HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
Newsgroups: soc.roots

I Hope this isn't a stupid question...




Where can I find a list of the travelers on the Mayflower?

In particular, I want to know if anyone named "Farr" was on the ship.

If anyone has a list, I would be interested in getting it.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Chris ("ck") Kiessling
CAD Software Development Engineer
(408) 553-2905                     Hewlett-Packard Company
(408) 249-6225 [FAX]               Integrated Circuit Business Division
ck@dtc.hp.com                      Santa Clara, California 95052
Newsgroups: soc.roots
From: wiggins@osiris.cso.uiuc.edu (Don Wiggins)
Subject: Don's Tafel
Organization: University of Illinois at Urbana
Date: Sun, 27 Sep 1992 22:51:27 GMT

N Donald H. Wiggins
A 306 East Franklin
A Fisher, IL  61843-9440
T (217) 897-1656
S wiggins@osiris.cso.uiuc.edu
D /IBM/100K
F PAF
Z 8 TTGEN-1.22 MP
B625 1824 1888 Birkhimer\PA/IL
C350 1847 1847 Cowden
E425 1770 1821 Elson\PA/OH
H400 1743 1835 Hall\Germany/OH
M253 1873 1873 McIntire\OH
S340 1836 1909 Staley\OH
S315 1724 1856 Stephenson\/OH
W252 1713 1944 Wiggins\Ireland/OH
W 27 Sep 1992
Newsgroups: soc.roots
From: fr@compu.com (Fred Rump from home)
Subject: Re: Pommeranian ancestors
Organization: CompuData Inc.
Date: Fri, 25 Sep 1992 20:21:12 GMT

Just in case, you might want to try:
Forschungsstelle Pommern der AGoFF
Direktor: Dr. Max Bruhn
Ollsener Strasse 24
W-2116 Hanstedt-Nordheide
Germany

Or if you can speak a little German or risk his English you can call
149-04182-7355

Then there is also the Pommersche Zeitung (newspaper)
at Johnsallee 18,
W-2000 Hamburg

fred
-- 
W. Fred Rump 	office:	   fred@COMPU.COM     'mans feet have grown/so big 
26 Warren St.   home: fred@icdi10.compu.com  that he/forgets his littleness'
Beverly, NJ. 08010                          		Don Marquis 
609-386-6846    bang:uunet!cdin-1!icdi10!fr   
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
Newsgroups: soc.roots
Date:         Tue, 29 Sep 1992 21:27:44 -0500
Reply-To:     John Carroll <eldon@TENET.EDU>
From:         John Carroll <eldon@TENET.EDU>
Subject:      Taylor/Davis
Comments: To: NORMAN@macalstr.bitnet
Comments: cc: roots-l@vm1.nodak.edu

"Davis served in various posts in the Indian Territories until 1835 when he
resigned his commission and eloped with the daughter of his commander,
Col. Zachary Taylor."
"Davis moved to Mississippi and bought a plantation, but his happiness was
cut short by the death of his wife just three months after their marriage."
From _Heroes of the Civil War_ by Harrison Hunt.
(Can't seem to find her name anywhere though)

JC
===========================================================================
John E. Carroll < eldon@tenet.edu >
1503 Hillcrest Dr.
Jacksonville, TX 75766
===========================================================================
Researching: Carroll, Bailey, Hildebrand, Daniel, Bowman, Martin, Gisch,
                    Scammahorn/Schermerhorn, Mouser, Dipnew, Davis, & Brown
From: beaurega@ireq.hydro.qc.ca (Denis Beauregard)
Newsgroups: soc.roots
Subject: Re: Legality of Cousins Marrying
Date: 30 Sep 92 18:57:47 GMT
Organization: Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Quebec, Varennes, Canada

In this current trend, I have a few comments.

In Quebec (very catholic), cousin marriages are legal.  In my related family
(cousins of cousins), there is one couple of married cousins.  They
lost their first child, but get 2 others who are well.

But, it is illegal to marry (for example) sister of ex-wife after divorce!
Divorce is a provincial law since 1968 or 1970 (civil marriage exists since
1969 only and divorces are one year before or after; before, it was under
canadian law, not quebec law).  So, if I marry Mary and divorce, I can't
marry Sue, sister of Mary, but I can marry Ann if Ann is my cousin.

A story someone told me as true, while I never read it nor did I find
any reference : a brother and a sister get some children together.
I know incest is illegal, but this may happen.  It seems that after 4 or 5
children, the priest accepted to marry them.  I repeat : I have no reference.
I remember who told me and I can ask her for details.

Another, more likely story : twins who were adopted separately and met
each other, fall in love and decide to get married.  I presume some
civil servant can check for biological parents.  Then, it was found they
were sibling and could not get married.

To terminate : in old Egypt, pharaohs used to marry together as brother
and sister.  European kings used to marry as cousins because a few
persons were as high as a king's son, usually a king's daughter.
Louis XVI, who as a bad king, was probably a result of such pedigree.
The same way, bastard dogs will live longer than pure pedigree dogs.

-- 
  \_\    Denis Beauregard  *  internet:beaurega@ireq.hydro.qc.ca
 /   \   Genealogiste des familles : Beauregard/Jarret/Jarest/Vincent
J   __>  Un Quebec renouvele dans une Amerique renovee
\_.-===  Non a une entente au contenu secret      Mon opinion ? Non !
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
X-Vmsmail-To: SMTP%"roots-l@vm1.nodak.edu"
Newsgroups: soc.roots
Date:         Sun, 27 Sep 1992 00:20:39 -0700
Reply-To:     "(Jay H. Lieske Sr)" <JHL@NAIF.JPL.NASA.GOV>
From:         "(Jay H. Lieske Sr)" <JHL@NAIF.JPL.NASA.GOV>
Subject:      Do research and ignore polemics
Comments: To: roots-l@vm1.nodak.edu

Recently, fr responded to a question as follows:

JWD@PSUVM:  I am interested in finding out more about some ancestors
JWD@PSUVM: from Pommerania. One of the first things I would like to do
JWD@PSUVM: is locate their birthplaces.  One was born in Lietzow, Stettin, Pomme
rania
JWD@PSUVM: in 1853 and the other was born in Sittnow, Stettin, Pommerania in 188
9.

fr: There are literally millions of us who have German ancestors who lived and
fr: died in areas East of the Oder/Neisse line. Roughly 16 million people were
fr: transported out of there in ethnic cleansing actions as a result of Yalta
fr: after WWII alone.  Today we kick Yugoslavia out of the UN for doing the same
fr: thing on a much smaller scale.  Many of my relatives disappeared on this ver
y
fr: trip just as others do today in Bosnia.
[etc. etc.]
        Normally, Fred gives useful information, but one has to learn
when to accept things from UseNet as just hot air or useful information.
        In this case, "Von der Oder ostwaerts (Polnische Nortsnamen in
Pommern)" [Eastwards from the Oder (Polish Placenames in Pomerania)]
by Guenter Gutzmerow and published in 1978 by the Pommerscher Buchversand
in Hamburg is of use.  It states that Lietzow is now called Lisowo in
Poland in the vicinity of Regenwalde, just NE of Frankfurt/Oder.
        Sittnow is perhaps Sittna (Sytno) in Czechoslovakia, just
West of Plzen (Pilsen), Czechoslovakia.  At least it does not
appear in "Von der Oder ostwaerts."
                                -Jay Lieske
                                jhl@naif.jpl.nasa.gov
From: kem@csri.toronto.edu (Kem Luther)
Newsgroups: soc.roots
Subject: Re: Dutch - Black, New Holland, Low
Date: 5 Oct 92 13:53:53 GMT

If "Low Dutch" is a reference to someone from Holland, I'm not sure 
what it might mean, but if it is a reference to German ancestry in
general, then it probably refers to a "Plattdeutch" speaking family,
perhaps (but not necessarily) from the German Palatinate.  The
Plattdeutch called themselves "platt" to distinguish themselves
from speakers of "Hochdeutch."
From: pwp@moose.cs.indiana.edu (Paul Purdom)
Newsgroups: soc.roots
Subject: Geoneological formats
Date: 6 Oct 92 20:55:23 GMT
Organization: Computer Science, Indiana University

I am looking for information on the formats that are used in common
geneological data base systems. I am looking for the type of information
I would need to write programs to convert between the common format
and the home grown one that I am currently using.
Newsgroups: soc.roots
From: cel@nsscmail.att.com (clayton EDward LEIHY iii)
Subject: FTJ (was: Re: Brother's Keeper vs Personal Roots)
Followup-To: soc.roots
Organization: NCR Systems Support Center - New Jersey
Date: Tue, 29 Sep 1992 21:11:20 GMT

In article <2466.2AC603BF@catpe.alt.za> Deon.Strydom@p16.f1.n7104.z5.fidonet.org (Deon Strydom) wrote about the GEDCOM standard for transferring data.

>Personal Roots sounds quite good from what you've said, but if it doesn't come with GEDCOM, the "industry standard" for transferring data between genealogy programs, that is a very serious flaw indeed...  

As a newbie lurker here (my first post in soc.roots), I've been waiting
to see if anyone else used (or knocked) Family Tree Journal, a shareware
program I picked up in the Minneapolis Airport gift shop for $5.00 while
waiting to change planes.

The documentation states it comes with GEDCOM, but I haven't had a chance
to try it out, since this is the only family tree program I have.

Don't know how it compares to the more common (and abviously more
favored) ones here, but it has let me input everything I've been able
to acquire concerning my ancestors, including the usual type charts as
well as biographical information and at least four user-defined fields;
it also prompts you to back up your info each time you exit the program.

Is this a good program, or was I taken?

Ed Leihy (NCR--an AT$T Company || LEIHY, BUTLER, BUCHHOLZ, SIMPKINS
65 Bloomfield Lane             || FORD, CORNWELL, PEARSON
Willingboro, NJ 08046            =====================================
(609) 877-7580 (home)
(908) 668-6319 (work)  
From: rrr@hpdmd48.boi.hp.com (Rudi Rynders)
Date: Fri, 2 Oct 1992 14:14:07 GMT
Subject: Re: Dutch - Black, New Holland, Low
Organization: Hewlett Packard - Boise, ID
Newsgroups: soc.roots

</ hpdmd48:soc.roots / Melodi Rayl <mrayl@STL-07SIMA.ARMY.MIL> / 11:43 am  Sep 28, 1992 /
<Well, I've always been told that my Mom's maternal side was "Low" Dutch!
<Does anyone know what THAT means?
<
<Melodi Rayl
<St. Louis
<==========================================================================
<RAYL  also  BISHOP, FLIPPIN, GOUGE, HARROLD, PEARCY
<----------

Just a wild guess here. It could be that this would indicate an origin
which is the area below (to the South) of the Rhine/Meuse rivers, which
covers the provinces of Zeeland, Brabant and Limburg. 

Rudi Rynders (rrr@hpdmd48.boi.hp.com)
From: lhe@dash.udev.cdc.com (lh erickson 913-469-9264)
Newsgroups: soc.roots
Subject: Re: Scanning and printing out scanned images.
Date: 30 Sep 92 21:18:14 GMT
X-Newsreader: Tin 1.1 PL5

mark r rauschkolb at Mississippi State University writes:
>You can ALWAYS create a 300 dpi printout from a 400 dpi image, without
>losing image quality; 

Well, just a minute.  If the scanner you use for input has gray-scale
capability, then each dot that you scan is more than either black or
white.  If you are scanning in at a gray-scale level of 64, then each
dot has an internally stored gray-scale value of 0 to 63!  Now, if
you print this on a 300 dpi printer, that either prints, or skips 
each dot, then you are losing resolution.  This is compensated for
on some software packages (I believe Aldus amongst others) by using
a technique called "half-toning", the same strategy used by most, if
not all newspapers.  In simple terms, to convert a 300 dpi gray-scale
image to a 300 dip half-tone image, a group of (say 6 x 6) half-tone
dots are weighted, and then converted into an appropriate pattern of
(say 6 x 6) black and white dots, with the appropriate number of black
dots to give the visual appearance of the "grayness" being represented.

The net result is to loose resolution to something close to 300 / 6 or
50 (now the terminology changes) lines/inch.  This is an oversimplified
explanation, and there are methods of improving the results somewhat,
but you get the idea.

Some of the newer laser printers provide "variable width" dots, which
should be able to provide better resolution.  While I'm sure there is
some software to support this capability, I have not seen any demonstrated.

I, too would very much like to scan pictures, but I am still waiting
to see some impressive results.

Ron Erickson
lhe@hare.udev.cdc.com
From: Mike.Fisher@dunaad.co.uk
Newsgroups: soc.roots
Subject: Saving newspapers
Date: 28 Sep 92 05:59:09 GMT
Organization: Dungate

On Sunday September 27 1992, John.Pimentel@bdragon.fidonet.org wrote:

 Jo> I am looking for information or recipes to preserve newspapers from
 Jo> browning and "drying" out.  If there is a GENELOG file, please let me
 Jo> know, otherwise a post here or directly to:
 Jo> John.Pimentel@f315.n322.z1.fidonet.org

Here's the last message I spotted in here on a similar subject.  It is #very#
slightly edited for layout because my archive copy was line-wrapped rather
oddly.

= `soc.roots' ===================================
 From : usr5992a@TSO.UC.EDU   Thu 02 Jul 92 00:09
 Subj : Re: Preservation of Newspapers

I have (somewhere!) a copy of a method to preserve newspapers. I believe I
read it in a Genealogical Magazine (Genealogical Helper?). It gives the
following "recipe":

1 quart bottle of carbonated water
2 tablespoons of Milk of Magnesia

Mix together and immerse newspaper for a short (?) while. Remove newspaper and
drain same (over a clothes line or whatever). I don't know what the chemical
process is, but apparently, it will continue to neutralize the acid content
of the paper for some time (I believe the aticle said for ever!).

Good luck
jack Mehornay
==================================================

I think that the quart referred to will be the small (US, 32 ounce, quart)
rather than the Imperial quart (2 pints, 40 ounces) but I do not suppose that
the proportions are critical in a case like this.

I hope that helps!  :-)

Best regards,
Mike.

-+- GoldED 2.40+
 # Origin: Point 10 at ROOTS (UK!), +44-483-579631 (2:440/50)
From: soren@crsa.bu.edu (Soren Ryherd)
Newsgroups: soc.roots
Subject: What is Eastern Star?
Date: 28 Sep 92 16:53:27 GMT
Distribution: usa
Organization: Boston University

In looking through some biographical info on a late great-aunt of mine,
I found the note "Member of Eastern Star".  My aunt (who's info I was
perusing) thought it might be akin to the D.A.R., but she was not sure
either.  Does anyone know what this organization is/was?

Hope its not some ugly white supremacist thing...

-Soren Ryherd
 researching: RYHERD (RIHERD, REICHERT), WILCOX (WILCOCKSON), DANIELS,
ARCHIBALD, PETERSEN, HYDORN, MCPHEELEY, NAYLOR, HOUCK, MCKENZIE
 also (but not so avidly): BRYANT, DEHAVEN, SLENIN, GREER, JORDAN,
CARTWRIGHT, BOONE, MORGAN, MAUGRIDGE, MILTON, SLONECKER, LOOSE,
HILDEBRAND, MCGRANATHAN, STREGLE, WISTAR, SCHNEIDER
Newsgroups: soc.roots
From: jdh9308@rigel.tamu.edu (HOOD, JONATHAN DAVIS)
Subject: ancesstors in Britian
Organization: Texas A&M University, College Station
Date: Mon, 5 Oct 1992 03:01:00 GMT

I am an genelogist who currently doing research on my ancesstors in Britian.
I recently found a pedigree chart taking my direct family line from early
1600's to 1272.  My last name in 1272 is Bradshaw.  They owned a manor in 
Landcaster County, Britian and the family line was known as "Bradshaw
of Pennington". 

I would be very grateful if anyone could help me with the following questions:
	
	1.  How do Americans find information on ancesstors in England/Ireland/
	    Scotland prior to 1800?
	2.  Where and How do I find information on my ancesstor's manor, and
	    if anyone of them were knighted?
From: kathleen@casbs.Stanford.EDU (Kathleen Much)
Subject: Re: Black Dutch
Keywords: help
Organization: Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences
Distribution: usa
Date: Wed, 30 Sep 1992 22:03:19 GMT

In article <1992Sep28.140442.1578@sunova.ssc.gov> renfro@geewhiz.ssc.gov (James Renfro) writes:
>
>2. Besides the Port of Galveston, where might an immigrant disembark along the  
>higher end of the Texas Gulf coast?  Or would New Orleans be the more likely  
>port?

Until the 1900 hurricane, Galveston was the main port of entry for
Texas immigrants.  A few came overland from New Orleans, but by far
the preponderance of the Germans came through Galveston.  I'm not
aware of any other Texas ports that handled trans-Atlantic traffic in
those days--they mostly got local Gulf Coast shipping.

-- 
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Kathleen Much, Editor		|E-mail: kathleen@casbs.stanford.EDU
CASBS, 202 Junipero Serra Blvd.	|Phone: (415) 321-2052
Stanford, CA  94305		|Fax: (415) 321-1192
Newsgroups: soc.roots
From: lucifer@world.std.com (Kevin S Green)
Subject: Posted to comp.binaries.apple2 - Kindred Spirits (HypercardGS)
Summary: HypercardGS stack for tracing ancestory on Apple //gs
Keywords: hypercard apple gs stack family ancestory genealogy
Organization: The World Public Access UNIX, Brookline, MA
Follow-Up: comp.sys.apple2
Date: Tue, 29 Sep 1992 00:52:28 GMT

Just posted by me in comp.binaries.apple2

Program name: Kindred Spirits
Author: Kevin Scott Green
Version: 1.0
Status: Freeware
Files in archive: Kindred Spirits v1.0 & Kindred Spirits Doc
Unpack with: binscii then GS Shrinkit _to an HFS volume_
Abstract: Hypercard GS stack for tracking & maintaining notes on ancestory.
Bugs/Quirks: see documentation
-- 
Kevin S. Green / lucifer@world.std.com / {xylogics;uunet}!world!lucifer
               /America Online: Gargoth
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Newsgroups: soc.roots
Date:         Mon, 28 Sep 1992 14:29:26 EST
Reply-To:     Susan Mower <SMOWER@UVMVM.BITNET>
From:         Susan Mower <SMOWER@UVMVM.BITNET>
Subject:      Black Dutch

I think I remember this phrase coming up in discussion before and
it seems it had something to do with the Spanish armada and their
conquests.  I remember someone mentioning "Black Irish" as being
of Spanish and Irish heritage for the same reason.  Can anyone
else shed any enlightenment?

Thanks very much
smower@uvmvm.uvm.edu
From: mrr1@Ra.MsState.Edu (mark r rauschkolb)
Newsgroups: soc.roots
Subject: Re: Scanning and printing out scanned images.
Date: 30 Sep 92 13:24:36 GMT
Reply-To: mrr1@Ra.MsState.Edu
Organization: Mississippi State University

At the moment, the fact that you can put a picture into the computer
is "neat" or "fun".  Getting any picture is great - who cares about 
image quality. (especially if you cannot display the whole higher-res
picture on the screen)  In the future, you will care that you "saved 
disk space" and only made a 100 dpi image.

If you wish to print the pictures, get the highest resolution picture
that you can.  Most current Laser printers are 300 dpi, but there are
many out there that can do better, and it is only a matter of time 
until a higher resolution becomes standard.

You can ALWAYS create a 300 dpi printout from a 400 dpi image, without 
losing image quality;  but you cannot produce a 400 dpi printout from
a 100 dpi image (yes you can print it at 400 dpi, but the quality will
be the same as if you printed at 100 dpi).

If these are borrowed pictures, or pictures that you do not have easy 
access to, get the best possible image now.  You will be much happier 
in the future.  (at 400 dpi your grand childdren can see that they have
the "family nose" that their great-grandfather had.  At 100 dpi, the
features will be indistinct, especially group shots)

If disk space is a problem - save them on floppies.

Mark
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
Newsgroups: soc.roots
Date:         Sat, 3 Oct 1992 13:59:12 PDT
Reply-To:     Karen Isaacson <karen@MONTY.RAND.ORG>
From:         Karen Isaacson <karen@MONTY.RAND.ORG>
Subject: OOPS!!! RSL Part II was Q-R, not G-H!
Comments: To: roots-L@vm1.nodak.edu

What can I say?  I've been automating things that didn't used
to be automated...

Please be patient during remodelling?

Karen
karen@rand.org
Newsgroups: soc.roots
From: renfro@geewhiz.ssc.gov (James Renfro)
Subject: Black Dutch
Keywords: help
Organization: Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory
Distribution: usa
Date: Mon, 28 Sep 1992 14:04:42 GMT



Just over the weekend, I made contact with a _new_ 2nd cousin, and learned
our common Ggf was something called, _Black Dutch_, and that he came to Texas  
from Holland with his two brothers ( I know, I know -- I didnt make it up,  
really [;^)  ) in 1865-1870.  

This raises two questions that I hope somebody on the net can answer for me:

1. What was meant by the term _Black Dutch_ ?  This term must be an old timey  
one and was certainly one used _forever_ in East and Southeast Texas, according  
to my _new_ cousin.  If so, the _3 brothers_ must not have been the only _Black  
Dutchmen__ to come to America back then. The Ggf's name was Crimm, and although  
other east Texas families were named Crim, he is remembered to have insisted  
they were no relation to him.

2. Besides the Port of Galveston, where might an immigrant disembark along the  
higher end of the Texas Gulf coast?  Or would New Orleans be the more likely  
port?

Any answers, or bright ideas will be most welcomed.
Thanks

Jim Renfro
renfro@geewhiz.ssc.gov
Newsgroups: soc.roots
From: ptrei@bistromath.mitre.org (Peter Trei)
Subject: Correction Re: Freemasonry info (was: Eastern Star)
Organization: The MITRE Corporation
Date: Fri, 2 Oct 1992 03:01:30 GMT

"Tom Cunningham" <TPC@grove.iup.edu> pointed out an error in my post. I
wrote:

>Rainbow Girls:
>     A girls order, open to female relatives of Master Masons between the
>ages of 11 and 21. Symbol is a rainbow.

should read:

Rainbow Girls:
     A girls order, open to female relatives of Master Masons (and
their friends) between the ages of 11 and 21. Symbol is a rainbow.

     Since OES doesn't have the "friends" clause, while a Mason's
daughter or niece can move on up to OES when she reaches 21, her
friends cannot. (No, I don't think this makes much sense either).

							Peter Trei
							ptrei@mitre.org
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU
X-Envelope-to: roots-l@vm1.nodak.EDU
Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
Newsgroups: soc.roots
Date:         Mon, 28 Sep 1992 23:19:52 -0400
Reply-To:     "(Helmut J. Jungschaffer)" <usr9428a@TSO.UC.EDU>
From:         "(Helmut J. Jungschaffer)" <usr9428a@TSO.UC.EDU>
Subject:      First-cousin marriages
Comments: To: roots-l@vm1.nodak.EDU

Reply to: usr9428a@tso.uc.edu

"(Tom Lincoln)" <lincoln@RAND.ORG> writes:

->The Amish are a small, well studied
->group with very good family records that appear highly accurate. They
->have clarified many genetic relationships because of their self imposed
->isolation over many generations. As a culture, they remain robust, in
->spite of almost no recruitment.

As a pediatrician familiar with the Amish I would certainly have to disagree
with any assessment denying a vastly increased number of genetic diseases in
this population, if this should be the intent of this statement.  The Amish
do run a greatly increased risk for a variety of diseases when compared to an
outbread population.  I guess it depends on your outlook, whether you
personally can still be happy with your robust culture when eight of your ten
children have PKU.  The Amish happen to be very community oriented and very
strong in their religious beliefs, under such circumstances almost any
personal tragedy can somehow be seen as fitting into God's grand picture.  I
do, however, have my doubts that you will find many other families willing to
accept potential outcomes such as in the above mentioned example.
My paternal grandparents were first cousins, and I certainly would not be the
one to use Tay-Sachs disease in Ashkenazy Jews or the multitude of genetic
diseases in the Amish to categorically oppose first-cousin marriages.  After
all, for most people the situation is different from these highly inbread
populations.  But I would certainly be wary if there were a number of certain
diseases running in the family.

Helmut Jungschaffer