HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
From: wcalvin@stein.u.washington.edu (William Calvin)
Newsgroups: sci.bio
Subject: Re: Evolution of the human brain's cognitive capacity
Date: 26 Dec 92 23:52:36 GMT
Article-I.D.: u.1992Dec26.235236.11707
Organization: University of Washington

w.p.coyne@newcastle.ac.uk writes:

>  Had you publicised the theory before 1990 in articles, talks or the 
>media?   Or was yours an expansion of an existing well publicised
>theory of the effects of climate on human evolution..  
> 
>   I ask because "Children of the Ice" by John and Mary Gribbin
>was also published in 1990.  I think sometime in the late 80's John
>Gribbin did a radio series for the BBC of 10 minute episodes where
>he explained this theory of the importance of climatic interaction with
>humans.  
>   
>    HIs discussion of the settlement of Greenland by the Vikings
>during a warm period 
>lasting a few centuries, and then its destruction caused by the colder
>weather of the 15th century was memorable.   The phrase "adapt or die"
>was very appropriate because the settlers could have survived if they
>had discarded their European lifestyle and agriculture and adopted the
>eskimo way of life (maybe some of them did).

 
The idea (of climate change affecting human evolution) is neither original to
Gribbin or me, it goes back at least to Darwin, who in the ORIGIN OF SPECIES
said, "The action of climate seems at first sight to be quite independent
of the struggle for existence; but in so far as climate chiefly acts in
reducing food, it brings on the most severe struggle between individuals,
whether of the same or of distinct species, which subsist on the same kind
of food.  Even when climate, for instance extreme cold, acts directly, it
will be the least vigorous, or those which have got the least food through
the advancing winter, which will suffer the most."
        THE ASCENT OF MIND is not particularly concerned with what has
happened since the end of the last ice age about 12,000 years ago; my one 
brief mention of the Iceland-Greenland Norse saga at page 107 came from 
John and Mary Gribbin's excellent article in NEW SCIENTIST of 
20 January 1990, and was inserted into the galley proof for ASCENT, 
which came out later that year.  ASCENT proceeds from the observation
that three things happened starting about 2-2.5 Mya:  brain
enlargement, prolific stone toolmaking, and the ice ages; it asks
what might the relations between them.
        ASCENT is particularly about the process whereby ice margin 
fluctuations serve to select for certain traits; I'm a neurophysiologist 
interested in the hominid brain enlargement/reorganization problem.  
Any originality of ASCENT lies in those areas, not in calling attention 
to the role of climate change in speeding evolution which has been 
widespread in paleoanthropological circles for some time.
 
    William H. Calvin   WCalvin@U.Washington.edu
From: brewer@sol.cs.wmich.edu (Steve Brewer)
Subject: Re: Evolution of the human brain's cognitive capacity
Organization: W M U Fako de Sciencaj Studoj
Date: Mon, 28 Dec 1992 14:39:24 GMT

Not to detract from what has previously been said, I would like to
offer two comments regarding evolution of intelligence.  I saw
an interesting hypothesis put forward recently which suggested that
primate intelligence is primarily social intelligence that serves
to facilitate predicting what other individuals will do.  (The person
who suggested this used gorillas as an example of a species that,
on the face of it, doesn't seem to need a lot of intelligence -- until
the social component of their environment is considered.)  I've also
seen the intelligence of porpoises and dolphins cast in similar light.
Sorry I don't have a good reference for this stuff.  I would also like 
to suggest _Braindance_, by Dean Falk as a good primer on current thought
regarding hominid evolution (and also an interesting perspective on
science as it is practiced).

 
-- 
Steven D. Brewer     W M U Fako de Sciencaj Studoj      brewer@cs.wmich.edu
PGP 2.0 Key available.............................99brewer@lab.cc.wmich.edu
"Kiu regalas per ^stonoj, tiun oni dankas per bastonoj." D-ro L.L. Zamenhof
Newsgroups: sci.bio
From: jpcampb@afterlife.UUCP (Joe Campbell)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.technology
Subject: Bio Tech Writer Career in Balt/Wash DC?
Date: 21 Dec 92 13:53:31 GMT
Reply-To: Biotechnology Discussion List <BIOTECH%UMDD.BITNET@cmsa.Berkeley.EDU>
Distribution: inet
Organization: The Internet

----------------------------Original message----------------------------
Hi,
My wife is seeking a technical writer/editor career at a biotechnology firm
or institution in the Baltimore/Washington DC metropolitan area.  She was a
senior tech writer at Westinghouse and has performed graduate level
microbiology research.  We'd be most grateful for any employment
recommendations as well as places to avoid.
Happy Holidays,
Joe
--
.............................................................................
; Dr. Campbell  N3JBC  jpcampb@afterlife.ncsc.mil  74040.305@compuserve.com ;
; My opinions are mine!   Happiness = Reality - Expectations, Click & Clack ;
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
From: lowe@madvax.uwa.oz.au (Brian Lowe)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.technology
Subject: Re: artificial senses
Date: 24 Dec 1992 02:42:48 GMT
Organization: Maths Dept UWA
Distribution: inet
NNTP-Posting-Host: olearia.maths.uwa.oz.au

In article <9212221343.AA01056@nettlerash.berkeley.edu>, jpcampb@AFTERLIFE.NCSC.MIL (Joe Campbell) writes:
|> ----------------------------Original message----------------------------

|> Happy Holidays,
|> Joe  (who wishes that someone would respond to my postings)
|> --
|> .............................................................................
|> ; Dr. Campbell  N3JBC  jpcampb@afterlife.ncsc.mil  74040.305@compuserve.com ;
|> ; My opinions are mine!   Happiness = Reality - Expectations, Click & Clack ;
|> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


Dear Joe,

I'll respond to your posting, since no-one else seems to.
Did you start this news group ? Maybe you could post
an FAQ yourself to attract some more posters.

My suggestion is that you mail some of the cyberpunk people
over in alt.cyberpunk. They love to talk about BioTech stuff.
You might get some sort of response if you say something 
controversial like, umm, let's see now;

	All biotech researchers have no morals. How
	could you possibly want to interfere with
	nature ? This is dangerous and irresponsible.

Or something like that. :-)

Merry Christmas.

No, I don't have a .sig.

Brian.
From: jpcampb@afterlife.UUCP (Joe Campbell)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.technology
Subject: BioTech Magazines and Journals?
Date: 21 Dec 92 13:53:16 GMT
Reply-To: Biotechnology Discussion List <BIOTECH%UMDD.BITNET@cmsa.Berkeley.EDU>
Distribution: inet
Organization: The Internet

----------------------------Original message----------------------------
Could someone please share with me a list of biotechnology magazines
and journals?  Please forgive me if this is an FAQ, but I'm unable
to find an FAQ for this group :-(
Joe
--
.............................................................................
; Dr. Campbell  N3JBC  jpcampb@afterlife.ncsc.mil  74040.305@compuserve.com ;
; My opinions are mine!   Happiness = Reality - Expectations, Click & Clack ;
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
From: br099@cleveland.Freenet.Edu (Mauro A. Cremonini)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.technology
Subject: gene design
Date: 29 Dec 1992 11:35:06 GMT
Organization: Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (USA)
Distribution: inet
NNTP-Posting-Host: hela.ins.cwru.edu


Hi everybody,
I'm looking for pt[D programs which can help me in gene design.
These programs (I was told) help in seeing where a restriction enzyme 
cut the dna. I am new to this field so maybe I did'did not use the right words.
Please answer to lunazzi@boifcc.cineca.it.
Thank you and have a very ggo
good 1993.
Mauro
From: jpcampb@AFTERLIFE.NCSC.MIL (Joe Campbell)
Newsgroups: sci.bio.technology
Subject: Re: artificial senses
Date: 22 Dec 92 13:43:32 GMT
Reply-To: Biotechnology Discussion List <BIOTECH%UMDD.BITNET@cmsa.Berkeley.EDU>
Distribution: inet
Organization: The Internet

----------------------------Original message----------------------------
Hi Carl,
The folks at Rutgers' CAIP center are working on robot hands (as are
many others).  The CAIP director is Jim Flanagan and his email is:
jlf@caip.rutgers.edu.

Happy Holidays,
Joe  (who wishes that someone would respond to my postings)
--
.............................................................................
; Dr. Campbell  N3JBC  jpcampb@afterlife.ncsc.mil  74040.305@compuserve.com ;
; My opinions are mine!   Happiness = Reality - Expectations, Click & Clack ;
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Newsgroups: sci.bio
From: andrewt@watson.ibm.com (Andrew Taylor)
Subject: Re: why (evolutionarily) are zebras striped?
Date: Sat, 02 Jan 1993 02:29:17 GMT
Distribution: usa
Disclaimer: This posting represents the poster's views, not necessarily those of IBM
Organization: IBM T.J. Watson Research Center

In article <1JAN199320283193@utkvx3.utk.edu> ljones@utkvx3.utk.edu (Leslie Lamont Jones) writes:
>This hypothesis may be right or wrong, but it leads to the question
>of how the predator's vision works, which leads to the question of what
>the zebra's main predators are.

Lion and African Hunting Dog take Zebras regularly, Hyenas and Leopards do
so at least occasionally.

>Then again, the stripes could be camouflage, as Crystal suggested.

Not to my eye.

Andrew Taylor
From: mlevin@husc8.harvard.edu (Michael Levin)
Newsgroups: sci.bio
Subject: any info on caterpillars in coccoons (development)?
Date: 24 Dec 92 22:14:44 GMT
Distribution: usa
Organization: Harvard University Science Center


     Has any work been done on the developmental events going on in
the caterpillar while it is being transformed into the butterfly?
Please send any info, references, etc. to mlevin@husc8.harvard.edu.

Mike Levin
From: swf@tools3teradata.com (Stan Friesen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio
Subject: Re: artificial breeding
Keywords: artificial, natural, selection, species
Date: 24 Dec 92 16:27:23 GMT
Distribution: world
Organization: NCR Teradata Database Business Unit

In article <ldsoderb.724677131@reading>, ldsoderb@susssys1.reading.ac.uk (David S. Oderberg) writes:
|> 
|> I am aware of the alleged creation of plant hybrids which can't be crossed
|> with either parent species: do these, if they exist, qualify?  

Yep, they qualify - allopolyploids (as they are called) are valid species.
In fact all of the standard 'breeds' of wheat are members of artificially bred
species.  The most common types of wheat grown today are hexaploids (twice
hybridized), but even most of the tetraploid wheats are artifically produced
(thought there *are* a few natural tetraploid wheats, I believe).

I forget the species names for the domestic wheat species.

|> I am also aware of Drosophila experiments, but again I do not know if there
|> are any results relevant to my question.

There was one claim for breeding a new species of Drosophila, but closer study
showed that the experiment had started with an undiagnosed pair of sibling
species.

-- 
sarima@teradata.com			(formerly tdatirv!sarima)
  or
Stanley.Friesen@ElSegundoCA.ncr.com
From: jdale@cats.ucsc.edu (Jonathan Dale)
Newsgroups: sci.bio
Subject: Re: MRNA
Date: 28 Dec 1992 07:31:11 GMT
Organization: University of California; Santa Cruz
NNTP-Posting-Host: si.ucsc.edu


In article <Bzy7Fz.M38@iat.holonet.net> ken@iat.holonet.net (Ken Easlon) writes:
>
>Question, does anyone have any thoughts/references about the idea of
>viewing the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell as sort of a computer CPU, with
>DNA playing the part of read only memory?
>
>--
>Ken Easlon                | "...somebody spoke and I went into a dream..."
>ken@holonet.net           |    -Paul McCartney
>Pleasantly Unaffiliated   |

(Lots deleted from your post)

Well, Douglas Hosfstadter constructs an analogy between DNA and formalized
number theory (which can be thought of perhaps as being related to computers)
but that may be a bit far for you to go....   I enjoyed reading it, though,
so I thought I'd bring the book up (_Godel, Escher, Bach:an Eternal Golden
Braid_).

Anyway, I would bet you'll find the bandwidth is pretty high, but I'd be
curious about the resulting number.
From: stoesser@i31s17.ira.uka.de (Achim Stoesser)
Newsgroups: sci.bio
Subject: Re: why (evolutionarily) are zebras striped?
Date: 2 Jan 1993 14:33:58 GMT
Organization: University of Karlsruhe, FRG
Distribution: usa
NNTP-Posting-Host: i31s17.ira.uka.de

In article <1992Dec31.204015.18922@husc3.harvard.edu>, mlevin@husc8.harvard.edu (Michael Levin) writes:
|> 
|>     Does anyone have any ideas why zebras are striped? Surely in the
|> sense of camouflage, those yellowish african plains call for a
|> monotone antelope-like color. Why are they striped? Please reply to
|> mlevin@husc8.harvard.edu. 

I've heard that it is camouflage. But they don't hide from their predators
but from insects (mosquitos?) that carry a disease (malaria?).

 							        Achim
_____________________________________________________________________

I'm an anarchist, atheist, pacifist, and vegetarian.  This does _not_
mean that I'd bomb kings, worship Satan, let soldiers bleed to death,
or eat fish.
From: wcalvin@hardy.u.washington.edu (William Calvin)
Newsgroups: sci.bio
Subject: Re: Evolution of the human brain's cognitive capacity
Date: 28 Dec 92 20:18:06 GMT
Organization: University of Washington
NNTP-Posting-Host: hardy.u.washington.edu

Hanna Tuomisto <hantuo@utu.fi> writes:

>Human evolution is a complex process that includes the development of
>also other weird characteristics than the big brain, for instance upward
>gait and nakedness. To me it seems that by far the most coherent
>explanation is that during the time their brain started to evolve larger,
>our ancestors were living at the seashore. It is rather typical for sea
>mammals that the size of their brains is larger in relation to body size
>than with terrestrial mammals of the same weight. I doubt that dolphins
>could solve differentials, but they are the only animals that have as big
>brains as we do, and they are also known to be rather smart.
>There are at least two reasons why a mammal that turns (partly) aquatic
>would develop a large brain. First, neoteny is a typical characteristic
>of aquatic mammals, and this results kind of automatically in larger
>brains, because the foetus always has relatively larger brains than the
>adult. Second, seafood is rich in some fatty substances that are
>....
>primates. The evidence for this hypothesis is summarized in two books by
>E. Morgan: The Aquatic Ape (1982 or thereabouts) and The Scars of
>Evolution (1990).
>I have been wondering why this theory is so seldom mentioned in
>speculations about our evolution. If any of the experts who have been
>contributing to this discussion could give me an answer, I would be very
>pleased indeed.

>Hanna Tuomisto
>hantuo@utu.fi

I'm a fan of an aquatic phase in hominid evolution (see THE RIVER THAT
FLOWS UPHILL) but I'd place it rather early, between 6 and 4 Mya; there
was a meeting in 1990 published under the title THE AQUATIC APE: FACT OR
FICTION in 1992, editor Machteld Roede, from one of the smaller European
publishers. 

The more noticeable aspects of brain enlargement and reorganization (c.f.,
Dean Falk's BRAINDANCE, 1992) begin only about 2.5-2.0 mya.  Prime refs
for social intelligence is the Byrne and Whitten MACHIEVALLIAN
INTELLIGENCE (Oxford 1988) and Nick Humphrey's books, e.g., A HISTORY OF
THE MIND (1992), with Frans de Waal's books CHIMPANZEE POLITICS (1982) and
PEACEMAKING AMONG PRIMATES (1989) absolutely essential.
    William H. Calvin   WCalvin@U.Washington.edu
From: crystal@glia.biostr.washington.edu (Crystal)
Newsgroups: sci.bio
Subject: Re: why (evolutionarily) are zebras striped?
Date: 1 Jan 93 19:03:08 GMT
Organization: University of Washington
Distribution: usa
NNTP-Posting-Host: glia.biostr.washington.edu

In <1992Dec31.204015.18922@husc3.harvard.edu> mlevin@husc8.harvard.edu (Michael Levin) writes:


>    Does anyone have any ideas why zebras are striped? Surely in the
>sense of camouflage, those yellowish african plains call for a
>monotone antelope-like color. Why are they striped? Please reply to
>mlevin@husc8.harvard.edu. 

>Mike Levin

Tall grasses have light and dark shadows.  Try to find a zebra in the tall
grasses of some of those plains. :>

Crystal
  ;>

Newsgroups: sci.bio
From: claird@NeoSoft.com (Cameron Laird)
Subject: Re: artificial breeding
Organization: NeoSoft Communications Services -- (713) 684-5900
Date: Tue, 22 Dec 1992 13:32:39 GMT
Keywords: artificial, natural, breeding, selection

In article <ldsoderb.725021254@reading> ldsoderb@susssys1.reading.ac.uk (David S. Oderberg) writes:
>Can someone please recommend a recent review article which discusses the
>following question: Has artificial breeding/selection, including recent
>efforts in biotech., produced any new species?
			.
			.
			.
Yes.

Or perhaps I misunderstand the question.  Many
domesticates, including dogs, cats, cattle,
maize, guar, probably tomato, wheat, triticale,
some begonias, tangelos, perhaps modern straw-
berry, grapefruit, ..., are different species
than existed before or outside of domestication.
Is that what you wanted?
-- 

Cameron Laird
claird@Neosoft.com (claird%Neosoft.com@uunet.uu.net)	+1 713 267 7966
claird@litwin.com (claird%litwin.com@uunet.uu.net)  	+1 713 996 8546
From: robison1@husc10.harvard.edu (Keith Robison)
Newsgroups: sci.bio
Subject: Re: why (evolutionarily) are zebras striped?
Date: 2 Jan 93 21:28:41 GMT
Distribution: usa

stoesser@i31s17.ira.uka.de (Achim Stoesser) writes:

>In article <1992Dec31.204015.18922@husc3.harvard.edu>, mlevin@husc8.harvard.edu (Michael Levin) writes:
>|> 
>|>     Does anyone have any ideas why zebras are striped? Surely in the
>|> sense of camouflage, those yellowish african plains call for a
>|> monotone antelope-like color. Why are they striped? Please reply to
>|> mlevin@husc8.harvard.edu. 

>I've heard that it is camouflage. But they don't hide from their predators
>but from insects (mosquitos?) that carry a disease (malaria?).

> 							        Achim
>_____________________________________________________________________

That's unlikely -- many mosquitos use a mammal's body heat and CO2 plume
to home in on their target  (that's why the @#$$##@@$ things can find
you in total darkness).

Keith Robison
Harvard University
Department of Cellular & Developmental Biology
Department of Genetics / HHMI

robison@biosun.harvard.edu 
Newsgroups: sci.bio
From: ken@iat.holonet.net (Ken Easlon)
Subject: Re: MRNA
Organization: HoloNet National Internet Access BBS: 510-704-1058/modem
Date: Wed, 30 Dec 1992 14:09:20 GMT


From the bionet.info-theory newsgroup, eddy@boulder.Colorado.EDU (Sean
Eddy) writes in article <eddy.725706161@beagle>:

>Alberts (_Molecular Biology of the Cell_, p. 412) cites 2 x 10^8 
>nt/min as the average interphase total transcription rate per 
>mammalian cell.  40% of that is tRNA/rRNA transcription; so call it 
>1x10^8 nt/min for precursor mRNA transcription. 
 
>Now you need a number for how much precursor is spliced out before 
>export from the nucleus; I think a reasonable guess in the human 
>might be 95%. 
 
>Call each nucleotide 2 bits of information, and you get a "data 
>transmission rate" on the order of 200 kilo(bytes)/sec -- so it's 
>closer to Ethernet than an obsolete modem :) 

I did say 300-1200 baud was a GUESS.


--
Ken Easlon                | "...somebody spoke and I went into a dream..."
ken@holonet.net           |    -Paul McCartney
Pleasantly Unaffiliated   |


Newsgroups: sci.bio
From: jdnicoll@prism.ccs.uwo.ca (James Davis Nicoll)
Subject: Re: norway starts hunting min
Organization: University of Western Ontario, London
Distribution: sci
Date: Thu, 24 Dec 1992 04:08:12 GMT

In article <92Dec23.174104.27846@acs.ucalgary.ca> edstrom@hsc.ucalgary.ca (John Edstrom) writes:
>>
>>In my own opinion, I feel that if you placed all of the animals and
>>organisms of the earth on an IQ scale, the cetaceans would run a close
>>second to man... Since they have the greatest IQ besides man, It would
>>be MORALLY unjust to kill them....

	Cetaceans  do notoriously poorly  on IQ tests,  failing   to
acheive   the  rank  an illiterate immigrant (Ignorant of the
language  and culture  of the IQ  test designer) usually   gets.

	Half  the time  the silly beasts  eat the  test papers...

>Really?  This sounds contentious.  I would have nominated the
>chimpanzee as the runner up.  I'm not an expert but my impression is
>that the chimp's intelligence has been underestimated and research
>keeps revealing unsuspected abilities and complexities.
>
>Besides their complex vocal behaviors and the relative ease of
>training some species to perform some arbitrary tasks what evidence is
>there that they have high IQs?  I'm not trying to start a fight, I'm
>curious about their abilities.  I've read Jane Goodall's books and
>know a little about chimps but haven't seen a comparable book about
>whales & dolphins.

	Alsd  see de  waals'  'Chimpanzee Politics' and 'Peacemaking
among Primates'.  I can't help but wonder how meaningful  comparing
a poorly defined attribute like intelligence is when the two  species
(whale and chimp)  compared occupy vasty different niches.

							James  Nicoll
From: connolly@piglet.cs.umass.edu (Christopher Ian Connolly)
Newsgroups: sci.bio
Subject: Re: MRNA
Summary: Addendum
Date: 30 Dec 92 22:31:16 GMT
Organization: University of Massachusetts, Amherst

>In article <Bzy7Fz.M38@iat.holonet.net> ken@iat.holonet.net (Ken Easlon) writes:
>...viewing the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell as sort of a computer CPU, with
>DNA playing the part of read only memory

The reference I was thinking of is:

Collado-Vides J, "A Syntactic Representation of Units of Genetic Information -- A Syntax
of Units of Genetic Information", J. Theor. Biol. 148:401-429, 1991

...and a quick look at it reveals that it's not as specific as I
thought it was, but does claim that the "grammar" of DNA is not
regular.
					-CC
-- 
	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Christopher Ian Connolly			connolly@cs.umass.edu
Laboratory for Perceptual Robotics		wa2ifi
University of Massachusetts at Amherst		Amherst, MA 01003
From: swf@tools3teradata.com (Stan Friesen)
Newsgroups: sci.bio
Subject: Re: dinosaur tongues
Date: 22 Dec 92 16:44:20 GMT
Distribution: world
Organization: NCR Teradata Database Business Unit

In article <1992Dec16.075442.8988@leland.Stanford.EDU>, ledwards@leland.Stanford.EDU (Laurence James Edwards) writes:
|> Hey, anybody know if any dinosaurs are thought to have forked tongues
|> like the Komodo dragon?
|> 
It is hard to know for sure, since tongues do not fossilize.

However, the approach I use in such cases is a special application of comparative
anatomy.  Dinosaurs are related on one side to alligators and crocodiles, and
on the other side to birds.  So, if both birds and crocs show some soft anatomy
feature, I tend to assume dinosaurs had it as well unless there is reason to
believe otherwise.

So, you question boils down to "do birds and crocodiles have forked tongues?"

I do not know for sure (my anatomy books are not available), but I suspect *not*.

-- 
sarima@teradata.com			(formerly tdatirv!sarima)
  or
Stanley.Friesen@ElSegundoCA.ncr.com
Newsgroups: sci.bio
From: ken@iat.holonet.net (Ken Easlon)
Subject: MRNA
Organization: HoloNet National Internet Access BBS: 510-704-1058/modem
Date: Thu, 24 Dec 1992 22:31:13 GMT




I'm interested in calculating the communication bandwidth of mRNA in a
typical cell.  Does anyone have any information/references regarding the
rate of production of mRNA (per cell) or rate of protein synthesis.


--
Ken Easlon
ken@holonet.net