From: petersm@jacobs.CS.ORST.EDU (Marguerite Petersen)
Newsgroups: rec.arts.startrek.misc
Subject: Shakespeare in Star Trek
Date: 1 Oct 92 09:44:55 GMT
Organization: Computer Science Outreach Services - Oregon State University


This is a list of all the references to Shakespeare within the
episodes, movies, and books of the Star Trek genre.  The goal of
this post is to enhance the occasional threads which appear
discussing the allusions to Shakespeare in Star Trek.  This
posting appears monthly.

Note: Only deliberate references to Shakespeare are listed below.
    For example, "wink of an eye" is found in The Winter's Tale,
5.2. 112, but seems to have no bearing on the episode "Wink of an
Eye."


References to Shakespeare in Classic Star Trek:

   1. Dagger of the Mind                   Macbeth 2.1.39

      Surrounding Text:

      Is this a dagger which I see before me,
      The handle toward my hand?  Come, let me clutch thee.
      I have thee not, and yet I see thee still.
      Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible
      To feeling as to sight?  Or art thou but
      A dagger of the mind, a false creation,
      Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain?
      I see thee yet, in form as palpable
      As this which now I draw.
      Thou marshall'st me the way that I was going,
      And such an instrument I was to use.
      Mine eyes are made the fools o' th' other senses,
      Or else worth all the rest.  I see thee still,
      And on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood,
      Which was not so before.  There's no such thing.
      It is the bloody business which informs
      Thus to mine eyes.

                                           Macbeth  2.1.34-50


   2. The Conscience of the King           Hamlet 2.2.606

      Surrounding Text:

      Hum, I have heard
      That guilty creatures sitting at a play
      Have by the very cunning of the scene
      Been struck so to the soul that presently
      They have proclaimed their malefactions;
      For murder, though it have no tongue, will speak
      With most miraculous organ.  I'll have these players
      Play something like the murder of my father
      Before mine uncle.  I'll observe his looks;
      I'll tent him to the quick.  If 'a do blench,
      I know my course.  The spirit that I have seen
      May be the devil, and the devil hath power
      T'assume a pleasing shape; yea, and perhaps
      Out of my weakness and my melancholy,
      As he is very potent with such spirits,
      Abuses me to damn me.  I'll have grounds
      More relative than this.  The play's the thing
      Wherein I'll catch the conscience of the king.

                                           Hamlet  2.2.589-605


      "The Conscience of the King," as its title would indicate,
is based largely on _Hamlet_.  The basic plot is similar, and
there are many plot devices which are duplicated in the episode
from the play, such as the troupe of actors.  Additionally, many
of Shakespeare's characters find analogs in Star Trek.  Here is a
list of crossovers (as I see them):

      Hamlet --> Kirk
      Claudius --> Karidian (Kodos)
      Ophelia --> Lenore
      Ghost of Hamlet's Father --> Tom Leighton

      This is not a comprehensive list, obviously.

      The episode also contains several themes lifted from
Macbeth, as one would expect since the episode opens with a scene
from an "Arcturian Macbeth."  The analogs (again, as I see them)
are this:

      Macbeth --> Karidian
      Lady Macbeth --> Lenore
      Macduff --> Kirk


      At the beginning of the episode, Kirk and Doctor Leighton
watch the Karidian Company of Actors perform a scene supposedly
from Macbeth.  The on-stage dialogue goes something like this:

      Lady Macbeth: Is he dead?  Speak.  Is King Duncan dead?
      Macbeth: O great Neptune's ocean, wash this blood clean
      from my hands!
           How is it . . . Blot out mine eyes!

      To my knowledge, this is not from any part of Macbeth.


      Toward the end of the episode, the Karidian Company of
Actors performs Hamlet.  Karidian, playing Hamlet's father, has
the following lines (brackets indicate lines Shakespeare
includes but Karidian does not):

      I am thy father's spirit,
      Doomed for a certain term to walk the night,
      And for the day confined to fast in fires,
      Till foul crimes done in my days of nature
      Are burnt and purged away.  But that I am forbid
      To tell the secrets of my prison-house,
      I could a tale unfold whose lightest word
      Would harrow up thy soul, freeze thy young blood,
      [Make thy two eyes, like stars, start from their spheres,
      Thy knotted and combined locks to part,
      And each particular hair to stand an end,
      Like quills upon the fearful porpentine.
      But this eternal blazon must not be
      To ears of flesh and blood.
      List, list, O, list!
      If thou didst ever thy dear father love --

                                           Hamlet 1.5.10-24


      Lenore later quotes the Soothsayer in Julius Caesar:

      Caesar, beware the Ides of March.

                                 Julius Caesar 1.2.18 & 23


      And then paraphrases Fortinbras, after killing Karidian:

      O proud Death,
      What feast is stored in thine eternal cell,
      That thou such a noble prince at a shot
      So bloodily hast struck?


      Fortinbras' dialogue goes like this:

      O proud death,
      What feast is stored in thine eternal cell,
      That thou so many princes at a shot
      So bloodily hast struck?

                                           Hamlet 5.2.36-63


   3. All Our Yesterdays                   Macbeth 5.5.22

      Surrounding Text:

      She should have died hereafter;
      There would have been time for such a word.
      Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow
      Creeps in this petty pace from day to day
      To the last syllable of recorded time,
      And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
      The way to dusty death.  Out, out, brief candle!
      Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player
      That struts and frets his hour upon the stage
      And then is heard no more.  It is a tale
      Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,
      Signifying nothing.

                                           Macbeth 5.5.17-28


   4. By Any Other Name             Not a Shakespeare reference

      What's in a name?  That which we call a rose
      By any other word would smell as sweet.

                                      Romeo and Juliet 2.2.43-44

      Kirk makes additional reference while talking with a woman
      as he holds out a rose-like flower and says, "As the Earth
      poet Shakespeare wrote, `That which we call a rose by any
      other name would smell as sweet.'"

      I have never seen this episode, so if you have any
comments, please tell me.


   5. Whom Gods Destroy

      Marta quotes Shakespeare's eighteenth sonnet:

      Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
      Thou art more lovely and more temperate.
      Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
      And summer's lease hath all too short a date.
      Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
      And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;
      And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
      By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd.
      But thy eternal summer shall not fade
      Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st;
      Nor shall Death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,
      When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st.
         So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
         So long lives this and this gives life to thee.

                                           Sonnet 18

      The ensuing dialogue goes thusly:

      Garth: You wrote that!?
      Marta: Yesterday, as a matter of fact.
      Garth: It was written by an Earthman named Shakespeare a
             long time ago.
      Marta: Which does not alter the fact that I wrote it again
             yesterday!

      Perhaps this is an allusion to the Elizabethan practice of
rewriting pre-existing poems and stories, using huge amounts of
the same text?  (It was considered bad writing not to.)


   6. Elaan of Troyius

      The plot for this episode was taken from _The Taming of the
      Shrew_.  As with "The Conscience of the King," some of
      Shakespeare's characters find analogs within the episode:

      Petruchio --> Kirk
      Katherine --> Elaan



References to Shakespeare in Star Trek: The Animated Series:

   1. How Sharper than a Serpent's Tooth   King Lear 1.4.285

      Surrounding Text:

      Hear, Nature; hear, dear goddess, hear!
      Suspend thy purpose, if thou didst intend
      To make this creature fruitful!
      Into her womb convey sterility;
      Dry up in her the organs of increase,
      And from her derogate body never spring
      A babe to honor her!  If she must teem,
      Create her child of spleen, that it may live
      And be a thwart disnatur'd torment to her!
      Let it stamp wrinkles in her brow of youth,
      With cadent tears fret channels in her cheeks,
      Turn all her mother's pains and benefits
      To laughter and contempt, that she may feel
      How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is
      To have a thankless child!

                                           King Lear 1.4.272-286



References to Shakespeare in the Star Trek movies:

   1. Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home

      McCoy quotes from Hamlet 1.4.39:

      Angels and ministers of grace, defend us!

      The text goes on to add:

      Be thou a spirit of health or goblin damn'd,
      Bring with thee airs from heaven or blasts from hell,
      Be thy intents wicked or charitable,
      Thou com'st in such a questionable shape
      That I will speak to thee.  I'll call thee Hamlet,
      King, father, royal Dane.  O, answer me!
      Let me not burst in ignorance; but tell
      Why thy canoniz'd bones, hearsed in death,
      Have burst their cerements; why the sepulcher
      Wherein we saw thee quietly interr'd
      Hath op'd his ponderous and marble jaws
      To cast thee up again.  What may this mean,
      That thou, dead corse, again in complete steel
      Revisits thus the glimpses of the moon,
      Making night hideous, and we fools of nature
      So horridly to shake our disposition
      With thoughts beyond the reaches of our souls?
      Say, why is this?  Wherefore?  What should we do?

                                           Hamlet 1.4.40-57


   2. Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country
                                           Hamlet 3.1.80

      Surrounding Text:

      To be, or not to be: that is the question:
      Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
      The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
      Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
      And by opposing end them.  To die, to sleep--
      No more--and by a sleep to say we end
      The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks
      That flesh is heir to.  'Tis a consummation
      Devoutly to be wish'd.  To die, to sleep;
      To sleep, perchance to dream.  Ay, there's the rub,
      For in that sleep of death what dreams may come
      When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,
      Must give us pause.  There's the respect
      That makes calamity of so long life.
      For who would bear the whips and scorns of time,
      Th' oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely,
      The pangs of despis'd love, the law's delay,
      The insolence of office, and the spurns
      That patient merit of th' unworthy takes,
      When he himself might his quietus make
      With a bare bodkin?  Who would fardels bear,
      To grunt and sweat under a weary life,
      But that the dread of something after death,
      The undiscover'd country from whose bourn
      No traveler returns, puzzles the will,
      And makes us rather bear those ills we have
      Than fly to others that we know not of?
      Thus conscience does make cowards of us all;
      And thus the native hue of resolutions
      Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought,
      And enterprises of great pith and moment
      With this regard their currents turn awry,
      And lose the name of action.

                                           Hamlet 3.1.77-83

      Note: a "fardle" is a burden.

      In addition to the title of the movie, the following make
      further reference to Hamlet's soliloquy:

      Chancellor Gorkon
      - When he toasts to "The undiscovered country."

      General Chang
      - Just before the photon torpedo hits his ship


      Many have criticized the movie's use of "the undiscovered
      country" in applying it to the future rather than death.
      Yet change is death--the death of that which is familiar to
      us.  Like Hamlet, Kirk asks himself, "To be or not to be."
      If the Federation allies itself with the Klingon Empire,
      it will be the death of the universe as he knows it.  It
      could, in fact, be disastrous: "ills that we know not of"
      might await the Federation should peace be made.  The
      undiscovered country could be too agonizing, so it is safer
      to cling on to the "ills we have, [rather] than fly to
      others that we know not of."
           Of course, the undiscovered country may also be
      wonderful beyond description.  That is the dilemma Hamlet
      faced, and it is also the dilemma which Kirk faces, though
      (like Hamlet) Kirk does not face this possibility for some
      time, preferring to cling on to the familiar ills of war
      and hatred.
           As viewers, we are quite aware of just what lies in
      the undiscovered country Kirk was so afraid of.  We have
      seen the next generation of explorers (even if they never
      explore anything).  I find it amusing that the "ills we
      know not of" happen to be seen weekly as Star Trek: The
      Next Generation.  A part of me just can't help but wonder 
      if that dig was intentional.


      Further references to Shakespeare

      As the Klingons leave the Enterprise, Chang says:
      - "Parting is such sweet sorrow." Romeo and Juliet 2.2.184
      - "Have we not heard the chimes at midnight?" 
                                 2 Henry IV 3.2.212 [paraphrase]

      During the trial scene, Chang says:
      - "Let us sit upon the ground
         And tell sad stories of the death of kings:
                                           Richard II 3.2.155-56


      And during the final show-down, Chang says:

      - "Once more into the breach, dear friends."  Henry V 3.1.1

      - "There's a divinity that shapes our ends
         Rough-hew them how we will--"  Hamlet 5.2.10-11

      - "This above all: to thine own self be true."  
                                        Hamlet 1.3.78

      - "If you have tears, prepare to shed them now."
                                        Julius Caesar 3.2.168

      - "How long will a man lie in space ere he rot?"  
                                        Hamlet 5.1.163
                                             [paraphrase]

      - "Our revels now are ended."  The Tempest 3.1.148

      - "Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
         The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
         Or to take arms against a sea of troubles . . ."  
                                        Hamlet 3.1.58-60

      - "Hath not a Klingon hands, organs . . .
         affections, passions?  Tickle us, do we not
         laugh?  Prick us, do we not bleed?  Wrong us,
         shall we not revenge?"  Merchant of Venice 3.1.56-63
         [paraphrase]

      - "I am constant as the northern star."  
                                   Julius Caesar 3.1.60

      - "The game's afoot."  Henry V 3.1.32

      - "Cry 'havoc!' and let slip the dogs of war."  
                                   Julius Caesar 3.1.274

      - "To be or not to be."  Hamlet 3.1.57


      [Whew!  Sure was a blabber-mouth, wasn't he?]

      Note: if I receive enough requests, I will consider posting
      the context for these references as well.  Also, if anyone
      can confirm for me that Chang did indeed say these things 
      as listed above, I would be grateful.  I relied on the     
      novel by J.M. Dillard for most of these, and the novels    
      aren't 100% faithful.


      Chang also claims that Shakespeare is best understood when
      read in the original Klingon.  Anyone have a .gif of what   
      the Bard would look like with a bony forehead?



References to Shakespeare in Star Trek: The Next Generation:

   1. Encounter at Farpoint

      Picard says, "Kill all the lawyers!"

      The reference is 2 Henry VI 4.2.74:

      The first thing we do, let's kill all the lawyers.

                                           2 Henry VI 4.2.74


   2. The Naked Now

      Data says, "When you prick me do I not . . . leak?"

      The reference is to Merchant of Venice 3.1.60-61:

      I am a Jew.  Hath not a Jew
      eyes?  Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, sen-
      ses, affections, passions?  Fed with the same food, hurt
      with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases,
      heal'd by the same means, warm'd and cool'd by the
      same winter and summer, as a Christian is?  If you
      prick us, do we not bleed?

                               Merchant of Venice 3.1.55-61


   3. Hide and Q

      Q says, "All the galaxy's a stage," to which Picard        
      replies:
      "World, not galaxy, all the world's a stage."

      The reference is As You Like It 2.7.

      The passage adds:

      All the world's a stage,
      And all the men and women merely players.
      They have their exits and their entrances,
      And one man in his time plays many parts,
      His acts being seven stages.  At first the infant,
      Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms.
      Then the whining school-boy, with his satchel
      And shining morning face, creeping like snail
      Unwillingly to school.  And then the lover,
      Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad
      Made to his mistress' eyebrow.  Then a soldier,
      Full of strange oaths and bearded like the pard,
      Jealous in honor, sudden and quick in quarrel,
      Seeking the bubble reputation
      Even in the cannon's mouth.  And then the justice,
      In fair round belly with good capon lin'd,
      With eyes severe and beard of formal cut,
      Full of wise saws and modern instances;
      And so he plays his part.  The sixth age shifts
      Into the lean and slipper'd pantaloon,
      With spectacles on nose and pouch on side,
      His youthful hose, well sav'd, a world too wide
      For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice,
      Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
      And whistles in his sound.  Last scene of all,
      That ends this strange eventful history,
      Is second childishness and mere oblivion,
      Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans everything.

                                   As You Like It 2.7.139-65


      Later on in the episode, Picard says, "Oh, I know Hamlet,
      and what he might say with irony, I say with conviction:  

      What a piece of work is 
      man!  How noble in reason, how infinite in faculties,
      in form and moving how express and admirable, in
      action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a
      god!  

                                           Hamlet 2.2.304-308



   4. The Defector

     While on the holodeck, Data performs a scene from Henry V,
when the King mingles with his troops shortly before the Battle
of Agincourt.
     Originally written for the King and three soldiers (Court,
Williams, and Bates), the author of the episode combined Court
and Williams into one role, represented here as Williams. 
Williams, incidentally, was played by Shakespearean actor Patrick
Stewart.  Here is the text used in "The Defector," courtesy of
Pat Berry (line markation is noted when text is cut):


     WILLIAMS
 84  Brother John Bates, is not that the morning which
     breaks yonder?

     BATES
     I think it be.  But we have no great cause to desire
 87  the approach of day.

     WILLIAMS
 89  Who's there?

     KING
     A friend.

     WILLIAMS
     Under what captain serve you?

     KING
     Under Sir Thomas Erpingham.

     WILLIAMS
     I
     pray you, what thinks he of our estate?

     KING
     Even as men wrack'd upon a sand, that look to be
     wash'd off the next tide.

     BATES
     He hath not told his thought to the King?

     KING
     No, nor it is not meet he should.  For, though I
     speak it to you, I think the King is but a man, as I
 100 am.  The violet smells to him as it doth to me;
 103 in his nakedness he appears but a man.
 106 Therefore,
     his fears, out of doubt, be of the same relish
     as ours are.  Yet, no man should possess
     him with any appearance of fear, lest he, by showing
     it, should dishearten his army.

     BATES
     He may show what outward courage he will; but I
     believe, as cold a night as 'tis, he could wish himself
 113 in Thames up to the neck.

     KING
 124 Methinks I could not die anywhere so
     contented as in the King's company, his cause being
     just and his quarrel honorable.

     WILLIAMS
     That's more than we know.

     BATES
 128 Or more than we should seek after;
 130 If
     his cause be wrong, our obedience to the king wipes
     the crime of it out of us.

     WILLIAMS
     But if the cause be not good, the King himself hath
     a heavy reckoning to make, when all those legs and
     arms and heads, chopp'd off in a battle, shall join
     together at the latter day and cry all, "We died at
 136 such a place."

     KING
 154 The King is not
     bound to answer the particular endings of his
     soldiers, the father of his son, nor the master of
     his servant.

                                        Henry V 4.1.84-157


     Later in the episode, Picard quotes from Williams' speech:

     Now, if these men do not die well, it
     will be a black matter for the King that led them to
     it.

                                        Henry V 4.1.142-144


   5. Sins of the Father              Merchant of Venice 3.5.1-2

      Surrounding Text:

      Yes, truly, for, look you, the sins of the fa-
      ther are to be laid upon the children; therefore I prom-
      ise you, I fear you.  I was always plain with you, and
      so now I speak my agitation of the matter.  Therefore
      be o' good cheer, for truly I think you are damn'd.
      There is but one hope in it that can do you any good,
      and that is but a kind of bastard hope neither.

                                    Merchant of Venice 3.5.1-7


   6. Menage a Troi

      Picard sets about wooing Lwaxana Troi back from Daimon Tog.
      In the process, he delivers a Shakespeare mish-mash that
      would make the Duke of _Huckleberry Finn_ proud:


            My love is a fever, longing still for that which
            longer nurseth the disease.
                                           {Sonnet 147}

            In faith, I do not love thee with mine eyes,
            For they in thee a thousand errors see.
            But 'tis my heart that loves what they despise,
            Who in despite of view are pleased to dote.
                                           {Sonnet 141}

            Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
            Thou art more lovely and more temperate.
                                           {Sonnet 18}

            Let me not... [Tog and Lwaxana drown Picard out.]
                                           {Sonnet 116}

            When I have plucked the rose,
            I cannot give it vital growth again.
            It needs must wither.
                                           {Othello 5.2.13-15}

            'Tis better to have loved and lost,
            than never to have loved at all!
                                  {Not a Shakespeare reference}

      Note: If I receive enough requests, I will post the context
      for these references as well.


   7. Remember Me                Hamlet 2.5.89-92 & 111-113

      GHOST:
      Fare thee well at once.
      The glow worm shows the matin to be near,
      And 'gins to pale his uneffectual fire.
      Adieu, adieu, adieu!  Remember me.

      HAMLET:
      O all you host of heaven!  O earth!  What else?
      And shall I couple hell?  O, fie!  Hold, hold, my heart,
      And you, my sinews, grow not instant old,
      But bear me stiffly up.  Remember thee!
      Ay, thou poor ghost, whiles memory holds a seat
      In this distracted globe.  Remember thee!
      Yea, from the table of my memory
      I'll wipe away all trivial fond records,
      All saws of books, all forms, all pressures past
      That youth and observation copied there,
      And thy commandment all alone shall live
      Within the book and volume of my brain,
      Unmix'd with baser matter.  Yes, by heaven!
      O, most pernicious woman!
      O villain, villain, smiling, damned villain!
      My tables--meet it is I set it down,
      That one may smile, and smile, and be a villain.
      At least I am sure it may be so in Denmark.
      So, uncle, there you are.  Now to my word;
      It is "Adieu, adieu!  Remember me."
      I have sworn 't.

                                           Hamlet 1.5.89-113



References to Shakespeare in the Star Trek novels:

   1. Q-in-Law

      There are references a'plenty to _Romeo and Juliet_ in
      this one, with at least one quote I caught.  After the
      aborted battle, Picard says, "A plague on both your
      houses!"  Don't expect this to shed any light on the
      book since the guy who says this is Mercutio, and he
      dies a few minutes later.  (That we should be so lucky
      with Picard.)  :-)

      A plague o' both your houses!  I am sped.
      Is he gone, and hath nothing?

                                     Romeo and Juliet 3.1.90-91

      See what I mean?  Absolutely no light bulbs come on
      with this one.


   2. Perchance to Dream                  Hamlet 3.1.66

      To be, or not to be, that is the question:
      Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
      The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
      Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
      And by opposing end them.  To die, to sleep--
      No more--and by a sleep to say we end
      The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks
      That flesh is heir to.  'Tis a consummation
      Devoutly to be wish'd.  To die, to sleep;
      To sleep, perchance to dream.  Ay, there's the rub,
      For in that sleep of death what dreams may come
      When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,
      Must give us pause.

                                           Hamlet 3.1.57-69



Miscellaneous Shakespeareana related to Star Trek


Both William Shatner and Patrick Stewart were trained as
Shakespearean actors.  The problem with Shatner's acting is that
he apparently has never made the transition in style from stage
acting to television acting.  His overacting and wild motions
work fine on stage, just not as well on a TV set where the camera
picks up every move much better.  Patrick Stewart had the same
problem during the first season, as I remember.

Patrick Stewart did a stint with the Royal Shakespeare Company,
and has also done productions of Shakespeare and led acting
workshops with a Univ. of California-based acting troupe known as
ACTER, of which he remains an executive member.  Stewart also
appeared in a number of the BBC productions, including The
Merchant of Venice and Hamlet. Chances are, a good library would
have videotapes of these.  A few of the crummier ones may also
have copies.

Patrick Stewart has also appeared for several summers on the
UC Santa Cruz campus with the Shakespeare Santa Cruz group.
(Thanks to Susan Stockwell for this info.)

Patrick Stewart played Shylock in a 1978 Royal Shakespeare
Company production of The Merchant of Venice at The Other Place. 
He wrote an essay on the production which can be found in Players
of Shakespeare, edited by Philip Brockbank.

Gene Roddenberry was a Shakespeare fan.

William Shakespeare was a Roddenberry fan.

The character Captain Picard is a Shakespeare fan, probably due
to Stewart's own enthusiasm for the Bard.

General Chang, the Shakespeare-quoting Klingon from Star Trek VI,
was played by Christopher Plummer.  Plummer is an accomplished
Shakespearean actor.  He played Macbeth in a 1988 Broadway
production of the play.

William Shatner holds Sir Laurence Olivier as his favorite
performer because of the late actor's technical skill and ability
to project emotion.  Olivier continues to be revered as the
greatest modern Shakespearean actor.



All Shakespeare quotes are taken from _The Complete Works of
Shakespeare_, edited by David Bevington, third edition.

This is the final edition of this post.  I graduate in May.

Posted by Marg Petersen.  petersm@jacobs.cs.orst.edu
Newsgroups: rec.arts.startrek.misc