HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
From: tlund@news.weeg.uiowa.edu (Thomas Lund)
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
Subject: Re: Silly Mnemonic Tricks
Date: 10 Nov 92 02:31:34 GMT
Organization: University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA

GAMES magazine recently had a contest to make "modern" mnemonic devices.  Here
are the winners ("Tricks for the Memories, GAMES, June, 1992)

Gorbachev's khaki underwera always tends to ride up at long lines exiting
 boring Kremlin Meetings.  = the 15 ex Soviet Republics: Georgia, Hirgizia,
 Ukraine, Armenia, Turkmenia, Tadzhikistan, Russia, Uxbekistan, Azerbajan,
 Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Byerlorussia, Kazakhstan, and Moldavia.
by Erik Hassing

Beyond the moon two hiant hangaroos are kissing under a red umbrella.
= the 12 republics hoining the new Commonwealth of independent states (look em
up)  by Laura Aynsley

Grandma prohibits big male jumping cochroaches. = the first names of the Brady
kids: Greg, Peter, Bobby, Marcia, Jan, and Cindy. (by Lynn Clawson)

Bet carefully, take time, roll sevens, play smart, cash chips. Halleluhah!
= Casinos in Atlantic City: Ballys, Castle, trop world, taj mahal, resorts,
 show boat, plaza, sands, claridge, caesars, and harrahs
(by jean Davis)

Memory need enhancing? mine only nees initially comparable spelling!
= how to spell mnemonics (by Jay Johnson)

Rocket scientists will blast off; stellar travel sounds keen.
= current supreme court justices: Rehnquist, scalia, white, blackmun, o'connor,
stevens, thomas, souter, and kennedy. (by John Levandusky)

Trials are bitter pills, so serious lawyers crave Popeye, Olive Oyl, and strong
silly Bluto. = the ingredients of a Big Mac (as if that damn jingle doesn't
stay with us for life) (by Jeff Michaels)

Hungry minds everywhere naturally enjoy GAMES magazine. = First names of char's
of thirtysomething: hope, melissa, ellyn, nancy, elliot, gary, and Michael
(by Robin Prevade)

If mnemonics made sense, people would obviously speak in perfectly stilted
manners nearly incessantly! = the new Big 10 (11): Iowa, michigan, mich. state
Purdue, wisc, ohio state, illinois, penn state, minnesota, northwestern and
indiana. Note, deliberately misquoted (by Susan ridgeway)

Cheap wine has amazingly bizarre effect, encouraging a person's zaniness.
= 10 heirs to british throne: Charles, william henry, andrew, beatrice, eugene,
edward, anne, peter, and zara. (by susan robinson)

Large family lacks kind, beautiful musical governess. = the Von trapp children:
Liesl, friedrich, louisa, kurt, brigitta, marta, and gretl.  Ready for action.
(Rosaline Wu)

 /\//\
  //
\//\/  who apologizes for the lack of capitalization.

BTW.  the menmonic for remembering the names of the winners was:
  All honorable and conscientiously dedicated judges liked many pieces; relish
remembering winners.
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
From: snit@nevada.edu (S. Nev. Institute of Tech.)
Subject: AI need not take stance on non-functional aspects of qualia
Originator: snit@helios.nevada.edu
Organization: Southern Nevada Institute of Technology
Date: Wed, 11 Nov 1992 07:34:52 GMT

If one believes that qualia can be defined in functional terms only,
this is pretty obvious.

If one believes that functionality doesn't fully define qualia, then I
believe that a model that fulfills the functions (even though it lacks
"true" qualia) would do what cognitive AI is designed to do (IMHO - to
predict, explain, describe, and manipulate human thought and
behavior).

Does anyone have a good arguement that qualia can not be defined soley
on a functional basis?  If so, is this qualia outside a formal system?
Outside the realm of AI?  Any refutation of these arguements?
From: rpoldrac@s.psych.uiuc.edu (Russ Poldrack)
Subject: Re: Theories of meaning not relying solely on symbolic representation
Organization: UIUC Department of Psychology
Date: Tue, 10 Nov 1992 16:25:49 GMT

gal2@ellis.uchicago.edu (Jacob Galley) writes:

>Now I think my original question was not specific enough. What bothers
>me about the theories of meaning that I have seen is that they do not
>adequately account for how meaningful symbols are linked to WHAT THEY
>MEAN. Ie, while we have made a good amount of progress in syntax and
>taxonomic classifications, which describe how meaningful signs
>interact with and relate to each other, I have not encountered any
>theories of how the signifier is linked to the signified.

See work by Benny Shanon, for example two recent papers in
Philosophical Psychology and a 1988 PSych Bulletin paper.  HE shares
this same concern and has talked about ways to get beyond this
solipsism.
In general my impression is that most psychologists don't think that
there can be a psychological theory of extensional meaning, hence
their interest in what Shanon calls "horizontal" theories of meaning.

>Can anyone direct me toward any viable theories of meaning that manage
>to link symbolic / categorical representation to any form of
>nonsymbolic / noncategorical representation? What kinds of nonsymbolic
>representation are there?

What about Harnad's work on categorical perception?  My impression was
that this is exactly the issue that he is interested in.  You can down
load a number of his papers from princeton.edu (I think), in the
pub/harnad directory. 


Russ Poldrack
rpoldrac@psych.uiuc.edu
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
From: colin@cs.uwa.oz.au (Colin Jones)
Subject: Re: Silly Mnemonic Tricks
Organization: Dept. Computer Science, University of Western Australia.
Date: Mon, 9 Nov 1992 02:53:10 GMT

>> 
>>    4.  And another sentence for remembering the sequence of the
>>	planets: Mercury-Venus-Earth-etc.
>> 
>My Very Elegant Mother Just Sat Upon Nine Porcupines!

Similar but, I think, more appropriate

	My Very Excellent Man Just Showed Us Nine Planets !


Colin.
From: cpribe@kenmore.bu.edu (Chris Pribe)
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
Subject: Re: Theories of meaning not relying solely on symbolic representation
Date: 11 Nov 92 17:56:58 GMT
Reply-To: cpribe@kenmore.bu.edu (Chris Pribe)
Organization: Boston University

>gal2@ellis.uchicago.edu (Jacob Galley) asks:

>>Can anyone direct me toward any viable theories of meaning that manage
>>to link symbolic / categorical representation to any form of
>>nonsymbolic / noncategorical representation? What kinds of nonsymbolic
>>representation are there?

You might want to have a look at Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) to
see how stable categories are formed from "non-symbolic" representations or
activity patterns across neural populations.  For starters, try:

  Carpenter, G., and Grossberg, S., Pattern Recognition by Self-Organizing
      Neural Networks, MIT Press, Cambridge 1991

Assigning meaning to the categories entails embedding the pattern classifier,
e.g. an ART network, into a larger mechanism that is tailored to the specific
modality or problem being addressed.  For example, in a neural network
capable of evidencing real--time conditioning behavior, one combines
categorized stimuli with internal state information to yield (conditional!)
conditioned responses. See the first few chapters of:

  Grossberg, S., The Adaptive Brain I: Cognition, Learning, Reinforcement,
      and Rhythm, North--Holland, NY^2, 1988

As for the kinds of non--symbolic representations, Grossberg's point
that information is encoded as patterns of activity across neural populations
seems to be gaining a large following. The meaning of these patterns is 
very context dependent. In some places it is the sensory flux washing 
in from a given sensory modality, but in other places it is may be an
unfolding motor command. And, sometimes, it may be a category.

Cheers!

Chris Pribe
Department of Cognitive and Neural Systems
Boston University

cpribe@cns.bu.edu
From: kkr42091@uxa.cso.uiuc.edu (QUEEN ZENOBIA!)
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
Subject: Re: Silly Mnemonic Tricks
Date: 6 Nov 92 01:20:27 GMT
Organization: University of Illinois at Urbana


Well I cannot believe no one said about HOMES - The Great Lakes, Huron, 
Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior. 
Oh well 
I had another one in mind, but I have managed to have forgotten it. *smile*

-Kimberli Roan
kkr42091@sumter.cso.uiuc.edu
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
From: "Michael Chui" <mchui@mango.ucs.indiana.edu>
Subject: Re: the function of qualia
Organization: Indiana University, Bloomington
Date: Wed, 11 Nov 1992 19:07:52 -0500

In article <1992Nov11.215042.4735@ils.nwu.edu> pautler@ils.nwu.edu (David Pautler) writes:
>I don't think explanations of cognitive activity in terms of purposes
>have any validity except as pedagogical aids.

	Hmm...Interesting.  I think Dretske and others are very much in
favor of framing accounts of the evolution of biological structures, and
hence, biological accounts of cognition, in terms of function or purpose.
A subject worthy of further philosophical study, I would think...

Michael Chui
mchui@cs.indiana.edu
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive,sci.philosophy.tech,sci.lang
From: swann@divsun.unige.ch (SWANN Philip)
Subject: Re: Theories of meaning not relying solely on symbolic representation
Organization: University of Geneva, Switzerland
Date: Wed, 11 Nov 1992 15:37:23 GMT

In article <1992Nov10.154521.28546@klaava.Helsinki.FI>, amnell@klaava.Helsinki.FI (Marko Amnell) writes:
> In article <1992Nov10.125621.7952@news.unige.ch> swann@divsun.unige.ch 
> (SWANN Philip) writes:
> 
> >Wittgenstein's later writings demonstrate pretty convincingly that
> >the very idea of a "theory of meaning" is absurd. This doesn't stop
> >people from continuing to try to square the circle... 
> 
> Bullshit.  See Bede Rundle's _Wittgenstein and Contemporary Philosophy
> of Language_ (Blackwell, 1990) for a critical evaluation of Wittgenstein's
> later writings which shows the incoherence of his account of language.
> Rundle comes out in favour of some type of theory of meaning, although
> he rejects most of the candidates that have been offered.

Since a new evaluation of Wittgenstein appears about every three weeks,
I don't think you should place too much trust in any one of them. Stephen
Stich in "Remnants of Meaning" ended up rejecting *all* philosophical
theories of meaning in a pretty convincing fashion - and he does it from
the inside as a once true-believer. 

Perhaps you can explain why such a bizarre thing as a theory of meaning should
exist? What would it look like? What would it be used for? What would it
mean? (could it mean anything?)

Philip Swann


Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
From: michael@psych.toronto.edu (Michael Gemar)
Subject: Re: the function of qualia
Organization: Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
Date: Fri, 13 Nov 1992 14:27:16 GMT

In article <1992Nov11.190802.19621@news.cs.indiana.edu> "Michael Chui" <mchui@mango.ucs.indiana.edu> writes:
>In article <1992Nov11.215042.4735@ils.nwu.edu> pautler@ils.nwu.edu (David Pautler) writes:
>>I don't think explanations of cognitive activity in terms of purposes
>>have any validity except as pedagogical aids.
>
>	Hmm...Interesting.  I think Dretske and others are very much in
>favor of framing accounts of the evolution of biological structures, and
>hence, biological accounts of cognition, in terms of function or purpose.
>A subject worthy of further philosophical study, I would think...
>

Hasn't this kind of philosophical study already been done in the philosophy
of biology, where teleological explanations were tossed out ages ago?  

- michael


Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
From: christo@psych.toronto.edu (Christopher Green)
Subject: Re: Silly Mnemonic Tricks
Organization: Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
Date: Sat, 7 Nov 1992 17:35:07 GMT

In article <flamer.721064994@mithril> flamer@mithril.intel.com (Jim Trethewey @mithril) writes:
>ted@dgbt.doc.ca (Ted Grusec) writes:
>
>>Canada has 10, plus additional "territories"
>>striving for provincehood. The 5 not appearing on your list are Quebec,
>>Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island.
>>-- 
>The two territories being Yukon and Northwest, yes?

Yes, but it looks as though the NWT is going to split into "Nunivut" and,
I think, "Western Arctic". The division basically separates inuit ("eskimo")
territory from Dene ("indian") territory.


-- 
Christopher D. Green                christo@psych.toronto.edu
Psychology Department               cgreen@lake.scar.utoronto.ca
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1
From: dodsonsl@memstvx1.memst.edu
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
Subject: Re: AI need not take stance on non-functional aspects of qualia
Date: 13 Nov 92 09:06:33 -0600
Organization: Memphis State University

In article <1992Nov11.144132.6768@psych.toronto.edu>, christo@psych.toronto.edu (Christopher Green) writes:
> In article <1992Nov11.073728.17827@nevada.edu> snit@nevada.edu (S. Nev. Institute of Tech.) writes:
>>
>>Does anyone have a good arguement that qualia can not be defined soley
>>on a functional basis?  If so, is this qualia outside a formal system?
>>Outside the realm of AI?  Any refutation of these arguements?
>>
> Read Frank Jackson's "Epiphenomenal qualia". In fact, you'll probably want to
> look at all the papers on consciousness and qualia reprinted in Lycan's
> _Mind and Cognition_ (1990, Blackwell).
> 
Jackson's paper is a good one.  One that is very critical of functionalism is
Ned Block's "Trouble with Functionalism", another you may want to check out
is Churchland's "Eliminative Materialism and the Propositional Attitudes".
Both of these are reprinted in a volume titled 'The Nature of Mind', edited
by David M. Rosenthal.
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
From: agnar.aamodt@ifi.unit.no (Agnar Aamodt)
Subject: Re: Any refs to quantum neurodynamics?
Followup-To: sci.cognitive
Organization: University of Trondheim, Department of Informatics
Date: Tue, 10 Nov 92 18:17:45 GMT

In article <5Z3uTB2w165w@netlink.cts.com>, kfree@netlink.cts.com (Kenneth
Freeman) wrote:
> 
>  
> Has Roger Penrose had a hand in this? :)
> 
> --                    

Definitely not. 
Although the form of my immediate comment may have been leaning 
towards the non-serious side, its content was serious enough. 

Many people are less than excited about the term 'artificial intelligence'.
I 
actually liked the suggested 'quantum cognodynamics' (although I'm not 
sure about how serious that was) as a pointer towards something different. 
And when 'quantum neurodynamics' suddenly popped up ....

But please, AI is an established acronym and concept. Let's leave it as it
is, 
and instead concentrate on filling it with contents.

Agnar Aamodt
Dep. of Informatics 
University of Trondheim
Norway
(agnar@ifi.unit.no)
From: kate@cogsci.ed.ac.uk (Kate Jeffery)
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
Subject: Re: Silly Mnemonic Tricks
Date: 11 Nov 92 16:56:17 GMT
Organization: Centre for Cognitive Science, Edinburgh, UK

From Chemistry classes I remember:
LEO ROaRs GER!!!
(Loss of electrons is oxidation, reduction on RHS of equn, gain of
electrons is reduction)

My favourites are:
Polythene and positive both begin with PO and it's WRONG!!! (Polythene
charges negatively)

and, along the same lines,

when the moon is a C it's crescendo and when it's a D it's diminuendo
but it's the other way round. (In the Southern Hemisphere anyhow...)

Thern there's the carpal bones - Seedy Lords Can't Pee Their Thin
Muddy Urine. Darned if I can remember what they stand for though!!!

Kate Jeffery
Dept. of Pharmacology,
Univeristy of Edinburgh
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
From: ted@dgbt.doc.ca (Ted Grusec)
Subject: Re: Silly Mnemonic Tricks
Organization: The Communications Research Centre
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 92 06:24:03 GMT

In article <KRULWICH.92Nov5150451@zowie.ils.nwu.edu> krulwich@zowie.ils.nwu.edu (Bruce Krulwich) writes:
>
>flamer@mithril.intel.com (Jim Trethewey @mithril) writes:
>
>> I was thinking about the cute mnemonic tricks that I was taught in
>> school over the years, and was wondering if others would share
>> their own experiences.
>
>The provinces of Canada are "bazmo" -- British Columbia, Alberta, Zaskatuwan
>(sp), Manitoba, and Ontario.

That makes 5 provinces.  Canada has 10, plus additional "territories"
striving for provincehood. The 5 not appearing on your list are Quebec,
Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island.
-- 
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Ted Grusec - Communications Research Centre, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
From: fcummins@mantaray.cs.indiana.edu (fred cummins)
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
Subject: Re: Silly Mnemonic Tricks
Keywords: mnemonics
Date: 11 Nov 92 17:50:40 GMT
Organization: Indiana University, Bloomington

Another for the rainbow:

Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain
Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
From: christo@psych.toronto.edu (Christopher Green)
Subject: Re: priming effects
Organization: Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
Date: Wed, 11 Nov 1992 14:36:27 GMT

In article <1992Nov11.022740.28033@news.media.mit.edu> nlc@media.mit.edu (Nick Cassimatis) writes:
>I am looking for papers or text books that deal with various priming
>phenomena.  

I am told that the best, most current review, is by Neely, in Besner & Humphries
recent book, the name of which escapes me. It should be in your library.
There's also an enormous review paper on implicit memory by Roediger, I think,
about to come out in Psych Bull? Psych Rev? Good luck.

-- 
Christopher D. Green                christo@psych.toronto.edu
Psychology Department               cgreen@lake.scar.utoronto.ca
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1
From: charles@capmkt.COM (Charles Neveu)
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
Subject: Re: Silly Mnemonic Tricks
Date: 6 Nov 92 00:51:50 GMT
Organization: Capital Market Technology

flamer@mithril.intel.com (Jim Trethewey @mithril) writes:
>    3.  There was one in Biology I can't remember completely any
>	more for remembering the order of Kingdom-Phylum-etc. that
>	was a sentence like "King Phillip something something ...".

King's play chess on fine grained sand.

>    4.  And another sentence for remembering the sequence of the
>	planets: Mercury-Venus-Earth-etc.

Martha visits every monday and just stays until noon. Period.

>Any others to add to the list?

The twelve cranial nerves: On old Olympus's towering top a fat-assed German
vaults and hops.

Med students have zillions of these.

Charles Neveu  (neveu@milo.berkeley.edu)
Neurology Unit
Program in Physiological Optics
UCBerkeley
From: mikecap@fledgling.WPI.EDU (Michael Vince Caprio Jr)
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
Subject: Mnemonics
Date: 5 Nov 92 22:10:22 GMT
Organization: Worcester Polytechnic Institute
NNTP-Posting-Host: fledgling.wpi.edu


Well, for mnemonic devices, off the top of my head I can think of:

Ken Poured Coffee on Fran's Good Shirt
(Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species)

Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge
( Notes on the lines of a treble scale, E G B D F)

Good Boys Deserve Fudge Always
( For the bass scale, G B D F A)

Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally
(Mathematical operations; Parentheses, Exponents, *, /, +, -.)

Peanut Butter With Bread
(Phlegm, Bile, Water, Blood - bodily fluids)

Hmmm,  I can't seem to recall any more - why doesn't memory work when you want
it to?

Mike C.
-- 
"1. One Mind there is; but under it two principles contend.       
 2. The Mind lets in the light, then the dark, in interaction; so time is gen-
 erated.  At the end Mind awards victory to the light; time ceases and the Mind
 is complete."        - from _Tractates: Cryptica Scriptura_
From: rcgaym@minyos.xx.rmit.oz.au (Angus Y. Montgomery)
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
Subject: Re: Silly Mnemonic Tricks
Date: 10 Nov 1992 22:36:34 GMT
Organization: RMIT Computer Centre
NNTP-Posting-Host: minyos.xx.rmit.oz.au

guy@cogsci.ed.ac.uk (Guy Barry) writes:

>>    2.  In Chemistry, part of the Periodic Table was represented
>>	by "Al Sipsclar" (Al-Si-P-S-Cl-Ar) and his girlfriend 
>>	"Phoebe Bicnofne" (Fe-Be-B-C-N-O-F-Ne).

>The second one must be wrong, since iron (Fe) doesn't belong in that
>sequence.  My father used to pronounce the first eighteen elements as
>"H-helibeb-cnof, nenamgal sipsclar".

first twenty.
there's a much better line for the first 10, but i couldn't remember it, so
made my own up (ages ago).

|      |-     |-     |-       |   |   |   |     |    |-        .
Herman Hess's Little Berries, But Can Not Offer Free Neapolitan.
read as:
herman hess (has) little berries, but cannot offer free neapolitan (icecream).

 |-| -|- |-|| |-      |-        |       |-  .
'NaM gAl SiPS Clorine Ardently, Killing Cats.
read as:
vietnam girl sips chlorine ardently, killing cats.

 . a n g u s .
Xref: sparky sci.cognitive:613 sci.philosophy.tech:4072 sci.lang:7999
From: zeleny@husc10.harvard.edu (Michael Zeleny)
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive,sci.philosophy.tech,sci.lang
Subject: Re: Theories of meaning
Date: 13 Nov 92 04:46:10 GMT
Article-I.D.: husc3.1992Nov12.234612.17398
 <1992Nov11.232151.17295@midway.uchicago.edu> <Nov12.191633.76256@yuma.ACNS.ColoState.EDU>
Organization: The Phallogocentric Cabal

In article <Nov12.191633.76256@yuma.ACNS.ColoState.EDU>
peterson@CS.ColoState.EDU (james peterson) writes:

>In article <1992Nov11.232151.17295@midway.uchicago.edu>
>gal2@midway.uchicago.edu writes:

>>This is speculation, but I think that pragmatic theory is so fuzzy and
>>hand-wavy in comparison simply because (so far (as I know)) we have
>>not even managed to analyze situations / contexts into neat isolated
>>atomic concepts that we can name with symbols. I believe the same is
>>true to a lesser extent for semantic theory.

JP:
>It seems to me a suspicious, if not fallacious, assumption that context
>can be reduced to context-free elements.  I don't see this kind of "analysis"
>going anywhere.

Three cheers for the Firthian remark!  Having expressed my wholehearted
appreciation of James' point, I shall assume my habitual part of the
_advocatus diaboli_.  The situation indicates a systematic ambiguity
implicit in our notion of context.  On one hand, there is the semantic
conception of context as the concept space mutually accessible to the
parties in communication; on the other hand, there is the underlying
reality contingently represented by the same concepts.  The question
seems to depend on the nature of the relation obtaining between the two.

Intuitively, it seems to me that communication ought to be logically
possible quite regardless of the mundane substratum which realizes the
abstract primitives of our language.  (Others, e.g. Quinean behaviorists,
would surely disagree...)  An important exception to this intuition may
be exemplified by the role of exophoric, or ostensive factors in
linguistic communication.  There is an amusing paper by John Lyons,
"Deixis as the source of reference", published in the Keenan-edited
volume, _Formal Semantics of Natural Language_, and essentially
recapitulated in the second volume of his _Semantics_.  On the more
philosophical side of things, I recommend the work of David Kaplan and
Gareth Evans.  Read it, and draw your own conclusions.

>Just a thought......
>
>-- 
>james lee peterson				peterson@CS.ColoState.edu
>dept. of computer science                       
>colorado state university		"Some ignorance is invincible."
>ft. collins, colorado  (voice:303/491-7137; fax:303/491-6639)

cordially,
mikhail zeleny@husc.harvard.edu
" -- I shall speak bluntly, because life is short."
From: nlc@media.mit.edu (Nick Cassimatis)
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
Subject: priming effects
Date: 11 Nov 92 02:27:40 GMT
Organization: MIT Media Laboratory

I am looking for papers or text books that deal with various priming
phenomena.  At present, I am modifiying a model that deals with
repetition blindness and unmasked priming phenomena.  What I want is
to see how the model or its paramaters can be adjusted so that it
simulates other forms of priming behavior.

Any responses would be welcomed.  If I get enough reponses, I'll post
a summary of them at some futre time.

Thanks in advance,
-Nick
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive