HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
From: sscrivan@nyx.cs.du.edu (steve scrivano)
Subject: DICTIONARY
Organization: Nyx, Public Access Unix @ U. of Denver Math/CS dept.
Date: Thu, 31 Dec 92 06:38:02 GMT

For lack of any better place to post this, has anyone ever seen
Merriam-Webster's Third New International Unabridged Dictionary on any
computer platform? 

Next question - most Unix dictionaries are only about 24,000 to 25,000 words
located in /usr/dict/words, I wonder if anyone has something larger to 
replace this?  I know many dictionaries can exceed 100,000 words that come
with many word processors.


Steve Scrivano
sscrivan@nyx.cs.du.edu
Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions
From: jns@ace.nas.nasa.gov (John N. Stewart)
Subject: Re: how to change shell's PWD(directory) from a C program?
Organization: NAS, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
Date: Wed, 30 Dec 92 23:59:28 GMT

In article <C02648.Jq@bc3.GUN.de> ktf@bc3.GUN.de (Klaus ter Fehn) writes:
>In article <1hqe2cINN6ot@usenet.INS.CWRU.Edu> cl820@cleveland.Freenet.Edu (Wei Jin Mai) writes:
>>	Here is what I want to do: UPon the termination of my program, I 
>>want to change to another directory . Normally, a program exit to the
>>directory that invoke it. 
>
>Because of the current newsgroup (comp.unix.questions) I assume, that
>you're programming under the UNIX-environment. Note, that the PWD (Path
>of Working Directory) is an environment-held information of a
>process.


No, actually it isn't. The PWD is a function of certain shells, not
processes. You can't really assume it is there, or for that matter, it
is dangerous to assume it is correct.

Frankly, changing the cwd of a parent process ain't "possible" from a
child, since that child has no control over the parent (FAQ). The next
best thing I can imagine is to have the parent process "cd" to a
directory returned by the exit status or something of that nature.
Something like:

Pseudo:

#!insert your favourite shell here

cd `program`


where program returns the new directory to be "cd"'ed to.

--Ace
Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions
From: ktf@bc3.GUN.de (Klaus ter Fehn)
Subject: Re: Breaking into Unix via modem
Organization: private
Date: Fri, 25 Dec 1992 13:12:01 GMT

In article <1992Dec23.215257.28585@candle.uucp> root@candle.uucp (Bruce Momjian) writes:


>Someone just told me that there is a way to break into a Unix box by
>dialing the modem, but not getting a login prompt, and somehow getting
>to Unix.

>The guy who told me this was somewhat confused, so I don't take much
>stock in it, yet I am asking the Net in case he has heard of a security
>issue that I have not.

Well, if the system manager has not set up the modem line correctly, it
is possible, that a login-shell survives a hang-up of the modem. The next
caller will then get this login-shell instead of the normal getty-login.

To avoid this, look at the following things:

The /etc/gettydefs-entry for the modem-line should always contain the
HUPCL (Hang up on close) string, to make sure, that the modem hangs up,
when a caller leaves his login-shell.

The programs running on the modem-line should NEVER ignore the signal #1
(SIGHUP / Hang up). Then all the processes bound to the modem-line will
abort when a hang-up occurres.

The cable host<->modem MUST carry the CD (Carrier Detect) and DTR (Data
Terminal Ready) signals.

The modem must be connected to a device which device-driver reacts on
signals (CD/DTR) with a SIGHUP.

You can test that by looking at the Process-ID of the modem-getty, 
switching your modem off an back on. The modem-getty should now have 
a new process-ID, because the first getty died when switching your modem 
off.

Greetings...
-- 
Klaus ter Fehn		<ktf@bc3.GUN.de>
Neanderstr. 4		{mcshh,smurf,unido}!easix!bc3!ktf
4000 Duesseldorf 1
FRG / Germany		Tel.: +49-211-676331
From: goldfish@cebu.sbi.com (P. Goldsmith)
Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions
Subject: Re: Mailing to multiple people without each person seeing a list of all
Keywords: elm, mail
Date: 24 Dec 92 19:18:02 GMT
Organization: Salomon Brothers, Inc

In article <15391@hq.hq.af.mil> lpeters@marge.hq.af.mil writes:
>In article <BzLLLo.KxF@unix.amherst.edu>, rjyanco@unix.amherst.edu (Richard J. Yanco) writes:
>|> I send a daily mailing out to approximately 10 people from my account.
>|> If I have the names in a file foo.bar, is there any way to send a message
>|> to each person in the list, *independently*, with a single command?
>
>I would try:
>
>for i in `cat foo.bar`; do <mail package> -s "Subj" $i < message; done

Once you are using ELM, use the "fastmail" program provided with elm.  It is
thoroughly documented and does exactly what you want.  (RTFM, they even give
an example ...)
-- 
	Paul Goldsmith	<goldfish@sbi.com>	      w	(212) 783-7733
	(shredding elf)	<goldfish@ozrout.uucp>	      h	(212) 727-9345
	( Shirley MacLaine told me there would be LIFETIMES like this)
		so many managers ... so little time ...
Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions
From: sscrivan@nyx.cs.du.edu (steve scrivano)
Subject: word cracker
Organization: Nyx, Public Access Unix @ U. of Denver Math/CS dept.
Date: Wed, 30 Dec 92 23:51:26 GMT

OK, gurus!  Can anyone solve this problem?

I am looking for a fairly portable "C" program or script that will produce
every possible 4 letter or greater combination using the following
letters:

c e e f g h i i l l n n o p p r r r s s t t t u


Some of the letters appear more than once and therefore will increase the
possible number of combinations possible.  I realize that the number of 
combinations are incredible and will probably consume a great deal of
cpu time.  My intentions are to find every possible word that 4 or more
of these letters can create.  Each time a letter combination is created,
that combination would be compared with /usr/dict/words and if found
there it would be concatenated to a resulting word file.

The end result would be a word file created with all possible combinations.
You might say, sort of a crossword puzzle cracker.  It would be ideal if
the program could accept input so all I had to do is enter in the letters
and it would the job from there although not mandatory.

Steve Scrivano
sscrivan@nyx.cs.du.edu
From: rlyle@nl.oracle.com (Rob Lyle  Wizard of Ozje)
Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions
Subject: Re: word cracker
Date: 31 Dec 92 08:32:47 GMT
Organization: Oracle Europe

In article <1992Dec30.235126.25601@mnemosyne.cs.du.edu>, sscrivan@nyx.cs.du.edu (steve scrivano) writes:
|> OK, gurus!  Can anyone solve this problem?
|> 
|> I am looking for a fairly portable "C" program or script that will produce
|> every possible 4 letter or greater combination using the following
|> letters:
|> 

YAPC [Yet Another Password Cracker] ???


	 X  X
	  ()    [ LARGE SMILEY ]
	|\__/|
	 \__/

--Rob


-- 
Robert P K Lyle		#include <std_disclaimer.h>	**********************
UNIX System Manager					 If I could play the
ORACLE Nederland					Blue Peter theme tune
Rijnzathe 6,	 					   here, I would.
3454 PV  						**********************
De Meern
E-mail:  rlyle@nl.oracle.com				FAX:     +31 3406 65603
Voice:   +31 3406 94211					Private: +31 10 4809140
From: cdaniel@cse.unl.edu (Charles Daniel)
Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions
Subject: debugging assembly code...
Date: 3 Jan 1993 05:40:35 GMT
Organization: University of Nebraska--Lincoln	
Distribution: world
NNTP-Posting-Host: cse.unl.edu
Keywords: assembly debugger adb


	I am looking for a paper called "A Tutorial Introduction to ADB".
If you know where I can get a copy of the above paper or any other
tutorial for adb I would like to know. 

	Though quite unlikely, does anyone out there know if there 
are other debugger that do a good job with assembly code, other than adb 
and dbx? 

Charles Daniel
cdaniel@cse.unl.edu
From: Test_News@uci.agh.edu.pl (News testing account)
Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions
Subject: How to find IP name knowing IP adress?
Date: Wed, 23 Dec 1992 10:04:00 GMT
Organization: UCI AGH
NNTP-Posting-Host: p403l.uci.agh.edu.pl


 For example : I have adress 149.156.96.9
 How to find name of machine ?

  Greg 
Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions
From: jefouger@nyx.cs.du.edu (Jim  Fougeron)
Subject: Re: word cracker
Organization: University of Denver, Dept. of Math & Comp. Sci.
Date: Thu, 31 Dec 92 06:57:13 GMT

sscrivan@nyx.cs.du.edu (steve scrivano) writes:

>OK, gurus!  Can anyone solve this problem?

>I am looking for a fairly portable "C" program or script that will produce
>every possible 4 letter or greater combination using the following
>letters:

>c e e f g h i i l l n n o p p r r r s s t t t u


>Some of the letters appear more than once and therefore will increase the
>possible number of combinations possible.  I realize that the number of 
>combinations are incredible and will probably consume a great deal of
>cpu time. 

I threw together a quick-n dirty pascal triangle generator, and calculated
the number of combinations needed to complete this project at 8,376,043
so this is fairly feasible project.

Jim Fougeron   jefouger@nyx.cs.du.edu
Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions
From: farleys@dsr.uucp (Steve Farley)
Subject: Re: How to tell if you have an ASCII file
Organization: DSR
Distribution: usa
Date: Wed, 23 Dec 1992 13:42:08 GMT
Keywords: ASCII

dew@rocky.cadence.com (Dave Wilson) writes:


>I would like to be able to quickly tell if the file I am opening is ASCII text
>or some binary executable or data file.  Is there any way of foolproof way of doing this?

>Thanks

The "file" command usually works nicely.


Steven R. Farley
Digital System Resources
Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions
From: btb@NCoast.ORG (Brad Banko)
Subject: recursive grep'ing
Organization: North Coast Public Access *NIX, Cleveland, OH
Date: Sat, 26 Dec 1992 20:58:00 GMT


	A small question, is it possible to recursively grep files? This could
be very useful, especially since many users on my unix box have files that con-
tain illegalities. Any help thru e-mail would be greatly appreciated.


-- 
Brad Banko
Internet : btb@ncoast.org


Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions
From: vprasad@cs.ulowell.edu (V G Prasad)
Subject: Usage of man ..
Organization: University of Massachusetts at Lowell Computer Science
Date: Mon, 28 Dec 1992 02:46:41 GMT

Hi,
I want to know how to read a man page using the man command
when the man page is not in the standard directory.
The man page about man says to use -P option , But I 
was not succesful.
Any help is welcome.
Thanks.


-- 
V G Prasad 
University of Massachusetts.Lowell
vprasad@cs.ulowell.edu
Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions
From: cp78065@csie.nctu.edu.tw (Ji-Tzay Yang)
Subject: Re: recursive grep'ing
Organization: Computer Science & Information Engin., Chiao-Tung U, Taiwan, ROC
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.1 PL6]
Date: Mon, 28 Dec 1992 04:35:08 GMT

Brad Banko (btb@NCoast.ORG) wrote:
: 
: 	A small question, is it possible to recursively grep files? This could
: be very useful, especially since many users on my unix box have files that con-
: tain illegalities. Any help thru e-mail would be greatly appreciated.
: 
: 
: -- 
: Brad Banko
: Internet : btb@ncoast.org
: 
: 

    Try the following line:

        find . -name "*" -print | xargs grep "YOUR PATTERN"

--
                                         With regard,

 ============================================================================
 Ji-Tzay Yang (  )              |  E-mail : cp78065@csie.nctu.edu.tw
 Dept. of Comp. Science & Info. Eng.  |           u7817065@cc.nctu.edu.tw 
 National Chiao-Tung University       |  Tel    : 886-35-712121 ext 6430 
 Hsin-Chu, Taiwan ROC                 |  Fax    : 886-35-721486 
 ============================================================================

Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions
From: krisk@ux1.cso.uiuc.edu (Kris Klindworth)
Subject: Re: Matching two lists
Organization: University of Illinois at Urbana
Date: Thu, 31 Dec 1992 19:25:33 GMT

szatezal@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu (Shane M Zatezalo) writes:


>I have a whole long list of email addresses, and I want to get
>the double entries out of it.

>What's the easiest way of doing this? The list is just a straight
>text file... like:

>joe_scmoe@joeville.com
>charleyb@peanut.gallery

sort file|uniq >newfile

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kris Klindworth                    Internet: krisk@ux1.cso.uiuc.edu
Database Programmer                Phone   : (217)244-7120
Illinois State Water Survey        US Mail : 2204 Griffith Dr
                                             Champaign, IL 61820
From: beaver@hops.larc.nasa.gov (Guy Beaver)
Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions
Subject: dbx question
Date: 23 Dec 1992 22:56:18 GMT
Organization: NASA Langley Research Center
Distribution: world
NNTP-Posting-Host: hops.larc.nasa.gov

I hope this is the appropriate place for this question...

When using dbx, I would like to print a range of array
members, for example, if the array is called X(I),
I would like to see X(346) through X(356).  I have
tried the following:

(dbx) p X(346:356)
(dbx) p X(346-356)
(dbx) p X(346,356)..., etc.

Any help here is greatly appreciated.


-- 
 Guy M. Beaver                          | beaver@hops.larc.nasa.gov
 G & A Technical Software, Inc. (GATS)  | phone: (804) 864-5763
 28 Research Drive                      | 
 Hampton, VA  23666                     | 

Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions
From: aj3u@larch.cs.virginia.edu (Asim Jalis)
Subject: gettimeofday
Organization: University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
Distribution: comp
Date: Sun, 3 Jan 1993 23:24:21 GMT

I am trying to use gettimeofday(2) in a program.  However,
contrary to how I understand the manpages the time being returned
is 13 hours behind the time that the date(1) command reports.
Why is this?  Is the system set up incorrectly here, or is there
a bug in the command?

Asim Jalis.
Xref: sparky comp.unix.questions:14875 comp.unix.programmer:5759 comp.unix.wizards:5303
From: muzzle@cs.uq.oz.au (Murray Chapman)
Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions,comp.unix.programmer,comp.unix.wizards
Subject: QUERY: How do I load .o files and execute them at run time?
Date: 22 Dec 92 04:32:14 GMT
Reply-To: muzzle@cs.uq.oz.au
Followup-To: comp.unix.questions

Hi there

I'm doing research into distributed and concurrent systems, and I'm trying to
write a program which will load in a .o file and then execute functions
from that file.

I've got the (struct exec) stuff read in (as described in a.out.h), but I'm
unsure how to access the symbol/string tables, and how to convert a_entry field
to an address to jump to.

Any help appreciated.

Followups to comp.unix.questions.

Thanks,
Murray
--
~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^~^
  Murray Chapman                           muzzle@cs.uq.oz.au
  University of Queensland                 How many lightbulb jokes does it
  Brisbane, Australia                      take to change the subject?
Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions,comp.unix.aix
From: brent@uwovax.uwo.ca (Brent Sterner)
Subject: AIX, ksh, and <esc> sequence line editing
Organization: University of Western Ont, London
Date: Tue, 22 Dec 1992 19:34:35 GMT

   Hi there.  I'm a beginner at managing an aix system, using ksh as my
base for learning this platform.  Other systems I have access to (including
several unix (tcsh-based) systems and VMS) provide a mode of line editing
in which certain escape sequences map into command recall or cursor movement
within a recalled command line.  ksh doesn't seem to let me do this, from
what I've located in the manuals.  (Have I missed something?)

   Specifically, I'd like  <esc>[A   <esc>[B   <esc>[C   and   <esc>[D  to
perform the equivalent of "emacs" style line editing <ctrl-P>, <ctrl-N>,
<ctrl-F>, and <ctrl-B> respectively.  (I'm using an X-station successfully
at the moment to get at all those other systems; modifying the character
mapping for my station is not very attractive to me.  Obviously I'd prefer
to do this at the RS/6000 end.)

   Here's hoping it is doable.  Thanks, and seasons greetings to all.  b.
--
Brent Sterner   AIX System Manager Apprentice
Fast:           <brent@hazzard.engga.uwo.ca>
Telephone:      (519)661-2151 x 6036            Fax:    (519)661-3486
Slow:   Computing & Communications Services, Natural Sciences Building
        The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada  N6A 5B7
Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions
From: pchan@mdd.comm.mot.com (Pat Chan)
Subject: fstat on NFS...
Organization: Motorola - Mobile Data Division; Richmond, BC
Date: Tue, 29 Dec 1992 18:25:37 GMT

I've a question about fstat...
 
I use fstat to see if a file has been changed or not.
 
If I change the file, say "file_a" in my own workstation,
fstat reflects the most updated status right away.
 
But if I change "file_a" in another workstation (eg. on the
NFS server), fstat does not get the most updated
status until 30 seconds later; unless I close and open
the file again.
 
Is there any way to solve this problem???
 
Thanx in advance...
 
-- 
Pat Chan                          Internet: pchan@mdd.comm.mot.com 
Motorola Mobile Data Division     Voice: (604) 241-6032
11411 Number Five Road            Fax: (604) 241-6042
Richmond, BC Canada V7A 4Z3
From: jim@pcad.UUCP (James Kuzeja)
Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions
Subject: SLIP problems
Keywords: SLIP,help,documentation?
Date: 30 Dec 92 17:26:40 GMT
Organization: Personal CAD Systems, Westford, MA


We're having some problems installing SLIP on a SparcStation,
running Sun OS 4.1.2.  Could anybody clue us in on some of the
tricks to getting it up and running?  The code is compiled, but we
are unsure of the next steps (the documentation is rather skimpy
:^) )

Please e-mail responses, as I do not have reliable access to these
news groups.  Thanks.

...!uunet!pcad!markh

Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions
From: lhjensen@fish.Princeton.EDU (Leif Jensen)
Subject: Re: searching a file
Originator: news@nimaster
Organization: Princeton University
Date: Mon, 4 Jan 1993 01:55:30 GMT

In article <1993Jan03.070721.14178@jpradley.jpr.com> jpr@jpradley.jpr.com (Jean-Pierre Radley) writes:
>Here's a command to print all words in /usr/dict/words having 1, 2 or 3 "l"s:
>
></usr/dict/words tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]' |
>sed -n '
>/^\([^l]*l[^l]*\)\1\{0,2\}$/p
>'

Here is a method using awk:

awk -Fl 'NF >= 2 && NF <= 4' < /usr/dict/words

Actually, I *think* your sed command is invalid.  (Your tr command
also needlessly includes '[' and ']'.) The man page says "A
one-character RE followed by \{m\}, \{m,\}, or \{m,n\} ...."  I do not
think \1 can be followed by \{0,2\}.  The \{\} construction is also not
present in all versions of sed.  Anyway, your RE wouldn't do quite
what you think.  '^\([^l]*l\)\1$' matches not lines with exactly two
l's, but only lines of the form alal, where "a" is any sequence of
characters not containing 'l' or newline and "l" is a literal 'l'.  A
regular expression like '^\([^l]*l[^l]*\)\1$' matches only lines of the
form "albalb".  The easiest way to do what you wanted using sed is to
use the command:

sed -n '/^[^l]*l[^l]*$/p
/^[^l]*l[^l]*l[^l]*$/p
/^[^l]*l[^l]*l[^l]*l[^l]*$/p' /usr/dict/words

Hope this helps,

--
lhjensen@phoenix.princeton.edu
Leif Jensen
From: harley@engrhub.ucsb.edu (Harley Hahn)
Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions
Subject: IS UNIX DEAD (22)?
Date: 2 Jan 93 21:32:28 GMT

This is the last posting, number 22 in a series of 22, that 
is a response to the question:
 
What do you think about the Byte magazine cover that asked:
IS UNIX DEAD?
 
Thanks to all the people who took the time to respond to my 
original question.
 
-- Harley Hahn
 
----------
From: j braham levy <braham@csc.umist.ac.uk>
 
I think the title was there to sell BYTE, which sadly to say, is 
not the magazine it was, I almost never but it now whereas in the 
past ...
 
Personally, I reckon the article was an NT hype. I have little or 
no time for this type of nonsense after all is Windows even 
running properly yet? Perhaps a better title might have been "Is 
MS-DOG dead?" as after all this is what NT will replace, I 
somehow don't think that DEC/Digital are going to junk all the 
investment they've made in OSF/1 and Ultrix tomorrow. Do the real 
users of PC's really need or require multitasking etc, now that's 
more of a realistic investigation after all I doubt if every PC 
user has switched to Windows or OS2 yet.
From: joseph@joebloe.maple-shade.nj.us (Joseph Nathan Hall)
Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions
Subject: Het. Network Email Gateway Software
Date: Tue, 22 Dec 92 18:31:02 EDT
Organization: 5 Sigma Software
Reply-To: joseph@joebloe.maple-shade.nj.us
X-Mailer: uAccess - Macintosh Release: 1.5v5


Before you reply: I neither read nor receive this newsgroup, so please
reply by EMAIL.  Thanks!

I am in the early stages of setting up a heterogenous email network
in our company's office.  We now have 20-30 networked Macs and PCs.
There is a single SPARCstation 2 that also serves as a UUCP mail and
news node.

What I would like to be able to do, of course, is to use some kind
of multiplatform software for Mac/PC mail (MS Mail comes to mind, but
I'm sure there are alternatives, probably better ones) and a gateway
(SMTP, I guess) so that users can send from the interoffice network
to the outside world as easily as they can send to one another.

It is OK if the software requires Ethernet connections, since we will
be phasing that in this year.  Mac-to-UNIX connectivity is a higher
priority than PC-to-UNIX at this point, also.

Price is the most important issue.  Microsoft suggested a $5000 SMTP
gateway.  It may be wonderful but it is totally out of our price range.
Several hundred dollars for gateway software plus a reasonable $50-$100
per unit for PC/Mac mail readers is more what I had in mind.  Of course,
we have no objections to shareware/freeware if it works somewhat reliably
and is not complex.

uAccess, the software I use at home (this site is a single Mac IIci)
would be a good solution for our Mac email problem, since it not only
handles standard Internet-type mail, but is a fine USENET news reader that
works over modem, serial, AppleTalk and Ethernet links since it is
built on the Communications Toolbox.  If I could only get a site license
at a reasonable price ...

Any suggestions you have will be greatly appreciated!  Think of it
as the perfect Christmas present for a stranger!


================O Fortuna, velut Luna, statu variabilis================
uunet!joebloe!joseph   (609) 273-8200 day   joseph%joebloe@uunet.uu.net
2102 Ryan's Run East        Rt 38 & 41             Maple Shade NJ 08052
Copyright 1992 by Joseph N. Hall.   Permission granted to copy and
redistribute freely over USENET and by email.  Commercial use prohibited.
Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions
From: Dave-Nuttall@cup.portal.com (David Dave Nuttall)
Newsgroups: comp.unix.questions
Subject:  pstat, dtype & nlist
Date: Tue, 29 Dec 92 16:46:07 PST
Organization: The Portal System (TM)

Request any information on the availability of source code
for traditional Xenix utilities "dtype" and "pstat".  Target
platform is AT&T 3B2, System V, 3.2.3, CISC processor.
However, we'd like to know about the code even if it hasn't
seen a 3B2.  (We know life is good for those who haven't seen
a 3B2...but that is neither here nor anywhere.)

-----
Secondly, anyone with pointers to references on the function
"nlist" under System V would be appreciated.  We're trying to
use that function to traverse memory locations which would provide
status information on files.  We have a customer who is CONVINCED
that we can use it to build an alternative to System V "crash"
and in lieu of "fsck" for a file system integrity check.  
The kind of thing he wants us to try and produce is a way to defrag
a file system while the systems is running in multi-user....so we need
to invent graceful ways of check to see if files are busy, and offer 
them a chance to close gracefully.

Dialogue, etc. appreciated, however, we will not provide info 
on WHERE our customer gets the stuff that gets him to that frame
of mind!  In fact we don't want to know where he gets it!

Thanks for your consideration.
dave