HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
From: lagnaf@camelot.bradley.edu (Jeremy Styninger)
Subject: Time to bury "The Home of Rock'n'Roll" 
Originator: wdp@gagme
Organization: Bradley University
Date: Sat, 15 Aug 1992 05:34:08 GMT

I found this little gem in the July 24 issue of Radio and Records.  I
don't know about where you live, but we have two stations that could
use this advice.  (WWCT Peoria, 105.7 and WYMG Jacksonville, 100.5)

Consultant/voiceover god Joe Kelly cites recent research indicating
that males 18-44 describe rock 'n' roll to be "oldies"  In other words
Beatles, Chuck Berry, Dick Clark, Little Richard.  Another group with
the same demographics describe rock as "music."  Bruce Springsteen, U2,
Eric Clapton and MTV.

"Heritage AORs targeting men 25+ may want to re-think their continued
use of the positioning slogan 'the home of rock 'n' roll,' Kelly
writes.  "This study seems to tell us that more than 50% of the men in
this demographic think of rock 'n' roll as oldies or Dick Clark.  That
being the case, the home of rock 'n' roll is about as useful as a tit
on a bull" 

"To me, the home of rock 'n' roll sounds like a convalescent center
for aging rock and rollers, someplace they'd stick Pat Boon if he ever
stopped working out.  I can hear myself saying, 'WXYZ - the home of
rock 'n'roll.  If you're in the car, drop by -  fruit baskets, floral
arrangements, and suppositories are welcome.'

"Wouldn't it make more sense to say, 'We rock Chicago!' or 'Chicago's
rock'?  Even if you're not in Chicago it would sound cooler and be
more meaningful.

"I've been gagging on [that phrase] since the late '70s, when some
consultant - probably now long gone - thought it up and blew his sheep
whistle.  I had hoped it would come down with the Berlin Wall, but no
chance.

"Even the word home bothers me.  We live in a _house_.  Most people
live in condos or apartments.  _Home_ is where you grew up and sucked
your thumb.  It's where your mon and dad live - [as in] _home_ for the
holidays.  _Home_ is where they took my grandfather just before he
went crazy, started foaming at the mouth, and then got all stif.  They
buried him.  That's what they ought to do with the home of rock 'n'
roll." says Kelly.

		Gotta agree.
Jeremy Styninger
lagnaf@camelot.bradley.edu

Newsgroups: rec.radio.broadcasting
From: duncan@ravel.ati.com (Jim Duncan)
Subject: 98.9 FN San Francisco Followup 
Originator: wdp@gagme
Organization: ATI
Date: Mon, 17 Aug 1992 06:06:01 GMT

In article <1992Aug12.065856.1466@gagme.chi.il.us> ed@wente.llnl.gov (Ed Suranyi) writes:
>
>I was SHOCKED (delightedly so) to hear "Running Up That Hill"
>by Kate Bush and "Solisbury Hill" by Peter Gabriel on this station
>within the last few days.  So although it's true that they play
>mostly hard rock, their playlist does seem to be larger than
>any other hard rock station in town.
>

They have a very broad playlist, but the major thrust of this station
is to have a "morning show" all day with various guests, listener call
ins, etc.. Someone said this is a newish format called "talk/rock".
What'll they think of next?

[Moderator's Note:  Here in Chicago, our nationally famous WLUP-AM1000 has
been doing this hip/talk/comedy/rock thing for a while.  The sound like no
station I have EVER heard.  I hear they are going to syndicate REAL SOON. 
We'll see.]   

     |      w  ["]                            | WA6MBV     
94.5 |...   |___|_____..duncan@ravel.ati.com  | Jim Duncan  
FM   |          H                             | ----------   
********  \_____I_____/  37 3 10N/121 59 10W  **************
From: tlc20700@uxa.cso.uiuc.edu (Thomas L. Carney)
Newsgroups: rec.radio.broadcasting
Subject: Re: Transmitters bite
Date: 21 Aug 92 20:06:09 GMT
Organization: University of Illinois at Urbana
Originator: wdp@gagme

>In article <H0TmoB8w164w@dogbox.acme.gen.nz>, dogbowl@dogbox.acme.gen.nz
(dogbowl) writes:
>> billn@hpcvaac.cv.hp.com (bill nelson) writes:
>>In article <1992Jul18.175339.10396@newstand.syr.edu>,

	[Lotsa stuff deleted here.........]

>hole and another hole back by his elbow with similar characteristics. 
>Later (when the standby was on and the CCA was cold) we measured the
>distance between the 2 holes and they corresponded with 2 flash marks in
>the cabinet.  Sure enough he had gotten across the plate voltage for the
>final and the modulation transformer. He was VERY lucky. The doctor
>chewed him out, the station owner chewed him out, his girl friend chewed
>him out and after about 2 weeks he was back to normal again EXCEPT for
>some very minor trembling in that right arm. Count him as one of the
>lucky ones. If he had had his left hand on the cabinet he could have
>been dead. 

After working on military communications equipment for several years 
and thinking all the warning signs on equipment in the Technical Orders
(Manuals) were a bunch of eyewash, I now understand why Uncle Sam works
so hard to put it where it would be seen..... so hopefully some dude
won't fry himself!!!

Use interlocks is one part, and NEVER, NEVER trust deadman's switches,
either.

Tom

Standard disclaimer
Newsgroups: rec.radio.broadcasting
From: veatcht@cs.tamu.edu (Timothy R Veatch)
Subject: Re: Question: Origin of word 'radio'?
Originator: wdp@gagme
Organization: Texas A&M University, College Station
Date: Thu, 20 Aug 1992 22:07:05 GMT

>Got a question for the news group: where did the word "radio" come from?
>I don't think this word have other meanings, and I would guess that it
>could not have existed more than a hundred years ago.

Your car has "radial" tires, a "radiator", a "radardetector" and a "radio".

consulting old man Webster:

radio- cf prefix [F, fr. L radius ray] 1a: radial : radially
   {radiosymmetrical} 1b: radial and {radiobicipital} 2a: radiant
   energy : radiation {radioactive} {radiodermatitis} 2b: radioactive
   {radioelement} 2c: radium : X rays {radiotherapy} 2d: radioactive
   isotopes esp. as produced artificially {radiocarbon} 2e: radio
   {radiotelegraphy}

1. ra.dio \'ra-d-e--.o-\ n [short for radiotelegraphy] 1a: the wireless
   transmission and reception of electric impulses or signals by means of
   electric waves 1b: the use of these waves for the wireless transmission of
   electric impulses into which sound is converted 2: a radio message 3: a
   radio receiving set 4a: a radio transmitting station 4b: a radio
   broadcasting organization 4c: the radio broadcasting industry 4d:
   communication by radio
2. radio aj 1: of, relating to, or operated by radiant energy 2: of or
   relating to electric currents or phenomena of frequencies between about
   15000 and (10)11 per second 3a: of, relating to, or used in radio or a
   radio set 3b: specializing in radio or associated with the radio industry
   3c1: transmitted by radio 3c2: making or participating in radio broadcasts
   3d: controlled or directed by radio
3. radio vt 1: to send or communicate by radio 2: to send a radio message
   to : to send or communicate something by radio

1. ray \'ra-\ n [ME raye, fr. MF raie, fr. L raia] : any of
   numerous elasmobranch fishes (order Hypotremata) having the body flattened
   dorsoventrally, the eyes on the upper surface, and a much-reduced caudal
   region
2. ray n [ME, fr. MF rai, fr. L radius rod, ray] 1a: one of the
   lines of light that appear to radiate from a bright object 1b: a beam of
   light or other radiant energy of small cross section 1c1: a stream of
   material particles traveling in the same line (as in radioactive phenomena)
   1c2: a single particle of such a stream 2a: light cast by rays :
   RADIANCE 2b: a moral or intellectual light 3: a thin line suggesting a
   ray : as 3a: any of a group of lines diverging from a common center 3b:
   HALF LINE 4a: one of the bony rods that extend and support the membrane
   in the fin of a fish 4b: one of the radiating divisions of the body of a
   radiate animal 4c: a longitudinal vein of an insect's wing 5a: a branch or
   flower stalk of an umbel 5b1: MEDULLARY RAY 5b2: VASCULAR RAY 6:
   PARTICLE, TRACE
3. ray vi 1a: to shine in or as if in rays 1b: to issue as rays 2: to
   extend like the radii of a circle : RADIATE 1: to emit in rays 2: to
   furnish or mark with rays



Newsgroups: rec.radio.broadcasting
From: ventura@camelot.bradley.edu (Brian Wawczak)
Subject: Changes at WLUP AM 1000 in Chicago???
Originator: @gagme
Organization: Bradley University
Date: Thu, 20 Aug 1992 22:05:23 GMT

Being a huge fan of "The Loop" in Chicago, I was wondering if anyone else
has heard any rumors about possible changes at AM 1000.

One major rumor, and it was test marketed on the station over the summer,
is the possibility of Steve Dahl and Garry Meier moving back to their
old morning time slot, and Johnny B. moving to the afternoons. 
>From what I've heard, Brandmeier (who just signed a new contract) is sick
of doing the morning show.

Another major rumor concerns overnight talker Ed "The Thrill" Tyll. He is
reportedly upset with his new position on the station since being moved to
the 1:30-5:30 am time slot. When he first took started on the overnights near
the end of May, he seemed to change the focus of his show to be more
humor-oriented. In the past couple of weeks, he has gone back to the more
"hard-hitting" type style.

If the moderator or anyone else has the most recent Chicago radio ratings,
I would be very interested in seeing them posted.

Also, I would be very interested in the opinions of people outside of Chicago
who pick up Eddie Schwartz, Tyll, or Brandmeier in the morning hours. Does
WLUP's signal come in very good out East?

Finally, is Larry Wert still working on getting the Stern syndication?

Thanks for your input....
 
[Modertor's Note:  I heard some rumors of syndication for AM-1000's daytime
programming (Steve-Kevin-Johnny) but no confirmation or denial.  I wonder how
that would effect their show(s).  I am afraid that it will have a negative
effect on them as theuy get into smaller markets who have not had 10+ years
of the Stever, to get used to.]

--
ventura@camelot.bradley.edu  

"I'm a 60 minute man, and I'm ALL night long! WOOOOOO!!!"
        - "The Real World's Heavyweight Champion"(tm)  Ric Flair
 

Newsgroups: rec.radio.broadcasting
From: rsk@circ.upenn.edu (Rich Kulawiec) 
Subject: Re: WLS changes formats... Again
Originator: wdp@gagme
Organization: Cardiothoracic Imaging Research Center
Date: Thu, 20 Aug 1992 22:08:58 GMT

In article 19890@gagme.chi.il.us, William Pfeiffer () writes:
>Basically, throughout the years, WLS has been a gutless station, pandering,
>half-heartedly to whatever demographic they seem to think is happenning this week. 

Unfortunately, I  have to agree with you.  WLS was an AM rock-and-roll
powerhouse so dominant in the 60's and 70's market that many of us who grew
up in St. Louis listened to it (mostly at night, when we could pick it up
clearly) much more than the local outlet -- KXOK. 

Larry Lujack, Tommy Edwards,   John "Records" Landecker and the other great
jocks made putting up with the limited playlist acceptable.   Even Fred
Winston's arrival in the 80's wasn't so bad. 

But the departure of  Steve and Gary, the addition of the irascible Don Wade,
and the increasing  intrusion of call-in programs made it harder and harder
to remain a fan as the eighties rolled on. 

I think the real end came the day Uncle 'Lar hung it up and went out to play
golf permanently. At least I still have those  "Animal Stories" records to
listen to. ;-) 

WLS Bureau Chief and Perversion Editor for West Lafayette, Indiana
(no, I am not making this up)
Rich

Newsgroups: rec.radio.broadcasting
From: ADM28Q1@NAUVM.UCC.NAU.EDU (Russ Hamnett, KNAU)
Subject: REQUEST: Copies of RCA Broadcast News
Originator: wdp@gagme
Organization: Unknown
Date: Sat, 15 Aug 1992 05:35:26 GMT

I am looking for back-issues of RCA Broadcast News from 1955 and earlier. This
is for a station design and radio history project. Anyone having information
can contact me at ADM28Q1@NAUVM.UCC.NAU.EDU or by phone at either (602)
523-KNAU or (602)774-6705 (home number).


Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Newsgroups: rec.radio.shortwave
Date:         Mon, 17 Aug 1992 08:59:24 PDT
Reply-To:     "Mikel L. Forcada +1-408-927-2853" <FORCADA@ALMVMA.BITNET>
Comments:     Warning -- original Sender: tag was SWL$L@CUVMB
From:         "Mikel L. Forcada +1-408-927-2853" <FORCADA@ALMVMA.BITNET>
Subject:      Lousy Radio Shack Service

A couple of weeks ago, my Radio Shack DX-440 went belly up
in a pretty weird way: when I turned it off, the "power"
light stayed on and the audio amplifier remained
connected too, so I could clearly hear the computer hum
through the speaker (the hum disappears if I lock the
keyboard). Sometimes, the display is unusually dark: in
addition to the LCD elements that are lit, you can see the
rest of the elements too. But every now and then, the radio
works normally.

So I took it to my nearest Radio Shack store. And, as
expected, the radio worked fine in the store. Back home, it
showed the problem consistently. I waited for a week, and
took it to Radio Shack again. It worked fine again. I
explained the problem clearly to a clerk in the store. First
he scolded me because I had not bought the TSP warranty.
Then he pointed at some tiny stains in the keyboard and said
"do you brush your teeth with the radio in front of you?".
Then he estimated it would cost me $50 to repair the set,
and that _repairs were not guaranteed_!! That is, if the
guys test the set and it works fine, do nothing, pack it,
charge $50, and it fails again when I take it home, I am not
protected.

I think the Radio Shack guys read this list, because they
post stuff now and then, and hope they read this too (This
is disgusting, guys).

Of course, I did not leave the set in the store. Ali Baba's
cave would be safer! I brought it home, and now I am waiting
for opinions and/or suggestions. I might even consider
opening it up. Has any of you had this kind of problem? Do
you think the Sangean (original manufacturer) guys would
repair it?
From: esc@ulysses.att.com (E. Steve Crandall)
Newsgroups: rec.radio.shortwave
Subject: Auto SW radios?
Date: 13 Aug 92 15:08:38 GMT


Does anyone know if there are reasonable shortwave radios for car use?
This would include both radios designed for car use with a SW band as
well as portable SW radios that are not killed by the "rf junkhouse"
environment of a car.

thanks for any info!

Steve Crandall
evan.crandall@att.com

Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Subject: (no subject given)
Newsgroups: rec.radio.shortwave
Date:         Fri, 21 Aug 1992 15:39:45 EDT
Reply-To:     IBY315@URIACC.BITNET
From:         IBY315@URIACC.BITNET

I need a copy of a manual and alignment
info for a Hallicrafters SX-104 Mk1A
receiver.  If you can help, please e-mail
me directly.

Thankyou,
John Black  IBY315@URIACC.URI.EDU -or- BLACK@CS.URI.EDU
From: swade@ocf.berkeley.edu (Wade Shen)
Newsgroups: rec.radio.shortwave
Subject: Amateur in need of Answers
Date: 22 Aug 1992 16:37:28 GMT
Organization: U.C. Berkeley Open Computing Facility
Distribution: world
NNTP-Posting-Host: sandstorm.berkeley.edu

I just got, as a gift, an "el-cheepo", Ultra-power pocket shortwave radio nad have some
questions about the hobby.

I've been trying to pick up stations during the day but have had no luck.  It seems that
I can only tune in at night.  Is this normal?

Secondly, At night I can pick up BBC on SW2 ~ 7.15 but it disappears after ~12:00, why is this?

Third, Is there an Irish SW station that I would be able to receive? If so what
is its frequency and Band.

thanks in advance.

Newsgroups: rec.radio.shortwave
From: jdc3538@ultb.isc.rit.edu (J.D. Cronin )
Subject: Re: loop antenna design
Originator: jdc3538@ultb
Organization: Rochester Institute of Technology
Date: Fri, 14 Aug 1992 00:45:06 GMT

In article <1992Aug12.163832.23201@organpipe.uug.arizona.edu>, briggs@jed.atmo.arizona.edu (William Briggs) writes:
> 
>      Does anyone have a source or idea for a loop antenna design?  I'm 
> specifically looking for one that is good for BC AM and for 2-5Mhz.
> 
>      Thanks in advance.\
> 
> 
>      matt briggs

Tuned loop antennas are simple and cheap to make.  All you need
is a variable capacitor, wire and some sort of frame.
The National Radio Club publishes three inexpensive pamphlets 
covering antennas for the AM broadcast band (also known as MW
or Medium Wave).  They have been around since the 1930's, keeping
MW DX'ing alive.  Write to:

	NRC Publication Center
	Box 164
	Mannsville, NY 13661

One of the older World Radio-TV Handbook's ("WRTH") has a good article
on directional loops for shortwave.  Also try the ARRL Antenna Handbook,
available at your local public library.

Jim
Newsgroups: rec.radio.shortwave
From: gerry@bluemoon.rn.com (Gerard M. Foley)
Subject: Re: IRRS-Shortwave SCHE0992
Organization: Blue Moon BBS ((614) 868-998[024])
Date: Fri, 21 Aug 92 08:42:23 EDT

The original claims that IRRS transmits on 7125kHz for
North America.  Please observe that North America is
in ITU Region 2, where this frequency os not allocated
for broadcasting.

 This is from
     gerry@bluemoon.rn.com
who doesn't have his (or her) own obnoxious signature yet
From: memsthd@prism.gatech.EDU (MIKE WILEMAN)
Newsgroups: rec.radio.shortwave
Subject: Re: HitchHikers Guide to the Galaxy on BBC World Service!!!!!
Date: 20 Aug 92 16:46:23 GMT
Organization: Georgia Institute of Technology

In article <01GNQRQDIJXE8X6Z8U@ACFcluster.NYU.EDU> EAW7100@ACFcluster.NYU.EDU (JOSHUA HOSSEINOFF) writes:
>I just heard on BBC world service that on Thursday Aug. 20, at
>0:30 hours (8:30 PM EDT wednesday night) they will starting
>a new series: The Hitchhikers guide to the Galaxy.  The
>clip they played from it didn't sound like anything from the book
>or the tv show (or the Infocom game or the Simon and Schuster
>audio tapes - which I all have).  It could be that the Beeb finally
>decided to replay the original Radio series. Don't miss it if you
>are a Douglas Adams fan!
>Once again thats 0:30 GMT Thursday (8:30 pm EDT Wed. night).

So could any of you folks who caught this broadcast fill the rest of
us in on exactly what it was.  Is it a multipart presentation with
segments to be broadcast regularly?  Also, what is the source.

Thanks,
Mike

-- 
MIKE WILEMAN
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta Georgia, 30332
uucp:	  ...!{decvax,hplabs,ncar,purdue,rutgers}!gatech!prism!memsthd
Internet: memsthd@prism.gatech.edu
Newsgroups: rec.radio.shortwave,rec.radio.amateur.misc
From: jerry@ginger.hnrc.tufts.edu (Jerry Dallal)
Newsgroups: rec.radio.shortwave
Subject: Re: HitchHikers Guide to the Galaxy on BBC World Service!!!!!DIR
Date: 20 Aug 92 16:08:00 GMT
Organization: USDA HNRC at Tufts University

In article <01GNQRQDIJXE8X6Z8U@ACFcluster.NYU.EDU>, EAW7100@ACFcluster.NYU.EDU (JOSHUA HOSSEINOFF) writes:
> I just heard on BBC world service that on Thursday Aug. 20, at
> 0:30 hours (8:30 PM EDT wednesday night) they will starting
> a new series: The Hitchhikers guide to the Galaxy.  


Greater Boston area listeners might want to know

WGBH-TV (Channel 2) rebroadcasts much of the BBC schedule.  
"Hitchhikers" was part of their coverage.  You can pick it
up by setting the audio input of your VCR to SAP.
From: Jim_Sollows@mindlink.bc.ca (Jim Sollows)
Newsgroups: rec.radio.shortwave
Subject: Re: ICF-7600
Date: 21 Aug 92 05:27:15 GMT
Organization: MIND LINK! - British Columbia, Canada
Distribution: world

I bought a Sony ICF-SW7600 about 6 months ago and I love it. I got rid of my
tabletop model (a radio shack that had the selectivity of a wet noodle). The
Sony is small very portable, very selective and a pleasure to use. The only
thing that could really be done to add to it would be to increase the number of
memories,it has only 10. However I find 10 is quite satisfactory since there
are only a couple specific frequencies I want to store. Overall an excellent
radio I highly recommend it. Coupled to an external antenna thru the ext ant
jack it can hold its own against my ICOM amateur rig that cost thousands more.

Newsgroups: rec.radio.shortwave
From: schuster@panix.com (Michael Schuster)
Subject: Re: ICOM R-1
Date: Wed, 12 Aug 1992 12:52:20 GMT
Organization: PANIX Public Access Unix & Internet, NYC

In article <71101@apple.Apple.COM> dan@Apple.COM (Dan Allen) writes:
>First, thanks to all that responded about the Fax -> Macintosh
>question.  It appears that I may need to get a radio with more
>coverage than my Sony ICF-2010.  The ICOM R-1 springs to mind
>for portability and .1-1300 MHz range.
>
>Q: does anyone out there have an ICOM? Comments?  Will it do
>the job of bringing in weather fax frequencies well enough to
>get them into the Mac for processing into a PICT image?


Absolutely NOT.


-- 
_______________________________Mike Schuster________________________________
NY Pub. Access UNIX/Internet: schuster@panix.com | 70346.1745@CompuServe.COM
The Portal (R) System: schuster@cup.portal.com   | MCI Mail,GEnie: MSCHUSTER
Newsgroups: rec.radio.shortwave
From: gavin@umich.edu (Gavin Eadie)
Subject: Re: HitchHikers Guide to the Galaxy on BBC World Service!!!!!
Date: Wed, 19 Aug 92 23:23:16 EDT
Organization: Ramsay Consulting
Followup-To: rec.radio.shortwave

In article <JERRY.92Aug19094533@orion.MicroUnity.com>, jerry@MicroUnity.com
(Jerry Kreuscher) wrote:
> 
> It was a new episode for me, picking up the characters where the radio
> series left them about a decade ago.  The same actors were given
> credit for the voices of Arthur, Ford, and Zaphod, and Douglas Adams
> was given credit as the author.
> 
> Jerry		(jerry@microunity.com)

    It's not a new series - it's the first of the second series and the
episode tonight was first broadcast on Dec 24, 1978.  It was planned as a
one-off show according to the book of scripts, maybe a Christmas special.

Gavin Eadie
Ramsay Consulting
From: wmartin@STL-06SIMA.ARMY.MIL (Will Martin)
Newsgroups: rec.radio.shortwave
Subject: Re:  Lousy Radio Shack Service
Date: 17 Aug 92 17:23:26 GMT

If you didn't already try this, see if the problem goes away if you remove
the memory-backup batteries, let the set sit for a while (10 minutes or so)
and then put in fresh memory batteries. I also suggest you clean the
battery contacts in the set and on the ends of the new batteries.
If you already tried this, sorry for the intrusion...

It seems all these radios (Sony 2001, Sangean 803, Sony 2010, etc) act really
odd when the memory-backup batteries get weak or make poor contact. At other
times, they last for longer than expected and the radio works fine even if
the batteries test very weak... It is a puzzling thing. I've had these
models do weird and unexpected things, and replacing the memory
batteries seemed to always fix the situation. Letting the radio sit 
unpowered allows the residual charges to drain away and everything
"resets" from scratch with the new power-up. (The only radio which
hasn't acted odd, and which has *very* old batteries in the memory
section, is the ICF-7600D/2002 model. And maybe it will now that I've
written these words... :-)

It might be speculated that the vibration the set gets when you take it to
the store is enough to momentarily clean the battery contacts and cause it
to work OK. Then the inevitable surface corrosion sets in and the contacts
get higher in resistance, and the set again acts up when you have it at
home a while... Then you take it back out, it gets vibrated again, and
the cycle repeats... Eventually the batteries would weaken enough that
the vibration wouldn't be enough to "bring them back", but that may take
a long time -- the current drain on those is very slight.

Regards, Will
From: userMTAM@mts.ucs.UAlberta.CA (Mohammad Tamim)
Newsgroups: rec.radio.shortwave
Subject: RADIO FROM BANGLADESH??
Date: Wed, 12 Aug 92 05:57:43 GMT
Organization: MTS Univ of Alberta     

DOES ANYONE HAVE ANY INFORMATION ABOUT RECEIVING ANY BROADCAST FROM
BANGLADESH IN WESTERN CANADA? I WILL REALLY APPRECIATE THE HELP.
THANKS.