HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
From: olson@anchor.esd.sgi.com (Dave Olson)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.sgi
Subject: Re: inst complains: expr - non numeric argument
Date: 13 Nov 92 02:03:17 GMT
Organization: Silicon Graphics, Inc.  Mountain View, CA

In <101669@bu.edu> jdh@bu-pub.bu.edu (Jason Heirtzler) writes:

| Has anyone else seen this error when booting off tape and
| running inst on 4.0.5?
| 
|   Current system date is <date>
| 
|   expr: non-numeric argument
|   Mounting file systems:
|   .... 
| 
| The error message seems harmless enough (?)
| 
| My machine was being upgraded from 4.0.1 -> 4.0.5
| 
| Actually it happens on several machines, and the only thing
| I can think of is that root and /usr isn't SCSI address 1..?

This rings a bell with me, from a long ago bug, but I don't
remember just what it was.  Perhaps it had something to do
with not finding the device for /.  It probably comes from
this shell script fragment (found near the top of /usr/sbin/instdriver
in the miniroot):

  # return partition # of root partition in rootpt.  won't work for
  # logical volumes, but we can't boot with root on a lv yet.
  # works with all current SGI disk drivers that have partitions, since
  # all have 16 partitions (except floppy, which can be ignored for this)
  rootpart() {
	  set `devnm /`
	  set `ls -l $1`
	  rootpt=`expr $6 % 16`
  }

You can pretty much ignore the error, although I am a bit surprised
that the root filesystem (for the miniroot) device couldn't be found!
All it will do is keep things from being handled quite as well if you
have a power failure or other crash while doing an install in the
miniroot.
--
Let no one tell me that silence gives consent,  |   Dave Olson
because whoever is silent dissents.             |   Silicon Graphics, Inc.
    Maria Isabel Barreno                        |   olson@sgi.com
From: kurt@nagy.fnal.gov
Newsgroups: comp.sys.sgi
Subject: Re: key assignments for EDT
Date: 10 Nov 92 08:47:03 -0600
Organization: Fermilab Computing Division
NNTP-Posting-Host: nagy.fnal.gov

In article <1992Nov4.124505.13199@jhunix.hcf.jhu.edu>, murthy_j@jhunix.hcf.jhu.edu (Jayant Murthy) writes:
> 
> I have been unable to find the GOLD key on my IRIS INDIGO when I telnet
> to a VAX and try to use EDT (EDIT/TPU). Is there a particular way to set up
> my session/EDT? I simply assume a VT200 keyboard and VT100 emulation in EDT.
> 
> Jayant Murthy
> 
Newsgroups: comp.sys.sgi
From: ra@world.std.com (C.Ramanathan)
Subject: invoking fx from a CD-ROM Drive on an Indigo R4000
Organization: Software Tool & Die
Date: Wed, 11 Nov 1992 20:22:51 GMT


I have an Indigo R4000 (elan) with a CD-ROM drive (SCSI id=5) attached
to it. To invoke fx from a 4.05F CD I ssued the command from the command
monitor.

>> boot -f dksc(0,5,8)sashIP20 dksc(0,5,7)stand/fx.IP20 --x

The command failed and I got the message

'unable to load dksc(0,5,8)sashIP20: no such file or directory'


Isn't the R4000 cpu type IP20? Could someone tell me what I'm doing
wrong here.

-c
-- 
				-ra
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Your computer is your access device <--> together we're the network
Login to the WORLD * (617)-739-WRLD  *  Public Access Unix
Newsgroups: comp.sys.sgi
Subject: Re: fsck problem in single user mode
From: amoss@shuldig.cs.huji.ac.il (Amos Shapira)
Date: 6 Nov 92 13:47:23
Organization: Inst. of Comp. Sci., Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
NNTP-Posting-Host: shuldig.cs.huji.ac.il
In-reply-to: olson@anchor.esd.sgi.com's message of 5 Nov 92 18:04:55 GMT

In article <s05345o@zuni.esd.sgi.com> olson@anchor.esd.sgi.com (Dave Olson) writes:

   (Rainer Kleinrensing) writes:
   | today we had a problem with a mangled root entry in /etc/passwd.
   | To fix it, we booted single user and manually did a /etc/fsck /dev/usr
   | in order to be able to mount it and use 'vi'. However, fsck wanted to
   | print a message like 'UNREF FILE, OWNER=root', but what was printed was
   | 'UNREF FILE, OWNER=Bus error (ore dumped)', fsck was not able to
   | continue beyond this point.
   | With 'echo' we created a passwd file with only the root entry,
   | after that fsck worked. Perhaps one could fix this ?

That's why ed is under the /bin directory, so you are not completly dependent
on /usr. (just a quick ed(1) lesson:
# /bin/ed /etc/passwd
1s/:[^:]*:/::
w
q
#

or just rewrite the entire root entry:

1p
(ed will print the root entry, presuming you left it first)
1c
(re-enter the root entry without the password)
 . (a bare dot, I can't show you here since it might confuse the news
    software)
w
q


Other ways to overcome this would be to mv (again under /bin) the
password file to /etc/passwd.bad and do an
'echo "root::0:0:Super-User:/:/bin/csh" > /etc/passwd' just until you can
get the system up (or just to let fsck to finish properly?).  Another, I guess
easier, way would be to just move the disk to another machine and fix it there.

Hope you find one of these solutions helpfull.

Cheers,
--
--Amos Shapira (Jumper Extraordinaire)
C.S. System Group, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
amoss@cs.huji.ac.il
Newsgroups: comp.sys.sgi
From: davis@lugg.utah.edu (Darrell R. Davis)
Subject: Magneto-Optical, Suggestions?
Organization: College of Science, University of Utah
Date: 12 Nov 92 13:13:14



We are looking to buy a re-writable MO disk drive.  We have grown
tired of buying large capacity disks only to watch them fill up within
weeks.  Or application is mostly to have working disks for processing
and analysing multi-dimensional NMR data.  Access times are important
so we want the fastest, cheapest, most-reliable drive that holds at
least 600 Meg per floptical.  Price is important, but capacity,
performance, and capatibility are the major issues.

I can call the vendors and get prices and specs, but I am interested
in personal testimony from people who have used and/or installed MO
drives.  I remember that Dave Olson recently remarked that the Tahiti
II drives were supported at some level by SGI.  I also thought that
Pinnacle was introducing a new, high-performance system and would be
interested to hear any reports of these disks.

Post or reply to the E-mail address below. Thanks,


--------------------------------------------------------------
     
Darrell R. Davis     
Medicinal Chemistry  
University of Utah  
SLC,  UT  84112  
(801) 581-7006  
FAX:  581-7087  
davis@adenosine.pharm.utah.edu  
--------------------------------------------------------------
From: olson@anchor.esd.sgi.com (Dave Olson)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.sgi
Subject: Re: Switching Elan board between computers
Date: 14 Nov 92 02:14:47 GMT
Organization: Silicon Graphics, Inc.  Mountain View, CA

In <1e1jfiINN2ii@fangio.asd.sgi.com> rck@fangio.asd.sgi.com (Robert Keller) writes:
| desilva@luxor.ced.berkeley.edu (Deanan Da Silva) writes:
| >Is it possible to put an ELAN board from a Crimson into
| >an Indigo 
| 
| Well, if you remove the big bracket from the Crimson Elan board set, 
| what's left looks suspiciously like a regular Indigo Elan board set.  
| 
| If you decide to do this, you ought to be very careful about zapping
| (electrostatically or otherwise) your board set.  I'm not sure if
| this is the sort of thing that could void a warranty...
| 
| You'll also need to reinstall the O/S on the Indigo and, likely,
| the Crimson.
| 
| > or even a 4D35TG? 
| 
| No, the graphics bus'es are different.

Nope; the Elan board is the same for the 30, 35, Indigo, r4k Indigo,
and Crimson.  You will need yet another adapter board to put the
Elan into a 35 though.  Remember that the 35 and Indigo are *very*
similar systems at the board and architectural level.

No way you can put the Elan on a 20 or 25 though.
--
Let no one tell me that silence gives consent,  |   Dave Olson
because whoever is silent dissents.             |   Silicon Graphics, Inc.
    Maria Isabel Barreno                        |   olson@sgi.com
Newsgroups: comp.sys.sgi
Subject: MH on Irix?
From: amoss@shuldig.cs.huji.ac.il (Amos Shapira)
Date: 7 Nov 92 22:42:56
Distribution: world
Organization: Inst. of Comp. Sci., Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
NNTP-Posting-Host: shuldig.cs.huji.ac.il

Hello,

Did anyone manage to compile MH 6.7.2 on Irix 4.0.5?  I found some problems
which might require twisting of the source files and I would preffer to
avoid that unless it's done in an official release.

Thanks for any answers.
--
--Amos Shapira (Jumper Extraordinaire)
C.S. System Group, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
amoss@cs.huji.ac.il
From: antonio@atenea.etsimo.uniovi.es (Antonio Bello Garcia)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.sgi
Subject: FTP Software PC/TCP ???
Date: 11 Nov 92 09:09:43 GMT


Hi out there,

I have just installed the FTP Software PC/TCP Version 2.1 Beta 2.0 4/16 as it
appears in the CopyRight message of the program.

Everything works allright except the INTERDRIVE module. This module allows
the PC to mount remote filesytems via NFS, I'am using it with all the machines
we have (HP, SUN, INTERGRAPH, SGI) but I'am only having problems with the SGI
NFS. IDRIVE mounts successfully the SGI filesystems, but when I try to do
anything with it, like DIR it doesn't work at all.

I have been using so far the 2.03 Version of the FTP software, and I didn't
have any problems even when I made the update from IRIX 3.3.2 to 4.0.1.

Does anybody work with this software ??  Any comments would be appreciate.

Thanks in advance...

-- 
Antonio Bello Garcia                    E-Mail:antonio@afrodita.etsimo.uniovi.esDepartamento de Explotacion de Minas    Phone: +34 8 510 4267
School of Mines. University of Oviedo          +34 8 510 4336
Independencia, 13                       Fax:   +34 8 510 4242
Oviedo 33004, SPAIN                            +34 8 510 4340
Newsgroups: comp.sys.sgi
From: frank@woody.jsc.nasa.gov (Frank S. Taylor IV/MDSSC)
Subject:  Need help, problem with GL under IRIX 4.0.X
Keywords: subwindows, GL, IRIX
Organization: NASA Johnson Space Center
Date: Fri, 13 Nov 1992 19:57:34 GMT

When we migrated to IRIX 4.0.1 we were told to queue up the WINFREEZE
and WINTHAW events if GL windows were to be iconified without freezing
the application.  We have a need to draw GL into sub-windows, but even
with queueing both the parent window and the sub-window the application
will still freeze if the window was iconfied during the drawing of the window.


Is there a way around this problem, or is this a bug with sub-windows which
will have to await a new upgrade (this problem exists under both IRIX
4.0.1 and 4.0.5X)???
From: cmarrin@fred.esd.sgi.com (Chris Marrin)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.sgi
Subject: Re: GL hacks - Rotating text
Date: 11 Nov 92 03:28:04 GMT
Organization: Silicon Graphics, Inc.  Mountain View, CA


In article <BxIqvu.B17@usenet.ucs.indiana.edu>, "Mark E. Johnson" <maejohns@bronze.ucs.indiana.edu> writes:
> 
> Suppose I wish to draw labeled cubes (similar to wooden blocks
> with letters on their sides) and have them rotate all over the place.
> 
> I know how to rotate things around, but am having a hard time
> with the letters.  I could figure out the coordinates of the
> vertices of these letters and draw them each time - but this
> leads to ugly results.  
> 
> Has anyone written code to do someting similar, say with the
> fm calls?  Is it as tedious as I think it will be?  Any sample
> code out there?  
> 

Use Inventor...

-----
   __          __    //          *            //  chris marrin
  /__\        // \  //              _        //  Silicon Graphics, Inc.
 //  \\_//   //    //-,  //~,  //  //\  /   //  cmarrin@esd.sgi.com
      \_/   ((____// /__//  __//__//_)_/   //  (415) 390-5367
Newsgroups: comp.sys.sgi
From: vjs@rhyolite.wpd.sgi.com (Vernon Schryver)
Subject: Re: IP4 Serial Port - How fast??
Organization: Silicon Graphics, Inc.  Mountain View, CA
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 1992 04:32:07 GMT

In article <jrh-041192094409@coyote.de.deere.com>, jrh@de.deere.com (John R. Howell) writes:
> In article <SCOTTH.92Nov3111101@hoshi.corp.sgi.com>,
> scotth@hoshi.corp.sgi.com (Scott Henry) wrote:
> > 19200 is the fastest speed supported by the hardware.
> 
> Bummer.  Is this just for IP4 machines?  Can indigos run faster?
> 
> > I doubt that you can really get anywhere near that continuously.
> 
> It is not unusual for me to get 3000 characters per second on file
> transfers with a V.32bis, V.42, V.42bis connection.  This is well over
> 19200 baud.
> 
> > Depending on OS release, the software may support setting the port to 38400.
> 
> Would I run into problems setting the port to 38400, when it can only go
> 19200? I am running 4.0.5.


I am not sure what Scott meant by "19200 is the fastest...some software
may support...38400".


I dimly (and perhaps erroneously) recall machines of the 4D/60 or 4D/50
vintage had two of their four ports that could not do "modem control"
and could not be set to 38.4.  ("R2300" based machines.)  I think all
machines since then have "supported 38400" in the sense of being able
to send or receive 10 bits in 1/3840th of a second.

However, the graphics hardward and software on some machines (e.g.
4D/20) have held off interrupts for as long as a millisecond or two,
which makes 38.4 on UART's with 4-deep FIFO's rather less than
reliable.  In some sense, that probably counts as not supporting 38.4.

At least some current machines do support 38.4, at least for SLIP on
v.32bis/v.42/v.42bis modems.  (I have heard of recent bug fixes for a
few models concerning interrupt latencies.)  Notice that MIDI is
about the same speed as 38.4 async.


The "6-port board" has also always "supported" 38.4 in the sense that
you could set it to send or receive 10 bits in 1/3840th of a second.
However, until the new firmware of last year, it would never do more
than about 1000 Bytes/sec.  That has been fixed; the new firmware
reliably drives about 4.5 ports at a full 38.4 full-duplex.


Vernon Schryver,  vjs@sgi.com
From: olson@anchor.esd.sgi.com (Dave Olson)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.sgi
Subject: Re: Does 4.0.5(F) exist?
Date: 7 Nov 92 03:22:46 GMT
Distribution: usa
Organization: Silicon Graphics, Inc.  Mountain View, CA

In <1992Nov6.172408.2193@news.nd.edu> root@sanger.chem.nd.edu (Doctor Math) writes:

| In article <AMOSS.92Nov3215418@shuldig.cs.huji.ac.il> amoss@shuldig.cs.huji.ac.il (Amos Shapira) writes:
| >In article <Bx4IL0.J9w@rahul.net> jonathan@rahul.net (Jonathan Heiliger) writes:
| >   >Does anyone know if there is really a 4.0.5F? If there is a fix
| >   >version to 4.0.5 if there usually a rev number, like 4.0.5F01 or
| >   >some such?
| >      Yes, but it's only for the R4k Indigo's.
| >Nope.  As mentioned here before several times (and also as our support people
| >told me) the 4.0.5F is good for all platforms, including the R3k's.
| 
| Almost all. I couldn't install it on 4D/20 (R2k). Inst on the 4.0.5F disc

They meant all *indigo* platforms, plus RE. 

--
Let no one tell me that silence gives consent,  |   Dave Olson
because whoever is silent dissents.             |   Silicon Graphics, Inc.
    Maria Isabel Barreno                        |   olson@sgi.com
Newsgroups: comp.sys.sgi
Subject: Re: Increased Prices for Memory
From: laut@alien.gici.com (Bill Laut)
Date: 8 Nov 92 13:37:38 EDT
Organization: Gull Island Consultants, Inc.

In article <1992Nov5.195012.5289@ringer.cs.utsa.edu>, senseman@ricky.brainlab.utsa.edu (David M. Senseman) writes:
> My buyer just informed me that the 32 MB memory upgrade
> for the R4K Indigo just jumped $250 during the last week
> due to trade sanctions with Korea. Anyone else hear of this?
> 
> Now my two favorite things, French white wine and Koran RAM,
                              ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
> are going to be out of my price range :-(
> 
> 
> -- 
> David M. Senseman, Ph.D.     | A man who has never gone to school may steal 
> (senseman@lonestar.utsa.edu) | from a freight car; but if he has a university
> Division of Life Sciences    | education, he may steal the whole railroad.
> UT San Antonio               |             Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919)

At the risk of being called a "lout" (:-), I would suggest a change to good
German white wines, such as a Reisling Auslese, or a Kabinett.  Now, with
the Christmas season approaching, nothing beats a good icily-chilled Eiswien
to sip while listening to an old copy of the "Hearts of Space" Christmas
program, featuring the Russian Orthodox church's acapela liturgy.

With the room lights turned off, of course.

-- 
Bill Laut			Internet:  laut@alien.gici.com
Gull Island Consultants, Inc.	Phone:     (616) 780-3321
Muskegon, MI  49440		>> "Usual disclaimers, apply within" <<

"Your majesty, I have a message from God for you."	-- Judges 3:20
Newsgroups: comp.sys.sgi
From: stanj@ferrari.corp.sgi.com (Stan Jensen)
Subject: Re: How to speed up X?
Organization: Silicon Graphics, Inc.
Date: Wed, 11 Nov 1992 20:50:45 GMT

In article <BxJ6E9.B5M@rahul.net>, jonathan@rahul.net (Jonathan Heiliger) writes:
|> In article <1992Nov10.181812.24335@odin.corp.sgi.com> 
|> stanj@ferrari.corp.sgi.com (Stan Jensen) writes:
|> 
|> >Of course there are upgrades! You can upgrade your 210 to a 310, 480 or an
|> >R4000 ("Crimson"); your GTX to VGXT or Reality Engine; and your twin tower
|> >to a single tower or Predator rack. Call SGI Express @ 1-800-800-7441 and
|> >ask to speak to our Canadian specialist, Eric Hanson.
|> 
|>     How is it possible to upgrade an Indigo to something like a Crimson?  I 
|> was just wondering, because we simililary went through a faze of whether we'd 
|> be able to add certain products because of our Crimson chassis.
|>  
|> Jonathan Heiliger ........ Electric Power Research Institute
|> Internet: -/- jonathan@rahul.net -/- flix@mecca.epri.com -/-
|> Telephone <*> (415) 855-2888
|> 

It is NOT possible to upgrade an Indigo to "something like a Crimson", unless
converting an Indigo R3000 to an Indigo R4000 counts. I was responding to Tim 
Writer's request for an upgrade "... from a 4D/210GTX to one of the newer
machines ..." and I apologize for any misunderstanding.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stan Jensen, Systems Engineer                          stanj@corp.sgi.com
Silicon Graphics Inc., M/S 14L-120                    Phone:(415)390-5822
P.O. Box 7311, 1350 Charleston Road                   FAX:  (415)962-1589
Mt. View, CA  94039-7311                                "I (heart) Tonks"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apollo
From: chee23k@menudo.uh.edu (K. Pamela)
Subject: newbie Apollo sys admin needs help
Organization: University of Houston
Date: Mon, 9 Nov 1992 16:10:33 GMT


Hi, 
	I just started working here at UH for a professor that has two
Apollos.  They are running SR10.3, one is a 3500 and the other is a 1000.
The 1000 series machine keeps falling off the net.  The machine is up and
running, but the other Apollo can't talk to it.  At first I thought it was
because I had installed NFS on it, so we backed off on that.  The prof had
installed a disk (that he thought might be flaky), which we finally got 
mounted, so we stoped mounting that.  It still stoped talking to everyone.
This weekend he stopped glbd from running, in case it was that.  I looked
at the glbd log file and since it didn't have a copy of the database, it
was exiting as soon as it started up.  The prof is out of town for the week
and I can't find a copy of the NCS manual.  Could anyone give me a clue as
to what to look for?  I'm not really sure what to look for, I come from a
Sun background and Domain OS is really new to me!

He (the prof) also said that only one of the Apollos is allowed to talk
to the outside world.  Is that so????  That just doesn't seem right to me.
I added a /etc/resolv.conf to the machine that can't reach the outside 
world (this is the 1000 that keeps falling off the net) and that didn't
seem to do any good.  Could adding a resolv.conf to the 1000 be the cause of
the problem?  At this point I'm grasping for straws. :-)

Thanks for any help or pointers y'all can give!!!

Kay Nettle
chee23k@menudo.uh.edu

t
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apollo
From: roeber@vxcrna.cern.ch
Subject: DM vs. xterm
Reply-To: roeber@cern.ch
Organization: CERN -- European Organization for Nuclear Research
Date: Tue, 10 Nov 1992 10:37:07 GMT

In article <1992Nov9.192837.17737@bcars6a8.bnr.ca>, djf@bnr.ca (Duane Fowler) writes:
> [...] I'm interested in knowing what people see in Domain pads, editor,
> etc.  Sure the ability to search back through the pads was nice, but the 
> functionality exists with Xterms -  just not as gracefully.

Well, for two: the fact that lines extend off the sides (instead of 
wrapping), and you can scroll sideways; and the multi-line input
window that can be easily held and edited.

This latter can't be done in "normal" unix (as HP's DM-lite shows),
because the pty devices used lack a way having the master measure
how much input the child has read.

The ease of the univeral editor could be provided if somebody wrote
a callable editor object that could easily be used in programs.
Perhaps epoch plus the emacs-client stuff could do it.

I, too, wish the DM had a complete language, and compared to today's
window manager/session manager/process manager sets, it's pretty limited.

On the other hand, it doesn't need a shelf full of O'Reilly's to document!

(PS: How do you get infinite scrollback in an xterm?)

-- 
Frederick G. M. Roeber | CERN -- European Center for Nuclear Research
e-mail: roeber@cern.ch or roeber@caltech.edu | work: +41 22 767 31 80
r-mail: CERN/PPE, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland | home: +33 50 42 19 44
--  
% stcode 1D01001E
Vendor "Apollo" can not be deleted (network license server/server)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.apollo
From: rvenable@helix.nih.gov (Richard M. Venable)
Subject: Re: Just what is in a Apollo 9000/730?
Organization: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
Date: Sat, 14 Nov 1992 05:22:16 GMT

In article <1992Nov13.222325.9880@ccu1.aukuni.ac.nz> russells@ccu1.aukuni.ac.nz (Russell Street) writes:
>Could someone tell me a little about these Apollo workstations?

They are HP/Apollo's first new workstation since the buyout by HP; they offer
performance competitive with IBM's RS6000 series, possibly cheaper in some
parts of the world.  Performance remark based on published LINPACK results
from Jack Dongera at the U.S. Argonne National Lab.

>Such as what sort of processor they have?

They use a RISC architecture (called PA-RISC) designed by Paul Bemis, who did
the Apollo DN10000 RISC processor; Convex has licensed the chip with plans to
build some parallel systems.

>What other types/models there are? 

Originally, there might have been a 710 (not recommended); now there is the 720
and 730 in the same case, the 750 in a larger box (more RAM, disk, slots), and
a new faster version of the processor which I believe means models 735 and 755
for the respective boxes.  The 720 can be upgraded to 730 (or 735), no further.
There are also various graphics options, from monochrome to true color, with
some graphics rendering hardware for increased speed (at a price).

>A quick run down on HP-UX 08.07's quirks and features?

Too soon to tell from my perpsective, unless you mean those little ways every
vendor adopts 98% of some Unix standard, and you keep finding those items in
the remaining 2%.  Most things seem to work; I have access to a few I can use
for number crunching once in a while.  The desktop for HPVue is fairly slick,
and X is available (HP is part of OSF/Motif group).

>How old these are? (just released etc)

I say my first at a molecular graphics vendor exhibit in May 1991; they were
announced but not shipping yet.  The 735 and 755 are recent additions.


<---------------------------------------------------------------------->
<  Rick Venable                (O O) |  "Back off, I'm a scientist."   >
<  FDA/CBER Biophysics Lab      )|(  |        -- Bill Murray in        >
<  rvenable@helix.nih.gov       (=)  |           'Ghostbusters'        >
<---------------------------------------------------------------------->