HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
From: farzin@apollo3d.apollo3.ntt.JP (Farzin Mokhtarian)
Newsgroups: comp.ai,sci.engr.control
Subject: Re: Fuzzy Logic in Japan
Date: 10 Oct 92 08:52:58 GMT
Organization: none

In article <1992Oct8.095636.17226@netcom.com> bart@netcom.com (Harry Bartholomew) writes:

 @All things considered, after copying down the seven lines of his address
 @it occurs to me that perhaps Mr. Katsuno and Omron might just be willing
 @to make the contents of "Clearly Fuzzy" available in soft copy to the net.
 @Could you perhaps make the request on all our behalf's?
 @
 @						  Thanks,		Bart

I will see what I can do.
   
  - Farzin Mokhtarian
    farzin@apollo3.ntt.jp
From: rick@tetra.co.uk (Rick Jones)
Newsgroups: comp.ai
Subject: Embedded inference engines
Date: 7 Oct 92 09:43:36 GMT
Followup-To: Poster
Organization: Tetra Ltd., Maidenhead, UK

I'd like some suggestions as to what products, if any, can be used as
embedded inference engines in a Unix environment.

The scenario is a DP application in which we want certain decisions to
be customisable by the user.  There will be specific points in the
application where it must ask the user for what amounts to policy
decisions, based on values in the current data item.  I would like to
allow the user to build up a knowledge base by entering decision rules
which the application will consult.  If the rules produce an unambiguous
result the application can proceed automatically, if not the user must
be asked to disambiguate.

The application therefore needs a simple hook into an inference engine,
via which it can pass parameters and receive a result.  The engine
itself must use a knowledge base which can be updated ad-hoc, without
any re-building of the application (no compiling-in of the current
rules).

This is not advanced AI, just rule-chaining and inferencing.  It's not
my area of expertise, and I hope I'm posting in the right group;  if
not, pointers in the right direction would be appreciated.

Please send email, I don't regularly follow this group

-- 
Rick Jones, Tetra Ltd.  Maidenhead, Berks, UK		rick@tetra.co.uk

Any fool can provide a solution - the problem is to understand the problem
From: r80146@cs.ee.ntu.edu.tw (B.W. Jiang)
Newsgroups: comp.ai
Subject: Wanted a new comp.ai.ga NEWS_group...
Date: 16 Oct 92 12:25:43 GMT
Organization: CS Division, Dept. of EE, Nat'l Taiwan Univ., Taiwan

In article <andersen.719119765@s1.elec.uq.oz.au> andersen@elec.uq.oz.au (Hans Andersen) writes:
>rvs1265@ritvax.isc.rit.edu writes:
>
>>I hail this idea and I hope this will happen in the near future.
>>I will be willing to help in this respect and will take an active part.
>
>>Thanks,
>>good Luck!!
>>Sudhakar Somayajula
>
>I also think it's about time to get comp.ai.ga
>
>Hans Andersen

    I also hope comp.ai.ga and comp.ai.fuzzy NEWS_groups will emerge. 
Neural-Networks, Fuzzy Systems and GA provide us the good research and 
application vehicles for exploring the uncertainty in the natural world.  

Thanks,


Bor-Wei Jiang  

CS Division, 
Dept. of Electrical Engineering,
National Taiwan University,
Taipei, Taiwan
Xref: sparky comp.ai:3808 sci.engr.control:150
From: burt@aupair.cs.athabascau.ca (Burt Voorhees)
Newsgroups: comp.ai,comp.ai.neural-nets,comp.ai.philosophy,sci.psychology
Subject: Re: Human intelligence vs. Machine intelligence
Date: 11 Oct 92 06:26:34 GMT
     <burt.718665726@aupair.cs.athabascau.ca>
Followup-To: comp.ai

>     I find it interesting tht people who support what is called "strong AI"
>   are now trying to get out of the Godel argument against this by saying
>   that Godel's theorems only apply to consistent systems and it is clear
>   that any machine which matches human capacities would have to be running
>   on some sort of inconsistent system.

>I do not know what you are talking about. Do you have references
>to any books or articles that contain such an argument made by a
>supporter of strong AI?

  No, there were several postings sent to me e-mail by people in response
to an earlier posting of mine here.  Each said that, well, we get away from
Godel because we don't really need consistent systems since human
intelligense is clearly inconsistent anyway.
  On the other hand, I have a suspicion that fame and fortune awaits a person
who can stand Godel on his head and develop a mathematics and logic of
complete but inconsistent systems...

>If you are interested in a refutation of Lucas's G"odel argument,
>see [eg] R. Kirk's article in Synthese [1].

  But Lucas's argument is not the only one.  Penrose doesn't really
follow his Godel argument to it's obvious conclusion.  Namely, we have
a formal system.  Okay, it has a Godel proposition which we know is trud,
but which can't be proved within the system.  We generate a bigger formal
system which can prove this proposition.  Etc.  This gives an infinite
regress with the structure, mathematically, of an inverse limit system.
Using the inverse limit theorem we know that such a limit exists but
by the construction it must have different properties than any other
forml system in the sequence.  E.g., by construction it must be complete,
hence inconsistent.  The problem for machine intelligence is that it is
not possible to reach this limit in a finite number of steps (shades
of Zeno).  That is, at some point there must be an (inductive) jump
and some people (e.g., Searle and Penrose) doubt that this can be a
matter of simply running an algorithmic program.

>oz
>---
>[1] Roland Kirk
>    Mental Machinery and Godel
>    Synthese, 66, 437-452. 1986
>---
>It is harder to get lost in an imagined forest than in a real one,
>for the former assists the thinker furtively. - GOLEM lect. XLIII
Xref: sparky comp.ai:3915 comp.ai.shells:464
From: finin@algol.cs.umbc.edu (Timothy Finin)
Newsgroups: comp.ai,comp.ai.shells
Subject: Call for Participation for CIKM-92, Baltimore, Nov 8-11
Date: 15 Oct 92 02:11:55 GMT
Organization: Computer Science, University of Maryland Baltimore County


	       C A L L    F O R    P A R T I C I P A T I O N
				      
				  CIKM-92
		     First International Conference on
		    INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
				      
			   November 8 - 11, 1992
		       Radisson Lord Baltimore Hotel
			  Baltimore, Maryland, USA
				      
CIKM-92 will provide an international forum for the presentation and 
discussion of research on the management of information and knowledge.
The scope of the conference will cover the integration database
technology, knowledge representation and reasoning, information retrieval,
and techniques for locating and accessing relevant data and knowledge in
very large, distributed information systems.

The conference will include 18 invited talks, 68 submitted papers, 24 poster
presentations, panel sessions and tutorials. The keynote address will be by
Gio Wiederhold (DARPA/Stanford) on "Intelligent Integration of Diverse
Information Sources".  Other invited speakers include Maria Zemenkova (NSF),
Amit Sheth (Bellcore), Judea Pearl (UCLA), Peter Buneman (Pennsylvania),
Doug Terry (Xerox Parc), Bob Robbins (Johns Hopkins), Joan Sullivan (NIST),
Bharat Bhargava (Purdue), David Waltz (Thinking Machines/Brandeis), Len
Gallagher (NIST), Ahmed Elmagarmid (Purdue), Richard Soley (Object
Management Group), Larry Reeker (IDA), Bruce Blum (Johns Hopkins), and
Il-Yeol Song (Drexel).

For additional electronic information, send email to CIKM-INFO@CS.UMBC.EDU
to receive an automatic reply containing registration forms and a draft of
the advance program.  To receive a copy of the advance program or for
detailed information on registration, contact: Maryann Sullivan, ISMM, Six
Forks Road, Raleigh NC 27615 USA, voice: 919-847-3747, fax: 919-676-0666.

CIKM-92 is sponsored by ISMM and the University of Maryland Baltimore County
and held in cooperation with AAAI, IEEE, and ACM (SIGART and SIGIR).
Organization: Penn State University
Date: Thu, 8 Oct 1992 18:39:03 EDT
From: phaedrus <TXN102@psuvm.psu.edu>
Newsgroups: comp.ai
Subject: Re: How often are random word strings grammatical?
 <DOWDING.92Oct8085102@palm.ai.sri.com>

i would think the answer to this question would be:  inversely propor-
tional to the complexity of the grammar.  i.e. random word strings
have a better chance of being grammatically correct under a simpler
grammar than they would under one with many convolutions.

this is my first post here, how'd i do?  :-)

Thi
Xref: sparky comp.ai:3907 comp.ai.shells:462
From: jg10@prism.gatech.EDU (GILMORE,JOHN F)
Newsgroups: comp.ai,comp.ai.shells
Subject: GEST Expert System Tool Available to Academic Institutions
Keywords: artificial intelligence
Date: 14 Oct 92 03:22:27 GMT
Followup-To: poster
Organization: Georgia Institute of Technology


     Georgia Tech's Generic Expert System Tool (GEST) is now available to
academic institutions for classroom use.  GEST is a blackboard system
internationally licensed by Georgia Tech for expert system applications.
Available on Symbolics and SUN systems, the Symbolics version may now
be licensed by accredited academic institutions wishing to utilize GEST in
expert system, artificial intelligence, and computer vision courses.

     GEST incorporates a number of knowledge representation techniques
and inference engine gearing mechanisms to provide users a repertoire of  
knowledge structures to draw upon in developing application systems.  A 
tutorial demonstration expert system is included with the GEST software and
is included as a chapter in the documentation.

     For licensing information, please contact Susan Coryell at 
 
                        scoryell@gtri01.gatech.edu
-- 
 -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
|                 John F. Gilmore                  |   INTERNET Address    |
|   GTRI-CSITL, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA  30332   | jg10@prism.gatech.edu |
 -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
From: baden@sys6626.bison.mb.ca (baden)
Newsgroups: comp.ai
Subject: The Second BEAM Robot Olympics and Micromouse Competition
Date: Mon, 12 Oct 92 14:40:18 CST
Organization: System 6626 BBS, Winnipeg Manitoba Canada

 
        I recieved some mail regarding the Second BEAM Robot Olympics and 
Micromouse Competition, however I seem to be missing some vital information
as to the specifics re: attending.
 
                If someone has some more information, please send it to 
me.
             Thanks.
        >>Baden<<

Newsgroups: comp.ai,comp.ai.neural-nets,comp.ai.philosophy,sci.psychology
From: swf@teradata.com (Stanley Friesen)
Newsgroups: comp.ai
Subject: Re: Human intelligence vs. Machine intelligence
Date: 7 Oct 92 23:50:24 GMT
Reply-To: swf@tdat.teradata.com (Stanley Friesen)
Organization: NCR Teradata Database Business Unit

In article <burt.718398109@aupair.cs.athabascau.ca> burt@aupair.cs.athabascau.ca (Burt Voorhees) writes:
|>>In article <BvM75v.AEF@eis.calstate.edu> wstein@eis.calstate.edu (William K. 
|
|  Actually, Penrose gives much better arguments against machine intelligence
|than this.  The Godel argument, for example...  

Well, as far as I can tell, his application of the Godel result here is
incorrect.  It is based on faulty premises, in particular that human
intuition about our own 'immunity' to Godel uncertainty is accurate,
and that a given human is the same Turing machine today as yesterday.

| (e.g., Platonism, formalism, etc: most of the strong
|AI people are formalists, their opponents are often Platonists), and etc.

Hmm, well I am not sure I would consider myself a formalist exactly,
but I am most certainly *not* a Platonist.  (An Aristotilean, perhaps,
if you throw out the unnecessary universal teleology stuff).
-- 
sarima@teradata.com			(formerly tdatirv!sarima)
  or
Stanley.Friesen@ElSegundoCA.ncr.com
Newsgroups: comp.ai,comp.ai.neural-nets,comp.ai.philosophy,sci.psychology
From: holmes@opal.idbsu.edu (Randall Holmes)
Subject: Re: Human intelligence vs. Machine intelligence
Organization: Boise State University
Date: Mon, 12 Oct 1992 21:32:12 GMT

In article <burt.718665726@aupair.cs.athabascau.ca> burt@aupair.cs.athabascau.ca (Burt Voorhees) writes:
>
>  I find it interesting tht people who support what is called "strong AI"
>are now trying to get out of the Godel argument against this by saying
>that Godel's theorems only apply to consistent systems and it is clear
>that any machine which matches human capacities would have to be running
>on some sort of inconsistent system.
>  As I have underwstood it, the strong AI position is that it is possible
>to create intelligent behavior on sequential machines running formal
>programs.  Last I heard formal programs were required to be based on
>consistent formal systems.
>  Seems to me there's a bit of a contradiction there.  But then, allowing
>inconsistency, I guess that's okay.

There are also those of us who deny that the Godel argument is valid;
who hold that we think informally in a way which parallels some
consistent formal system(s) whose consistency we are not capable of
proving.  There are no special human capacities which evade Godel's
argument; our capabilities are formalizable, but that does not mean
that we know how to formalize them.


-- 
The opinions expressed		|     --Sincerely,
above are not the "official"	|     M. Randall Holmes
opinions of any person		|     Math. Dept., Boise State Univ.
or institution.			|     holmes@opal.idbsu.edu
Newsgroups: comp.ai,comp.ai.edu,comp.ai.neural-nets
From: bjang@cs.ulowell.edu (Bongseog Jang)
Subject: Re: Has making a group for Genetic Algorithms been discussed?
Organization: University of Massachusetts at Lowell Computer Science
Date: Thu, 8 Oct 1992 01:50:21 GMT

In article <1992Sep30.130016.28415@asl.dl.nec.com> gjohnson@ssdsun.asl.dl.nec.com (Gloria Johnson) writes:
>In article <BvD31o.FwK@news.cso.uiuc.edu> nafpliot@ux2.cso.uiuc.edu (N.N.) writes:
>>I don't want to go over old hash, but has the idea of a group for 
>>Genetic Algorithms been discussed?  Something like comp.ai.ga?  If not, 
>>can this be discussed?  I would like to know if interest in such a group
>>is widespread, or if limited to only a few people.


I would be interested in such a group.

-- 
BBBB   JJJJJJ =====================================================         
B   B    JJ          bjang@cs.ulowell.edu
BBBB     JJ          Computer Science Dept.
B   B JJ JJ          UMass-Lowell
From: vchk@monet.cc.rochester.edu (Vidya Chakaravrthi)
Newsgroups: comp.ai
Subject: Looking for Tim
Summary: Mail Problem
Keywords: NLP
Date: 8 Oct 92 15:37:49 GMT
Organization: University of Rochester - Rochester, New York


Dear Netters,
	I am trying to reach wixer!sparky@cs.utexas.edu.


Hi Tim,
	I got your mail, regarding my earlier posting on NLP.
I am not able to reply you since my reply is bouncing back to
me. Can you send me your e-mail address ?

Vidya
vchk@gauguin.cc.rochester.edu
Newsgroups: comp.ai
From: mark@softwords.bc.ca (Mark Perrin)
Subject: Fuzzy logic
Organization: Softwords
Date: Thu, 8 Oct 92 04:52:57 GMT

This morning, someone posted an FTP site for references.  
Due to system problems, I lost the file and my copy of the
message.  Could someone re-post it?  
Thanks!
Mark S. Perrin
From: ski@atc.boeing.com (Chris Kacoroski,none)
Newsgroups: comp.ai
Subject: Chaos and information systems
Date: 9 Oct 92 15:46:25 GMT
Reply-To: ski@atc.boeing.com
Organization: Boeing - Product Manufacturing Knowledge Based Systems

Hi, 

I am very interested in applications of chaos theory to information
systems.  Any references are appreciated.  Also, does anyone have the 
email addresses of B. Huberman at Xerox Parc or S. Forrest (he edited
a collection on self-organizing computer networks).  Thanks for your time.



Cheers,

Chris "ski" Kacoroski	"When we try to pick out anything by itself
ski@atc.boeing.com	 we find it connected to the entire universe"
							John Muir
Newsgroups: comp.ai,comp.ai.neural-nets,comp.ai.philosophy,sci.psychology
From: iaf@cl.cam.ac.uk (Innes Ferguson)
Subject: Re: Human intelligence vs. Machine intelligence
Reply-To: iaf@cl.cam.ac.uk (Innes Ferguson)
Organization: U of Cambridge, England
Date: Sun, 11 Oct 1992 16:45:50 GMT

burt@aupair.cs.athabascau.ca (Burt Voorhees) writes:

>  As for Penrose, I think that most AI people just don't know how to
>reply to him.  Other than attempting to down play his book, of course.

Have you talked to "most AI people"?! Your previous postings display a 
fairly superficial level of knowledge on the topic. There have, as
some posters have made clear, been several good arguments made against
Penrose's thesis: those of McCarthy, Minsky, and Moravec come to mind.
If these are unknown to you then I suggest you familiarise yourself
with them. I certainly find their arguments more convincing than Penrose's.
But maybe I'm just trying to down play Penrose's book...

Innes 
Newsgroups: comp.ai,comp.ai.neural-nets,comp.ai.philosophy,sci.psychology
From: cam@castle.ed.ac.uk (Chris Malcolm)
Newsgroups: comp.ai
Subject: Re: Human intelligence vs. Machine intelligence
Date: 11 Oct 92 19:36:11 GMT
Organization: Edinburgh University

In article <burt.718665726@aupair.cs.athabascau.ca> burt@aupair.cs.athabascau.ca (Burt Voorhees) writes:

|   As I have underwstood it, the strong AI position is that it is possible
| to create intelligent behavior on sequential machines running formal
| programs.  Last I heard formal programs were required to be based on
| consistent formal systems.

This is not the strong AI position, it is the ridiculously
muscle-bound AI position. Since it is possible to write computer
programs (which turn out on analysis to be) based on inconsistent
formal systems, and if these are therefore not formal programs, what
are they? Informal programs?
-- 
Chris Malcolm    cam@uk.ac.ed.aifh          +44 (0)31 650 3085
Department of Artificial Intelligence,    Edinburgh University
5 Forrest Hill, Edinburgh, EH1 2QL, UK                DoD #205
Newsgroups: comp.compression
From: pfrants@cs.vu.nl (Frants P)
Subject: FAQ : how uncompress .lzh???
Organization: Fac. Wiskunde & Informatica, VU, Amsterdam
Date: Thu, 8 Oct 1992 11:58:11 GMT

Where can i find an uncompress program for .lzh files and what is it's name?

	I know it is a FAQ but the FAQ is not available... -:)



		Reply by E-Mail please.
From: kmurali2@uoft02.utoledo.edu
Newsgroups: comp.compression
Subject: dithering Help wanted
Date: 13 Oct 92 21:22:28 EST
Organization: University of Toledo, Computer Services


Hi Netters,

Can anybody help me to implement Dithering in Image coding? Is there any
artilcles or papers that I could find. I checked at our university for 
any papers or articles, but I could not find any. 

Thanks.
murali. k
Newsgroups: comp.compression
From: rplatero@nusdecs.uucp (2439818-Rogelio Platero(12-31-92))
Subject: Re: comp.compression Frequently Asked Questions (part 2/2)
Keywords: data compression, FAQ
Organization: National University, San Diego
Date: Thu, 8 Oct 1992 05:54:18 GMT
From: caeser@csd4.csd.uwm.edu (Robert Michael Trotter)
Newsgroups: comp.compression
Subject: SQUEEZE? (Where to get it?)
Date: 9 Oct 1992 13:44:24 GMT
Organization: Computing Services Division, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee
NNTP-Posting-Host: 129.89.7.4


	Where can I get that program from Sweden?, called SQUEEZE?
	Id like to take a look at it. Please, either email me a copy, or
	tell me where it can be found. Thanks

	Or post it... :)

	Caeser
Newsgroups: comp.compression
From: magnus@bark-fddi.ii.uib.no (Magnus Alvestad)
Subject: .QIP
Reply-To: magnus@ii.uib.no
Organization: CE at UVBS / HOS / RNoN and CS-S at UiB, N.
Date: 15 Oct 92 22:25:40

I've got some .QIP files here - how do I unpack them?

-Magnus
From: madler@cco.caltech.edu (Mark Adler)
Newsgroups: comp.compression
Subject: Re: LZ-JUNG patent
Date: 15 Oct 1992 05:55:09 GMT
Organization: California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
Distribution: comp
NNTP-Posting-Host: sandman.caltech.edu

>> Of course, if you're clever enough about it, you may be able to pull the
>> wool over the patent examiner's eyes by making it appear that you have added
>> something to the prior art...

It appears rather clearly, based on some of the patents I've seen just in
compression (as well as a few other gems, like the cursor exclusive-or
patent), that you do not have to be clever at all.  You don't even need
much wool.  A small hankie is probably adequate, and if you don't remember
to bring one, the patent office will lend you one.

0.5 :-)

Mark Adler
madler@cco.caltech.edu
From: garys@miki.pictel.com (Gary Sullivan)
Newsgroups: comp.compression
Subject: Re: MPEG - need reference to source code (members)
Date: 13 Oct 92 13:10:09 GMT
Organization: PictureTel Corporation

In article <1992Oct8.102452.285@tfl.dk> susanne@tfl.dk writes:
>
>MPEG - need reference to source code (members)
>
>Some time ago (about 3 weeks) somebody announced that MPEG-members
>could get a source code implementation of MPEG via their national 
>standardization organization. There was a reference to the DOCUMENT 
>NUMBER which was needed to get the document from the standardization 
>institute.

The software that is available is for audio coding only.  As far as
I am aware (and I am an MPEG member, so I should be aware), nothing
is available for the video algorithms.  Your message did not specify
whether you were looking for audio, video, or systems software.

I don't think the audio software has yet been officially released.
I believe it is due to be released at the November meeting in London.
Use of the software will likely be restricted, as certain uses may
constitute patent infringement on the algorithms incorporated in it.

-- 
---------------------------------
Gary Sullivan  (garys@pictel.com)
Newsgroups: comp.compression
From: fox@rei.com (Fuzzy Fox)
Subject: Re: Problem w/stacker(?)
Date: Thu, 8 Oct 1992 21:34:41 GMT
Distribution: comp.compression
Organization: Recognition Equipment, Inc.
Keywords: abort, retry, fail?

sl313028@silver.ucs.indiana.edu (O.K. I'm Jon) writes:

>i get a "read fault error on drive C:"(which is my stacked
>drive) "abort,retry...". how can i fix it?

When I find these problems, I immediately run SCHECK/F and they go away.
Actually it only happened once to me, and that fixed it.

-- 
#ifdef TRUE        | Fuzzy Fox (a.k.a. David DeSimone)       fuzzy@netcom.com
#define  TRUE   0  |
#define  FALSE  1  |   "If you can't take the heat, you haven't learned
#endif             |      a damn thing from USENET!"  -- Rao V. Akella
Newsgroups: comp.compression
From: fox@rei.com (Fuzzy Fox)
Subject: Re: Zip Chunker
Date: Tue, 13 Oct 1992 21:48:22 GMT
Organization: Recognition Equipment, Inc.

alsu@ocf.berkeley.edu (Alan Su) writes:

>Until recently, I had a program (shareware I think) that essentially took a
>pkzipped file and "chunked" it into disk-size fragments.  It was called
>ZipChunker if I'm not mistaken.

oak.oakland.edu: /pub/msdos/zip/zc102.zip

-- 
#ifdef TRUE        | Fuzzy Fox (a.k.a. David DeSimone)       fuzzy@netcom.com
#define  TRUE   0  |
#define  FALSE  1  |     "History doesn't repeat itself, but it rhymes."
#endif             |                                   -- Mark Twain
Newsgroups: comp.compression
From: fox@rei.com (Fuzzy Fox)
Subject: Re: Why does PKZIP 2.X have hardware conflicts????
Date: Thu, 8 Oct 1992 21:33:50 GMT
Organization: Recognition Equipment, Inc.

ry01@ns1.cc.lehigh.edu (ROBERT YUNG) writes:

>PKZIP 2.X is being delayed because of hardware problems. Why is this? Does 2.X
>use some really "bypass DOS and go right to the hardware" kind of magic to get
>good compression? I thought they just have to stick in a new algorithm or
>something.

PKZIP is being held while they try to figure out how to pump that last
ounce of speed out of it, rather than simply opt for the most compatible
access method.  Apparently the competition between PKZIP, ARJ, and
Info-Zip (if it can be called competition) is so fierce that everyone is
trying to make their archiver the fastest, with the tightest
compression, and with the highest reliability.

Personally I find Info-Zip to be the best for the price.  Kudos to them!

-- 
#ifdef TRUE        | Fuzzy Fox (a.k.a. David DeSimone)       fuzzy@netcom.com
#define  TRUE   0  |
#define  FALSE  1  |   "If you can't take the heat, you haven't learned
#endif             |      a damn thing from USENET!"  -- Rao V. Akella