From: cs@matilda.vut.edu.au (Coskun Susoy)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.turkish
Subject: Re:Istiklal harbi'nin Esaslari
Date: 13 Jan 93 03:06:38 GMT
Organization: Victoria University of Technology



>From: KELLY@SUVM.SYR.EDU
>Newsgroups: soc.culture.turkish
>Subject: Istiklal Harbi'nin Esaslari
>Date: 12 Jan 93 16:56:22 GMT


>  Son Osmanli Padisahi Sultan Mehmed Vahideddin tarafindan ikna edilerek
>Anadolu'ya ustun selahiyetlerle gonderilen 9.Ordu Kitaati Mufettisi
>Mustafa Kemal Pasa, 23 Temmuz 1919 gunu Erzurum Kongresinde irad ettigi

?????? ACABA ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
 [ Ingilizce alintilar Geoffrey Lewis'in Turkey kitabindandir.]


"    
 On 22 June, while at Amasya, he [ M. Kemal ] addresed a circular 
letter to all military and civil authorities whom he considered 
trustworthy, of which the following is a summary:
    
     'The territorial integrity of the Fatherland and our national
     independence are in danger. The central Government is 
     incapable  of carrying out its responsibilities. A national 
     body must be set up, free from all outside interference, to
     bring to the ears of the world the nation's cry for its 
     rights.  It has been decided to hold a national congress at 
     Sivas in the near future, to which every province is to send 
     delegates, who must, whereever necessary, travel incognito.'


   It is well established that Mustafa Kemal had confided his
plans to certain of the other generals. Some writers however have 
argued that the Sultan's Government as a whole were not the 
traitors and dupes that the consensus of Republican historians 
makes them out to be: that they knew perfectly well what Mustafa 
Kemal's intentions were and deliberately sent him to Samsun, so 
that he might give the nation the lead which they themselves 
dared not give. On 23 June the Ministry of the Interior issued a 
circular which is worth quoting at length, as it effectively 
disposes of this theory:

    'Although Mustafa Kemal Pasha is a great solder, his   
     political sagacity is not of the same standard...
     He has added to his political mistakes the 
     administrative error of sending telegrams on behalf of 
     certain illegal bodies whose only function is to extort 
     money from the people. To bring him back to Istanbul is 
     the duty of the Ministry of war. The Ministry of the 
     Interior, however, orders you to recognize that this man 
     has been dismissed, to enter into no official dealings 
     with him whatsoever and to see that no request of his 
     relative to governmental affairs is complied with...
     In these critical moments, while our destinies are being 
     decided on by the Peace Conference and an account is 
     being taken of the acts of madness we have commited over 
     the past five years, it is surely the duty of every 
     Ottoman official and citizen to show that we have at 
     last come to our senses, to act in a reasonable and 
     honour of every individual, without distinction of 
     party, creed or race, and thus to avoid any further 
     staining of this country in the eyes of civilization.'


The Ministry of War did indeed try to recall Mustafa Kemal to 
Istanbul, but without effect. On 8 July 1919, as the climax to a 
sprited excahange of telegrams, the Ministry indicated that the 
Pasha was relieved of his post, and the Pasha instantly countered 
by resigning his commission. from that time on, until he received 
a new commision from the National Congress, he wore civilian 
clothes. Yet the military authorities of Anatolia, with very few 
exceptions, continued to regard him as their lawful superior.
Reports and requests for instructions did not cease to come for 
him, addressed to 'The 3rd Army Corps Command at Sivas'.
                                   [ Turkey, s. 58-59 ]

>...

                              ***

>  7 Agustos 1919'da Kongrenin kapanisinda da yine Mustafa Kemal Pasa
>$unlari soylemisti:

>...
  Bakalim daha sonra neler oldu...

 " On 1 October the Grand Visier resigned, "for reasons of health'.
A new Cabinet was formed by Ali Riza pasha, who prepared for new 
elections and sent his Navy Minister, Salih Pasha, to Amasya to 
confer with Kemal. After three days of discussion, they agreed on 
five important principles: the territorial integrity of Turkey 
was to be preserved, no special privileges were to be given to 
minorities, the Government was to recognize the Nationalist 
organization, the Turkish delegates at the Peace Conference were 
to be approved by the commitee of the national Congress, and the 
new Chamber of Deputies was not meet in Istanbul.

 The Cabinet proceeded with arrangements for the election, but 
took no notice of the Amasya protocol. The prudent Kemal moved 
his headquarters to Ankara...

 The election gave the Nationalists a large majority and the 
newly-elected deputies joyfully prepared to hurry off to 
Istanbul, disregarding Mustafa Kemal's warnings. "

                                    [ Turkey,  s. 61 ]
 
                              ***

>   27 Aralik 1919 gunu Ankara'ya gelen Mustafa Kemal, ertesi gun $ehrin
>ileri gelen kisilerine bir konusma yapiyor. Konusmanin bir kismi soyle:

>   <<Erzurum ve Sivas Kongrelerinin butun cihana karsi olan beyannamesi
>ve nizamnamesi muhteviyati haiz-i ehemmiyettir. Esasen muhteviyati
>cumlenizce malumdur. Fakat musaade ederseniz her ikisinden bazi noktalari
>burada tekrar hatirlatmak isterim: Nizamnamenin teskilata ait sahifesinde
>goruluyor ki, maksad, Osmanli vataninin ve makam-i mualla-yi hilafet
>ve saltanatin ve istiklal-i millinin masuniyetini temin zimninda Kuva-yi
>Milliyeyi hakim kilmaktir.>>
>(Mustafa Kemal, Nutuk,  c.3, s.1185)

 Daha sonra neler oldu...

 "  The Chamber was opened on 12 January 1920 [ Istanbul]. A week later
the Allied representatives procured the dismissal of the Minister of 
War and the Chief of the General Staff, whom they rightly 
suspected of complicity in the theft of arms from Allied depots, 
the Nationalists's main source of supply...

   All the Allies had their own domestic post-war problems to 
contend with, and the demobilization of their armies was making 
it every day more difficult to deal with the Turkish question. 
They forced the resignation of Ali salih Pasha, and he was 
succeeded in the Grand Visierate by Salih Pasha, who showed the 
same readiness to come to an understanding with the Nationalist 
as he had when Navy Minister. The Allies, without the forces 
necessary to suppress the Nationalist movement in Anatolia, 
thereupon decided on the unwise step of formally placing the 
capital under military occupation and arresting and deporting to 
Malta such Nationalist deputies as were within their reach ( 16 
March 1920 ). Hearing the news, Mustafa kemal said, 'Today, by 
the forcible occupation of Istanbul, an end has been made of the 
seven hundred years' life and sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire.'

The grand Visier, who resisted an Allied demand that he disavow 
the Nationalist movement, was obliged to resign, and the Sultan 
once again appointed his brother-in-law, Ferit Pasha.

Huseyin Kazim, the courageous Deputy-Chairman of the Assembly, 
sought an audience with the Sultan and begged him to reconsider 
this decision, which could mean only disaster for the country. 
Enraged, the Sultan replied. 'IF I WISH, I CAN APPOINT THE GREEK 
PATRIARCH TO THE GRAND VISIERATE, OR THE ARMENIAN PATRIARCH, OR 
CHIEF RABBI.' 'You can, Sire,' replied Huseyin Kazim, 'but you 
will not be able to remain on your throne.'

Ferit Pasha then took a step which previous governments had 
avoided: he declared the Nationalist to be rebels against the 
Sultan, and Seyhu'l-Islam issued a fetva in support of this view, 
ending with the words, 'IS IT PERMISSIBLE TO KILL THESE REBELS? -
ANSWER: IT IS A DUTY TO DO SO.'

On the same day ( 11 april 1920 ), the Sultan dissolved the 
Chamber of Deputies.
                                  [ Turkey, s. 61-62 ]

                               ***

>   25 Nisan 1920 Pazar gunu Meclisin gizli toplantilari sonunda Buyuk
>Millet Meclisi Reisligine Mustafa Kemal seciliyor. Hemen ertesi gun de
>Meclis, Reisinin imzasi ile ilk beyannamesini ne$rediyor. Bu beyannamede,
>Ankara'nin Padisaha isyan ettigi reddedilerek aynen soyle deniyordu:

>   <<Ingilizler tarafindan satin alinan ve milleti birbirine dusurmek
>maksadini guden bazi hainler sizi aldatmak icin turlu turlu yalanlar
>soyluyorlar. Izmir vilayetinin, Antalya'nin, Adana'nin, Ayintap ve
>Maras ve Urfa havalisinin dusmanlar tarafindan isgali uzerine silahina
>sarilan milletdas ve dindaslarinizi yine size mahvettirmek icin Padisah
>ve Halifeye isyan sozunu ortaya atiyorlar. Millet Meclisi, Halife ve
>Padisahimizi dusman tazyikinden kurtarmak, Anadolu'nun parca parca
>sunun bunun elinde kalmasina mani olmak, payitahtimizi yine ana
>vatana baglamak icin calisiyor. Cenab-i Hak ve Resul-u Ekrem namina
>yemin ederiz ki, padisaha, Halifeye isyan sozu bir yalandan ibarettir
>ve bundan maksat vatani mudafaa eden kuvvetleri, aldatilan Muslumanlarin
>elleri ile mahvetmek ve memleketi sahipsiz, mudafaasiz birakarak elde
>etmektir.>> (Yunus Nadi, Birinci Buyuk Millet Meclisi, s.49)



 Bir ay onceye donelim... Istanbul, Alemdar Gazetesi 23 Mart 1920
 
     "Dusmanlarimiz  insaflidirlar,   guven vericidirler.   Baki  dostlugu 
     unutmazlar. Mutarekeden sonra da devlet icin bir hayat temin etmeleri 
     kuvvetle  mumkundu.  Ancak o devlet millet dusmanlari  (ittihatcilar) 
     bizi  yine  rahat birakmadilar.  Isimlerini degistirdiler  ve  "Milli 
     Teskilat" nami altinda yine ortaya atildilar. (...) Iste son saatleri 
     yaklasti.  Bugunlerde ne olacaksa olacak. Mutareke sartlarini tamamen 
     icra  edip  hic degilse iyi niyet gostermemiz gerekir.   Fakat  butun 
     bunlar  Kuvayi  Milliye  denen  maskaralik  ortadan  kalkmadan  kabil 
     olmaz." (23 mart 1920) 
 
                               ****
     
 Refi Cevat Ulunay, 1 Nisan 1920  tarihli Alemdar gazetesi:
     
     "Milli  Teskilat  kumandanlarina hitap etmek  tenezzulunde  bulunmayi 
     fazla  goruruz,   eskiya  ile  anlasabilmek  bizim  isimiz  degildir. 
     (...)Yunan  hukumetinin  Musluman  halka karsi iyi  niyet  beslemekte 
     oldugunu  Avrupa huzurunda ispat etmeye calistigi bir  zamanda  bizim 
     kendi  milliyetcilerimiz Anadolu Muslumanlarinin mal ve canlarina her 
     gun el uzatmaktadirlar." 
     
                           ****

"On 16 July 1920, a Greek communique' announced that operations in 
Asia Minor had been concluded. East of the line occupied by the 
Greek troops (which ran southward from a point on the Sea of 
Marmara, nine miles east of Bursa, to the Menderes, seven miles 
east of Nazilli), 'the Nationalists have lost all prestige and 
have been everywhere repudiated by the Moslem population'.

The Turks were 'expressing absolute confidence and sincere 
gratitude towards the Greeks, whom they consider as their friends 
and protectors'."
     
                                          [ Turkey, s. 65 ]
                             ***

 Simdi tekrar Nisan ayina donelim.

" The old jealousies were forgotten. Those deputies who had 
escaped arrest made their way to Ankara, and there, on 23 April 
1920, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey began its first 
session. Mustafa Kemal was elected President of the Assembly, and 
the following statement of faith was proclaimed to the word:

    'Sovereignty belongs unconditionally to the nation. The Grand 
     National Assembly is the true and sole representative of the 
     nation. Legislative authority and executive power are 
     manifested and concentrated in the Grand national Assembly.'

' Once  the Sultan-Caliph has been delivered from the constraint 
he now suffers,' said Mustafa Kemal, 'he will take his place 
within the constitution to be drawn up by the Assembly.'

Soon the new Government was fighting for its life. Copies of the 
fetva outlawing Kemal and his colleagues were dropped by Allied 
aircraft over inland towns, and anti_Nationalist riots broke out 
in a score of places...
                                  
  A court-marital held in Istanbul tried the rebel leaders in 
absentia and condemned them to death. All over Anatolia the 
irregular forces glorified by the title of 'The Army of the 
Caliphate' fought the Nationalists. The battle came close to 
Ankara itself and more than once the vital telegraph lines were 
cut. At the same time, the Nationalists were waging unrelenting war 
against the Greeks in the west, the Armenian Republic in the 
north-east and, in the south-east, against the French troops who 
had occupied Adana."

                                     [ Turkey, s. 64 ]
                               ***

>... 

 " In the summer of 1920, cushioned against the hardness of 
reality by their own cheerful communiques the Allied Powers 
decided to conclude a peace with the Sultan's Government. The 
terms proposed were such that even Damat Ferit Pasha jibbed and 
it was only the personal insistence of Vahdettin that compelled 
the Ottoman delegates to sign ( 10 August 1920 ).  The Treaty of 
Sevres has been described as the death-warrant of the Ottoman 
Empire. More; it would, if implemented, have meant the end of 
Turkey itself..."

                                       [ Turkey, s. 66 ]

                               ***

>  Mustafa Kemal Pasa 25 Eylul 1920 tarihli Meclis konusmasinin gizli
>celse kisminda $unlari soyluyordu:

>  <<Yani biz kabul ediyor ve herkese de ispat ediyoruz ki, makam-i hilafet
>ve saltanati biz de hicbir vakit basimizin uzerinden atamayiz ve Meclis-i
>alinizin ilk ve ikinci celsesinde zaten resmen ve suret-i katiyede bu
>mevzubahis ve muzakere edilecek.>>
>(TBMM Gizli Celse Zabitlari, c.1, s.137)


 Ayni tarihlerde neler oluyordu...

"at the end of September, the Sultan's Government was reported to 
be seeking Allied financial help to pacify Anatolia.

     ' Nationalism is waning as a military force, but even so
      the central Government must be enabled, after detaching the 
      majority of the Angora Government's supporters by offers of
      amnesty, to deal with the minority of adventurers, 
      criminals and fanatics whose crimes and follies exclude
      them from hope of pardon.'
                                 [ The Times, 27 September 1920 ]

                                 [ Turkey s. 66 ]


                               ***

>....


>Nejat


   Tarih oyle istedigin kisimlari kesiplip bicilip anlatilmaz 
   Nejat ( nam-i diger Kelly ). Butun bu olaylardan sonrada 


 On 16 November 1922, Sultan Mehmet VI Vahdettin wrote to General 
Harington, Commander-in-Chief of the occupation armies:


  Considering my life in danger in Istanbul, I take refuge with 
the illustrious English State and request my transfer as soon as 
possible from Istanbul to somewhere else.

 He signed the letter as 'Caliph of the Muslims'.

                                   [ Turkey, s. 73 ]
                      ****

 For a little while, Vahdettin toyed with the idea of going to 
the Hijaz and establishing himself there as Caliph. But the arab 
world was too busy dividing itself up into nationalist States to 
bother with the living symbol of the unity of Islam. The thirty-
sixth and last Sultan of the House of Osman died at San Remo in 
1929.

                                    [ Turkey, s. 74 ]



   Hoscakalin

   Coskun Susoy