From: bm665@cleveland.Freenet.Edu (Jay Robert Hauben)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.african,sci.anthropology,misc.misc
Subject: Somalia:Not war lords but clan traditions
Date: 24 Dec 1992 20:17:27 GMT
Organization: Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (USA)
Reply-To: bm665@cleveland.Freenet.Edu (Jay Robert Hauben)
NNTP-Posting-Host: hela.ins.cwru.edu


     Over 1000 years ago, the camal was introduced from the 
Arabian Peninsula to what is today called Somalia. Before that 
time and since, the people who inhabited Somalia have been 
organized in what ws call clans but what Lewis Henry Morgan in 
his study  -Ancient Society- (1877) called gens. The gens is the 
structure invented independently by all the eariest gatherings of 
humans. Each gentile person is part of a group of people all of 
whom trace their origin either by female line or later by male 
line to a common ancester. Each member of the gens derives rights 
to participate in decisions, marriage rites and a system of 
mutual help and obligation from his or her common lineage.
 
     Somalia has always had areas that are inhospitable with 
frequent and severe droughts. On the other hand camal herding and 
some forms of agriculture have been carried on virtually 
continuosly for at least the last 1000 years. What ever the hard 
times have been, the people of Somalia have survived them by 
expecting and fulfilling on their gentile (clan) obligations. 
Clan members have always been able to count on the absolute 
obligation of sharing required of fellow and sister clan members. 
One reason peoples all over the world survived all sorts of hard 
times for perhaps the 100,000 years or more of human society's 
infancy is the resiliency of the clan or gens system. While not 
appropriate for urban or industrial life and therefore abandoned 
when peoples entered territorially defined societies, the clan 
system must be counted as among the two or three greatest 
inventions in the history of human society.
 
     In 1960, what were once Italian Somalia and British Somalia 
were more or less united into an effort at an independent Somali 
state. From that day until today the forging of a single, stable 
Somalia has been frought with problems. There have been problems 
despite the fact that the Somalis are considered one of the most 
homogeneous of African populations. Seventy-five percent of all 
Somalis belong to the Samaale Tribe of pastoral nomades, about 
twenty percent to the Sab Tribe of agriculturalists and about 
five percent to neither of these main groups. Each tribe is 
formed from clans which are based on male descent. Although inter 
related, the Samaale clans dispute continually over water and 
grazing rights. The homogeniety of the Somali people comes from 
their common language, common religion (Islam), and common 
struggle to survive on the Horn of Africa. The divisions in 
Somali society are from pastorial versus agriculturalist 
differences, tribal differences, an emerging urbanization, and 
from inter clan rivalry over sources of subsistance and over 
political power.
 
     A "bloodless" coup in 1969 installed a one party government 
under Major-General Mohammed Siad Barre. This government tried 
unsuccessfully to outlaw the milleniums old clan loyalties. 
Somalia also became a pawn in inter super power rivalries which 
meant the militarisation of Somalia. In addition to the 
disruptive influence of the USA and the USSR, there were problems 
during the 21 year rule of the Barre governmet caused by clan 
differences and defiance, a series of droughts and sparodic 

fighting in the Ogaden area outside Somalia's territory but 
inhabited by nomadic Somalis. The current disruption of Somali 
society traces itself to the failures of the Barre governmet and 
to the overthrow of that governmet in 1991, but also to the 
continuing importance of Somali clan structures.
 
     Since 1960 and especially since 1991 Somali clans have vied 
for political power. The situation has been aggrivated by the 
worst drought since 1987, but also substantially worsened by the 
introduction by those international relief activities which have 
tried to bypass the clan structures. Traditionally in all clan 
societies, the source of what we call relief or welfare is each 
person's clan. Had relief supplies been distributed among the 
clans according to their relative size to distribute to their 
members much of the so called looting would have been avoided. To 
add disaster to injury, now foreign troops are being introduced 
into Somalia, which in the name of humanitarianism can only lead 
to greater disruption of Somali society. Foreign troops or forces 
of occupation always and inevitably take sides or impose a 
solution unless the indiginous forces are strong enough to defeat 
them which in this case they may not be.
 
    There has been and continues a struggle among the Somali 
people over the path forward. The introduction of foreign forces, 
insensitive or hostile to the important clan traditions of these 
people can in no way help the Somali people find the necessary 
Somali solution to their problems. The situation in Somalia is 
not that of "rival war lords" with too many guns, but rather a 
clan based society tryimg to solve a multitude of problems. In 
the long run every such society has chosen the path of nation 
building and a political state. But this question is an internal 
one for the Somali people themselves to resolve. Even if the path 
chosen is a temporary break up of a single Somalia or leaves many 
problems unsolved or must await the outcome of a civil war, the 
Somali people deserve the universal right to decide on their own 
future not for the imposition from out side of a "modern" 
solution. The correct principle of international and inter people 
relations is the right of every people to work out and fight out 
if it comes to that their own solution.
 
     When the truth is known of the disruptive role of some of 
the relief agencies and of the foreign troops epecially those of 
the USA in Somalia, the American people and all democratic people 
will realize the this military invasion was among other things a 
diversion from the fundamental domestic problems indemic in the 
industrial societies today. Not only is it in order for the 
Somali people to solve their problems, a contribution to them 
would be for the American people to take up to solve our internal 
problems of e.g., government encouraged declining production, 
diminished health and safety protections and the wholesale 
forfeiting of US society to business interests. The existence of 
Usenet News is a sign that the taking up of all these problems is 
becoming possible.
Newsgroups: soc.culture.african