From: kjenks@gothamcity.jsc.nasa.gov
Subject: Recent U.S./Russian Space Agreements
Originator: kjenks@krakatoa
Keywords: russia
Organization: NASA/JSC/GM2, Space Shuttle Program Office
Date: Sat, 25 Jul 1992 15:50:51 GMT

               These are the terms of the agreement on space cooperation
          between Boris Yeltsin and President Bush.

                  RUSSIAN - U.S. AGREEMENT ON PEACEFUL USE OF SPACE


               The Russian Federation and the United States of America,
          henceforth known as the parties,
               taking account of the role of these two states in the
          peaceful research into and exploitation of space;
               desiring to put the results of space research and
          exploitation to use for the benefit of the peoples of the two
          states;
               taking account of the parties' mutual interest in
          opportunities for the commercial use of space technologies in the
          common interest;
               taking cognizance of the provisions of the treaty on
          principles for the activity of states researching and exploiting
          space, including the Moon and other heavenly bodies, and other
          multilateral agreements on space research and exploitation in
          which both states are participants;
               expressing their satisfaction with the results of
          cooperation achieved in the fields of astronomy and astrophysics,
          Earth sciences, space physiology and medicine, research into the
          solar system and the physics of the relationship between the Sun
          and Earth and their desire to continue and expand cooperation in
          these and other fields,
               have agreed the following:

                                      ARTICLE I
               The parties cooperate through their executive organizations
          in the fields of the science of space, space research, the
          application of space equipment and space technologies for civil
          purposes on the basis of equal rights, reciprocity and mutual
          benefit.
               Cooperation may include projects for carrying out manned and
          unmanned spaceflights, ground-based work and experiments and
          other kinds of activity in fields such as:
               - monitoring the Earth's environment from space;
               - carrying out flights by the Mir station and the Shuttle,
                 using Russian cosmonauts and American astronauts;
               - ensuring the safety of space flights;
               - space biology and medicine;


               - feasibility studies for joint work in other fields, such
                 as researching Mars.
                                     ARTICLE II
               For the purposes of developing and implementing cooperation
          as envisaged by Article I of the present agreement, and
          realization of specific activities in the fields enumerated in
          Article I of the present agreement, the parties hereby designate
          as their lead executive organizations the Russian Space Agency
          and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
          respectively for the Russian Federation and the United States of
          America.
               Each joint project may be the subject of a special written
          agreement between the designated executive organizations defining
          the nature and framework of the project, individual and several
          obligations of the designated executive orgganizations pertaining
          to the project, financial accords should such exist, and the
          procedure for protecting intellectual property in accordance with
          the provisions of the present agreement.
                                     ARTICLE III
               Joint work within the framework of the present agreement is
          to be carried out in accordance with the national laws and
          regulations of each of the parties and within the limits of
          existing funds.
                                     ARTICLE IV
               The parties will hold annual consultations on cooperation in
          civil space research and exploitation in order to provide
          government-level review machinery for the bilateral cooperation
          being implemented in accordance with the present agreement and to
          exchange views on various issues concerning the mastery ofspace.
          These consultations may also serve as the main channel for
          submitting proposals for new activities within the framework of
          the present agreement.
                                      ARTICLE V
               The present agreement is concluded without detriment to the
          cooperation of each of the parties with other states and
          international organizations.
                                     ARTICLE VI
               These parties ensure appropriate and effective protection of
          intellectual property created or granted within the framework of
          the present agreement and agreements concluded in accordance with
          Article II of the present agreement.  Where these agreements
          provide for the distribution of rights to intellectual property,
          this is to be done in accordance with the appendix which forms an
          integral part of the present agreement.  In as far as it is
          necessary and expedient, such agreements may contain diverse
          provisions for the protection and distribution of intellectual
          property.
                                     ARTICLE VII
               The present agreement comes into force from the date of
          signing by the parties and remains in force for five years.  It


          may be extended for further five-year periods by means of the
          exchange of diplomatic notes.  The validity of the present
          agreement may be cancelled by either party by means of sending
          six months written notification through diplomatic channels to
          the other party.
               Effected in the City of Washington on 17 June 1992 in two
          copies in Russian and English, both of which texts have equal
          force.

               The Russian Federation and United States have reached an
          agreement on steps to expand cooperation in space research and
          exploitation, an agreement on space.  A new agreement on space
          that puts cooperation between the two countries on a new footing
          reflecting their new relationship was signed June 17.
               - the new agreement provides a broad framework for
          activities by the Russian Space Agency and NASA in developing new
          projects covering a wide field: space science, space research,
          the application of space equipment and space technologies.
               - cooperation may include projects for manned and unmanned
          spaceflights, ground-based work and experiments and also other
          important activities, specifically monitoring the Earth's
          environment from space, carrying out flights by the Mir space
          station and the reusable spacecraft, using Russian cosmonauts and
          American astronauts, ensuring the safety of space flights and
          space biology and medicine.
               - the clause on annual consultations at the level of Deputy
          Minister of Foreign Affairs/Assistant Secretary of State -- a new
          mechanism for reviewing relations between the two countries in
          the civil space field at a high government level -- is an
          important part of the agreement.
               - joint assessment of space technology.  Both governments
          also state that detailed assessments will be made of the
          potential for use of space technology.
               - NASA is offering the Russian "Energiya" Scientific
          Production Association a contract; the main subject for analysis
          is the Russian Soyuz-TM spacecraft as a version of a module for
          the return to Earth of the crew of the Freedom space station.
               - other important areas for assessment are the possibility
          of using the automatic approach and docking system developed in
          Russia for NASA flights, the use of the Mir space station for
          long-term medical experiments and also other NASA uses for
          Russian equipment.
               - commercial space activities.  Both governments have also
          agreed to steps aiming to encourgage private companies to expand
          the list ofnew commercial opportunities in the space business.
               - the United States has accepted from the Russian Federation
          an invitation to American business people to visit Russia.  The
          Ministry of Trade will lead a delegation from American aerospace
          firms being gathered together for a visit to Russia in the near
          future on a mission to appraise space technology.


               - the Russian Federation has accepted from the United States
          an invitation to send to the United States a delegation ofo
          business people to meet their counterparts in the American
          private aerospace sector.
               - space launches.  In affirmation of its support for the
          economic reform in Russia, thje United States has decided to view
          positively the decision expected in July 1992 of the Inmarsat
          organization to launch an Inmarsat-3 satellite from Russian
          territory.
               - the Inmarsat-3 satellites are mainly manufactured in the
          United States.  When Inmarsat makes the decision to launch the
          satellite, this will be the first time that a commercial
          satellite manufactured in the United Statres will be launched
          from Russian territory.
               - Russia and the United States agreed to hold talks on the
          elaboration of a bilateral agreement on technological quarantees
          for the Inmarsat-3 satellite that will make the issue of an
          export license by the United States possible.
               - the Russian Federation and the United States support the
          application of market principles in international competition in
          the sphere of offering launch services, including not permitting
          improper methods of conducting trade.
               - taking account of the current process of Russia switching
          to a market economu and in order to make possible the
          consideration of further proposals relating to the launch by
          Russia of American satellites, the Russian Federation and the
          United States agreed to enter without delay into internation
          talks to elaborate international guiding principles relating to
          competition in the sphere of launching commercial satellites.
               - with regard to Inmarsat, the Russian Federation also
          assured the United States that the terms of the Russian
          proposal,mk including prices, correspond to the terms which would
          normally be proposed on the international market.

                              Cosmonaut Activity Report

               Cosmonauts Alexandr Victorenko and Alexandr Kaleriy per-
          formed an EVA on July 8 to install two available gyrodynes.  They
          remained in open space for 2 hours and 3 minutes preparing 5 out
          of 8 gyrodynes (4 on each Kvant module) for replacement or repair
          by the next crew.  At present, the space station Mir is limping
          in space as only three gyrosdynes are insufficient to control the
          orientation of the massive complex.

               On July 26, 1992, a crew composed of Anatoliy Solovyov,
          Sergey Avdeyev, and a French "spationaut" Michel Tognini will be
          launched to replace the present crew.  Tognini will return to
          Earth with Victorenko and Kaleriy after 7 or 8 days.  The two
          Russian cosmonauts have been working on board the Mir since
          March, 1992.

               Apparently Solovyov, who is an experienced cosmonaut and an
          excellent engineer, will be sent up to take care of repairs to
          the floundering space station.  The Mir has been in space for
          over six years and, having been used almost continuously, has had
          most of its important parts replaced, is some cases, more than
          once.  It must be kept in mind that the initial plan for the Mir
          was to remain in space not longer than two years.


Subj:   US/RUSSIA NEWS ITEM

{from UPI Wireservice Reports}
US, Russia Plan Joint Space Missions
   Russia and the US have announced ambitious plans for joint
missions in space,  closing yet another chapter in the Cold
War.
   A Russian cosmonaut will fly on the US space shuttle,
probably in October 1993. In  1994 or 1995, an American
astronaut will join a mission to the Soviet Union's Mir space
station and Mir will dock with the US shuttle.
   The Mir station, manned almost continuously since 1986, is
the focal point of  Russia's ambitious and expensive space
program.
   The US is focusing on the shuttle and plans for a $30
billion orbiting Freedom  space station.
   "We have taken a long time enhancing and perfecting our
military capabilities. Now  we can employ them for the
promotion of peace and the benefit of all humankind," Daniel
Golden, head of NASA, told a Moscow news conference Thursday.
"I believe we are  setting the stage for fruitful and
mutually beneficial relationships between our 2  countries."
   Yuri Koptyev, director of Russia's space agency, says the
joint space ventures are  the result of agreements between
Russian President Boris Yeltsin and President Bush at  a
summit in Washington last month.
   The 2 countries also will cooperate on technical issues.
   The Soviet Union launched the space race in 1957, when it
sent its first Sputnik  satellite into orbit. Soviet
cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin was the first man in space in 1961.
   The US program initially concentrated on catching up with
and overtaking the Soviet  Union, and the US landed
astronauts on the moon in 1969.     In July 1975 an American
Apollo spacecraft and a Soviet Soyuz craft conducted the
first US/Soviet space linkup.  The crews worked together for
2 days.
   And Golden headed a team of US experts who have just
visited some former Soviet  space installations.
   Koptyev says the American cosmonaut selected for the joint
mission will be trained  in Russia before spending 3-5 months
on the Mir station.
   Russia and other members of the Commonwealth of
Independent States are struggling  to find the funds to pay
for the ambitious space program.


RELEASE:  92-116
GOLDIN ANNOUNCES PLANS TO IMPLEMENT NEW INITIATIVES WITH RUSSIA

   Following a 7-day trip to Russia and the Ukraine, NASA
Administrator DanielS. Goldin today announced plans for the United
States and Russia to implement the agreements Presidents Bush and
Yeltsin announced on June 17, 1992.

   Goldin said significant progress was made in developing a
plan to carry out a wide range of projects, including expansion of
cooperation in life sciences and global change research, the
exchange of an American astronaut and Russian cosmonaut, and a
Space Shuttle rendezvous and docking with the Russian Mir space
station.

   "In our relationship with Russia, we need to start slowly and
deliberately to build a strong foundation of cooperation," Goldin
said.  "In this way we will ensure that what we do together will
be successful, both technically and scientifically."

   Goldin said much had been learned on the interagency trip,
which was jointly led by National Space Council Executive
Secretary Brian Dailey, and which was agreed upon by Vice
President Quayle and President Yeltsin in a meeting last month.
The delegation included Assistant Secretary of the Air Force
Martin Faga and representatives from the National Security
Council, State Department and the Central Intelligence Agency.

   "The delegation had the opportunity to take a closer look at
Soyuz-TM, the Russian docking system and at their human
spaceflight operation," Goldin said.  "We also learned a lot about
the capabilities of the Mir space station and discussed ways to
expand critical life science research and global change research."

   Goldin said both the United States and Russia agreed to
encourage private companies to expand their search for new
commercial space business and agreed to facilitate appropriate
contacts.

   Both countries also agreed that the docking mission planned
in 1994 with Russia would highlight biomedical science.

   NASA and the Russian Space Agency agreed -- pending an
appropriate review and approval of the governments of the two
countries -- to continue the activities now underway by the five
working groups established under the 1987 joint agreement with the
Russian Academy of Sciences.  Additional initiatives will be
undertaken by the Working Group of Space Biology and Medicine
which will now concern itself with life support systems.

     The agreement also included:

   **  study the possible use of Mir for long lead-time life
sciences research;

   **  establish a new working group to develop a plan to
enhance cooperation on global change research (Mission to Planet
Earth);

   **  recommend cooperative biomedical research projects for
future missions, including the missions involving the exchange of
a Russian cosmonaut and an American astronaut and the Space
Shuttle/Mir rendezvous and docking mission;

   **  study the feasibility of further enhancing the biomedical
capabilities on Mir using instruments from the U.S.; and

   **  study the possibility of closed-loop life support
experiments with  humans over different periods of time and to
define the requirements for long duration missions.

   Goldin said he also discussed the acquisition by the United
States of a small Russian lander to carry U.S. experiments that
would be one of three landers flown on the Russian Mars '94
mission;

   The Russian and Ukraine trip followed a series of meetings
between President Bush and President Yeltsin, during the June
summit in Washington when they discussed a series of space
initiatives.

   At the summit, Bush and Yeltsin signed the Joint Statement on
Cooperation in Space.  Goldin and Yuri Koptev, Director of the
Russian Space Agency, also ratified the 1992 United States-Russian
Space Cooperation Agreement.

-- Ken Jenks, NASA/JSC/GM2, Space Shuttle Program Office
      kjenks@gothamcity.jsc.nasa.gov  (713) 483-4368

     "NASA turns dreams into realities and makes science fiction
      into fact" -- Daniel S. Goldin, NASA Administrator
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