HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Date:         Thu, 20 Aug 1992 18:00:00 PDT
Reply-To:     Melvin Klassen <KLASSEN@UVVM.BITNET>
From:         Melvin Klassen <KLASSEN@UVVM.BITNET>
Subject:      Re: my thanks and some results

On Thu, 20 Aug 1992 19:26:00 EDT <X_S_CONS@CUTCV2> said:
>... by first looking at the WORK default setting in SAS cataloged procedure.
>Here, the WORK space=(6144,(800,400)) is for version 6.07,
>while space=(CYL,(500,100)) for version 6.06!!

So, in 6.06, if there was sufficient space on the disk,
SAS would have used 500 cylinders (7500 tracks) as the "primary" space,
and up to 300 cylinders (three increments of 100) of "secondary" space.
The complete disk is 885 cylinders, but you won't get the "last" 55 cylinders,
because your secondary-allocation-unit is 100 cylinders,
and MVS won't give you less-than-one allocation-unit.

Under 6.07, since there are 7 blocks (of 6144 bytes each) per track,
and there are 15 tracks per cylinder, you'll get a maximum
of 115 tracks (16.4 cylinders) of "primary" space,
and up to 870 tracks (15 increments of 58 tracks) of "secondary" space.

That's quite(!) a lot less disk-space.

>  3  DATA MAT;
>  4       INFILE MAT92;
>  5       INPUT ... $CHARw.
> 15  RUN;
>
> NOTE: 171020 records were read from the infile MAT92.
> NOTE: The data set USER.MAT has 171020 observations and 119 variables.
> NOTE: The DATA statement used the following resources:
>       CPU     time -         00:00:41.68
>       Elapsed time -         00:01:15.70
>       EXCP count   - 2877
>
> 19  DATA MAT;
> 20   SET MAT;
> 21    BY ID;
> 22    IF FIRST.ID THEN S=0; S+1;
> 23  RUN;
>
> NOTE: The data set USER.MAT has 171020 observations and 120 variables.
> NOTE: The DATA statement used the following resources:
>       CPU     time -         00:00:05.48
>       Elapsed time -         00:01:06.14
>       EXCP count   - 1338
>
Assuming that SAS statements you omitted from your posting
were **not** an invocation of 'PROC SORT', please note that
you could have combined the second DATA step as part of the first DATA step.

It would have eliminated(!) the 1338 I/O operations,
and would have not(!) consumed about 90% of the 5.48 CPU seconds,
and would have only used 50% as much disk-space in the WORK library.

  DATA MAT; /* recoded for efficiency */
    INFILE MAT92;
    INPUT ID ... $CHARw.
    RETAIN S 0;   LENGTH S 4;/* Allow S to be up to 2**24 */
    IF LAG(ID) = ID THEN S+1;
                    ELSE S=1;
  RUN;

P.S. If you did need to sort the file, it still would be more CPU-efficient
     to sort the file using a sort package (SyncSort, CA-SORT, IBM Sort)
     **before** reading the records into SAS.
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Date:         Thu, 20 Aug 1992 14:51:59 -0400
Reply-To:     "Gary G. Gu" <ggu@CHPC.ORG>
From:         "Gary G. Gu" <ggu@CHPC.ORG>
Subject:      Help needed: positions of windows and looping

Hello,

My friend thought I'm a programmer so I ought to be able to fix her
SAS problems. I failed and I'm turning to the net for help.

1. How do I control the positions of the windows under X. I'm using a
DEC 3100 running Motif window manager. I've tried using SAS global
command `wsave all', but when I start SAS from scratch, the windows
still showed up in random places (well, places Mwm generated). Why can't
I use the .Xdefault resource file to inform SAS my preference? What
are the names of the resources? SAS technical people, please help.

2. My limited experience using SAS in helping my friend tells me that
IF-THEN and GOTO statements work only inside the DATA step. How do I
control the execution of procedures? For example, how do I ask SAS
to execute:
  proc print;
a number of times? I'd like to say:
   do i=1 to 10;
     proc print;
     run;
   end;
I'm spoiled with a general programming langauge like C or Lisp where
the programmer has a lot of control. SAS seems to offer very limited
control structures. I hope I'm wrong.

3. How do I send a variable to a title? I need to have to title to
say "this is histogram 1" and next time "this is histogram 2". It
seems there is no way to make title take a variable.

4. Is there a FAQ for this group that I can get on the net? I am afraid
that since I'm new to SAS, I must be asking questions people have asked
years ago. I'd save you a lot of time if I can consult the FAQ file first.

Thank you and your help will be greatly appreciated.
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Date:         Fri, 21 Aug 1992 14:59:51 LCL
Reply-To:     RIKARD@VCUMVS.BITNET
From:         RIKARD@VCUMVS.BITNET
Subject:      formchar help

Content: Request for help
Summary: Pretty printing in SAS
Release and platform: All
Name:    Pete Rikard
Mail addresses:BITNET Rikard@vcumvs Internet rikard@vcuucc.ucc.vcu.edu
Real Addresses:Virginia Commonwealth University, Computer Center
               110 S. 7th Street, 4th Floor, Richmond, VA 23219
               Phone (804) 786-4828    FAX: (804) 371-8464
******************************************************************
 After several recents requests of "How do I get decent boxes
 in sas on brand-x operating system with brand-y printer" I
 decided to call SI.

 Their response is, "there are too many printers and it would be
 too much work to keep up to date" and they suggest that YOU get
 the guide to tabulate processing and your printer manual and
 figure it out for yourself.

 As an alternative I am therefore undertaking to compile (not
 test or develop) a list of Operating system, printer, formchar
 strings. I will upload to several of the archives the results.

 What I need is for everyone to send me their formchar strings
 for their operating system and printers. As
 MVS           IBM 3820      'a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0'

 Don't send this to the list please. I have bitnet, internet and
 fax addresses listed above.

 Note send your stuff. It may NOT be the best, but for someone who
 hasn't figured out anything for formchars, something is better
 than nothing. If I get 50 VMS LN50 ... sets that are the same
 then I will trim it down to 1, if I get 3 different strings I will
 include them all.

 As part of the process, some printers need special control structures
 to change mode: HP Laserjet to Postscript processing. If that is
 part of the requirements that you have discovered, send that as
 a "note".
******************************************************************
 Pete Rikard                        Bitnet RIKARD@VCUMVS
 VCU Computer Center                Phone (804) 786-4828
 110 S. 7th St, 4th Floor           FAX (804) 371-8464
 Richmond, VA 23219                 Internet rikard@vcuucc.ucc.vcu.edu
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Date:         Wed, 19 Aug 1992 12:10:28 -0500
Reply-To:     Kernon Gibes <gibes@SWIRL.MONSANTO.COM>
From:         Kernon Gibes <gibes@SWIRL.MONSANTO.COM>
Subject:      RE: SAS functions
Comments: To: SAS-L@uga.cc.uga.edu@tin.monsanto.com
Comments: cc: GIBES@tin.monsanto.com

 CONTENT:   Response (to "going back in time")
 SUMMARY:   Try SAS function INTNX
 REL/PLTF:  6.07/ VMS
 E-ADDR:    gibes@swirl.monsanto.com
 NAME:      Kernon Gibes
 DATE:      19 August 1992

 Someone asked:

>I am using SAS functions, MOD and ABS. I don't get a right value.
>I am trying to go to previous year based on the value in MO variable
>Here is an example:
<stuff deleted ---but copied below--->

>The value of tst2mo should be equal to NOV (11) and the value of tst2yr
>should be equal to 75.  In another word, I am trying to subtract no. of months
>reported in "mo" variable from tst1mo tst1yr variables to go back in time.
>So if my first test date (tst1mo tst1yr) is JANUARY 1977 and I subtract (mo)
>15 months from it I should get (tst2mo tst2yr) NOVEMBER 1975.
<stuff deleted>

 It seems to me that Jan '77 minus 15 months would give you Oct '75.  If
 so, instead of your code, you might use the SAS function INTNX as
 illustrated below:

   data one;
     mo = 15;
     tst1mo = 1;
     tst1yr = 77;
     tempmo = mod(mo,12);
     tst2mo = abs(tst1mo - tempmo);
     tempyr = int(mo/12);
     tst2yr = tst1yr - tempyr;
     tst2_dt = mdy(tst2mo,01,tst2yr);
     put 'Original:  ' tst2_dt= date7.;
   /*** replace MOD, ABS, etc., with INTNX ***/
     date1 = mdy( tst1mo,01,tst1yr);
     back = intnx( 'month', date1, -mo );
     put 'Corrected: ' back= date7.;

   stop;
   run;

Original:  TST2_DT=01FEB76
Corrected: BACK=01OCT75
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Date:         Wed, 19 Aug 1992 08:39:42 CDT
Reply-To:     "PADMANABH M. PADAKI" <X041PP@TAMVM1.BITNET>
From:         "PADMANABH M. PADAKI" <X041PP@TAMVM1.BITNET>
Subject:      SYSREG

 A user was using PROC SYSREG in SAS5.18.  Now that  SAS5.18 is not
    available at our site, could someone please let me know what is the
    equivalent procedure in SAS6.07.  I did't find the procedure
    listed in version 5 or 6 manuals ( STAT and ETS).

  SAS6.07- mvs and vm/cms

Padmanabh M. Padaki                       x041pp@tamvm1
User Services                             x041pp@tamvm1.tamu.edu
Texas A&M Univeristy                      (409)845-8300
College Station, TX 77843-3142
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Date:         Tue, 18 Aug 1992 21:02:00 GMT
Reply-To:     Willy Waks <0005400191@MCIMAIL.COM>
From:         Willy Waks <0005400191@MCIMAIL.COM>
Subject:      Means/Summary

Thanks to Howard Schreier, Kernon Gibes and Tim Dorcey who responded to my
MEANS/SUMMARY and WEIGHT question. Indeed, SQL is not the best if:
1) you want to have the various _type_ statistics
2) you have a mix of class and by variables
(my real application is a macro with multiple by and class variables).
On the other side, creating variable COUNT/MYWEIGHT and unweighting it seems to
be a definite shortcut that I'll try. I just don't know what it'll do to my
variable count which is supposed to stay in integer arithmetic (my weight is
also an integer). Im concerned about loss of significant digits in the process.
(I guess I should have said MYFREQ instead of MYWEIGHT).


//BEGIN BINARY MAIL SEGMENT:
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,5VEL;'D@5V%K<PT*
M,E<@4WES=&5M<R!#;RXL($EN8R U-#,P($%L<&AA(%)O860@4W5I=&4@,C P
2($1A;&QA<R!46" W-3(T, T*
C5&5L.B R,30M-C8Q.#8Q.2!&87@Z(#(Q-"TV-C$P,3,P#0H@
M16UA:6PZ('=W86MS0&UC:6UA:6PN8V]M(" @(" W,S0S-RXS-#1 0V]M<'5S
(97)V92YC;VU4

end
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Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Date:         Fri, 14 Aug 1992 09:31:19 EDT
Reply-To:     Howard Schreier <HIS@NIHCU.BITNET>
From:         Howard Schreier <HIS@NIHCU.BITNET>
Subject:      Subsetting

CONTENT:  Correction/Response
SUMMARY:  Use selective INPUT to subset variables.

> > I need to read a portable sas data file and save it to a SAS DATA
> > FILE. This is a huge file.  I actually need 1/4 of the variables
> > only. How can I save this subset of data file in this step?

> With the WHERE clause within a SAS datastep read SAS only those values
> into that variables, which are named in this statement.
>
> i.e.    filename file_in 'see operation.dependent:filename\convention';
>         data one;
>           where v_nam_01 v_nam_03 v_nam_09-v_nam29 v_nam34-v_nam43 ;
>           infile file_in;
>           input v_nam_01-v_nam99 ;
>         run;

I'm afraid that this is wrong in at least three  ways.   (1)
Situation:  the WHERE statement is usable when the DATA step
is reading SAS data sets rather than  external  files.   (2)
Purpose:  the WHERE statement is for subsetting observations
rather than variables.  (3) Syntax:  the word  "WHERE"  must
be followed by an expression rather than a variable list.

Like the person who posted the earlier  response,  I  assume
that  "portable  sas  data file" means an external (non-SAS)
file.  If instead it means a SAS data set in transport form,
the following is not appropriate.

To subset variables when reading a huge external  file,  the
best  and most straightforward technique is to construct the
INPUT statement to selectively read the needed fields  only.
If  the  file  is  not in fixed format (aligned in columns),
this is difficult if not impossible.  Otherwise, it is  done
by  using  either  "column" style or "formatted" style (with
pointer controls); all of this is described in  the  section
of the SAS Language manual dealing with the INPUT statement.

/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\
\   Howard Schreier, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington    /
/                     MVS 5.18 & 6.07                      \
\   Voice: (202) 377-4180        BITNET: HIS@NIHCU         /
/   Fax:   (202) 377-4614      INTERNET: HIS@CU.NIH.GOV    \
\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sas-l
Date:         Wed, 12 Aug 1992 15:08:00 LCL
Reply-To:     DH04@DKAUNI2.BITNET
From:         DH04@DKAUNI2.BITNET
Subject:      Intersect/union of two MAP-datasets

Hello,
I'm searching for a SAS-Macro that intersects and/or unions two
MAP-Datasets (no graphical overlay). Can s.o. help?
Best,
H.-G. S.-v.R.

********************************************
Hans-Georg Schwarz-v.Raumer
Institut fuer Geographie und Geooekologie II
Universitaet Karlsruhe
Kaiserstr.12
7500 Karlsruhe 1
F.R.G.
Phone: FRG-(0721)6083838
Fax: FRG-(0721)696761
e-mail: dh04@dkauni2.bitnet
********************************************
From: NCRVE@UCBCMSA.BITNET (National Center for Research in Vocational Edu)
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.erl-l
Subject: NEW NCRVE DOCUMENT
Date: 20 Aug 92 23:54:00 GMT
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU

The Role of Vocational Education in Restructured Schools
  This hour-and-a-half videotape is of a teleconference titled "The Role
  of Vocational Education in Restructured Schools."  Objectives of the
  teleconference were to describe different approaches to restructuring,
  provide specific examples of the role of vocational education in
  restructuring, discuss the leadership necessary for restructuring,
  describe how restructuring can facilitate the integration of vocational
  and academic education, and discuss how students benefit from
  restructuring when vocational education becomes an integral part of
  their educational experience.
  MDS-418                  Videotape                  $15.00

To order:

Send request and/or purchase order to:
   NCRVE Materials Distribution Service
   Western Illinois University
   Horrabin Hall 46
   Macomb, IL  61455

For telephone orders call:  800-637-7652
                            FAX 309-298-2222
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.erl-l
Date:         Thu, 20 Aug 1992 16:07:12 CDT
From:         stan kulikowski ii <STANKULI@UWF.BITNET>
Subject:      proposal estimates for OCR scanning?

  i am preparing a proposal which needs to include substantial optical
character recognition (OCR scanning) to capture printed textbook materials into
a machine-readable format.  i need some expertise on what expenses to plan for.
the project will collect all reading assignments for students in a class and
then scan in as much as we can per month for statistical analysis of the
material.

  as i understand the process, we scan text in a fixed font and then have to
hand-correct errors in the range of 5-10 characters per 1000.  this then needs
a third pass to verify the correction.  result is about 1 char per 100K error.
through-put rate is about the same as hiring a skilled secretary (55 wpm) to
type in the text, reading from the hardcopy.  (secretary is without dual
reading for 1/100K verification).  from this, can i estimate that 2 graduate
students (20 hr per week) could process about 200M per 9 month academic year?

  can i assume that a 486 cpu with 10M ram is adequate engine for OCR?  what
scanner and software expenses should i request?  hand-held or flatbed? i have
heard that OCR is prone to mechanical downtime.  would 2 sets of OCR hardware
per cpu be adequate to keep the process moving?

  now, how much a wrinkle will it be to do this in russian (or other
indoeuropean languages) rather than english?
                                            stan

                        stankuli@UWF.bitnet
     .
    ===    we all help each other get a little further down the road,
               or be damned for the fools that we are.
    ---                       -- the motorcycle modificationalist's moto
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.erl-l
Date:         Sat, 22 Aug 1992 05:59:56 HST
From:         James Shimabukuro <JAMESS@UHUNIX.BITNET>
Subject:      Re: proposal estimates for OCR scanning?

Re Stan's OCR question

Stan: Do you need to scan all the readings?  Would it be possible to randomly
select portions of texts?  That could reduce the amount of scanning by 80-90
percent.

If you're working with bound texts, you'd need a hand scanner, and these
aren't easy to use.

A 486 with 10 megs of RAM should do it.  I use a hand scanner with a 486/8
meg system; it is painfully slow with a 386SX/4 meg system.

Jim
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
X-From_: tgray  Tue Aug 18 09:28:26 1992
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.biosph-l
Date:         Tue, 18 Aug 1992 09:28:31 PDT
Reply-To:     Tom Gray <tgray@IGC.APC.ORG>
Comments:     Resent-From: Tom Gray <tgray@igc.apc.org>
Comments:     Originally-From: Tom Gray <tgray@igc.apc.org>
From:         Tom Gray <tgray@IGC.APC.ORG>
Subject:      Solar Thermal Electricity

/* Written  4:49 pm  Aug 17, 1992 by pki in cdp:en.energy */
/* ---------- "Solar Thermal Electricity" ---------- */

To those seeking clean energy solutions:  Power Kinetics needs
help developing solar thermal markets and defining energy products
using our fixed focus solar furnaces. We would like to
pre-engineer small, single engine, electric generating systems but
will welcome an opportunity to look at large central solar systems
which have the blessing of the local community and their electric
utility. We are trying to develop regional solar solutions within
five years by building a local job base which harvests clean
enrgy.  Our lowest first cost approach aims at testing small
engines which already exist which can be packaged commercially in
the next five years. A small system (5kWe) could power the needs
of a large dwelling and provide electricity at about 12" per
kilowatt-hour (kWh). A 25 kWe system could possibly produce
electricity at 7"/kWh and a larger 60 kWe system, electricity at
under 5". In all systems, rejected heat from making electricity is
available for a variety of uses - domestic hot water, clothes
drying, and space heating, to name a few.  Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque has released a Request for Quotation for
a "Utility Scale Solar Thermal Electric Power Plant." Up to a 50%
cost share can be provided under an appropriate solar
commercialization initiative. Our efforts use our 5th generation
concentrator with built-in thermal storage.  Storage development
is the most risky element of our program but will benefit from
external funding should Sandia share the costs of our development
efforts. Using our 4th generation technology could reduce project
risks still further.  Our response to the Sandia program will be
made by September 25, 1992. In order to develop equipment which
meets or exceeds the requirements of potential users, we would
like to work with utilities or customers who can benefit from new
solar thermal technology. Engineering time provided by utilities
and customers to understand and strengthen our program should
qualify as a cost share which we can apply to the adopting region
to develop the infrastructure for continued market growth. We are
actively seeking groups to work with us. An Executive Summary of
our program is available upon request. Please call at 518-271-7743
or fax us at 517-271-0782 if you wish to know more.  Bob Rogers
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Organization: Texas A%M University
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.biosph-l
Date:         Fri, 21 Aug 1992 07:42:01 CDT
Reply-To:     MLee <N336BZ@TAMVM1.BITNET>
From:         MLee <N336BZ@TAMVM1.BITNET>
Subject:      Biosphere II

If one has access via internet to usenet newgroups, the group
sci.systems.sci often carries postings about Biosphere II, some posted
by project members themselves.  I've recently seen several such postings.


Regards,

M. Lee
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.biosph-l
Date:         Tue, 18 Aug 1992 17:57:40 GMT-0500
Reply-To:     scott@MA.NEAVS.COM
From:         scott@MA.NEAVS.COM
Subject:      whale groups
X-To:         biosph-l@ubvm.cc.buffalo.edu

An International Coalition of groups is fighting against capture of
marine mammals. Capture disrupts highly social groups of animals, and
results in early death for those individuals that are placed on
display. The U.S. Navy also uses belugas, sea lions, and dolphins in
bizarre and cruel experiments, including "swimmer nullification."

The following groups are involved in trying to stop further beluga
captures (one just occurred last weekend) as well as capture of
orcas, bottlenose dolphins, etc.:

Lifeforce, Box 3117, Main Post Office, Vancouver, B.C. V6B 3X6
Canada, 604/299-2822

Save The Dolphins/Earth Island Institute, 300 Broadway, Suite 28, San
Francisco, CA 94133, 415/788-3666

Dolphin Project, Box 224, Coconut Grove, FL 33233, 305/443-9012

Dolphin Rescue Brigade, Box 1197, Middleburg, VA 22117

Fund for Animals, 1251 W. Sepulveda Blvd, #350, Torrance, CA 90502

NEAVS, 333 Washington St, Suite 850, Boston, MA 02108, 617/523-6020

In Defense of Animals, 816, West Francisco Blvd, San Rafael, CA 94901

International Wildlife Coalition, PO box 138, Elsberry, MO 63343

Midwest Whale Protection, PO box 9, Palos Park, IL 60464,
708/361-1926 (Shedd Experts)

Scott VanValkenburg, NEAVS
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
X-Envelope-to: BIOSPH-L@UBVM.BITNET
X-VMS-To: BIOSPH
X-VMS-Cc: WHITLOCK
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.biosph-l
Date:         Fri, 21 Aug 1992 14:52:00 EDT
Reply-To:     Jeremy Whitlock <WHITLOCK@MCMASTER.BITNET>
From:         Jeremy Whitlock <WHITLOCK@MCMASTER.BITNET>
Subject:      Re: Follow up to Electricity/Capitalism discussion.

Bill Arnett writes:

  > Unrealistically cheap fuels (not just electricity)
  > have enabled industries to manufacture new products cheaper than
  > they can repair defective ones.

This is true, albeit not in general (eg. cheap electricity has enabled the
steel industry to not only make their product more efficiently, but also
to recycle their product -- which they've always done -- more efficiently,
making it more attractive feed source); however, I object to the use of the
characterization "unrealistically cheap fuels" which includes electricity.

Ontario is the manufacturing hub of Canada, and 60 - 70% of Ontario's
electricity comes from nuclear power, which is not only *realistically*
cheap -- I'd say it's UNrealistically expensive.  Nuclear-supplied
electricity is the *only* industry fuel for which the retail price
includes:

1) costs to cover waste disposal, current and long-term
2) costs to cover pollution controls that make each plant many orders of
magnitude cleaner that nature itself (chemical and radiochemical pollution
included).
3) costs to cover decommissioning.

Jeremy.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jeremy Whitlock                        e-mail:  WHITLOCK@MCMASTER.CA
Dept. of Engineering Physics
McMaster University                    phone: (416) 525-9140 ext.7140
Hamilton, Ont.
CANADA   L8S 4L8
                   "My thoughts are mine, not Mac's"
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU