HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
From: locklin@titan.ucc.umass.edu ()
Subject: Re: Igniting the Atmosphere
Organization: Campus Crusade for Cthulhu
Date: Thu, 3 Sep 1992 19:08:52 GMT
X-Posted-From: titan.ucc.umass.edu
X-Posted-Through: sol.ctr.columbia.edu

In article <1992Sep3.161021.27544@news.weeg.uiowa.edu> jagnow@al.weeg.uiowa.edu (Al Jagnow) writes:
>In article <gunnarh.53@dhhalden.no> gunnarh@dhhalden.no (GUNNAR HORRIGMO)  
>writes:
>> In article <1992Sep1.215007.3739@news.weeg.uiowa.edu>  
>jagnow@al.weeg.uiowa.edu (Al Jagnow) writes:
>> 
>> 	[stuff deleted]
>> 
>> >how do you calculate the burn time for the Pacific Ocean?
>> 
>> So now water is a flammable liquid? Please post all fact's behind this teori 
>> as I find it very hard to believe.
>> 
>> ----Gunnarh
>I was speculating about fusing the hydrogen in the ocean -- but, that's an 
>interesting thought - giant solar panels to generate DC current to electrolyze  
Case rested on the above subject.

Hows about setting H-Bombs off in all the major oil deposits on the earth? This
should make a nice mess of things; nuclear winter for a minimum investment of
thermonuclear weapons. 

If we had slightly better space travel technology, we could plant a couple of
H-Bombs on inner solar-system asteroids or comets passing near the earth &
deflect the orbits sufficiently to hit the earth, but this is old hat.

I've read (in a popular book on Chaos theory, I'll get the name later)
about a theoretical phenomenon in non-linear optics called an "instaton"
This would be created by a couple of EXTREMELY powerful laser beams. The
local charge density is sufficient to "rip" the fabric of space time creating
a spectacular burst of elementary particles. This is also possible using Heavy
Ion collisions (I did a paper on this for my Elementary Particle Physics
Class). The nifty thing about the "instaton" is that it would propagate at 
the speed of light to the edge of the universe, basically destroying 
everything, while the heavy ion collision is a transient effect (on the order
of 10^-13 sec or so). I've heard that non-linear optics people have done
the overcritical pair production (the relevant phenomenon) using lasers, but,
since non-linear optics is mostly classified, I don't know weather or not they
use an instaton-like phenomenon. If we can indeed do this process with lasers,
we'll have a really nifty destructive capability, instaton or not.

-Scott

Newsgroups: alt.destroy.the.earth
From: rlee@bgsu.edu (Bob Lee)
Subject: The end of the world is near!
Organization: Bowling Green State Univ.
Date: Sat, 29 Aug 1992 20:28:45 GMT

Any of you guys out there watch the show "Sightings"? 

About 4 weeks ago there was a subject that I think would interest all of
you! Some scientists believe that the world will be destroyed on May 5, 2000!

On that date the nine planets will line up. The planets will all pull on
one another and this gravitational upheaval will cause the earth to be
pulled on its side. North America will become the new Antarctica. Then, all
the snow and ice that has been building up on Antarctica will cause the
land mass to sink into the earth, the magma in the core will be displaced
and will spew out between the plates in the form of massive volcanos and
earthquakes.
Then, the prevailing winds will rush to seek equalibrium and basically cause the
world to be engulfed into one large hurricane with 300 mph winds.

This may no kill everyone but it would sure end civilization as we know
it.

-BOB

Newsgroups: alt.destroy.the.earth
From: whale@leland.Stanford.EDU (Stephen Schmidt)
Subject: Re: Skyhook falls
Organization: DSG, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
Date: Wed, 26 Aug 92 18:13:07 GMT

In article <1992Aug21.160336.24616@news.iastate.edu> pholland@iastate.edu (Paul J Hollander) writes:
>I've seen a few science fiction stories with a skyhook in them.  This thing
>is basically a tower from the earth's surface into space with its center 
>of mass in geosynchronous orbit.  If the (your favorite terrorist 
>organization) bombed the thing and broke off the far end, would the rest
>fall to earth or be thrown out into space?

Although I hate to encumber this discussion with facts :)

Skyhooks have to hook up to a satellite in geosynchronous orbit, which has
no tendency to move from the point directly over to skyhook. Otherwise the
hook would snap under the strain. If you broke the skyhook, since the
satellite is in geosynch orbit anyway it wouldn't go anywhere, it would
just stay in orbit where it was.

Good idea though.

-- 
Steve Schmidt			<><		   whale@leland.stanford.edu

"We have met the enemy and he is us" - Walt Kelly
Newsgroups: alt.destroy.the.earth,alt.folklore.science
From: bas@phys.uva.nl (Bas de Bakker)
Subject: Re: Igniting the Atmosphere
Organization: Institute for Theoretical Physics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Date: Wed, 26 Aug 1992 18:37:42 GMT

>>>>> On Sun, 23 Aug 1992 22:09:00 GMT, enw2049@rigel.tamu.edu (WALKE, ERIK N) said:
wen> In article <YAMAUCHI.92Aug23125937@lenny.ces.cwru.edu>,
wen> yamauchi@ces.cwru.edu (Brian Yamauchi) writes...

>I remember hearing that before the initial a-bomb tests, some people
>were worried that the heat of the explosion would ignite the
>atmosphere.  This leads to a couple of interesting questions:

wen>        This is an intruiging little tale, one that I had never heard.
wen>        Nor had I thought about a nuclear explosion igniting  the air.
wen>        Good thing it doesn't happen;

Good thing ??? What do you mean ? It would be very helpful if the air
were ignited. It might not destroy this planet, but it would destroy
most of its life, which I think is almost as good.

Bas de Bakker.
Newsgroups: alt.destroy.the.earth,alt.folklore.science
From: locklin@titan.ucc.umass.edu (SCOTT C LOCKLIN)
Subject: Re: Igniting the Atmosphere
Organization: University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Date: Sun, 23 Aug 1992 22:22:44 GMT
X-Posted-From: titan.ucc.umass.edu
X-Posted-Through: sol.ctr.columbia.edu

In article <YAMAUCHI.92Aug23125937@lenny.ces.cwru.edu> yamauchi@ces.cwru.edu (Brian Yamauchi) writes:
>I remember hearing that before the initial a-bomb tests, some people
>were worried that the heat of the explosion would ignite the
>atmosphere.  This leads to a couple of interesting questions:
>
>1) Is this just an urban legend that scared the ignorant, or were real
>scientists concerned about this?

Not an urban legend; see,"We Were There at the Dawn of the Nuclear Age"

>2) If scientists were concerned:
>
>	a) What chemical reaction did they expect to see?

It was a NUCLEAR reaction; they expected the gasses in the atmosphere to
fuse.

>	b) Why was their theory wrong?  Were the temperatures
>	insufficiently high, or is the concept of igniting the

Temps to low, pressure to low

>	atmosphere unworkable at any temperature?

Newsgroups: alt.destroy.the.earth
From: fangs@leland.Stanford.EDU (John Wesley Lewellen IV)
Subject: Re: Igniting the Atmosphere
Organization: DSG, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 92 21:19:26 GMT

In article <1992Sep1.215007.3739@news.weeg.uiowa.edu> jagnow@al.weeg.uiowa.edu (Al Jagnow) writes:
>In article <1992Aug30.070230.12742@unlv.edu> jay@unlv.edu (Jay Nietling)  
>writes:
>> In article <1992Aug26.152818.15129@husc3.harvard.edu>  
>rocher@husc8.harvard.edu (Jean-Marc Rocher) writes:
>> >In article <1992Aug25.221338.1@eagle.wesleyan.edu>  
>dayrton@eagle.wesleyan.edu writes:
>> >>
>> >>The UL version that I recall hearing (or read in a book review?!?) was that
>> >>during the countdown for the first test, Oppenhiemer and Fermi (?) were  
>making
>> >>bets on weither or not this would occur.  Dunno who bet which way....
>> >
>I seem to remember one of the Soviet H-bomb tests from the late 50's or early  
>60's that produced an unexpectedly high yield.  The speculation at the time was  
>that it has begun to fuse part of the Earth (surrounding water and air) I  
>recall that it frightened enough people so that the race to build larger fusion  
>weapons was halted. I remember a yield of 300 to 500 megatons ? (Long tine ago  
As far as I know, the largest nuke ever tested was around 54 megatons.  The
Russians (oops, sorry, Soviets) got into the really large yields because their
early missiles had crummy delivery systems;  the idea was to get a B-I-G
bomb in the area of the target.  A yield in the 300-500 megaton range would
have a pretty good chance of blowing right through the crust and into the
mantle.

P.S.  Has anyone heard about "shaped" nuclear charges?

- JWL IV


Newsgroups: alt.destroy.the.earth,alt.folklore.science
From: jcf@world.std.com (Joseph C Fineman)
Subject: Re: Igniting the Atmosphere
Organization: The World Public Access UNIX, Brookline, MA
Date: Fri, 28 Aug 1992 01:26:15 GMT

dayrton@eagle.wesleyan.edu writes:

>In article <1992Aug24.004814.1799@panix.com>, carlf@panix.com 
>(Carl Fink) writes:

>>>I remember hearing that before the initial a-bomb tests, some people
>>>were worried that the heat of the explosion would ignite the
>>>atmosphere.  This leads to a couple of interesting questions:
>> 
>>>1) Is this just an urban legend that scared the ignorant, or were real
>>>scientists concerned about this?
>> 
>> They were worried.

>The UL version that I recall hearing (or read in a book review?!?) was that
>during the countdown for the first test, Oppenhiemer and Fermi (?) were making
>bets on weither or not this would occur.  Dunno who bet which way....

The discussion actually happened, but no one was seriously worried.  It was
a joke to relieve the tension during the preparations for the first
explosion (Trinity), which were delayed by a thunderstorm & other problems.

"I had become a bit annoyed with Fermi...when he suddenly offered to take
wagers from his fellow scientists on whether or not the bomb would ignite
the atmosphere, and if so whether it would merely destroy New Mexico or
destroy the world.  He had also said that after all it wouldn't make any
difference whether the bomb went off or not because it would still have been
a well worth-while scientific experiment.  For if it did fail to go off, we
would have proved that an atomic explosion was not possible [because the
best physicists in the world would have tried and failed]."

  -- Leslie R. Groves, quoted in _The Making of the Atomic Bomb_ by
     Richard Rhodes (Simon & Schuster, 1986, p. 664)

Rhodes's book is a thorough job & highly recommended.
Xref: sparky alt.destroy.the.earth:544 alt.folklore.science:3133
From: jeh@raster.kodak.com (Ed Hanway)
Newsgroups: alt.destroy.the.earth,alt.folklore.science
Subject: Re: Igniting the Atmosphere
Date: 25 Aug 92 17:59:17 GMT
Organization: Eastman Kodak Company, Digital Systems Center
X-Newsreader: Tin 1.1 PL5

moroney@ramblr.enet.dec.com wrote:
: Regardless, it is actually the 'Gibbs free energy' that determines whether
: a reaction is spontaneous or not.

But even that says nothing about the kinetics of a reaction.  That makes
all the difference, i.e. whether the spontaneity happens over milliseconds
or millennia.

--
Ed Hanway --- jeh@raster.kodak.com
This message is packed as full as practicable by modern automated equipment.
Contents may settle during shipment.
Xref: sparky alt.destroy.the.earth:550 alt.folklore.science:3154
From: enw2049@zeus.tamu.edu (WALKE, ERIK N)
Newsgroups: alt.destroy.the.earth,alt.folklore.science
Subject: Re: Igniting the Atmosphere
Summary: pointless petty bickering
Date: 26 Aug 92 16:51:00 GMT
Organization: Texas A&M University, Academic Computing Services
News-Software: VAX/VMS VNEWS 1.41

In article <BAS.92Aug26133742@carlo.phys.uva.nl>, bas@phys.uva.nl (Bas de Bakker) writes...

>wen>        This is an intruiging little tale, one that I had never heard.
>wen>        Nor had I thought about a nuclear explosion igniting  the air.
>wen>        Good thing it doesn't happen;
> 
>Good thing ??? What do you mean ? It would be very helpful if the air
>were ignited. It might not destroy this planet, but it would destroy
>most of its life, which I think is almost as good.

                     Particularly if you go first, Bas.

>Bas de Bakker.

                     'Nuff ced?       
***************************************************************************
  All opinions expressed by this user are well-reasoned and insightful. 
  Needless to say, they are not those of his advisor or university.
**************************************************************************
Newsgroups: alt.destroy.the.earth
From: locklin@titan.ucc.umass.edu ()
Subject: Re: The end of the world is near!
Organization: Campus Crusade for Cthulu
Date: Mon, 31 Aug 1992 21:28:01 GMT
X-Posted-From: titan.ucc.umass.edu
X-Posted-Through: sol.ctr.columbia.edu

In article <BtrI7y.E2u@andy.bgsu.edu> rlee@bgsu.edu (Bob Lee) writes:
>Any of you guys out there watch the show "Sightings"? 
>
>About 4 weeks ago there was a subject that I think would interest all of
>you! Some scientists believe that the world will be destroyed on May 5, 2000!
>
>On that date the nine planets will line up. The planets will all pull on
>one another and this gravitational upheaval will cause the earth to be
>pulled on its side. North America will become the new Antarctica. Then, all
>the snow and ice that has been building up on Antarctica will cause the
>land mass to sink into the earth, the magma in the core will be displaced
>and will spew out between the plates in the form of massive volcanos and
>earthquakes.
>Then, the prevailing winds will rush to seek equalibrium and basically cause the
>world to be engulfed into one large hurricane with 300 mph winds.
>

You have to be kidding?!
Some idiots in '86 or so had the same theory (this was when 8 of the 9 planets
actually WERE in alignment). If there is indeed another such alignment (which
I doubt) on 5 May 2000, it has already been experimentally shown that this sort
 of thing does not happen (that is, if you don't believe in newtonian mechanics
which quite easily shows that nothing of this sort would occur)

-Scott


Newsgroups: alt.destroy.the.earth,alt.folklore.science
From: carl@SOL1.GPS.CALTECH.EDU (Carl J Lydick)
Subject: Re: Igniting the Atmosphere
Reply-To: carl@SOL1.GPS.CALTECH.EDU
Organization: HST Wide Field/Planetary Camera
Date: Wed, 26 Aug 1992 16:39:55 GMT

In article <xeno.714693699@pv34ad.vincent.iastate.edu>, xeno@iastate.edu (Gary L Snethen) writes:
>>The reaction the bomb designers were worried about was a thermonuclear
>>explosion, such as what powers the hydrogen bomb, except fusing the nitrogen
>>and oxygen nuclei in the atmosphere.  This reaction does power some giant
>>stars after they used up all their hydrogen and helium.
>
>If this is true, then there does seem to be a very real danger of setting off
>the Earth's atmosphere, or at least some of it in an extremely powerful
>hydrogen bomb explosion...  Why isn't this an active concern anymore?

Because hydrogen bombs can't bring any significant portion of the Earth's
atmosphere to the temperature and pressure at which such a fusion reaction can
be sustained.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carl J Lydick | INTERnet: CARL@SOL1.GPS.CALTECH.EDU | NSI/HEPnet: SOL1::CARL

Disclaimer:  Hey, I understand VAXen and VMS.  That's what I get paid for.  My
understanding of astronomy is purely at the amateur level (or below).  So
unless what I'm saying is directly related to VAX/VMS, don't hold me or my
organization responsible for it.  If it IS related to VAX/VMS, you can try to
hold me responsible for it, but my organization had nothing to do with it.
Newsgroups: alt.vampyres
From: drakonar@cs.montana.edu (Charles L. Stewart III)
Subject: Re: Drach the new one...
Organization: Dept. of Computer Science, MSU, Bozeman Mt 59717
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 1992 19:57:07 GMT

In article <1992Sep4.001827.29065@ctr.columbia.edu> a74k110@phobos.ucc.umass.edu writes:
>In article <1992Sep3.182538.15739@ichips.intel.com>, smintz@sedona.intel.com (Stephen Mintz exp 11/92~) writes...
>> 
>>I just heard from a friend who saw the new drakula (sp) movie by Copolla, said
>>what fantastic, though they had to cut alot to get from an X to an R rating, it
>>takes everything from Brams's original manuscript!!
>
>
>Cut it from an X, eh? That sucks, would have been interesting to see Winona
>in some "interesting" situations.
>

Heh.  Oh, yessssssssssss.



-- 
      ---=>   Charles Stewart (aka Scott) : drakonar@cs.montana.edu   <=---
	          "Oh oh.  Looks like we need another Timmie!"
			   For Dinosaurs fans only.
		
Newsgroups: alt.vampyres
From: lenny@iti.gov.sg (Lenny Lim Kiong Peng)
Subject: Where's the charter?
Organization: Information Technology Institute, National Computer Board, S'pore
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 1992 05:30:48 GMT

So whats with this newsgroup? For vampires? Against vampires? Sightings, cures
and preventions?

And while we are at it, can someone knowledgeable offer a summary of blood
types and vintages?


Kiong Peng
(what would be an appropriate sig? Life sucks?)
Newsgroups: alt.vampyres
From: sverkerw@csd.uu.se (Sverker Wiberg)
Subject: Re: Hollywood Vampires
Organization: CS, University of Uppsala, Sweden
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 1992 08:28:21 GMT

In article <20139@plains.NoDak.edu> bohlman@plains.NoDak.edu (Daemon) writes:
>>Are there still Vampires in Hollyweird?
>
>Yes, they call them producers.  They have the strange ability to resist direct
>exposure to sunlight.
>(I wish I knew how they did that..  Maybe then I could get a day job and have a 
>little *fun* at night.)

Easy, sun block +80 :-)

--
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
#include<stddisclaim.h>	         Every interesting data structure is recursive.
sverkerw@mizar.docs.uu.se (Sverker Wiberg)		                  /Cons
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Newsgroups: alt.vampyres
From: lilorenzin@apollo.davidson.edu (...FLAME)
Subject: innocent blood
Organization: Davidson College, Davidson, NC
Reply-To: lilorenzin@apollo.davidson.edu
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 1992 13:42:57 GMT
X-Posted-From: apollo.davidson.edu
X-Posted-Through: sol.ctr.columbia.edu

anybody remember 'la femme nikita' - that excellent french film 
about the rehabilitated-druggie-turned-assassin?  anne parillaud,
who in my opinion carried the movie, is in another upcoming 
vamp flick 'innocent blood'.  she's interviewed in 'interview' 
(gosh, what a concept) and says, among other things, that she
tried to make her vampyre very animalistic, feline, and that there's
nothing so much like a vampyre as a human being.

...flame

for the blood is the life
Newsgroups: alt.vampyres
From: dwalterm@nyx.cs.du.edu (Dave Waltermire)
Subject: Anne Rice
Organization: University of Denver, Dept. of Math & Comp. Sci.
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 92 19:19:16 GMT

Followup-To: 
Distribution: r3daw
Organization: Nyx, Public Access Unix at U. of Denver Math/CS dept.
X-Disclaimer: Nyx is a public access Unix system run by the University
	of Denver for the Denver community.  The University has neither
	control over nor responsibility for the opinions of users.
Keywords: 


   I was just wondering if there were any fans out there, that enjoyed th

vampire cronicals (thus far) as much as I did.  I would like to start a
thread, or maybe even a group!  If anyone is interested please let me
know.l
                                Dave A Waltermire
                                r3daw@vax1.cc.uakron.edu
From: darrell@cypress.ucsc.edu (Darrell Long)
Newsgroups: alt.vampyres
Subject: Re: Vampyres/Origins too
Date: 4 Sep 1992 21:05:45 GMT
Organization: UC Santa Cruz CIS/CE
Distribution: world
NNTP-Posting-Host: cypress.ucsc.edu

Author:        Barber, Paul, 1941-
Title:         Vampires, burial, and death : folklore and reality / Paul
                 Barber. New Haven : Yale University Press, c1988.
Description:   viii, 236 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.

Notes:         Includes index.
               Bibliography: p. [215]-231.

Subjects:      Vampires.
               Postmortem changes -- Folklore.
               Dead -- Folklore.
Newsgroups: alt.vampyres
From: orb@sage.cc.purdue.edu (Trollop)
Subject: Re: Vampyres/Origins too
Organization: Purdue University Computing Center
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 1992 18:14:27 GMT

I've heard of some people in the US who are so highly anemic that they can't
ever go out in the sunlight, because it burns their eyes ansd skin.  In some of
these cases, the person in question actually drinks blood, thinking it will givehim/her the blood they ned so desperately.  (God my typing sucks.)  Anyway, it 
drives the person in question tottally insane.  


I was given to understand theat if I told, they would take my first-born
child.  I don't know where else to turn, *sob*.  Does someone know how to
fight this particular type of blood sucking menace?

Trollop
**

Newsgroups: alt.vampyres
From: a74k110@phobos.ucc.umass.edu
Subject: Re: Drach the new one...
Organization: Columbia University Center for Telecommunications Research
Reply-To: a74k110@phobos.ucc.umass.edu
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 1992 01:16:20 GMT
X-Posted-From: phobos.ucc.umass.edu
X-Posted-Through: sol.ctr.columbia.edu

In article <1992Sep3.182538.15739@ichips.intel.com>, smintz@sedona.intel.com (Stephen Mintz exp 11/92~) writes...
> 
>I just heard from a friend who saw the new drakula (sp) movie by Copolla, said
>what fantastic, though they had to cut alot to get from an X to an R rating, it
>takes everything from Brams's original manuscript!!


Cut it from an X, eh? That sucks, would have been interesting to see Winona
in some "interesting" situations.

blah, blah, blah
From: chris@inconel.engr.wisc.edu (Christian Rohrmeier)
Newsgroups: alt.vampyres
Subject: Re: Drach the new one...
Date: 4 Sep 92 06:19:26 GMT
Organization: U of Wisconsin-Madison College of Engineering

In article <1992Sep3.182538.15739@ichips.intel.com> smintz@sedona.intel.com (Stephen Mintz exp 11/92~) writes:
>
>I just heard from a friend who saw the new drakula (sp) movie by Copolla, said
>what fantastic, though they had to cut alot to get from an X to an R rating, it
>takes everything from Brams's original manuscript!!

So, how come I didn't hear about this? Whats it called and when will it be 
released.

-Chris
Newsgroups: alt.vampyres
From: amos@prl.dec.com (Amos)
Subject: Re: innocent blood - Nikita
Organization: Digital Equipment Corporation - Paris Research Laboratory
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 1992 14:46:33 GMT

I saw NIKITa, and it was just great..
so I think this new film will be also marvellous/\
there is a new french film about vampires which just seems to
be a FLOP..(when U throw a stone in water, it sounds like FLOP..)
with Farid Chopel.. so an advice, do not go and see it.

amos.
Newsgroups: alt.vampyres
From: smintz@sedona.intel.com (Stephen Mintz exp 11/92~)
Subject: Re: Drach the new one...
Originator: smintz@alamo
Organization: Intel Corporation
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 1992 15:06:29 GMT


It's name is the same as the Brams Stoker novel...
Newsgroups: alt.vampyres
From: hreutte@dad.bgsu.edu (hr)
Subject: Vampyres ?!
Organization: Bowling Green State Univ.
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 1992 18:47:29 GMT

oh-oh,

a vampyres-newsgroup? Yup!

-hr

"Drink Bloodweiser! Nothing beats a Blood" (c)
also available: Bloodweiser Light (less plasma)...
From: bohlman@plains.NoDak.edu (Daemon)
Newsgroups: alt.vampyres
Subject: Re: Hollywood Vampires
Date: 4 Sep 92 00:10:29 GMT
Organization: North Dakota Higher Education Computing Network

In article <1992Sep3.192700.13535@engage.pko.dec.com> buck@cavlry.enet.dec.com () writes:
>Are there still Vampires in Hollyweird?

Yes, they call them producers.  They have the strange ability to resist direct
exposure to sunlight.
(I wish I knew how they did that..  Maybe then I could get a day job and have a 
 little *fun* at night.)
-- 
bohlman@plains.NoDak.edu\                              _        / _
                         >- Death to .sig shrinkers!  (")      / (")  WHACK!
bohlmand@milo.NoDak.edu /                             | |\    /  -|-
                                                      |_| \==O   / \