HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
From: nparker@cie.uoregon.edu (Neil Parker)
Subject: Re: Weird toolbox questions
Organization: The Universal Society for the Prevention of Reality
Date: Wed, 14 Oct 92 01:33:40 GMT

In article <mattd-121092170134@city-lights.apple.com>, mattd@apple.com
(Matt Deatherage) writes,
>In article <1992Oct11.093626.6616@nntp.uoregon.edu>,
>nparker@cie.uoregon.edu (Neil Parker) wrote:
>> [words to the effect of "I want to tail-patch xxxShutDown"]
> [words to the effect of "We don't guarantee that it won't break
> something...it's not worth the effort"]

Spending my effort on something else is probably indeed the wise course of
action.  But stupidity and stubbornness, like hope, spring eternal, and so
I am undismayed in my quest to make the toolsets work from another disk.
("To dream the impossible dream/To write the unwriteable code...")

OK...I won't tail-patch xxxShutDown if I can possibly avoid it.  This
raises a new question:  What risks do I run if I call InitialLoad, passing
it a UserID that's the same as that of an existing load file in the
Loader's tables?  If the second load file has dynamic segments, will the
Loader be able to figure out which file to load them from?  (Ok...two new
questions.)


On a somewhat (but not entirely) unrelated topic, can anybody enlighten me
as to why I can't find any documentation on format of an ExpressLoad
segment?  Has Apple decided that this information is Officially
Undocumented (and if so, why...after all, the format has to stay pretty
static if it's to remain compatible), or have I merely not looked in the
right places (and if so, what are the right places)?  I think I've managed
to deduce the functions of most of the important fields, but I'm a bit wary
of relying on the accuracy or completeness of my deductions...

               - Neil Parker
--
Neil Parker                 No cute ASCII art...no cute quote...no cute
nparker@cie.uoregon.edu     disclaimer...no deposit, no return...
parker@corona.uoregon.edu   (This space intentionally left blank:           )
From: fisher2557@iscsvax.uni.edu
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apple2
Subject: SOUND DIDGETIZERS for the Apple2
Date: 9 Oct 92 00:29:56 -0500
Organization: University of Northern Iowa

I've got a couple programs here for my //c (works on a IIe as well) that can
record and play back sound files.  They aren't related to anything the Macs do;
these are just your basic stuff.  One is called "Megga Music" and appears to be
freeware.  The other is one I made.  I was curious if anyone else out there is
interested in this sort of thing, or perhaps has some sound files that we could
share.  Some of my recordings are quite good.  Electric guitar and synths
seem to record the best.  Anyway, anyone interested, drop me a line.

later,
 Nathan
From: gregt+@CMU.EDU (Gregory Ross Thompson)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apple2
Subject: Re: MODZap fiasco?
Date: 15 Oct 92 00:51:18 GMT
	<jd44984@pro-scat.cts.com>
Organization: Senior, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon, Pittsburgh, PA

bslog@pro-scat.cts.com (Bill Logsdon) writes:
> GO FOR IT!!!!   I have noticed something Ian, the folks who bitch the
> loudest tend to shut up when everybody notices them (some kinda juvenile
> ego thingie I suppose).... maybe that will shut them up (course, could make
> em louder, but everybody would know whose messages to edit out...)

  Or maybe it was because everyone who doesn't worship Ian got sick of
seeing all those posts about ModZap, and started asking people to take
it to mail.

  Don't get me wrong, I think ModZap is a fine program, I just think
that Ian is being rather immature, and everyone who is bowing down to
him ought to do it in mail so the rest of us don't have to see it.

		-Greg
From: connolly@memstvx1.memst.edu
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apple2
Subject: Wanted: Sound card for IIe
Date: 15 Oct 92 21:17:36 -0600
Organization: Memphis State University

I'm looking to pick up a used sound card for my IIe (actually, for my
boys *and* the IIe) -- Phasor, Mockingboard, whatever.

If you want to unload one, please email me.  Maybe we can do business?

--Leo Connolly	     Internet:	connolly@memstvx1.memst.edu
			GEnie:	L.CONNOLLY
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apple2
From: boardman@larry.sal.wisc.edu (Dan Boardman)
Subject: Lisa documentation 
Keywords: Lisa lisa doc documentation
Organization: Space Astronomy Lab, Madison, WI
Date: Wed, 14 Oct 1992 19:19:22 GMT

HELP ME!

I down loaded and got Lisa expanded and setup
fine , but WHAT am I supposed to do now.
I know assembly language but dont know how to use Lisa
If someone knows where there is some good documentation(or any)
for it response would be great.

Please e-mail your answer to me
I LOVE MAIL!

boardman@jerry.sal.wisc.edu

-THANX
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apple2
From: grover@emunix.emich.edu (Grover Thomas)
Subject: Re: America On Line, using a IIGS
Organization: Eastern Michigan University
Date: Tue, 13 Oct 1992 14:22:44 GMT

>>>	The AOL software takes some getting used to... I didn't
>>
>>Yeah, "annoying quirks" like it doesn't even try to work with my
>>internal modem.  I'll stay with a standard terminal, thank you.
>
>	I've used it with an internal modem before... It was one of

I have a Prometheus modem, and the very limited AOL software absolutely
will not work.  Maybe I have a finicky modem, but a comm program should
be designed to allow more versatility than AOL provides.

Besides, I like having control over what =I= want in a comm package,
when I buy, not what AOL decides to put in theirs.
-- 
 __                                                                        __
(__)  Grover Thomas                   InterNet:  grover@emunix.emich.edu  (__
(__) "We are ready for any unforeseen event that may or may not occur"    (__)
(__)                                                         --Dan Quayle (__)
From: FORDE@UV6.EGLIN.AF.MIL ("ERIC S FORD")
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apple2
Subject: Re:Pointless Fonts
Date: 9 Oct 92 14:09:00 GMT
Organization: The Internet

I recently, painstakingly, downloaded all of the MacIntrash truetype fonts 
on archive.umich and converted thru my office Mac to use on my GS.  If 
there is enough interest I can post them to the APPLE2-L listserv.  Just 
let me know.

Eric S. Ford


Newsgroups: comp.sys.apple2
From: dkl@xcluud.sccsi.com (David Leikam)
Subject: Re: VT100 EMULATION...
Organization: Greater Montrose UFO Appreciation Society & Data Haven
Date: Wed, 7 Oct 1992 14:36:19 GMT

In article <1859.61.uupcb@uttsbbs.uucp> paul.parkhurst@uttsbbs.uucp (Paul Parkhurst)  writes:
>   I just ordered a couple of technical manuals from DEC (ack) so you
>can rest assured that the next version of ANSITerm will have both VT100
>and VT52 support.  

   (sigh) Even DEC doesn't support Vt100 much anymore, and they abandoned
vt52 more than a decade ago.  Current standards are expressed in the VT300
series, or, at minimum, VT200. Admittedly, both are supersets of VT100,
but it would sure be nice if those supersets were actually supported.
 
   Particularly when you are actually talking to a DEC machine, using
software that expects/requires those (nonexistent) VT200-300 function
keys.
 
   But VT52? Death to VT52. Your time would be better spent upgrading
100 to 200, really...
From: bazyar@teal.csn.org (Jawaid Bazyar)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apple2
Subject: Re: MODZap fiasco?
Date: 7 Oct 92 16:56:17 GMT
Organization: Colorado SuperNet, Inc.

philip@utstat.uucp (Philip McDunnough) writes:

>In article <blaby.718446029@sfu.ca> blaby@fraser.sfu.ca (John Edward Blaby) writes:

>Geez...even I, who would rather see tool 35 exploited, have been impressed
>by MODZap and Sonic Tracker. Hard to believe that Ian will be too happy
>just concentrating on the 486. I also have one, and it's not what one imagine
>as having a "spirit"! Very utilitarian. Simply doesn't have the character
>that the GS has. I would hope that Ian reconsiders...

  I'm also picking up a 486- to run Procyon's news and mail feeds, and
because there are reliable C compilers on that platform.  And, if I'm
going to make a decent IIgs C compiler, I have to start with good
tools.
  But, as Phil said, very utilitarian.
  And, Ian, you never had the money to buy GNO, it was "Too expensive",
but you can afford a 486 box?  You couldn't afford a hard drive, but
you can afford a 486 box?  Methinks you are being unfair to yourself
and to the rest of us.

-- 
 Jawaid Bazyar              |   Ask me about the GNO Multitasking Environment
 Procyon, Inc.              |   for the Apple IIgs!   
 bazyar@cs.uiuc.edu         |   P.O Box 620334
 --Apple II Forever!--      |   Littleton, CO 80162-0334   (303) 933-4649
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apple2
From: David.Empson@bbs.actrix.gen.nz
Subject: Re: Accelerators (was: Re: Resurrection!!!!!)
Organization: Actrix Information Exchange
Date: Thu, 15 Oct 1992 08:20:40 GMT

In article <1bh4otINNmgj@gap.caltech.edu> toddpw@cco.caltech.edu (Todd P. Whitesel) writes:
> David.Empson@bbs.actrix.gen.nz writes:
> 
> >In a IIc?  Sorry - you're out of luck.  If the No Slot Clock is under
> >the motherboard ROM, the ZIP/NSC combination will cause the NSC to
> >stop working (at best) or the computer to crash continuously (at worst).
> 
> Not necessarily... how accessible is the driver code for NSC ? We might be able
> to patch it to temporarily turn off the Zip while it's accessing the clock.

Presumably it replaces the ProDOS clock driver.  There may be a
problem with code size - I haven't looked at the driver, but it will
be pretty complicated.  The No Slot Clock is a Dallas SmartWatch,
which requires a complicated pattern of reads to activate, and then an
additional 64 reads to get the contents of each of the 8 registers.

You'd also need to patch the clock setting program.

The extra code needed is about 25 bytes (assuming interrupts are
disabled during the NSC access, so the ZIP registers only need to be
enabled once).
-- 
David Empson

Internet: David.Empson@bbs.actrix.gen.nz    EMPSON_D@kosmos.wcc.govt.nz
Snail mail: P.O. Box 27-103, Wellington, New Zealand
From: uerics@mcl.ucsb.edu (Eric D. Shepherd)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apple2
Subject: Re: BostonFest News?
Date: 9 Oct 92 20:38:31 GMT

Heh.  Y'all gotta realize that nothing helps sales of a "mundane" product
like Foundation the way a nice flashy graphics display. :)

Marc, having Jim & T2 at your booth was a great marketing move. :)

- Eric S.

--
Eric Shepherd  |  Internet: uerics@mcl.mcl.ucsb.edu  |  AOL: Sheppy
-------- ACM Member ----- Apple II Alliance Charter Member --------
"Apple II Forever!"   is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
						 Isn't that ironic?
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apple2
From: sknkwrks@unlv.edu (Scott Alfter)
Subject: Re: BostonFest News?
Organization: Skunk Works Software Co.
Date: Thu, 8 Oct 92 07:51:43 GMT

In article <HUANG2.92Oct7094843@husc10.harvard.edu> huang2@husc10.harvard.edu (Howard Huang) writes:
>sknkwrks@unlv.edu (Scott Alfter) writes:
>
>   The IIe and IIc are both Apple IIs.  Macs aren't.  I think the
>   magazine and its management richly deserved the criticism.
>
>Isn't inCider/A+ a subsidiary of MacWorld publications?  Pretty
>unfortunate.

They're both published by IDG, which publishes the "world" magazines
(MacWorld, PC World, NeXTWorld, SunWorld, etc. etc.) and some other
stuff.

  _/_   Scott Alfter                             Internet: sknkwrks@cs.unlv.edu
 / v \  Call the Skunk Works BBS today!
(IIe (  (702) 894-9619 300-14400 V.32bis Apple II/IBM/Star Trek/Aerospace
 \_^_/  Ask me about SoftDAC--digital audio for your IIe/IIc! Apple II Forever!
From: ferret@gnh-cathouse.cts.com (Brendan Hoar)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apple2
Subject: OctoRam, Apple Expo East, etc
Date: 8 Oct 92 11:04:38 GMT
Distribution: world
Organization: The Internet
X-Unparsable-Date: Wed Oct 07 92 at 08:28:06 (EST)


 
Ho all!
 
I do recall seeing someone mention that someone was still selling the OctoRAM
cards somewhere and that there was an AO(?) address that could be used as a
contact point.  Does anyone have any information on how to contact said
person?  It'd be much appreciated!
 
Also, I just wanted to mention for those of you who do NOT know, BRCC is
taking orders for Out of this World since it is complete and will be available
in approximately two weeks.  I saw Bill Heineman demoing it and got a chance
to try it out (read: die over and over) and was hooked.  Its way cool.
 
Double Also, I picked up one of the Sequential Systems 4MB cards (its got 32
1MBx1 SIPPs which are kind of like DRAMs except the only have one row of pins
instead of two) and dropped it into the back pocket of my CVTech 4MB card.
After having no luck and finally remember that I had a custom PAL in my CVT
card to allow 4MB+1MB Apple Card, I put the old PAL (which came with the card
originally) and now have 8.25 MB (8 megs usable).  Neat.  Paid $135 at the
expo for it (TMS & LRO had it for $129, but I didn't know TMS was selling them
and I'd never buy from LRO).  Ran it thru some memory tests, etc and all is
well.  CVTech recommends the card too.  From what I could see at the
conference the card was selling quite well.
 
Triple Also, the guys at the TMS booth at the Expo mentioned that
a)  They were planning on marketing a SCSI floptical drive sometime within the
next few months
b)  They were planning on marketing a 100 MB removable drive that used 3.5"
platters as opposed to the current 5.25" removable platter size.  The price
will be very competitive (but its TMS, so what do you expect?).
 
More later, gotta get to work.
 
PS - change the subject appropriately when replying...
____________  
Loc.|Address|___What are we?___ 5 billion pieces   Downtime this is downtime
Work|Brendan_Hoar@notes.pw.com|____so defined____  but we're fixing nothing...
Play|badbunny@gnh-starport.cts.com (703) 998-5687| just watching plate & fire,
IPay|BrendanHr@aol.com___________________________| the burn first touching.
From: POSTMASTER@MC.DUKE.EDU
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apple2
Subject: GEnieLamp Oct 1992 [4 parts]
Date: 9 Oct 92 04:24:09 GMT
Distribution: world
Organization: Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC, USA

********************* DEMPO Error Message ***********************
UNSENT MAIL!                            
NO NAME SPECIFIED!                      
From:	BITNET::INFO-APPLE@APPLE.COM
To:	
Subj:	GEnieLamp Oct 1992 [4 parts]

********************* DEMPO Error Message ***********************


To:	
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apple2
From: achauhan@warsaw.math.macalstr.edu (Amrit Chauhan)
Subject: Re: MODZap fiasco?
Organization: Iowa State University, Ames IA
Date: Thu, 8 Oct 1992 15:12:03 GMT

Larry W. Virden writes
achauhan@warsaw.math.macalstr.edu (Amrit Chauhan) writes:

> Since all we have seen from Amrit are cuts on Ian, can we assume this is
> one of the people Ian is ticked off at?  Anyone near this school and have
> some 'hardware' they would like to contribute to a behavioral modification
> 'course'...

Hang on there...first of all, I don't dislike Ian at all...these are jokes  
people.  I never sent hate mail to Ian.  If you've ever been on IRC, you'd know  
that Ian cuts on people too...in most cases, I ignore it and pass it off as a  
joke.  I think people are taking things a bit too seriously, especially in my  
case.  I'm only joking, and if you were ever teased as a kid, the best way to  
make things like this go away is to simply ignore them.  Ian hasn't said  
anything to me, and therefore, I can't say that Ian really cares what I say.

So, I don't see why exactly it is that you care what I say.  I think the whole  
network needs a behavioral modification course...frankly, I think everyone  
needs to losen up.  Ian, if I offended you, I'm sorry...but I don't think I  
did, or I would have known.

> Larry W. Virden                 UUCP: osu-cis!chemabs!lvirden
> Same Mbox: BITNET: lvirden@cas  INET: lvirden@cas.org
> Personal: 674 Falls Place,   Reynoldsburg, OH 43068-1614
> America Online: lvirden@aol.com

Take a joke, especially when it's not directed at you.
Amrit

--
< > ---------------------------------------------------------- < >
< > Amrit Chauhan                 | achauhan@math.macalstr.edu < >
< > GENIE: A.Chauhan              | PL: amritc@pro-hlg         < >
< > ---------------------------------------------------------- < >
From: cust_ts@klaava.Helsinki.FI (Tero Sand)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apple2
Subject: Re: Orca bashing (was Re: Amrit, C/C++)
Date: 15 Oct 92 14:46:21 GMT
Organization: University of Helsinki

In article <uerics.719135119@mcl> uerics@mcl.ucsb.edu (Eric D. Shepherd) writes:
>Orca/C.  It's unfortunate that the Byte Works doesn't think it's
>worthwhile to improve the speed (although, I admit, bug fixes are more
>important).  The only real reason this is the case, let's face it, is
>because Orca/C is the _only_ C compiler for the IIGS (discounting APW C,
>which isn't worth discussing as it isn't really supported anyway).
>There's no competing product which Orca/C has to fight for customers with.
>On the Messy-DOS machines, there are more dialects of C than you can count
>on all the bones in your left hand (if you haven't got a left hand, check
>out any convenient cluster of bones).

I agree this is the main reason, but I also think Mike Westerfield
doesn't have very warm feelings towards C - he is a Pascal-supporter.
-- 
-Tero Sand
  EMail: cust_ts@cc.helsinki.fi     Snail mail: Auroran Sairaala os. 6-1
  (if that doesn't work, try                    Nordenskioldinkatu 20
   custts@cc.helsinki.fi)                       00250 Helsinki 25, Finland
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apple2
From: lwv26@cas.org (Larry W. Virden)
Subject: Posting to usenet groups (Was: Re: RESULT: comp.sys.apple2.gno passes 207:30)
Followup-To: comp.sys.apple2
Reply-To: lvirden@cas.org (Larry W. Virden)
Organization: Nedriv Software and Shoe Shiners, Uninc.
Date: Mon, 12 Oct 1992 11:48:47 GMT

I don't know if the ucbvax gateway is still running, but I do know from
bitter experience that a) it is very picky about mail headers and b) the
lag time for new newsgroup is sometimes quite long.  Check over in 
alt.internet.services for Yanoff's regular posting of internet services.
There are one or two other sites which also are listed as having mail to
usenet gateways.
-- 
Larry W. Virden                 UUCP: osu-cis!chemabs!lvirden
Same Mbox: BITNET: lvirden@cas  INET: lvirden@cas.org
Personal: 674 Falls Place,   Reynoldsburg, OH 43068-1614
America Online: lvirden@aol.com
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apple2
From: jpenne@ee.ualberta.ca (Jerry Penner)
Subject: Re: >>VGA cards?
Organization: University Of Alberta, Edmonton Canada
Date: Thu, 15 Oct 1992 00:09:20 GMT

mh001b@uhura.cc.rochester.edu (Matthew W. Hacker) writes:

>[Ideas about wiring VGA to apples]

[...]
>  It would have to have it's own driver/tool, then
>software could be written to automatically switch to
>the higher video mode.  Or maybe it would only be useful
>for stuff that did direct access...
>  I dunno.  What are the problems in making a higher mode
>available for the Apple?

Several:
 Nearly all video games currently out use and expect the screen to be
 at $01/2000 or $E1/2000.

 The toolbox expects the screen to be at $E1/2000 (or 01/2000).  Not
 just Quickdraw, but as some Apple employees have said on this net,
 the Menu manager.  Furthermore, the Window Manager has its color
 values/lists which are tied to the current video system.

 And just about all desktop software is written with a 200-line screen
 in mind.  If you could get by the Toolbox limitations (say by
 patching the necessary tool calls or entire toolsets), then I still
 wonder how well the new software would work with the system. 

Having said that, I'd still try to build a new video card if I had the
time and money, and then I'd see what I could do about fixing the
toolbox.  But, I wouldn't do it with the intention of making money;
I'd do it for myself and if it worked I would share the results with
the IIgs community on here and on GEnie.  I don't think the market
would support such a project (prove me wrong, though, that'd be
cool).
-- 
Jerry Penner   jpenne@ee.ualberta.ca   Try a 1-line .sig today.
From: kimba@gnh-cathouse.cts.com (Kim Brennan)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apple2
Subject: Re: Express print spooler
Date: 7 Oct 92 11:14:13 GMT
Organization: The Internet
X-Unparsable-Date: Tue Oct 06 92 at 15:10:41 (EST)

> From: cd248@cleveland.Freenet.Edu (Richard Sherman)
> Does anyone have experience with Express print spooler software?
> Does it make an un-accelerated GS slow to a crawl while it prints?
> Also, I'd like to know if it works well with pointless which I'm also
> thinking about getting soon.  I have a IIGS (no accelerator) with
> 2.25 megs of RAM, a 40 meg HD and an IWII printer.

Um, actually Express does sort of the reverse...your computer works at just
about the same speed as before...your PRINTOUTS slow to a crawl. :)
 
The key here is that Express first simply intercepts all of the data that
would normally be going to the printer and puts that data in a file on disk
(hard disk). Next it returns control of the computer back to you. Then, it
periodically steals some time from the CPU to output that data (now on the
hard disk) to your printer. This 'stealing' never amounts to much time at any
given moment. Hence your computer is usable for anything else (including more
printing) while the data is slowly being sent to your printer. 
 
I have used Express to bypass some of the limitations in AWGS. Specifically,
AWGS treats every page printed as if it were the first page to be
printed...even on multiple copies. This means that AWGS resends all the data
to the printer for EVERY page it prints (instead of telling the printer to
make so many copies). With Express, I can intercept the data stream (but not
forward it to the printer). Then tell the printer to make, oh, say, 4 copies,
and then send a document via Express. Express sends the document, and the
printer does the duplication.  

                    -=> Message from Kim Brennan <=-
                      (kimba@gnh-cathouse.cts.com)
         {Cathouse BBS (301) 840-8567 3/12/24/9600 V.32 24 hours}
      * "This is Rumor Control, and here are the facts." (Alien 3) *
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apple2
From: sknkwrks@unlv.edu (Scott Alfter)
Subject: Re: Applied Engineering Viewmaster card??
Organization: Skunk Works Software Co.
Date: Tue, 13 Oct 92 05:10:16 GMT

In article <1bdapbINNc7d@bigboote.WPI.EDU> mute@bigwpi.WPI.EDU (The Amazing Immolating Man) writes:
>So- I was wondering if anyone could give me any help on this thing. It
>looks to be a fairly standard full-length Apple ][ card. It is
>labelled "Applied Engineering" and "Viewmaster," and has two ROMs on
>it, labelled Rev 1.1 and Rev 3.0. On the inside edge of the card, the
>edge farthest toward the back, there are two RCA jacks, one labelled
>"To C.R.T." and one labelled "To Comp." This seems a bit arcane to
>me...

It's an 80-column card.  You'll need two video cables to hook it up
(after you plug it into slot 3, of course).  Run a cable from the "to
computer" jack to the video-out jack on the back of the computer and run
the other cable from the "to CRT" jack to the video-in jack on your
monitor.

  _/_   Scott Alfter                             Internet: sknkwrks@cs.unlv.edu
 / v \  Call the Skunk Works BBS today!
(IIe (  (702) 894-9619 300-14400 V.32bis Apple II/IBM/Star Trek/Aerospace
 \_^_/  Ask me about SoftDAC--digital audio for your IIe/IIc! Apple II Forever!
From: aa783@cleveland.Freenet.Edu (Mark Spaeth)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apple2
Subject: Re: Pointless fonts for Apple IIgs?
Date: 8 Oct 1992 16:14:37 GMT
Organization: Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (USA)
Reply-To: aa783@cleveland.Freenet.Edu (Mark Spaeth)
NNTP-Posting-Host: hela.ins.cwru.edu


In a previous article, lwv26@cas.org (Larry W. Virden) says:

>My father in law is asking about fonts usable by Pointless.  Anything like
>that available on the net?

Well... I currently have over 100 truetype fonts installed w/ pointless on
my GS... there are MANY available via anonymous ftp (try
/pub/apple2/truetype on ccosun.caltech.edu)

--MS