From: harelb@math.cornell.edu (Harel Barzilai)
Subject: Notes on Anarchism (Chomsky, 1970) Notes
Followup-To: alt.activism.d
Originator: rich@pencil.cs.missouri.edu
Organization: ?
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 1992 23:36:48 GMT


**********************************NOTES************************************


This   essay   is   a   revised  version  of  the  introduction  to  Daniel
      Gu\'erin's  _Anarchism:  From  Theory  to  Practice_.  In  a slightly
      different version, it appeared in the _New York Review of Books_, May
      21, 1970.

[1] Octave   Mirbeau,   quoted   in   James  Joll,  _The  Anarchists_,  pp.
      145--6.

[2] Rudolf Rocker, _Anarchosyndicalism_, p. 31.

[3] Cited  by  Rocker,  _ibid_.,  p.  77.  This  quotation  and that in the
      next  sentence  are  from  Michael  Bakunin,  ``The  Program  of  the
      Alliance,''  in Sam Dolgoff, ed. and trans., _Bakunin on Anarchy_, p.
      255.

[4] Diego  Abad  de  Santillan,  _After  the  Revolution_,  p.  86.  In the
      last  chapter, written several months after the revolution had begun,
      he  expresses  his dissatisfaction with what had so far been achieved
      along these lines. On the accomplishments of the social revolution in
      Spain,  see  my  _American Power and the New Mandarins_, chap. 1, and
      references  cited  there; the important study by Brou\'e and T\'emime
      has  since  been  translated  into  English.  Several other important
      studies   have   appeared   since,   in   particular:   Frank  Mintz,
      _L'Autogestion  dans  l'Espagne  r\'evolutionaire_  (Paris:  Editions
      B\'elibaste, 1971); C\'esar M. Lorenzo, _Les Anarchistes espagnols et
      le  pouvoir,  1868--1969_  (Paris:  Editions  du Seuil, 1969); Gaston
      Leval,  _Espagne  libertaire, 1936--1939: L'Oeuvre constructive de la
      R\'evolution  espagnole_  (Paris: Editions du Cercle, 1971). See also
      Vernon  Richards,  _Lessons of the Spanish Revolution_, enlarged 1972
      edition.

[5] Cited  by  Robert  C.  Tucker,  _The  Marxian  Revolutionary  Idea_, in
      his discussion of Marxism and anarchism.

[6] Bakunin,  in  a  letter  to  Herzen  and Ogareff, 1866. Cited by Daniel
      Gu\'erin, _Jeunesse du socialisme libertaire_, p. 119.

[7] Fernand   Pelloutier,  cited  in  Joll,  _Anarchists_.  The  source  is
      ``L'Anarchisme  et  les  syndicats  ouvriers,'' _Les Temps nouveaux_,
      1895.  The  full  text  appears in Daniel Gu\'erin, ed., _Ni Dieu, ni
      Ma\^itre_, an excellent historical anthology of anarchism.

[8] Martin Buber, _Paths in Utopia_, p. 127.

[9] ``No  state,  however  democratic,''  Bakunin  wrote,  ``not  even  the
      reddest  republic---can  ever  give the people what they really want,
      i.e.,  the  free  self-organization  and  administration of their own
      affairs  from the bottom upward, without any interference or violence
      from  above,  because  every  state,  even  the pseudo-People's State
      concocted by Mr. Marx, is in essence only a machine ruling the masses
      from  above,  from  a privileged minority of conceited intellectuals,
      who  imagine that they know what the people need and want better than
      do  the  people themselves....'' ``But the people will feel no better
      if  the  stick  with  which  they  are  being  beaten is labeled `the
      people's  stick'  ''  (_Statism  and  Anarchy_  [1873],  in  Dolgoff,
      _Bakunin  on  Anarchy_,  p.  338)---``the  people's stick'' being the
      democratic Republic.

           Marx, of course, saw the matter differently.

           For  discussion  of  the  impact  of  the  Paris Commune on this
      dispute,  see  Daniel  Gu\'erin's comments in _Ni Dieu, ni Ma\^itre_;
      these  also  appear,  slightly  extended,  in  his  _Pour un marxisme
      libertaire_. See also note 24.

[10] On  Lenin's  ``intellectual  deviation''  to  the  left  during  1917,
      see  Robert Vincent Daniels, ``The State and Revolution: a Case Study
      in  the Genesis and Transformation of Communist Ideology,'' _American
      Slavic and East European Review_, vol. 12, no. 1 (1953).

[11] Paul Mattick, _Marx and Keynes_, p. 295.

[12] Michael   Bakunin,   ``La   Commune   de   Paris   et   la  notion  de
      l'\'etat,''  reprinted in Gu\'erin, _Ni Dieu, ni Ma\^itre_. Bakunin's
      final  remark  on  the  laws of individual nature as the condition of
      freedom  can  be  compared  to  the creative thought developed in the
      rationalist  and  romantic traditions. See my _Cartesian Linguistics_
      and _Language and Mind_.

[13] Shlomo  Avineri,  _The  Social  and  Political  Thought of Karl Marx_,
      p.  142,  referring  to comments in _The Holy Family_. Avineri states
      that  within  the  socialist  movement  only  the Israeli _kibbutzim_
      ``have   perceived  that  the  modes  and  forms  of  present  social
      organization  will determine the structure of future society.'' This,
      however,  was  a  characteristic  position  of anarchosyndicalism, as
      noted earlier.

[14] Rocker, _Anarchosyndicalism_, p. 28.

[15] See Gu\'erin's works cited earlier.

[16] Karl Marx, _Critique of the Gotha Programme_.

[17] Karl   Marx,  _Grundrisse  der  Kritik  der  Politischen  \"Okonomie_,
      cited  by Mattick, _Marx and Keynes_, p. 306. In this connection, see
      also  Mattick's  essay  ``Workers' Control,'' in Priscilla Long, ed.,
      _The New Left_; and Avineri, _Social and Political Thought of Marx_.

[18] Karl   Marx,   _Capital_,   quoted   by  Robert  Tucker,  who  rightly
      emphasizes  that  Marx  sees the revolutionary more as a ``frustrated
      producer''   than   a   ``dissatisfied   consumer''   (_The   Marxian
      Revolutionary  Idea_).  This  more  radical  critique  of  capitalist
      relations  of  production  is  a  direct outgrowth of the libertarian
      thought of the Enlightenment.

[19] Marx,  _Capital_,  cited  by  Avineri,  _Social  and Political Thought
      of Marx_, p. 83.

[20] Pelloutier, ``L'Anarchisme.''

[21] ``Qu'est-ce   que   la   propri\'et\'e?''  The  phrase  ``property  is
      theft''  displeased Marx, who saw in its use a logical problem, theft
      presupposing  the  legitimate  existence  of  property.  See Avineri,
      _Social and Political Thought of Marx_.

[22] Cited in Buber's _Paths in Utopia_, p. 19.

[23] Cited   in   J.   Hampden   Jackson,   _Marx,  Proudhon  and  European
      Socialism_, p. 60.

[24] Karl  Marx,  _The  Civil  War  in  France_,  p.  24.  Avineri observes
      that  this  and  other  comments  of  Marx  about  the  Commune refer
      pointedly  to intentions and plans. As Marx made plain elsewhere, his
      considered assessment was more critical than in this address.

[25] For   some   background,   see   Walter  Kendall,  _The  Revolutionary
      Movement in Britain_.

[26] _Collectivisations:   L'Oeuvre   constructive   de   la   R\'evolution
      espagnole_, p. 8.

[27] For   discussion,   see   Mattick,  _Marx  and  Keynes_,  and  Michael
      Kidron,  _Western  Capitalism Since the War_. See also discussion and
      references cited in my _At War With Asia_, chap. 1, pp. 23--6.

[28] See   Hugh   Scanlon,   _The   Way   Forward  for  Workers'  Control_.
      Scanlon  is  the president of the AEF, one of Britain's largest trade
      unions.

           The   institute  was  established  as  a  result  of  the  sixth
      Conference  on  Workers'  Control, March 1968, and serves as a center
      for disseminating information and encouraging research.

[29] Gu\'erin, _Ni Dieu, ni Ma\^itre_, introduction.

[30] _Ibid._

[31] Arthur Rosenberg, _A History of Bolshevism_, p. 88.

[32] Marx, _Civil War in France_, pp. 62--3.



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