From: sachz@montebello.ecom.unimelb.EDU.AU (SAS)
Subject: Macedonia on the Maps of well-known Cartographers
Followup-To:  soc.culture.yugoslavia,soc.culture.europe,soc.culture.greek
Originator: sachz@montebello.ecom.unimelb.EDU.AU
Organization: Dept. Engineering Computer Resources, Melbourne Uni.
Date: Mon, 7 Sep 1992 12:25:57 GMT


MACEDONIA ON THE MAPS OF WELL-KNOWN CARTOGRAPHERS

   In examining the history of maps showing Macedonia, one notes 
three specific periods. Classical, Middle and the Modern periods.
The classical period of maps showing Macedonia dates from ancient
times and is represented by the ancient forms of toponymy.
The maps were made by the well-known geographers and astronomers
of the time, such as Ptolemy and castorius, and others.

Claudius Ptolemy and Macedonia:

   Claudius Ptolemy (97-150) was an astronomer from Alexandria,
the author of the famous work Geographia. The maps which were a 
part of this work have not been preserved, but when the book was
translated in 1477 in Bologna, the maps were made following the 
transcriptions given. Macedonia is shown on the 10th page of the
map of Europe. The mountains are shown with two mountain ranges,
one starting from the ADriatic Sea and extending in a straight
line to the Black Sea (which is the location of the Shar 
Mountain), and the other extending in a north-south direction 
(which is the actual position of Mts Korab-Yablanitsa and Pindus).
The rivers are shown as straight lines which flowed in a North-
West-South Easterly direction. The towns are marked by ancient
toponymy. Most cartographers have used this map as a base in
their making maps showing Macedonia.

Classical Period and Macedonia:

   Castorius, the second well-known cartographer of the Classical
period, showed Macedonia around 340. His distinguished work is
Paitinger's Table, the map so named after its discoverer and owner
Claudius Paitinger. It measured 7.45 meters in length and 34 
centimeters in width, and whown in the then known world from
Gibraltar to India. In Macedonia it shows the Via Egnatia road 
with the towns of Salonika, Voden and Ohrid on its route. On the
Skopje-Salonika road the following towns are shown: Skopje, 
Antigona near Kavadartsi and Stenae near Demir Kapiya.

   But their exist no common elements in the way the included
toponyms are shown in these two maps, except for the names of
the towns. This testifies that Castorius had not been using 
Ptolemy's maps when making his own.

   The Middle period can itself be divided into an earlier and a 
later period. The earlier one is characterised by an almost complete
stagnation in cartography, as the maps from that period were mainly
make in the monasteries, for the needs of the Church, presenting
the world to suit its interests.

Jacopo Gastaldi and Macedonia:

   The later period begins with the Renaissance, and includes the
geographic discoveries of vasco de Gama, the path to India around
Africa, Columbo's discovery of America and Magellan's voyage 
around the world. Among these new maps were those of Macedonia.
Unlike the ones of the Classical and early Middle periods, these
maps are different in outlook, in contour, in hydrography, and
beginings of Macedonian toponymy are to be noticed.

   The map by Jacopo Gastaldi (1500-1565) may be regarded as one of
the first of this period. This is the first map on which are marked
the origins of the Macedonian toponymy for rivers and towns such as:
Vardaro, the towns: Prileop, Vodana (Voden), Osto (Ostrovo), 
Vitolie (Bitola), CXratovo, Stipe (Shtip), Prespa (Resen),
Struga, Ocrida (Ohrid), Novigrado near Ostrovo.

Gerard mercator, Cornello Blaeu: ...

   One of the most distinguished world cartographers was 
Gerard Mercator (1512-1549). He made a large number of maps, and his
monumental atlas saw several editions. Macedonia is shown on the map
*Macedonia, Edirus et Achaeia* 1539. Mercator had not introduced any
essentially new elements in these maps, except for modifying those
of his predecessors, his ideas and methodology came to be adopted 
here after for many years as a basis for the making of maps of
Macedonia.

   Cornello Blaeu, the son of the well-known Dutch cartographer of 
the first half ot the 17th century, set up a printing-shop for maps
in Amsterdam. His map Macedonia (1642) was a reprint of the map
Macedonia, Epirus et Achaia made by Mercator.

Sanson and Justus:

   Nikolas Sanson worked and died in Paris. He was the father of 
French cartography and one of the most eminent cartographes of
the 17th century. He made 143 maps, among which was the map 
*Partie de Turquie en Europe*, on which is shown Macedonia.
Besides this map, Sanson also made other maps, showing Macedonia.
In their making, he was mostly influenced by the works of Mercator.

   Dancker Justus (1630-1695) was a Dutch cartographer. Since 1670
he was the owner of a map publishing firm. His work was continued
by his sons Justinus, Cornelius, Theodor and Johan. He showed 
Macedonia on the map *Regin Hungariae Graeciae et Morea*. Justus
introduced new elements in the presentation of the relief, while
adopting the other elements from the older maps.

"LA MACEDONIA", Seperately:

   Pierre du Val (1619-1683) worked in Paris and published an atlas
of historical and military maps. JOhanes Laurenborg, the author of
several historical maps, also made the map of Macedonia. Vignola 
Cantelli was an Italian cartographer who lived and worked during the
17th century. He is known for his maps of Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia,
Albania, Bulgaria, and Macedonia. His map "La Macedonia" is the first
to present Macedonia seperately. In this map one notes for the first
time towns such as: Kumanovo, Tetovo, Prilep ...

   De L'Isle (1677-1726) was a French cartographer who introduced
reforms in the cartography at the beginning of the 18th century.
He made maps of the world, of the continents and of the Balkan
Peninsula. He presented Macedonia on several maps, differing from each
other not only in their contents but also in their physical elements.

   Anvile Jean Baptist (1697-1782) was a cartographer who made 210
maps on the world. The well-known cartographer Homan Baptist
(1663-1724) made and published a large number of maps and atlases.
Macedonia was shown on the map *Flaviorum in Europa Principis
Danubii cum adiacen tibus Regnis*.

   The cartographers of the 18th century primarily repdocused data
from the previous maps. In 1821/1822 Franz Weiss made a map of the
Europoean part of turkey, in which he introduced bilingual-Macedonia
and Ancient-toponymy. From this period onwards every new map added some
new names, which were actually names of inhabited places, mountains
and rivers not registered before. Certain elements, though, were 
still not precisely placed, but later the mistakes have been corrected,
so that by the end of the 19th century the first correct and complete 
maps appeared.

Makedonsko Abstralisko Priyeatelstvo - DENES, 1 Sep 92.