HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
From: dal3@cbnewsg.cb.att.com (dale.e.parson)
Newsgroups: comp.ai.edu
Subject: Re: logo
Date: 2 Sep 92 17:18:25 GMT
Distribution: usa
Organization: AT&T

In article <180o87INNom9@agate.berkeley.edu> munoz@dewey.soe.berkeley.edu (Augustin Munoz) writes:
>
>
>   Does anyone what progress has been made in the creation of a news group
>on LOGO? It seemes taht was about to be created just before summer.
>  Thank you.  

comp.lang.logo has been in existence for at least a month

Dale Parson, Bell Labs, dale@mhcnet.att.com

 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 
|    "These words are too solid, they don't move fast enough           |
|     to catch the blur in the brain that flies by, and is gone..."    |
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|     Suzanne Vega                                                     |
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Newsgroups: comp.ai.edu
From: thrift@ra.csc.ti.com (Phil Thrift)
Subject: Re: AI Winter
Organization: TI Central Research Laboratories, Dallas
Date: Fri, 28 Aug 1992 12:58:25 GMT


Here's something that has something to do with this AI winter thing
(it's been said before, but here in different words): While
knowledge-based approaches are declining, learning-based approaches
are on the upswing (see the latest addition of Winston's AI text).
The basic idea is that in organizations there's lots of undigested
data but litle knowledge in many important problem domains (the push
for knowledge-based AI came from the idea that there's lots of human
knowledge in organizations that we could computerize).  Whether
machine learning, data mining, neural nets, statistical modeling or
whatever the hell you want to call it comes to the rescue -- we shall
see.

Philip Thrift

Newsgroups: comp.ai,comp.ai.neural-nets
From: choy@skorpio.usask.ca (I am a terminator.)
Subject: Viruses
Organization: University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Date: Mon, 24 Aug 1992 00:20:09 GMT

FAQ time. Do computer viruses have intelligence?

Henry Choy
choy@cs.usask.ca
Newsgroups: comp.ai
Subject: Re: AI Winter Refugees
From: Amos.Omondi@comp.vuw.ac.nz (Amos Omondi)
Date: Tue, 25 Aug 1992 04:19:10 GMT
Organization: Inter-Galactic  Probe No. 42 

In article <x+an!9a.vere@netcom.com> vere@netcom.com (Steven Vere) writes:
>
>   I  am writing  an article on AI Winter Refugees:  un(der)employment
>among  AI professionals.   I   would like  to  solicit information and
>opinions from the AI community on the following points:
>
>o what were the causes of AI Winter?
>o why has AI gone out of fashion in the US industrial sector?
>o stories of AI professionals or recent graduates who are or have been
>  unemployed or underemployed due to AI Winter;
>o alternative career paths followed by AI Winter refugees.
>
>   Countervaling views  are welcome, but please be prepared to explain
>the following phenomena: near-zero employment opportunities advertised
>in AI Magazine and similar forums; near-zero recruiting at recent AAAI
>conferences; major  declines   in  attendance at AAAI   over the  past
>several years.
>-- 

Here is my 2 cents worth: There might be a feeling that, relative 
to what AIers promised to deliver and the quantity of $s that they 
received, there has been little coming out of AI.  Whereas in the 
good times employers might be willing to let a few $$$ go down the 
tube, in hard economic times they prefer to have a greater 
probability of return for their investment.  Alternative career 
path might be to retrain in something like Networking, Distributed 
Systems, UNIX hacking, etc.



Newsgroups: comp.ai
From: vaccari@ghost.dsi.unimi.it (matteo vaccari)
Subject: Re: AI Winter Refugees
Organization: Computer Science Dep. - Milan University
Date: Thu, 3 Sep 1992 07:51:48 GMT

cam@castle.ed.ac.uk (Chris Malcolm) writes:

>In article <1992Aug28.103804.9632@aisb.ed.ac.uk> e.reiter@ed.ac.uk (Ehud Reiter) writes:

>>With regard to the AI Winter debate, one thing that really bothers me about
>>AI is the level of academic dishonesty, i.e., situations where someone gets
>>a large research grant to do something which he or she knows is impossible,
>>on the theory that `money is money, and once I've got it I can put it to
>>good use'.

>Supposing this is true, there could be a number of reasons for it:

>	1. AI researchers are dishonest charlatans.

>	2. The funding agencies have ridiculous goals, and the
>	researchers are trying to get some decent work done despite
>	this.

>	3. The AI funding agencies operate much sloppier controls on how
>	their money gets spent than do physics etc.

>Charlatanry seems to follow big money, and if you're motivated by big
>money and research empire building then AI is not at the moment a
>fruitful field. For example, I'd expect genetic engineering and AIDS
>research to be more attractive to charlatans. I can't think of a reason
>why the AI funding agencies should be sloppier.

Well, I am convinced that it is far easier to be an AI charlatan than
a biology charlatan.  This is because there is very little agreement
on what the nature of AI is, what are its goals, its means, its most
significant achievements.  Look at the debates in comp.ai.philosophy!

While biology is a much older and established science, where you can't
fool a biologist into believing you are competent when you are not.

-- 
Matteo Vaccari,  vaccari@ghost.dsi.unimi.it
From: rwojcik@atc.boeing.com (Richard Wojcik,snake)
Newsgroups: comp.ai
Subject: Re: AI Winter Refugees
Date: 26 Aug 92 16:12:03 GMT
Reply-To: rwojcik@atc.boeing.com
Organization: Research & Technology

In article vere@netcom.com, vere@netcom.com (Steven Vere) writes:

>o what were the causes of AI Winter?

The recession, corporate downsizing, and the lack of government support
for scientific and technological progress.  Expensive, high risk ventures
have been replaced by "safe" investments.  Without government incentive 
and direction, American industry has tended to drift, whereas foreign
competitors have continued to invest heavily in R&D, driven by generous
subsidies.

>o why has AI gone out of fashion in the US industrial sector?

I think that it is mainly the cost and risk that has kept industry away.
And the problems have not been entirely outside the AI community.
The chief internal problem has been the technology transfer issue. AI researchers
tend to be more academic than applications-oriented.  AI solutions often
involve a very big change in the way work is done, and there is a natural
resistance to taking risks with unproven technology.  Worse yet, AI
researchers don't always understand the work processes that they set out
to support.  So they sometimes build solutions that must go looking for
problems.  Within a company, you might work your brains out on a customer's
problem, receive high praise for your efforts, and find your project 
finished without any hope of going into production.  The reason is that a
flirtation was going on, rather than a serious proposal of marriage.  With-
out some concrete successes, you are sure to feel the budget axe at some
point.  This is not to say that there haven't been successes, only that they
have been too few to give AI a reputation as producing a good return on
investment.

-----
Disclaimer:  Opinions expressed above are not those of my employer.

    Rick Wojcik   (rwojcik@atc.boeing.com)   Seattle, WA
From: rwojcik@atc.boeing.com (Richard Wojcik,snake)
Newsgroups: comp.ai
Subject: Re: AI Winter Refugees
Date: 3 Sep 92 16:51:04 GMT
Reply-To: rwojcik@atc.boeing.com
Organization: Research & Technology

In article 55535@Cookie.secapl.com, frank@Cookie.secapl.com (Frank Adams) writes:
>In article <81625@bcsaic.boeing.com> rwojcik@atc.boeing.com writes:
>>What you
>>really have to understand is that AI solutions don't work if you think of
>>the problems as only technical.  When you set out to change a work process,
>>you are heading straight into a briar patch of politics.  You can run away
>>from it, or you can look for people who can help you sell the vision.

>There is nothing special about AI here.  *All* software projects run into
>this.

That is true, but not to the same degree.  If your project is considered more
or less conventional technology, then its affects on the work process are
relatively better known.  Managers can look at their resources, the competence
of their personnel, and the likely cost.  Implementation is straightforward.
And you may be doing it just to stay competitive.  If it fails, you will pro-
bably be faulted for other things than having taken the risk in the first place.

With AI, you don't know whether it will scale up, what it will take to maintain
it, how the users will take to it, etc.  Generally, there are no standards that
apply to it.  And does your competitor have such a product?  What ever made you
think that such a hare-brained idea would work?  Bigger risks. Sweat beading up
on your forehead.  A headache in the making.  And your little budget won't allow
it.  You've got other things to worry about--more conventional software projects.
Safer ones.  Better to be prudent.  ;-)

-----
Disclaimer:  Opinions expressed above are not those of my employer.

    Rick Wojcik   (rwojcik@atc.boeing.com)   Seattle, WA
Newsgroups: comp.ai
From: jacob@latcs1.lat.oz.au (Jacob L. Cybulski)
Newsgroups: comp.ai
Subject: Re: AI Winter Refugees
Date: 28 Aug 92 04:18:35 GMT
Organization: Comp Sci, La Trobe Uni, Australia

From article <1992Aug27.134749.102048@ua1ix.ua.edu>, by rsun@athos.cs.ua.edu (Ron Sun):
> According to what you said, it seems that AI Ph.D programs should
> be renamed Ph.D programs in LISP programmming?
> Unfortunately, as one of the earlier respondents points out,
> AI applications nowadays do not need much of specialized AI programming
> expertise. Any competent software engineer can do it.
> Why pay more for a Ph.D?
> [ ... ]
> Can we view AI more as  science, and less as engineering?
> 
> --Ron

Well, you've pin-pointed exactly what I was trying to say...  Lots of
companies nowadays ask the questions why should they employ an AI wiz
with a PhD but no programming skills when they could do away with a
Software Engineer some limited AI knowledge (say a few degree level AI
courses and some experience with symbolic programming techniques)?
Certainly if they go for the first solution, they'll have to employ
the second guy anyway, so what's the choice?

I am not saying that a good Software Engineer is going to replace an
AI expert in every single job, but with a slow death of Defense Industry
the number of real AI jobs shrunk dramatically!

I think the problem is that in the early years of AI, most of the AI
PhDs came from the Computer Science background in the first place.
Whereas now there exist many different ways of getting your PhD in
AI through Cognitive Science, Philosophy, Maths, Engineering, etc.
They are simply not equivalent degrees!

Jacob

=============================================================================
Jacob L. Cybulski,  Deputy  Director,  Amdahl  Australian  Intelligent  Tools
Programme,  Dept of  Comp Sci  &  Comp Eng,  La Trobe  University,  Bundoora,
Vic. 3083, Australia. Ph: +613 479 1270, Fax: +613 470 4915, Telex: AA 33143,
E-Mail: jacob@latcs1.lat.oz.au.                                     ... G'Day
=============================================================================
From: thomason+@B.GP.CS.CMU.EDU (Rich Thomason)
Newsgroups: comp.ai
Subject: Grad. Program, Univ. of Pittsburgh
Date: 4 Sep 92 20:19:27 GMT
Article-I.D.: cs.Bu2LsH.4xI.2
Organization: School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon
Originator: thomason@B.GP.CS.CMU.EDU


   THE INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS PROGRAM AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH 

   The ISP is an independent degree-granting unit, providing a center
for graduate training and research in Artificial Intelligence at the
University of Pittsburgh.  Drawing on faculty from many schools and
departments, the Program offers a strong core of courses in AI and
relevant areas of Computer Science, as well as access to many related
fields and application areas.  After initial course requirements are met
in the first two years of study, there is wide flexibilty in planning
research concentrations leading to the Ph.D.  degree.  

	The Program draws on research projects in many areas, including
AI in Medicine, Expert Systems, and AI in Education.  Among the areas of
specialization that the Program features are:

		Case-Based Reasoning and Legal Applications
		Expert Systems
		Generating Natural Language Explanations
		Intelligent Computer-Assisted Instruction
		Knowledge Representation
		Machine Learning
		Medical Informatics
		Plan Generation and Plan Recognition
		Resource-Limited Reasoning
		Uncertain Reasoning

	Faculty from many schools and departments are involved in the
Program, including: Kevin D. Ashley (Law), Bruce Buchanan (Computer
Science), Gordon Banks (Neurology), Gregory F. Cooper (Medicine),
Alan Lesgold (Psychology), Jerrold May (Business), Randolph A. Miller
(Medicine) Johanna D. Moore (Computer Science), Paul Munro
(Information Science), Martha E. Pollack (Computer Science), Walter
Schneider (Psychology), Steven Small (Neurology), Richmond H.
Thomason (Linguistics), Kurt VanLehn (Computer Science).

	Support through graduate research assistantships is available
to qualified students.

	For further information, send electronic mail to 

		isp@pogo.isp.pitt.edu

or write to Intelligent Systems Program /  University of Pittsburgh /
Pittsburgh, PA 15260, or call (412) 624-5755.
Newsgroups: comp.ai
From: harald@efads1.tuwien.ac.at (Harald Stadlbauer)
Subject: Verification of Knowledge Bases
Reply-To: harald@efads1.tuwien.ac.at (Harald Stadlbauer)
Organization: Technical University of Vienna, INFA
Date: Tue, 1 Sep 1992 07:45:47 GMT

Can somebody give me pointers to literature and systems or summaries of
techniques for 
verification of knowledge bases?

Many thanks!

    Harald



-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-
Harald Stadlbauer, Institute of Flexible Automation, Technical University of 
                   Vienna, Gusshausstr. 27-29, A-1040 Vienna, AUSTRIA
                   e-mail: harald@efads1.tuwien.ac.at
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-
From: marie@paris.erg.sri.com (Marie desJardins)
Newsgroups: comp.ai
Subject: Re: AI Winter
Date: 28 Aug 92 20:01:43 GMT
Reply-To: marie@paris.erg.sri.com (Marie desJardins)
Organization: SRI International, Menlo Park, CA

In article <1992Aug28.191729.105759@ua1ix.ua.edu>, rsun@athos.cs.ua.edu
(Ron Sun) writes:
|>In article <1992Aug28.125825.7628@csc.ti.com> thrift@ra.csc.ti.com
(Phil Thrift) writes:
|>>knowledge-based approaches are declining, learning-based approaches
|>>are on the upswing (see the latest addition of Winston's AI text).
|>
|>Although interesting, this thing is no longer AI: it has nothing to do
|>with the original grand goal of understanding intelligence and cognition.

Since when is machine learning not AI?  I find it hard to believe that's
what you're saying; perhaps you could clarify.  (Possibly your point is that
learning *alone* isn't "complete AI"?  But then neither is knowledge 
representation and inference.)

Marie desJardins
marie@erg.sri.com
Newsgroups: comp.ai,aus.ai
From: timm@spectrum.cs.unsw.oz.au (Tim Menzies)
Subject: Seeking email address: Uni. Adelaide Com. Sci. librarian
Reply-To: timm@spectrum.cs.unsw.oz.au (Tim Menzies)
Organization: none
Distribution: aus
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 1992 04:48:18 GMT

Posting this for a friend in Korea who i seeking an email address
for the Com. Sci. Adelaide's librarian. Please reply to:

Do-Hoon Lee
dhlee@hyowon.pusan.ac.kr

--
  ^       Tim Menzies (a 1/3 doctor)              | "More than iron, more than
 /"\__/\  AI Lab, Computer Science, Uni. NSW      | lead, more than gold I
*       \ P.O. Box 1, Kensington, Australia, 2033 | need electricity. I need
 \  _  _/ +61-2-663-4576 (fax) +61-2-697-3940 (w) | it more than I need lamb
  \| ""   timm@spectrum.cs.unsw.oz.au             | or pork or lettuce or
                                                    cucumber. I need it for
                                                    my dreams." -- RACTOR
From: gt4565b@prism.gatech.EDU (Bernard Matthews)
Newsgroups: comp.ai
Subject: Re: Looking for information source about GENETIC ALGORITHMS
Date: 26 Aug 92 03:01:16 GMT
Organization: Georgia Institute of Technology

I am a student at Georgia Tech doing a paper on emerging technologies.  A topic
I am considering is Genetic Algorithms.  Even though they have been around for
some time, they have been getting more and more press recently.

Could someone point me in a direction that may indicate to me GA's value
for private industry, either as a cost-saving measure, or as a product to be
sold as technology transfer from the government to private industry?

I am seeing references to GA's as an additional approach to solve a variety
of problems, but I am not seeing any specifics on economic payoff.

----- bernard (gt4565b@prism.gatech.edu)
-- 
Bernard Allan Matthews
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta Georgia, 30332
uucp:	  ...!{decvax,hplabs,ncar,purdue,rutgers}!gatech!prism!gt4565b
Internet: gt4565b@prism.gatech.edu
From: sanders@tic.lvbull (Pablo.Sanders)
Newsgroups: comp.ai
Subject: Re: Knight's Tour
Date: 26 Aug 92 09:56:36 GMT
Distribution: comp.ai,comp.theory
Organization: /atelier/sanders/.organization
In-reply-to: pedersen@seas.smu.edu's message of 12 Aug 92 19:51:40 GMT


I recently got flamed for talking about Constraint Programming
(CP) in this group, as it sounded like commercial advertising.
Let's make it clear: I am not trying to sell you anything, but
the 2 problems you quote (Knight and N-queens) are 2 classic
examples of CP, and you might be interested in knowing how 
it is done:

Here is the complete code for the N queens problem, written
in the Charme programming language, a language that has a
C-like syntax.

define queens(N)
{
  array Q :: [1..N] of 1..N ; /* an array of integer values        */
  alldiff(Q);                 /* ...all elements must be different */
  for I in 1..N-1 do          /* ...constraints on the diagonals   */
    for J in I+1..N do {
      Q[I] + I != Q[J] + J;
      Q[I] + J != Q[J] + I;
    }
  generate (Q) ;              /* generates solution (s)    */
}

Constraint Propagation ensures that there is *very little*
backtrack involved in this program.
       
For the Knight tour problem, we first enumerate a graph of
of neighbours and then explore it after setting the constraints.

Do you like it ? 


--
+------------------------o-------------------------+
| Pablo SANDERS          | Bull CEDIAG             |
| P.Sanders@frlv.bull.fr | 68, route de Versailles |
| phone: (33 1) 39024147 | 78430 Louveciennes      |
| fax  : (33 1) 39024652 | FRANCE                  |
+------------------------o-------------------------+
Newsgroups: comp.ai
From: pc@linus.mitre.org (Penny Chase)
Subject: Re: Verification of Knowledge Bases
Organization: Research Computer Facility, The MITRE Corporation, Bedford MA
Date: Tue, 1 Sep 1992 16:16:48 GMT

In article <1992Sep1.074547.13984@email.tuwien.ac.at>
harald@efads1.tuwien.ac.at (Harald Stadlbauer) writes:

   Can somebody give me pointers to literature and systems or
   summaries of techniques for verification of knowledge bases?

I'm interested in this too.  Please post the info or perhaps Harald
could post a summary.

	Penny

--
UUCP:  { ... }!linus!pc 
INTERNET:  pc@mitre.org
From: Steve_Sawyer@mindlink.bc.ca (Steve Sawyer)
Newsgroups: comp.ai
Subject: Re: Automated Air Traffic Controlling and Blackboard System
Date: 26 Aug 92 06:10:43 GMT
Organization: MIND LINK! - British Columbia, Canada
Distribution: world

A Project called CAATS "Canadian Automated Air Traffic System is being
developed by Hughes Aircraft Canada Division here in Vancouver British
Columbia,....16 CSCIs are being developed within a Rational Enviroment which
will result in the most advanced ATC system in the world.

I would be pleased to address amy technical questions you may have.

Steve Sawyer
Mindlink, Vancouver, BC
Canada
/x
From: nagle@netcom.com (John Nagle)
Subject: Re: AI Winter Refugees
Date: Tue, 25 Aug 92 18:53:08 GMT
Organization: Netcom - Online Communication Services  (408 241-9760 guest) 

danny@ponder.csci.unt.edu (Danny Faught) writes:
>The ACM's guide to computing careers (can't remember the exact name) has
>a (small) section on careers in AI.  It says, basically, not to do it,
>that there isn't much of a market for AI professionals.  It suggests
>that people interested in AI should apply AI techniques in one of the
>more common computer career areas.

      I wonder what happened to those people who studied for degrees in
"Knowledge Engineering" at Stanford in the mid-80s.  This was
back when Feigenbaum was appearing on national TV saying the US would 
become an agrarian nation if the government didn't finance his proposed 
national AI center, and people were really worried about the Japanese
Fifth Generation effort.  

      "Will write rules for food", maybe?

					John Nagle
Newsgroups: comp.ai
From: frank@Cookie.secapl.com (Frank Adams)
Subject: Re: regions within regions
Date: Fri, 28 Aug 1992 21:14:28 GMT
Organization: Security APL, Inc.

In article <SJAMESON.92Aug13083908@fergie.atl.ge.com> sjameson@atl.ge.com (Stephen M Jameson) writes:
>In article <3753@keele.keele.ac.uk> csa09@seq1.keele.ac.uk (Paul Singleton) writes:
>> I have some regions in N-space, each defined by a simple set of constraints,
>> e.g.
>> 	0 =< X =< 5         (1)
>> 	0 =< Y =< 5         (2)
>> 	2 =< Z =< 7         (3)
>> 	0 =< X+Y =< 8       (4)
>> 
>> and I need an algorithm (for general N) to determine whether one region
>> completely encloses another.
>
>This is based on about 5 minutes of pen-pushing, so it may need some smoothing
>of the rough edges, but your algorithm will be based on the following three
>facts:
>
>1.	Any pair of constraints on different dimensions:
>
>> 	0 =< X =< 5        (1)
>> 	0 =< Y =< 5        (2)
>
>Implies a constraint on their sum, which is well defined because of the
>limits your problem imposes on definition of the constraints.  In this case, we
>have:
>
>	0 =< X + Y =< 10   (5)
>
>2.	Any two constraints:
>
>	a =< X =< b
>	c =< X =< d
>
>where X is a single dimension or a sum of dimensions, can be replaced by:
>
>	max(a,c) =< X =< min(b,d)
>
>Thus while constraints (1) and (2) above imply constraint (5), combining
>constraints (4) and (5) by the formula above gives constraint (4), i.e.
>constraint (4) is "tighter than" or "subsumes" (5).  Thus given any set of
>constraints on dimensions, you can eliminate duplicate constraints on the same
>dimension or sum of dimensions.
>
>3.	A region A defined by a set of constraints {a_i} is completely enclosed by
>another region B defined by {b_i} if and only if:
>
>	a.	All of the dimensions (including sums of dimensions), which are
>		constrained {b_i} are also constrained by {a_i}.
>
>	b.	For each constraint in {b_i}, the constraint in {a_i} constraining the
>		same dimension or sum of dimensions must be "tighter than" the
>		constraint in {b_i}.
>
>Thus we have the following general algorithm:
>
>Given a set of dimensions {X1, X2, .. Xn}, and two sets of constraints,
>{a_i} and {b_i}, where each constraint is of the form:
>
>	k1_i <= X_i_1 + ... + X_i_n <= k2_i             (n may be 1)
>
>Step 1.	For each set, using observation 1 above, generate all possible
>constraints on sums of dimensions.
>
>Step 2.	For each set, using observation 2 above, eliminate all duplicate
>constraints in each set.
>
>Step 3.	For each constraint in {b_i}, verify that there is a constraint in
>{a_i} which constrains the same dimension or sum of dimensions and is "tighter
>than" the constraint in {b_i}.  If this is the case for all constraints in
>{b_i}, then the region defined by {a_i} is completely enclosed by {b_i}.
>
>Each step is fairly straightforward, so I won't generate pseudo-code here.
>
Since nobody else has done so, let me note that this is *not* a solution, or
even much of a start at a solution.  This is a "linear programming" problem;
accept no substitutes.
Newsgroups: comp.ai