HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
From: conway@nmr-z.mgh.harvard.edu (Kevin Conway)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.portuguese
Subject: Newsletter ?
Date: 7 Jan 93 15:57:24 GMT
Organization: Mass General Hospital



Is there a Portuguese Newsletter posted anywhere on the Internet ?
Please e-mail me privately with any information.

kac --- * --- conway@cipr-server.mgh.harvard.edu
Newsgroups: soc.culture.portuguese
From: rgc@eagle.inesc.pt (Rui Gustavo Crespo)
Subject: Resultados do inquerito
Organization: INESC
Date: Mon, 11 Jan 1993 10:21:17 GMT

Como nao tenho recebido mais respostas ao meu pedido de inquerito esta' na altura
de divulgar os resultados.

Numero de respostas: 42

A: Esta' interessado em receber noticias de Portugal?
     SIM:42 NAO:

B: Tens lido regularmente as noticias que envio para a scp?
     SIM:41 NAO:1

C: Se sim, qual a frequencia desejavel (Semanal, Pontual, Indiferente).
     Sem:30 Pon:9  Indif:8

D: Qual o tipo de noticias de maior interesse?
     Pol:36 Desp:19 Econ:35 Fait-divers:13 Cie/edu:35 Outros:18

E: Estas interessado em debates nas areas de interesse que indicaste em D?
     SIM:26 NAO:12

F: Qual a dimensao desejavel das mensagens?
     Ate' 11 lin:8 Ate' 60 lin:18 Longa:1 Indiferente:14

G: Qual deve ser a descricao de cada assunto?
     Prof:10 Breve:28 Comentada:21

=====================================

Os meus comentarios a registar sao os seguintes:

*) A adesao `a pt-net quase que atinge as duas centenas. Descontando os aderentes
que vivem ca' no burgo (quase metade) e que naturalmente nao responderam ao
inquerito, o numero de respostas e' razoavel.

*) Toda a gente esta' interessada em receber noticias de forma periodica.
NB! Pudera, se e' de borla e ha' "escravos" a fazer o trabalho...

*) Os tipos de noticia com maior interesse sao Politica, Economia e Ciencia/
Educacao. Para "azar" de alguns filosofos da bola, o interesse pelo desporto
anda um bocado em baixo...
O mais curioso e' que o numero de noticias em torno da Ciencia/Educacao e' tao
reduzido como a parte que vai cabe a mim dos fundos comunitarios...

*) Cerca de 2/3 mostraram-se interessados em debates. A avaliar a adesao que os
debates teem tido na scp, parece-me que a passagem do interesse para a pratica
tem revelado muitas dificuldades...

*) A maioria dos leitores esta' interessada em noticias nao muito extensas.

*) Os comentarios enviados pelos leitores que responderam ao inquerito foram
muito elogiosos! Obrigado pelas mensagens de simpatia (NB! e fico a rezar para
que o juri da miha tese siga o exemplo....).

Concluindo, o formato de noticias que tenho enviado para a scp e' do agrado
geral. Esta conclusao deve ser expressa com um certo cuidado porque, nao havendo
praticamente mais ninguem a mandar noticias, os leitores da scp podem acabar por
ficar condicionados ao meu padrao.

All the best...

---Crespo
==============================================================================
|| .-. .-  .- || Rui Gustavo Crespo                                         ||
|| |_| |_  |  || INESC, Software Engineering Group                          ||
|| | \ |_| |_ || R. Alves Redol 9, Apart 10105, 1017 Lisboa Codex, Portugal ||
|| ~~~~~~~~~~ || Phone: +351 1 3100 204      E-mail: rgc@eniac.inesc.pt     ||
==============================================================================
Newsgroups: soc.culture.portuguese
From: fmhv@minerva.inesc.pt (Fernando Manuel Vasconcelos)
Subject: Re: Expresso 92/12/31
Organization: INESC - Inst. Eng. Sistemas e Computadores, LISBOA. PORTUGAL.
Date: Tue, 5 Jan 1993 08:33:12 GMT

In article <1993Jan4.190724.19347@news2.cis.umn.edu> fernande@n1.math.umn.edu (Rui Fernandes) writes:

>Tenho a certeza que a maior parte dos condutores em Portugal concorda com
>isto ! Eu nao. Este "e-mail" e' a melhor explicacao para a taxa de acidentes 
>em Portugal...

Porque^ ? So' porque tenho a ousadia de afirmar que os limites de velocidade
sao uma aberracao e que contribuem muito pouco para a seguranca nas estradas ?

O que eu acho e' cada condutor deve estar consciente dos seus limites e nao
acreditar em limites arbitrarios . E' so' isto. Ainda estou a espera que alguem
consiga travar a 120 na mesma distancia com um Porsche e um Panda. 
-- 
Fernando Manuel Hourtiguet de Vasconcelos ( INESC ) 
Email:  fmhv@inesc.inesc.pt  Phone: +351 (1) 3100216 Fax: +351(1)525843 
Adress: Rua Alves Redol No 9, sala 208 Apartado 10105 
	1017 Lisboa CODEX - Portugal
From: pires@adcalc.fnal.gov
Newsgroups: soc.culture.portuguese
Subject: Re: Portuguese-English dictionary recommendations wanted.
Date: 7 Jan 93 18:55:30 -0600
Organization: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
NNTP-Posting-Host: adcalc.fnal.gov

In article <1992Dec30.173649.13411@infodev.cam.ac.uk>, saparici@crc.ac.uk (Dr. S.A.J.R. Aparicio) writes:
> 
> I have a good 2 volume dictionary in hardback, one is Portuguese-English
> the other volume is English-Portuguese. The volumes can be bought separately
> 
> The dictionary is kown as the Michaelis Portuguese-English Dictionary. I can
> get an ISSN if that isn't specific enough.
> 

Actually, this is the one I have, but I'm affraid it's a Brazilian dictionary,
(published by Melhoramentos, Sao Paulo), so not fullfiling the requirementes
of the original poster.  For example, you will not find there words as "acto,"
"optimo," etc.

Rui
Newsgroups: soc.culture.portuguese
From: rgc@eagle.inesc.pt (Rui Gustavo Crespo)
Subject: Inquerito `as noticias ca' do burgo.
Organization: INESC
Date: Mon, 4 Jan 1993 10:03:15 GMT

Ja' recebi 22 respostas ao meu pedido de inquerito `as noticias ca' do burgo.
Como a Luk-net tinha para cima de 100 adesoes devo concluir que a maior parte dos
leitores da scp partiu de ferias e perdeu o meu pedido.

As perguntas devem ser respondidas em linhas separadas bastando a letra
maiuscula. As perguntas podem ter mais do que uma resposta como, por exemplo,

G: B,C

==========================================

A: Esta' interessado em receber noticias de Portugal? (Sim/Nao).

B: Tens lido regularmente as noticias que envio para a scp? (Sim/Nao).

C: Se sim, qual a frequencia desejavel (Semanal, Pontual, Indiferente).

D: Qual o tipo de noticias de maior interesse? (Politica, Desporto, Economia,
    "Fait-divers", "Ciencia/educacao", "Outros").

E: Estas interessado em debates nas areas de interesse que indicaste em D?
   (Sim/Nao).

F: Qual a dimensao desejavel das mensagens? (Curta/ate' 10 linhas, Media/ate'
    60 linhas, Longa, Indiferente).

G: Qual deve ser a descricao de cada assunto? (Profunda, Breve, Comentado).

H: envia aqui o teu comentario.

==========================================

All the best...

---Crespo
==============================================================================
|| .-. .-  .- || Rui Gustavo Crespo                                         ||
|| |_| |_  |  || INESC, Software Engineering Group                          ||
|| | \ |_| |_ || R. Alves Redol 9, Apart 10105, 1017 Lisboa Codex, Portugal ||
|| ~~~~~~~~~~ || Phone: +351 1 3100 204      E-mail: rgc@eniac.inesc.pt     ||
==============================================================================
Newsgroups: soc.culture.portuguese
From: psaraiva@athena.mit.edu (Pedro Saraiva)
Subject: Americanizacao em Portugal
Organization: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Date: Tue, 12 Jan 1993 16:40:40 GMT


	Pelas noticias enviadas pelo Rui Crespo, parece que em Portugal vamos
passar a ter um sistema de saude (ou falta dela) semelhante ao dos EUA. Trata-se
de mais um passo importante rumo a uma americanizacao da sociedade portuguesa. 
Junte-se a isto todas as privatizacoes, o desnivel social cada vez maior que se
regista entre aqueles que ganham muito e os que pouco ou nada tem, o capitalismo
selvagem como modo de desenvolvimento, e o transplante sera' quase perfeito. 
Estabelecido por um partido que se diz social-democrata!! Ainda se a aposta feita
fosse nos aspectos mais interessantes/promissores da sociedade americana, mas
nao. E' reconhecido hoje por toda a gente que o sistema de saude dos EUA e' nao
so' dos mais caros como dos menos eficientes quando comparado com outros paises
desenvolvidos e com um sistema de saude publica, acessivel a todos os cidadaos.
Esta tb. provado que a grande fatia das despesas relacionadas com saude num
sistema privado do tipo americano vai para as empresas de seguros e advogados, em
vez de se destinar ao tratamento de doentes. Esta' ainda provado que neste
sistema as classes mais desfavorecidas apenas tem acesso a servicos de saude de
segunda/terceira categoria. A um nivel mais vasto, o proprio modelo global de
desenvolvimento economico baseado no mercado monetario e quase nula intervencao
do estado tem falhado a olhos vistos. O defice vai-se acumulando a ritmo
preocupante, os japoneses continuam a comprar empresas, edificios e terrenos,
etc., etc.

	Enquanto nos EUA toda a gente tenta aprender com o seu proprio fracasso
relativo, olhando para modelos alternativos como a Alemanha/Japao/Canada, em
Portugal parece estar a apostar-se no passado e em sistemas que ou nunca
funcionaram muito bem ou deixaram de funcionar como tal nesta ultima decada.




		Pedro (um exilado temporario nos EUA que paga 300 contos/ano
			de seguro de saude; e isto por ser jovem e saudavel)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.portuguese
From: fmhv@minerva.inesc.pt (Fernando Manuel Vasconcelos)
Subject: Re: limites de velocidade
Organization: INESC - Inst. Eng. Sistemas e Computadores, LISBOA. PORTUGAL.
Date: Tue, 12 Jan 1993 07:58:28 GMT

In article <JPA.93Jan11210614@babalu.inesc.pt> jpa@babalu.inesc.pt (Jose'Pedro Abreu) writes:

>Segundo o codigo de estrada um veiculo circula em excesso de
>velocidade sempre que nao consiga parar numa situcao de emergencia,
>dai' a maxima "quem bate por traz tem sempre a culpa".

Com essa definicao de excesso de velocidade nao me parece que em muitas das
ruas de Lisboa pudesses andar a mais de 10/20 km por hora.  

>Com esta definicao de excesso de velocidade e' dificil encontrar uma
>situacao em que a causa do acidente nao possa ser o tal excesso de
>velocidade. Se o sujeito que vai a' frente se lembra de travar a fundo
>para falar ao compadre que vai a passar na rua e tu das-lhe uma
>cacetada, qual sera' o motivo ? e de quem sera' a culpa ? 

Exactamente por esta razao e' que as estatistica da PSP e quejandos sao
pouco fia'veis. Por exemplo numa ultrapassagem numa lomba o veiculo ate' pode
ir a exceder o limite de velocidade mas a causa do acidente NAO E O EXCESSO DE
VELOCIDADE, a causa e' a ultrapassagem perigosa. 

Outro exemplo. Uma curva mal sinalizada. O carro despista-se . E' evidente que
ia demasiado depressa . Mas qual e' a verdadeira causa do acidente ? A ma'
sinalizacao. A este a argumento a policia contrapoe que um condutor deve ter 
em conta tudo ( incluindo a ma' sinalizacao ). Eu digo que isso e' uma 
excelente maneira de fugir com o rabo a' seringa.  A policia la' acrescenta
mais um "excesso de velocidade" que tem as costas muito largas ...


-- 
Fernando Manuel Hourtiguet de Vasconcelos ( INESC ) 
Email:  fmhv@inesc.inesc.pt  Phone: +351 (1) 3100216 Fax: +351(1)525843 
Adress: Rua Alves Redol No 9, sala 208 Apartado 10105 
	1017 Lisboa CODEX - Portugal 
Newsgroups: soc.culture.japan
From: fester@island.COM (Mike Fester)
Subject: Re: American MITI needed??
Organization: /usr/local/rn/organization
Date: Mon, 4 Jan 1993 17:36:44 GMT

In article <1765@emoryu1.cc.emory.edu> labrg@emory.edu (Ryan Montieth Gill) writes:
>
>Anyone think that a Bureau of Industry and Technology is
>needed?  If our system doesn't work then why not do whatthe
>Japanese Government is doing?  Thus if we were to unify our
>corporations and govenrment we could begin to be just as
>competative as the Japanese. We need to take notice of
>american companies like Apple and others.  Apple has the
>largest market share in Japan out of all the American
>Companies selling there...

I am always a bit puzzled and alarmed by this sort of question (I realize 
you are just trying to stir up a discussion). I really don't see how "our
system doesn't work", for example, and I really fail to see the value in 
unifying our companies. We do very well by having businesses compete with each
other, and I really fail to see how government protection for some "strategic"
businesses is going to improve our products or competitiveness. I think intel-
ligent companies are able to meet the challenges, sometimes with a little, 
SPECIFIC government intervention. Cases in point:

Harley-Davidson asked for, and got, a five year protection in the form of 
tariffs, from foreign competition. They spent the five years re-tooling, 
redesigning, improving, etc. They were so successful that they asked the 
government to remove the tariffs a year EARLY (this request was granted). They
then dropped their Japanese distributors, and are marketting directly in Japan.
They have been so successful selling in Japan that the Japanese government had
to lift its restrictions on large-displacement DOMESTIC bikes to allow the
Japanese manufacturers to compete. Also, Harley introduced its line of Harley
clothes specifically for the Japanese market. It's been so successful that
they are being introduced here. 

Contrast this with the "Big Three". They received tariff protection as well. 
However, they used the opportunity to RAISE their own prices, and got an
immediate "fast-buck" profit. Now, they are all losing money. And you can't 
say the big 3 have no good managers either: GM-Europe is one of the largest
car makers in Europe, and has always been profitable. This competitive expertise
has been almost completely ignored (until VERY recently) by GM-US. I see no
further need to protect a company that is being willfully incompetent (particu-
larly when the CEOs voted themselves cushy bonuses/benefits after laying off
thousands of workers.)

Just my Y2.5 worth.

Mike
-- 
Disclaimer - These opinions are not so much opinions, as pearls of wisdom. Any-
one disagreeing is obviously either a) a snivelling, whining, mentally-
deficient, weak-willed, inconsequential, namby-pamby tool of some vague but
conveniently defined conspiracy, or b) my wife.
Newsgroups: soc.culture.japan
From: jturley@netcom.com (Jim Turley)
Subject: Re: Miho Nakayama
Organization: Netcom - Online Communication Services  (408 241-9760 guest) 
Date: Tue, 12 Jan 1993 08:30:18 GMT

Lets find a naked GIF!
From: hash@ikarac4.ctrl.saitama-u.ac.jp (Toshihiko Hashimoto)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.japan
Subject: Re: resistance to plutonium shipments?
Date: 6 Jan 93 09:36:03 GMT
Organization: Araki Lab., Electronic Engineering, Saitama Univ., Japan

In article <1993Jan5.104151.4637@uvm.edu> coan@griffin.emba.uvm.edu.uvm.edu (Brian M Coan) writes:
>I was wondering, what is public opinion in Japan regarding Japan's
>recent over-seas shipment of highly-dangerous, weapons-grade
>plutonium?

The news about the shipment of plutonium has been
reported in many news shows, however, many people
seem to have no interest in it, and have not
thought about it as much as public opinion could
be made up.

The Department of Science stated that the shipment
was completely safe, and there are far less people 
who doubt it than people who have no interest in it.

Toshi
-- 
  ____          _    _  |  HASHIMOTO Toshihiko 
   /  __   __   /       |  <<Dept. of E&E Engineering, Saitama University>>
  /  /  / /__  /__  /   |  e-mail: hash@ctrl.saitama-u.ac.jp (JUNET )
 /  /__/ ___/ /  / /    |          TGH70044                  (PC-VAN)
From: hiraga@Csli.Stanford.EDU (Yuzuru Hiraga)
Subject: Re: flash news
Organization: Stanford University CSLI
Date: Mon, 11 Jan 1993 10:42:38 GMT

In article <1993Jan11.071859.12687@westford.ccur.com> hank@westford.ccur.com (Hank Cohen) writes:
>I too thought that
>it sounded lik Owada san  was coerced.  Something like maybe; "If you don't
>marry him you will be sent back to Nagatacho to serve O-cha."  But on
>further reflection I figure nothing so overt was required.  Something
>more like; "Let's be serious for a while.  The chances of you ever
>becoming even a Charge d'Affairs much less an Ambassador for Japan are
>about equal to the chance that Narita will ever get another runway for
>747s.  Why don't you just take the PR job.

Just a nitpick --
I'm not sure how high your estimate is for the runway :-),
but I'd think the chances of her making an Ambassador or higher rank
is quite high.  And I won't be surprised if the Foreign Ministery
was reluctant in releasing her.  I've also heard that one of the
obstacles was her father's objection (he being the highest-rank bureaucrat
in the Foreign Ministery), though I'm not good at gossip.

>You can entertain Hillary Clinton on state visits."

If you watched the news clips, you'd have found her attending a negotiation
with Carla Hills.

BTW: The current United Nations Nanmin Koutou Benmukan (how do you say
this in English!?) is Ogata Sadako -- an experienced Japanese female
diplomat.

-YH
From: ricko@ee.uts.edu.au (Rick Jelliffe)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.japan
Subject: Re: Recommend History Books/Authors?
Date: 12 Jan 93 04:33:58 GMT
Organization: University of Technology, Sydney
NNTP-Posting-Host: campion.ee.uts.edu.au

yeonwook@hardy.u.washington.edu (Mark Choi) writes:

>NEVER use a the verb "transcends" in its active form! NEVER!

Why not? I condescend, you ascend, they descend, he transcends? 
What new principle is this?

>No, it is not a shame. Baseball is not a national sport, it is an
>international sport. I think the U.S. should be proud that one of
>her cultural institutions is so popular overseas.

Where is it played? US (and old colonies) & Japan(& old colonies) That
just leaves Africa, Europe, South America, Australia, the Middle East,
India and most of Asia uninterested in it. So it's really only marginally
international, unlike, say, soccer (football) and cricket. 

-ricko
Newsgroups: soc.culture.japan
From: hiraga@Csli.Stanford.EDU (Yuzuru Hiraga)
Subject: Re: Recommend History Books/Authors?
Organization: Stanford University CSLI
Date: Fri, 8 Jan 1993 23:43:11 GMT

In article <1993Jan7.183828.3730@island.COM> fester@island.COM (Mike Fester) writes:
>??? While the extra-territorial treaties were hard for the Japanese to swallow,
>it was also the US who first proposed lifting those treaties (or unilaterally
>giving up its extraterritorial status) in 1876, a proposal that was turned down
>by the JAPANESE government.

??? Never heard of.
Although it is true that the US and Japan reached an agreement in 1878
that reduced (though not demolished) the unequality.
This did not realized because of British objection.

>(And the legal juristiction was to be given over
>COMPLETELY to the Japanese was a formal legal system had been introduced, in
>ALL the extra-territorial treaties.)

Umm. difficult to comprehend, but the response is no it wasn't.
And the above agreement doesn't cancel the consul jurisdiction privilege.

-Yuzuru Hiraga
Newsgroups: soc.culture.japan
From: robohen@ocf.berkeley.edu (Henry Robertson)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.japan
Subject: Re: Information Sought on Sawako Ariyoshi
Date: 4 Jan 1993 05:57:19 GMT
Organization: U. C. Berkeley Open Computing Facility
NNTP-Posting-Host: headcrash.berkeley.edu

Hishoku: Without color.  I think she was being kinky by inventing a new word.
Japanese media tends to invent circumstantial words often enough.
From: jcliu@four-lab4.Berkeley.EDU (James C. Liu)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.japan
Subject: Re: Offered: GIFs of Naked Rie Miyazawa
Date: 11 Jan 93 18:19:29 GMT
Organization: UC Berkeley Dept. of Nuclear Engineering
NNTP-Posting-Host: four-lab4.berkeley.edu

In article <C0oE2u.n2s@world.std.com> cmr@world.std.com (Charles M Richmond)
writes:

  >I am already embarrassed enough by the result of providing these images to
  >Jim Turley. Gomen nasai. 

Ah hah!  Now we finally know where they came from.  Ganbatte, Chuck!
And all this time, I thought Richmond-san was such an upstanding and
polictically correct fellow. ;-)  

Jaa, James
=======================================================================
James C. Liu |    KARAOKE Addict!     Karaoke: You're the STAR!!!!    |
             |    Wanna go? Need someone who sings worse than you do? |
             |    Know about a cool karaoke bar? send e-mail          |
=======================================================================
From: ohayon@jcpltyo.JCPL.CO.JP (Tsiel Ohayon)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.japan
Subject: Re: Don't this sound like Japanese....
Date: 4 Jan 93 06:10:00 GMT
Organization: James Capel Pacific Limited, Tokyo Japan

In article the following Henry Robertson writes:

[HR] tahe tape ra ku hame regogodo shi
[HR] miru shajo bepigo yamu ba zoto guyugezu
[HR] ho nuchee hokawachu chi ra bo mumo
[HR] so peke danu naja sho pigi nibizeda
[HR] pide ha be tesuhi tochiga n yo
[HR] bejizo yoni shochonuku senu shazogumo ruke mise
[HR] powapo zu guchu tuhapu chi wachi shayu
[HR] ne ze mo michamu sosha cha bo
[HR] bijicho tasho nokodo ye bisu mo ramu
[HR] saru gicha cheno chajaji ju tataha reete
[HR] mu rurose eumo ishumo zochosa bo iguye
[HR] teki so echona sha shazu ose ja
[HR] shishuemi ko ku ju setaki gukoso u
[HR] zuuko hei gerita jarabo niosha rapin rache
[HR] ojako chua turi mupepi yeito ratunoma egebo
[HR] nushubu ga owo nurera mitosa teyo ridoyu
[HR] pochuru hoa yotasore hemi yo te natuye
[HR] banua miku nemire kumoba ju shu ni
[HR] bibi to yochike gari jakopa gibi yabashu
[HR] wananu shiki ka buzesho michuzujo chebu hibi

Like my Japanese ex-boss would say:
	"It makes me no sense"!

Tsiel
-- 
----8<--------------------------------------------------------------->8------
Tsiel:ohayon@jcpl.co.jp	   | If you do not receive this E-mail, please let me
Employer may not have same | know as soon as possible, if possible.
opinions, if any !         | Two percent of zero is almost nothing.
From: keis@psy.uwa.oz.au (Keis Ohtsuka)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.japan
Subject: Re: Recommend History Books/Authors?
Date: 7 Jan 1993 04:12:46 GMT
Organization: The University of Western Australia
NNTP-Posting-Host: wapsy.psy.uwa.oz.au

How about looking at the period from 1853 when Commodore Perry arrived
in Japan demanding the opening of the country and the Japanese first
attempt to turn a table from a status of a potential colony (a la 
Chin Dynasty) to a colonial power to be reckoned with by other
Western powers in the context of global politics?  You can't
get a whole picture if you're nitpicking local developments in 
isolation from the rest of the world.  During 1853-1890s, there
were momentous events in the USA; the Civil War, which perhaps gave
Japan an extra time to shape up the nation because the USA was
going through a painful process of division/reunion of the nation.
Both Germany and Italy succeeded in reuniting respective countries
about the same time and joined belatedly to a race of grabbing 
colonies. Japanese sent massive numbers of young students to 
Western countries (hedging risks) and imported what they considered
suitable for the countries. (The decimal currency and a system of
the central bank from the USA; Military system first from France then
Prussia; Railroad second-hand from UK.  Telephone and Postal Services
from somewhere else. AT&T? just kidding.)  Part of the reasons that
they succeeded in importing massive quantity of western technology/
science in a relatively short period is that they had a narrow
conduit of Western technology/science through Dutch and the develop-
ments of indegenious science starting from 17th Century. The 
concentration of population to urban area started manifacture/trade
industries a way before 1953. As a result, a large number of
Japanese learned three Rs (Reading, Writing, and Arithmetics)
at Buddist temple schools (Terakoya) starting around the 18th Century.
In my opinion, the infrastructure that enabled the rapid transformation
was already there before 1853 if you look at the Edo era (16??-1853)
education system. Have fun with your research!