HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
From: rcbi27@muvms3.bitnet (DBRUM)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology
Subject: Re: PIKES
Date: 28 Jul 92 20:02:10 GMT
Organization: Marshall University

In article <2a7016c3.knapper@knapper.cactus.org>, woody@knapper.cactus.org (Woody Baker) writes:
> the term "pike" is a shortened form of  "turnpike".  A pike was
> a sharp spear.  In ancient times, there were "turnpikes" or roads 
> that were guarded.  One had to pay a toll to use the road.  When you
> paid the guard, he then "turned the pike" away from you, and allowed
> you to proceed down the road.  Modern  turnpikes are guarded by toll
> booths.  Same Idea.  Nothing new under the sun... :)
> Cheers
> Woody

There you go again with that turnpike malarky! Are you sure you're
not confusing this with "turnstile"? Care to quote some sources for
this information? Are you one of them Roads Scholars or something?
Hmmm? 

:-)
-- 
	"Were his solid black square paintings really,
	as the artist claimed, simply neutral, abstract
	compositions devoid of external references and
	meanings?" ***********************************
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology
From: JAREA@UKCC.UKY.EDU
Subject: Re: Hebrew and cunniform (was: Dead sea scrolls)
Organization: University of Kentucky
Date: Fri, 24 Jul 1992 00:03:59 GMT

In article <1992Jul21.152925.14486@nas.nasa.gov>
wismith@amelia.nas.nasa.gov (William R. Smith) writes:
 
>
>Then I noticed that they looked remarkable like cunniform writing.  Mostly
>vertical and horizontal lines that could easily be impressed into clay.
>
>Was Hebrew, Aramaic writing related to the Mesopotamia cunniform?
>Any Near Eastern scholars who can shed some light on this?
>
 
The usual spelling is 'cuneiform'.  This basically means in the shape of
a 'cuneus' (Latin for 'wedge').  "Cunniform" would seem to mean something
like, "in the shape of a 'cunnus'", which is a quite different Latin word!
From: stgprao@xing.unocal.com (Richard Ottolini)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology
Subject: Re: Hebrew and cunniform (was: Dead sea scrolls)
Date: 22 Jul 92 22:56:11 GMT
Organization: Unocal Corporation
Originator: stgprao@xing

In article <1992Jul21.152925.14486@nas.nasa.gov> wismith@amelia.nas.nasa.gov (William R. Smith) writes:
>Then I noticed that they looked remarkable like cunniform writing.  Mostly
>vertical and horizontal lines that could easily be impressed into clay.
>
>Was Hebrew, Aramaic writing related to the Mesopotamia cunniform?
>Any Near Eastern scholars who can shed some light on this?

I recall the oldest true alphabet in the mideast called Urgarit (sp?) was
cunniform.  However, most of the subsequent western alphabets- greek, latin
and hebrew- were descended from the Phonecian script.
Imaginative dictionaries have tables in them relating the shapes and names
of Phonecian letters to objects they represent, e.g. alef is an ox.

I distinguish "true alphabet" of a few dozen sound units from syllablaries.
Many ideographic languages, e.g. Egyptian, Chinese, come to represent syllable
sound units after a while rather than pure meaning.
I think some of the cunniform languages became syllablaries.
Cunniform was used for such a vast length of time and borrowed across many
unrelated languages, so one could probably find examples of most anything.
There are cursive (fast handwriting) forms of ideographic languages that
look remarkably alphabetic.  It think an example is the third script on
the rosetta stone which is cursive Egyptian.
From: Isami.Ching@dartmouth.edu (Isami Ching)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology
Subject: Field conditions
Date: 21 Jul 92 08:35:13 GMT
Organization: Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH

A friend and I are in the midst of designing a semi-permanent,
semi-portable living system.  Something a step above a tent but not a
full fledged house.  
Some of the possible uses might be for archaeological digs, scientific
expeditions...My question is two-fold; first is there an existing
system that is in use ( I don't want to re-invent the wheel) and
secondly has any of you been on any digs and if so I'd be interested in
learning about the field conditions , like what kind of housing was
availible, proximity of nearest town, numbers of people working at the
site, amount of work space needed to catalog etc.  

I understand that this is probably a little out of the bounds of this
newsgroup. I appreciate you-all reading this assuming you got this far.

e-mail would be great

isami.ching@dartmouth.edu
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology
From: wismith@amelia.nas.nasa.gov (William R. Smith)
Subject: Hebrew and cunniform (was: Dead sea scrolls)
Organization: NAS, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA
Date: Tue, 21 Jul 92 15:29:25 GMT


There was a segment on the Dead Sea Scrolls this morning on the news.
They showed clips of the fragments and I was struck by the old characters
used in the writing. 

Are they Hebrew?  Aramaic?  They looked something like Hebrew, but somehow
different. One of the differences was the lines in the characters was thinner
and didn't have flourishes (if that's the right words) on them.  Sort of
like san-serif fonts.

Then I noticed that they looked remarkable like cunniform writing.  Mostly
vertical and horizontal lines that could easily be impressed into clay.

Was Hebrew, Aramaic writing related to the Mesopotamia cunniform?
Any Near Eastern scholars who can shed some light on this?

Webster's has: Aramaic alphabet: 1) an extinct North Semitic alphabet
dating from the ninth century B.C. which was for several centuries
the commercial alphabet of southwest Asia and the parent of other
alphavets (as Sysrian and Arabic)  2) the square Hebrew alphabet as
distinguished from the early Hebrew alphabet.



William Smith
Intel, SSD


Newsgroups: sci.archaeology
From: mathers@sibelius.trl.oz.au (Steven Mathers)
Subject: Military support
Reply-To: s.mathers@trl.oz.au
Organization: Telecom Research Labs, Melbourne, Australia
Date: Mon, 27 Jul 1992 00:47:44 GMT

Has anybody got a rough idea on how much resources (material and money)
it took to build and maintain an army in relation to a fleet (in ancient times)?

ie: 5000 hoplites vs. 50 triremes
From: charles@capmkt.COM (Charles Neveu)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology
Subject: Re: correlation symbols use <--> language in early man?
Date: 20 Jul 92 19:04:28 GMT
Organization: Capital Market Technology

pab@robots.oxford.ac.uk (Paul Beardsley) writes:
>In article <ARILD.92Jul16132748@milan.philosophie.uni-stuttgart.de> arild@adler.philosophie.uni-stuttgart.de writes:
>	[part deleted]
>>	 I believe that the use of symbols correlate with the
>>        development of the frontal lobe, and I conjecture that language
>>        developed in man at the same time. I.e., the use of language, a
>>        symbol system, and the use of visual symbols in art, had the same
>>        neurological source."
>> [del]
>Try "The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral
>Mind" by Julian Jaynes.  He attempts to use the evidence of physical
>artefacts to draw conclusions about the origins of consciousness and
>language in humans.  I found it very interesting, but I don't know
>anything about this type of thing - is there anyone else who has read 
>this book and has an opinion on it?

This was discussed in alt.consciousness a few weeks ago. I held that
the book was interesting for it's discussion of consciousness, but
that ultimately his thesis -- that consciousness is a cultural, not
biological phenomenon, and that early man was not conscious until
about 3000 year ago -- was untenable as a scientific hypothesis since
it is essentially unfalsifiable.

Charles Neveu
Neurology Unit
UC Berkeley
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology
From: hmccullo@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu (Huston McCulloch)
Subject: Re: Hebrew and cunniform (was: Dead sea scrolls)
Organization: The Ohio State University
Date: Thu, 23 Jul 1992 14:46:23 GMT

In article <1992Jul23.083055.6014@csc.canterbury.ac.nz> cctr114@csc.canterbury.
ac.nz Bill Rea of Christchurch, NZ writes:
>
>All the photographs I have seen of the Dead Sea Scrolls are ones that
>use the Aramaic script. This is the script that Hebrew was written in
>during that time. There is an older genuinely Hebrew script, this being
>the script that the Samaritan Pentateuch is written in. I have not seen
>examples of this script in the DSS.
>

     While the great majority of the DDS are in the Aramaic-type Square Hebrew
script that is still in use today, a few (perhaps 10%) were in the
Phoenician-like Old Hebrew or Paleo-Hebrew script from which Samaritan derived.
The best example of this is *The Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll (11Q paleoLev)*,
edited by David N. Freedman and K.A. Mathews, American Schools of Oriental
Research:  Winona Lake, IN, 1985.

     An even smaller number (1%?) were in two scripts identified as Cryptic A
and Cryptic B.  See "Dead Sea Scrolls Update" articles in latest (July?)
*Biblical Archaeology Review* (the issue with the Golan Heights circles on the
cover.)  I haven't had a chance to look at these yet, but they should be in the
new facsimile edition of the DDS being offered by BAR for $195.

    An excellent overview of the development of the Hebrew script is *Early
History of the Alphabet:  An Introduction to West Semitic Epigraphy and
Paleography* by Joseph Naveh, Magnes Press, Jerusalem, 1982.

                                       Hu McCulloch
From: touchais@sun5a.lri.fr (Roland Touchais)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology
Subject: Databases for dig results
Keywords: databases
Date: 29 Jul 92 09:18:23 GMT
Reply-To: touchais@sun5a.lri.fr (Roland Touchais)
Organization: LRI - Univ. Paris-Sud / CNRS URA 410

My sister is an archaeologist. She carries a portable PC to her digs. 
When she finds an artefact, she needs to write certain facts about 
it in a systematic way. I imagine many archaeologists have the
same problem. So I need a database or spreadsheet program 
she can use to do this. It may be a program written for you
in an ordinary programming language, or it may be written in
the language of a database such as DBase III or Paradox, which is
much easier to do.

Please reply by mail as we have difficulty getting the news
regularly. Sorry if this is the wrong place, but I need the
name of a site where I can download it.
Thanks, 
Steve
From: cla04@seq1.keele.ac.uk (A.T. Fear)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology
Subject: Re: Military support
Date: 28 Jul 92 13:52:42 GMT
Organization: University of Keele, England

> In article <1992Jul27.004744.14970@trl.oz.au> s.mathers@trl.oz.au writes:
>>Has anybody got a rough idea on how much resources (material and money)
> it took to build and maintain an army in relation to a fleet (in ancient
times)?


You could try  D.W.Engel's book *Alexander the Great and the logistics
of the Macedonian Army* publ. by the University of California Press I
think. Some ancient armies were of course "home-grown" in the sense that
all the troops had their own personal equipment.

Andy Fear, cla04@uk.ac.Keele
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology
From: marina@tk.mainet.msk.su (Naumenko M.V.)
Subject: To anybody who is interesting in science
Reply-To: marina@tk.mainet.msk.su
Organization: Moscow Aviation Institute, PDTK
Date: Tue, 28 Jul 92 12:55:58 GMT

          TO  ANYBODY  WHO IS INTERESTING IN SCIENCE
        We apply to everybody who interested in  future  Russian
science; who   would  like  to assist  it  to integrate in World
science society.
        We need information about Funds and other  organizations
who interested in  attraction russian  science organizations  to
research within  the limits active and  plan science proects and
directions of  this  researches   but also about  conditions  of
precipitation  russian scientists   in this proects.  Besides we
would like to know about questions of finance.
        We pin   our hopes on  establishment of interaction  and
development of international cooperation.
        Best regards.                 Marina V.Naumenko



Newsgroups: sci.archaeology
From: okunewck@psuvax1.cs.psu.edu (Phil OKunewick)
Subject: Re: road names
Organization: Random, at best
Date: Tue, 28 Jul 1992 17:19:29 GMT

In article <110923@muvms3.bitnet> rcbi27@muvms3.bitnet (DBRUM) writes:
>In Tennessee (and I guess in other places too :-), roads connecting
>cities and towns are refered to as "pikes." Like "Newtown Pike";
>"Henderson Pike", etc. 
>
>Since a "pike" is a sort of spear or javelin, I guess the word "pike"
>in this sense harkens back to a stake in the ground with a road sign
>on it or something.

   Actually, a stake with some kind of gate.  A "turnpike" road had a
gate that would open by turning it on the pike.  You pay a toll, and
the gate gets opened for you to pass.  The tradition continues today.
One would hope that your toll money pays for road maintenance.  (I've
heard that the Pennsylvania Turnpike is completely funded by the tolls
collected.)

   Toll roads go back well into medieval times.  During Europe's
feudal period, independant states were no bigger than counties are
today (many of the counties descended from the feudal states).  Chains
were strung across waterways that would prevent ships from passing;
when a tariff was paid, the chain was lowered into the water so the
ship could pass.
From: cse0947@desire.wright.edu
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology
Subject: Need Info on groups
Date: 22 Jul 92 22:36:38 GMT
Organization: Wright State University

Does anyone know the names and adresses of any American archaeological 
organizations?
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology
From: mathers@sibelius.trl.oz.au (Steven Mathers)
Subject: references
Reply-To: s.mathers@trl.oz.au
Organization: Telecom Research Labs, Melbourne, Australia
Date: Wed, 22 Jul 1992 00:36:20 GMT

I am after any references on the following topics:

General life in the mediteranean/near east 4000bc-1000ad
Trade routes and trading in same period
locations of trade items in smae period
population and resources in same period ie
...fertility of land, abundance of resources etc..
piracy and barbarians in euarasia
politics in euarasia (same period)

One book which I have found has some good data in it is
THE ANCIENT MARINERS by Casson.

Any other recomendations would be appreciated.
From: cla04@seq1.keele.ac.uk (A.T. Fear)
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology
Subject: Re: Dead sea scrolls, are there any english translations available?
Date: 21 Jul 92 08:39:30 GMT
Organization: University of Keele, England

From article <19240@plains.NoDak.edu>, by ortmann@plains.NoDak.edu (Daniel Ortmann):
> )I am currently studying the bible and want to see the dead sea scrolls.
> )Are there any archive sites where I can get the tranlated english version?

There is a translation with a long introduction by the Jewish scholar
Geza Vermes (he of "Jesus the Jew" fame) which is available from Penguin
Books in England, called The Dead Sea Scrolls in English, though I wouldn't know if you can get hold of this in
America. Isn't there a new crank book by Baigent and Leigh on the
subject just out?

Andy Fear, cla04@uk.ac.Keele
Newsgroups: sci.archaeology
From: ds@tejas.watson.ibm.com (Dinkar Sitaram)
Subject: Re: Deciphering of the script of the ancient Harappan civilization
Date: Fri, 24 Jul 92 12:40:42 GMT
Reply-To: ds@tejas.watson.ibm.com (Dinkar Sitaram)
Organization: IBM TJ Watson Research

In article <BrtA70.6B3@sun3.vlsi.waterloo.edu>, sen@sun2.vlsi (Subhajit
Sen) writes:
[deleted text of article]

There have been multiple claimed decipherments of the script
of the Harappan civilization.  R. D. Banerji, the co-discoverer
of Harappa, noticed that many features of the Indus valley
civilization were similar to that associated with Dravidians
in India and proposed that the civilization was Dravidian.
Some scholars have proposed a decipherment of the script assuming
the language was early Dravidian.  A review of this work
was published in Scientific American a couple of years ago.

The major problem with this hypothesis is that there is
no evidence of civilization in South India until much later,
though there is evidence of human habitation.

I have also seen a report by a Dr. Rao published by the
Archeological Survey of India which reports a decipherment
assuming the language is Sanskrit.  Dr. Rao points out that
all scripts in Indian languages have two unique features.
First, the short vowel "a" (the sound in "but") is not explicitly
written but is assumed to be present between any two 
consonants.  For example, "kamala" meaning lotus is written
as "kml".  The vowel "a" is written explicitly only when
it occurs at the beginning of a word.

The second feature is that other vowels are indicated by 
modifying the preceding consonant.  For example, the
syllable "gu" in "guru" is written not by writing the
symbol for "g" and then the symbol for "u" but by
modifying the symbol for "g" to form a compound symbol
for the syllable "gu".

Using these principles, Dr. Rao classified the symbols of
the Harappan script into consonants and modified consonants,
and deciphered them assuming the language was Sanskrit.

I believe that there are roughly 120 symbols in the
script of the Harappan civilization.  The script was
originally pictographic, but is believed to have evolved
into a syllabic form.  Only short inscriptions on what are
believed to be seals used by merchants survive.  No 
religious texts or other documents have been found, 
indicating either that the Harappans used a perishable
material (such as palm-leaf) for writing or that they
did not use writing for other purposes.

People have also noted similarities between the Harappan
script and the script used by the natives of Easter Island.
However, I don't think that anybody has yet proposed a
decipherment based on this resemblance.

Dinkar Sitaram

Newsgroups: sci.archaeology
From: craig@earth.nwu.edu (Craig Bina)
Subject: Excavation of Romanov remains
Originator: craig@pangaea.earth.nwu.edu
Organization: Geological Sciences Department, Northwestern University
Date: Tue, 21 Jul 1992 18:44:02 GMT


I have read a bit recently about ongoing excavation of the Romanov
family remains in Russia.  Does anyone have a coherent story about
this effort?  Any new developments?
       Craig.....
-- 
_______
Craig R. Bina, Asst. Prof.
Dept. of Geological Sci., Northwestern Univ.
Evanston, Illinois, craig@earth.nwu.edu
From: raghu@enh.nist.gov
Newsgroups: sci.geo.fluids
Subject: looking to connect to Dr. Greatbatch.
Date: 27 Jul 92 15:32:29 GMT
Organization: NIST

hello:
would anyone have the e-mail address or 
telephone number of Dr. Richard Greatbatch 
of Memorial University, Newfoundland, Canada.
raghu@enh.nist.gov
From: maths@uk.ac.uea (Mathematics)
Newsgroups: sci.geo.fluids
Subject: Lecturership in Applied/Environmental Mathematics
Date: 31 Jul 92 14:15:20 GMT
Organization: University of East Anglia
X-Useragent: Nuntius v1.1

UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA
NORWICH
UK

LECTURESHIP IN MATHEMATICS

Applications are invited for the post of Lecturer in Applied Mathematics
from 1 October 1992 or at a later mutually agreed date, for fixed term of
four years. The person appointed will be expected to have  research
interests in an area of Applied Mathematics. Preference will be given to
applicants who apply
their mathematics to a branch of Environmental Sciences.

It is expected that the initial salary will be on the Lecturer A scale
12860-17827 pounds per annum plus USS benefits.

Applications (three copies), giving full particulars of age,
qualifications and experience, together with the names and addresses of
three persons to whom reference may be made, should be lodged with the
Administrative Secretary, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
(tel: +44 603 592123) from
whom further particulars may be obtained, not later than 13 August 1992.
No forms of Application are issued.
Newsgroups: sci.geo.fluids
From: bohnert@leland.Stanford.EDU (matthew bohnert)
Subject: Re: Coherent structures
Keywords: turbulence
Organization: DSG, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
Date: Wed, 29 Jul 92 21:00:41 GMT

>
>Understanding why coherent structures (usually long-lived monopolar or
>dipolar vortices) emerge from turbulence and survive it is interesting
>and important. However, the practical importance is overblown. Most of
>the results are specific to homogeneous and isotropic situations, which
>do not describe the important natural ones. In plasmas, inhomogeneity
>usually kills these things. Claims that coherent solitons can explain
>turbulent transport of heat, particles, or momentum is certainly going
>too far.

Well, some folks here at Stanford might have a thing or to say about that.
Gary Coleman's DNS of the Ekman Layer in 1990 showed how a balance between
convective heating and shear can produce large scale roll cells in the
planetary boundary layer, and these modes alone (1 spike in the midrange
of the energy spectra) transfer much more momentum and scalars than in
plain old shear driven boundary layers.  I don't know much about Langmuir
cells (in the ocean) but I believe they operate under a somewhat similar
principle.  Also, knowing what coherent structures can do to a typical
boundary layer allows for better means of turbulence control (i.e. vortex
generators on wings, as well as vortex `suppressors', such as riblets, that
reduce drag).

Perhaps I misunderstood what you meant by `overblown', or `going too far',
but to suggest that coherent structure study is somehow meaningless and/or
a waste of time would be foolhardy, IMHO.

Matt Bohnert
From: ph11mlar@sbusol.rz.uni-sb.de (Arthur Recktenwald)
Newsgroups: sci.geo.fluids
Subject: saddle point, CERN-PACKAGES where ftp site
Date: 31 Jul 92 13:34:03 GMT
X-Newsreader: Tin 1.1 PL4

Hello

I need a routine in Fortran to find a saddle point. I have a numerical
function f(x,y) and want to get the saddle point of f. 


Another question: I heard that there are CERN Porgramm Packages which
are PD. Is ther a FTP-site to get it and what about documentation.

Thanks in advance

Arthur

--

      /// Arthur Recktenwald        /// Z-Netz:  arthur@hit.zer         ///
     /// Voice:+49-(0)681-302-4217 /// Internet:arthur@lusi.uni-sb.de  ///   
    /// BTX: 0681581414-12        /// _Fax:+49-(0)  __681 _302-4316   ///
\\\/// W-6620 V"olklingen 1   \\\/// /_\   /\/\  | | _   /_\      \\\///
 \XX/ Fed.Rep.of.Germany       \XX/ /   \ /    \ | |__| /   \ 2000 \XX/

         			    
Newsgroups: sci.geo.fluids
From: fearnley@ERE.UMontreal.CA (Fearnley Anne)
Newsgroups: sci.geo.fluids
Subject: Coherent structures
Keywords: turbulence
Date: 28 Jul 92 01:48:55 GMT
Organization: Universite de Montreal

(I am posting this on my wife's account. Send any e-mail to me at
        TURNER@OSIRIS.PHY.UQAM.CA )

      I am a Ph.D. student trying to get a grasp of the subject of
coherent structures in turbulence, particularly in the atmospheric
surface layer. The articles are all over the place! If anyone can
give me some references, I will be very grateful. Wouldn't want to
miss some important 'thread' buried away in the literature.

     As well, how about some opinions on the subject itself, with
supporting arguments. Some folks think the coherent structure business
is rubbish and a craze, and some think its the key to turbulence.
Any comments?