HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Date:         Thu, 7 Jan 1993 08:53:32 ECT
Reply-To:     Lary Jones <LJONES@BINGVMB.BITNET>
From:         Lary Jones <LJONES@BINGVMB.BITNET>
Subject:      Re: t

CONTENT:  Additional comments on subject selection
SUMMARY:  Be aware of experimental history effects
REL/PLTF: All
E-ADDR:   LJones@BingVMB.Bitnet
NAME:     Lary Jones, Computing Services, Binghamton Univ.
PHONE:    607-777-2879
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Thanks to William Gore for adding randomization to the proposed
solution for selecting a subset of cases. I seem to have had the same
reaction to the first two postings that he did.

I have learned to be aware of possible experimental history effects
(i.e., something happening across the life of the experiment which has
a systematic effect). Additionally, the number of cases in a condition
may relate to a naturally occuring frequency or population
restriction. One should explore the data (as in EDA) _in its entirety_
for associations of variance, extreme values, etc. with sample size,
before modifying the sample to be analyzed. In any case, if one
chooses to analyze a balanced set of cases, a random subset of the
more populated conditions certainly will be a more representative
choice.

Thanks Bill!
Organization: Penn State University
Date: Tue, 12 Jan 1993 16:45:32 EST
From: <DRH4@psuvm.psu.edu>
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Subject: Re: SAS 6.07 under VM/ESA CMS Level 8

In article <SAS-L%93011216205967@UGA.CC.UGA.EDU>, Nancy <HILL@CMSUVMA.BITNET>
says:

>We are currently running 6.07 under VM/CMS (CMS level 5). We are in the
>process a replacing one of our CPUs. When we do this we will be going
>to VM/ESA, the system people are checking into what release level, I don't
>know if it will be 7 or 8. Another site has told me that they are having
>trouble with 6.07 running under VM/ESA level 8 when 6.07 is in shared
>segments. It appears to produce all of its output correctly, but abends
>during close processing before it can return successfully to the CMS ready.

  We are running VM/ESA 1.1(CMS 8) here at Penn State.  We have been running
it with SAS 6.07 since SAS 6.07 was released and installed here.  The only
problems we have had are related to SFS directories.  If a user did not have
an SFS directory accessed in R/W mode the SAS session would abend every
Nth time.

  We had called this into SAS Institute and after nearly 6 months and a few
other sights finally going to CMS 8, they found an IBM APAR.  The APAR is
in our Application groups database and I can not get in to get that APAR
right now.

  If you E-mail to my userid listed below I can give you a list of the SAS
maintainence and IBM related APAR's that we have had to apply for CMS 8 and
SAS 6.06/6.07.

  We have had very few problems other than that.

Daryl R. Hoffman              The Pennsylvania State University
Bitnet:   drh4@psuvm.bitnet   The Center for Academic Computing
Internet: drh4@psuvm.psu.edu  Senior Applications Programmer Analyst
PopMail:  drh4@apix.psu.edu   Resource Administration
Office: (814) 865-0845        Fax: (814) 863-7049
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Date:         Fri, 8 Jan 1993 11:27:27 +0100
Reply-To:     Joergen Holm Petersen SFE <jhp@KUBISM.KU.DK>
From:         Joergen Holm Petersen SFE <jhp@KUBISM.KU.DK>
Subject:      PROC LOGISTIC

I have encountered a problem with the CTABLE-option in PROC LOGISTIC.
The option is used to print a classification table.

It turns out that the default cut-point is NOT 0.5 as declared in the
manual but rather app. 0.49. User defined cut-points does not change this.
They seem to be systematically lower than defined in the option PPROB.
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Date:         Wed, 6 Jan 1993 17:08:00 EST
Reply-To:     "Philip Gallagher,(919)966-1065" <UPHILG@UNC.BITNET>
From:         "Philip Gallagher,(919)966-1065" <UPHILG@UNC.BITNET>
Subject:      Re: discard superfluous observations *HOW*?
Comments: To: Patrick Haggard <ph@PHYSIOLOGY.OXFORD.AC.UK>

Patrick Haggard wrote:                                                  c.uk

> I have some data containing between n and m observations in each
> of C conditions.  I would like to have exactly n observations in
> each condition, so that my design is balanced: I'm fairly happy that
> discarding the excess observations shouldn't change things too much.
> My question: can anyone suggest a way to discard the excess
> observations in a SAS data step, and to number the remaining
> observations 1...n for each condition.

    Ah!  This is, in principle, an easy one.  Since I will not
    have time to test the code I may wind up very embarassed, but
    here goes.  (Even if I make some coding mistakes I am sure
    the general structure will work.)

    Assume data resides in a SAS dataset called WORK.OLD and
    that the condition-variable is named CONDIT.  The following
    should work just fine:

    PROC SORT DATA=WORK.OLD OUT=WORK.SORDID;
        BY CONDIT;
    RUN;

    DATA BALANCED(LABEL='Dataset w/n observations/condition')
         EXCESS  (LABEL='Dataset w/excess observations')
         ;
        SET WORK.SORDID;
        BY CONDIT;      * <=== This creates the FIRST.CONDIT var;
        RETAIN NUMBER;  * <=== Don't initialize this var automatically;

        *  Initialize NUMBER each time a new condition is encountered;
        IF (FIRST.CONDIT EQ 1) THEN NUMBER = 0;

        NUMBER = NUMBER + 1;
        *  Be sure to substitute the desired value for "n"
           in the following statement;
        IF (NUMBER LE n) THEN OUTPUT BALANCED;
        ELSE OUTPUT EXCESS;
    RUN;

    *  Note that I don't just "discard" the unwanted observations.
       I recommend that one always take at least a cursory look
       at the discarded/omitted observations first.  Every once
       in a while there is a hideous surprise concealed in what
       one thought could be discarded.  Do a MEANS and a FREQ,
       at least.;

                          Phil Gallagher
                          UNC Biostatistics
                          uphilg@unc
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Rel/Pltf: 6.07, Sun Microsystems
E-Addr: sue@oncology.uthscsa.edu
Name: Susan Galloway Hilsenbeck
Ph/Addr: 512-567-4750 / 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio TX 78284-7884
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Date:         Sun, 10 Jan 1993 13:57:28 CST
Reply-To:     finger <sue@ONCOLOGY.UTHSCSA.EDU>
From:         finger <sue@ONCOLOGY.UTHSCSA.EDU>
Subject:      printing a stored iml module
Comments: To: sas-l@uga.cc.uga.edu

I've probably missed something simple in the FM, but I cannot
figure out how to print out a text copy of an IML module that
has been stored.

Even if the printed version isn't very attractive, this is a
useful thing to be able to do, especially if you have several
source versions and want to verify the functioning of the module.

Thanks
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
MIME-version: 1.0
Content-type: TEXT/PLAIN
Posting-date: Thu, 7 Jan 1993 09:25:00 EST
Importance: normal
Priority: non-urgent
X-Hop-count: 1
A1-type: MAIL
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Date:         Thu, 7 Jan 1993 09:08:00 EST
Reply-To:     "Paul F. Lambert 617 735-6752" <LAMBERT@A1.TCH.HARVARD.EDU>
From:         "Paul F. Lambert 617 735-6752" <LAMBERT@A1.TCH.HARVARD.EDU>
Subject:      PC-SAS--Zipcode maps
Comments: To: SAS-L@UGA.CC.UGA.EDU

A researcher wants to produce maps, displaying the number of cases for a
particular condition by zip code.  (For the first cut, he's only
looking for different fill patterns or simple outlines with the number
of cases.)

He's asked about the "MapInfo" (r) product and its data files.

As we already have PC-SAS and /Graph, I called Geographic Data
Technology (Lyme, NH) and found that they sell zip code maps
in PC-SAS format.

Can any other list-member respond with their experience in
using the GDT data files?  [Can anyone compare the two approaches?]
(I'll provide a digest of responses to the list for those who send
mail directly to me.)

Thanks for the help.

Paul Lambert   Children's Hospital, Boston   (617) 735-6752
lambert@a1.tch.harvard.edu
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Date:         Tue, 5 Jan 1993 10:42:07 +0100
Reply-To:     DECLEDAT@FRINED51.BITNET
From:         DECLEDAT@FRINED51.BITNET
Subject:      comment joindre M.GAVIN

Bonjour
 j'ai recu sur cette liste un message de M.GAVIN a propos d'une nouvelle liste
:DEMOGRAPHIC-LIST

Dans ce message j'ai son addresse EARN::"gavin@sorokin.anu.edu.au" ;

Mais quand j'essaye de lui envoyer un mail je recupere le message suivant :
UNKNOWN DOMAIN IN RECIPIENT ADDRESS

   Pourquoi ?

d'avance merci

D'avance merci
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Date:         Thu, 7 Jan 1993 09:53:04 EST
Reply-To:     Michael Davis <75046.1627@COMPUSERVE.COM>
From:         Michael Davis <75046.1627@COMPUSERVE.COM>
Subject: Re: user-defined functions
Comments: To: SAS-L@uga.cc.uga.edu

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
CONTENT:    response to question re: user-defined macro functions
SUMMARY:    use FORMAT procedure plus PUT, INPUT functions
REL/PLTF:   all
E-ADDR:     0002395748@mcimail.com
P-ADDR:     BC&BS OF Conn., 370 Bassett Road, North Haven, CT 06473
PHONE:      (203)-985-7187
FAX:        (203)-985-7030
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

John Mark Williams <jmw@tasman.cc.utas.edu.au> asked if it was
possible to write a user-defined function in SAS?  Well, John, it
is and you do not need to use macros.  Simply combine the FORMAT
procedure with either an INPUT or PUT function.  For example,

proc format;
    value $JMW
    'A'= 'YES'
    other= 'NO'
    ;
run;
data JMW;
    input @1 test $1.;
    cards;
A
B
;
data _null_;
    set JMW;
    x= put(test,$JMW.);
    put x;
run;

In this example, the PUT function assigns a value to the variable
x according to the translation table created by the user-defined
function $JMW.  If you run the above program and look at the log,
you will see that YES was assigned to X when TEST equaled A for the
first observation and NO was assigned to X when TEST equaled B.

As a strategy, consider using the LIBRARY option so that you can
reuse formats.  Another benefit is that if you change the format,
all programs that use it are updated.

If you are using Release 6.07 or a later release, you may wish to
create your format using a data set as input.  Earlier releases
could do this with the use of macros but it was more complicated.
It is usually quicker to create and maintain complicated formats
using a data set as input.


Distribution:
  >internet: SAS-L@uga.cc.uga.edu
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Subject: (no subject given)
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Date:         Tue, 12 Jan 1993 06:54:37 -0500
Reply-To:     "Dr. Israr S. Khan (03) 860-3964" <FAC2001@SAUPM00.BITNET>
From:         "Dr. Israr S. Khan (03) 860-3964" <FAC2001@SAUPM00.BITNET>
Comments: To: sas-l@uga.bitnet

      I would like to find out the Eigenvalues of the Factors thru
      Proc Factor.  I tried couple of times, but always I ended
      getting Eigenvalues of the vaectors for the variables.
      Thanks in advance.
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Subject: (no subject given)
Posted-Date: Tue, 5 Jan 1993 21:00:27 PST
X-Mailer: Mail User's Shell (7.1.1 5/02/90)
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Date:         Tue, 5 Jan 1993 21:00:27 PST
Reply-To:     tiny t <tamara@GLIA.BIOSTR.WASHINGTON.EDU>
From:         tiny t <tamara@GLIA.BIOSTR.WASHINGTON.EDU>
Comments: To: sas-l@vtvm2.cc.vt.edu

Sorry for the empty post before folks. And thank you
so much all you wonderful friends of mine for pointing this
out to me ;-)

----------
SESUG, the SouthEast SAS Users Group Conference is close to the next
registration deadline. So register now for the conference and conference
hotel--The TradeWinds, St. Petersburg Beach Florida.
Be sure to let them know you're with the conference for
our special rates.

Almost 80 Beginning, Intermediate, and Advanced-level papers and posters have
been scheduled for concurrent sessions during the conference--February 14
through February 16.

In addition to the papers and posters
there will be
----Video Tutorials,
-----a Demonstration Area,
------Formal Demonstrations presented by SAS Institute,
--------BOFs,
---------a RoundTable Luncheon

After the conference, seven SAS
training courses are scheduled to be presented
starting on Wed, Feb 17, 1993.

The deadline for Regular Conference Registration ($150.00) is Tuesday,
January 12, 1993.  After that date, a registration fee of $175.00 will be
charged.  If you have not yet registered, you are encouraged to send in your
registration now.  Registration after January 12 does not guarantee you a
Conference Proceedings or other registration materials.  SAS training courses
have also started to fill up.  Space is limited in some training courses,
so enroll early.

Please call me or e-mail me for registration forms:

Tamara Fischell
(919) 933-6404

Tamara@glia.biostr.washington.edu
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Date:         Mon, 4 Jan 1993 16:03:03 EDT
Reply-To:     Janice Winchell <WINCHELL@KENTVM.BITNET>
From:         Janice Winchell <WINCHELL@KENTVM.BITNET>
Subject:      Restricting Parameters in Proc Autoreg

2nd question today: different user.  Is it possible to restrict parameter
estimates vis a vis PROC REG  when using PROC AUTOREG ?  Is this reasonable
(my question) ?  Can you accomplish this using proc reg as a preliminary step,
passing the predicated values to autoreg ?


TIA

Jan Winchell
Systems Analyst
Academic Computer Services
Kent State University             BITNET:    WINCHELL@KENTVM
Kent, Ohio   USA   44242          INTERNET:  WINCHELL@KENTVM.KENT.EDU
216-672-2736
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
From: shoe@unix1.realdec.com (Jack Shoemaker)
Subject: Problem with SMFSTAMP Informat
Organization: Real Decisions Corporation
Date: Mon, 4 Jan 1993 16:23:24 GMT

SAS v6.07 running under VMS

I think that SMFTIME should have a value of 07DEC92:00:00:16.16.  Any Ideas?

1          data _null_;
2             smfstamp = '000006500092342F'x;
3             smftime  = input(smfstamp,smfstamp8.);
4             format smftime datetime19.2;
5             put smftime=;
6             run;

SMFTIME=11MAY93:09:21:44.96

TIA - Jack (shoe@rdcalr.realdec.com)
From: ph@physiology.oxford.ac.uk (Patrick Haggard)
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Subject: discard superfluous observations *HOW*?
Date: 6 Jan 93 19:50:21 GMT
Organization: Physiology Department, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
Originator: ph@galen.physiol

I have some data containing between n and m observations in each
of C conditions.  I would like to have exactly n observations in 
each condition, so that my design is balanced: I'm fairly happy that
discarding the excess observations shouldn't change things too much.
My question: can anyone suggest a way to discard the excess
observations in a SAS data step, and to number the remaining
observations 1...n for each condition.

Thanks

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Patrick Haggard                         Email (WORLD): ph@physiol.ox.ac.uk
University Laboratory of Physiology     Email (JANET): ph@uk.ac.ox.physiol
Parks Road,                             Tel. (0865) 272116
Oxford, OX1 3PT                         Fax. (0865) 272469
England
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Date:         Tue, 12 Jan 1993 13:16:31 PST
Reply-To:     "P. Oldenkamp 5-4481" <oldenkmp@ESPRESSO.RT.CS.BOEING.COM>
From:         "P. Oldenkamp 5-4481" <oldenkmp@ESPRESSO.RT.CS.BOEING.COM>
Subject:      Re: Comparison SQL to data step
Comments: To: SAS-L@uga.cc.uga.edu, grant@CICERO.SPC.UCHICAGO.EDU

----------------------------------------------------------------------
CONTENT:  Question on interpretation of STIMER and FULLSTIMER stats
REL/PLTF: 6.07TS203/SunOS
E-ADDR:   oldenkmp@ESPRESSO.boeing.com
NAME:     Paul OldenKamp
PHONE:    206-865-4481
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Grant Blank <grant@CICERO.SPC.UCHICAGO.EDU> compared matching two SAS datasets
using a data step and proc SQL and found that SQL was much faster.  He concluded
that proc SQL was 25 times faster that the data step from the fact that the
cpu time reported with the STIMER option was .31 with SQL and 7.94 with the
data step.  But the log contained:
...
> NOTE: DATA statement used:
>       real time           19.919 seconds
>       cpu time            7.940 seconds
>
...
> NOTE: PROCEDURE SQL used:
>       real time           4.481 seconds
>       cpu time            0.310 seconds
>
My interpretation would be that SQL was about four times faster than the data
step since I would argue along the FM(Unix Companion, p. 226) that elapse time
is more significant that cpu time.  What is the significance of 'real time'
and 'cpu time' reported here and can someone offer an argument in favor of
using cpu time?

Along the same lines, when I turn on FULLSTIMER I get a report like this:

NOTE: PROCEDURE GLM used:
      time:                           memory:
         real        11:29.123           page faults   14
         user cpu    1:58.570            page reclaims 154
         system cpu  45.430 seconds      usage         880 K
      block I/O operations:           context switches:
         input       14                  voluntary     11639
         output      11659               involuntary   14787

But the FM is not very helpful in interpreting the information.  The
description of FULLSTIMER I found is(UNIX Companion, p. 153):

"The FULLSTIMER system options prints the following statistics: real time, user
CPU time, system CPU time, and various other statistics depending on what
machine you use."

My questions are: Where can one RTFM on these measures of performance?  Can
anyone explain them for us?  How do the reports on other machines differ
from these that I get with SunOS?
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
X-Acknowledge-To: <LMJY@CORNELLA>
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Date:         Thu, 7 Jan 1993 10:31:28 EST
Reply-To:     Lisa King <LMJY@CORNELLA.BITNET>
From:         Lisa King <LMJY@CORNELLA.BITNET>
Subject:      Division by Zero in CMS

Hi SAS Gurus:  I've been off the list for a few months, so please forgive
me if this problem is old hat.  Consider the following simple SAS program
which I ran under SAS 6.07 under CMS:

               DATA;
                 INPUT X Y;
                 Z=X/Y;
                 CARDS;
               1 1
               1 0
               1 1
               ;

And take a look at the SASLOG:

 NOTE: SAS initialization used 0.57 seconds and 781K.
 NOTE: 5568K of contiguous memory remained unallocated.
 1          DATA ONE;
 2            INPUT X Y;
 3            Z=X/Y;
 4            CARDS;

 NOTE: The data step has been abnormally terminated.
 NOTE: The data set WORK.ONE has 1 observations and 3 variables.
 NOTE: DATA statement used 0.27 seconds and 512K.
 NOTE: 5108K of contiguous memory remained unallocated.

 8          ;

 NOTE: Viobuf storage reached 25 percent full.
 NOTE: The SAS session used 0.88 seconds and 1338K.
 NOTE: 5108K of contiguous memory remained unallocated.
 NOTE: SAS Institute Inc., SAS Campus Drive, Cary, NC USA 27513-2414

     Am I crazy, or is this an absurd result?  A colleague of mine
just lost two days of work trying to figure out why his data step was
"abnormally" terminating.  This same program, when run under SAS 5.18,
produces a note about the value of Z being set to missing due to
division by zero, but the data set completes.

     If any of you can shed some light on this, please help me out.
I have combed the FM's and all I can find is a passage in the SAS
Language Guide (v.6 ed.) on page 121 which reads:

     "If you try to perform an illegal operation (for example, dividing
      by zero, taking the logarithm of zero, or using an expression
      to produce a number too large to be represented as a floating-
      point number known as overflow), the SAS System prints a warning
      message and assigns a missing value to the result."

     Bug? Feature?  Is there any way to override this ridiculous problem?

                          Thanks for any and all suggestions,   Lisa

|***************************************************************|
|           Lisa King  -  Technical Consultant                  |
|  Cornell Institute for Social and Economic Research (CISER)   |
|       Cornell University, Ithaca, New York  14853             |
|                                                               |
|  Bitnet:    LMJY@CORNELLA                                     |
|  Internet:  LMJY@CORNELLA.CIT.CORNELL.EDU                     |
|***************************************************************|
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Date:         Sat, 9 Jan 1993 20:21:10 PST
Reply-To:     Bandeira de Mello <VICTOR@STANFORD.BITNET>
From:         Bandeira de Mello <VICTOR@STANFORD.BITNET>
Subject:      Programmers Needed

===============================================================
                      SAS PROGRAMMERS
---------------------------------------------------------------

The American Institutes for Research - AIR, a not-for-profit
research organization located in Palo Alto, is seeking for
qualified SAS programmers with experience in large-scale data
management. The candidate is expected to be proficient in
SAS data step, and have familiarity with IBM/MVS System (or MS-DOS),
tapes, and statistical methods. Experience with microcomputers is
desirable.

Send resume, salary requirements and references to:

        Personnel - SAS Programmers
        American Institutes for Research - AIR
        P.O. Box 1113
        Palo Alto, CA 94302-1113
        (415) 493-3550

Please, do not reply to this account.

AIR is an equal opportunity employer.

*=============================================================*
|  Victor Bandeira de Mello                                   |
|  Computer Services                                          |
|  American Institutes for Research - AIR                     |
|                                                             |
|  Victor@forsythe.stanford.edu                [Internet]     |
|  Victor@stanford                             [Bitnet]       |
*=============================================================*
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Transport-Options: /STANDARD/REPORT
Importance: Normal
Content-Type: text
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Date:         Mon, 11 Jan 1993 18:14:05 GMT
Reply-To:     sce!CONNERBC/G=BEN/I=C/S=CONNER@MHS.ATTMAIL.COM
From:         sce!CONNERBC/G=BEN/I=C/S=CONNER@MHS.ATTMAIL.COM
Subject:      Fastclus Problem
Comments: To: SAS-L@uga.cc.uga.edu

From: Ben Conner
     SAS Consultant
Subject: Fastclus Problem
Hi,

Here is the log for the Fastclus problem a user encountered (re: my posting
on 1/8).  This is all that is printing out.  SI suggested we run with the
ENTRY=HOST on the EXEC statement but it had no effect.

As before, this is release 6.07 on IBM/MVS.

Any help/suggestions will be most appreciated!

--Ben Conner
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
From Melvin Klassen:
>Any more details available?  Does the SASLOG indicate that anything executed?
>Does just the one PROC cause this message?

-----------------------Log Follows--------------------------------------------

NOTE: SAS system options specified are:
      MINSTG,MEMSIZE=50M

NOTE: The initialization phase used 0.09 CPU seconds and 3121K.
1
2          PROC FASTCLUS;
ERROR: Image SASLOG   found but not loadable.
3


ERROR: Errors printed on page 1.

NOTE: The SAS session used 0.11 CPU seconds and 3121K.
NOTE: SAS Institute Inc., SAS Campus Drive, Cary, NC USA 27513-2414
EE&MS Budgets & Accounting  San Dimas   SCE
(714) 394-8555   (Pax 47555)   Internet: bconner@netcom.com
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU