Newsgroups: sci.med
Subject: Re: women in science (BIBLIOGRAPHY: LONG)
From: RGINZBERG@eagle.wesleyan.edu (Ruth Ginzberg)
Date: 5 Oct 92 22:28:04 EDT
Distribution: world
Organization: Philosophy Dept., Wesleyan University
X-News-Reader: VMS NEWS 1.20In-Reply-To: cease@carina.unm.edu's message of Thu, 01 Oct 92 02:26:10 GMTLines: 482

In <w8-p0=q@lynx.unm.edu> cease@carina.unm.edu writes:

> However, I do not believe there is a 'widespread apathy or distaste for
> science' among women; my medical school class is about 57% women.  Women 
> were always well represented in my physics, astronomy and math classes at
> UNM, and most of us held our own in those courses.  Ruth Ginzberg's claim
> is just too extreme for me to swallow...  unless the situation is different
> where she is; thus my comment.

Bibliography follows.  This is copied w/out permission from Cindy Tittle
Moore's compilation of resources for soc.feminism FAQ.  For more complete list
& for FTP instructions, see soc.feminism article, "Resources, Part I" or
news.answers article by same title.   All entries copied here relate to women &
science and/or women & science education.

-rg
*****************************************************************************
WARNING: 450+ line bibliography follows
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1989 National Survey of Women Engineers, The Cooper Union. 
Available on request from the Albert Nerken School of Engineering, 51 
Astor Place, New York, NY 10003.  

"Survey of Graduate Students", Presidential Committee on Women 
Students Interests, Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1987.

"A Celebration of Women in Science," _Discover_, December 1991.
    Contains eleven profiles of successful women in a wide range of
    fields including Donna Cox in computer graphics.  This is a great
    thing for us to read, to get young women and girls to read or to
    give as a gift to anyone you'd like to know about what women are
    doing.

"Still a 'Chilly Climate' for Women?"  _Science_, pp 1604-1606.  June
21, 1991.
    Discusses the situation for women in physics and astronomy.  It
    includes some pipeline statistics and results of a survey on the
    kinds of discrimination women perceive and men notice.  Summary:
    blatant discrimination isn't so much a problem as a "pattern of
    micro-inequalities".

_Notices of the American Mathematical Society_.  No. 7, Sept. 1991.
    A special issue on women in mathematics.  A variety of issues are
    covered. 

"Women and Computing", _Communications of the ACM_,  ( Nov. 1990 
vol. 33, no. 11.). 

"Women in Science and Engineering", Sept-Oct 1991 issue of the 
"American Scientist" (published by the Sigma Xi Scientific Society) 
(pp. 404-419). 

Abramson, Joan.  _Discrimination in the Academic Profession_.
Jossey-Bass, Inc.,  San Francisco.  1975.

Aisenberg, Nadya and Mona Harrington.  _Women in Academe: Outsiders in
the Sacred Grove_.  University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst. 1988.

Baum, Eleanor, "Recruiting and Graduating Women: The 
Underrepresented Student",  IEEE Communications Magazine, 
December 1990, 47-50.  

Bernstein, D, "Comfort and experience with computing:  are they the 
same for men and women?", SIGCSE, 23(3), 1990.

Bernstein, D, "Understanding spreadsheets: Effects of computer
training on mental model acquisition", _Proceedings of the American
Society for Information Science Conference_, 164-172, 1990.

Betz, Nancy E, "What stops women and minorities from choosing and 
completing majors in science and engineering", edited transcript of a 
Science and Public Policy Seminar given on June 15, 1990.  Copies can 
be obtained from the Federation of Behavioral, Psychological and 
Cognitive Sciences, 1200 Seventeenth St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 
20036. (202) 955-7758, fax no: (202) 955-7608, bitnet address: fed@gwuvm.

Bruer, John T., Jonathan R. Cole, and Harriet Zuckermann.  _The Outer
Circle: Women in the Scientific Community_.  W. W. Norton & Co, New
York. 1991, 351 pp.
    Presents the status of women in science today, as well as the
    reasons for this standing.

Brush, Stephen G. "Women in Science and Engineering", _American
Scientist_ 79, (Sep-Oct).404-419, 1991.
    This is an ambitious article.  In about 12 pages (not including
    the list of 102 references), Stephen Brush discusses factors
    relevant to young girls through senior professionals, across a
    wide range of scientific disciplines.

Butcher, D. and W. Muth. "Predicting performance in an introductory
computer science course", _Communications of the ACM_, 27(11), 263-
268, 1985.

Campbell, P. and G. McCabe.  "Predicting the success of freshmen in a 
computer science major", _Communications of the ACM_, 27(11), 1108-
1113, 1984.

Casserly, Patricia Lund.  "Helping Able Young Women Take Math and
Science Seriously in School", The College Board, New York. 1979.
Reprinted, with revisions, from Colangelo Zaffrann, ed., _New Voices
in Counseling the Gifted_. Kendall Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque,
Iowa.  1979.

Dambrot, F., M. Watkins-Malek, S. Silling, R. Marshall, and J. Garver.
"Correlates of sex differences in attitudes toward and involvement 
with computers", _Journal of Vocational Behavior_, 27, 71-86, 1985.

Dijkstra, E. "On the cruelty of really teaching computer science", 
_Communications of the ACM_, 32(12), 1397-1414, 1989.

Erkut, Sumru. "Exploring Sex Differences in Expectancy, Attribution, 
and Academic Achievement", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 9
(1983) 217-231.

Ernest, John. "Mathematics and Sex", _The American Mathematics 
Monthly_, October 1976, 83:595-615.

Ferry, Georgina and Jane Moore. "True Confessions of Women in 
Science",  _New Scientist_ 95 (July 1, 1982), 27-30.

Fidell, L. S. "Empirical Verification of Sex Discrimination in Hiring
Practices in Psychology", in R. K. Unger and F. L. Denmark, eds.,
_Women: Dependent or Independent Variable_ Psychological Dimensions,
New York. 1975.

Franklin, Phyllis, et al. "Sexual and Gender Harassment in the 
Academy: A Guide for Faculty, Students and Administrators", 
Commission on the Status of Women in the Profession, The Modern 
Language Association of America, New York, NY. 1981.

Frenkel, Karen A. "Women and Computing", _Communications of the 
ACM_, November 1990, 34-46.

Gerver, E. "Computers and Gender". In Forester, Tom, ed. _Computers in
the Human Context_. pp481-501.  MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1989.  Basil
Blackwell, Oxford, 1989.

Gilbert, Lucia A., June M. Gallessich, and Sherri L. Evans. "Sex of
Faculty Role Model and Students' Self-Perceptions of Competency", 
_Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 9 (1983) 597-607. 

Gornick, Vivian. _Women in Science: 100 Journeys into the Territory_,
Touchstone, Simon & Schuster, New York.  1990.
    
Grinstein, Louise S. and Paul J. Campbell, eds. _Women in Mathematics.
A Bibliographic Sourcebook_.  Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut.
1987.
    Describes ~50 women who were prominent in mathematics. Computer
    science is considered part of math since Grace Hopper and Ada
    Lovelace are included.  The editors wanted to give a historical
    perspective of women's role in mathematics so they have only
    considered women born before 1930.

Gries, David, and Dorothy Marsh.  "The 1989-90 Taulbee Survey",
_Communications of the ACM_, Vol.  35, No. 1, 1992.
    A survey of professors across the nation.  Statistics.  In
    particular, addresses what the survey tells us about women in 
    academia.

Gries, David and Dorothy Marsh.  "CS Produced 734 Ph.D.s in 1989-90;
CE Adds 173 for a Total of 907", _Computing Research News_, January
1991, 6-10.

Gross, Jane. "Female Surgeon's Quitting Touches Nerves at Medical 
School", The New York Times, July 14, 1991, page 10.  

Hacker, Sally L. _Doing it the hard way_. Unwin Jyman, Boston. 1990.

Hacker, Sally L. _Pleasure, power and technology_. Unwin Hyman,
Boston.  1989.

Hacker, Sally L., "Mathematization of Engineering: Limits on Women and
the Field", in Joan Rothschild, ed., _Machina ex Dea: Feminist
Perspectives on Technology_. Pergamon Press, New York. 1983. pages 38-
58.

Hess, Robert D. and Irene T. Miura. "Gender Differences in Enrollment 
in Computer Camps and Classes", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 13 
(1985) 193-203.

Hill, T., N. Smith, and M. Mann. "Role of efficacy expectations in
predicting the decision to use advanced technologies: The case of
computers", _Journal of Applied Psychology_, 72, 307-313, 1987.

Holland, Dorothy C. and Margaret A. Eisenhart. _Educated in 
Romance: Woman, Achievement, and College Culture_. The 
University of Chicago Press. 1990.  

Homans, Hilary. "Man-made Myths: The Reality of Being a Woman 
Scientist in the NHS", in Spencer, Anne and David Podmore, eds,
_In a Man's World: Essays on Women in Male dominated Professions_.
Tavistock Publications, London and New York. 1987.  

Jacobus, Mary, Evelyn Fox Keller, and Sally Shuttleworth, eds. 
_Body Politics: Women And The Discourses Of Science_.  Routledge, NY, 1990.

Kass-Simon, G. and P. Farnes, eds. _Women of Science. Righting the
Record_.  Indiana University Press. 1990.
    Reviewed in the March issue of IEEE Spectrum. A collection of 10
    articles about women who have made important contributions to
    science and technology. Unclear that a computer scientist is
    included.  Women mentioned in the review are Bertha Lamme, Edith
    Clarke, Jenny Rosenthal, Mildred Dresselhaus, Lillian Gilbreth,
    Marie Curie and Irene Curie.  An encouraging aspect of these
    women's lives is that many of them were married and had families.
    Also includes a discussion of the differences in how men's and
    women's work are remembered.

Keith, Sandra Z. and Philip Keith, eds. _Proceedings of the National
Conference on Women in Mathematics and the Sciences_.  St. Cloud, 
MN: St. Cloud University, 1990.
 
Keller, Evelyn Fox. _Reflections on Gender and Science_.  Yale
University Press, New Haven, 1985.
    Examines how images of sex and gender have influenced the
    philosophy of knowledge and the progress of science, going back to
    Plato's "Symposium".

Kelly, Alison, "Why Girls Don't Do Science", _New Scientist_, May 20, 1982.
    On women's lack of participation on science.  "Teachers put extra
    effort into teaching boys to read to make up for any deficiency,
    whether its origin is biological or social.  The same could be
    done to boost the spatial ability of girls if the problems were
    considered equally serious." (pg 497).

Kelly, Alison, ed. _Science for Girls?_.  Open University Press,
London and Philadelphia.  1987.  ISBN 0-355-10294-8.

Kerr, Barbara A., Ph.D.  _Smart Girls, Gifted Women_.
Ohio Psychology Press. ISBN 0-910707-07-3 (paperback, $13.95).
    Why is it that so many gifted & talented girls STILL aren't
    realizing their ful l potential, despite the Women's Movement?
    More to the point, what exactly is it that a gifted girl needs but
    society or individual circumstances may fail to provide?  The
    answers may surprise you.  (I'm not just saying that to be arch; I
    really WAS surprised at some of them.)

Kiesler, Sara, Lee Sproull, and Jacquelynne S. Eccles. "Pool Halls, Chips, 
and War Games: Women in the Culture of Computing", _Psychology of 
Women Quarterly_, 9 (1985) 451-462.  

Koblitz, Neal, "Are Student Ratings Unfair to Women?", _Newsletter of
the Association for Women in Mathematics_, September-October 1990.  

Kramer, Pamela E. and Sheila Lehman. "Mismeasuring Women: A 
Critique of Research on Computer Ability and Avoidance", _Signs: 
Journal of Women in Culture and Society_ 16 (1990) 158-172.

*Leveson, Nancy, "Women in Computer Science: A Report of the NSF 
CISE Cross-Disciplinary Activities Advisory Committee"

Lockheed, Marlaine E. "Women, Girls, and Computers: A First Look at
the Evidence", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 13 (1985) 115-122.

Martin, Dianne, ed.  "In Search of Gender-Free Paradigms for 
Computer Science", NECC, Eugene, OR., 1991.

Ogozalek, Virginia Z. "A Comparison of Male and Female Computer 
Science Students' Attitudes Toward Computers", SIGCSE Bulletin, 
June 1989, volume 21, number 2, 8-14. 

Pearl, Amy, Martha E. Pollack, Eve Riskin, Becky Thomas, Elizabeth
Wolf, and Alice Wu. "Becoming a Computer Scientist", _Communications
of the ACM_, November 1990, 47-57.

*Perry, Ruth and Lisa Greber. "Women and Computers: An 
Introduction"

Pryor, Sally. "Thinking of Oneself as a Computer", _Leonardo_, Vol.
24, Issue 5 (1991).
    A very interesting and provocative article about the basic
    conflict between our gender-identity as women and our professional
    identity as computer professionals.

Rossner, S. _Teaching science and health from a feminist perspective:  
A practical guide_,  Elmsfor, N.Y.: Pergamon Press, 1986.

Rothschild, Joan. _Machina Ex Dea: Feminist Perspectives on
Technology_. Pergamon Press. 1983.

Rothschild, Joan.  _Teaching Technology From a Feminist Perspective: A
Practical Guide_.  Pergamon Press, New York.  1988.

Sanders, Jo Shuchat and Antonia Stone (for the Women's Action
Alliance). _The Neuter Computer_. Neal-Schuman Publishers, New York.
1986.  ISBN. 1-555-70006-3 (paper).

Spertus, Ellen. _Why Are There So Few Female Computer Scientists?_,
(1991).
    An in-depth examination of the many reasons there is a dearth of
    women in computer science.  Available via ftp from ftp.ai.mit.edu
    under pub/users/ellens/womcs*.ps in postscript format.  For
    information on receiving the bound version of the report (which is
    $8 + shipping costs), contact publications@ai.mit.edu with your
    mailing address (to compute shipping costs) and a request for AI
    TR 1315.  A very useful, annotated bibliography as well.

Tidwell, Jenifer, "Hackers in the Garden: A Case Study of Women in 
Computer Engineering", unpublished, 1990.  

Tijdens, K., M. Jennings, I. Wagner, & M. Weggelaar, "Women, Work, 
and Computerization:  Forming New Alliances", Amsterdam: North-
Holland, 1989.

Tobias, Sheila. "They're Not Dumb, They're Different. Stalking the
Second Tier."
    Can be purchased from Science News Books, 1719 N St., NW,
    Washington, DC 20036.  The first copy is $2 and additional copies
    are $.50 each.

Turkle, Sherry and Seymour Papert, "Epistemological Pluralism:  Styles 
and Voices within the Computer Culture", Signs: Journal of Women 
in Culture and Society, 16 (1990), 128-157.  

Turkle, Sherry, "The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit", 
New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.

Van Nostrand, Catharine Herr, "Gender-Responsible Leadership: Do 
Your Teaching Methods Empower Women?", pages 186-191 Sage 
Publications, Inc., in Spring 1991.  Direct inquiries, with a SASE, to the 
author at: 36854 Winnebago Road, St. Cloud, MN 56303.

Widnall, Sheila E. "AAAS Presidential Lecture: Voices from the 
Pipeline", _Science_ 241 (September 30, 1988), 1740-1745.

*Widnall, Sheila, "Voices from the Pipeline"

Wilson, Meg, ed. _OPTIONS for Girls. A Door to the Future_.
Foundation for Women's Resources.
  The Anthology has been developed over the past 6 years. The best
  1000 articles, books and studies [from an earlier project] were
  reviewed and pared down to a readable set of articles that described
  the problem of why girls don't take more science and math AND that
  describe strategies to overcome this problem. Between citations
  within articles and the supplemental reading list the anthology also
  presents a substantial bibliography. The target audience includes
  parents, teachers, school board members, community leaders and girls
  themselves.  The anthology is $22 (includes shipping and handling,
  no tax assessed).  Write to: Pro-Ed, 8700 Shoal Creek Blvd, Austin,
  TX 78758, attn. Linda Brown.  Discounts available for large orders.

Wolpert, Lewis and Alison Richards. _A Passion for Science_.  Oxford
University Press, Oxford.  1988.

Zappert, Laraine T. and Kendyll Stansbury, "A Comparative Analysis 
of Men and Women in Graduate Programs in Science, Engineering and 
Medicine at Stanford University", Working Papers, Institute for 
Research on Women and Gender, Stanford University, 1985. 
    Single copies are available at no cost from the Institute for
    Research on Women and Gender, Stanford, University (415-723-1994).


Ndunda, Mutindi Mumbua Kiluva.  "'Because I am a Woman': Young Women's
Resistance to Science Careers in Kenya," in Thesis, Queen's
University, Canada, Jul 1990.  ERIC Reproduction Document Service No:
ED326433.
    Boys & girls science experience differs in gender related ways

Ott, Mary. "Female Engineering Students-- Attitudes, Characteristics,
Expectations, Responses to Engineering Education", Final report for
NSF grant #SMI-75-18013A01, ERIC Document #ED 160400.


Stowe, Laurence G.  "Should Physics Classes be Single-sex?" in 
_Physics Teacher_, Sept. 1, 1991, 29(6), p 380.

Tidball, M.D. and V. Kistiakowsky.  "Baccalaureate Origins of American
Scientists..." in _Science_ 1976, V 193, pp646-652.

Tidball, M.D.  "Women's Colleges and Women Achievers Revisited" in
_Signs: Journal of Women in Culture & Society_, 1980, V 5, pp 504-515.
    This is one of the studies that claims the infamous "X% of all
    successful women came from women's colleges"

Vedantham, Anu, "A Hostile Educational Environment", MIT, 6.001, 
Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, in Spring, 1990,
Benbow, Camilla Persson. "Sex differences in mathematical reasoning
ability in intellectually talented preadolescents. Their nature,
effects, and possible causes," _Behavioral and Brain Sciences_,
11(1988).169-232.  
    Talks about the reasons in variations on math scores between males
    and females.  Her paper is nice in that it also reviews a lot of
    the literature.

Benderly, Beryl Lieff.  _The Myth Of Two Minds: What Gender Means and
Doesn't Mean_.  Doubleday, New York, 1987.
    Benderly had heard of scads of new research claiming to have
    proven innate biological differences between the brains of men and
    women, and decided to do a comprehensive overview of them.  She
    was surprised to find that *none* of this research proved what it
    purported to.

Deaux, K. and T. Emswiller. "Explanations of Successful Performance 
on Sex-Linked Tasks:  What is skill for the male is luck for the female", 
_Journal of Personality and Social Psychology_, 29 (1974), 80-85.

Fausto-Sterling, Anne. _Myths of Gender: Biological Theories about
Women and Men_.  Basic Books, New York.  1985.
    Describes the methods used in research purporting to support
    intrinsic differences in women and men.  Includes a clear
    explanation of intra-group variability: even if there are more men
    on the high end of the bell curve in math, the bell curves overlap
    so much that this makes no significant difference in the amount of
    mathematical aptitude of the sexes when compared against each
    other and tells nothing about a given woman and a given man.

Frieze, Irene H. _et al_.  _Women And Sex Roles: A Social Psychological
Perspective_.  Norton, New York.  1978.
    This is a social psychology textbook, and is a handy
    resource available for debunking all kinds of sexist claims about
    men and women.

Gould, Steven Jay. _The Mismeasure of Man_.  Norton, New York.  1981.
    A lucid description of how researcher expectations can influence
    experimental findings (gender issues is peripheral, but the
    analogies are clear).

Halper, Diane F.. _Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities_.  Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdate, NJ. 1986.
    The author presents the hypotheses and research that point to the
    roles of nature and nurture in explaining differences in cognitive
    ability; final chapter has an excellent summary.

Holloway, Marguerite, "Profile:  Vive la Difference",  _Scientific
American_, October 1990, 18-42. 

Lewontin, Richard, Stephen Rose and Leon J. Kamin.  _Not In Our Genes:
Biology, Ideology, and Human Nature_.  Panthon Books, New York.  1984.
    The authors are on a mission to dismantle biological determinism
    entirely, right down to its underpinnings in reductionist
    materialist philosophy.  One needn't agree with them to the same
    extent to see the validity of the debunking. Check out the chapter
    on "The Determined Patriarchy."

Montagu, Ashley.  _The Natural Superiority of Women_.  Macmillan
Publishing Company, New York. c1952.  New Revised Edition, 1974.
    [Author is male.]  From foreword: "This book is designed to bring
    the sexes closer together, not to set them apart by placing one
    above the other.  If in these pages the natural superiority of
    women is emphasized, it is because the fact has thus far received
    far too little attention, and the time is long overdue that both
    men and women become aware of it and fully understand its
    superiority."   The author makes a distinction between *natural*
    or biological superiority and social equality of women and men.

Petersen, Anne C. "Biopsychosocial Processes in the Development of
Sex-related Differences", Jacquelynne E. Parsons, ed. _The
Psychobiology of Sex Differences and Sex Roles_.  Hemisphere
Publishing Company, Washington. 1980. 31-56.

Pomerleau, Andree, Daniel Bolduc, Gerard Malcuit, and Louise Cossette.
"Pink or Blue: Environmental Gender Stereotypes in the First Two Years
of Life", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 22 (1990) 359- 367.

Travis, Carol.  _The Mismeasure of Woman_.  Simon and Schuster. 1992.
    The theme is that women are criticized for being too female, or
    not female enough - but are mismeasured - by how well they fit
    into a male world.  Further that the social system dislikes
    *angry* women, and that men avoid the responsibility for changing
    laws and economic or political policies that hurt women.  Travis
    takes a thoughtful rather than combative approach and is more
    likely to poke fun rather than harshly criticize.

[continued in part II]

--------------

Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so
on to feminism-request@ncar.ucar.edu.


--Cindy Tittle Moore

"If an aborigine drafted an IQ test, for example, all of Western
Civilization would probably flunk."  


------------------------
Ruth Ginzberg <rginzberg@eagle.wesleyan.edu>
Philosophy Department;Wesleyan University;USA