HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
From: lockhart@mothra.nts.uci.edu (Jack C. Lockhart)
Subject: IS THERE AN ARCHIVE OF THIS NEWSGROUP?
Newsgroups: sci.geo.geology
Organization: University of California, Irvine
Keywords: archive
Date: 12 Sep 92 17:32:23 GMT
Followup-To: sci.geo.geology

Is there an archive of this newsgroup somewhere, so that people can
FTP or use a mail-server to retrive older postings?  I went on an
extended vacation and missed several days worth of postings.  It would
be nice if everybody could pick it from a central place.

~jack_

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Newsgroups: sci.geo.geology
From: harris@drvax3.msfc.nasa.gov (Mitch Harris)
Subject: Tsunamis..how far inland?
Organization: NASA/MSFC
Date:  7 Sep 92 00:56:48 GMT

Please excuse my ignorance, if the answer to my question is obvious, I
am just a little ole nurse, but I was wondering....
The tsunamis that recently hit Nicarauga - how far inland does a tsuanmi
travel? Is there a formula to calculate this? How far is safe (given the
assumption that most people would travel no farther than possible from
their homes)? 

Thanks!

......................posted for Beverly H.

--
Mitch Harris                           |  New Technology Inc.
(205)-544-2846                         |  700 Boulevard South, #401
drvax3!harris@freedom.msfc.nasa.gov    |  Huntsville, AL  35802

Newsgroups: sci.geo.geology
From: Michael Steckner <steckner@lri.uwo.ca>
Subject: Re: Tsunamis..how far inland?
Organization: Relayed-by-Sendmail
Date: Tue, 15 Sep 1992 22:59:55 GMT
To: sci.geo.geology@julian.uwo.ca


So they can get several 100 ft high, but one newspaper I read claimed that
they move at several hundred miles per hour. Is this really correct?
From: Graham_Parkinson@mindlink.bc.ca (Graham Parkinson)
Newsgroups: sci.geo.geology
Subject: USGS "Phreaker" program
Date: 14 Sep 92 05:25:11 GMT
Organization: MIND LINK! - British Columbia, Canada

As the title implies, this enquiry is about the USGS computer
program named "Phreaker".  A client interested in the modelling
of hazardous waste dispersions in soils mentioned that this
program existed.

Could anyone familiar with this program give a synopsis of what
this program actually does, and what the availability of it is?  
--
******************************************************************
*  Graham Parkinson - Frontier GeoSciences, Vancouver BC CANADA  *
*  uunet Graham_Parkinson@Mindlink.bc.ca                         *
******************************************************************
Newsgroups: sci.geo.geology
From: andy@pangea.Stanford.EDU (Andy Michael USGS Guest)
Subject: Re: Old Faithful, Ca forecasts earthquakes - maybe
Organization: Stanford Univ. Earth Sciences
Date: Tue, 8 Sep 1992 04:45:17 GMT

In article <1992Sep7.171212.18819@en.ecn.purdue.edu> lush@en.ecn.purdue.edu (Gregory B Lush) writes:
>In article <1992Sep7.105413.10964@news.Hawaii.Edu> joe@montebello.soest.hawaii.edu writes:
>>	No, they told us: the period was very strongly influenced by
>>the amount of rain. Because of all the rain the period was much shorter
>>than usual, only about 10 minutes. Sure enough, we stayed through several
>>cycles, and it was something like 9 minutes 14 seconds on the dot, as
>>I recall. Consistent enough that I could literally set up the camera,
>>start the timer, run around to the other side, and get a picture of me
>>with the geyser just starting up.
>>
>>	So how do they disentangle the effects of rain from the earthquake
>>prediction part? Oh I know... they haven't HAD any rain there the last
>>few years :-)
>There is an article in the NYTimes some time last week on this.
>The researchers claim to have accounted for variation in the
>rain amounts.

No.  What Paul Silver has always stressed in his talks is that while
he believes there are some earthquake precursors present in the
geyser's behavior there are too many other affects to use this as
a predictor, at least by itself.  Instead the impression he has given
me is that he believes it is a reason to believe in regional strain
changes before earthquakes but that we must try to measure them some
other way than with the geyser.  On the other side is the dilatometer
measurements made by Malcolm Johnston that have shown no noticeable
strain before earthquakes at regional distances.  I am using regional
to mean several times the rupture length away or more.

Can't wait to actually see the article.  It hadn't shown up as of Friday.

Andy
Newsgroups: sci.geo.geology
Subject: Re: Earthquake data wanted for comparison
From: shammon@eis.calstate.edu (Stephen Gilbert Hammond)
Date: Fri, 11 Sep 1992 05:46:55 GMT
Organization: Calif State Univ/Electronic Information Services

gkm@cc.uow.edu.au (Glen K Moore) writes:
> 
> I am building a seismometer - where can I access earthquake data? I would like
> to obtain a source of data to compare with mine at Wollongong Australia.
> I would also like to correspond with others who have seismographs in use for 
> display purposes.
> 
> Glen Moore
> gkm@wampyr
> Fax 61-42-213151
> Science Centre
> Wollongong
> AUSTRALIA
In the above Glen Moore writes "I am looking for ..."
Glen, I am one of the folks that has started the Public Seismic Netwrok (PSN)
here in the USA. I have three seismographs that I have built connected
to PC's. I own and operate the PSN BBS in San Jose, CA. and have assisted
with the installation of two others at the USGS in Menlo Park and at a
home in Pasadena CA. We (as a group) have plans and amp/interface drawings
as well as collection/display software free for the asking or via the
BBS's (San Jose CA phone 408-226-0675). I am "new" to INTERNET so if you
tell me where, maybe I could FTP a few of the drawings in a GIF format.
Regarding the exchange of seismic data  
All three of the BBS systems have PSN members data on them. The USGS
system is still in the new install state and we need to finish setting it
up but, we have a considerable amount of data that dates back for a year
available with most of it on line. The format is one that we use with our
QUAKEVIEW display program and we also have a convert program to convert it
to DR100 format. We have a very good account of all the 4.5 and above
events in the Landers sequence and two records of the Nicaragua 7.0 event;
one short period and one (30 seconds) long period.
I don't have an INTERNET FTP address as yet for the data event data or
software but if all things work out as planned than we should have an
INTERNET FTP address in the near future. If I can assist please ask. Steve
Hammond -- PSN San Jose CA. 
Also - SHAMMOND@SFOVMIC6.VNET.IBM.COM 	

As an after thought, speaking of asking: the fellow that wrote our collect
and display software is in Tokyo on a two year assignment. I mention that
as he has his seismographs with him. (Don't leave home without it((them))
If anybody reading this knows of a access port to INTERNET that he could
gain access to the network you Glen, could match "public" data with him.
His long period seismograph has been the source of some excellent seismic
records. Please contact me via note if you have an answer to my request.

Regards, Steve
Xref: sparky sci.geo.geology:1941 ca.earthquakes:1083
From: jgraham@onyx.axion.bt.co.uk (John Graham)
Newsgroups: sci.geo.geology
Subject: Re:argillite
Date: 10 Sep 92 15:09:03 GMT
Reply-To: jgraham@axion.bt.co.uk
Organization: British Telecom Labs
Organisation: BT Laboratories, Martlesham Heath, IPSWICH UK

Argillaceous rocks are fine grained sedimantary rocks
such as shales, mudstones, clays, etc.

Your Cambridge argillites are obviously meta-shales,
mudstones, clays, etc.

John
From: skaamjm@ucl.ac.uk (Matthew Moore)
Newsgroups: sci.geo.meteorology
Subject: Re: Maples are yellow in Denver
Date: 14 Sep 92 15:11:12 GMT
Organization: Bloomsbury Computing Consortium

strauss@uncavx.unca.edu writes:

>In article <amos.715783249@shum>, amos@huji.ac.il (amos shapir) writes:
>> joeb@atmos.washington.edu (Joe Barsugli) writes:
>> 
>>>The explanation in the newspapers around here is that drought stress
>>>is the cause.
>> 
>> Some trees are turning here in Jerusalem too - mainly poplar, but only
>> of specific types.  It can be due to a combination of this winter's
>> unusual snow, last year's drought, and the recent hot spell.  Is there a
>> tree doctor in the audience?
>> 
>> --
>> 	Amos Shapir		Net: amos@cs.huji.ac.il

>This discussion of foliage is great stuff!  Is there a phenology group
>out here somewhere?  I have kept phenological observations since 1961,
>and from 1961-1976 have them for NYC.

>Has anyone ever noticed that some species (Acer--Maples, more than Oaks,
>for example) ALWAYS turn color about the same time, no matter what
>latitude? I'm speaking of species, not families.

>++           Bob Strauss            ++
>++     Strauss@uncavx.unca.edu      ++ 

I noticed some er, beech or lime trees beginning to change colour
while in SW Scotland (thats the warmest part of Scotland, warmed by
the Gulf Stream) abot two weeks ago (last week of August), and a few
trees here in London are looking unusually Autumnal already (14th
Sep). 

Particular plant species, including trees, will respond to daylength
for events such flowering, leaf shedding. Oaks are  not a particularly
useful example as they believed to be of tropical origin, and produce
and shed leaves in flushes, even in temparate zones.

Perhaps a cross-post to Sci.bio would be appropriate?
Newsgroups: sci.geo.meteorology
From: ilana@kiowa.scd.ucar.edu (Ilana Stern)
Subject: Re: How much air transport between north and south hemisphere?
Organization: NCAR/UCAR
Date: Wed, 9 Sep 1992 21:40:35 GMT

In article <8020@lee.SEAS.UCLA.EDU>, albert@mott.seas.ucla.edu (Albert E. Chou) writes:
> I'm posting this for a friend who doesn't have USENET access.
> ---
> Question:  How much air transport is there between the north and
> south hemisphere?
> 
> Is there significant mass transport between the hemispheres? If
> so, how much?  Refs and/or typical numbers very much appreciated.

See Newell et al, "The General Circulation of the Tropical Atmosphere,"
(1972) published by the MIT press.  (Ok, he was my advisor.)  Mass
transport across the equator varies with season (remember that solar
forcing moves from 23.5 N to 23.5 S over the course of the year) and
with height in the atmosphere.  Mean meridional mass flux across the
equator at a given level ranges from about 40 (near the surface and
tropopause) to about 160 megatons/second.  Of course the net transport
is zero, or near zero (unless you Australians have been stealing our
air...now give it back!)

-- 
/\                Ilana Stern DoD#009  ilana@ncar.ucar.edu 
  \_][ <--NCAR       Colorado...is totally rectangular.
      \_Boulder______________________________________________________Kansas__
Newsgroups: sci.geo.meteorology
From: dean@coconut.rsmas.miami.edu (Dean Churchill)
Subject: Being there in a hurricane
Organization: University of Miami/RSMAS
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 92 21:47:15 GMT


To corroborate what Sim Aberson says about hurricanes, this is
my experience:

I have flown in a couple hurricanes, but had not experienced one on
the ground until Andrew hit Miami.  Both experiences are both boring
and terrifying.  In an airplane, half of all flights are at night, so
you can't see anything.  Most of each flight is in cloud, so you can't
see anything.  Most of each flight is in laminar air, so you can't
feel anything.  The drone of the engines is so loud you can't hear
yourself think.  Only the eyewall penetration is bumpy, usually, but
not much more turbulent than flying over the Rockies in a small plane
on a hot afternoon.  So it does indeed become boring after the third
pass through the eyewall.  Of course, there is always the terrifying
thought that the plane may crash.  But since crashing in a plane in a
hurricane is not much different from crashing outside of a hurricane
(either way you are likely finished), there isn't any more excitement
flying in a storm than in a regular commercial flight on a cloudy
night. 

As for experiencing Andrew on the ground, it was nighttime when it
hit, so I couldn't see anything outside.  And it was too windy and
rainy to go outside, so I didn't feel anything.  And the electricity
was off, so I couldn't watch the weather gals and guys on T.V.  The
only sensory input was the noise of the wind banging on the house, and
the occasional sparking of power lines outside.  It was nerve wracking
(and scary) wondering if the roof will go, or the door blow in (they
didn't for me, thankfully), but not scientifically interesting.  And
after sitting in the dark for an hour listening to the wind, it got
rather monotonous.  The next time a hurricane arrives at night, I will
put cotton in my ears to eliminate the noise, say my prayers, and go
to sleep. 


--------------------------
Dean Churchill
Asst. Prof. of Meteorology
University of Miami
From: userDHAL@mts.ucs.UAlberta.CA (David Halliwell)
Newsgroups: sci.geo.meteorology
Subject: Re: How much air transport between north and south hemisphere?
Date: 9 Sep 92 19:35:45 GMT
Organization: University Of Alberta, Edmonton Canada

albert@mott.seas.ucla.edu (Albert E. Chou) writes:

>I'm posting this for a friend who doesn't have USENET access.

>---
>Question:  How much air transport is there between the north and
>south hemisphere?

>I've heard it argued -- I believe erroneously -- that there isn't
>much based on the idea that the flow between the two tropical 
>Hadley cells converge in the lower atmosphere and diverge higher 
>up.  The 1953 Glossary of Meteorology notes that the ITCZ 
>(Intertropical Convergence Zone) is not a convergence line along
>its whole length, which I take as meaning that there air can
>move north or south in places.  Holton's Dynamic Meteorology
>notes that the upward flow in the ITCZ is controlled by t-storms
>("hot towers"), but that the idea of an overall upward mean flow
>is oversimplified.  Both SEEM address aspects of my question
>without really spelling it out.

    The ITCZ (which I think is now considered an "old" term) also moves
around quite a bit from season to season. Ask anyone that lives in a
monsoon region. For this reason alone, there can be large atmospheric
motions across the equator.

   Of course, the *net* transport is pretty much zero in any case. We seem
to have pretty much the same amount of air in either hemisphere as we
did a number of years ago. (I know: this isn't what you asked. :-))

>Is there significant mass transport between the hemispheres? If
>so, how much?  Refs and/or typical numbers very much appreciated.



Dave Halliwell
Department of Geography
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta
From: ieer@igc.apc.org (Inst. for Energy & Envir. Research)
Newsgroups: sci.geo.meteorology
Subject: Re: Optical Depth Question
Date: 14 Sep 92 16:27:00 GMT
Nf-ID: #R:cdp:1466900276:cdp:1466900278:000:1883
Nf-From: cdp.UUCP!ieer    Sep 14 09:27:00 1992


Brad,

Optical depth is a unitless number that represents the reduction
of radiance (Watts per unit area) when a beam of E-M radiation
passes through an absorbing or scattering medium like the
atmosphere or a volcanic aerosol plume.  Technically, it combines
three things: 1) a measure of the medium's "per unit" absorbing
and scattering ability (called the extinction coefficient with
units of area per unit mass) 2) the density of the medium and 3)
the distance traveled by the radiation through the medium.

The reduction of radiance is an exponential process.  The
fractional reduction in radiance at a particular wavelength is
given by

I/Io  =  exp(-T),

where Io is the radiance of the beam before passing through the
medium , I is the radiance after passing through the medium, and T
is the optical depth.  T is then

T  =  -ln(I/Io)

or the negative of the natural log of the fractional reduction in
the beam.  Therefore, a medium with an optical depth of "1" will
reduce an incoming beam of radiation by approximately 63% (one
"e-folding").  A medium with an optical depth of "0.3" will reduce
a beam by approximately 26%.  A medium with an optical depth of
"10" will reduce a beam by 99.99546%!  Again, all of this is at a
particular wavelength.  This can be integrated to represent a wave
internal.  For instance, the optical depth for the atmosphere over
the interval representing the infrared emission spectrum of the
earth is approximately "4" (this is mostly H2O).

So, optical depth is not a distance but relates to the level of
attenuation of a beam.  For instance, you could reach an optical
depth of "1" (one e-folding loss or a reduction in the beam's
radiance of approximately 63%) after traveling 1 cm in a very
absorbing, dense medium but require 10 miles to reach the same
optical depth in a poorly absorbing, thin medium.

Hope this helps.

Kevin R. Gurney
Newsgroups: sci.geo.meteorology
From: jward@louie.met.fsu.edu (Jeff Ward)
Subject: Re: Watching AURORA TV
Organization: Florida State University
Distribution: na
Date: Tue, 8 Sep 92 23:09:43 GMT



>It's probably more typical to have ducting associated with a frontal system,

Sorry Jack, but I have to disagree here.  True, tropospheric ducts are often
very pronounced after the passage of a cold front (usually due to the 
subsiding, drier air behind the front).  However, during the spring and
fall here along the Gulf Coast, we experience varying degrees of surface
ducting just about every morning close to and a few hours after sunrise.  
The existence of the duct is evident as anomalous echoes on weather radar, 
as well as in the arrival of distant VHF and UHF signals (2 m and 70 cm
ham bands).

>Some of the ducting situations can be quite lengthy, for example several
>connections have been made at vhf from California to Hawaii.

You're right here.  I've made VHF contacts to Texas as well as the Florida
Keys from here in Tallahassee during good surface ducting conditions.
The ducts often last all night long, and many a night I've stayed up
chasing VHF DX!


Regardless of the conditions that cause the ducts (e.g. frontal
passage, or morning radiational cooling) a temperature inversion must
exist (i.e. temperature increases with height for a small distance),
and usually there is an accompanying decrease with height of moisture.
Winds are usually light (strong winds mix the atmosphere and make it's
temperature and moisture characteristics more uniform -- "nullifying"
any inversions that may exist).  Under these conditions, the refractive
index of the atmosphere is such that radio waves of certain frequencies
(in this case VHF and UHF) are bent back toward the earth beneath the
inversion, creating a duct, and guiding the waves near the surface.  Any
fog or clouds that form will not only attenuate the signals but are also
indicative of the breakdown of the proper moisture profile needed for ducting.


Jeff Ward, N4TRY
Florida State University
Dept. of Meteorology
jeff@ray.met.fsu.edu

Newsgroups: sci.geo.meteorology
From: capskb@alliant.backbone.uoknor.edu (Keith Brewster)
Subject: Decoding ASOS observations
Originator: usenet@essex.ecn.uoknor.edu
Date: Wed, 9 Sep 1992 02:44:36 GMT
Distribution: na
Organization: University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK
Keywords: ASOS, Surface Aviation Observations 

I don't remember if this question popped up on wx-talk or s.g.m., 
but its probably of interest to both.

Q: How do you decode the ASOS obs?  
  (ASOS = Automated Surface Observing Station)

An example:

DDC SA 1756 A02A M13 OVC 10+ 185/61/53/2007/011/ 58020 6//// 10061 20051 PRESFR


Most of the info is the same as a regular aviation observation, so I will
only point out the exceptions.

A02A:  ASOS station type
         A02  stand-alone ASOS
         A02A ASOS with augmented/edited data

10+:   visibility in miles, 10+ if greater than 10 miles, (the + may be dropped
                                                           in the future)
                            <1/4 if less than 1/4 

Remark groups:

5appp  Three-hour pressure tendency and change (at 3 hr intervals)

6rrrr  Three-hourly (at 03,09,15,21 UTC) or Six-hourly (00,06,12,18 UTC) 
       precip in hundreths of an inch.  6000/ is a trace.

7RRRR  24-hourly precip (reported at 12 UTC)

1sTTT  sign (s) and absolute value (degrees F) max temp in
       the past 6 hrs 
2sTTT  sign (s) and absolute value (degrees F) min temp in
       the past 6 hrs 

4sXXXsNNN   sign (s) and absolute value of max (XXX) and min (NNN)
            temps ending and reported at local midnight
            (future add-on)

PCPN rrr    Precipitation in hundreths of an inch in the past hour

PWINO       Precipitation identifier instrument not operational
ZRNO        Freezing rain sensor operational
TNO         Thunderstorm information not available
$           Maintenance check indicator


The example observation didn't include a weather symbol, but the ASOS
is capable of observing automatically:  S,R,ZR,F,H 
Intensity of precip is notated as in a human ob: -,+,no symbol is moderate
  If there is light precip of unknown type: P- is given.
Human observers can augment the ob with:
  T,TORNADO,A,VOLCANIC ASH

DDC SA 1756 A02A M13 OVC 10+ 185/61/53/2007/011/ 58020 6//// 10061 20051 PRESFR

This example is an augmented ASOS, 
     10+
     visibility > 10 miles,
     58020
     pressure falling then more rapidly falling -2.0 mb in the past 3 hrs
     6////
     no precip in the past 6 hours
     10061
     max temp 61 F in the past 6 hours
     20051
     min temp 51 F in the past 6 hours.

If you have questions about this "Reader's Digest-type" condensation
of the documentation, email me.  I can try to answer or refer you to
the NWS folks in the know.

Keith
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Keith Brewster
 Internet: kbrews@geohub.gcn.uoknor.edu     BITNET: kbrews@UOKGCN.BITNET
 University of Oklahoma, School of Meteorology, Energy Center, Rm 1310
 Norman, OK 73019