HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
From: aleks@cray.com (Aleksander Mazur)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.polish
Subject: Re: Answer to Aleksander About '67 Arab-Israeli War (was: Polish..)
Date: 15 Oct 92 15:33:21 GMT


In article <1992Oct15.143543.29268@cs.brown.edu> dzk@cs.brown.edu (Danny Keren) writes:
>
>I apologize for posting something which does not really belong
>in SCP. I suggest to Aleksander to switch the discussion to
>talk.politics.mideast.

I don't think you need to apologize. On the other hand such a suggestion
is slightly suspicious - why on s.c.p. issues involved Israel, Jews,
or other nations couldn't be discussed ? It was quite surprised for me
when I noticed on s.c.j. statements, that issues involving Palestinian-
Israeli conflict should not be discussed there. That would be similiar claim
as that Polish-Jewish relations should not be discussed on s.c.p.
So far I did not hear even suggestion of that. How come such an interest
to limit topics discussed on s.c.p. ?
>
>It is a great achievement for Arab propaganda to claim that Israel
>shares the responsibility for the '67 war. However, it is not supported
>by reality. Egypt blocked a vital waterway for Israel, fully knowing
>it will bring war. The witness for that is no other than the
>late Egyptian president,

As I mentioned before my feeling is, that everybody can discuss those
issues that concern him. For me it is quite strange that Israel
for 25 years has been occupying territories supposedly having nuclear
arms and still brings justification of security concerns. Of course
somebody else can have different concerns and I fully respect that.
Because I do not respect collective responsibility or guilt therefore
just for me whatever Nasser said or Sadat is not fully relevant in that
context and does not explain need for continued occupation that brings
misery not only for occupied population but also for citizens of Israel.
Thats why I skipped the rest of that post but if somebody else is
interested in discussing it should be absolutely free to do that.

A. Mazur
Xref: sparky soc.culture.polish:3055 soc.culture.jewish:17280 soc.culture.french:7483
From: avr@cbnewsj.cb.att.com (adam.v.reed)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.polish,soc.culture.jewish,soc.culture.french
Subject: Re: Some examples from Paul Johnson's "A history of the Jews"
Summary: Deliberate action by the French Resistance?
Date: 8 Oct 92 16:38:34 GMT
Article-I.D.: cbnewsj.1992Oct8.163834.18813
Followup-To: soc.culture.jewish
Organization: AT&T

In article <1992Oct6.045248.4917@rz.uni-karlsruhe.de>, lbs@tkmhp4.physik.uni-karlsruhe.de (Lech Borkowski) writes:
<  Here is what I found in "A history of the Jews", by Paul Johnson,
< Harper&Row, 1987. On p. 500:
<  "There was a large element of personal hatred in French wartime
< anti-Semitism. In 1940 the Vichy and German authorities received
< between 3 and 5 million poison-pen letters denouncing particular
< individuals (not all of them Jews)."
<  At that point he quotes Andre Halimi, "La Delation sons 
       should be "sous"                               ^^^^
< l'occupation", Paris 1983. Is there an English translation
< of Halimi's book? 

I don't know of one, but the numbers lead me to question Johnson's
interpretation. In 1940 there were about 350,000 Jews in France,
i.e. about 100,000 families. This means 50 "poison-pen" letters,
in the course of just half a year, for every Jewish family in
France. I'd guess that would have been beyond the ability of the
police to investigate, which might have been the point. I'd bet on
a deliberate action (by the Resistance? by fugitive Jews?) to
drown any real denounciations in millions of phony ones. Since
the Resistance had already eliminated, through threat of
reprisals, the temptation of blackmail, anonymous letters would
have represented a major remaining threat to fugitive Jews. So
such action would have made sense.
					Adam_V_Reed@ATT.com
Newsgroups: soc.culture.polish
From: lbs@tkmhp4.physik.uni-karlsruhe.de (Lech Borkowski)
Subject: Do Michala
Reply-To: lbs@tkm.physik.uni-karlsruhe.de
Organization: University of Karlsruhe, Germany
Date: Fri, 9 Oct 1992 07:32:42 GMT

In article <1992Oct8.080126.9638@fuw.edu.pl> michals@fuw.edu.pl (Michal Szleper) writes:
>	  Any single Pole is equally Polish as a million
>of them.

Czyli roznie rozumiemy slowo Polish.

>|     Michal~ Szleper
From: feliga@sscvx1.ssc.gov
Newsgroups: soc.culture.polish
Subject: Re: Radio Mazury, 1584 kHz, Poland
Date: 14 Oct 92 20:11:22 GMT
Article-I.D.: sscvx1.1992Oct14.141122.1
Organization: Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory

In article <6982@kielouta.fi>, tijoma@uta.fi (Jorma M{ntyl{) writes:
> Here is an article I posted to rec.radio.shortwave.  However, I think 
> someone here could help me.  Please, answer by e-mail.
> 
> ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
> This morning I heard a Polish radio station on 1584 kHz.  The station should 
> be the recently opened radio station of the Polish catholic church called
> "Radio Mazury".  
> 
> The stn was heard at 0615-0720 UTC with western rock-music and some jazz, plus
> Polish hits.  A female speaker read announcements sounding like listeners
> messages to each other.  No commercial advertisements noted, and no clearly
> religious programmes.  No news on the hour.  The female speaker announced
> "Radio Auru?" or something like that; haven't yet listened to my tape.
> 
> Is there anyone understanding Polish?  How is the name Radio "Mazury"
> pronounced?  What does it mean?
> 
> #Jorma Mantyla
> #Univ. of Tampere
> #Finland
>
  "Mazury" this is name of polish geografical region - country of 1000 lakes.
   Pronounce ma-zoo-rhy.
   Andrzej from Dallas
 
> 
Newsgroups: soc.culture.polish
From: s0472476@let.rug.nl (R.J.W. Zuidhof)
Subject: e-mail adress
Organization: Faculteit der Letteren, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, NL
Date: Fri, 16 Oct 1992 15:22:52 GMT

Hello networkers,

I'm looking for the e-mail adress of Anna Lotysz from Szczecin. She is 
working at the university of Szczecin. 
When she has no e-mail adress, sorry for using your net.

Please send a personal answer to:
Roel Zuidhof, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands
e-mail: s0472476@let.rug.nl
Newsgroups: soc.culture.polish
From: wlodek@forwiss.uni-erlangen.de (Wlodzimierz Kasprzak)
Subject: Re: On Polish Anti-semitism (Take 2)
Organization: Regionales Rechenzentrum Erlangen
Date: Fri, 9 Oct 1992 08:47:51 GMT
Summary: Nie znam
Keywords: Invectives

kkniaz@eniac.seas.upenn.edu (Krzysztof W. Kniaz) writes:
>
>Male apropo's "zydowskich" idiomow i wyrazen. Po glebszej analizie
>doszedlem do wniosku, ze nie znam zbyt wielu zwrotow w naszej pieknej
>mowie , ktore w taki czy inny sposob wykorzystuja stereotyp Zyda.
>
>Osobiscie slyszalem o - sprytnym (lub chytrym)
>                      - madrym
>                      - smierdzym

W opowiadaniach starszych ludzi Zyd jawi sie jako sprytny (moze i chytry)
kupiec (przedwojenny okres).
Powojenne doswiadczenia mowia o przesiaknieciu stalinowskiego aparatu przemocy
przez Zydow. Nie moge tego ani potwierdzic ani zaprzeczyc temu.
Od prawie 20 lat nie slyszalem nic znaczacego na temat Zydow w Polsce i ich
udzialu w polityce PRL lat 70-ych i 80-ych. Czy jest oparty na prawdzie
poglad, ze Gomulka przez dlugie lata promowal Zydow w aparacie PRL, bedac pod
wplywem swej zony ? Przepraszam, jesli to jest FAQ.

Nie znam tez dowcipow anty-zydowskich. 

Wniosek: albo nie ma juz prawie Zydow w Polsce, albo zasymilowali sie 
(chcieli czy nie chcieli). 

>Czy szanowni czytelnicy s.c.p. mogliby sie wypowiedziec w tej sprawie?

To byl moj indywidualny glos w tej sprawie. 

W.Kasprzak
Organization: Computing Technology Services, Michigan Technological Univ.
Date: Tuesday, 13 Oct 1992 16:08:36 EST
From: MARIUSZ S. JURGIELEWICZ <MSJURGIE@MTUS5.BITNET>
Newsgroups: soc.culture.polish
Subject: Re: help me with a polish word

It's funny, I am Polish but I completly have no idea what word you have asked.
If you write it correctly I will help you.

Mariusz

P.S. May someone have idea what does it mean?
From: mbk113@rsphy1.anu.edu.au (Marek Kaminski)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.polish
Subject: Re: polish word a Fredro
Date: 16 Oct 1992 08:02:16 GMT
Organization: Australian National University
Distribution: world
Reply-To: mbk113@rsphy1.anu.edu.au (Marek Kaminski)
NNTP-Posting-Host: 150.203.15.51

In article <1992Oct15.015910.12738@midway.uchicago.edu>,
a57m@quads.uchicago.edu (miroslaw tadeusz sochanski) writes:
|>Co przypomina mi anegdote o Fredrze, ktory w starszym juz wieku 
|>wykladal na universytecie, a jego mloda zona udzielala sie na
|>uczelni.
|>Tak wiec Fredro przychodzi do klasy, studentow nie ma, a na tablicy 
|>napis:
|>
|>"Stary Fredro w ksiazkach grzebie, a mu mlodziez zone jebie"
|>
|>Po jakims czasie sytuacja sie odwrocila, studenci zaczeli sie
|>zbierac w auli, a na tablicy jest juz napis:
|>
|>"Jebcie, jebcie moje dziadki, ja jebalem wasze matki i z tej wlasnie
|>to
-------------------^^^^^

dziadki, panocku, to juz nie jebiom a tylko o jebaniu gadajom; za to
dziatki to sobie
pozwalajom, loj...

|>przyczyny wy jestescie skurwysyny"
|>
|>Czy prawdziwe to watpie, ale poczekajmy moze jacys liniowi historycy
|>sie wypowiedza, a moze nawet nadadza sprawie nowy nieoczekiwany aspekt? 
|>
|>Mirek
|>

Marek Kaminski
Newsgroups: soc.culture.polish,soc.culture.jewish
From: pc@linus.mitre.org (Penny Chase)
Subject: Re: On "standard" books
Followup-To: soc.culture.polish,soc.culture.jewish
Organization: Research Computer Facility, The MITRE Corporation, Bedford MA
	<1992Oct14.074155.13058@rz.uni-karlsruhe.de>
	<1992Oct14.160713.3085@Princeton.EDU> <dobo.719126761@swalwell>
Date: Thu, 15 Oct 1992 23:52:42 GMT

In article <dobo.719126761@swalwell> dobo@cs.UAlberta.CA (W. Dobosiewicz) writes:

   Tonight, I went to my public library, and guess what?
   You guessed it: Celia Heller is not listed at all; ther are some scholarly
   works by D., unrelated to antisemitism (like something about Mexico, etc.)
   as we discussed here.
   What gives? I wonder! I hear that in the USA, Heller is mandatory reading,
   so its absence here is most puzzling. Any explanation, folks?

   As a background: Edmonton is the capital of the province of Alberta and
   has a population of 650,00 plus suburbs, totalling some 3/4 million
   people. Not New York, but not a village, either.

Well, Heller's book may not be in Edmonton, but a copy of it may still
be in Poland.  When I doing research in medieval French medical texts
in the early 80s, several of the manuscripts I needed were in Polish
libraries.  When I requested microfilms, I was usually asked to send
money (to some central government fund), but once was asked to send a
book directly the library (I assume that they wanted to make sure that
*they* received something for the microfilm).  They gave me a list of
three books and the one I chose to send was Heller's (this was a very
deliberate choice on my part).

	Penny

--
UUCP:  { ... }!linus!pc 
INTERNET:  pc@mitre.org
Newsgroups: soc.culture.polish,soc.culture.jewish
From: lbs@tkmhp4.physik.uni-karlsruhe.de (Lech Borkowski)
Subject: Re: reading "Shoah"
Reply-To: lbs@tkm.physik.uni-karlsruhe.de
Organization: University of Karlsruhe, Germany
Date: Sat, 10 Oct 1992 04:50:07 GMT

In article <1992Oct9.162826.7491@cas.org> rmt51@cas.org writes:
>In article <1992Oct9.072534.11133@rz.uni-karlsruhe.de>,
>lbs@tkmhp4.physik.uni-karlsruhe.de (Lech Borkowski) writes:
>|> 
>|>  I looked into the text that accompanies the film and was
>|> surprised to find many names of people and places misspelled.
>|> 
>|>  Lech Borkowski
>|> lbs@neptune.phys.ufl.edu
>
>The names were "misspelled" according to standard Polish orthography, but
>not according to Yiddish pronunciation and orthography.  My family came
>from Bendin, near Katovitz; you may know them as Bedzin (that's a nasal
>"e") and Katowice.

 In the book the name of that city is given as Benzin. 

 Here are the misspelled names:

 Orkrobek - most likely it should be Oskrobek
 Czeslaw Borowi - should be Czeslaw Borowy
 Henrik Gawkowski - should be Henryk Gawkowski
 fachowitz - fachowiec (someone who knows the job well, a kind
		of expert)

 on p. 99 we see "Myndjewyce near Warsaw". This is against all logic
of Polish spelling. The name of that place might be something
like M...wice. The part "Myndje" is totally screwd up.

 Vitold - should be Witold (that was in reference to Jan Karski)
 Platz Muranowski - should be Plac Muranowski

 I think that the book also needs some geographical comments,
providing names of the places in the book in several languages.
For example, we see both Lvov and Lemberg in the book.
I think Lemberg is the German name for Lvov (Polish: Lwow).
Can someone verify that?

>Rick Turkel           (___  ____ _  _  _  _  _     _  ___   _  _ _  ___

 Lech Borkowski
lbs@neptune.phys.ufl.edu
Newsgroups: soc.culture.polish
From: michals@fuw.edu.pl (Michal Szleper)
Subject: Re: To Roman Budzianowski
Organization: Warsaw University Physics Dept.
Date: Mon, 12 Oct 1992 08:44:18 GMT

Roman Budzianowski pisze:
>In article <1992Oct8.080126.9638@fuw.edu.pl>, michals@fuw.edu.pl (Michal Szleper) writes:
>
>> I would only rather disagree that the term "Polish" refers necessarily
>> to any majority.  Any single Pole is equally Polish as a million
>> of them.
>
>What does it have to do with the issue at hand ? The point was that 
>your opinion n.e. representative of Polish opinion. It is dishonest to claim that or to claim
>that you know the Polish opinion to hundreds of people who listen to this discussion.

Powtarzam wiec: nie mowilem niczego w imieniu *wszystkich* Polakow.
Wypowiedz swoja zaczalem od slow "I'm affraid that...", a zatem
nie traktowalem moich slow jako wyroczni (i nigdy tego nie robie).
Z drugiej strony moge chyba miec cos do powiedzenia o opiniach
Polakow.  Wszak mieszkam regularnie w Polsce, tu przezylem 70%
swojego zycia i Polaka znam nie jednego.  A Ty?

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|     My opinions are my opinions.   But facts are those of everyone.     |
+------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
|     Michal~ Szleper                |     "All you need is love, love,   |
|     (michals@fuw.edu.pl)           |      Love is all you need..."      |
+------------------------------------+------------------------------------+

Newsgroups: soc.culture.polish
From: matthew@.cs.mu.oz (Maciek Blasikiewicz)
Subject: Udeklatura
Organization: Computer Science, University of Melbourne, Australia
Date: Sat, 10 Oct 1992 08:28:08 GMT

Donosy #921:

>Sprawy personalne
>
>Odwolano juz chyba wszystkich wyzszych urzednikow panstwowych
>mianowanych w okresie rzadow Jana Olszewskiego lub majacych
>zwiazek z PC. Ostatnie zmiany nastapily na stanowiskach szefa PAI
>(dawny Interpress) i ministerialnego negocjatora z FIATem.
>Jak Olszewski zwalnial ludzi z UD, to tyle bylo krzyku. A teraz -
>wsio normalno.

Oczywiscie, tak powinno byc. UD definiuje jedynie sluszna linie
polityczna, czyli wszelkia krytyka politykierestwa UD bylaby wrecz
glupia i w zlym smaku.

Wszyscy wiedza, ze kto popiera UD, ten jest automatycznie inteligentem,
a czlonkowie UD to juz na pewno pierwszej klasy eksperci. Reszta to
cholota przyglupow z marnym wyksztalceniem i bez doswiadczenia.

Dlatego, wszyscy wysocy urzednicy panstwowi musza byc po linii UD.
Moze nawet ta "zasada udeklatury" powinna zostac czescia prawa:

	Wazne pozycje w aparacie wladzy tylko dla ludzi UD.


MB
Newsgroups: soc.culture.polish
From: aleks@cray.com (Aleksander Mazur)
Subject: Re: On Polish Anti-semitism
Date: 15 Oct 92 08:01:30 CDT



>
>>Well, but such an exclusion based on national origin creates
>>itself internal problem - second class citizens. 
>
>At least they're citizens.  Jews in most Arab countries are treated
>far worse.  
>

Is there separate legislation for Jews and for Arabs like in Israel
based on national origin ? I wouldn't disregard military service
exclusion based on national origin. It is quite dangerous pattern
and would be treated as such in any democratic country. If group
of citizens is treted separately this way it means that they cannot
be trusted. If state legislation says that officially, it can source
of widespread discrimination. If they are not good for the army, why
should be good for ant office that is dealing with sensitive or
confidential data. Why should they be allowed to work in any government
office ?

>But that's neither here nor there.  Yes, it's an unfortunate consequence:
>but don't forget what it's a consequence *of*.  Phrases like "Second
>class citizen" have a nice, moral ring to them, but then, the Israelis
>didn't exactly choose to have their country besieged for every day of
>its existence.
>

Poland was also surrounded before WWII by monsters but it didn't
justify any legislatioon like that.

>
>They weren't friends of Israel before the occupation, either.  Many
>of them were committed to the destruction of Israel and the murder
>of its people--and so are their children, many of whom would feel 
>the same if they lived elsewhere.
>

That cannot become any justification for 25 years of occupation because 
we would have to agree on common responsibility. All people are born to
be free, not to live under occupation. What is guilt of those who were
born under occupation ?



>
>I see.  And did the Israelis and Americans also coordinate the blockade
>of the Gulf of Aqaba, and put Jordan's troops on the border primed for
>attack?  The Arab countries had already massed for war; that's what
>sent Israeli officials to Washington for assurances of support in the
>first place.
>

Well, it looks quite differently than it was presented. Looks like
preceding attack. I remember that Poland was a victim of preceding
attack in September of 1939 when the east neighbor had quite legitimate
security concerns.

>>And above all I cannot
>>see what Israel gained occupying for 25 years those territories.
>
>Well, Israel still exists, which was not part of the plan in 1967.
>And since the invading governments from 1967 have refused even to
>recognize Israel, and to guarantee ANY borders, the use of occupation
>to create somewhat safer ones doesn't seem all that much out of line.

Do you really think that Israel wouldn't exist without 25 years
of occupation of those territories ?

>On the other hand, I'm *still* not sure what this has to do with the history   
>of Poland.
>
>Roger
>
>

We were talking about legislation in prewar Poland and I was showing
that even now, half the century later Poland cannot be matched by
some countries that still are called democracies - with regard
to human rights and rights of minorities.

Aleks
From: roger@crux.Princeton.EDU (Roger Lustig)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.polish
Subject: _Protocols_ at a church?
Date: 16 Oct 92 14:48:03 GMT
Organization: Princeton University
Originator: news@nimaster

The following is posted with the sender's permission.
Perhaps someone who will soon be in or near Warsaw could take a few
minutes to check this out.  The question: does this church sell the
_Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion_?  If so, why?  Who is the
parish priest?  What does he say about it?

Thanks,
Roger Lustig

From: d89-mor@nada.kth.se
Message-Id: <9210161158.AA04861@kuroi.nada.kth.se>
To: roger@astro
Subject:  Re: Re: On Polish Anti-semitism


OK, I've found it.
Our favorite polish church is at the corner of Ulica Tamka and
Ulica Dobra. (Ulica=Street). It will not be hard to find it.
If you have it checked, please let me know if they still sell
the protocols.

Monika
From: mc7m+@andrew.cmu.edu (Monika Anna Czerska)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.polish
Subject: : ******* Making friends ******
Date: 16 Oct 92 16:10:23 GMT
Article-I.D.: andrew.4erpbju00awWIGNUZX
	<1992Oct16.112517.4140@spcvxb.spc.edu>
Organization: Sophomore, MCS general, Carnegie Mellon, Pittsburgh, PA

Czesc,

Dziekuje za zalozenie tej grupy...naprawde kazda normalna osoba moze
tylko czytac widomosci na ten sam temat przez dzien albo dwa ....w tym
roku kiedykolwiek czytam ta bboard tylko szukam wiadomosci ktore sa
pisane na inny temat...

Ja studiuje w Carnegie Mellon University..i gdyby nie ten fakt ze moja
siostra takze tu studiuje nie mialabym szansy rozmawiac po
polsku.........

A wiec dziekuje jeszcze raz.....

Monika

P.S. Ma ktos jakies wiadomosci z Polski...(nie te dotyczace antisemitismu.)
From: tijoma@uta.fi (Jorma M{ntyl{)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.polish
Subject: Radio Mazury, 1584 kHz, Poland
Date: 12 Oct 92 08:57:53 GMT
Distribution: world
Organization: University of Tampere, Finland

Here is an article I posted to rec.radio.shortwave.  However, I think 
someone here could help me.  Please, answer by e-mail.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
This morning I heard a Polish radio station on 1584 kHz.  The station should 
be the recently opened radio station of the Polish catholic church called
"Radio Mazury".  

The stn was heard at 0615-0720 UTC with western rock-music and some jazz, plus
Polish hits.  A female speaker read announcements sounding like listeners
messages to each other.  No commercial advertisements noted, and no clearly
religious programmes.  No news on the hour.  The female speaker announced
"Radio Auru?" or something like that; haven't yet listened to my tape.

Is there anyone understanding Polish?  How is the name Radio "Mazury"
pronounced?  What does it mean?

#Jorma Mantyla
#Univ. of Tampere
#Finland
From: rabjab@golem.ucsd.edu (Jeff Bytof)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.polish
Subject: Phone Books of Polish Cities
Date: Wed, 7 Oct 1992 22:24:41 GMT
Organization: ucsd
NNTP-Posting-Host: lutherlab.ucsd.edu

I'm trying to locate lost relatives in Poland.  Is there a way
I could buy phone books of major Polish cities?

Jeff Bytof
rabjab@golem.ucsd.edu
From: 6gisicz_r@spcvxb.spc.edu
Newsgroups: soc.culture.polish
Subject: Re: ******* Making friends ******
Date: 16 Oct 92 15:25:17 GMT
Article-I.D.: spcvxb.1992Oct16.112517.4140
Organization: St. Peter's College, US

In article <92283.225213AKBUKOWC@MTUS5.BITNET>, AKBUKOWC@MTUS5.BITNET writes:
> 
>          Od studenta z Michigan Technological University (USA)
> 
>   Dziewczyny i chlopaki jesli nudza was powazne rozmowy o antysemityzmie
> i podobnych sprawach a macie ochote czasem popisac cos o studenckim
> zyciu to mail'ujci do mnie ale jesli mozecie to na adres AKBUKOWC@MTU.edu
> 
> 
>         From student at Michigan Technological University  (USA)
> 
>   Girls & boys if serious conversations about antisemitizm and similar
> subjects make you boring, and you would like to write something about
> students' life mail me, but if you can use AKBUKOWC@MTU.edu address

 Czesc!  Masz racje te rozmowy naprawde mnie nudza.  Jestem w stanach od lutego 
 1989. Teraz chodze do St. Peter's College w Jersey City. Mieszkam w Nowym 
Yorku na Brooklynie. W tej szkole nie ma ani jednej osoby ktora mowi po polsku 
oprucz mnie.  Dziesiec minut temu zaczela sie moja lekcja francuzkiego ale nie 
ide na nia bo ktos mi wlasnie pokazal jak uzywac ten program i chcialem sie z 
tym pobawic.  
                                   Czesc. Rafal.
p.s. Zachecam innych do przylaczenia sie do ******MAKING FRIENDS*******.
Newsgroups: soc.culture.polish