HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
From: kim@magneto.physics.auburn.edu (Han-jung Kim)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: Successful installation of RLLed 3650 & 238R on on AT clone
Date: 3 Sep 92 18:30:18 GMT
Article-I.D.: ducvax.1992Sep3.143254.3309
Organization: Auburn University, Auburn, AL
Message-I.D.: <1992Sep1.163039.23060@dcatlas.dot.gov>Lines: 69

Recentely I bought a 238R (30 mb) thru misc.forsale.computers for $50.00 and
yesterday I successfully installed it togather with miniscribe 3650 
(42mb MFM) on my old AT clone whose rom bios does not have user defined set
up option.

 Here I want to tell how I figured out them.

1) I bought a wd1003-svr (?) rll card for $20.00 via net work.
2) set up the jumper on that RLL card to enable on-board bios.
3) use twisted hd cable and connect the 3650 at the middle socket of the cable
  (I have two types of HD cable. 

       |||||||||||||.....|||| <-- redline      ; DIDNOT WORK 
       |||||XXXX||||.....||||
                                 XXXXX: Twisted lines

       |||||.....|||||||||||| <-- redline
       |||||.....||||xxxx||||    xxxxx: Twisted lines.   (Use this cable)

   )  I do not know why there are two types of twisted cables. I presume
   that one is AT type and the other xt type, are they?)
4) Connect a 238RLL at the end of the cable. (of course, the data cable too)

5) After installation of 3650 and 238rll, run debug.
   -g=cc00:5
   You will have a format manu.
   Select parameter setup menu for the 1st hd on menu.
   select the type 1 on the parameter setup menu
      something like cylinger 615 head 4.....
   Then lowformat.

   From the main , choose the next hd (screen show that you select "D:") 
   set up parameter by selecting user definition.
   # of cylinder:809   #of head:6  pre: 128 sector:26
   Then lowformat again.

6) Insert dos diskette on drive A
7) Exit from on-board menu. This will boot up computer.
8) After system is read from A:, run fdisk to register two drives on booting
section on drive c:
9) exit from fdisk, boot again.
10) run format c:/s and format d:. then copy a:command.com c:\.

Boot the system. You will have 32 mega of c: drive and 65 mega of d: drive.

If you have, make use of stacker 2.0. This will increase the practical
 storage capacity up to 45mega of c: and 96 mega of d:.
 (in average, the actual increase ratio of stacker was 1.5 to 1 in my case.)


 Now my 4 year  old computer has total capacity of 140 mega from 75 mega adding
two hd (32mb+42mb). 

The stacker shows that 62mega+130mega, but generally
it is not true. EXE files can not be compressed too much.

Thus only $70.00 turned a 42 mega HD to 140MB hd capacity.


So wonderful, isn't it?


Just for Info. for the netter who are looking for the cheapest way to
get the larger HD.  Hope to help .

Bye. 
Now my A
Before I got a 238 RLL, my 3650 gave 96mega without any problem.
From: captain@broue.rot.qc.ca (Andrew Webster)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: Re: Backup software for CMS Jumbo 250?
Date: 27 Aug 92 13:18:44 GMT
Distribution: world
Organization: Groupe de Recherche Operationnelle en Telecommunication (ROT)
X-Newsreader: Tin 1.1 PL4

darrylo@hpnmdla.sr.hp.com (Darryl Okahata) writes:
:      Can anyone recommend some good (commercial) backup software for the
: CMS Jumbo 250 tape drive?  The software that comes with the drive is not
: exactly the world's best (although it does get the job done).  I know
: about Central Point Backup and Fastback, but what do people recommend?
: 

I have tried various programs, namely Central point backup, fastback as well
as Sytos+.

My choice: The original program that comes with the drive is the best!

The others all have some problem that renders them unusable, beit bugs,
horrible user interfaces, bad performance etc...

If you really can't stand the original, try Fastback.  Sytos+ is not worth
the diskette it is shipped on, and the Central point stuff as usual has bugs.

	Andrew Webster -- Captain@Broue.Rot.Qc.CA
From: JULIUS@BTVLABVM.VNET.IBM.COM ("Julius C. Chang")
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: Re: PC Connection is *great* (Mail Order Hate Letter about USA Flex )
Date: 4 Sep 92 19:52:53 GMT


   Last I checked, PC Connection has free shipping for members of
the Boston Computer Society.

Julius
From: yhlin@kiwi.ucs.indiana.edu (yue-herng lin)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: Re: ViewSonic SVGA NI monitors
Date: 30 Aug 92 04:33:18 GMT
Distribution: usa
Organization: Indiana University, Bloomington

I use a ViewSonic 7, it works like a champ. :)

YH
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
From: sstrong@kean.ucs.mun.ca
Subject: Power Supply Wattage for 386/486 question.
Organization: Memorial University. St.John's Nfld, Canada
Date: Fri, 28 Aug 1992 17:23:01 GMT

Short question...

What is the minimum power supply wattage that a power supply should 
have for:
386/33?
486/33 w 64k cache.
Both systems with two old hard drives (seagate and miniscribe, RLL).
other than that just the regular stuff, video, hd/fd crtl, and serial 
boards.

I am thinking about upgrading my 286 sys and it only has a 180 or 200 
W PS.

Any ideas/recomendations?

Thanks
Steve.
-- 
sstrong@kean.ucs.mun.ca
Electrical Engineering, Memorial University of Newfoundland
From: andyross@infopls.chi.il.us (Andrew Rossmann)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: IDE and RLL/MFM drives
Date: Thu, 03 Sep 92 19:26:55 CDT
Organization: INFOPLUS support, Wheeling, IL

  This is probably a FAQ, but are there ANY cards that can co-exist with an
IDE drives for an MFM/RLL drive?

  I run a BBS, which currently has a 200M Seagate IDE. As a temporary
measure, I'd like to add in a Seagate ST251 from my old system, a Tandy
1000SX. The controller card it has is a WD1002A-WX1. I thought I heard
someone say that XT cards used a different IO address (I know the IRQ's are
different), so I tried it. It just locked up the computer.

  The drive will be for my FILES section, so the slow access and throughput
times are not a factor.

  Does anyone have the jumper settings for the WD1002A?? (or Western
Digital's BBS number, in case I can't find it amongst my 'records?' [Some
people would call it a stack of paper, I call it my records!!]) :-)

--
Andrew Rossmann            | Sysop of Infoplus BBS, +1 708 537 0247
andyross@infopls.chi.il.us | Infoplus Support, latest version available
 uunet!infopls!andyross    | by logging in as infoplus. [v32bis/v42bis]
                      NO new taxes...NO new gambling
From: reznick@acf3.NYU.EDU (Daniel Reznick)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: Re: Ultrasound Shipped 8/31!
Date: 4 Sep 92 19:22:00 GMT
Organization: New York University

I have called Gravis since 8/31 (yesterday, 9/3), and they said that it
HASN'T shipped (I've already ordered one through Electronic Arts - $99!)
and that it should ship RSN (Real Soon Now), just working out the
software bugs.

Daniel R
reznick@acf3.nyu.edu
From: 5916rahmank@vms.csd.mu.edu
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: Re: OCR Scanners/Software
Date: 29 Aug 92 15:25:26 GMT
Article-I.D.: vms.0095FCFD.0A5A4020
Reply-To: 5916rahmank@vms.csd.mu.edu
Organization: Marquette University - Computer Services

In article <92234.194124TEB106@psuvm.psu.edu>, TEB106@psuvm.psu.edu (Tom billet) writes:
|>Hi,
|>
|>Has anyone experimented with any Optical Character Recognition Scannners?  I
|>would like to scan in a multi-page document and then be able to do text
|>searches, spell checks etc.  in my word processor (or using the software
|>that comes with the scanner).  If anyone has had any experiences (good or
|>bad) with OCR scanners please send me a note.  Thanks in advance...
|>
|>TEB106 at PSUVM.Edu
|>Tom Billet

	I have used HP ScanJet flatbed scanner with Wordscan software
	from Calera. It's pretty good scanner. With this combination
	one should be able to do the above mentioned things easily.
	However, I wish the scanning speed was little faster.

	-Anis, Marquette University.
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
From: ujlh@pool.info.sunyit.edu (James Henrickson)
Subject: Re: Help in CMOS SETUP
Organization: State University of New York -- Institute of Technology
Date: Wed, 2 Sep 1992 18:51:15 GMT

In article <massoud.76.715291525@chemteca.sdsu.edu> massoud@chemteca.sdsu.edu (Massoud Ajami) writes:
>In article <la4kurINN3t2@aludra.usc.edu> hho@usc.edu (*** N.T.K.C.D. ***) writes:
>>
>>I just bought a 386-40mhz (AMD) motherboard which has an AMI
>>bios in it. I am upgrading my system from a 286..
>>
>>My problem, is after I put everything together..
>>Upon boot up,
>>I get
>>
>>"No ROM BASIC" :-((
>>
>>What did I do wrong??
>>I have 1 3.5 floppy drive and an Adaptec 1542B controller
>>with 1 SCSI Seagate hardisk.. 
>>Everything is great until that..
>>
>>I called my dealer and they said I must alter the Advanced chipsetup
>>and the advance CMOS setup ..
>>& I have to send in the whole system, they charge $50 + s/h :-((
>>
>>Could someone on the net show me what to set? :-)
>>
>Do they still follow that IBM things? Well, compatible is compatible! You 
>did not mention that if you could boot from flopy. Your hard disk is not 
>recognized by BIOS which means no boot from flopy, no boot from hard, then 
>go to BASIC ROM. You just need to update CMOS, advanced CMOS set up is for 
>better performance. Your computer should boot from flopy and hard, if set up 
>is correct.

Isn't the correct CMOS setup for a SCSI hard drive "No drive installed"?
Doesn't the SCSI controller do the job of identifying the hard drive?


-- 
Jim H.
*
* James L. Henrickson
* ujlh@sunyit.edu        "Some day I might have a real .signature!"
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
From: kgermann@zeos.com (Ken Germann)
Subject: Re: Occidental is Zeos
Organization: Zeos International, Ltd
Date: Fri, 28 Aug 1992 12:41:06 GMT

In article <92239.182723CXF111@psuvm.psu.edu> Charles Fee <CXF111@psuvm.psu.edu> writes:
>In article <24131@oasys.dt.navy.mil>, scfisher@oasys.dt.navy.mil (Steven Fisher)
>says:
>>
>>I saw in the Wall Street Journal that Zeos has set up a subsiduary,
>>called Occidental, to sell PCs for less than Zeos. This was done
>>to gain market share without the confusion that Dell and Compaq have
>>with their lower priced line.  The article indicated that Occidental's
>>prices were (if I remember correctly) about 27% lower than Zeos.
>
>Correct. Others wanting the full story may want to read the full article posted
>to biz.comp.zeos (they are on usenet now!) assuming your site gets the biz
>hierarchy.
>
>Occidental will have/does have its own staff, etc..
>---
The usenet group is biz.zeos.general. A request 'get listserv occidental' and
'get listserv occidental.phone' to listserv@zeos.com will allow you to
get the article on the creation of Oxy (Occidental) as a wholly owned 
subsidiary of ZEOS. 

Example from Unix :

mail listserv@zeos.com

subject : <Ignored>
get listserv occidental
get listserv occidental.phone


-- 
       	     
Ken Germann		ZEOS International, Ltd.  
Technical Support				support@zeos.com.
Operating Systems Group.			os@zeos.com	
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
From: jtyrkko@vipunen.hut.fi (Juha-Petri Tyrkk|)
Subject: Re: Makeshift PC sound card docs
Reply-To: jtyrkko@vipunen.hut.fi (Juha-Petri Tyrkk|)
Organization: Helsinki University of Technology
Date: Tue, 1 Sep 1992 07:17:53 GMT

In article <BtvrJC.1Ln@news.cso.uiuc.edu> Ching Tai writes:

>Instead of actually using all those ressitors, look into DAC (digital analog
>converters).  It'll reduce your work load in building that parallel port DAC.

  Is it possible to maintain an accurate data output rate through
parallel port or even into a memory mapped output port? Can all the
interrupts be succesfully turned off? How about DRAM refresh?

                                                Juha-Petri Tyrkko

                                                jtyrkko@vipunen.hut.fi

Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
From: bryan@bass.lkw.com (Bryan Young)
Subject: ps/1
Organization: Lakewood Corporation
Date: Wed, 02 Sep 1992 15:34:57 GMT

I have an Ibm ps/1 ( about 3-4 years old ) without a manual. When I try to
boot it up, the system beeps twice and flashes the number 301 at me with an
arrow key pointing to the manual. Has anyone seen this error before and solved
it? Does anyone have a manual?

Help me, Help me!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!


Thanks
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: Ever hear of a Number 9 Video Card???
From: jmeyers@ecst.csuchico.edu (Jeff Meyers)
Date: Thu, 03 Sep 1992 08:26:45 GMT
Organization: California State University, Chico

The business I do consulting for is planning the purchase including the
above mentioned Number 9 video card.  They will be paying about $1200 !

What is so special about this card?  Is that a resonable price?


-- 
============================================================================
| Jeff Meyers      |  jmeyers@ecst.csuchico.edu      | 3943'N  12148'W   |
| Chico, Ca 95926  |  KD6DIS@KE6LW.#NOCAL.CA.USA.NA  | Grid: CN80-CM99 ??  |
============================================================================
From: shim@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu (Sam Shim)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: WANTED:  info on Digiboards
Date: 28 Aug 92 17:44:39 GMT
Article-I.D.: magnus.1992Aug28.174439.24797
Organization: The Ohio State University


   I'm looking for info on the Digiboard multi-port serial board such as
the name, address and telephone number of the manufacturer, and the names
and phone numbers of any dealer who sell it.  Thanks!

-Sam-
Xref: sparky comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware:23287 comp.os.msdos.programmer:9002
From: adair@hal.gnu.ai.mit.edu (Jonathan Edward Adair)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware,comp.os.msdos.programmer
Subject: Why only 6 bits of R,G, or B on a VGA?
Date: 2 Sep 92 23:34:55 GMT
Organization: MIT Laboratory for Computer Science

Does anyone understand why there are only 6 bits of each color
available for the VGA pallette?  I'm no hardware guru, but just
from what I do know it seems that storing 8 bits of each color
instead of six would probably be a very cheap mod.  I also imagine
that there isn't that much of a difference between an 8-bit DAC
and a 6-bit DAC.

So why not go to 8 bits of each?  

(The same IBM reasoning that gave us the 640k barrier?  ...the 
320x200x256 mode?  ...and on and on...)

Or is there some hardware consideration I'm missing?

--
Jonathan E. Adair  -  Programmer at Large                          /\
adair@gnu.ai.mit.edu             <-  Best choice                  /<>\
adair@cfrrisc1.cfr.usf.edu       <-  Works for now               /    \
jonathan579@tampa.relay.ucm.org  <-  Works for now              /______\
adair@psycho.fidonet.org         <-  Shakey...               We're Watching
-- 
--
Jonathan E. Adair  -  Programmer at Large                          /\
adair@gnu.ai.mit.edu             <-  Best choice                  /<>\
adair@cfrrisc1.cfr.usf.edu       <-  Works for now               /    \
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
From: tgreen@iastate.edu (Todd Greenfield)
Subject: Re: IRQ2=trouble ?
Organization: Iowa State University, Ames IA
Date: Tue, 1 Sep 1992 01:32:36 GMT

In <1992Aug31.221919.26799@usenet.ins.cwru.edu> ap149@cleveland.Freenet.Edu (Jim Lawson, Jr.) writes:


>I recently installed a Sony cd-rom and am using IRQ2 for the interface
>card. When I checked (before cd-rom install) the IRQ status on my 386
>is shows IRQ2 as a "cascade".

>So far, it's been working perfectly. What is "cascade" and am I going to
>be getting in trouble later ?

this should be in a faq - wasn't someone working on one?
The cascade interrupt is used to connect a second interrupt
controller to expand the number of irq's available from 8 on 
XT to 16 on the AT.  That doesn't mean irq2 is used, though.
When you set a card to use irq2, its actually using irq9, on the
second interrupt controller.  Bios directs interrupts from irq9
to the old irq2 interrupt routine, so DOS programs see the interrupt
as irq2.  Windows doesn't redirect it, so irq9 would be the correct
setting in the control panel.

so setting your card to use irq2 is fine.
Hope that clears it up a bit - if I got anything wrong,
I'm sure someone will correct me.
From: JULIUS@BTVLABVM.VNET.IBM.COM ("Julius C. Chang")
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: Re: 486 external cache
Date: 27 Aug 92 02:29:59 GMT

I was under the impression that Zeos uses the Intel Turbocache486
chip to implement the 128 KB of secondary cache.  This chip integates
the cache controller, tag RAM, and cache RAM on a single 113 lead
PCB module.

If this is correct, then this secondary cache is of quite high performance.
It uses a look-aside read architecture (no memory look-up penalty), 2-way
set associative organization (unlike the more common direct-mapped secondary
caches which are subject to "thrashing"), and a 16-byte line size (ideal
for 486 burst mode fills).

Julius
------------------------------- Referenced Note ---------------------------
Subject: Re: 486 external cache
From: larsen@unislc.uucp (Steve Larsen)
Date: Wed, 26 Aug 1992 21:32:21 GMT

Michael R. Gile (gilem@aix.rpi.edu) wrote:
: I am still looking to buy a 486, and I am checking out
: whether I want to get a VESA machine, or  just a
: standard ISA.  My problem with zeos is that even though
: their prices are pretty high, their 486's aren't
: packaged with any external cache. ($200 for 128k)
: Does anyone know what effect this will have on performance,
: and if this is a good price for SRAM?
:
: mike g (gilem@rpi.edu)

  External RAM cache will certainly help your performance a noticable
amount, however, the 8K of cache in the 486 chip produces an incredible
speed increase because of a very efficient cache association algorithm,
so don't expect a massive increase.  I would say that $200 for 128K is
high.  Maybe you could look at buying the SRAM seperately?

Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
From: smintz@sedona.intel.com (Stephen Mintz exp 11/92~)
Subject: Re: Any use for 4-floppy controllers?
Originator: smintz@alamo
Organization: Intel Corporation
Date: Wed, 26 Aug 1992 21:54:53 GMT


You don't adaptec makes a 4 drive controller card, and you tell Cmos that you
have no drive, then load a drv file (It is simular to using a SCSI device)...you
then will have the four floppy drive you wanted...
Stephen
Organization: Carnegie Mellon, Pittsburgh, PA
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Date: Wed,  2 Sep 1992 18:46:09 -0400 
From: David Eugene Dwiggins <dd2x@andrew.cmu.edu>
Subject: Re: Most Crisp Monitor?
 <1992Sep2.194211.19633@adobe.com>
 <1992Sep2.204507.18907@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu>

And their 17" tubes have two of those lines.

David
From: youngqd@atlantis.CS.ORST.EDU (Dean Youngquist)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: Re: Composite output via PC
Date: 4 Sep 92 17:39:55 GMT
Article-I.D.: leela.1992Sep4.173955.14005
Organization: Computer Science Outreach Services - Oregon State University

In article <1992Sep2.202855.24071@Rapnet.Sanders.Lockheed.Com> msnider@Rapnet.Sanders.Lockheed.Com (Marc A. Snider x0193) writes:
>
>
>Sorry if this is a FAQ, but, I can't find extensive info anywhere...
>
>Please tell me of any VGA and/or SVGA display boards which also output
>NTSC composite video.  Preferably I would like to locate a 24 bit board
>capable of doing this, but info on all is appreciated.  Any composite
>out capability (regardless of board bandwidth) is of interest, even if   
>encompassed via a multifunction board.
>
>
>Thanks in advance for the info,
>M. Snider
>msnider@rapnet.sanders.lockheed.com

I have noticed quite a few folks looking for VGA to NTSC and I suppose what
they really intend to do is may be SOFTWARE --> VGA  --> NTSC --> VCR or TV.

So why not go SOFTWARE --> CGA --> already has NTSC and always had --> VCR.

The original IBM CGA card had NTSC video out and it worked darn well!
Cost about free to $10 here on the net and as far as I know most software
supports the CGA card, WINDOWS, AUTOCAD, STATGRAPHICS. etc.

Dean
From: spira@panix.com (Greg Spira)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: Re: Gateway CS1024NI = (!=) Mag Monitor
Date: 3 Sep 92 02:03:37 GMT
Organization: PANIX Public Access Unix & Internet, NYC

In article <1992Sep02.230434.15684@gibdo.engr.washington.edu> bobk@gibdo.engr.washington.edu (Bob) writes:
>ujlh@pool.info.sunyit.edu (James Henrickson) writes:
>| Nope, not always.  I have received mail from several people in the past
>| whose Crystal Scans were made by another company.
>
>ken@sugra.uucp (Kenneth Ng) writes:
>| I've sent mine in for repair, its Tatung.
>
>  I believe you.  The disturbing thing is that I talked to a Gateway sales
>  rep yesterday and she told me *all* the CrystalScan 1572fs monitors were
>  made by Mag.  

Well, they all are - now.    

Greg 

-- 
  spira@panix.com       "The one-O delivery to Fisk.  He swings.  Long drive,  
 cmcl2!panix!spira      left field!  If it stays fair, it's gone!  Home Run!"  
158-17 Riverside Dr.                     Ned Martin, 10/22/75   
Whitestone NY 11357          (Insert your favorite baseball moment here)
From: singer@uwovax.uwo.ca
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: Re: Most Crisp Monitor (some results)
Date: 3 Sep 92 00:39:34 GMT
Organization: University of Western Ont, London

I asked readers to indicate the most crisp (crispest is difficult for people
who lisp) color monitor they had seen. To date, the following have been
nominated: Viewsonic 7, Sony 17, NEC (all), Mag, and IBM-PS2. I have personally
viewed a Radius Tilt Monitor (expensive) and found it rather good, and a dark
horse, the Everdata (NOT Everex) Model 1812AD SVGA Interlaced and found it at
the very top (and inexpensive, about $350 Canadian).--
Organization: Penn State University
Date: Tue, 1 Sep 1992 13:08:28 EDT
From: <FWR100@psuvm.psu.edu>
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: Re: HD trouble. SOS!

In article <92245.022121JJS160@psuvm.psu.edu>, <JJS160@psuvm.psu.edu> says:
>
>    Hi.  I am running a 386SX-25 with the Headland chipset.  I have a
>general purpose I/O controller with 2 serial, 1 parallel, floppy and
>IDE hard drive control.  The other day, the hard drive crashed BADLY.
>I reformatted it from the American Megarends CMOS and then used FDisk
>to get a C: D: and an E: drive.  Everything went fine until a reboot,
>at which point the C: drive comes up with
>"Invalid media error reading drive C:"
>  The other two partitions are not affected, but I must boot from floppy
>to access them.  I think this drive wants a low level format, but I
>don't know if that can be done with an IDE drive.

The format you did using the CMOS (Actually the BIOS) _is_ a low-level format.
Unfortunately, low-level formatting an IDE drive is a Really Bad Idea.  From
the "Hard Drives International Reference Manual" (without permission):

     Never low-level format IDE Drives!  These drives are low-level
     formatted at the factory, and will be seriously damaged if a low-
     level format is performed during installation.

The only thing I could suggest is to call the manufacturer and see if you can
send the drive back to them so they can re-format it for a reasonable amount of
money.  I don't think there's anything you can do to fix it yourself.

-Frank