HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
From: mcyang@pollux.usc.edu (Bien-Chao Iunn)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.taiwan
Subject: more about Ku Ling
Date: 28 Jul 1992 14:16:21 -0700
Organization: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
Distribution: na
NNTP-Posting-Host: pollux.usc.edu

As some people were asking for more information about the background
of writer Ku Ling, I am posting the following message which was sent 
out by Taiwanese Student Association in Ohio State.

Mr. Ku Ling will be giving a speech tomorrow in UCLA in behalf of
UCLA/USC TSA.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: Wed, 22 Jul 92 14:05:29 CDT
From: Tai-Oan-Lang <wfh1716@imaging.tamu.edu>
Message-Id: <9207221905.AA00889@imaging.tamu.edu>
To: tfdg@MAILBOX.SRV.CS.CMU.EDU
Status: R

UPDATED TSA ACTIVITY
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
#Speaker: Mr. Ku3-Ling2 (A Free-Lance Writer)

#Title: Love and Politics ( Ai4 Chin2 Yu3 Tsen4 Tsi4)

#Time: July 25 (Saturday), 7:30 p.m. - 9:30 p.m.

#Place: North room, Royal Center, No. 45 Curl Dr.
       (In front of Jones Tower)

#Brief introduction:

        It is not easy to describe Mr. Ku Ling, a highly renowned and
provocative satire writer in Taiwan.

        According to his hilarious self-introduction, Mr. Ku Ling is supposed
to be a rare descendant from Chin(1) People orginated from the previous "Hot
River" Province in China.  Graduated from the Department of Chinese
Literature of NTU, Mr. Ku Ling went through a number of jobs, such as high
school Chinese teacher, newspaper editor, and TV commentator, prior to
landing on an interesting career as a full time free-lance satire writer.

        Mr. Ku Ling began his writing career many years ago as a devout
writer for Modern Chinese Poetry in Taiwan and unexpectedly transformed
himself into a sharply penetrating social critic in the 80's and
90's.  In a sense, his stunning transformation is by no means
singular in those turbulent years in Taiwan. A number of well-known writers
and artists have essentially gone through the same course.

        Uniquely, Mr. Ku Ling not only can wield an powerful pen but also
can take in full command the oratory power.  He is now regarded as one of
the most distinguished orators, especially during the election season.
He has been recognized as thoughtful, funny, persuasive, and
amazingly charismatic.

        In  his two-hour recording on the future of Taiwan, Mr. Ku Ling
explicitly demonstrated his superb ability in commanding both Mandarin
Chinese and Hoklo Taiwanese.  There was absolutely no "COOL" moment.
One suspects that hardly anyone can excuse himself or herself for the
restroom in those two hours.
******************************************************************************

        Come to find out who Mr. Ku Ling is, what his messages are, and, of
course, come to enjoy the fun and our friendship. Don't miss it, otherwise
you will be feeling sorry for yourself.

Best Wishes,

Taiwanese Student Association at OSU
From: chi@watnxt07.ucr.edu (Lung-chi Chuang)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.taiwan
Subject: BYX 3.0
Keywords: Chinese Shareware, Utilities, BBS
Date: 27 Jul 92 21:23:21 GMT
Distribution: usa

Hi,
	Does anyone know where I can get a copy of BYX 3.0?  I  
know that ahkcug.org has a older version of BYX utilities, but  
I'm looking for a newer updated version.   
	How about any Chinese BBS in USA?  If you know any good  
ftp site in Taiwan please let me know.  

Btw, I'm very disappointed when NBC didn't show TAIWAN's flag on  
the television on the opening day of Olympic.   

Is anyone in Taiwan reading this messages?  Please reply!
Thanks!

--
*************************************#************************** 
**************
Lung-Chi Chuang                      #    Unrecoverable  
Application Error!!!  
Internate : chi@watserv.ucr.edu      #    Retry, Reboot, or  
Recover???
BBS: 714-781-4066 Voice:714-782-0461 #    DOS + Windows =  
computer virus!!! 
*************************************#************************** 
**************
Newsgroups: soc.culture.taiwan,soc.culture.japan
From: ptyshih@watnow.uwaterloo.ca (Paul T.Y. Shih (Taku or Pear))
Subject: Zen Story (14)
Originator: ptyshih@watnow.waterloo.edu
Organization: University of Waterloo
Date: Wed, 29 Jul 1992 17:49:27 GMT




	Monk Ching-swe once told monk Chao-shan (840-901AD);
	"I am leading a very poor life, can you help me with it?"

	After heard this, monk Chao-shan replied; "You've drank
	three cups of good wine and you told me that you've never
	tried the taste of good wine?"
From: joe@astro.as.utexas.edu (Joe Wang)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.taiwan
Subject: Re: Language policy (Re: Unification)
Date: 25 Jul 92 03:55:41 GMT
Organization: McDonald Observatory, University of Texas @ Austin

Since language is cultural, I'll respond in this group.

In article <1992Jul23.210811.19420@nntpd.lkg.dec.com> tsai@tecrus.enet.dec.com (Kuo-Yeang Tsai) writes:
>As far as Taiwan's language policy is concerned, the outcry has always been
>that the policy should not suppress any language that had been used for so
>many years before Mandarin was introduced to Taiwan. 

I agree with you.  Language policy is one of the few areas in which
the CCP has been somewhat more enlightened than KMT.  While the CCP
introduced "putonghua" as the linguistical standard, it did not try
to surpress the local dialects to the degree that the KMT did.  

The result of this is that almost all Mainlanders have no objection to
Mandarin.

>2. The 'promoting Mandarin movement" might have good intention, yet it was
>   not properly implemented. It overdid it and still does.

I agree with you with here completely.

Xref: sparky soc.culture.taiwan:11149 soc.culture.japan:6138
From: okuyama@pioneer.arc.nasa.gov (Darin Okuyama YR)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.taiwan,soc.culture.japan
Subject: Re: Zen Story (3)
Date: 23 Jul 92 01:04:11 GMT
Organization: NASA Ames Res. Ctr. Mtn Vw CA 94035

hank@westford.ccur.com (Hank Cohen) writes:
>In short:
>If the only tool you have is a hammer everything looks like a nail.

>Pity the poor Zen Buddhist. 
>He hasn't even got a hammer.
>:^)

He doesn't need a hammer.
No one does.
As soon as you acquire a hammer, things look like nails that aren't nails.
We need nothing.
As soon as you attain nothingness, you will have everything.
From: .@efi.com
Newsgroups: soc.culture.taiwan
Subject: [videotape] copyrighted Japanese videotapes
Date: 29 Jul 92 21:19:46 GMT


     I hear (many people hear!) that there are a lot of pirate-recorded
videotapes of many Japanese cartoon movies.  Why did they not legalise
them?  I guess if they legalise them and register them for proper
royalty payment, there should still be fans buying them, or renting
them.  Would it not?  I guess the U.S. ruling (?) 301 will give them
experience when they deal with Japan videotapes in the future.

					a reader, U.S.A.
Xref: sparky soc.culture.taiwan:11154 soc.culture.hongkong:9147 soc.culture.china:20791 talk.politics.china:265
From: wkau+@cs.cmu.edu (Wing Keung F Au)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.taiwan,soc.culture.hongkong,soc.culture.china,talk.politics.china
Subject: Re: Voice to change of voter.
Date: 23 Jul 92 02:32:54 GMT
Followup-To: talk.politics.china
Organization: School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon

[misc comments about chinese politics deleted]

folks, the creation of talk.politics.china is created for chinese 
politics, please divert your attention to there, and save others
some time to weed out the flame wars.

yes, i know that this message is going to every where, but i have
limited the followups to tpc only, only soc.culture stuff goes to
sc* please.

cheers,

-- 

				    FRed W. Au
				    ...!cmu.edu!au+, au+@cmu.edu
Newsgroups: soc.culture.taiwan
From: asrini@sanjuan (Anand Srinivasan)
Subject: Re: Lost Taiwan from NBC
Organization: University of Victoria, Victoria B.C. CANADA
Date: Mon, 27 Jul 92 04:02:22 GMT

In article <131537@lll-winken.LLNL.GOV> ed@wente.llnl.gov (Ed Suranyi) writes:
>In article <1992Jul26.010642.26351@newstand.syr.edu> ttchen@top.cis.syr.edu (Tai-Tin Chen) writes:
>>There will be something for someone when the 25th summer Olympic Games
>>begin today in Barcelona, Spain. As one of the television viwers, I
>>expect to see team Taiwan's appearance in the parade show. To my
>>anguish, NBC have jumped ROC in Taiwan from the America T.V. viewers. 
>
>That's not it at all.  Some national teams are always skipped on 
>American TV in the Opening Ceremony to make room for commercials.
>I hate it, as does everyone else, but I assure you it isn't political.
>Countries after the United States are always unlucky -- the network
>lingers so long on the US team that they miss the next several teams.
>This year, after the United States (Etats-Unis in the French language
>they were alphabetized by), the next team they showed was France.
>

Wow! what a logic!  "countries after the united states are always
unlucky" you say!!  who is unlucky?  Only the united states residents
not those people in the country who follow! 

pretty funny when people think that others in the world live inorder
for them to be noticed by some particular group of people!!
From: u322555@twncu865.ncu.edu.tw
Newsgroups: soc.culture.taiwan
Subject: Taiw Basewins again!
Date: 31 Jul 92 23:32:56 GMT
Organization: Computer Center, NCU, Taiwan, R.O.C.

iwan v. Domonica 11-0!!!
YA!   :)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.taiwan
From: kzumy@watnow.waterloo.edu (Kazuo Uezumi)
Subject: Re: NBC......Gan!
Organization: University of Waterloo
Date: Sun, 26 Jul 1992 23:36:54 GMT

In article <f2kmk=m.kemnitz@netcom.com> kemnitz@netcom.com (Greg Kemnitz) writes:
>
>However, for people concerned about coverage in Taiwan, the NBC telecast is
>only shown on its stations in the US.
>
	
	You forgot that people from the civilized north america country,
	Canada, are watching the same program as well.:-)
From: mcyang@pollux.usc.edu (Bien-Chao Iunn)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.taiwan
Subject: Re: be honest and you might get some respect
Date: 22 Jul 1992 09:56:01 -0700
Organization: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
NNTP-Posting-Host: pollux.usc.edu

In article <76348@ut-emx.uucp> joe@astro.as.utexas.edu (Joe Wang) writes:
- As I said before.  If an individual province secedes, then that
- province individually will always be better off.  The problem is that
- if all the provinces secede, then they all will be worse off.

So, those countries which seceded from the Great Big Britain, such as
the U.S, Canada, New Zealand and Austrlia, ..etc, are ALL worse off ??!!

Oh, I forgot to remind you that Taiwan needs no secession.   Taiwan IS
a de facto independent country already.
From: leungk@misvax.mis.arizona.edu (The Wandering Hermit)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.taiwan
Subject: Re: American-Chinese food (was Re: fc, sushi, egg/spring rolls)
Date: 29 Jul 92 15:54:00 GMT
Followup-To: soc.culture.taiwan
Distribution: world,local
Organization: MIS Department, Univ. of Arizona
News-Software: VAX/VMS VNEWS 1.41

In article <5767@ucru2.ucr.edu>, lulu@ucrmath.ucr.edu (david lu) writes...
> 
>   <stuff deleted>
>
>Come to think of it, American-Chinese cuisine is literally
>a distinct "Chinese" cuisine in itself.  Are there such
>dishes as Sweet and Sour or Egg Foo Young in China, Taiwan,
>or Hong Kong?
> 

The answer is YES. There are both Sweet and Sour Pork and Egg Foo Young
in Hong Kong. Of course, the Egg Foo Young in the States is a totally
different creature compare to the one in HK. :)

Best Wishes ....

Simon, The Hermit
Newsgroups: soc.culture.taiwan
From: cshi@cs.ulowell.edu (Chunde Shi)
Subject: Re: NBC......Gan!
Organization: University of Massachusetts at Lowell Computer Science
Date: Sun, 26 Jul 1992 16:07:34 GMT

In article <Brzw3s.L93@watserv1.waterloo.edu> kzumy@watnow.waterloo.edu (Kazuo Uezumi) writes:
>In article <4ckmlha.kemnitz@netcom.com> kemnitz@netcom.com (Greg Kemnitz) writes:
>>In article <BrzAKw.81J@watserv1.waterloo.edu> kzumy@watnow.waterloo.edu (Kazuo Uezumi) writes:
>>>
>	they have no say about this. The thing with american is that
>	they joke about Iraqi, Iran, Japan, PRC, ROC, Korea, France...
Why?
Iraq:  Threated "their" oil, wouldn't give up standing up
Iran:  Islimic fundermentalism nation, a threat to West ideas
Japan: Technologically surpassing U.S., working harder, created better.
PRC:   Every body in the world(except few) are bowing U.S. PRC say "leave us
       along"
ROC, Korea: "Heathen orientals"
France: Not so accomodating on U.S.'s hypocracy, scorn U.S. all the time

Who says West media is free!

Newsgroups: soc.culture.taiwan
From: observer
Subject: Re: NBC......Gan!
Organization: me
Date: Sun, 26 Jul 1992 19:46:32 GMT

In article <uc=vHfkfp8@atlantis.psu.edu> jclee@atlantis.psu.edu (Chieh-Sheng Lee;;bl
ue) writes:
>I waited two hours just for seeing the appearance of the athletes from
>"Chinese Taipei" in the opening ceremony of the Olympics, and finally
>it's "Swaziland". After the commercial, however, the camera switched
>to the Torch outside the stadium and what did I see next? "Tchekoslovakia"
>(Czechoslovakia).........
>
>I can't help but say: Gan, NBC! (If my memory serves me right, they
>screwed me up 4 years ago, too).
>
>Jason Lee
>


I didn't see Mongolia, Argentina, Burma, Macao, Denmark, Finland, Egypt and Morroco,
etc., either.
From: fchen@casbah.acns.nwu.edu (FuGwo Chen)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.taiwan
Subject: Re: NBC......Gan!
Date: 27 Jul 92 23:56:38 GMT
Organization: Northwestern University, Evanston Illinois.

In article <14168@borg.cs.unc.edu> chu@church.cs.unc.edu (Heng Chu) writes:
>>jclee@atlantis.psu.edu (Chieh-Sheng Lee;;blue) writes:
>>
>>>I can't help but say: Gan, NBC! (If my memory serves me right, they
>>>screwed me up 4 years ago, too).
>
>I wonder people in Taiwan had a chance to see Chinese Taipei team. When I
>called Taiwan Sat night, my parents were watching the opening ceremony too.
>I hope NBC is not controlling the broadcasting there also......
>
>Heng
I call back home and double check whether we even go to Spain. Obeviously,
YES. People back home did got a chance to see them. Thank God. I am calling
NBC to give them a piece of my mind.

-- 
Fu-Gwo Chen                     | The old believe everything;                |
Northwestern University -KGSM   | the middle-age suspect everything;         |
708-491-2870                    | the young know everything.                 |
fu-gwo@nwu.edu                  |     -- from fortune cookie                 |
From: George_Lin@mindlink.bc.ca (George Lin)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.taiwan
Subject: Re: abortion, homosexuality vs. Christians (Was: Racial Prob
Date: 27 Jul 92 12:13:15 GMT
Organization: MIND LINK! - British Columbia, Canada
Distribution: world

> Ching Tai writes:
> 
> If god is truely fair & kind, he should have made all humans equal (that
> would eliminate much of the current problems involving racism, etc.).

Maybe God isn't a communist.  Maybe God likes variety and doesn't like clones.

> Also, I find it hard to believe that anyone, given the choice, would elect to
> be gay etc. on his free will.

Assuming your assumption is correct, then you could also say:
"I find it hard to believe that anyone, given the choice, would elect to be a
paedophile etc. on his free will."
Note: This still does not make it correct to be a paedophile.

> Also, why do you christians are so against gays/abortions, etc.?  (sorry if I
> overly generalize, but that's the impression I get from the talk shows, this
> group, christian meetings on campus, etc.)  I'd like to stress the word
> "individual" I used in the above paragraph, and I don't see why you need to
> stick your nose where it's not welcomed.  He/she should have his/her privacy,
> and it's none of your business.

It's naive to say "what I do behind my closed doors is my business and you
should mind your own."  Society regulates what you can and cannot do behind
closed doors.  (ie. do drugs, have sexual relations with a minor, etc).
People in turn can affect these regulations through various means, one of which
is to be vocal about their views.

> As a side note, ever since I came to college, I've had to deal with many
> stupid christian groups trying to convert me to christianity.

These people are, in their own minds, trying to help you.  You obviously don't
see it that way.

> No, I'm not against christians at all.  I just hate it when they keep bugging
> me, trying to get me to believe in something I find boring and, frankly, less
> truthful then Bush's comment of "no nude taxes."
>  -CHING 

No, I'm not against you at all.  I just hate it when people reply about things
they know very little about and make hugh irrational relations thinking they
know it all.


--

 -------------------------------------------
| George Lin                  | 145.270 MHz |
| George_Lin@mindlink.bc.ca   |   VE7FKU    |
 -------------------------------------------
Newsgroups: soc.culture.taiwan,soc.culture.hongkong,soc.culture.china
From: hwang@hermes.Berkeley.EDU (Kailan Hwang)
Subject: Re: God knows ! Re: Racial Problem?
Organization: University of California at Berkeley
Date: Thu, 23 Jul 1992 18:59:23 GMT

In article <1992Jul21.184110.2271@noose.ecn.purdue.edu> hengyi@ec.ecn.purdue.edu (Heng-Yi Chao) writes:
=
=Take it easy. man. It helps us to learn Americans.
=

Which American you were talkinh about?
Aferican American?
European American?
Jewish American?
Arab American?
Hispanic American?
Native American?
Latino American?
Asian American?
Communist Chinese American?
Non-Communist Chinese American?
Taiwanese American?

list goes on and on ...

US is the strangest Nation on the Earth. American is the
only place that people can go there and becomes an American.

So if I become an American, then Mr. Hengyi, am I becoming
one of your subject to learn about?  ;-)

The best way to get rid of learning is to become an American,
then do not need to learn anymore.
Cuz, why American has to learn American?


-- 
| Above is my own opinion and I do not mind if Berkeley agrees with me. :-) |
| E-Mail Addr.: hwang@postgres.berkeley.edu                                 | 
| Real world: Kailan Hwang                              % flame > /dev/null |
| "The job of a citizen is to keep his mouth open."    --- Gunter Grass     |
Newsgroups: soc.culture.taiwan
From: dwong@novell.com (David Wong)
Subject: Re: Taiwan's Olympic Medal?
Organization: Novell Inc., San Jose, Califonia
Distribution: usa
Date: Wed, 29 Jul 1992 00:39:07 GMT

In article <5735@ucru2.ucr.edu> chi@watnxt07.ucr.edu (Lung-chi Chuang) writes:
>>
>>	Is Taiwan going to take any medal this year?
>>
>>	Back in 1984, Taiwan won a Gold Medal in weightlifting.  
>>How about this?  Is that guy still around?


Don't won't to let you down, but I'm afraid you're wrong.  That was a
bronze medal.

<wong>
#------- TzungHsing David Wong --- Novell Inc. ---     * 349 ** NTHU.EE82 *
 Internet:  dwong@novell.com                                  =====
 Uucp:      ...!uunet!novell.com!dwong                        ==!==
 Snail:     2180 Fortune Dr., San Jose, CA 95131, USA         =====
 Voice:     +1 408 473 8258
Newsgroups: soc.culture.taiwan,soc.culture.india,soc.culture.china,soc.culture.hongkong
From: dwong@novell.com (David Wong)
Subject: Re: CFV: alt.us.visas
Followup-To: /dev/null
Keywords: visa
Organization: Novell Inc., San Jose, Califonia
Date: Fri, 24 Jul 1992 02:20:26 GMT

In article <4610@d75.UUCP> vijay@wizards.austin.ibm.com writes:
>How about creating a group called alt.us.visas.  By the addition of this 
>group we could help folks mostly interested in visa information from any 
>country to get that information easily.  A FAQ will also be helpful. 
>This will moderate many of the soc groups. 
>
>**********************************************************************
>               Vijay Joglekar - arbiter elagantiarum
> Disclaimer: These are my opinions and my opinions only. Has nothing
>                      to do with where I work.
>            Littera scripta manet: Credo quia absurdum
>**********************************************************************

I just discovered today that a new news group, alt.visa.us, was created
for this purpose.  You might want to check it out.  Ask your local sysadm
if you don't receive it.

<wong>
#------- TzungHsing David Wong --- Novell Inc. ---     * 349 ** NTHU.EE82 *
 Internet:  dwong@novell.com                                  =====
 Uucp:      ...!uunet!novell.com!dwong                        ==!==
 Snail:     2180 Fortune Dr., San Jose, CA 95131, USA         =====
 Voice:     +1 408 473 8258
Newsgroups: soc.culture.taiwan,soc.culture.china
From: cshi@cs.ulowell.edu (Chunde Shi)
Subject: Re: abortion, homosexuality vs. Christians (Was: Racial Problem?) 
Organization: University of Massachusetts at Lowell Computer Science
Date: Thu, 23 Jul 1992 00:36:50 GMT

Anti-Abortion movement, strongly pushed by Catholic Church and member in 
U.S. are only an viecles for those Catholic project their influnce over
U.S.'s political lifes.
Those nations in Europe which have most Catolic population, most 
have liberal abortion laws.
From: adamy@milton.u.washington.edu (Erh-Chun Yeh)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.taiwan
Subject: Re: NBC......Gan!
Date: 26 Jul 92 07:54:15 GMT
Article-I.D.: milton.adamy.712137255
Organization: University of Washington

jclee@atlantis.psu.edu (Chieh-Sheng Lee;;blue) writes:

>I waited two hours just for seeing the appearance of the athletes from
>"Chinese Taipei" in the opening ceremony of the Olympics, and finally
>it's "Swaziland". After the commercial, however, the camera switched
>to the Torch outside the stadium and what did I see next? "Tchekoslovakia"
>(Czechoslovakia).........

>I can't help but say: Gan, NBC! (If my memory serves me right, they
>screwed me up 4 years ago, too).

>Jason Lee

NBC is such a blind jerk. How can it overlook us but remember those
outlandish countries? Did we worth less to be broadcasted? Or Bob went
to rest room when Chinese Taipei appeared? I was really mad after I
realized we were not in. I did not know how NBC drafted those programs.
And who did it. I was sick about how NBC described some countries. Now
I doubt whether they really know about which contry is which and where
is that country. I remembered when I went shopping last week, the
saleswoman even mixed "Taiwan" with "Tailand". I took a while to teach
her how those countries related to each other and they are not the
same. Sometimes I really do not know how to forgive this kind of
ignorance. Intentionally or not, NBC did lose their stand. I can
barely see the advantages of this arrangement. I really don't want
to blame this Nothing But Creep ....., but it sucks....spit:...

Adam Yeh
Newsgroups: soc.culture.taiwan
From: utingli@uxa.ecn.bgu.edu (Tingli Pan)
Subject: Re: Racial Problem? (was: Voice to change of voter.)
Organization: Educational Computing Network
Date: Wed, 22 Jul 1992 04:36:42 GMT

In article <3145@peking.gdwb.oz.au> mlt@gdwb.oz.au (Mee Teng) writes:
>chen@caen.engin.umich.edu (Jian Chen) writes:
>
>>The decay of a society is the beginning of a country's falling.
>>It is the time for American to come back to Jesus. This is
>>the only way for America avoid the fall.
>
>I couldn't agree with you more !

Lin Shi Bao Fu Jiao.

Tingli Pan
Newsgroups: soc.culture.taiwan
From: chenh%prism.DECnet@iuvax.cs.indiana.edu (Huijie)
Subject: What is Chiao4 Yu4 Kong1 Hsueh2 in English
Organization: Computer Science, Indiana University
Date: Sat, 25 Jul 92 19:04:17 -0500

Hi, There,

I am from the Mainland.  Today, I received a letter from Taiwan who asked 
me to help him find out more information about Chiao4 Yu4 Kong1 Hsueh2 
program at my campus.  Since I am not at the education field too, I don't 
what is Chiao4 Yu4 Kong1 Hsueh2 in English.  Can you help me first?

Here is my direct translation: Chiao4 Yu4 (education) Kong1 (engineering) 
Hsueh2 (sciense.)

Thank you!

Huijie
chenh@ucs.indiana.edu