HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
From: oetiker@iis.ethz.ch (Tobias Oetiker)
Subject: WANTED: Utilities for POV ...
Organization: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, CH
Distribution: comp
Date: Mon, 12 Oct 1992 07:21:02 GMT

Hi,
I wounder where I could get all thos utils for pov, promised in
the documentation ... or are there none ready yet ???

thanks tobi
From: cwm@Turing.ORG (Chris W. Morris)
Newsgroups: comp.graphics
Subject: Re: Blue screen image processing
Date: 13 Oct 92 02:11:19 GMT
Organization: The Turing Project, Charlottesville Virginia.


 You may be interested in using image overlays.. for example.. on still images,
you might use Improc40.zip (for DOS). All the black (bkcolor 0) of an image
is replaced with whatever image it is overlayed upon. I have used this many
times to produce various types of images, with much success. I find this to be
the easiest way. I'm sure animations could be produced very similarly.

Hope this is of some help,
Chris W. Morris
cwm@Turing.org 
---
--
 
Newsgroups: comp.graphics
From: edge@unislc.uucp (Brian Edginton)
Subject: Re: TIFF Standard
Organization: Unisys Corporation SLC
Date: Thu, 8 Oct 1992 13:42:52 GMT

gerry@bluemoon.rn.com (Gerard M. Foley) writes:

>   The story in PC Magazine, Dec 19, 1991, fails to tell the
>significance of bytes 5, 6, 7 and possibly 8 in the TIFF
>IFD (counting the first byte as 1, not 0).   
>   Is there any easy description?  In most cases the string
>is 01 00 00 00, but in the case of one conversion, by 
>Windows PAINTBRUSH, from .PCX to .TIF, one string 
>1E 00 00 00 was produced.

In TIFF 6.0 the entry at bytes 4-7 (Counting from 0) is
the number or count of Types (entry at bytes 2-3) in the
field. Each Type is counted as one (1) regardless of
physical size (ie a LONG [32-bits] and a SHORT [16-bits]
are both counted as one.

Previous to 6.0 this entry was called Length not Count.
-- 
Brian Edginton                | {hpda, sun, uplherc}!unislc!edge
Unisys                        | unislc!edge@cs.utah.edu
320 North 2200 West B2E10     | (801) 594-6009 Human (usually)
Salt Lake City, Utah 84116    | (801) 594-3827 Fax
From: awln@dcs.qmw.ac.uk (Adelene Ng)
Newsgroups: comp.graphics
Subject: large polygonal databases
Keywords: radiosity, polygonal databases
Date: 16 Oct 92 17:41:44 GMT
Organization: Computer Science Dept, QMW, University of London

Hi,

I was wondering where I could get hold of large polygonal databases for testing
my radiosity code. The databases should preferably contain orientation and
camera viewing parameters.
Please send all replies to my e-mail address.

Thanks in advance

Adelene

UUCP:      awln@qmw-dcs.uucp  | Computer Science Dept    |
Internet:  awln@dcs.qmw.ac.uk | QMW University of London | 
JANET:     awln@uk.ac.qmw.dcs | Mile End Road            |
			      | London E1 4NS            | 

--
UUCP:      awln@qmw-dcs.uucp  | Computer Science Dept    |
Internet:  awln@dcs.qmw.ac.uk | QMW University of London | 
JANET:     awln@uk.ac.qmw.dcs | Mile End Road            |
			      | London E1 4NS            |
From: tessmann@cs.ubc.ca (Markus Tessmann)
Newsgroups: comp.graphics
Subject: rendering light reflecting off mirrors
Date: 15 Oct 1992 11:43:51 -0700
Organization: Computer Science, University of B.C., Vancouver, B.C., Canada
NNTP-Posting-Host: larry.cs.ubc.ca

We are working with a sculptor who is using light reflecting from mirrors to
create the visual effects he is looking for.  The problem we have is that
typical ray tracing software does not correctly model the effect of a light
reflection off a mirror surface.  He would like to use the computer to aid in
designing the sculpture prior to construction.

For example,  if you point a flashlight at a mirror, the light will bounce off
and strike another object (wall, floor etc.) creating a spot as if you had
pointed the light directly at this object.  All the ray tracers that I know of
do not do this.

Does anybody have (or know of) a ray tracer that will handle this condition
correctly?  Any help or suggestions will be greatly appreciated.

Thanks in advance,

	Markus Tessmann
	Rod Quinn
Newsgroups: comp.graphics
From: iain@ee.ryerson.ca (Iain Campbell)
Subject: Re: Info Needed on Scanning Noisy Line Drawings
Organization: Ryerson Polytechnical Institute, Toronto
Date: Thu, 15 Oct 1992 18:58:07 GMT

In article <1992Oct10.190816.24474@sctc.com> boebert@sctc.com (Earl Boebert) writes:
>Apologies for what must be a newbie question, but here goes:
>
>I have a substantial inventory of shapes which I wish to convert from
>line drawings on paper to digital models.  The shapes are renderings

[stuff deleted]

>I am looking for a tool which will enable me to capture the
>approximate (x,y,z) coordinates of selected points without spending
>many hours with a ruler and a pair of calipers.
>
[more stuff deleted]

I suggest the simplest thing is to get a digitizing tablet and a good
CAD software package (my strong preference is CADKEY - *NOT* AutoCad;
BTW CADKEY has an entry level version called CADKEY Lite which is 
substantially cheaper than the commercial version; also some universities
will sell commercial versions cheap through the bookstore or local
distributor - they're going for $200 a pop currently here in Toronto).  

When you set up your hull profile on the tablet, rotate 
it to the proper horiz/vert alignment.  You then calibrate the tablet
by picking two points on the profile and telling it how far apart they are.  
Now just 
move the tablet mouse crosshairs to the point you want the co-ords for 
and read your answer on the CAD screen.  You even get a CAD representation
of your profile free, so to speak.

email me if you have questions

Iain


Newsgroups: comp.graphics
From: stgprao@st.unocal.COM (Richard Ottolini)
Subject: an idea for simulated flybys of planetary surfaces
Organization: Unocal Corporation
Date: Fri, 9 Oct 1992 00:10:55 GMT


The simulated flybys of planetary surfaces appear a bit fake because the
topography is often much smoother than the textured image.
I suggest adding texture bump maps generated with a fractal dimension
proportional to the fractal dimension of the image.  The proportionality
factor could probably be derived by comparing the fractal dimension of high
resolution topo maps and images in a Terran landscape.
Has anyone tried this yet?  I see that E&S flight simulators make generous use
of [ flat ] texture maps for realism.  The flyby movie- LA: the movie- used
a high resolution topo map and looks more real (except for the aliasing jaggies
in this early attempt.)
Newsgroups: comp.graphics
From: mek@hydrox.enet.dec.com (Mark Klamerus)
Subject: Hough Transform
Date: Thu, 15 Oct 92 12:31:47 PDT
X-Received: by usenet.pa.dec.com; id AA27470; Thu, 15 Oct 92 12:32:52 -0700
X-Received: by enet-gw.pa.dec.com; id AA19662; Thu, 15 Oct 92 12:31:41 -0700
X-Received: from hydrox.enet; by decwrl.enet; Thu, 15 Oct 92 12:31:46 PDT
X-To: comp.graphics.usenet
X-Apparently-To: comp.graphics.usenet


	Does anyone have any source for a Hough transform?  I need
	to put one together for a project and would appreciate a
	kickstart.

	thanks,

	Mark Klamerus
Newsgroups: comp.graphics
From: wmb@jalama.Idbsu.EDU (William M. Bennecke)
Subject: Need: jpeg viewing program 
Reply-To: wmb@jalama.idbsu.edu
Organization: Dept. of Geoscienes - BSU
Date: Wed, 14 Oct 1992 21:02:44 GMT

I know this must be in the faqs, but where can I 
get a jpeg viewing program for a dec workstation
by ftp??

Thanks and sorry for my ignorance!


--
---------------------------
|                         |
|  WILLIAM M. BENNECKE    |     FINAL COLLEGE PROFECIENCY EXAMINATION
|  wmb@jalama.idbsu.edu   | 
|  132.178.15.11          |     Epistemology:  Take a position for or
|                         |     against the truth.  Prove the validity
---------------------------     of your position.
Newsgroups: comp.graphics
From: shyam@atc1.atc.com (Shyam Mittur)
Subject: Re: CGM file format
Reply-To: shyam@atc1.UUCP (Shyam Mittur)
Organization: Advanced Technology Center, Laguna Hills, CA
Date: Wed, 7 Oct 1992 20:35:28 GMT

In article <1992Oct6.162806.29185@news.uiowa.edu> ffang@grover.printing.uiowa.edu (Francis Fang) writes:
>Does anyone know if the CGM file format contains descriptors for font
>information for text? We are trying to print some a CGM file that
>someone has given us and the font is not coming though. We don't even
>know what font they were using when they created it. 
>

Yes, it CAN. There is a font list element that associates font indices in 
the rest of the file with font names. However, it is upto the CGM interpreter
to figure out what to do with the font names.

There are two things you need to know before making any progress with your
problem:

	1. Is there a font list in the metafile?

	2. What fonts can your interpreter handle and how does it interpret
		a font list, if present? What does it do if there is no
		font list?

>If there is a font name descriptor, how easy would it be to change it
>with, let's say, a text editor?
>

Depends on the CGM encoding. If Clear Text, you can text edit the file.
If binary or character encoded, not a chance.


-- 
Shyam Mittur
shyam@atc.com
Newsgroups: comp.graphics
From: gagns00@DMI.USherb.CA (STEPHANE GAGNE)
Subject: Figuring out 3D polygons surfaces.
Followup-To: gagns00@dmi.usheb.ca
Keywords: 3D, polygons.
Organization: Universite de Sherbrooke -- departement de Mathematiques et d'Informatique
Distribution: comp.graphics
Date: Tue, 13 Oct 1992 23:23:28 GMT


I'll try to make it as short as possible.  Let's say you are describing a
3D polygon only with its edges, is it enough to figure what the polygon
looks like?  For exemple, let's say we have an hexagon which is completely
layed down on a plane.  There isn't any hurdle figuring out what it looks
like from its 6 edges. Now, let's say that one of its edges isn't in the
plane whereas all the others stay there.  How can one figure out how the
inner surface of the polygone has been modified or moved to get this new
configuration.  It looks to me there is many possibilities.

For instance with edges A,B,C,D,E and F, if B is the edge which is not
in the plane anymore, it could be that the polygon was 'fold' on the
segment made by the edges A and C.  It might also be that the polygon was
fold following the segment A-E and C-E, thus making these segments to get
closer one to another.  There is many other options -- how do graphics
package deal with this?  Is there a general rule everyone follows?

Any help would be greatly appreciated.  You may reply directly to me if
you wish to.  My address is gagns00@dmi.usherb.ca

Thanks in advance,
			Stephane Gagne

Newsgroups: comp.graphics,comp.graphics.visualization,fido7.graphics
From:  dvj@lab2.phys.lgu.spb.su (Vladimir J. Dmitriev)
Subject: correlation of two images :)
Reply-To: dvj@lab2.phys.lgu.spb.su
Organization: University of St-Petersburg, 2-nd Physics Laboratory.
Date: Tue, 13 Oct 1992 11:42:54 GMT

CORREL.GIF is available on conference alt.binaries.pictures
and alt.binaries.pictures.misc .
This image is an attempt to visualize different correlations
of two photos :) and was built by  epiGRAF package
for scientific graphics  and visualization on PC-s.
Format GIF87a     640x480 16 colors.
--
From: mohan@venus.ucdavis.edu (Radhika Mohan C. Bodduluri)
Newsgroups: comp.graphics
Subject: Evans-Sutherland Graphics... need help!
Date: 15 Oct 92 23:06:40 GMT
Organization: UC Davis

Help!
I am trying to get a program that was written about six years back in
Fortran working again. This program used to run on a VAX/VMS system with
Evans-Sutherland as the graphics terminal. My job is to write the
equivalent routines of the graphics calls used in this program in terms of
GL-calls and run the program on an SGI machine. I identified all the
machine specific graphics calls, but am not able to figure out what they
are supposed to be doing, therefore am not able to write the translators
for GL. I have been trying to find the manuals that explain these routines,
but I wasn't able to locate them all over University of California, Davis.
Therefore, I am seeking your help! Please, if you have the manuals, or any
information of getting these, please let me know. Thanks so much...
Mohan
mohan@venus.ucdavis.edu
Newsgroups: comp.graphics
From: bvh@cse.unl.edu (Ben Hollingsworth)
Subject: Re: Raster to Vector conversion software...
Organization: University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Date: Thu, 8 Oct 1992 18:39:02 GMT

|> In article <1992Oct7.234644.20840@aurora.com> steve@aurora.com (Steve Anderson) writes:
|> >
|> >Who are some of the people doing raster->vector conversion software?
|> >
|> >(scan an image, output some kind of vector data like AutoCAD, etc.)
|> >
|> >I don't care about platforms, formats, etc., I'm looking for general
|> >information.

The Map and Image Processing System (MIPS) by MicroImages, Inc. does all
this an much more.  It can scan in images of any size and bit depth.  It
can either thin the resulting image and vectorize that, or the user can 
use the interactive smart line following on the original image to vectorize
selected lines.  Resulting vectors can go to/from several other vector
formats.

Call (402) 477-9554 (voice) or (402) 477-9559 (FAX) for more info.

				-- Obi-Wan

-- 
 |\_/|  AACK! ||  My motto:             ||  "Obi-Wan" (Ben Hollingsworth)
\'o.0'/       ||    Eat right,          ||  MicroImages, Inc.  Lincoln, Nebraska
=(___)=       ||    exercise regularly, ||  University of Nebraska - Lincoln
   U   PTHAT! ||    and die anyway.     ||  email:  bvh@cse.unl.edu
From: dtailor@crc.ac.uk (Dilip Tailor x3296)
Newsgroups: comp.graphics
Subject: Help with X
Date: 16 Oct 92 16:58:48 GMT
Reply-To: dtailor@crc.ac.uk (Dilip Tailor x3296)
Organization: MRC Human Genome Mapping Project Resource Centre, Harrow, UK


Help!!

if you have the following routine to allocate colour from r,g,b values:


void rgb(r, g, b)
unsigned long r, g, b;
{
        cmap.red = r << 8; cmap.green = g << 8; cmap.blue = b << 8;
        if(XAllocColor(dpy, colormap, &cmap) == 0){
                printf("can't allocate colour\n");
        }
}

Does anyone know of a method to find the next best colour if the
XAllocColor fails??

Any comments are most welcome.
Many Thanks
Dilip Tailor    Email: dtailor@crc.ac.uk
From: miguel@txiki.radiology.arizona.edu (Miguel Parra)
Newsgroups: comp.graphics
Subject: Re: Morphing software for an ibmpc compatible
Date: 16 Oct 92 21:48:09 GMT
Distribution: world,local
Organization: University of Arizona

In article <719010614.0@freudsys.nl.mugnet>, Renee.Teunissen@freudsys.nl.mugnet.org (Renee Teunissen) writes:
|> Hi,
|> 
|> maybe this is an faq, but is there any good software voor an ibmpc compatible
|> machine that does a little object morphing ?? or good animation ?
|> 
|> Thanx!
|> 
|> Regards,
|>  _
|> |_)
|> |\_enee.
|> 
|>  * Origin: freusys.nl.mugnet.org, a prive uucp gate at (27:4331/107.19)

-- 
I remember seeing something on CNN about a cheap morphing program for
the MAC that will create a quicktime movie of the morphing. At the end
of the review they said that they will port it to MS-Windows as well.

I don't remember the name of the company nor the name of the software.

Hope it helps.

------
 Miguel Parra
 Application Systems Analyst
 University of Arizona
 A.H.S.C. Dept. of Radiology
 Tucson, Az. 85724

 E-mail: miguel@txiki.radiology.arizona.edu
 Voice:  (602)-626-7752
 Fax:    (602)-626-4376
From: billabs@nic.cerf.net (Bill Romanowski)
Newsgroups: comp.graphics
Subject: Re: Wang OPEN/image document imaging for AIX starts shipments
Summary: Double Eeek!
Keywords: caffeine uptight salesguys
Date: 13 Oct 92 23:57:47 GMT
Organization: CERFnet

In article <199210131518.AA14640@tuna.wang.com> IMAGING.CLUB@OFFICE.WANG.COM ("Imaging Club") writes:

>The comment was posted in response to the totally inaccurate comment
>posted by someone else that the product was not shipping.  I'm not
>planning to repost that misinformation, but if anyone would like me to
>send them that erroneous posting, I'll be glad to do so.  In general,
>people should not go around posting totally inaccurate comments about
>companies' products without at least trying to do some checking beforehand,
>or maybe asking.

Any truth to the rumor of clipper being ported to wang? :-p

bill romanowski
From: sigma@picasso.ipl.rpi.edu (Kevin Martin)
Subject: Re: 32k color gifs
Distribution: comp
Date: Wed, 14 Oct 1992 01:17:01 GMT

kpm8447@tesla.njit.edu writes:
>That's not true.  I had a discussion about this last year and someone
>said that there is a format for hicolor .gif files but compuserve
>won't release it.  I'm sure the same argument was true when people wanted
>256 color and not 4 or 16 color .gifs.
>(I don't know anything about the format though..sorry)

Well, GIF has always had support for 2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256 colors.  At
least when they released GIF87a.  I've also heard that Compu$erve has
worked on 15-bit and 24-bit and what-have-you extensions to GIF, but they
recognise that the GIF format would become a real mess if they encouraged
that sort of move.  There are better formats for such images.  GIFs are
highly portable as things stand right now - why screw that up?

-- 
Kevin Martin
sigma@ipl.rpi.edu
"We're gonna need another Timmy!"
From: csn201lawren@qut.edu.au (Steve Lawrence)
Newsgroups: comp.graphics
Subject: Converting RGB -> HSV: How?
Date: 10 Oct 92 01:21:56 EST
Organization: Queensland University of Technology

How can I convert a 24-bit RGB encoded colour into HSV encoding?

Any help would be appreciated.

Steve
Newsgroups: comp.graphics
From: edge@unislc.uucp (Brian Edginton)
Subject: Re: JPEG?
Organization: Unisys Corporation SLC
Date: Thu, 8 Oct 1992 14:49:50 GMT

jyang@eoc.com (Jun Yang) writes:


>Does anyone know how to get the specification of JPEG?
>Thanks.

Ask at eric@c3.pla.ca.us

-- 
Brian Edginton                | {hpda, sun, uplherc}!unislc!edge
Unisys                        | unislc!edge@cs.utah.edu
320 North 2200 West B2E10     | (801) 594-6009 Human (usually)
Salt Lake City, Utah 84116    | (801) 594-3827 Fax
Xref: sparky comp.graphics:10378 comp.unix.misc:3897 comp.windows.x:17625 comp.windows.x.motif:6697
From: suthers+@pitt.edu (Daniel D Suthers)
Newsgroups: comp.graphics,comp.unix.misc,comp.windows.x,comp.windows.x.motif
Subject: Comments on TAE+ sought
Summary: Have you used Transportable Applications Environment Plus?
Keywords: TAE+
Date: 8 Oct 92 16:09:56 GMT
Followup-To: comp.graphics
Organization: University of Pittsburgh

If you have used NASA's TAE+ (Transportable Applications Environment
Plus) I'd like your comments. 

Specifically I'm interested in whether it could support creation of an
interactive graphing tool in which the users draw structured graphs
(representing arguments for and against competing hypotheses) and an
underlying application (in lisp) is informed of changes to the graph
so it can update its data structures and respond as appropriate.

Please mail directly to suthers+@pitt.edu (I may not find your
response on these huge BBs.)

-- 
 Dan Suthers 	 	| LRDC, room 505A
 suthers+@pitt.edu 	| 3939 O'Hara Street
 (412) 624-7036 w 	| University of Pittsburgh
 (412) 363-3992 h	| Pittsburgh, PA 15260
Newsgroups: comp.graphics,comp.graphics.visualization,comp.graphics.animation
From: amundson@sol.cs.wmich.edu (Tugrik d'Itichi)
Subject: Re: FTP SITE FOR 3D OBJECT MODELS/UTILITIES
Organization: Western Michigan Univ. Comp. Sci. Dept.
Date: Fri, 16 Oct 1992 23:29:54 GMT


Yes!  It sounds like a plan.  I've been sharing my IMAGINE! and SCULPT format
files with friends via local-networked bbs's (the C86kNet) for some time.  I
know that such files are not usually considered in the "class" that wavefront
and such object files are, but they are pretty detailed.

Could this site also include any PD/shareware/etc 3d datafile format converters
for swapping between platforms?  I may be naieve in suggesting this, as my
entire 3.5 years of computer animation experience has been only on the Amiga
platform (although I'd give vital organs for a day to play on a workstation
class machine)... but how about making such a FTP site where all objects are
converted to a Generic format, and you download a converter for your particular
renderer?  That way we can all share objects.

My 'specialty', if I were said to have one, in object design is quadrupedal
animal design in 3d; my best object is a decently cycle (Imagine! heirarchy)
oriented equine.

  -Tugrik
From: rob@rjck.UUCP (Robert J.C. Kyanko)
Newsgroups: comp.graphics
Subject: Help with perspective texture mapping on polygons, please help
Date: 11 Oct 92 00:15:33 GMT
Organization: RJK Enterprises

I am trying to write a program which will do correct perspective texture
mapping onto polygons.  I have the book Digital Image Warping by George
Wolberg, but I'm still stuck.  Most of the information appears to be in the
book, but I'm hung on how to determine the homogeneous 'W' from the four
corners of my quadrilateral.  I have written a program which will do texture
mapping, but it uses the 'naive' approach, and thus does funny things when
polygons are tipped towards the eye, i.e. it does linear interpolation of
texture space u,v to screen x,y.  BTW, I'm using inverse mapping.

Any help or code fragments would be greatly appreciated.
--
I am not responsible for anything I do or say -- I'm just an opinion.
             Robert J.C. Kyanko (rob@rjck.UUCP)
From: spl@alex.uucp (Steve Lamont)
Newsgroups: comp.graphics
Subject: Re: Volume Visualization Workshop - call for posters
Date: 9 Oct 1992 13:20:44 GMT
Organization: University of Calif., San Diego/Microscopy and Imaging Resource
NNTP-Posting-Host: alex.ucsd.edu

In article <718515122.0@freudsys.nl.mugnet> Renee.Teunissen@freudsys.nl.mugnet.org (Renee Teunissen) writes:
>You wrote several things about ACM/siggraph.
>do you know how i become a siggraph member ?? someone told me there is a special students offer. 
>
>can you give me an address where i can write to or even better where
>i can send a fax message to ??? 

Probably the easiest way to join ACM/SIGGRAPH is to trot over to your
local technical library and find a copy of Communications of the ACM.
Somewhere within the first few pages will be an application blank.
Fill it out and mail it in.  ACM membership for students costs $23.00.
SIGGRAPH student membership costs an additional $16.00.  To get TOG
(Transactions on Graphics) it's another $26.00.

If you just want to join SIGGRAPH without joining ACM, it'll cost you
$59.00 (no student discount that I could find).

ACM Member services may be contacted via email at acmhelp@acmvm.bitnet. 
Their phone number is (212) 626-0500.  FAX number (212) 944-1318.
Snailmail address:

		ACM
		PO Box 12114
		Church Street Station
		New York, New York 10257

[Side note to FAQ maintainer -- can we put this info into the FAQ?]

							spl
-- 
Steve Lamont, SciViGuy -- (619) 534-7968 -- spl@szechuan.ucsd.edu
UCSD Microscopy and Imaging Resource/UCSD Med School/La Jolla, CA 92093-0608
"Twit twit twit/Jug jug jug jug jug jug/So rudely forc'd./Tereu"
                - T. S. Eliot, "The Waste Land," III. The Fire Sermon
Newsgroups: comp.graphics,comp.sys.sgi,comp.human-factors
From: darken@seas.gwu.edu (Rudy Darken)
Subject: Papers on UI and/or Graphics Programming Libraries?
Organization: George Washington University
Date: Wed, 14 Oct 1992 21:26:35 GMT

I'm working on a survy paper on UI and graphics programming toolkits
and libraries. Specifically, I'm looking at X Windows, GL, PEX, 
Motif, XView, Performer (SGI), and Inventor (SGI). The problem is
that with the possible exception of X windows, there are no technical
documents that I can find about these toolkits except programmers
and reference manuals. So the question is, do you know of any papers
written comparing any of these toolkits or introducing them or
anything? It doesn't matter if the paper is published internally or
externally; maybe I can find it anyway. I am just looking for any lead
at all right now. Thanks very much.


-- 
_________________________________________________________________
Rudy Darken              The George Washington University
darken@seas.gwu.edu     The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
_________________________________________________________________