HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
From: pat@statsci.com (Pat Burns)
Subject: type III sums of squares
X-Gateway: dmssyd.syd.dms.CSIRO.AU
Organization: CSIRO Div. Maths & Stats, CSIRO Div. Applied Physics
Date: Tue, 7 Apr 1992 23:33:09 GMT

Several people have asked for type III sums of squares (Sigma-restriction
sums of squares in Searle's terminology).  Here is how to get these
sums of squares using S-PLUS 3.0 (2.0 on DOS, or the 91 release of S
from ATT).

Suppose that you have an "aov" object, created, for example, by:

aov.1 <- aov(y ~ A * B)

Then do:

drop1(aov.1, ~.)

(The " ~. " is a quite important element of the command.)
This will give you an ANOVA table with the type III sums of squares.
It will not be a traditional ANOVA table, but if that doesn't bother
you, you can stop there.  The function (which was the idea of Deborah 
Donnell) given at the end of this message will create a standard ANOVA 
table.


WHAT I'M TALKING ABOUT

Here is a brief tutorial for those who think that they might be
interested in this, but don't know much about it.

When an ANOVA model is balanced, then there is no ambiguity about the
size or meaning of the sums of squares in the ANOVA table because they 
are orthogonal to (independent of) each other.  This is not true for 
unbalanced data.  The sums of squares for A after fitting B is (in 
general) different than the sums of squares for A before fitting B.

The sums of squares that are shown by `print.aov' and `summary.aov'
are Sequential sums of squares (Type I in the terminology of SAS).
As the name implies, the Sequential sum of squares for a term is the
sum of squares after adjusting for the terms that appear previously
(above in the ANOVA table).  The Sequential sums of squares have 
their uses, but the Sigma-restriction (Type III) sums of squares are
often more meaningful.  The Sigma-restriction sum of squares for a
term are those after adjusting for all other terms in the model.

It often happens that the Sigma-restriction sum of squares for a term
is smaller than the Sequential sum of squares for that term; however,
this is not necessarily the case.

REFERENCE

Searle, S. R. (1987). Linear Models for Unbalanced Data.  Wiley.

THE FUNCTION

If you have an "aov" object `aov.1', say, then you can do

> sigma.restrict(aov.1)

rather than doing

> summary(aov.1)

Enjoy,

Pat Burns
StatSci
pat@statsci.com



sigma.restrict <- function(aov.obj)
{
        ans <- summary(aov.obj)
        cl <- class(ans)
        ans <- unclass(ans)
        t3 <- drop1(aov.obj,  ~ .)
        rn <- match(row.names(t3)[-1], row.names(ans))
        ss <- unclass(t3)$"Sum of Sq"[-1]
        nterms <- length(ans$Df)
        ans$"Sum of Sq"[rn] <- ss
        ans$"Mean Sq" <- ans$"Sum of Sq"/ans$Df
        ans$"F Value" <- ans$"Mean Sq"/ans$"Mean Sq"[nterms]
        ans$"F Value"[nterms] <- NA
        ans$"Pr(F)" <- 1 - pf(ans$"F Value", ans$Df, ans$Df[nterms])
        ans$"Pr(F)"[nterms] <- NA
        class(ans) <- cl
        attr(ans, "heading") <- "Sigma-restriction sums of squares"
        ans
}

Newsgroups: aus.stats.s
From: pat@statsci.com (Pat Burns)
Subject: type III sums of squares
X-Gateway: dmssyd.syd.dms.CSIRO.AU
Organization: CSIRO Div. Maths & Stats, CSIRO Div. Applied Physics
Date: Tue, 7 Apr 1992 17:00:46 GMT

Several people have asked for type III sums of squares (Sigma-restriction
sums of squares in Searle's terminology).  Here is how to get these
sums of squares using S-PLUS 3.0 (2.0 on DOS, or the 91 release of S
from ATT).

Suppose that you have an "aov" object, created, for example, by:

aov.1 <- aov(y ~ A * B)

Then do:

drop1(aov.1, ~.)

(The " ~. " is a quite important element of the command.)
This will give you an ANOVA table with the type III sums of squares.
It will not be a traditional ANOVA table, but if that doesn't bother
you, you can stop there.  The function (which was the idea of Deborah 
Donnell) given at the end of this message will create a standard ANOVA 
table.


WHAT I'M TALKING ABOUT

Here is a brief tutorial for those who think that they might be
interested in this, but don't know much about it.

When an ANOVA model is balanced, then there is no ambiguity about the
size or meaning of the sums of squares in the ANOVA table because they 
are orthogonal to (independent of) each other.  This is not true for 
unbalanced data.  The sums of squares for A after fitting B is (in 
general) different than the sums of squares for A before fitting B.

The sums of squares that are shown by `print.aov' and `summary.aov'
are Sequential sums of squares (Type I in the terminology of SAS).
As the name implies, the Sequential sum of squares for a term is the
sum of squares after adjusting for the terms that appear previously
(above in the ANOVA table).  The Sequential sums of squares have 
their uses, but the Sigma-restriction (Type III) sums of squares are
often more meaningful.  The Sigma-restriction sum of squares for a
term are those after adjusting for all other terms in the model.

It often happens that the Sigma-restriction sum of squares for a term
is smaller than the Sequential sum of squares for that term; however,
this is not necessarily the case.

REFERENCE

Searle, S. R. (1987). Linear Models for Unbalanced Data.  Wiley.

THE FUNCTION

If you have an "aov" object `aov.1', say, then you can do

> sigma.restrict(aov.1)

rather than doing

> summary(aov.1)

Enjoy,

Pat Burns
StatSci
pat@statsci.com



sigma.restrict <- function(aov.obj)
{
        ans <- summary(aov.obj)
        cl <- class(ans)
        ans <- unclass(ans)
        t3 <- drop1(aov.obj,  ~ .)
        rn <- match(row.names(t3)[-1], row.names(ans))
        ss <- unclass(t3)$"Sum of Sq"[-1]
        nterms <- length(ans$Df)
        ans$"Sum of Sq"[rn] <- ss
        ans$"Mean Sq" <- ans$"Sum of Sq"/ans$Df
        ans$"F Value" <- ans$"Mean Sq"/ans$"Mean Sq"[nterms]
        ans$"F Value"[nterms] <- NA
        ans$"Pr(F)" <- 1 - pf(ans$"F Value", ans$Df, ans$Df[nterms])
        ans$"Pr(F)"[nterms] <- NA
        class(ans) <- cl
        attr(ans, "heading") <- "Sigma-restriction sums of squares"
        ans
}
From: david@zygochloa.anu.edu.au (David Houlder)
Newsgroups: aus.stats.s
Subject: Thanks for crash tips
Date: 9 Apr 92 01:46:28 GMT
Organization: CSIRO Div. Maths & Stats, CSIRO Div. Applied Physics
X-Gateway: dmssyd.syd.dms.CSIRO.AU

Thanks to everyone who replied to my Splus/unix crash problem.
There seem to be a few promising angles on this problem, so wish me luck!

David Houlder
Geography Dep't
The Australian National University
D
From: hoqas!hoqas2!david@hoqax.att.com
Newsgroups: aus.stats.s
Subject: Benchmarking help request.
Date: 13 Apr 92 19:09:57 GMT
Organization: CSIRO Div. Maths & Stats, CSIRO Div. Applied Physics
X-Gateway: dmssyd.syd.dms.CSIRO.AU

Hi,

I am thinking of buying a 486 machine for my personal use and would be
very interested in getting some idea of how well these machines
perform on S, both under the various flavors of UNIX and DOS.  If
anyone out there has such a system running I would appreciate it if
you could run the following tests and report the results back to me
with timing information.  If using UNIX, use unix.time or wall-clock
time in seconds. If DOS, use wall-clock time.

Although I am personally most interested in 486 machines if anyone has
a few minutes to run these benchmarks on other systems, I think it
would be useful to other readers of this mailing list to be able
compare S performance among machines.  I will compile a list of all
results received within the next week and post them back to the list.

If you do run the tests please be sure to tell me.

Version of S:
Version of operating system:
Full description of hardware including.
Manufacturer:
Model:
Amount of memory:
Cache size if applicable:
Graphics Card if applicable:
Swapping local or networked if applicable:
Separate timings for each of the three benchmarks:

Here are the three benchmarks.  They are designed to test floating
point number crunching, disk I/O, and graphics.  These are rather
simple minded, but I think they will be enough for a ranking.  Use X11
or whichever other graphics driver you use when viewing plots on the
screen. If your version of S does not support the immediate=T then
try running an unwound version of the loop at the top level, i.e.
twenty assignments of the form abxxxyz <- bvec.

Start of by assigning bvec. 

bvec <- 1:2000+0.1

b1 <- function() for(i in 1:100) bvec^2*bvec

b2 <- function() {
  for(i in 1:20) assign("abxxxyz",bvec,where=1,immediate=T)
  remove("abxxxyz")
}

b3 <- function(){
  for(i in 1:5)plot(bvec,type="l")
  for(i in 1:5)plot(bvec,pch=".")
  for(i in 1:5)plot(bvec,pch="X")
}

runbs <- function() {
  rbind(b1=unix.time(b1()),b2=unix.time(b2()),b3=unix.time(b3()))
}

Here are the results on a Sun IPX, with 16M, swapping locally, SunOs
4.1 with the Dec 91 Beta of AT&T S.

runbs()
    [,1]  [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] 
b1 4.000 0.000    4    0    0
b2 0.233 0.367    6    0    0
b3 6.200 4.067   20    0    0
> 

Thanks for any help.

David

----------David Lubinsky---------------------------------------------
Email: david@hoqax.att.com
                          
Phone: (908) 949-1722
Fax:   (908) 949-7724
Mail: AT&T Bell Laboratories, Room 2J524, Crawfords Corner Rd,
      Holmdel,  NJ 07733
D
From: ripley@stats.ox.ac.uk (Prof. Brian Ripley)
Subject: Haerdle's smoothing code on Statlib
X-Gateway: dmssyd.syd.dms.CSIRO.AU
Organization: CSIRO Div. Maths & Stats, CSIRO Div. Applied Physics
Date: Tue, 7 Apr 1992 16:51:10 GMT

I have sent a corrected version to Mike Meyer.  The typos are minor:

diff cvwarping.c.old  cvwarping.c
93c93
<         cm=1.0/(double)n[0]*h;
---
>         cm=1.0/((double)n[0]*h);

diff warping.c.old warping.c
84c84
<       cm=1.0/(double)n[0]*h[0];
---
>       cm=1.0/((double)n[0]*h[0]);

and for those with less sophisticated makes than mine, a simple
install sequence is given.

Brian Ripley
From: pevzner@clockwise.att.com
Newsgroups: aus.stats.s
Subject: graphics() in x11()
Date: 10 Apr 92 16:27:10 GMT
Reply-To: clockwise!pevzner@clockwise.att.com
Organization: CSIRO Div. Maths & Stats, CSIRO Div. Applied Physics
X-Gateway: dmssyd.syd.dms.CSIRO.AU


I am sorry if this happens to be a FAQ, but I did not see anybody
asking this question lately.

I am using AT&T S (New S) in the X environment, using x11() for 
displaying graphics.  I expect  
> plot(1:10)
to produce the same result as
> print(graphics(plot(1:10)))
or, alternatively, in a normal S usage, the same as
> g <- graphics(plot(1:10))
> g


Unfortunately, it does not seem to be the case in x11()
(although all three expressions do indeed work identically, as expected,
in tek4014() and postscript().)
In x11(), plot(...) produces a normal graph with normal axes, just as it's
supposed to.  However, print(graphics(plot(...),...)) draws an external
box, a graph in the coordinate system of that box, and then some strange
scaled down axes inside the box, which have nothing to do with the plot
itself.

I tried a few S compilations here at Bell Labs and at M.I.T., and all
seem to behave as described above.  I was told that Splus complains
(spits out some error message) if given a print(graphics(plot())) command.

Am I seriously missing something, or it's a bug in x11()?
If it's a bug, has someone developed a workaround?

Thanks very much,

-Boris Pevzner
 pevzner@clockwise.att.com
 (908)582-6022
D
Newsgroups: aus.stats.s
From: Peter Dalgaard SFE <pd@kubism.ku.dk>
Subject: Re:  Weighted regression
X-Gateway: dmssyd.syd.dms.CSIRO.AU
Organization: CSIRO Div. Maths & Stats, CSIRO Div. Applied Physics
Date: Fri, 10 Apr 1992 11:00:38 GMT

Right! This is wrong!

As far as I can see, the mess is due to the difference between
obj$resid and residuals(object). The former  are (obs-fit) and
the latter are (obs-fit)*w^.5. summary.aov() uses obj$resid
where I think it should use residuals(object) AND summary.lm()
seems to make the opposite mistake!!!!

I don't feel too confident that switching type of residual is
the only thing necessary to make things work properly. Let's
hope that someone responsible will be able to provide a corrected
set of summary functions as soon as possible.

	Peter Dalgaard
	Stat. Res. Unit
	U.Copenhagen

PS: While we're at it, residuals.lm(...,"deviance") is the same
as residual.lm(...,"pearson") but as.family(...)$deviance(mu,y,w,
residuals=T) on an lm object gives the same result as
residuals.lm(...,"working"). This doesn't look right either.
From: adrianb@mi.aau.dk
Newsgroups: aus.stats.s
Subject: Re:  Splus crashing when trying to run sh
Date: 8 Apr 92 23:02:34 GMT
Organization: CSIRO Div. Maths & Stats, CSIRO Div. Applied Physics
X-Gateway: dmssyd.syd.dms.CSIRO.AU


	This is not going to solve the immediate problem
	with unix(), but:

	There is a replacement for the C library routine 
	system() suitable for creating large child processes.
	It is faster, and does not crash for lack of space.

	It is based on making your main program itself the child
	of a small program. At startup, the small program fork()s
	and the two copies establish two-way communication through pipes.
	Then one copy exec()s your main program and the other copy
	sits there waiting (after all it is small). To issue a system call,
	your main program passes the command string to the small program,
	which then does fork()-exec(). 

	The idea is due to someone in the CSIRO Division of Information
	Technology. If anyone is interested I will dig out the
	(C, sunOS) implementation.

----
Adrian Baddeley (visiting until 15 april)	adrianb@mi.aau.dk 
Department of Theoretical Statistics, University of Aarhus, Denmark
	tel. +45 86 272100 extension 5437
D
Newsgroups: aus.stats.s
From: Barry Rowlingson <maa017@cent1.lancs.ac.uk>
Subject: x11() driver for S under Dynix
X-Gateway: dmssyd.syd.dms.CSIRO.AU
Organization: CSIRO Div. Maths & Stats, CSIRO Div. Applied Physics
Date: Sat, 11 Apr 1992 15:31:56 GMT

Has anyone compiled a version of S for Dynix including the x11() driver
from statlib? Currently we are having to use xterm's tektronix windows,
and having to use awkward commands to switch windows. 

Unfortunately the guy who originally compiled S on our system has left,
and before he left he told me what a problem compiling it was - so I'd
like to bypass all that and see if anyone has already done it.

We have a Sequent Symmetry S81 running Dynix - the version command tells
me this:

DYNIX(R) V3.1.2  Fri May  3 02:53:44 PDT 1991

Please e-mail me if you can help with this. I'd like to get it done
before the students come back after the Easter break!


Barry Rowlingson

Newsgroups: aus.stats.s
From: Simon Jurke <simon@isor.vuw.ac.nz>
Subject: Re: misc questions 
X-Gateway: dmssyd.syd.dms.CSIRO.AU
Organization: CSIRO Div. Maths & Stats, CSIRO Div. Applied Physics
Date: Tue, 7 Apr 1992 22:14:59 GMT

> I need something that is very general and consistently
> well behaved.

Here is a brute force solution (at least it seems to work!):

> format.x
function(x)
{
        f <- (k <- trunc(log10(x))) <= -3
        x[f] <- x[f] * (10^( - k[f]))
        y <- rep("", length(x))
        for(j in 1:length(x))
                y[j] <- format(x[j])
        y[f] <- paste("0.", paste(rep("0",  - k[f]), collapse = ""), substring(
                y[f], 3, nchar(y[f])), sep = "")
        y
}

> format.x(c(.1234, .0005, .07, .004, 1.2, 12.56))
[1] "0.1234" "0.0005" "0.07"   "0.004"  "1.2"    "12.56" 

Simon.

=====================================================================
Simon R. Jurke                                   simon@isor.vuw.ac.nz
Institute of Statistics and Operations Research  Tel:(04)471-5313
Victoria University, PO Box 600, Wellington      Fax:(04)471-2070
New Zealand
=====================================================================
Newsgroups: aus.stats.s
From: macq@miguel.llnl.gov (Don MacQueen)
Subject:  misc questions
X-Gateway: dmssyd.syd.dms.CSIRO.AU
Organization: CSIRO Div. Maths & Stats, CSIRO Div. Applied Physics
Date: Tue, 7 Apr 1992 17:00:19 GMT

Thanks for the suggestion.

Unfortunately, "0.0700" is'nt really o.k.
These numbers are based on data, and I can't
justify adding trailing zeros which imply much
more precision in the result than in the data.
For instance, 0.07 was the max of the data, all of it having only two
decimal places to begin with.

Now, if I wanted the trailing zeros, then your
suggestion would be just what I need. And I can
see some cases where I would want them.

Also I do have some values > 1.

I need something that is very general and consistently
well behaved.

What I did, since .0001 and .0005 are the only two
inputs I have so far which have this problem, was
code specifically for them:

formatted.x <- format(x)
if (x==.0001 | x== .0005) formatted.x <- paste(x)

Smarter (or at least easier to extend) coding would have been
   if( any(x==c(.0001,.0005)) ) formatted.x <- paste(x)

Is there any rationale that you know of, why format(.0001) gives
"1e-4"?

Thanks again.
So far, you are the only person with a suggestion.
---------------------------------------------------
Don MacQueen                   macq@miguel.llnl.gov
Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab.
7000 East Ave., L-307          (510) 423-1062
Livermore, CA 94550
---------------------------------------------------
From: dac@prolix.pub.uu.oz.au (Andrew Clayton)
Newsgroups: aus.flame
Subject: Re: Real Cyberpunks Don't eat quiche.
Date: Mon, 13 Apr 92 12:37:11 GMT
Reply-To: munnari!labtam!eyrie!prolix!dac
FollowUp-To: aus.flame
Keywords: 
Organization: More like Dis~, really.

In article <kawj1b.rickg@netcom.com>, Rick Gordon writes:

> In article <1adc6da4.ARN18a9@prolix.pub.uu.oz.au> dac writes:
> 
> > [ ... Portions of the Cyberpunkiad deleted ]
> >And Sinclair is the inventor of the ZX81.
> >
> >Iain is plainly a spastic throwback to the vegetation of the
> >paleolithic era, and is in no way, shape, or form, related to Sir
> >Clive.
> 
> No way, shape, or form, eh?  This is an interesting phylogenetic premise,
> dac.  A bit hyperbolic, wouldn't you say?

Tautology is merely a tool.

> > [ ... ]
> >But then, who would want to be?
> >
> 
> Do you always provide answers to your own questions this way?
> Damned generous, I'd say.

Nah. Many of my statements are immune to these 'answers' of which
you speak; please don't let that stop you in your search for
truth, Rick.  Perhaps a gobbet of manna from heaven will lodge in
your nostrils, and enlighten you so much that they can use you to
illuminate Sydney Harbour Bridge. 

> Rick Gordon       |  "A musicologist is a person who can read music 

Dac
--
munnari!labtam!eyrie!prolix!dac      David Andrew Clayton.           // _| _  _
  prolix!dac%eyrie@labtam.oz.au      Canberra, Australia           \X/ (_](_](_
        dac@prolix.pub.uu.oz.au      I post .
prolix!dac@sserve.cc.adfa.oz.au            . . I am.             +61 6 290 2215
Newsgroups: aus.flame
From: osborn@socs.uts.edu.au (Boomerang Mail)
Subject: Re: <insert favourite tome> Discussion
Organization: University of Technology, Sydney
Date:  7 Apr 92 08:20:24 GMT

axolotl@socs.uts.edu.au (Iain Sinclair) writes:

>Dunno about Mormons, but there was at least one Jehovah's witness assaulting
>my buzzer at midday today.  

God! Shit! Fuck! Christ! Darn! I didn't turn 'em upside down to check. They
probably were Yehovahs Switnesses after all. I fucking hope I haven't
offended too many Mormons - they may just beat a path to my door...

>(What's happening to Ultimo?  They even have foccaccia in our downstairs
>shop now.  Bet it tastes as good as it looks.)

'spect so... ...but SDA's won't eat such heathen fare (you, know, fucking
Italian, fucking Vatican, wink-wink, nudge-nudge, ...and the tomatoes are
RED, the devil's colour... ...or wasn't that black?)... Arrgh!

>BTW, isn't Taoism sexist?
 
Yes, and no... ...isn't sexist a rather easy term to apply 
- the trick to it is in knowing what one means...
-- 
Tom Osborn,                          " There is... 
School of Computing Sciences,                  ...no cause...
University of Technology, Sydney,                         ...for alarrrgh ".
PO Box 123 Broadway 2007,  AUSTRALIA.             
Newsgroups: aus.flame
From: cplma@groper.jcu.edu.au (Lynn Alford)
Subject: Re: <insert favourite tome> Discussion
Organization: James Cook University
Date: Mon, 6 Apr 92 10:56:17 GMT

In <axolotl.702552955@syzygy> axolotl@socs.uts.edu.au (Iain Sinclair) writes:

>osborn@socs.uts.edu.au (Boomerang Mail) writes:
> >How long have Mormons been travelling in couples (ie boy+girl)? 

Mormon females???  Out in public?  You must be mistaken.  

Now many a day have I seen Mormons travel in pairs.  Always two males,
dressed in the Mormon uniform of short sleeve shirts, neckties, long
trousers (grey) and black shoes.  They used to be particularly easy to
spot on uni campuses, because of the ties.

You can also tell because of the wide berth every other person gives
Mormons. :-)

>Dunno about Mormons, but there was at least one Jehovah's witness assaulting
>my buzzer at midday today.  Even at that ungodly hour, I felt alert enough

Interesting.  Around here, you get pairs of Jehovah's witnesses too, and
the ones that hit my street are always female.  Don't know what it
signifies, but they haven't found me at home in ages.

Lynn
-- 
The screen of my Mac doesn't really resemble my desktop despite being designed 
to support the desktop metaphor (1), and the windows on my terminal bear only 
the slightest relation to the contraptions that lets drafts into my office.  
Stroustrup.  1) I wouldn't be able to tolerate such a mess on my screen anyway.
Newsgroups: aus.flame
From: d_omeara@fennel.cc.uwa.oz.au
Subject: Re: rec.flame
Followup-To: alt.evil
Summary: george must be forge
Organization: University of Western Australia
Date: Wed, 15 Apr 1992 03:00:45 GMT

In article <u867278.703295764@bruny>, u867278@bruny.cc.utas.edu.au (George Dickel) writes:
> u867278@franklin.cc.utas.edu.au (George Dickel) writes:
>
> [amazing! deleted]

>>George Dickel                                u867278@bruny.cc.utas.edu.au
>>			Also at		u867278@franklin.cc.utas.edu.au

Sorry George, no can play anymore.  My probation officer told me 
they'd put me back in the can if I did it again.  

And you're obviouly under 16, so I'd have no excuse.

Devo
Newsgroups: aus.flame
From: d_omeara@fennel.cc.uwa.oz.au
Subject: Re: The filthiest person in the world (Was Re: WA Curs)
Followup-To: z.au> <u867278.702624167@bruny>
Organization: University of Western Australia
Date: Thu, 9 Apr 1992 04:13:17 GMT

Distribution: aus
Organization: University of Western Australia

In article <u867278.702624167@bruny>, u867278@bruny.cc.utas.edu.au (George Dickel) writes:
> d_omeara@fennel.cc.uwa.oz.au writes:
> 
  [dribble deleted]
 
> You don't say dEvine I thought every one who had seen Devine's movies new that

You didn't realise; (snigger) - you suggested Devine "take a shower".

I have not seen Devine's movies; she never made any.

I have seen a few she was in, and I always thought Edith Massey was the 
real talent.  And for any bulemics in Canberra, order the uncut version of
Pink Flamingo, it's much easier than eating a bucket of ice-cream.

> But then I must remember that you think you are the centre of the Universe.  
> I much preferred the cross Dressing in Meet the Applegates but then I suppose 
> you never saw this classic you sleeze.  

Applegates is crap on network tv isn't it?

I am the centre of my universe. I don't even have to think about that.

Although I would have thought that as [a]
> flamer you may have been more original or at least obscure with your name.  
> If you criticise my flaming ability where is your flaming ability or don't you
> have one!!!!

Thank you for recognising my flaming ability (go on, pick the pun).

>>Devoid
> Devoid of what you imbecile?  Perhaps you do not know.  
> 
> Nunc Est Bibendum.  
> 
> Socialisation is not about socialism
> 
> Dr.Wildare                                         u867278@bruny.cc.utas.edu.au
> 

Dave

Now how obscure is that?