HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
From: fdesai@cisco.com (Fenil V. Desai)
Newsgroups: comp.protocols.snmp
Subject: Re: Sun Net Manager with SNMP agent
Date: 22 Dec 1992 18:16:51 GMT
Organization: cisco Systems, Incorporated
Distribution: world
NNTP-Posting-Host: regal.cisco.com

Each agent has a community string associated with it. For example
for the snmpd agent the configuration file is /etc/snmpd.conf by
default. This file contains keywords for the read and write
community strings.

The manager uses "public" by default when it does any SNMP operation
on a device. To force a manager to use the community string that you
would like, you must put it in the Properties of that device in your map
using SunNet Manager. There are fields for Read and Write SNMP community 
strings.

If the agent has a community string that is different from the one the
manager is using, the agent does not send any response or rather sends
the trap message saying that.

I am referring to SunNet Manager 2.0. Read their docs for more info.


-fenil

******************************************************
Fenil Desai                    voice: 415 688 8287
Software Engineer              email: fdesai@cisco.com
cisco Systems                  
******************************************************
Newsgroups: comp.protocols.snmp
From: streater@unixhub.SLAC.Stanford.EDU (Tim Streater)
Subject: Cabletron not doing get-next properly?
Organization: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
Date: Wed, 30 Dec 1992 00:09:50 GMT

In article <karl.37.725592903@empirical.com>, karl@empirical.com (Karl Auerbach)

says:
>
>Also check that get next really works.  It should be able to take *any* oid,
>whether or not that oid represents a variable, and finds the sucessor (or
>end of the mib.)
>
I wrote some code to get the ARP tables using SNMP. I start by doing a get-next
on mgmt_mib_ip_ipNetToMediaTable_ipNetToMediaEntry_ipNetToMediaPhysAddress, and
I look at the type of the returned variable. If it is STRING I know the unit
supports MIB-II so I use those variables. Otherwise I assume it does not and I
use the MIB-I at table.

I tested this against various boxes (nodes, routers, etc), and found that the
Cabletron MRXI 10Base-T hub, which supports MIB-I, appears to fail in its
treatment of get-next. It returns NoSuchVariable for the get-next I outlined
above.

Anybody else seen this? Does Cabletron know about it?

Tim.

Newsgroups: comp.protocols.snmp
From: ravi@[128.127.2.100]  (Ravi Prakash)
Subject: Re: SNMP Mgr for MS-Windows or DOS
Nntp-Software: PC/TCP NNTP
Reply-To: ravi@ftp.com
Organization: FTP Software, Inc., Wakefield, MA
Date: Wed, 23 Dec 1992 16:07:18
From: rfrink@meaddata.com (Rick Frink)
Newsgroups: comp.protocols.snmp
Subject: Sun SNMP Agent
Date: 3 Jan 1993 23:49:26 GMT
Organization: Mead Data Central, Dayton OH
Distribution: world
NNTP-Posting-Host: campnet.meaddata.com

  Does Sun have any plans to release a more comprehensive SNMP agent
than is currently provided with Sun Net Manager ? Are there publicly
available SPARC agents and MIBs that are more comprehensive ?

-- 
Rick Frink                                              (513) 865-1645
Mead Data Central                             Telecomm/Campus Networks
P.O. Box 933                                       rfrink@meaddata.com
Dayton, Ohio  45401                          ...!uunet!meaddata!rfrink
Newsgroups: comp.protocols.snmp
From: cearley_k@wizard.colorado.edu
Subject: SNMP Mgr for MS-Windows or DOS
Organization: University of Colorado, Boulder
Date: 23 Dec 92 08:37:48 MST

Can anyone recommend an SNMP manager than runs in MS-Windows or DOS? 

		-K

From: klitd@hpsgm2.sgp.hp.com (Raj PUBALA)
Date: Wed, 30 Dec 1992 11:32:27 GMT
Subject: Help!!! 3287 printing problem.
Organization: HP Singapore Notes-Server
Newsgroups: comp.protocols.ibm

I need some CICS and VTAM help here. Here is the following scenario:-

A user logons to a CICS application. He does a print from the application. The
output gets printed. He does it a few times and it works all the time. He logs
off from the application. Now, this user is the only user on the PU. The printer
is attached to the same PU (PU type 2, printer is 3287 and terminal is 3278).

Then he logs in to the application again. He tried printing. Sometimes it worked
and sometimes it does not. (the printing problem occurs after he logs off from
a successful print).

We did multiple buffer trace on the printer LU. Is it true that CICS will 
unbind (at least clear) the session with the printer LU after the print job
is complete? Is this true also for multiple print job on the same logon
session (without logging off and on again)? 

The buffer trace does not show a relinquishing of the printer LU after each
print job (i.e. an UNBIND from CICS to printer LU). So when the user logons
again and print from the application, it does not print.

CICS TCT shows that the session if REL (Release) when it cannot print. Usually
it shows REL and CRE (Release and Create). VTAM shows the printer LU status
to be PREALLOC-Q (which translates to printer session is queued and used by
someone else). Now remember, there is only one application using this printer LU
and there is only one user.

I suspect, that the CICS application is not releasing the printer LU all the time.
The problem is corrected by forcing a deactivation on the printer LU.

Any advise or confirmation? Is there a way to confirm these beside showing
a buffer trace of print jobs that does not have UNBIND or SHUTDOWN?


Thanks for reading this help message.

Warm Regards and "Happy New Year 1993"

David LEE

dlee@hpsm8471.kl-mal.hp.com

From: klitd@hpsgm2.sgp.hp.com (Raj PUBALA)
Date: Sun, 3 Jan 1993 08:45:26 GMT
Subject: Re: protocol spoofing
Organization: HP Singapore Notes-Server
From: rodrigo@athena.mit.edu (Rodrigo Figueiredo)
Subject: protocol spoofing
Organization: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Date: Sat, 2 Jan 1993 18:54:53 GMT

Could anyone tell me what is protocol spoofing in the IBM communications
world. I suppose it applies to the LAN realm. I would like to know in
detail how it works, so if you know of any document that describe the 
technique in detail, please tell me.
Please send any e-mail to rfigueir@sloan.mit.edu or to rodrigo@athena.mit.edu
Thanks in advance.

Rodrigo Figueiredo
From: paul@frcs.Alt.ZA (Paul Nash)
Newsgroups: comp.protocols.ibm
Subject: Re: Sparc-based SNA-TCP/IP gateway: initial impressions
Date: 26 Dec 92 07:21:13 GMT
Article-I.D.: frcs.1992Dec26.072113.26790
Organization: Free Range Computer Systems CC

In <pauln.725193421@nuustak> I wrote:

> The most serious problem to date had to do with the token-ring connection
> between the IBM and the Sun.  In their SNA/3270 manual, Sun recommend a
> MAXDATA value of 265.  The word "recommended" should be replaced by
> "mandatory".  However, this only applies to links via 37x5 FEPs, and not
> via 3174s.  In the case of a 3174 connection, this must be configured on
> the control unit itself.

According to someone at Sun, the new (version 7.01) Sunlink SNA/3270
software allows MAXDATA to be configured on the Sun.  I will try this 
when I get back to work at the beginning of January, and report back.

> * Multiple gateways per TRI/S adapter (we have had up to three PUs per
>   adapter, with up to 200 LUs per PU)

Apparently, genuine IBM 3174s do not support this.  We have Mohawk MC400
controllers, which allow both MAC and DSAP addresses to be specified
for each downstream PU, and I had three gateways running on a single
TRI/S card at one stage (DSAP = 04/08/0C).  If you do this, make sure 
that you set the SSAP on the Sun to the same value (Sun DSAP = 04, 
SSAP = 04/08/0C, depending on which gateway it is).
 
 ---=---=---=---=---=---=---=---=---=---=---=---=---=---=---=---=---
 Paul Nash                                         paul@frcs.Alt.ZA
 Box 12475, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa         +27-12-5611879

 "Standards are great -- everyone should have one" (Kent Landfield)
From: klitd@hpsgm2.sgp.hp.com (Raj PUBALA)
Date: Sun, 3 Jan 1993 08:48:41 GMT
Subject: Re: protocol spoofing
Organization: HP Singapore Notes-Server
Newsgroups: comp.protocols.ibm

One more thing, you ought to be concerned when using protocol spoofers:

Network Management????

Protocol spoofers do not give a true picture to the Network Manager (NetView or
NetMaster).
Newsgroups: comp.protocols.ibm
From: luca@dedalo.unipg.it (Luca Priorelli)
Subject: PIP data in APPC
Organization: Universita' di Perugia
Date: Tue, 29 Dec 1992 13:05:40 GMT

APPC in Communication Manager can send PIP data on the ALLOCATE verb
but it cannot receive incoming PIP data.

Why is that? Do you know if IBM is going to fix it in the near future?

Thanks

Luca Priorelli
Newsgroups: comp.protocols.ibm
From: cambria@smaug.enet.dec.com (Michael C. Cambria)
Subject: Re: Help!!! 3287 printing problem.
Organization: Digital Equipment Corporation
Date: Wed, 30 Dec 1992 20:21:33 GMT


In article <54360002@hpsgm2.sgp.hp.com>, klitd@hpsgm2.sgp.hp.com (Raj PUBALA) writes...
>I need some CICS and VTAM help here. Here is the following scenario:-
> 
>A user logons to a CICS application. He does a print from the application. The
>output gets printed. He does it a few times and it works all the time. He logs
>off from the application. Now, this user is the only user on the PU. The printer
>is attached to the same PU (PU type 2, printer is 3287 and terminal is 3278).
> 
>Then he logs in to the application again. He tried printing. Sometimes it worked
>and sometimes it does not. (the printing problem occurs after he logs off from
>a successful print).
> 
>We did multiple buffer trace on the printer LU. Is it true that CICS will 
>unbind (at least clear) the session with the printer LU after the print job
>is complete? Is this true also for multiple print job on the same logon
>session (without logging off and on again)? 
> 

A PLU does not have to UNBIND a printer after printing.
If another (P)LU wants to use the printer, it will "tell"
the current PLU (via an Notify RU) and the RELREQ exit will be driven.
The PLU will then UNBIND the printer (allowing the other PLU to us it.)
I don't remember off the top of my head if CICS behaves this way or 
not.  I'll drink on it.

> 
>The buffer trace does not show a relinquishing of the printer LU after each
>print job (i.e. an UNBIND from CICS to printer LU). So when the user logons
>again and print from the application, it does not print.
> 

The above explains why a PLU doesn't have to relinquish the printer after
each print job.  A PLU *should* be able to print again .....

> 
>CICS TCT shows that the session if REL (Release) when it cannot print. Usually
>it shows REL and CRE (Release and Create). VTAM shows the printer LU status
>to be PREALLOC-Q (which translates to printer session is queued and used by
>someone else). Now remember, there is only one application using this printer LU
>and there is only one user.
> 

Is the printer predefined to CICS?  The "Create" doesn't sound right.
If I remember correctly, it has to do with autoinstall.  I don't 
belive that printers can be autoinstalled.

What does VTAM show as the PLU for the printer LU status of PREALLOC-Q?
The applid of *some* application should be given.  Is it the CICS in 
question?  Another application?

If the session is queued to CICS, there should be an LU-LU session to
the printer which is causing CICS to queue.

What does cemt sho when things are working?
What does VTAM show for the printer when printing is taking place?
What does VTAM show for the printer when printing stops?
Be sure to use ,e (ie. d net,e,id=printer)
Note also the IST597I (capability slu enabled, disabled etc.)

> 
>Any advise or confirmation? Is there a way to confirm these beside showing
>a buffer trace of print jobs that does not have UNBIND or SHUTDOWN?
> 

Do you have netview?  You can use NLDM to see the session history.

Good Luck,
/Mike
From: jmaynard@oac.hsc.uth.tmc.edu (Jay Maynard)
Newsgroups: comp.protocols.ibm
Subject: Re: Help!!! 3287 printing problem.
Date: 30 Dec 1992 21:03:42 GMT
Organization: UT Health Science Center Houston

In article <54360002@hpsgm2.sgp.hp.com> klitd@hpsgm2.sgp.hp.com (Raj PUBALA) writes:
>We did multiple buffer trace on the printer LU. Is it true that CICS will 
>unbind (at least clear) the session with the printer LU after the print job
>is complete? Is this true also for multiple print job on the same logon
>session (without logging off and on again)? 

Generally, no. CICS will unbind the session with the printer LU only upon
operator request (via CEMT) or upon receiving a request from another VTAM
application to release the printer. Both of these effects, moreover, depend on
specifications in either the DFHTCT TYPE=TERMINAL macro for that printer (if
you're doing macro-style terminal definition) or the DISCREQ/RELREQ operands
of the TYPETERM entry referenced by that printer's definition in the CSD (if
you're doing RDO, by using the CEDA transaction). If NO is specified for both,
then CICS will never relinquish the terminal...obviously, you only want to do
this if that CICS region is the only one that will ever use that printer.
There is no connection between the terminal user's session with CICS and the
printer's session.

>CICS TCT shows that the session if REL (Release) when it cannot print. Usually
>it shows REL and CRE (Release and Create). VTAM shows the printer LU status
>to be PREALLOC-Q (which translates to printer session is queued and used by
>someone else). Now remember, there is only one application using this printer LU
>and there is only one user.

Are you using autoinstall?

>I suspect, that the CICS application is not releasing the printer LU all the time.
>The problem is corrected by forcing a deactivation on the printer LU.

What does a D NET,E,ID=printerid show the status of the printer to be when
it's locked up? In particular, does it show any active sessions at all, or
just the one session as PREALLOC-Q?

One other note: if you tell CICS not to release the printer, and intend to do
3270 screen printing to that printer, then you need to turn on Between Bracket
Printer Sharing on the controller customization. (It's standard on 3174s, but
not on 3274s.)
-- 
Jay Maynard, EMT-P, K5ZC, PP-ASEL | Never ascribe to malice that which can
jmaynard@oac.hsc.uth.tmc.edu      | adequately be explained by stupidity.
 "Brought to you by the letters O, S, and by the number 2." -- Mike Levis
Newsgroups: comp.protocols.ibm,comp.sys.ibm.pc.misc
From: xsun@math.uwaterloo.ca (X. Sun (Don))
Subject: programming FAX modem on IBM-PC
Keywords: FAX modem IBM-PC
Organization: University of Waterloo
Date: Sun, 3 Jan 1993 07:23:34 GMT

Hi, 
  Is there anybody knows how to write a simple communication program for 
the "FAX" part of a fax-modem (say, send a fax)? 
I would appreciate if somebody could give me some advice about the basics
of the fax communication specification and c-program interface to the
fax-modem.

Please reply to:
xsun@math.uwaterloo.ca
From: goldenj@nic.csu.net
Newsgroups: comp.protocols.ibm
Subject: ITT Courier 7601 to Mac question
Date: 23 Dec 92 20:52:17 GMT
Organization: Information Resources and Technology

We are trying to add a Mac to our ITT Courier 7601 controller. I was
under the impression that it is an IBM327x compatible controller and
I should be able to add Apples 3278 Coax card and software to the mac
and connect the two.  This has not yet worked. I have connected the
mac and received an error message 590 on the status line. An ITT
service man said that the data coming out the back of the 7601 is
not IBM compatible but proprietary. If this is true we will never be
able connect PCs or Macs to this controller an to buy a new controller.
Tell me it aint so!
If any one can shed light on connecting the Mac to the ITT 7601 please
give us a hand.
Thanks
---
Jim Golden                 goldenj@nic.csu.net
Chancellor's Office        (310) 985-2580
California State University
Newsgroups: comp.protocols.ppp
From: tkevans@fallst (Tim Evans)
Subject: Re: PPP for the Mac?
Keywords: PPP Macintosh MacTCP
Reply-To: tkevans@eplrx7.es.dupont.com
Organization: Tim Evans
Date: Wed, 30 Dec 1992 01:25:25 GMT

sgk@bill.genes.nig.ac.jp (Shigeru Kanemoto) writes:

>Does anyone know PPP driver for the Macintosh?
>I know some SLIP driver for the Macintosh and MacTCP.
>But I don't know one for PPP.

A recent issue of _Open Systems Today_ (within the past month or 6 weeks)
had a comparative review of several Mac PPP packages.
-- 
UUCP:		{rutgers|ames|uunet}!mimsy!wb3ffv!fallst!tkevans
INTERNET:	tkevans%fallst@wb3ffv.ampr.org
Tim Evans	2201 Brookhaven Ct, Fallston, MD 21047
Newsgroups: comp.protocols.ppp
From: ignatios@theory.cs.uni-bonn.de (Ignatios Souvatzis)
Subject: Re: Help : ncsappp
Supersedes: <IGNATIOS.92Dec21175218@theory.cs.uni-bonn.de>
Organization: computer science department, university of Bonn, Germany
Date: Mon, 21 Dec 1992 17:45:54 GMT

In article <POPINEAU.92Dec14141453@tintin.ese-metz.fr>
popineau@tintin.ese-metz.fr (Fabrice Popineau) writes:

   I try to bring up a connection between my PC at home and a SS1 at work.
   I install pppd-1.01 on the SS1 and launch it with

   pppd passive debug netmask 255.255.255.0 vjmode draft /dev/ttya 9600 192.70.65.40:192.70.65.52
					    ^^^^^^^^^^^^
   On the other side, I ran ppp.exe from the package ncsappp.zip :

   ppp /c 2 /s 4800 /d atdt<phone number>

   with the default config.ppp .

   I got an error from pppd : 

   Dec 12 00:57:05 prunel vmunix: ppp_async0: opening
   Dec 12 00:57:06 prunel vmunix: ppp_if0: open
   Dec 12 00:57:06 prunel vmunix: ppp: Pii->flags 0x9
   Dec 12 00:57:06 prunel vmunix: ppp_async: SIFASYNCMAP ffffffff
   Dec 12 00:57:06 prunel vmunix: ppp: Pii->flags 0x9
   Dec 12 00:57:06 prunel vmunix: ppp_if: SIFCOMPPROT 0
   Dec 12 00:57:06 prunel vmunix: ppp_async: SIFCOMPPROT 0
   Dec 12 00:57:06 prunel vmunix: ppp: Pii->flags 0x9
   Dec 12 00:57:06 prunel vmunix: ppp_if: SIFCOMPAC 0
   Dec 12 00:57:06 prunel vmunix: ppp_async: SIFCOMPAC 0
   Dec 12 00:57:06 prunel vmunix: ppp: Pii->flags 0x9
   Dec 12 00:57:37 prunel vmunix: ppp_async: missed ALLSTATIONS
				  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
   Dec 12 00:57:38 prunel pppd[4059]: str_restore: couldn't push module ldterm: No such device or address
   Dec 12 00:57:38 prunel pppd[4059]: str_restore: couldn't push module ttcompat: No such device or address
   Dec 12 00:57:38 prunel vmunix: ppp_if0: closed
   Dec 12 00:57:38 prunel vmunix: ppp_async0: closing

Yes, about:

I had the same problem. After seeing the missing ALLSTATIONS, I
suspect the merit.edu ppp.exe to send compressed address and control
fields as soon as negotiated, whether in LCP negotiation phase or not.
After using '-ac -pc vjmode draft', the connection works relatively fine. See
the PPP FAQ posting for the progresses concerning 

a) enabling protocol or address/control field compression
b) deciding who is the real culprit...

and details.
--
	Ignatios Souvatzis
	ignatios@cs.uni-bonn.de souva@babsy.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de
From: emv@msen.com (Edward Vielmetti)
Newsgroups: comp.protocols.ppp
Subject: Re: Quick question
Date: 23 Dec 1992 17:20:25 GMT
Organization: Msen, Inc. -- Ann Arbor, Michigan
NNTP-Posting-Host: garnet.msen.com
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.1 PL8]

dtg@wvnvms.wvnet.edu wrote:
: This may (and probably is) a dumb question but, I'm just getting into being
: familiar with PPP and throughout the docs I've read there is mention of PPP and
: DialUp PPP.  Are these the same thing or, different packages?

The PPP protocol can work either over synchronous, dedicated links (like
a T1 link) or over an asynchronous dial up line (a modem).  The protocol
is the same in either case.

There are issues in a dial up PPP configuration that don't appear in a
dedicated setup; in particular, the software may have to issue some dialing
commands to bring the connection up, and it may bring the connection down
for reasons other than failure - for instance, to save money on long distance
bills.  Dialing a phone is *not* part of the PPP protocol as such.

  Edward Vielmetti, vice president for research, Msen Inc. emv@Msen.com
        Msen Inc., 628 Brooks, Ann Arbor MI  48103 +1 313 998 GLOB

Newsgroups: comp.protocols.ppp
From: talleyt@ka9qpg.demon.co.uk (Thomas Talley)
Subject: SVR4 & PPP
Distribution: world
Organization: DIS(organised)
Reply-To: talleyt@ka9qpg.demon.co.uk
X-Mailer: Simple NEWS 1.90 (ka9q DIS 1.19)
Date: Fri, 1 Jan 1993 20:45:04 +0000

I am trying to find a PPP package for SVR4 that provides
scripting (other than $795 for morning star's version).

Any assisatnce would be greatly appreciated.
From: higgins@birke.uni-paderborn.de (Frank Westheider)
Newsgroups: comp.protocols.ppp
Subject: Anyone ported SLIP/PPP to Linux ??????
Date: 23 Dec 1992 13:40:47 +0100
Organization: Universitaet Paderborn, Germany
NNTP-Posting-Host: birke.uni-paderborn.de
Keywords: SLIP,PPP,LINUX

Hi there !

Has anybody ported SLIP/PPP to Linux ??
If yes, where to find it ???


Thanks

   Frank  (higgins@uni-paderborn.de)
Newsgroups: comp.protocols.ppp
From: searsk@med.ge.com (Kevin D. Sears)
Subject: Re: sun serial >38400
Followup-To: comp.protocols.ppp
Organization: GE Medical Systems
Date: Sun, 3 Jan 93 13:02:43 GMT

In article <1992Dec31.162852.2315@hugis.nbg.sub.org>,
hugibaz@hugis.nbg.sub.org (Ingo Kraupa) wrote:
> 
> A few months ago someone posted that there is a patch to get higher bps-rates
> than 38.4kbps on a sun sparcstation. I told this to a friend, and he asked
> me if I can get this patch for him. I forgot the person, but I'm sure he
> posted to this group.  Any hint would be very appreciated.
> 
> -Ingo
Sun Consulting sales a high speed patch but it is pricy. Alternatives is to
get a serial port board from CoSystems(or any other 3rd party company)
which supports higher speed drivers with their product. The latter solution
is supposed to be cheaper.

Who: Kevin D. Sears-searsk@med.ge.com
What: System and Network Admin(a.k.a "Sr. Maintenance Droid")
Where: GE Medical Systems
Disclaimer: I know nothing for sure but I sure try hard!
From: cary@scripps.edu (Steve Cary)
Newsgroups: comp.protocols.ppp
Subject: Best PD CSLIP/PPP for SunOS 4.1.[23]??
Keywords: cslip ppp sunos
Date: 31 Dec 92 18:24:48 GMT
Article-I.D.: riscsm.1992Dec31.182448.20598
Reply-To: cary@scripps.edu
Organization: The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA

What is the best version for SunOS 4.1.[23]?  I will be connecting
to a NetBlazer/QBlazer port with my T2500 if that has any bearing...
Of course, I am looking for a "Low" or zero cost solution because
work doesn't want to pay for connecting my personal machine..
[Of course, I am going to have the NetBlazer call my house,
so it's their PacBell nickel..]

I'll summarize reponses....

	THANKS!!!

	Steve Cary
Newsgroups: comp.protocols.ppp
From: searsk@med.ge.com (Kevin D. Sears)
Subject: Re: PPP for the Mac?
Followup-To: comp.protocols.ppp
Organization: GE Medical Systems
Date: Thu, 31 Dec 92 12:24:25 GMT

In article <sgk.725560014@ddbjs4a>, sgk@bill.genes.nig.ac.jp (Shigeru
Kanemoto) wrote:
> 
> Does anyone know PPP driver for the Macintosh?
> I know some SLIP driver for the Macintosh and MacTCP.
> But I don't know one for PPP.
> 
Shigeru,

The person listed below has developed a PPP driver to work with MacTCP. I
don't have the ftp site information at home but here is Larry's email
address.

Larry Blunk
Merit Network,Inc
ljb@merit.edu

Who: Kevin D. Sears-searsk@med.ge.com
What: System and Network Admin(a.k.a "Sr. Maintenance Droid")
Where: GE Medical Systems
Disclaimer: I know nothing for sure but I sure try hard!
Newsgroups: comp.protocols.ppp