From: Christopher.Vance@adfa.oz.au
Newsgroups: comp.os.research
Subject: Re: distributed shell
Date: Tue, 13 Oct 92 18:22:00 +1000
Organization: Computer Science, University College, UNSW/ADFA, Canberra, Australia
NNTP-Posting-Host: ftp.cse.ucsc.edu
Originator: osr@ftp

Some time ago, I wrote:

|  I am working on what I call a distributed shell implementing a
|  `poorman's distribution'.
|  
|  The idea is that I don't want to change the OS kernel and I don't want
|  to change precompiled applications, but I want the shell to use a
|  (homogeneous) network of hosts as if they were a single site of
|  execution, and to make the shell choose execution location and make
|  redirections work remotely.  (There's a lot more to it than that.)
|  
|  Currently, I'm using SunOS (4.1.2) and modifying the shared library to
|  turn things like remote read into something more like an RPC to where
|  the data is without changing the compiled program.  (We can't afford
|  SunOS source, and I don't think I should have to bother with most of
|  the sources anyway.)
|  
|  Is there any work in this area I need to be aware of?  Any references
|  I should read or contacts I should make?  (I am aware of something in
|  a recent SIGOPS about binary wrapping.  My technique is similar but
|  with a different goal.)

I received a number of responses, most quite helpful.  And even the
me-too-s were nice to receive :-).

Thanks to
	Ken Birman <ken@cs.cornell.EDU>
	marca@ncsa.uiuc.edu (Marc Andreessen)
	Stan Hanks <stan@math.UH.EDU>
	Willard Korfhage <korfhage@weston.poly.edu>
	narten@cs.albany.edu (Thomas Narten)
	craig@cat.syr.edu (Gary L. Craig)
	elliston@osf.org (David)
	page@FICUS.CS.UCLA.EDU (Thomas Page)
	eugene@nas.nasa.gov (Eugene N. Miya)
	rminnich@metropolis.super.org (Ronald G Minnich)
	swanton@osprey.usmcs.maine.edu (George P. Swanton)
	rcbc@cs.cornell.edu (Robert Cooper)
	folliot@masi.ibp.fr (Bertil FOLLIOT)
	Stephane Bortzmeyer <bortz@cnam.cnam.fr>
	bjohnson@cs.wisc.edu (Brian J. Johnson)
	Phillip E Krueger <philk@cis.ohio-state.edu>
	William Osser <williamo@cse.ucsc.edu>
	jbone@splat.dell.com (Jeff Bone)
	Michael.Jones@ERNST.MACH.CS.CMU.EDU
	Jingwen Wang <jwang@sys.toronto.edu>
for responses to my original article or to followup mail.

I have been referred to a number of systems and programs, as well as
quite a bit about load sharing.  Since I've more interest in the how
rather than the when or which I haven't yet followed up on those
references which concentrate more on that side.  Also, it's a bit slow
getting stuff which isn't in a local library.  I've included a
bibliography including most of what I was referred to, together with
some of the references I've found in those.  Etc.  This is by no means
complete or necessarily useful as is.  If there is enough interest I
would be happy to submit an updated version as an annotated
bibliography.

Systems or programs I have been referred to or otherwise discovered include:

dsh [presotto82]

DAWGS [cm92]

Remote Unix [litzkow87]

Condor [bl91,bll91,ll90,llm88] --- probably [ls92,mutka92] ---
possibly [ml87,mutka88]

* Butler [nichols87]. [I don't know if this has any relation to
[dh85].]

`something from Berkeley' --- I assume this means Maitre d'

* Maitre d' [bershad85]

`some folks in Canada' --- I assume this means Utopia

Utopia [wzz91,zzwd92]

NEST [ae87]

on (rex) --- Part of Sun ONC/RPC --- Deprecated

IBIS --- `a usenix paper back sometime around 1986 ... by Zuang Ruan
(sp?) and Walter Tichy at Purdue.'

Cocanet [rb82]

Unix United [bmr82]

Dbash [bcs92]

`a worm shell' --- I am unsure whether this is intended to refer to dsh (above)
or to [sh82] --- maybe neither.

Stuart Sechrest's PhD thesis --- I don't know when or where this was done.

* GATOS [folliot89] --- perhaps [folliot91].

* Stealth [kc91]

* History [svensson90]

* Process Server [hagmann86]

DUNIX [litman88]

HCS [nbllsz89].

RHODOS [zg90]

GAMMON [bkw89]

MOS/MOSIX [bl85,bs85,bp86,bw89]

LOCUS [wpekt83]

V [tlc85] --- maybe [tl88]

My own work [vance90a,vance90b,vance92]

And stuff related to load sharing or other systems.  I haven't seen all
these items yet and so can't classify them
myself.

[ac88,ak88,bf92,ffs89,bk90,bs91,ck88,do91,elz88,gid89,jvv91,kk89,kl88,kt87,nxg85,smith88,ss84,ss89,wells89]

Supposedly [bss91] is a `good synthesis' for readers of French.
I haven't seen [jmjb89].

--- below here is an extract from my bibliography

@preamble{{\newcommand{\noopsort}[1]{}\newcommand{\lbz}{\linebreak[0]}}}

@string{acm={Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}}
@string{ieee={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}}
@string{auug={Australian Unix systems Users Group (AUUG)}}
@string{aosug={Australian Open Systems Users Group (AUUG)}}
@string{usenix={USENIX Association}}
@string{europen={European Forum for Open Systems (EurOpen)}}
@string{euug={European Unix systems Users Group (EUUG)}}

@string{osr={Operating Systems Review}}
@string{jpdc={Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}}
@string{spe={Software---Practice and Experience}}
@string{tsi={Technique et Science Informatiques}}

@string{dept={Department}}
@string{deptof=dept#{ of}}
@string{computer-science={Computer Science}}
@string{deptofcomputerscience=deptof#{ }#computer-science}
@string{computersciencesdept=computer-science#{s }#dept}
@string{univ={University}}
@string{univof=univ#{ of}}
@string{proc={Proceedings}}
@string{procof=proc#{ of}}
@string{procofthe=procof#{ the}}
@string{conf={Conference}}
@string{confon=conf#{ on}}
@string{intl={International}}
@string{iconfon=intl#{ }#confon}
@string{symp={Symposium}}
@string{sympon=Symp#{ on}}
@string{sosp=sympon#{ Operating Systems Principles}}
@string{dcs=iconfon#{ Distributed Computing Systems}}
@string{pp=iconfon#{ Parallel Processing}}

@string{al-us={Alabama}}
@string{az-us={Arizona}}
@string{ca-us={California}}
@string{ga-us={Georgia (USA)}}
@string{ma-us={Massachusetts}}
@string{md-us={Maryland}}
@string{nh-us={New Hampshire}}
@string{nm-us={New Mexico}}
@string{tx-us={Texas}}
@string{wa-us={Washington}}

@string{cam-ma-us={Cambridge, }#ma-us}

@string{csadfa=deptofcomputerscience#{, }#univof#{ New South Wales, ADFA Canberra}}
@string{csri-toronto={Computer Systems Research Institute, }#univof#{ Toronto}}

@inproceedings{AC88,
	author={R. Alonso and L. L. Cova},
	title={Sharing Jobs Among Independently Owned Processors},
	crossref={DCS8-88},
	pages={365--372}}

@article{AE87,
	author={R. Agrawal and A. K. Ezzat},
	title={Location Independent Remote Execution in {NEST}},
	journal=ieeese,
	volume={SE-13},
	number=8,
	month=aug,
	year=1987,
	pages={905--912}}

@inproceedings{AK88,
	author={R. Alonso and K. Kyrimis},
	title={A Process Migration Implementation for a {UNIX} System},
	crossref={USENIX88Winter},
	pages={365--372}}

@techreport{BCS92,
	author={Umesh Bellur and Gary L. Craig and Kevin Shank},
	title={Transparent Load Sharing in {U}nix},
	institution=deptof#{ Electrical and Computer Engineering, Syracuse }#univ,
	number=9205,
	type={CASE Center Technical Report},
	month=may,
	year=1992,
	note={10 pages}}

@techreport{Bershad85,
	author={Brian Bershad},
	title={Load Balancing With {M}a{\^\i}tre d'},
	institution=univof#{ California, Berkeley},
	number={85/276},
	year=1985}

@inproceedings{BF92,
	author={Raouf Boutaba and Bertil Folliot},
	title={Load Balancing in Local Area Networks},
	crossref={Networks92},
	note={Also available as Rapport MASI, Institut Blaise Pascal, no. 92.38, }#jun#{ 1992}}

@article{BMR82,
	author={D. R. Brownridge and Lindsay F. Marshall and Brian Randell},
	title={The {N}ewcastle {C}onnection or {UNIX}es of the World Unite!},
	journal=spe,
	volume=12,
	number=12,
	year=1982,
	month=dec,
	pages={1147--1162}}

@inproceedings{FFS89,
	author={F. Bonomi and P. J. Fleming and P. D. Steinberg},
	title={Distributing Processes in Loosely-coupled {UNIX} Multiprocessor Systems},
	crossref={USENIX89Summer},
	pages={61--72}}

@article{BK90,
	author={F. Bonomi and A. Kumar},
	title={Adaptative Optimal Load Balancing in a Nonhomogeneous
Multiserver System with a Central Job Scheduler},
	journal=ieeetc,
	volume={C-39},
	number=10,
	month=oct,
	year=1990,
	pages={1232--1250}}

@inproceedings{BKW89,
	author={K. M. Baumgartner and R. M. Kling and B. W. Wah},
	title={Implementation of {GAMMON}: An Efficient Load-Balancing Strategy
for a Local Computer System},
	crossref={PP89},
	pages={II77--II80}}

@article{BL85,
	author={Amnon Barak and Ami Litman},
	title={{MOS}: A Multicomputer Distributed Operating System},
	journal=spe,
	volume=15,
	number=8,
	month=aug,
	year=1985,
	pages={725--737}}

@unpublished{BL91,
	author={Allan Bricker and Michael J. Litzkow},
	title={Condor Installation Guide},
	note={Part of the Condor Anonymous FTP distribution},
	month=sep,
	year=1991}

@techreport{BLL91,
	author={Allan Bricker and Michael J. Litzkow and Miron Livny},
	title={Condor Technical Summary},
	institution=computersciencesdept#{, }#univof#{ Wisconsin---Madison},
	number=1069,
	note={10 pages},
	day=9,
	month=oct,
	year=1991}

@inproceedings{BP86,
	author={Amnon Barak and O. G. Paradise},
	title={{MOS}---A Load-balancing {UNIX}},
	crossref={USENIX86Summer},
	pages={414--418}}

@article{BS85,
	author={Amnon Barak and Amnon Shiloh},
	title={A Distributed Load-Balancing Policy for a Multicomputer},
	journal=spe,
	volume=15,
	number=9,
	month=sep,
	year=1985,
	pages={901--913}}

@article{BSS91,
	author={Guy Bernard and Dominique St{\`e}ve and Michel Simatic},
	title={Placement et Migration de Processus dans les
Syst{\`e}mes R{\'e}partis Faiblement Coupl{\'e}s},
	journal=tsi,
	volume=10,
	number=5,
	mon=dec,
	year=1991,
	note={In French}}

@inproceedings{BS91,
	author={Guy Bernard and Michel Simatic},
	title={A Decentralized and Efficient Algorithm for Load Sharing in Networks of Workstations},
	crossref={europen91spring},
	pages={139--148}}

@inproceedings{BW89,
	author={Amnon Barak and R. Wheeler},
	title={MOSIX: An Integrated Multiprocessor {UNIX}},
	crossref={USENIX89Winter},
	pages={101--112}}

@article{CK88,
	author={Thomas L. Casavant and Jon G. Kuhl},
	title={A Taxonomy of Scheduling in General-purpose Distributed Computing Systems},
	journal=ieeese,
	volume={SE-14},
	number=2,
	month=feb,
	year=1988,
	pages={141--154}}

@article{CM92,
	author={[Richard] Henry Clark and Bruce McMillin},
	title={{DAWGS}---A Distributed Compute Server Utilizing Idle Workstations},
	journal=jpdc,
	pages={175--186},
	volume=14,
	number=2,
	month=feb,
	year=1992}

@article{DH85,
	author={R. Dannenberg and P. Hibbard},
	title={A Butler Process for Resource Sharing on {S}pice Machines},
	journal=toois,
	year=1985,
	month=jul,
	volume=3,
	number=3,
	pages={235--252}}

@article{DO91,
	author={Fred Douglis and John Ousterhout},
	title={Transparent Process Migration: Design Alternatives and
the {S}prite Implementation},
	journal=spe,
	year=1991,
	month=aug,
	volume=21,
	number=8,
	pages={757--785}}

@article{ELZ88,
	author={Derek L. Eager and Edward D. Lazowska and John Zahorjan},
	title={The Limited Performance Benefits of Migrating Active Processes
for Load Sharing},
	crossref={mmcs88},
	pages={63--72}}

@inproceedings{Folliot89,
	author={Bertil Folliot},
	title={GATOS Distributed Tasks Manager},
	pages={245--259},
	crossref={IFIP89}}

@inproceedings{Folliot91,
	author={Bertil Folliot},
	title={Distributed Applications in Heterogeneous Environments},
	crossref={EurOpen91Spring},
	pages={149--159}}

@inproceedings{GID89,
	author={K. Goswami and R. Iyer and M. Devarakonda},
	title={Load Sharing Based on Task Resource Prediction},
	crossref={HICSS89},
	pages={921--927, Software Track}}

@inproceedings{Hagmann86,
	author={R. Hagmann},
	title={Process Server: Sharing Processing Power in a Workstation Environment},
	crossref={DCS6-86},
	pages={260--267}}

@inproceedings{JMJB89,
	author={C. Jacqmot and E. Milgrom and W. Joosen and Y. Berbers},
	title={{UNIX} and Load Balancing: a Survey},
	crossref={EUUG89Spring}}

@inproceedings{JVV91,
	author={W. Joosen and B. Vandenborre and P. Verbaeten},
	title={Design and Implementation of an Experimental Load Balancing Environnement},
	crossref={EurOpen91spring}}

@inproceedings{KC91,
	author={P. Krueger and R. Chawla},
	title={The {S}tealth Distributed Scheduler},
	crossref={DCS11-91},
	pages={336--343}}

@inproceedings{KK89,
	author={L. Kleinrock and Willard Korfhage},
	title={Collecting Unused Processing Capacity: An Analysis of Transient
Distributed Systems},
	crossref={DCS9-89},
	pages={482--489}}

@inproceedings{KL88,
	author={P. Krueger and Miron Livny},
	title={A Comparison of Preemptive and Non-Preemptive Load Distributing},
	crossref={DCS8-88},
	pages={123--130}}

@article{KT87,
	author={R. Koo and Sam Toueg},
	title={Checkpointing and Rollback-Recovery for Distributed Systems},
	journal=ieeese,
	volume={SE-13},
	number=1,
	month=jan,
	year=1987,
	pages={23--31}}

@article{Litman88,
	author={Ami Litman},
	title={The {DUNIX} Distributed Operating System},
	journal=osr,
	volume=22,
	number=1,
	month=jan,
	year=1988,
	pages={42--51}}

@inproceedings{Litzkow87,
	author={Michael J. Litzkow},
	title={Remote {U}nix---Turning Idle Workstations Into Cycle Servers},
	crossref={usenix87summer}}

@inproceedings{LL90,
	author={Michael J. Litzkow and Miron Livny},
	title={Experience With The {C}ondor Distributed Batch System},
	crossref={EDS90},
	pages={97--101}}

@inproceedings{LLM88,
	author={Michael J. Litzkow and Miron Livny and Matt W. Mutka},
	title={Condor---A Hunter of Idle Workstations},
	crossref={DCS8-88}}

@inproceedings{LS92,
	author={Michael J. Litzkow and Marvin Solomon},
	title={Supporting Checkpointing and Process Migration Outside the Unix Kernel},
	crossref={usenix92winter}}

@inproceedings{ML87,
	author={Matt W. Mutka and Miron Livny},
	title={Profiling Workstations' Available Capacity for Remote Execution},
	crossref={perf87}}

@phdthesis{Mutka88,
	author={Matt W. Mutka},
	title={Sharing in a Privately Owned Workstation Environment},
	school=univof#{ Wisconsin},
	month=may,
	year=1988}

@article{Mutka92,
	author={Matt W. Mutka},
	title={Estimating Capacity for Sharing in a Privately Owned Workstation
Environment},
	journal=ieeese,
	volume={SE-18},
	number=4,
	year=1992,
	month=apr,
	pages={319--328}}

@inproceedings{Nichols87,
	author={D. A. Nichols},
	title={Using Idle Workstations in a Shared Computing Environment},
	crossref={SOSP11-87},
	pages={5--12}}

@article{NBLLSZ89,
	author={David Notkin and Andrew P. Black and Edward D. Lazowska and
Henry M. Levy and Jan Sanislo and John Zahorjan},
	title={Interconnecting Heterogeneous Computer Systems},
	journal=cacm,
	volume=31,
	number=3,
	month=mar,
	year=1988,
	pages={258--273}}

@article{NXG85,
	author={L. M. Ni and C.-W. Xu and T. B. Gendreau},
	title={A Distributed Drafting Algorithm for Load Balancing},
	journal=ieeese,
	volume={SE-11},
	year=1985,
	number=10,
	month=oct,
	pages={1153--1161}}

@misc{Presotto82,
	author={David Leo Presotto},
	title={{\tt dsh}},
	year=1982,
	month=nov,
	note={Available via anonymous {\tt ftp} from {\tt hub.ucsb.edu} in {\tt pub/shells} and from {\tt oersted.ltf.dth.dk} in {\tt pub/Utilities}.}}

@article{RB82,
	author={Lawrence A. Rowe and Kenneth P. Birman},
	title={A Local Network Based on the {UNIX} Operating System},
	journal=ieeese,
	volume={SE-8},
	number=2,
	month=mar,
	year=1982,
	pages={137--146}}

@article{SH82,
	author={J. P. Shoch and J. A. Hupp},
	title={The ``Worm'' Programs---Early Experience with
Distributed Computation},
	journal=cacm,
	volume=25,
	number=3,
	pages={172--180},
	month=mar,
	year=1982}

@article{Smith88,
	author={J. M. Smith},
	title={A Survey of Process Migration Mechanisms},
	journal=osr,
	volume=22,
	number=3,
	month=jul,
	year=1988,
	pages={28--40}}

@inproceedings{SS84,
	author={J. A. Stankovic and I. S. Sidhu},
	title={An Adaptive Bidding Algorithm for Processes, Clusters, and Distributed Groups},
	crossref={DCS4-84},
	pages={49--59}}

@article{SS89,
	author={R. D. Silverman and S. J. Stuart},
	title={A Distributed Batching System for Parallel Processing},
	journal=spe,
	volume=19,
	number=12,
	month=dec,
	year=1989,
	pages={1163--1174}}

@inproceedings{Svensson90,
	author={Anders Svensson},
	title={History, an Intelligent Load Sharing Filter},
	crossref={DCS10-90},
	pages={546--553}}

@inproceedings{TL88,
	author={Marvin M. Theimer and Keith A. Lantz},
	title={Finding Idle Machines in a Workstation-Based Distributed System},
	crossref={DCS8-88},
	pages={112--122}}

@article{TLC85,
	author={Marvin M. Theimer and Keith A. Lantz and David R. Cheriton},
	title={Preemptable Remote Execution Facilities for the {V-S}ystem},
	crossref={SOSP10-85},
	pages={2--12}}

@techreport{Vance90a,
	author={Christopher J. S. Vance},
	title={Distributed Execution under {U}nix},
	number={CS 90/25},
	institution=csadfa,
	note={An extended version of \cite{vance90b}. 27 pages},
	day=18,
	month=jun,
	year=1990}

@inproceedings{Vance90b,
	author={Christopher J. S. Vance},
	title={Distributed Execution under {U}nix},
	crossref={auug90},
	pages={225--242}}

@inproceedings{Vance92,
	author={Christopher J. S. Vance},
	title={The Design of a Distributed Shell},
	crossref={auug92},
	note={Technical Session T1-3, 12 pages}}

@inproceedings{Wells89,
	author={C. E. Wells},
	title={A Service Execution Mechanism for a Distributed Environment},
	crossref={DCS9-89},
	pages={326--333}}

@article{WPEKT83,
	author={Bruce J. Walker and Gerald J. Popek and R. English and C. Kline and G. Thiel},
	title={The {LOCUS} Distributed Operating System},
	crossref={SOSP9-83},
	pages={49--70}}

@techreport{WZZ91,
	author={Jingwen Wang and Xiaohu Zheng and Songnian Zhou},
	title={{\sc Utopia} Applications Interface},
	institution=csri-toronto,
	year=1991,
	month=aug}

@techreport{ZG90,
	title={Load Balancing in {RHODOS}},
	author={Weiping Zhu and Andrzej Goscinski},
	number={CS 90/8},
	institution=csadfa,
	note={24 pages},
	day=22,
	month=mar,
	year=1990}

@techreport{ZZWD92,
	title={{\sc Utopia}: A Load Sharing Facility for Large, Heterogeneous
Distributed Computer Systems},
	author={Songnian Zhou and Xiaohu Zheng and Jingwen Wang and Pierre Delisle},
	number={CSRI-257},
	institution=csri-toronto,
	month=Apr,
	year=1992,
	note={36 pages}}

Cross-Referenced stuff must appear last

@proceedings{SOSP9-83,
	key={SOSP 9},
	title=procofthe#{ Ninth }#sosp,
	address={Bretton Woods, }#nh-us,
	day={10--13},
	month=oct,
	organization=acm,
	year=1983}

@proceedings{DCS4-84,
	key={DCS 4},
	title=procofthe#{ Fourth }#dcs,
	booktitle=procofthe#{ Fourth }#dcs,
	year=1984}

@proceedings{SOSP10-85,
	key={SOSP 10},
	organization=acm,
	title=procofthe#{ Tenth }#sosp,
	address={Orcas Island, }#wa-us,
	day={1--4},
	month=dec,
	year=1985}

@proceedings{DCS6-86,
	key={DCS 6},
	title=procofthe#{ Sixth }#dcs,
	booktitle=procofthe#{ Sixth }#dcs,
	address=cam-ma-us,
	month=may,
	year=1986}

@proceedings{usenix86summer,
	key={USENIX 86 Summer},
	title=procofthe#{ Summer 1986 USENIX }#Conf,
	booktitle=procofthe#{ Summer 1986 USENIX }#Conf,
	organization=usenix,
	address={Atlanta, }#ga-us,
	month=jun,
	year=1986}

@proceedings{usenix87summer,
	key={USENIX 87 Summer},
	title=procofthe#{ Summer 1987 USENIX }#Conf,
	booktitle=procofthe#{ Summer 1987 USENIX }#Conf,
	address={Phoenix, }#az-us,
	organization=usenix,
	month=jun,
	year=1987}

@proceedings{SOSP11-87,
	key={SOSP 11},
	organization=acm,
	address={Austin, }#tx-us,
	month=nov,
	day={8--11},
	title=procofthe#{ Eleventh }#sosp,
	year=1987}

@proceedings{perf87,
	key={Performance 87},
	title=procof#{ Performance-87, the 12th IFIP WG7.3 }#intl#{ }#Sympon#{ Computer Performance Modeling, Measurement and Evaluation},
	booktitle=procof#{ Performance-87, the 12th IFIP WG7.3 }#intl#{ }#Sympon#{ Computer Performance Modeling, Measurement and Evaluation},
	address={Brussels},
	month=dec,
	year=1987}

@proceedings{usenix88winter,
	key={USENIX 88 Winter},
	title=procofthe#{ Winter 1988 USENIX }#Conf,
	booktitle=procofthe#{ Winter 1988 USENIX }#Conf,
	address={Dallas, }#tx-us,
	organization=usenix,
	month=feb,
	year=1988}

@proceedings{MMCS88,
	key={MMCS 88},
	organization=acm,
	title=procofthe#{ 1988 ACM SIGMETRICS }#confon#{ Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems},
	address={Santa Fe, }#nm-us,
	day={24--27},
	month=may,
	year=1988}

@proceedings{DCS8-88,
	key={DCS 8},
	title=procofthe#{ Eighth }#dcs,
	booktitle=procofthe#{ Eighth }#dcs,
	address={San Jose, }#ca-us,
	day={13--17},
	month=jun,
	year=1988}

@proceedings{DCS9-89,
	key={DCS 9},
	title=procofthe#{ Ninth }#dcs,
	booktitle=procofthe#{ Ninth }#dcs,
	year=1989}

@proceedings{PP89,
	key={PP 89},
	title=procofthe#{ 1989 }#pp,
	booktitle=procofthe#{ 1989 }#pp,
	year=1989}

@proceedings{HICSS89,
	key={HICSS 89},
	title=procofthe#{ Twenty-second Hawaii }#iconfon#{ System Science},
	booktitle=procofthe#{ Twenty-second Hawaii }#iconfon#{ System Science},
	year=1989,
	month=jan}

@proceedings{usenix89winter,
	key={USENIX 89 Winter},
	title=procofthe#{ Winter 1989 USENIX }#Conf,
	booktitle=procofthe#{ Winter 1989 USENIX }#Conf,
	address={San Diego, }#ca-us,
	organization=usenix,
	month=jan,
	year={{\noopsort{1989a}}1989}}

@proceedings{EUUG89Spring,
	key={EUUG 89 Spring},
	title=procofthe#{ Spring 1989 EUUG }#conf,
	booktitle=procofthe#{ Spring 1989 EUUG }#conf,
	address={Brussels},
	organization=euug,
	month=apr,
	year=1989}

@proceedings{usenix89summer,
	key={USENIX 89 Summer},
	title=procofthe#{ Summer 1989 USENIX }#Conf,
	booktitle=procofthe#{ Summer 1989 USENIX }#Conf,
	address={Baltimore, }#md-us,
	organization=usenix,
	month=jun,
	year={{\noopsort{1989b}}1989}}

@proceedings{IFIP89,
	key={IFIP 89},
	editor={Michel Cosnard and Claude Girault},
	title={IFIP WG 10.3, Working }#confon#{ Decentralized Systems},
	booktitle={IFIP WG 10.3, Working }#confon#{ Decentralized Systems},
	address={Lyon},
	month=dec,
	year=1989,
	publisher={North Holland}}

@proceedings{auug90,
	key={AUUG 90},
	title=procofthe#{ 1990 AUUG }#Conf,
	booktitle=procofthe#{ 1990 AUUG }#Conf,
	address={Melbourne},
	organization=auug,
	month=sep,
	year=1990}

@proceedings{eds90,
	key={EDS 90},
	title={Second IEEE Workshop on Experimental Distributed Systems},
	booktitle={Second IEEE Workshop on Experimental Distributed Systems},
	address={Huntsville, }#al-us,
	organization=ieee,
	day={11--12},
	month=oct,
	year=1990}

@proceedings{DCS10-90,
	key={DCS 10},
	title=procofthe#{ Tenth }#dcs,
	booktitle=procofthe#{ Tenth }#dcs,
	year=1990}

@proceedings{europen91spring,
	key={EurOpen 91 Spring},
	title=procofthe#{ Spring 1991 EurOpen }#Conf,
	booktitle=procofthe#{ Spring 1991 EurOpen }#Conf,
	address={Troms{\o}},
	organization=europen,
	month=may,
	year=1991}

@proceedings{DCS11-91,
	key={DCS 11},
	title=procofthe#{ Eleventh }#dcs,
	booktitle=procofthe#{ Eleventh }#dcs,
	month=may,
	year=1991}

@proceedings{usenix92winter,
	key={USENIX 92 Winter},
	title=procofthe#{ Winter 1992 USENIX }#Conf,
	booktitle=procofthe#{ Winter 1992 USENIX }#Conf,
	address={San Francisco, }#ca-us,
	organization=usenix,
	month=jan,
	year=1992}

@proceedings{auug92,
	key={AUUG 92},
	title=procofthe#{ 1992 AUUG }#Conf,
	booktitle=procofthe#{ 1992 AUUG }#Conf,
	address={Melbourne},
	organization=aosug,
	month=sep,
	year=1992}

@proceedings{networks92,
	key={Networks 92},
	title={Proceedings of the Networks 92 }#IConfon#{ Computer Networks, Architecture and Applications},
	month=oct,
	year=1992,
	address={Trivandrum}}