From: droberts@alfred.carleton.ca (David Roberts)
Subject: MDA and MDMA neurotoxicity
Summary: References for MDA and MDMA neurotoxicity
Keywords: MDA, MDMA, NEUROTOXICITY, DRUGS
Organization: Carleton University
Date: Thu, 28 Jan 1993 18:07:48 GMT

Those who are think that MDA and MDMA are not neurotoxic may find the
following references helpful:

Axt KJ, Mullen CA, Molliver ME (1992) Cytopathologic features indicative
of 5-hydroxytryptamine axon degeneration are observed in rat brain after
administration of d- and l-methylenedioxyamphetamine. Ann. NY Acad.
Sci. 648: 244-247

Battaglia G, Yeh SY, O'Hearn E, Molliver ME, Kuhar MJ, DeSouza EB (1987)
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and 3,4-methyleneamphetamine destroy
terminals in rat brain: quantification of neurodegeneration by measurement
of [3H]-paroxetine labelled seroto nin uptake sites. J. Pharm. exp.
Ther. 242: 911-916

Battaglia G, Sharkey J, Kuhar MJ, De Souza EB (1991) Neuroanatomic
specificity and time course of alterations in rat brain serotonergic
pathways induced by MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine):  Assessment
using quantitative autoradiography. Synapse 8 : 249-260

Johnson M, Stone DM, Bush LG, Hanson GR, Gibb JW (1989) Glucocorticoids
and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA)-induced neurotoxicity. Eur. J.
Pharmacol. 161: 181-188

Johnson MP, Huang X, Nichols DE (1991) Serotonin neurotoxicity in rats
after combined treatment with a dopaminergic agent followed by a
nonneurotoxic 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) analogue.
Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 40: 915-922

Johnson MP, Nichols DE (1991) Combined administration of a non-neurotoxic
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine analogue with amphetamine produces
serotonin neurotoxicity in rats. Neuropharmacology 30: 819-822

Markert LE, Roberts DCS (1991) 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)
self-administration and neurotoxicity. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 39:
569-574

McBean DE, Sharkey J, Ritchie IM, Kelly PAT (1990) Chronic effects of the
selective serotoninergic neurotoxin, methylenedioxyamphetamine, upon
cerebral function. Neuroscience 38: 271-275

Nash JF, Yamamoto BK (1992) Methamphetamine neurotoxicity and striatal
glutamate release:  Comparison to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Brain
Res. 581: 237-243

O'Hearn E, Battaglia G, DeSouza EB, Kuhar MJ, Molliver ME (1988)
Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
cause selective ablation of serotonergic axon terminals in forebrain:
Immunocytochemical evidence for neurotoxicity.  J. Neurosci. 8: 2788-2803

Ricaurte GA, Bryan G, Strauss L, Seiden LS, Schuster CR (1985)
Hallucenogenic amphetamine selectively destroys brain nerve terminals.
Science 229: 986-988

Ricaurte GA, Martello AL, Katz JL, Martello MB (1992) Lasting effects of
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on central serotonergic neurons
in nonhuman primates:  Neurochemical observations. J. Pharmacol. Exp.
Ther. 261: 616-622

Schechter MD (1991) Effect of MDMA neurotoxicity upon its conditioned
place preference and discrimination. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 38:
539-544

Schmidt CJ (1987) Neurotoxicity of the psychedelic amphetamine
methylenedioxymethamphetamine. J. Pharm. exp. Ther. 240: 1-7

Schmidt CJ, Abbate GM, Black CK, Taylor VL (1990a) Selective
5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptor antagonists protect against the
neurotoxicity of methylenedioxymethamphetamine in rats. J. Pharm. exp.
Ther. 255: 478-483

Schmidt CJ, Black CK, Abbate GM, Taylor VL (1990)
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced hyperthermia and neurotoxicity are
independently mediated by 5-HT2 receptors. Brain Res. 529: 85-90

Schmidt CJ, Black CK, Abbate GM, Taylor VL (1990) Chloral hydrate
anesthesia antagonizes the neurotoxicity of
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 191: 213-216

Schmidt CJ, Black CK, Taylor VL (1990) Antagonism of the neurotoxicity
due to a single administration of methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Eur. J.
Pharmacol. 181: 59-70

Schmidt CJ, Taylor VL, Abbate GM, Nieduzak TR (1991) 5-HT2 antagonists
stereoselectively prevent the neurotoxicity of
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine by blocking the acute stimulation of
dopamine synthesis:  Reversal by L-dopa. J. Pharm. exp. Ther. 25 6:
230-235

Wilson MA, Ricaurte GA, Molliver ME (1989) Distinct morphologic classes of
serotonergic axons in primates exhibit differential vulnerability to the
psychotropic drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Neuroscience 28:
121-138


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