From: lix@BUCRSB.BU.EDU
Newsgroups: soc.culture.korean
Subject: Sino-Korean Alliance 1921-1945
Date: 21 Aug 92 16:03:15 GMT


   Sino-Korean Alliance 1921-1945
	
A short while ago, there was a fuss on scc about whether the Japanese  
in 1945 surrendered to China or only to the City of Chongqing.
Well, it may help to know that the provisional Government of Korea, 
under the able leadership of Mr. Kim Ku (Jin1 Jiu3) and represented 
abroad by Dr. Rhee Syng-Man (Li3 Cheng2-wan3) was also based in the 
same Sichuanese city.  That Government commanded an army, the 
Kwang Phok Gun (Guang1 Fu2 Jun1).  They enjoyed the loyal support 
of the people and government of China.  In fact, Kwang Phok Gun troops 
fought the Nipponese in a number of engagements, most notably in the 
Burma campaigns.   

The fact is that China had faithfully supported the Korean people,their 
armed freedom fighters, their sole legitimate representatives, 
namely the provisional Government of Korea during the period.

Some readers may know there's a monument named Blood-Friendship 
Pavilion in Guangzhou.  It was built in honor of Koreans who fought 
and died on the CCP side during the bloody years of 1927-1928.  
The fact is that there were a significant number of Korean patriots 
enrolled in Chiang Kai-shek's HuangPu Military Academy.  Some were 
pro-communist and some anti-communist.  The ones who were killed 
fighting with the CCP against the KMT are being honored in southern 
China.  Those who survived doing the same were later labeled the 
Yan-An faction when they returned to northern Korea.  They soon 
suffered terribly at the hands of Kim Il-Sung.   Unhonored and unsung, 
these unfortunate Koreans have yet to be acknowledged by the CCP as 
former allies.   Not any time soon, as long as Kim & Son are still 
in business.

The Koreans who fought the CCP on the KMT side fared much better.  For
one thing, previous association with China and CKS was no liability 
at all in post-WWII Korea and later in the southern Korea, under 
successive anti-communist regimes.  There are strong historic reasons 
for this.  The following is a brief chronology:

 1910 Nipponese "annexation" of Korea.

 1911 XinHai Revolution.  Japan was shaken.  Korea was encouraged.

 1919 Anti-Japanese Uprising in Korea (March 1).  7000 Koreans
      were killed by the Nipponese, many more wounded.

      Anti-Japanese campaigns in China (May 4).  Beginning of the
      May 4 Movement.

      Birth of The Republic of Korea and its provisional Government
      in Shanghai headed by Dr. Rhee Syng-man (April 17).

 1921 Dr. Rhee resigned and left for the U.S.  The provisional 
      Government underwent 12 reorganizations until Mr. Kim Ku 
      became its head in 1931.

      Dr. Sun assumed the Extraordinary Presidency (FeiChang DaZong
      Tong) of the Republic of China in Guangzhou.  He received the
      envoy of the provisional Government of Korea as if on a state
      visit.  Organizations to promote Sino-Korean alliance were
      established in Guangzhou, Changsha, and Chongqing.  Formal
      relations were established between the KMT and the Korean
      nationalists.

 1923 Tokyo was devastated by earthquake.  Nipponese blamed
      Koreans and killed many of them.  Japanese Socialist leader
      Okugi Sakae, wife and 7-year-old nephew were strangled in
      police station on (regent) Hirohito's order. 

      The provisional Government of Korea became increasingly 
      popular among Koreans everywhere.

 1924 Dr. Sun founded the HuangPu Military Academy headed by
      Chiang Kai-shek. Top CCP representative: Zhou En-lai.

 1925 CKS ordered the admission of Korean cadets recommended
      by the provisional Government of Korea in Shangahi.
      Dr. Sun died in Beijing (March 12). 
	
 1926 October: the National Revolutionary Army captured Wuhan.  
      The Wuhan campus of the Military Academy established a 
      special section for new Korean cadets.

 1931 September 18:  Nipponese seizure of "Manchuria".  Armed
      Korean nationalists joined forces with Gen. Ma Zhan-shan's
      Volunteers to attack the Nipponese.

 1932 The provisional Government of Korea sent armed nationalists
      to operate in Tokyo.  

      January 10: Korean patriot Lee Chang-pong (Li3 Chang1-feng4) 
      mounted a bombing attack against Hirohito.  Shanghai's
      Chinese press expressed joy and admiration and regretted
      his failure.  Japanese reacted by rioting in Shanghai.  Zhou 
      Shu-ren's whereabouts became questionable.  Increasing 
      Japanese armed attacks against Chinese armies and civilians 
      were launched.

      January 28:  Sino-Japanese hostilities in Shanghai.  Korea's
      armed forces aided the Chinese armies.

      April 29:  Mr. Kim Ku ordered Korean patriots to attack the
      Japanese "victory(sic) celebration" in HongKou.  25-year-old
      Yun Pong-gil (Yin3 Feng4-ji2) did his job with remarkable
      precision.  Thus, Nipponese commander-in-chief Shirokawa (
      "white river") was killed and "diplomat" Shigemitsu ("double 
      light") badly maimed.  KMT support for the provisional 
      Government of Korea increased as did Chinese public admiration
      for the Korean patriots.

      More Korean cadets were admitted to China's Military Academy 
      and Aviation Academy.  The Luoyang campus of the Military 
      Academy opened a Korean section.  The Military Affairs 
      Commission in Nanjing graduated three classes of Korean 
      revolutionaries, totaling more than 100 officers who were 
      later infiltrated into "Manchuria" and Korea for anti-Japan 
      operations.

 1935 The provisional Government of Korea moved to Nanjing, the 
      capital of China, from Shanghai, where the Western powers 
      were unwilling or unable to defend it against Japanese violence.

 1937 Korean participation in China's Anti-Japan War intensified
      with the onset of hostilities in Shanghai (August 13).
	
 1940 The Kwang Phok Gun was established April 17.  The provisional 
      Government of Korea moved to Chongqing (September).  Mr. Kim
      Ku reorganized his Government.  He became head of state as
      well as commander-in-chief of Korean armed forces allied to
      China.  Many pro-communist Koreans reached Chongqing and
      asked to join the provisional Government, reversing their
      previous attitude.

 1941 December:  China declared war on Japan.  All existing Sino-
      Japanese "treaties" became null and void.  The provisional 
      Government of Korea declared that the achievement of its 
      objective depended on China's final victory over Japan.  

 1942 March 1: Koreans in Chongqing celebrated the 23rd 
      anniversary of the 1919 Uprising.  Koreans in the U.S.
      declared their allegiance to the provisional Government
      of Korea in Chongqing.	China started a campaign to
      get U.S. and Soviet recognition of Korean independence.  Sun 
      Ke, son of Dr. Sun, and Song Zi-wen were actively involved.
	
      December 27:  CKS approved a detailed program to give more 
      aid to the provisional Government of Korea.  Korean troops
      in China were placed under CKS's direct command like all
      allied forces in China. Three top Chinese officials were 
      tasked with implementing the Support-Korea program:  Chief of 
      Staff Gen. He Yinq-qin, KMT Organization Chief Dr. Zhu Jia-hua, 
      and Wu Tie-cheng, the KMT Secretary-General.

 1943 China finally succeeded in convincing the U.S. to accept Korean
      independence "in due course" as one of the main objectives 
      of the Anti-Japan alliance.  Both the U.S. and the British 
      empire joined China in issuing the Cairo Declaration
      which specified that Japan must be expelled from Korea and
      Korea must gain independence (November 26).  Joe Stalin agreed 
      to the Cairo Declaration's terms concerning Korea and all 
      Nipponese-stolen Chinese territories, at Teheran (November 30).

 1945 July: China, U.S. and Britain issued the Potsdam Proclamation
      to re-affirm all the terms of the Cairo Declaration.

      August:  The Japanese emperor accepted the Cairo Declaration
      and the Potsdam Proclamation.  Korea finally got rid of the
      unwelcomed Nipponese, whose expulsion commenced shortly
      after their unconditional surrender.  December:  Mr. Kim
      Ku and the provisional Government left China and returned
      to Korea in triumph.

In conclusion, let me point out that soon after the Japanese 
urrender Soviet troops occupied the northern half of Korea
while the U.S. occupied the southern half.  All the major 
victorious powers, save one, were talking about a U.N. trusteeship 
over Korea.  The one exception was China.  China was firm in opposing 
any delay in Korean independence.  To fully understand China's 
insistence on Korean independence, we need only turn to the Da Gong 
Bao editorial published in Chongqing on October 12, 1943, shortly 
before the Cairo conference:

	*******************************************************************
		This War Against Japan is unprecedented since the
	establishment of the Chinese State 5000 year ago.  Paying
	such heavy prices and with the fate of our nation at stake, we
	naturally have our aspirations and aims.  We often say "Fight
	To the End."  Where is the End?  Everyone of us will reply
	without the slightest hesitation that we must recover all
	lost territories and fight all the way into the Northeast.  As
	a matter of fact, to recover China whole is to insist on Korean
	independence.  Let's take a look at the map .......   Korean
	independence is basic to our program and vision regarding
	the Far East for the next 100 years.
	******************************************************************

End of article, desclaimer follows:

The above is a forwarding for my friend, who is very good at history.
Because of some personal reasons, he prefers to keeping anonymous, and
I used to forward his pieces of articles to soc.culture.china, no matter
whether I agree on all of his points. This is the first time I am cross-
posting his articles to social.culture.korean, thanks for understanding.

Xiaowen Li, Boston University