HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
From: reece@eco.twg.com (Reece R. Pollack)
Subject: Re: Planes, Tanks & Automobiles
Reply-To: reece@eco.twg.com (Reece R. Pollack)
Organization: The Wollongong Group (East Coast Operations)
Date: Thu, 10 Sep 92 19:29:17 GMT


In article <1992Sep8.123243@is.morgan.com>, scairns@is.morgan.com (Scott Cairns) writes:
|>Okay, well maybe not Automobiles but definitely the first two.
|>
|>I would've thought this is a FAQ but didn't see it in my copy dated
|>July 15, '92.
|>
|>My brother-in-law and sister own scuba tanks (don't know what kind)
|>and will be joining my wife and I on a you-sail-it / you-dive-it charter
|>in the British Virgin Islands.  Since we'll be doing a lot of our
|>own diving, they figured they'd just bring their tanks along and get
|>fills along the way.
|>
|>I tried to explain to them that this was not a good idea, for the
|>convienence factor alone, but that I was pretty sure the airlines
|>wouldn't even let them bring them on the plane or check them through.  
|>Unfortunately, I didn't have a lot to back my statement up.
|>
|>Can someone give me the real reasons why?


Ah, yes... the "can I fly with SCUBA tanks" thread again. Here is the
posting I made the last time this issue came up...

Article 9514 of rec.scuba:
Newsgroups: rec.scuba
From: story@sgi.com (David (Duis) Story)
Newsgroups: rec.scuba
Subject: Re: Information about advanced deep diving course
Date: 8 Sep 92 18:08:46 GMT
Organization: Silicon Graphics, Inc.

In article <1992Sep3.093029.3880@desire.wright.edu> wall@hel4.brl.mil (Jeff Wall) writes:
>
>I've got a question that has been bothering me since I started hanging out at
>the local dive shop which just happens to be a PADI store.  This dive shop
>sells the Sherwood Source (a.k.a Oceanic Datamax) and I am under tthe
>impression it uses the DSAT model. I this correct???
>
>If this is correct how do they figure decompression??  I know for a fact (just
>about everybody I dive with uses the Source) that the Source will allow a 
>diver a 40ft deco stop.  So, if the Source uses the DSAT model then it is
>theoretically possible ( if PADI were so inclined) to do deco diving on the
>PADI RDP.  Yes???  No???

No.  The RDP is not a full implementation of the DSAT model.  DO NOT
use the RDP for decompression diving, or for repetitive diving limited
by slower compartments.  Here's why.

The DSAT model includes 80 and 120 minute compartments (albeit with
not-very-conservative M-values).  The RDP *does not*.  That is, the
exposures allowed by the RDP have been tuned to allow the table to
(almost) ignore the slower compartments, instead using the 60-minute
compartment to control offgassing.  That's why you get longer bottom
times on repetitive dives using the PADI RDP than on the US Navy
tables: DSAT assumes you're offgassing faster than the US Navy does.

In fact, the RDP is not strictly a fully compliant implementation of
the underlying DSAT model.  You'll notice that the RDP includes some
"band-aid rules" to cover long repetitive dives which bring into play
the slower compartments.  These "WXYZ" rules lengthen minimum surface
intervals to allow the slower compartments to offgas appropriately
after these model-pushing dives.

In fact, Ray Rogers gave me a profile which is legal under the table,
but breaks the underlying model.  You'd be hard-pressed to run into
this profile in real life, as it involves about 2 hours underwater out
of every 3 hours for almost a full day.  

The point is that the RDP does not take into account all the
implications of the slower compartments, so if you're doing "extreme"
exposures, including decompression and repetitive very long no-stop
bottom times, you may be pushing close to the model limits.

Cheers,

David Story                        NAUI AI Z9588, PADI DM 43922, EMT
story@bent.wpd.sgi.com		  Every dive is a decompression dive.
Newsgroups: rec.scuba
From: howeird@hplabsz.hpl.hp.com
Subject: Re: mask strap
Date: Sat, 5 Sep 1992 00:46:51 GMT
Organization: HP Research Grants Program

If this person has a good fit with his mask, it should stay squished
against his face regardless of the straps. That's how you fit a mask,
right?

So give him a break.

The only reason you need the strap is if your mask isn't fitted correctly,
or you don't want to hold it in your hand or put it in your BC pocket when
you take it off. The strap helps a little if you're kicked in the face byt
eh fins of the person you're following on a dive tour, but not much. I've
had my mask kicked clear off even with a strap. It's probably easier to
slap it on your face again if you don't have to mess with the strap.

As for the snorkel, same thing. If he can devise a clip mount which lets
him snap the snorkel against his mask when he needs it at the surface, why
should he have to put up with it waving in his face while it's hanging
there useless on the dive?

-Howard

...........................................................................
. Howard Stateman            | Reincarnation: Life sucks, then you die.   . 
. howeird@hpl.HP.COM         |                ...then life sucks again    .
. [Not an HP spokesman]      |  Anatomically Correct BBS (415) 8-jovial   .
........................................................................... 


Newsgroups: rec.birds
From: christea@dhhalden.no (CHRISTER ANDR JAKOBSEN)
Subject: Re: Norwegian "news"
Organization: Ostfold College
Date: Mon, 14 Sep 1992 16:09:01 GMT

In article <christea.5.716207636@dhhalden.no> christea@dhhalden.no (CHRISTER ANDR JAKOBSEN) writes:
>From: christea@dhhalden.no (CHRISTER ANDR JAKOBSEN)
>Subject: Norwegian "news"
>Date: Fri, 11 Sep 1992 10:33:56 GMT
>Here's what i've got of information on the latest rarities in Norway, if 
>anybody is interested.
>August
>1.-2. American / Pacific Golden Plover, Brunlanes, Oestfold.
>3. Aquatic Warbler, 1 ex. ringed and 3 ex. ringed 29.8. at Lista, Vest Agder.
>4. Cory's Shearwater, Egersund, Rogaland.
>7. White-winged Black Tern, Lista.
>Primo Aug. Surf Scoter, South Troendelag.
>16.-17. Greenish Warbler, Utsira, Rogaland.
>15.-16. Egret Heron, Roest, Nordland.
>14. First Norwegian report of Olivaceous Warbler, Lista.
>15. Pink-Backed pelican, Otra, Vest Agder (B-list).
>23. Citrine Wagtail, Jaeren, Rogaland.
>4. September, Montagu's Harrier, Utsira, Rogaland.
>
>Christer
An error has sneaked in at 
15.-17. Egret Heron. The correct English name on this bird is Great White 
Egret (Egretta alba) no matter what I have managed to write about it to Jeff 
Higgott. The error is fully due to my own incompetense.
From: chajek@qa1.WichitaKS.NCR.COM (chajek)
Newsgroups: rec.birds
Subject: HAWKS & OWLS
Date: 11 Sep 92 17:07:19 GMT
Reply-To: chajek@qa1.WichitaKS.NCR.COM ()
Distribution: world
Organization: NCR Corporation, Wichita KS

I don't know if anyone here will be able to help me - but here goes.

We live on a 100 acre farm in Kansas.  I raise guinea fowl as a natural
means of grasshopper control (we were eaten up by grasshoppers in '90
and '91).  I'd like to leave the guineas to run loose, and when wild, 
they nest in the pastures and raise their young, eating grasshoppers
to their heart's content.  However, my problem is that the hawks and
owls (not to mention the coyotes) grab the guineas and fly off with 
them to have a feast - the guinea never to be seen again!   Consequently,
I shut up all our guineas at night in a large walk-in chicken coop that
has a big pen around it.  I have seen hawks swoop down in our pen, kill
a chicken and eat it right in the pen!  I like to hear the owls at night,
but I'd rather them feast on the field mice and rats instead of my
livestock.  The hawks are a little braver - they kill our chickens,
guineas, etc. during the day.

Is there any way to trap the hawks or owls and relocate them?  Would the
Wildlife and Parks do it for us, or are we on our own with this one?  Thanks.
Newsgroups: rec.birds
From: toby@milton.u.washington.edu (Toby Bradshaw)
Subject: Re: Hunting in the US and Canada
Organization: University of Washington, Seattle
Date: Tue, 15 Sep 1992 19:00:02 GMT

In article <1992Sep15.150635.38515@watson.ibm.com> andrewt@watson.ibm.com (Andrew Taylor) writes:
>In article <1992Sep14.194034.4168@u.washington.edu>
>toby@milton.u.washington.edu (Toby Bradshaw) writes:
>>more ironic when the antis, like Andrew Taylor, enjoy sport fishing
>>(you mean *enjoyed* dragging a helpless trout ...
>
>I neither enjoy nor take part in any form of fishing. I do enjoy and spend as
>much time as I can watching fish and their behaviour.
>
>I'd recommend it to rec.birders. When you've seen all the birds in your
>area take a scuba course and meet the fish.
>
>Andrew Taylor

I apologize for confusing Andrew Taylor with Bill Venables.  We
barbarians should be more careful :)

Toby Bradshaw
Department of Biochemistry and College of Forest Resources
University of Washington, Seattle
toby@u.washington.edu



Newsgroups: rec.birds
From: srh3@Ra.MsState.Edu (Steven R. Hollis)
Subject: Re: HAWKS & OWLS
Organization: Mississippi State University
Date: Tue, 15 Sep 1992 20:30:12 GMT

r0th@ellis.uchicago.edu (Dr. Samuel Conway) writes:

>In article <srh3.716443580@Ra.MsState.Edu> srh3@Ra.MsState.Edu (Steven R. Hollis) writes:
>>Try covering your roof.  That should do it raptors do much more harm than 
>>good 
>>
>>Steve
>>

>Steve, dear fellow, I KNOW you didn't mean it quite that way, but could
>you please clarify this line?

Dr. Conway is right.  I typed this late at night after a wekk-long barrage
of tests so my punctuation was off.  I was trying to sum up quickly and 
goofed while doing it.  The above should be two mini-paragraphs.
The roof covering, especially with highly visible material should keep
the hawks out.
     Raptors, on the whole, are much more beneficial to farmers and keepers
of livestock, etc. than harmful.  They have gotten a bad reputation due
to the occasional raiding of a henhouse

Sorry for any confusion

STeve

--
===============================================================================
Steve Hollis--Your friendly neighborhood zoology major
srh3@ra.msstate.edu
===============================================================================
From: mbehrens@barqs.amd.com (Mikael Behrens)
Newsgroups: rec.birds
Subject: Re: Parrots in Austin,TX
Date: 9 Sep 92 23:39:55 GMT
Reply-To: mbehrens@ausun1.amd.com
Distribution: usa
Organization: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.; Austin, Texas

In article <sjm1.715993187@Isis.MsState.Edu> sjm1@ra.msstate.edu (Sarah J.  
McKinley) writes:
| While in Austin, Texas this weekend, I saw a small colony of green and
| gray (monk?) parrots in a city park.  Although I only saw 3 - 4 birds
| at a time, I got the impression that they were quite successful there.


Yeah, the monk parakeets seem to be doing pretty well here.  I see them almost  
every time I go to Town Lake.  I believe they occupy the same ecological niche  
that the Carolina Parakeets used to occupy.

Mikael
From: serge@irisa.fr (Serge Le Huitouze)
Newsgroups: rec.birds
Subject: Re: Latine Name
Date: 11 Sep 92 08:12:15 GMT
Reply-To: serge@irisa.fr
Organization: Irisa, Rennes(FR)

Sorry to insist so heavily, but I totally agree with a previous posting (which
also came from Europa!) encouraging people in this newsgroup to give the
LATINE NAME of all species they mention.

Re Thanks in advance.
Newsgroups: rec.birds
From: chappuis@cmu.unige.ch (Alain Chappuis (CMU, Geneva))
Subject: CH comments (CH-92-01)
Organization: University of Geneva, Switzerland
Date: Fri, 11 Sep 1992 08:27:23 GMT

EuroBirdNet                    CH-92-01                 11 September 1992

(Texte en francais apres)

POMARINE SKUA (Stercorarius pomarinus). For the second time the Pomarine
skua has been observed on the Lake of Geneva (Switzerland).
In the current of September three subjects have been seen on the little
lake. These three subjects are lost from the original distribution.

WHITE STORK (Ciconia ciconia) 45 subjects has been observed the 2nd September
1992 in a field near Geneva (Switzerland). It is the biggest concentration
ever observed in this region.

CITRIL FINCH (Serinus citrinella) At 2004 meters Alt. I observed in 6th
September 1992 on the moutain Soudine (Haute-Savoie) France, more than
56 Citrils finchs. It is the biggest concentration ever observed in this
moutain.

--

Labes pomarin (Stercorarius pomarinus). Pour la deuxieme fois, il a ete
observe sur le lac Leman, des Labes pomarins. Trois sujets dans le courant
du mois de septembre ont ete observes sur le petit lac. Faut-il rappeler
ici que ces trois sujets sont egares et que leur aire de distribution est
en haute mer.

Cigognes blanches (Coconia ciconia). Il a ete observe le 2 septembre 1992
45 cigognes blanches dans un champs (Satigny) pres de Geneve (Suisse).
Ceci est la plus grande concentration jamais observee dans cette region.

Venturon montagnard (Serinus citrinella). J'ai observe le 6 septembre 1992
a 2004 mettres d'altitude sur la montagne de Soudine (Haute-Savoie) France,
une concentration importante de 56 et plus de venturons montagnards.
C'est la plus grande concentration jamais observee dans ces pres-alpes.

--Alain
+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| Alain Chappuis        | Decnet     : UGCMU::CHAPPUIS            |
| Universite de Geneve  | Bitnet     : chappuis@cgecmu51.bitnet   |
| Centre Medical        | Internet   : chappuis@cmu.unige.ch      |
| 1, Rue Michel-Servet  | Telepac    : 4682161330                 |
| CH-1211 Geneve 4      | Telephone  : +41 (22) 702.50.73         |
|         ------        | X400       :S=chappuis;OU=cmu;O=unige;  |
|                       |             PRMD=switch;ADMD=arcom;C=ch |
+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
From: Joe.Morlan@f501.n914.z8.rbbs-net.ORG (Joe Morlan)
Newsgroups: rec.birds
Subject: Question: Schedules for
Date: 7 Sep 92 16:56:00 GMT


        ***** On 09-06-1992, David Mark wrote to All *****

DM> Can someone please send me the names and telephone numbers
DM> of people or organizations that may be running pelagic
DM> birding trips in Monterey Bay or nearby points in November
DM> this year.

Oct 30 - Monterey Bay                  $55
Nov  1 - Cordell Bank & Bodega Canyon  $65
Nov 21 - Cordell Bank & Bodega Canyon  $65
Nov 29 - Monterey Bay                  $55

Shearwater Journeys
P.O. Box 1445
Soquel, CA 95073
1-408-688-1990

DM> Better yet would be a schedule, especially for November 7-14
DM> 1992, when I will be (mostly) attending a conference in San
DM> Jose.

Nov. 14 - Sausalito to 100 miles out (24 hrs) $160 (approx)
Nov. 21 - Sausalito to 100 miles out (24 hrs) $160 (approx)

The boat has no bunks and these trips are offered only for very
experienced gung-ho seabird enthusiasts who never get seasick and
never complain!  If in doubt, don't go!

Ted Koundakjian
833 Santa Fe Ave.
Alabany, CA 94706
1-510-525-2069

DM> Lastly, information about other ways to get out on the Bay
DM> (whale watching? fishing trips?) with a reasonable chance to
DM> see Ashy S-P would be appreciated.

Shearwater Journeys can give you advice or contact Sam's Fishing
or Chris's Fishing in Monterey.  Organized birding trips usually
produce the best results.

--Joe Morlan, Albany, CA
Joe.Morlan@f28.n125.z1.fidonet.org.

 * Origin: SeaHunt BBS, San Francisco (415-431-0473) (8:914/501)
Xref: sparky rec.birds:1478 sci.bio:3107
From: rl@socrates.ucsf.edu (Robert Langridge)
Newsgroups: rec.birds,sci.bio
Subject: Re: Radio tracking of birds: help me!
Date: 6 Sep 92 23:20:09 GMT
Organization: UCSF Computer Graphics Lab

eb3@world.std.com (Edwin Barkdoll) writes:

>In article <AA2VwcgSX2@matsim.udmurtia.su> eco@matsim.udmurtia.su writes:
>>I'm very interested in radio tracking of passerine birds, but I have no
>>experience in this field. What transmitters and receivers I need? Where
>>can I buy it? And many other questions ...
>>Can any help me?
>>
>>Yours,
>>Alex Stashenko (Udmurt State University, Russia)

>	By "radio tracking" I assume you mean radiotelemetry.  Radar
>has also been used to observe various birds -- passerines, shorenirds,
>hawks...
>	The book _Flight strategies of migrating hawks_ by Paul
>Kerlinger (1980), The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-43167-3
            ^^^^
[probably a typo, but the date should be 1989]

>has a technical section which includes a discussion of radiotelemetry
>and points to various journal references which would have technical
>particulars.

This book is an excellent complement to D.S. Heintzelman's earlier volume
("Autumn Hawk Flights:The Migrations in Eastern North America" (Rutgers
UP, 1975)) and is the best book I know on flight STRATEGIES.

In particular there is an extensive discussion of best-speed-to-fly,
a subject quantified for sailplane pilots by Paul MacCready in the 1950s.  
Put crudely, the stronger the thermals, the faster you should fly between 
thermals.  In several independent studies (including some by Kerlinger
himself), migrating birds followed this strategy.

Bob Langridge				Phone: +1 415 476-2630, -1540, -5128
Computer Graphics Laboratory		               FAX: +1 415 476-0688 
926 Medical Sciences
University of California	                    E-Mail: rl@cgl.ucsf.edu
San Francisco  CA  94143-0446 
Newsgroups: rec.birds
From: r0th@ellis.uchicago.edu (Dr. Samuel Conway)
Subject: Re: HAWKS & OWLS
Reply-To: r0th@midway.uchicago.edu
Organization: University of Chicago Computing Organizations
Date: Tue, 15 Sep 1992 00:14:31 GMT

In article <srh3.716443580@Ra.MsState.Edu> srh3@Ra.MsState.Edu (Steven R. Hollis) writes:
>Try covering your roof.  That should do it raptors do much more harm than 
>good 
>
>Steve
>

Steve, dear fellow, I KNOW you didn't mean it quite that way, but could
you please clarify this line?

----
Dr. Samuel Conway         *  "If the guest isn't singing, 'Oh What a Beautiful
Roving chemist, wildlife  *  Morning' I don't immediately think, 'Oh, there's
rehabilitator, and all-   *  another one snuffed it in the night!'  Another
around nice guy!          *  name in the Fawlty Towers book of Remembrance.
r0th@midway.uchicago.edu  *  I mean, this is a hotel, not the Burma Railway!"

Newsgroups: rec.birds
From: christ@sci.ccny.cuny.edu (Chris Thompson)
Subject: Re: Canadian Geese and Tuberculosis
Organization: City College of New York - Science Computing Facility
Date: Sun, 6 Sep 1992 02:34:08 GMT

In article <1992Sep03.151823.29344@watson.ibm.com> yozzo@watson.ibm.com (Ralph Yozzo) writes:
>I live in the Northeast part of the U.S.A. and I notice a lot of
>Canadian Geese.  I don't remember them when I was younger.  Their 
>population seems to be growing.

The northeast population of Canada geese isn't gorwing; it is
exploding.  All those corn fields & golf courses are doing it... 
 
> I've been told that the geese are carriers of tuberculosis. 
> Does anyone know if this is true?  And if so, what are the
> chances of catching it by simply walking near the geese or 
> their droppings (which, by the way, are everywhere)?
>Ralph Yozzo (yozzo@watson.ibm.com)  

Birds are carriers of several disesases, but the chances of
contracting any of them from simply being around them
occasionally are very slight.
                 ^^^^

Chris

-- 
(Help!  I've fallen and I can't reach my beer!)
Newsgroups: rec.birds
From: r0th@ellis.uchicago.edu (Dr. Samuel Conway)
Subject: Re: Owl and (specifically) Corvid behavior
Reply-To: r0th@midway.uchicago.edu
Organization: University of Chicago Computing Organizations
Distribution: na
Date: Sat, 5 Sep 1992 20:24:35 GMT

Let us not forget the works of Lawrence Kilham, noted veterinarian
and authority on corvid behavior.

If you don't believe me, ask Raveny.

----
Dr. Samuel Conway         *  "If the guest isn't singing, 'Oh What a Beautiful
Roving chemist, wildlife  *  Morning' I don't immediately think, 'Oh, there's
rehabilitator, and all-   *  another one snuffed it in the night!'  Another
around nice guy!          *  name in the Fawlty Towers book of Remembrance.
r0th@midway.uchicago.edu  *  I mean, this is a hotel, not the Burma Railway!"

Newsgroups: rec.birds
From: srh3@Ra.MsState.Edu (Steven R. Hollis)
Subject: Re: HAWKS & OWLS
Organization: Mississippi State University
Date: Mon, 14 Sep 1992 04:06:20 GMT

Sam's ideas and comments were correct.  Raptors are protected by federal law
and require a special permit to trap.  Most do not prey on farm fowl, but some 
do for a very good reason.  Most guineas and chickens do not fly well. 
When a hawk sees these birds running around on the ground he sees a GIANT
wounded bird.  Then the energy expounded vs. size of meal gained ratio
takes over.

Try covering your roof.  That should do it raptors do much more harm than 
good 

Keep me posted 

Steve

--
===============================================================================
Steve Hollis--Your friendly neighborhood zoology major
srh3@ra.msstate.edu
===============================================================================
From: orly@aludra.usc.edu (Mr. Nitro Plastique)
Newsgroups: rec.birds
Subject: Speach Training Parakeets
Date: 12 Sep 1992 10:25:21 -0700
Organization: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
NNTP-Posting-Host: aludra.usc.edu


To Whoever Can Help;

	I need some info/help on how to speach train my 2 parakeets.
I know they have to be very young, so I bought ones that are 2 months old each.


			Thanks in Advance


			Victor Orly

-- 
|Victor R. Orly               | "Try to imagine all life as you know it,      |
|aka "Mr. Nitro Plastique"    |  stopping instantaneously, and every molecule |
|Univ. of Southern California |  in your body exploding at the speed of light"|
|Internet: orly@aludra.usc.edu|    -Egon Spengler, from "Ghostbusters"        |
Newsgroups: rec.birds,rec.pets.birds
From: rglaeser@sparc4.cs.uiuc.edu (Russ Glaeser)
Subject: Have you visited AVES lately?
Summary: archive for bird gifs
Keywords: gifs
Reply-To: rglaeser@uiuc.edu
Organization: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Date: Mon, 14 Sep 1992 17:58:38 GMT

Aves is an anonymous ftp archive for pictures of birds.  Two
months into existence and AVES has almost 50 pictures now.

A current listing of relevant groups:
pub:
ANNOUNCEMENT	INDEX		bitmaps		incoming
CHARTER		README		gifs		info

pub/bitmaps:
maximillian.Z	pionus.Z

pub/gifs:
albatross		cockatoo		macaws
aussi-parrots.1		crow			noisy-scrub
aussi-parrots.10	eagle			owl
aussi-parrots.2		flamingo		owl-and-chicks
aussi-parrots.3		galahs			penguins
aussi-parrots.4		goldfinch		peregrine
aussi-parrots.5		goulds-petrel		redback-kingfisher
aussi-parrots.6		greenmacaw		redtail-cockatoo
aussi-parrots.7		greenwing		ring-bill-gull
aussi-parrots.8		grosbeak-lg		roadrunner
aussi-parrots.9		grosbeak-sm		siskin
black-back-wren		gulls			superb-wren
blue-breast-wren	hawk			tawny
calliope		honeyeater		toucan
cardinal-male		hummingbird		tropicbird
chat			kingfisher

pub/incoming:

pub/info:
< deleted to save space >

Previous users will notice a few changes.  EVERY bird/picture now has
an associated readme in /pub/info which contains the most recent info
I know of about the bird.  I'm trying to get at least the scientific
name and range for each bird, but more, like size or some other note
would be welcomed.  These also contain an 'Image' field which is the
info from the old DESCRIPTIONS file.  They are ALL concatenated together
in the INDEX file, and the DESCRIPTIONS file no longer exists.  Everyone
folow that??

To connect to AVES:
ftp to vitruvius.cecer.army.mil (or try 129.229.30.128 if your machine
   can't figure out where vitruvius is)
log in as 'anonymous'
send your user id as the password.

Russ Glaeser
rglaeser@uiuc.edu
rglaeser@vitruvius.cecer.army.mil


REMEMBER:  Gifs are BINARY files!  You MUST use BINARY MODE!
  ie. type 'binary' before uploading or downloading files.