From: an7447@anon.penet.fi (Voltaire)
Subject: No Subject
Organization: Anonymous contact service
X-Anonymously-To: alt.test
Date: Thu, 21 Jan 1993 20:43:28 GMT




									ls(1)



   Name
     ls	- list and generate statistics for files

   Syntax
     ls	[ _o_p_t_i_o_n_s ] _n_a_m_e ...

   Description
     For each directory	argument, _l_s lists the contents	of the directory.
     For each file argument, _l_s	repeats	the file name and gives	any other
     information you request with the options available.  By default, the
     list is sorted alphabetically.  When no argument is given,	the current
     directory is listed.  When	several	arguments are given, files are listed
     first, followed by	directories and	the files within each directory.
     Options are listed	below.

   Options

     -1	  Displays one entry per line.	This is	the default when output	is
	  not to a terminal.

     -a	  Displays all entries including those beginning with a	period (.).

     -C	  Forces multicolumn output for	pipe or	filter.	 This is the default
	  when the output is to	a terminal.

     -c	  Uses time of last file status	change (ctime),	reflecting file	crea-
	  tion,	mode, etc., for	sorting	(with the -t option) or	printing
	  (with	the -l option) rather than the time of file modification or
	  access. See also the -t and -u options.

     -d	  Displays names of directories	only, not contents. Use	this option
	  with -l to get the status of a directory.

     -F	  Marks	directories with trailing slash	(/), sockets with a trailing
	  equal	sign (=), symbolic links with a	trailing at sign (@), and
	  executable files with	a trailing asterisk (*).

     -f	  Displays names in the	order they exist in directory. For further
	  information, see _d_i_r(5).  Entries beginning with a period (.)	are
	  also listed.	This option overrides the -l, -t, -s, and -r options.

     -g	  Displays assigned group ID (used with	-l only).  Default is
	  assigned owner ID.

     -i	  Displays the i-number	for each file in the first column of the
	  report.

     -L	  Lists	the information, if the	file is	a symbolic link, for the file
	  or directory the link	references rather than that for	the link
	  itself.

     -l	  Lists	the mode, number of links, owner, size in bytes, and time of
	  last modification (mtime) for	each file.  If the file	is a special


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   ls(1)


	  file,	the size field contains	the major and minor device numbers
	  instead of the size.	If the file is a symbolic link,	the pathname
	  of the linked-to file	is printed, preceded by	``->''.

	  The mode field consists of 11	characters.  The first character
	  indicates the	type of	entry:

	  d if the entry is a directory
	  b if the entry is a block-type special file
	  c if the entry is a character-type special file
	  l if the entry is a symbolic link
	  s if the entry is a socket
	  - if the entry is a plain file

	  The next 9 characters	are interpreted	as three sets of three char-
	  acters each.	The first set of three characters refers to file-
	  access permissions for the user; the next set, for the user-group;
	  and the last set, for	all others.  The permissions are indicated as
	  follows:

	  r if the file	is readable
	  w if the file	is writable
	  x if the file	is executable
	  - if the indicated permission	is not granted.

	  The group-execute permission character is given as s if the file
	  has the set-group-id bit set;	likewise, the user-execute permission
	  character is given as	s if the file has the set-user-id bit set.

	  The last character of	the mode (normally `x' or `-') is t if the
	  1000 bit of the mode is on.  See _c_h_m_o_d(2) for	the meaning of this
	  mode.	 The indications of set-ID and the 01000 bit of	the mode are
	  capitalized (S and T,	respectively) if the corresponding execute
	  permission is	not set.

     -q	  Forces the printing of nongraphic characters in file names as	the
	  question mark	character (?).	This is	the default when output	is to
	  a terminal.

     -R	  Recursively lists all	subdirectories.

     -r	  Sorts	entries	in reverse alphabetic or time order.

     -s	  Displays the size in kilobytes of each file.	This is	the first
	  item listed in each entry.

     -t	  Sorts	by time	modified (most recently	modified first)	instead	of by
	  name.	See also the -c	and -u options.

     -u	  Uses the time	of last	access (atime) instead of last modification
	  for sorting (with the	-t option) or printing (with the -l option).





   2






									ls(1)


   Restrictions
     The output	device is assumed to be	80 columns wide.

     New line and tab are considered printing characters in file names.

     The option	setting	based on whether the output is a teletype is undesir-
     able as "ls -s" is	much different than "ls	-s |lpr".  On the other	hand,
     not doing this setting would make old shell scripts which used ls almost
     certain to	fail.

   Files

     /_e_t_c/_p_a_s_s_w_d    Used to obtain user	id's for ls -l

     /_e_t_c/_g_r_o_u_p	    Used to obtain group id's for ls -g

   See Also
     stat(2)






































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