 
War II, where many of the Tzaddikim die in the Nazi death camps.  Chaos begets 
chaos.
	A linguistic note:  In Hebrew, [-im] is the plural ending.  Thus, one
Tzaddik, but thirty-six Tzaddikim.  The root TzDK (Semitic languages use vowel
changes to mark part of speech and conjugations and declensions, and so are
generally meaningless in talking about the language's vocabulary) means 
"justice" or "righteousness".
	There may be a corresponding group of those who do only evil.
	Panel 7:  See the appendix for obituaries of Joshua Norton.

Release history:
Version 2.0 Released and Archived 27 Sept 92

Contributors include:
	Dascoser (dascoser.bbs@cybernet.cse.fau.edu) came up with Norton's
obit from the Times, and gunthar@vax1.mankato.msus.edu did the same for the
San Francisco Chronicle.
	Mark Lippert <grendel@csd4.csd.uwm.edu> sent me an excellent research
paper on Norton, which indirectly confirmed most of the historical details
reported above.
	Tom White (twhite@mozart.amd.com) referenced the Tzaddikim.
	Several people, including Michael Suzio (msuzio@ais.org), Michael S. 
Schiffer (mss2@quads.uchicago.edu), and Ian Lance Taylor (ian@airs.com),
corrected me about the origin of the Chinese queue.  Michael also commented on
certain aspects of linguistics and the Hebrew roots of Tzaddikim.
	Eric Akawie (eja@acpub.duke.edu) gives a possible source for the Cobweb
Palace.
	Lance "Cogsworth" Smith <lsmith@cs.umn.edu> identified the missing
Distant Mirror, as did Bill Sherman <sherman@math.ucla.edu>.  Bill also
corrected my abuse of Despair's gender, noticed the screwy US map, corrected my
source's spelling of "Langhorne", and referred to the Police's song "King of
Pain".
	Ed Bailey (bailey@zonker.ph.utexas.edu) divined meanings for 'prodigal'
and 'tzaddik', and speculated about the themes of _Distant Mirrors_.
	Alexx@world.std.com cleared up some of the confusion regarding the
source of Norton's despair and helped confirm Twain's presence in San
Francisco.
	Michael Bowman <mbowman@andromeda.rutgers.edu> identified PJF, found
references for the Bulletin and the Golden Gate, and defined hock.
	Jim W Lai <jwtlai@jeeves.waterloo.edu> confirmed Norton's ill-fortune
with rice ("Rice-a-roni, the San Francisco treat"), commented on Ah How and
opium, the symbolism of cages, and bootlicking.  Later, he noticed a miscolored
balloon, Delirium's fear of Dream and of being laughed at, and Despair's
inability to learn.
	He also made the cryptic comment: "With regard to Delirium, the first 
of the Erisian Cabals, formed in 1969, was called the Joshua Norton Cabal."
Make of that what you will.
	Colonel George Sicherman (gls@windmill.att.com) corrected my
misapprehension of the Bay Bridge and misspelling of Clemens' second name.
He also noted a probably typo in Norton's proclamation, corrected Clemens' age,
and added details of Clemens' life and stories.  The Colonel was also among
those who corrected my "Manchu mistake", and explained the Opium Wars.
Further, he knew what Hock was, as well as wolfsbane, Tom O'Bedlam, and the
Tzaddikim.
	Jennifer Hawthorne (jen@athena.mit.edu) explicated Tom O'Bedlam.	
	Tanaqui C. Weaver (cen@vax.oxford.ac.uk) knew about Ramadan, corrected
my Ah How typo, argued with me about the nature of Soft Places, identified
hock, and Tom O'Bedlam.
	Sue Clark <sue_clark@maillink.berkeley.edu> identified the Bay Bridge.
	Neil Gaiman confirmed the existence of the Cobweb Palace.
	Pat Dorsey (PDORSEY@EAGLE.WESLEYAN.EDU) danced all around the origin of
Tom O'Bedlam without quite getting it right, and pointed in the direction of
Shakespeare.

Appendix:
Herewith are appended some of the obituaries for Joshua Norton, well-beloved, 
first and only emperor of the United States of America [I have taken the 
liberty of cleaning up the spelling and punctuation, which may be from the 
original or from the transcriber]:

From the New York Times: January 10, 1880 pg 5
 
        DEATH OF AN ECCENTRIC CALIFORNIAN.
       A dispatch from San Francisco says that Joshua A. Norton dropped dead 
at the corner of California and Dupont streets, in that city, Thursday 
night.  Norton was an Englishman, well-educated, and presumably of 
respectable antecedents. Drifiting to California in the early flush times,   
nobody knows when he gradually sunk into vagrency and lunacy.  His dementia 
was of a mild and harmless type, his ruling idea being that he was Emperor  
of the world [sic].  Clad in semi-military toggery, much the worce for wear, 
and bedizened with tarnished goldlace, "Emperor Norton" was one of the noted 
characters of San Francisco.  He subsisted wholly on the bounty of the 
prodigal [in its sense of "extravagant"] citizens of the place, and levied 
tribute with the humility and pertinacity of a citizen-Emperor.  Among the old 
Californians there were not a few who humored the old vagrant's fancy, and 
gave him a quarter of a dolllar when pressing needs compelled him to remind 
his subjects that "The Imperial Treasury was in pressing need of funds" as the 
old man usually put the case in some such manner as this.  In seasons of 
popular commotion, he was accustomed to fulminate proclamations, duly signed 
"Norton I" and good-natured newspapermen would print these for the sake of the 
joke.  Strangers invariably encountered his strange figure, tall, portly [not
as portrayed in the story], arrayed in striking garb, and usually crowned with 
a plumed chapeau, and they were not long ignorant of his history.  For 25 or 30
years this eccentric man has wandered the streets of San Francisco given "a 
square meal" almost whenever he asked for it, endowed with a certain income 
from easy-going citizens and tolerated because he was a public character of 
whose antecedants almost nothing was known and whose harmless delusion it 
pleased the popular whim to tolerate and encourage.

From _The San Francisco Chronicle Reader_ (1962), which reprints a selection of
articles from the newspaper's past:

        The characters San Francisco has always loved best are those it
invented.  Once born of the popular imagination they were savored and
exaggerated.  In death they burrowed even deeper into the folklore of the city.
        The prototype for all such San Francisco characters was Norton I, an
eccentric who assumed the role of Emperor of the United States, Protector of
Mexico and a number of lesser honors.  He was accepted with great toleration.
        Currently, impersonators of Emperor Norton still appear at civic
functions.  A downtown tavern employes its version of the Emperor as a greeter. 
And in recent years Norton's grandiose proclamations have appeared in _The
Chronicle_, heralding springtime with a hunt for treasure he has caused to be
buried within his capital city.
        In the case of Norton, San Francisco has kept its tongue in cheek for
nearly a century.  This report demonstrates some of the legend's original
flavor.  the Headline stated simply:


                                Le Roi
                               Est Mort

                                              January 11, 1880

        Imperial Norton is dead and turned to clay.
        His funeral took place yesterday afternoon from the undertaking
establishment at No. 16 O'Farrell street.  All the afternoon the remains lay in
state in the rear room of the Morgue.  Thousands flocked thither for a last
look at the man whose peculiarities of mind, garb and person had rendered him
familiar to all.
        The man of imaginary majesty, Emperor of the United States, Protector
of Mexico and prospective consort of the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and
Empress of India, narrowly escaped burial in a plain redwood box.  Some people,
noting the odd manner of life of the old man, have unkindly surmised that his
hallucination was simulated, and that he had adopted his strange life as a
cover of a miserly hoard of unaccountably-acquired wealth.  When his effects
were searched it was found, as his best friends knew, that he had no means.
        On his person was found five or six dollars in small change, which was
all his store.  He has no personal effects of any value, and but for the kindly
remembrance of people of means who knew Norton and had business relations with
him many years ago when he was a citizen of substance and standing, he would
have had a pauper's funeral at the city's expense.  A subscription paper to
procure a funeral fund was drawn up and taken to the Pacific Club where the
sponsors soon had all the money they deemeded necessary.  The subscription list
still lies on the table of the clubroom.
        After the autopsy Friday the body was prepared for burial.  It was
clothed in black robe with a white shirt and black tie, and placed in a neat
rosewood casket, trimmed handsomely but without elaboration.  The generral
interest felt in the deceased was soon manifest.  Early in the afternoon of
Friday people who remembered the singular old man kindly, many of them
gratefully and affectionately, bbegan to call and ask to be allowed a last
glance at the familiar face.  Among them were several ladies whose dress
betokened prosperity.  Some of them brought bouquets to be placed on the
coffin.  One, the daughter of a former well-known citizen and officer of the
city government, in addition to her bouquet brought a delicate boutonniere,
consisting of a tuberose and sprig of maiden's hair, and pinned it to the lapel
of the burial robe.
        This lady appeared in deep mourning and betrayed the deepest feeling of
any who gathered about the bier.  She stated that she had known the deceased
from her childhood and when he was prosperous had received many and great
kindnesses at his hands.  When she was a little girl he used daily to present
her with flowers, which at that time were very costly.
        Early yesterday morning the stream of visitors to the bier began.  By 7
o'clock quite a number had dropped in, some of them laborers who had got off
the car on their way to the shops, to take a last look at the remains of one
whom none remembered save with kindly feelings; others were business men who
stopped on their way downtown for a similar pupose.  Soon the number began to
increase and there was a steady stream of people pressing through the office to
the little back room where the remains lay in state taking a last glance at the
features and filing out at the side exit to make room for the
constantly-increasing throng of visitors.  By noon there were hundreds of
people gathered on the sidewalk waiting their turn.  Policemen were called in
to regulate the entrance.
        The visitors included all classes from capitalists to the pauper, the
clergyman to the pickpocket, well-dressed ladies and those whose garb and
bearing hinted of the social outcast, however, the garb of the laboring man
predominated.
        The coffin lid was partially removed, exposing the features in view. 
They were placid and composed as in life, bearing no sign of suffering in the
supreme moment.  It was remarked by some of the visitors that the outline of
features and habitual trimming of the beard, which were observed in dressing
for the grave, presented a remarkable likeness to the last Emperor of the
French, whereupon the reporter of a morning contemporary pricked up his ears
and made note of it, and went off to enlarge upon the details of the
resemblance with much display of learning, concludeing with the statement that
the dead man claimed to be an illegitimate son of Louis Napoleon, and going on
to show that probably the name on the coffin plate was wrong, which, of course,
is highly absurd.
        The coffin plate, following the best information obtainable, states
that Norton was 65 years old.  Louis Napoleon, who was born at the palace of
the Tuilleries April 20, 1808, if still living would be his senior by only six
years.  Norton never claimed to be his son.
        The floral tributes, wreaths and bouquets were so numerous as to
completely cover the coffin lid, the only exception being the silver plate,
which bore this inscription neatly engraved:


                              Joshua A. Norton
                            Died January 8, 1880
                               Aged About 65
-- 
"Excuse me--which murder are we talking about?"--Alphonse D'Arco, mobster      
  
elmo (morrow@physics.rice.edu,morrow@fnal.fnal.gov)



--
-Hades (Brian V. Hughes) 
   "You know Television has gone to hell when, with every commercial,
	 you find yourself hoping to see the Energizer Bunny."