From: maf10@po.CWRU.Edu (Moses A. Fridman)
Newsgroups: alt.cascade
Subject: necropedopheliaphobia
Date: 16 Oct 1992 06:49:50 GMT
Organization: Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (USA)
Reply-To: maf10@po.CWRU.Edu (Moses A. Fridman)
NNTP-Posting-Host: slc12.ins.cwru.edu


	



				 User's Manual







		      The Case Western Reserve University



		      Personal Computer Internet Protocol



			      C W R U - P C / I P












	Network Communications Software for the MS-DOS Operating System


			 Version 1.24: August 5, 1992





Copyright 1990, 1991 Case Western Reserve University.  All rights reserved.

Copyright (c) 1989 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior
University.  The contents of this document may not be used for any
commercialpurposes.  All rights reserved.

		   COPYRIGHTS, PERMISSIONS, AND DISCLAIMERS


Copyright 1984 Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  Permission to use,
copy,modify, and distribute this program for any purpose and without fee is
herebygranted, provided that this copyright and permission notice appear on
allcopies and supporting documentation, the name of M.I.T.  not be used in
advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the program without
specific prior permission, and notice be given in supporting documentation
thatcopying and distribution is by permission of M.I.T.  M.I.T.  makes no
representations about the suitability of this software for any purpose.  It
isprovided "as is" without express or implied warranty.




Copyright 1986 Carnegie Mellon.  Permission to use, copy, modify, and
distribute this program for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
provided that this copyright and permission notice appear on all copies and
supporting documentation, the name of Carnegie Mellon not be used in
advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the program without
specific prior permission, and notice be given in supporting documentation
thatcopying and distribution is by permission of Carnegie Mellon and the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  Carnegie Mellon makes no
representations about the suitability of this software for any purpose.  It
isprovided "as is" without express or implied warranty




This product includes software developed by the University of California,
Berkeley and its contributors.  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND
WITHOUTANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION,
THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.




Stanford makes no representations or warranties, express or implied.  By
way of
example, but not limitation, Stanford makes no representations or
warranties of
merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose, or that the use of
thelicensed software components or documentation will not infringe any
patents,copyrights, trademarks, or other rights.  Stanford shall not be
held liable for
any liability nor for any direct, indirect, or consequential damages with
respect to any claim by licensee or any third party on account of or
arisingfrom this agreement or use of the program.




Copyright 1990, 1991 Case Western Reserve University.  All Rights Reserved.

Case Western Reserve University, referred to hereafter as "CWRU", makes no
representations or warranties, express or implied.  By way of example, but
notlimitation, CWRU makes no representations or warranties of
merchantability or
fitness for any particular purpose, or that the use of the licensed
softwarecomponents or documentation will not infringe any patents,
copyrights,trademarks, or other rights.  CWRU shall not be held liable for
any liability
nor for any direct, indirect, or consequential damages with respect to any
claim by licensee or any third party on account of or arising from this
agreement or use of the program.

			       ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Case Western Reserve University's Internet Protocol programs, CWRU-PC/IP,
arebased on the following:

PC/IP, which was developed and copyrighted in 1984 by the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology.

LPR, which was developed and copyrighted in 1986 by Carnegie Mellon
University.
Work done on FTP by Samuel J.  Leffler, copyrighted 1983 by the University
ofCalifornia at Berkeley.

Work done on IBM 3270 terminal emulation by Greg Minshall, copyrighted 1986
bythe University of California at Berkeley.

MH Message Handling System, which was developed by the Rand Corporation and
placed in the public domain.

LPQ and LPRM, developed in 1983 by the University of California at Berkeley
andcopyrighted in 1983 by the Regents of the University of California.

Work done on MH by Marshall T.  Rose, copyrighted 1985 by the University of
California at Irvine.

Work done to adapt PC/IP for the Apple Macintosh computer, copyrighted 1986
byCornell University.

SU-PC/IP, written at Stanford University by Saman Amarasinghe, Abraham
Bleiberg, Alex Danel, Raman Khanna, Chia-Chi Kuan, Andy Maas, Thomas
Malloy,Rajeev Newarikar, Aaron Reizes, and Stanley Yau.

NCSA Telnet 2.2D, developed by the National Center for Supercomputing
Applications at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champlain and the
Educational Resources Center at Clarkson and placed in the public domain,
forFTPPASS, the password routines in FTPSRV, and other influences
throughout.
The University of California at Berkeley's Networking and Networking 2
softwarereleases, which provided inspiration, insight, and domain name
resolutionroutines.

CWRU-PC/IP is derived from Stanford's SU-PC/IP package, with extensive
changesdone at CWRU.  Ernie Ellenberger, Stephen Trier, and Michael Comet
contributedto this version of CWRU-PC/IP.  This document was revised for
CWRU-PC/IP and
CWRUnet by Stephen Trier.


			       TABLE OF CONTENTS


COPYRIGHTS, PERMISSIONS, AND DISCLAIMERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.iii
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 1
   1.1  Purpose of CWRU-PC/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 1
   1.2  CWRU-PC/IP requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 1
   1.3  Overview of the CWRU-PC/IP programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 1
      1.3.1  Telnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 1
      1.3.2  File Transfer Protocol (FTP, FTPSRV) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 1
      1.3.3  Electronic Mail (MH, MAIL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 2
      1.3.4  Network Printing (lpr, lpq, lprm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 2
      1.3.5  Finger Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 2
      1.3.6  WHOIS Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 2
      1.3.7  Ping Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 3
   1.4  Getting Help. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 3
   1.5  New Features in Version 1.24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 3
   1.6  An Invitation to Explore! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 4

UNIT 2: GETTING STARTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 5
   2.1  Requirements for Running CWRU-PC/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 5
   2.2  Host and Server Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 5
   2.3  About This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 5
   2.4  Loading TCPIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 6
   2.5  Getting a CWRUnet ID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 7
      2.5.1  What is a CWRUnet ID?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 7
      2.5.2  Obtaining a CWRUnet ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 7

UNIT 3: LOGIN, LOGOUT, AND WHOAMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11   3.1  Security on CWRUnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 11
   3.2  Logging in (LOGIN). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11   3.3  Logging out (LOGOUT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 12
   3.4  Recovering from Amnesia (WHOAMI). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
UNIT 4: ELECTRONIC MAIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15   4.1  About Electronic Mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 15
      4.1.1  What is Electronic Mail? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15      4.1.2  Your Electronic Mailbox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 16
   4.2  Using an Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16      4.2.1  The PED Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 16
      4.2.2  Using a different editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17   4.3  Getting Started With "Mail" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 17
      4.3.1  The Folder Selection Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18       4.3.1.1  Checking for new mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 18
       4.3.1.2  Deleting a folder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18       4.3.1.3  Refreshing the screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 18
       4.3.1.4  Leaving the menu system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19      4.3.2  Inside a Folder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 19
       4.3.2.1  The Mailbox Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19       4.3.2.2  Saving Messages To Other Folders. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 19
       4.3.2.3  Deleting Messages from a Folder . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20       4.3.2.4  Refreshing the Display. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 20
       4.3.2.5  Leaving the folder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20      4.3.3  Sending Mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 20
       4.3.3.1  Composing a New Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20       4.3.3.2  Replying to a message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 22
       4.3.3.3  Forwarding a Message. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22   4.4  Customizing Mail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 23
      4.4.1  Changing colors in Mail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23      4.4.2  Including your full name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 24
      4.4.3  Creating a signature file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24   4.5  Using MH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 24
      4.5.1  Getting Started. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24      4.5.2  Retrieving Mail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 24
      4.5.3  Reading and Organizing Mail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25       4.5.3.1  Sorting Messages (Folder and Folder All). . . . . . . . .
. 25
       4.5.3.2  View List of Messages (lscan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25       4.5.3.3  View Messages (lshow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 25
       4.5.3.4  View Next and Previous Messages (lnext and lprev) . . . . .
26       4.5.3.5  Search Messages (lpick) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 26
       4.5.3.6  Remove and Renumber Messages (lrmm and renumber). . . . . .
27       4.5.3.7  Refile Messages (refile). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 27
       4.5.3.8  Help. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27      4.5.4  Sending Mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 28
       4.5.4.1  Compose Messages (comp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28       4.5.4.2  Reply to Messages (repl). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 30
       4.5.4.3  Forward Messages (forw) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
UNIT 5: TELNET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31   5.1  Connecting to a Host Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 31
   5.2  Key Mappings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32   5.3  Useful Telnet Commands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 33
      5.3.1  Telnet Help. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33      5.3.2  Multiple Sessions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 33
      5.3.3  Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33      5.3.4  File Input and Output. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 33
      5.3.5  Changing the Screen Color. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34      5.3.6  Concurrent FTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 34
      5.3.7  Scrollback: Reading What has Scrolled off the Screen . . . . .
34   5.4  Advanced Telnet Commands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 34
      5.4.1  Executing a DOS Command. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34      5.4.2  Changing Backspace and Delete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 35
      5.4.3  Selecting End-Of-Line Wrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35      5.4.4  Using Alternate Ports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 35
      5.4.5  Saving the Telnet Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36   5.5  Closing the Telnet Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 36
   5.6  Sample Telnet Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36   5.7  VT100 Emulation Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 38

UNIT 6: IBM 3270 Terminal Emulation (TN3270). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41   6.1  Connecting to a Host Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 41
   6.2  TN3270 Key Mapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42   6.3  Optional Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 43
      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43      6.3.1  DOS Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 43
      6.3.2  Status-Line Toggle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43      6.3.3  Emergency Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 44
   6.4  Sample TN3270 Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
UNIT 7: FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47   7.1  Servers and Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 47
   7.2  The FTP Client. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47      7.2.1  Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 47
      7.2.2  Exiting FTP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48      7.2.3  File Transfer Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 49
      7.2.4  Directories and file names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50      7.2.5  Transferring a File from PC to Host. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 51
      7.2.6  Transferring a File from Host to PC. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52      7.2.7  Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 52
      7.2.8  File protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53      7.2.9  Sample FTP Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 53
   7.3  The FTPSRV Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56      7.3.1  Setting up a Password File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 56
       7.3.1.1  Starting FTPPASS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56       7.3.1.2  Adding a User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 56
       7.3.1.3  Deleting a User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56       7.3.1.4  Exiting FTPPASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 57
       7.3.1.5  Password File Security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57      7.3.2  Starting the FTPSRV FTP Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 57
      7.3.3  Exiting FTPSRV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57      7.3.4  The Verbose and Debug Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 57
      7.3.5  Anonymous FTP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58       7.3.5.1  Enabling Anonymous FTP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 58
       7.3.5.2  Restrictions on Anonymous Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59       7.3.5.3  Allowing Anonymous Users to Send Files. . . . . . . . . .
. 59
       7.3.5.4  Example: Setting Up an Anonymous FTP Server . . . . . . . .
61
UNIT 8: NETWORK PRINTING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63   8.1  What is Network Printing? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 63
   8.2  Access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63   8.3  Printing with lpr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 64
      8.3.1  The lpr Command. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64      8.3.2  Setting a Default Printer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 64
      8.3.3  The lpr Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65   8.4  Checking the Print Queue Status with lpq. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 66
   8.5  Canceling Print Jobs with lprm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
UNIT 9: FINDING PEOPLE AND COMPUTERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69   9.1  FINGER Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 69
      9.1.1  User Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69      9.1.2  Host Computer Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 69
   9.2  Whois Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70   9.3  PING Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 70

APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
APPENDIX B: ERROR MESSAGES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
APPENDIX C: PED DOCUMENTATION (PED.DOC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
			     UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION


1.1  Purpose of CWRU-PC/IP

   CWRUnet is a powerful interconnection of many differing computer
systems.   Only by common agreement can these computers communicate.  The
CWRU-PC/IP   software provides a means to access one set of networking
protocols that
   permit your IBM PC or compatible to communicate with computers
manufactured   by Sun, DEC, IBM, or others.  This suite of protocols,
frequently referred
   to as TCP/IP, was developed to allow many distinct networks similar to
   CWRUnet to communicate with one another.  As a result, when you are
using   CWRU-PC/IP, your computer can communicate with not only other
computers on
   CWRUnet but with computers all around the world.


1.2  CWRU-PC/IP requirements

   CWRU-PC/IP will run on the IBM PC, PC/XT, PC/AT, PS/2, and many
computers   compatible with these, including the AT&T 6386 WGS, the Zenith
Z-386, and
   Everex Tempo computers.  In order to run CWRU-PC/IP, a computer must be
   running MS-DOS or PC-DOS version 3.1 or higher.  It must also be
equipped   with at least 512K of memory; 640K or more is highly
recommended.  It must
   also be able to support one of the CWRUnet interface cards.  Most
computers   can be upgraded to meet these requirements; contact the
manufacturer or a
   local expert for information.

   A hard disk is highly recommended for CWRU-PC/IP.  However, portions of
   CWRU-PC/IP will run from a floppy disk.  Users with only floppy disk
drives   are strongly encouraged to add a hard drive to their computer; the
cost is
   usually only a few hundred dollars.  Floppy-only systems must use the
   Free-Net system to read and send electronic mail.


1.3  Overview of the CWRU-PC/IP programs

1.3.1  Telnet

   Telnet allows your computer to connect to a remote computer on the
network   as if it were a directly attached terminal.  While you are using
telnet, you
   can connect to several different computers at once, switching between
them   when needed.

   Two different versions of Telnet are included in CWRU-PC/IP.  The
version   named "telnet" emulates a DEC VT100 terminal, making it useful
for   communications with almost any computer accessible via CWRUnet.  An
   alternate version, named "tn3270", emulates an IBM 3278 terminal.  This
   version is appropriate for people who must use the CWRU IBM 4381 or
ES9000   computers via CWRUnet.


1.3.2  File Transfer Protocol (FTP, FTPSRV)

   FTP allows you to transfer files between your computer and another very
   rapidly.  It can transfer text and binary files, performing automatic
   translation to and from each computer's preferred format.  FTP is useful
for   moving files between PC disks and a CWRUnet computer, and it provides
a way
   to move files to Free-Net for delivery to another user via the "UPS"
file   transfer system.

   FTP is accessible both as a stand-alone program and from within telnet. 
An   FTP Server that allows other users to contact your computer is also
   included.


1.3.3  Electronic Mail (MH, MAIL)

   CWRU-PC/IP also includes electronic mail support directly from your PC.
   Incoming messages are stored on a post office computer until a command
on   the PC requests them, then they are moved onto the PC's hard disk.

   Once on the hard disk, two different environments can be used to
manipulate   mail messages.  The first environment, called "mail", presents
mail in a
   full-screen list manipulated with the cursor keys and single letters
from an
   on-screen menu.  An alternate environment, "PC-MH", is also included. 
All   commands is this environment are run from the MS-DOS command line and
   provide a great deal of flexibility.  Unix users will find the first
   environment similar to "Elm" while the second resembles the Rand "Mail
   Handler".  Both environments allow messages to be organized into
"folders",   making it easy to archive and find old but interesting mail.

   An easy-to-use text editor for composing e-mail messages is included
with   CWRU-PC/IP.  This editor, "PED", is freely distributable, and you
may find
   it useful for editing other files as well.  However, you are not bound
to   PED, as the electronic mail system will work with any editor that can
save   in a text-only format.


1.3.4  Network Printing (lpr, lpq, lprm)

   With the lpr, lpq, and lprm commands, you can send PostScript files from
   your computer to the CWRUnet's network laser printers.  You can cancel
files   that you sent earlier, and examine the status of the printers.


1.3.5 Finger Service

   The Finger service provides information about users with accounts on
hosts   that support Finger service.  The information available varies, but
it   typically includes the user's full name, user name on that system,
office   address, and phone number.  It also lists the last time the user
logged in,
   and often indicates whether the user has unread mail.

   The finger command can also be used to get a list of all users logged in
on   a host, which can be used if you need to contact a user quickly.


1.3.6  WHOIS Service

   The WHOIS service provides an online directory of people and host
computers.
   This service allows you to discover a wide range of information about a
   CWRUnet user based on the user's name or CWRUnet ID.  Whois will give
you   the following information: the person's full name, campus telephone
number,   and electronic mail address.  The information in the Whois
database is
   derived from the CWRU Campus Telephone Directory.


1.3.7  Ping Service

   The ping command can be used to check whether a host computer is online
and   functioning.  It can also be used to gather statistics about current
network   conditions.


1.4  Getting Help

   If CWRU-PC/IP does not appear to be functioning properly, consult the
   CWRU-PC/IP troubleshooting guide or contact the IRIS/INS CWRUnet Service
   Desk by telephone at 368-USER.


1.5  New Features in Version 1.24

   The following significant changes were made between versions 1.23 and
1.24.   Users familiar with the version 1.23 software may find this list
useful.
      Telnet - Telnet has been enhanced to support the VT102 printer
control       functions and to correct display VT100 graphics and
international       characters.  In addition, long-standing minor bugs in
Scrollback and the
       Alt-S Screen Save commands have been fixed.  Telnet's VT100
emulation       has been also been made somewhat more accurate.

      Whoami - A minor bug in mailbox addresses has been corrected.

      Internals - An exponential backoff and linear restart algorithm has
been       implemented in order to better deal with congested networks. 
This       should improve performance somewhat when dealing with certain
off-campus       sites.

   The following major changes were made between versions 1.1 and 1.2. 
Users   familiar with the Spring 1991 software release may find this list
useful.   Please note that this list is not all- inclusive.  Many minor
bugs have also
   been fixed.

      FTP Accelerated and Fixed: The version 1.2 FTP and FTPSRV transfer
files       up to 10% faster than version 1.1.  The version 1.2 FTP now
works fully
       with the IBM mainframes on campus.

      New Look in Telnet: Telnet now multitasks between all sessions,
letting       background sessions continue to run while another session
runs       on-screen.  Indicator symbols have been added to indicate
activity on
       each connection.

      Mail changes: The Mail system has been modified to support files
larger       than 40K.  Messages are now limited only by available disk
space.  The
       reply functions in Mail and MH have been rewritten for greater
       reliablity.

      Internal changes: Sweeping internal changes were made, making the new
       system smaller and more efficient.  These changes serve as steps
towards       eventual support for Microsoft Windows and development of a
CWRU-PC/IP       newsreader.


1.6  An Invitation to Explore!

   The single best way to learn computer software is to experiment with it.
 If
   you do not understand a section of the manual, feel free to move on to
   another section.  If you want to try something, do so.  There is very
little   that you can hurt by typing at the keyboard, unless you type with
a hammer!


			    UNIT 2: GETTING STARTED


2.1  Requirements for Running CWRU-PC/IP

   Your PC must have at least 512K of memory and run MS-DOS or PC-DOS 3.0
or   higher.  INS recommends a memory size of 640K or more for optimum
   performance.  The PC-compatible computers sold under the CWRU
Microcomputer   Ownership Program satisfy these requirements.

   Your PC must be equipped with an Ethernet adapter board and must be
   connected to the CWRUnet.  If your PC does not have a card, call the
   IRIS/INS CWRUnet Service Desk at 368- USER to request one.  All
computers   sold under the CWRU Microcomputer Ownership Program have an
Ethernet card
   already installed.

   The DOS version used must match the computer.  In other words,
CWRU-PC/IP   will not work with PC-DOS unless the computer is an actual IBM
PC, XT, AT,
   or Personal System/2 (PS/2).  Compatible computers not built by IBM
should   use a version of MS-DOS approved by the manufacturer.

   If you are planning to use the PC-based mail software, your computer
must   have a hard disk.  Note that even if your computer does not have a
hard   disk, you will still be able to send and receive electronic mail by
   connecting to the Free-Net computers.


2.2  Host and Server Requirements

   The host computer you want to communicate with must be connected to a
   network with which CWRUnet can communicate and must be running a set of
   programs called TCP/IP, short for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
   Protocol.  An example of a host system meeting these requirements is the
   Cleveland Free-Net system.

   For IBM 3270 terminal emulation, the host you want to communicate with
must   be an IBM mainframe that supports TCP/IP.  (At Case, these hosts run
the MVS
   operating system.) The IBM 4381 systems at CWRU are examples of hosts
   meeting these requirements.

   You must have an account on the target host(s).  All people affiliated
with   CWRU can get CWRUnet accounts valid on the Free-Net system. 
Accounts on
   other CWRU systems are controlled by the department maintaining that
   system.  A very few computer systems have guest accounts, accessible to
   anyone with network access.  You can find out about such accounts on a
given   host from the department that maintains that host.

   If you plan to use the CWRU-PC/IP mail handler, you must have an
electronic   mailbox on a Post Office Protocol (POP) server.  For example,
all CWRUnet
   ID's include a POP mailbox on the computer po.cwru.edu, the campus "post
   office" computer.


2.3  About This Manual

   This manual is designed to serve both as a tutorial and as a reference
   manual for the CWRU- PC/IP software.  It contains much English text and
many   sample runs, to show you what to expect when you use the software. 
The   following is an example of the notation used:

      C:\>tcpip  <Enter>

   This example, like all others, is printed in the Courier typeface to
better   distinguish it from the text and to make it more closely resemble
the   computer screen.

   All characters in a normal typeface, like the "C:\>" above, are text
that   will appear on your screen.  You do not need to type it; it should
already   be there.

   Characters in bold, like "tcpip" above, are text that are typed by the
user   on the keyboard.  Sometimes, the text will not appear on the screen
when you
   type it.  All of these cases are indicated in the description of the
   examples, and are indicated in the example as bold italic letters.

   Finally, the word "<Enter>" is shown in brackets and Small Caps to
indicate   that it represents a key, not text.  <Enter> serves as a
reminder that the
   "Enter" key on the keyboard must be pressed at the end of every line.


2.4  Loading TCPIP

   The "TCPIP" program implements the "TCP/IP" networking protocols needed
by   all of the other CWRU-PC/IP applications.  You must load TCPIP before
   running any of the other CWRU-PC/IP applications described in this
manual.   However, you may only need to load TCPIP once a day.  Once run,
it will stay
   loaded until you turn off the computer, press the reset button, or type
   <Ctrl>-<Alt>-<Del>.

   All of the CWRU-PC/IP applications that require TCPIP to be loaded will
   print a message asking you to load TCPIP and then try the application
again.
   To load TCPIP, type the following:

      C:\>tcpip  <Enter>

   (For information on the notation used, see section 2.3, above.)

   The TCPIP program will respond by printing a copyright notice and some
   diagnostic information about your computer's configuration:

      C:\>tcpip  <Enter>
      Copyright 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 by Stanford University
      Copyright 1990 Case Western Reserve University. All Rights Reserved.
      CWRU-PC/IP TCPIP memory resident kernel Version 1.2

      TCPIP service module initialized.
      My ethernet address is nn:nn:nn:nn:nn:nn  
      My hostname is __________
      My IP address is 129.22.nn.nn
      TCP/IP occupies 86 K bytes of memory. Use "TCPIP -k" to unload it.

   (The exact information displayed varies from computer to computer. 
However,   the format of the information will be the same as that shown
here.)

2.5  Getting a CWRUnet ID

2.5.1  What is a CWRUnet ID?

   Your CWRUnet user ID is your key to accessing various centralized
services   that are and will be made available via CWRUnet.  The user ID
and password
   identify each user uniquely, an important feature for services such as
   electronic mail, printing, and for access to certain features such as
   Free-Net.  INS has implemented a user ID registration server to simplify
the   establishment of user IDs.  Registration occurs electronically in
most   cases.  This service is open to all students, faculty, and staff.

   Your user ID will be formed by the three initials of your name in lower
   case.  If more than one person has the same initials, a number is added
to   the end of the three initials.  If you don't have three initials, an
"x"   will be put in the missing initial's place.  Examples of user IDs
are: rjh,
   psr2, las5, or pxa.

   The user ID has another purpose, which is as an address for electronic
   mail.  Other users will be able to send you mail by using your user ID
and   the name of the CWRUnet Post Office computer, "po.cwru.edu".  For
example,   if your ID is "sqf", your e-mail address is "sqf@po.cwru.edu". 
This is
   explained in more detail in Unit 4.


2.5.2  Obtaining a CWRUnet ID

   1.  When you turn on your PC, you should see a "C:\>" prompt (This
assumes       you have a hard drive).  Type "tcpip" at that prompt to
activate the
       CWRUnet software.  You only have to do this once when you turn on
your       PC or reboot it.

   2.  You will then see the following message and be returned to the
"C:\>"       prompt:

          Copyright 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 by Stanford University
          Copyright 1990 Case Western Reserve University. All Rights
Reserved.          CWRU-PC/IP TCPIP memory resident kernel Version 1.2

          TCPIP service module initialized.
          My ethernet address is nn:nn:nn:nn:nn:nn  
          My hostname is __________
          My IP address is 129.22.nn.nn
          TCP/IP occupies 86 K bytes of memory. Use "TCPIP -k" to unload
it.
       Note: The exact information displayed is slightly different for
every PC
       on the network.  This information describes your computer's unique
       addresses, used to differentiate it from all other networked
computers.
   3.  At the next "C:\>" prompt, type "telnet userid".  This command
indicates       that you want to connect (telnet) to the host "userid."

          C:\>telnet userid  <Enter>

   4.  You will then connect with the server "userid" and see the following
on       your screen:

          Trying(129.22.4.2)...open

          4.3 BSD UNIX (po)
          login:

       When this appears, type "getid" in all lowercase letters.

          login: getid  <Enter>

   5.  You will then receive a login message; after a short pause the
screen       clears and you'll see the following information:

                               *** CWRU User Registration ***
         
-----------------------------------------------------------------------    
     Welcome to CWRUNET user registration.

          To register for a CWRUNET account, please fill in your name as it
          appears on your CWRU ID card.

          ** NOTE:  You must respond to each question within 90 seconds, or
you          will have to start over.  (This is to prevent accident and/or
          vandalism.)

          ** If you have trouble, please call the account administrator at
          368-USER.
         
-----------------------------------------------------------------------    
     Enter First Name:  [prompt line]
         
-----------------------------------------------------------------------    
     First Name:
          Middle Initial:
          Family Name:
          CWRU ID #:
          Birthdate:
          Username:
          Press backspace to delete a character.  Press Ctrl-C to start
over.         
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
   8.  After you are logged in, the server will prompt you for your first
name,       middle initial, and last name.  Enter the same name you used on
       enrollment or employee information forms you completed when you
entered       the University.  If you don't have a middle initial, don't
enter       anything when prompted.  Upper and lower case letters do not
matter at
       this point.

   9.  Next, enter your student or employee ID number at the prompt.  The
ID       number should be entered: 3 numbers, dash, 2 numbers, dash, four
numbers       with no embedded spaces.

   10. You will then be prompted for your birthdate.  Enter the date in the
       form mm/dd/yy.  Example: January 12, 1970 would be entered as
1/12/70.
   11. The server will then indicate if it recognizes your name and ID
number.       If it does not recognize you, the system will give you an
opportunity to
       try again.  If the system still does not recognize you at that
point,       call 368-USER for assistance.

   12. If the server does recognize you, it will indicate this and then
prompt       you for a password.  The password must be between six and
thirty-one       characters in length and should not be anything that can
be easily
       guessed.  Upper and lower case is significant here.  Also, spaces in
a       password are currently not recommended.  You can change your
password at
       any time by logging on to Free-Net and selecting that option from
the       User Services menu.  (Type "go usrv" at any "Your Choice ==>"
prompt.)
   13. Once you have entered your password, the registration server will
prompt       for the password again, for verification.  If the two
passwords you
       enter are different, you will then be asked to repeat the process. 
Once       this process is complete, your user ID will be established.  The
       registration server will tell you your CWRUnet ID and then
disconnect       you from the USERID system.  You must remember both the ID
and password
       in order to access CWRUnet services.

   Please allow 24 hours for your CWRUnet ID to be activated.


		       UNIT 3: LOGIN, LOGOUT, AND WHOAMI


3.1  Security on CWRUnet

   Many of the services offered on the CWRUnet need to know the identity of
   their users.  An obvious example is the electronic mail service, where
the   mail system restricts access to a mailbox to only the owner of that
   mailbox.  In another instance, the print servers for the CWRUnet laser
   printers needs to know your identity so that other users can not try to
   print files on your account.  The simplest solution to these problems is
to   prompt the PC user for his or her CWRUnet ID and password whenever
   authentication is needed.  CWRU-PC/IP, however, uses a more streamlined
   method.  Only one login is required, then the username information is
shared   by all of the CWRU- PC/IP applications requiring it.  Your CWRUnet
ID   information is preserved until you turn off or reboot your computer,
or   until you explicitly log out with the "logout" command.

   This system gives flexibility to CWRU-PC/IP by streamlining all login
   requirements into one location.  However, it also brings risks.  If you
are   logged in but leave your computer, even for a moment, another user
can sit
   down at the keyboard and use your network identity rather than his or
her   own.  The best defense against this highly unethical behavior is to
log out
   whenever you leave your computer unattended.


3.2  Logging in (LOGIN)

   To log in on the CWRUnet, simply type "login", then answer the prompts. 
For   example:

      C:\>login  <Enter>
      Copyright 1990, 1991 Case Western Reserve University. All Rights
Reserved.      CWRU-PC/IP LOGIN Version 1.2

      login: ele  <Enter>
      Password: password  <Enter>
      Login OK.  Please remember to log out.

      Welcome to CWRUnet and CWRU-PC/IP!

      This is the "Message Of The Day" (MOTD for short), which is used for
      network-related news and announcements.

      C:\>

   Your password will not appear on the screen as you type it.  This is to
keep   it safe from curious eyes that may be watching over your shoulder. 
If you
   mistype your password, the last line will not read "Login OK," but will
   instead state "Login failed." In this case, try the login command again.

   If you realize that you have made a typing error while entering your
   password, you can use the backspace key to correct for it.  In addition,
you   may cancel the entire login by pressing the Esc key.

   The longest password allowed by the login program is 31 characters.  You
may   set a longer password than this on Free-Net, but you will then be
unable to
   use the facilities that require a PC/IP login, such as mail and
printing.   To correct this problem, log into Free-Net and select a shorter
password.
   The login command also accepts a CWRUnet ID on the command line.  This
   behaves in the same way as the normal login, but it may be more
convenient   for some users.  For example:

      C:\>login ele  <Enter>
      Copyright 1990, 1991 Case Western Reserve University.  All Rights
Reserved.      CWRU-PC/IP LOGIN Version 1.2

      Password: password  <Enter>
      Login OK.  Please remember to log out.


3.3  Logging out (LOGOUT)

   When you are done using the mail or printing features of CWRU-PC/IP, or
when   you are leaving your computer for a period of time, be sure to log
out.  For
   example:

      C:\>logout  <Enter>
      Copyright 1990, 1991 Case Western Reserve University.  All Rights
Reserved.      CWRU-PC/IP LOGOUT Version 1.2

      ele logged out.

      C:\>

   You can also log out by turning off the computer, by resetting the
computer   with a reset button, or by rebooting with Ctrl-Alt-Delete.


3.4  Recovering from Amnesia (WHOAMI)

   Should you temporarily forget who you are, or, more likely, wish to
check   whether you are logged in, you may wish to use the "Who am I?"
command.  For
   example:

      C:\>whoami  <Enter>
      Copyright 1990, 1991 Case Western Reserve University.  All Rights
Reserved.      CWRU-PC/IP WHOAMI Version 1.2

      You are ele.  Your mailbox is ele@po.cwru.edu.

      C:\>

   If you are not logged in, whoami will give the following response:

      C:\>whoami  <Enter>
      Copyright 1990, 1991 Case Western Reserve University.  All Rights
Reserved.      CWRU-PC/IP WHOAMI Version 1.2

      No one.

      C:\>

   Whoami is also useful for those people with several CWRUnet ID's, or as
a   means to check your address for electronic mail, listed in whoami as
your   "mailbox".  If you wish to correspond electronically with anyone in
the   world with network mail access, they will be able to use this address
to   reply.

   Advanced users can use whoami in batch files.  Whoami will return an
   errorlevel of 0 if a user is logged in, or a 1 if he or she is not.


                            UNIT 4: ELECTRONIC MAIL


4.1  About Electronic Mail

4.1.1  What is Electronic Mail?

   The term "Electronic Mail" describes systems by which one person can
send   private messages to another via one or more computer systems.  The
first   electronic mail systems were restricted to single computer systems,
but they
   were quickly extended to allow mail through any of several world-wide
   computer networks.  Virtually all of these networks are accessible via
the   CWRUnet and your PC.

   CWRUnet provides several different ways to access electronic mail.  The
   first method, familiar to early CWRUnet users, relies on the "Post
Office"   section of the Free-Net system.  By entering the Post Office, one
may look
   up another user's mailing address and send and receive mail.  Free-Net's
   Post Office is very capable, but restrictive.  Each user gets only one
place   to store messages, and it is laborious to download them to a PC. 
On the
   other hand, CWRU-PC/IP provides two more ways to access electronic mail,
   both of them based directly on your PC.  The first, "Mail", provides a
   friendly menu-based environment for sending, receiving, and storing
mail.   The second system, MH, is a slightly more powerful mail system
accessible   from the MS-DOS command line.  It will be familiar to users of
the Unix
   "Mail Handler" program.

   All three PC programs are compatible, and you may use them
interchangeably.   In fact, many of the Mail functions are exactly the same
as the equivalent
   functions in PC-MH.

   With all three methods of accessing electronic mail, your new mail
arrives   first at the CWRUnet Post Office computer known as "po.cwru.edu".
   Po.cwru.edu stores your message in a special mailbox, accessible by any
of   the three mail programs available.

   However, this mailbox is used only for new mail.  Free-Net and the PC
   mailers each establish a mailbox used for old mail.  The mail in the
central   mailbox is moved into these "old mail" mailboxes as soon as you
check the
   central mailbox for new messages.  From that point on, the messages are
   accessible only through the mail system that moved them from the central
   mailbox.

   For example, suppose a message arrived in the central mailbox for a
user.   If that user checked his mail on Free-Net, the message would be
copied into
   his Free-Net mailbox and removed from the central location.  From that
point   on, he can access the message through Free-Net but not with Mail or
PC-MH.
   If, on the other hand, the user checked his mail with the Mail program,
the   mail would be read into his PC's mail system and removed from the
central   mailbox.  The message is then be accessible through either the
Mail or PC-MH
   programs, since the PC-based mail systems were designed to share each
   other's mailboxes.

   Note that because of disk space restrictions, both PC-based electronic
mail   programs will not run without a hard drive.  The technically adept
may be
   able to gain partial functionality on a floppy- based computer, but it
is   recommended that users with floppy-only PC's use Free-Net's mail
facilities   instead.


4.1.2  Your Electronic Mailbox

   In order for people to send you mail, they must know your "address". 
This   address consists of a user ID and a location.  Examples of typical
addresses   are below:

      smith@scl.cwru.edu
      sqf@po.cwru.edu
      aa987@cleveland.freenet.edu
      doe@apple.com

   The portion before the "@" is the user ID, and the portion after the "@"
is   the computer or location to which the mail should be delivered.  For
   example, the first address can be read, "smith at scl.cwru.edu", meaning
the   user "Smith" on the computer "scl.cwru.edu".

   On CWRUnet, your mailbox was automatically created when you obtained a
   CWRUnet ID.  (For information on obtaining an ID, see section 2.5.) Your
   mailbox is on the "Post Office" computer named "po.cwru.edu", giving you
an   e-mail address of userid@po.cwru.edu, with your CWRUnet ID substituted
for   userid.  You may give this address to anyone on CWRnet, or anyone in
the   world with Internet mail access, and they will be able to send mail
to you.

   For more information on electronic mail and addressing, see the
electronic   mail documentation on Free-Net.

   If you need to find the address of another user on CWRUnet, you can use
the   Whois service to look that user up.  Section 9.2 describes the WHOIS
   program.


4.2  Using an Editor

4.2.1  The PED Editor

   The CWRU-PC/IP mail system requires you to use a text editor to write
any   messages you wish to send.  Fortunately, a very easy-to-use editor is
   included with CWRU-PC/IP for this purpose.  You may also select an
alternate   editor for use with CWRU-PC/IP.

   The text editor included with CWRU-PC/IP is known as PED and was written
by   Bob Foley of Pliable Products, Souderton, Pennsylvania.  He has
permitted   free distribution of this editor.  You will find his original
documentation   file for PED in the file PED.TXT in your MH directory, and
in Appendix C.

   Both MH and the Menu program are pre-configured to use PED.  As soon as
you   try to send a letter, you will find yourself using it.  Fortunately,
all of
   the commands in PED are accessible from pull-down menus.  As the top
menu   line indicates, these menus are activated by pressing the ESC key. 
At that
   point, you may switch between menus with the left and right arrow keys,
and   between items on one menu with the up and down arrow.

   Even if you ignore the menus, writing a letter with PED is easy.  When
the   editor appears, use the arrow keys to move around the screen.  Fill
in the
   To:, Cc:, and Subject: lines of the message, then move below the dashed
line   and begin to type.  The cursor keys all behave in the standard
manner; the
   insert key switches between insert mode, where all new characters are
   inserted into the middle of the document, and overwrite mode, where new
   characters replace the characters under them.

   Because PED is a text editor and not a word processor, your words will
not   automatically move to the next line when you hit the edge of the
screen.   Hit the <Enter> key when you get to the edge of the screen, just
as you
   would with an electric typewriter.

   When you are done editing your message, hold down the Ctrl key and press
   X.  (This is usually written as Ctrl-X or ^X.) Then press <Enter> when
the   "Are you sure?" prompt appears.  This will save your file and bring
you back
   to the mail system.

   PED can also serve as a stand-alone editor, useful for modifying
   AUTOEXEC.BAT, CONFIG.SYS, and WIN.INI files, among others.  To use it
this   way, type PED, followed by the name of the file you wish to edit. 
For   example,

         C:\>ped autoexec.bat  <Enter>

   PED also offers multiple-file features that may be useful for
programmers.

4.2.2  Using a different editor

   You may also use a different editor with the mail system, if you choose.
 To
   select a different editor, go to the MH directory with a command like
the   following:

         C:\>cd \MH  <Enter>

   Next, edit the file "profile.mh" in that directory.  The following
example   uses PED to edit the file, but you may substitute your own
editor.
         C:\>ped profile.mh  <Enter>

   When the file appears on the screen, find the line reading "editor:
ped",   and change the word "ped" to the name of your own editor.

   The mail system was compatible with every editor tested, including
edlin,   TED, Free VI, and BlackBeard.


4.3  Getting Started With "Mail"

   Starting the menu-driven mail system is easy.  Type the command "mail"
and   hit <Enter>.  For example:

         C:\>mail  <Enter>

   The screen will clear and a "Folder Selection Menu" will appear on the
   screen.  Beneath the title line, you will find a list of all of the
folders   you have made so far.  If you are just starting, this will be
only the
   "INBOX" folder.

   An important thing to remember while using the menu program is that the
most   commonly used commands are always listed at the bottom of the
screen.  In
   addition, help screens are always available by pressing the "H", "?", or
   "F1" keys.  If you don't like reading manuals, you now know enough about
the   mail program to send and receive mail.  On the other hand, if you
would like
   to know more about folders and the commands that are available, read on!


4.3.1  The Folder Selection Menu

   A folder is actually a directory on your hard disk.  It is a place in
which   you can store mail messages that you have received.  The INBOX and
OUTBOX   folders are special, although you can manipulate them just like
any other
   folders.  The INBOX is the location where all new messages arrive, and
the   OUTBOX is where copies of all the messages you send are stored.

   On the screen, you will see a grey cursor bar over one of your folders. 
You   can move this bar with the arrow keys to select a folder you wish to
open.   When you open a folder by pressing <Enter> or the space bar, all of
the   messages will be listed on the screen so that you may read them.  The
menu   that is presented then is referred to here as the "Mailbox Menu".

   Because of their importance, the first two folders listed will always be
the   INBOX and OUTBOX.  All of the other folders will then appear in
alphabetical   order.

   Many commands are available to you while at the Folder Selection Menu. 
All   of the cursor keys are active, behaving in ways you would expect. 
This   includes Home, End, Page Up, and Page Down, as well as the
traditional arrow
   keys.  In addition, you may select "c" or "m" to compose a new mail
   message, "n" to contact the POP server to check for new mail, and "q" or
"x"   to leave the mail program.  For more information about the "c" and
"m"   options, see section 6.3.3, below.


4.3.1.1  Checking for new mail

   If you press the "n" key while at the Folder Selection Menu, your PC
will   contact the POP server and copy any new mail messages down to your
PC.  If
   you have new messages, a series of summary lines will appear on the
screen   as they are copied, appearing something like this:

         0001: May/10  jones@portia   Response time            [1469]
         0002: May/12  wilson@hamlet  Conference registration  [680]

   These summary lines show the message number, the date the message was
sent,   the person who sent the message, the subject of the message, and
the message
   length in characters.  The messages will be deleted from your mailbox on
the   POP server, and will be put in your INBOX.  You can read them by
putting the
   cursor bar over the INBOX folder and pressing <Enter> or the space bar.


4.3.1.2  Deleting a folder

   To remove a folder from the folder selection menu and from your hard
disk,   first enter the folder and delete all of the messages within it. 
After   deleting all of the messages, press "p" to return to the folder
selection   menu, put the cursor over the folder, and press "d".


4.3.1.3  Refreshing the screen

   Under some circumstances, the screen will not reflect the true number of
   messages in each folder.  If this occurs, hold down Ctrl while typing L
to   refresh the screen.

   This command is also useful if the screen gets disrupted by a conflict
with   another program.


4.3.1.4  Leaving the menu system

   While at the Folder Selection Menu or inside a folder, press "q" or "x"
to   return to MS-DOS.


4.3.2  Inside a Folder

4.3.2.1  The Mailbox Menu

   Once you open a folder by selecting it with the cursor bar, the messages
   inside list themselves on your screen, two lines per message.  Each
message   is given a number, and its date, subject, and sender are listed. 
Once   again, a grey cursor bar is also on the screen, to let you select a
specific   message from the list.

   In order to read a message, select it by moving the cursor bar over it
with   the cursor keys, then press <Enter> or the space bar.  It will be
listed on
   the screen with a pause at the end of each screenful.  To cause the
listing   to continue, press <Enter> or the space bar.  To stop reading a
message in
   the middle, press "q".

   Many different commands are available from this menu.  If you wish to
reply   to one of your messages, you may press the "r" key.  If, instead,
you wish
   to compose a new message, you may press "c" or "m".  If you would like
to   forward a copy of the current message to another user, press "f".  All
of   these commands behave similarly.  For details on their use, refer to
section   6.3.3, below.


4.3.2.2  Saving Messages To Other Folders

   If the only folder that could be read was the INBOX, filing old messages
for   future reference could become quite confusing and unwieldy.  Instead,
the   "s" command allows you to save messages to other folders, creating
them if
   necessary.

   To save a message to a folder, put the cursor bar on the message and
press   the "s" key.  The menu program will respond with the question,
"Save message
   to which folder?" Enter the name of the folder, and the message will be
   copied into it.

   If the folder does not already exist, you will get a second prompt,
asking   whether a folder of that name should be created.  If you reply to
the second
   prompt with a "y", a folder with your new name will be created and the
   message will be saved into it.  If you instead enter "n", the save will
be   cancelled.

   When a message is saved, the letter "S" appears next to the message
number.   This is provided as a place keeper, to make it easier to remember
which   messages have been saved to other folders.  These markers will
disappear   when you leave the folder.

   Saving a message to another folder does not delete it from the current
   folder.  For example, if you save a message from your INBOX to a folder
   named CLASSES, you will find that you have two copies of the message,
one   per folder.  To remove the original message from your INBOX, use the
"d"   command.


4.3.2.3  Deleting Messages from a Folder

   In order to remove a message from a folder, press "d".  The letter "D"
will   appear next to the message number, indicating that you have marked
it to be
   deleted later.

   If you change your mind about deleting the message, press "u".  The
letter   "D" will disappear and the message will not be deleted.

   Marked messages are not deleted immediately.  Instead, they remain in
the   folder until you leave the folder with the "p", "q", or "x" commands.
 At
   that point, you will be asked,

	 Delete Marked Messages?  (Y/N)

   If you wish to delete all of the messages you have marked, press "Y". 
If   you decide not to delete them, select "N" to cancel the operation.


4.3.2.4  Refreshing the Display

   In a few rare circumstances, it is possible for the screen to become
   corrupted while displaying your messages.  If this occurs, hold down
Ctrl   and press L.  This will cause the system to clear and redraw the
screen from
   scratch.


4.3.2.5  Leaving the folder

   Three commands exist to leave a folder.  The first, "p", will return to
the   Folder Selection Menu to allow the selection of another folder.  The
second   and third commands, "q" and "x", shut down the menu program and
return to
   MS-DOS.  In all three cases, prompts may appear, asking whether to
delete   messages you have marked for deletion.


4.3.3  Sending Mail

4.3.3.1  Composing a New Message

   When you select "c" or "m" from anywhere inside the menu program, you
will   be given an opportunity to write a new mail message.  In general,
you will
   see the message below:

         To edit draft, strike any key.
         (If your editor prompts you for a file name, please use
c:\mh\draft.)
   When you see this message, press a key.

   Sometimes, you will see a more complicated message.  If the last
   mail-sending command did not complete because of an error or because a
user   used the "q" command to cancel the message, Mail will ask the
following   question:

         Use draft file (c:\mh\draft)? (y,n,l)

   If you want to edit the saved draft file, press y, for "Yes".  You will
get   the following message:

         To edit draft, strike any key.
         (If your editor prompts you for a file name, please use
c:\mh\draft.)
   If you want to begin a new message, press n, for "No".  The old draft
file   will be deleted and the message shown above will appear.

   If you wish to see the draft file before making a decision, press "l",
for   "List".  The old draft will be displayed on your screen so that you
can   decide whether to keep it.

   After seeing the "To edit draft" message and pressing a key, you will
find   yourself inside the PED editor with a message template like the
following:
         To:
         Cc:
         Subject:
         ----------------

   Fill in each line appropriately for this message by first using the
arrow   keys to move to the end of each line, then entering the needed
information.   For example, to send a message to the people with ID's of
ele and sct, with
   a carbon copy to yourself (assuming your CWRUnet ID is dxk), you could
fill   in the header as follows:

         To: ele, sct
         Cc: dxk
         Subject: Meet you for dinner?
         ----------------

   Once the header is filled in, move below the line of dashes and type
your   message.

         To: ele, sct
         Cc: dxk
         Subject: Meet you for dinner?
         ----------------

	 I have an early exam tonight, so I need to eat at 5:30.  (Need to
do	 some last-minute studying!) Want to meet me at Fribley, on the
meal	 plan side?

   Be sure to leave the line of dashes in place.  When you are finished
writing   your message, type Ctrl-X.  (In other words, hold down the Ctrl
key and hit
   "X".) Answer the "Are you sure?" question by hitting "Y" <ENTER>, and
you   will be presented with a list of choices, reproduced here:

         What now?
            s (send)     l (list)     e (edit)     q (quit)
         Your choice:

   If you select "s", the POP server will be contacted and your message
will be
   sent.  If you would like to double-check your message, select "l".  It
will   be printed on the screen.  If there are more changes you would like
to make
   to the letter, select "e".  You will be returned to PED.  Finally, if
you   change your mind about the letter, select "q".  It will return you to
the   menu system and cancel the message.


4.3.3.2  Replying to a message

   When you select "r" from inside a folder, you will have an opportunity
to   reply to an e-mail message you have received.  The process is
identical to
   sending a new message, with two exceptions.  First, when you enter the
   editor, the mail header will be automatically set up for you.  Second,
the   previous message will follow the header, indented with ">"
characters.  An
   example follows:

   The message to which you are replying:

         To: ele, sct
         Cc: dxk
         Subject: Meet you for dinner?
         ----------------

         I have an early exam tonight, so I need to eat at 5:30.  (Need to
do         some last-minute studying!)  Want to meet me at Fribley, on the
meal         plan side?

   The editor (PED) shows the following when it is started:

         Subject: Meet you for dinner?
         To: dxk@po.cwru.edu, ele@po.cwru.edu, sct@po.cwru.edu
         In-Reply-To: message from dxk@po.cwru.edu / 31 Aug 90  03:42:50
EDT         -------------

         > I have an early exam tonight, so I need to eat at 5:30.  (Need
to do
         > some last-minute studying!)  Want to meet me at Fribley, on the
meal         > plan side?

   The header will usually not require editing, because it is all set up. 
In   addition, the original message is included.  This can be used to
remind the
   recipient of what the original message said, because it is often
difficult   to remember the contents of a mail message sent even a few
hours previous to
   receiving a reply.  Some judicious editing of the quoted section is
usually   appropriate, especially when replying to a long message!  The
Delete or Del
   key on the keyboard can be used to shorten the quoted message.  If you
wish   to delete an entire line, use Ctrl-D in PED.  As always, never
delete the
   line of dashes separating the header from the body of the message.

   In order to add your own message to a reply, simply use the arrow keys
to   move below the header (and, perhaps, below the quoted section) and
type your
   new message.

   Press Ctrl-X when you are done editing the reply.  You will be asked if
you   are sure, then presented with a menu like the following:

         What now?
            s (send)     l (list)     e (edit)     q (quit)
         Your choice:

   This menu behaves identically to its twin discussed above in section
   6.3.3.1, "Composing a New Message".


4.3.3.3  Forwarding a Message

   When you are reading the messages in a folder, press the "f" key to
forward   a copy of the current message to another user.  After answering
the standard
   questions, you will be placed into the editor with a blank mail header
and a
   copy of the original message.  Fill in the headers, edit the message if
   needed, and send it to the recipients as described in section 6.3.3.1.


4.4  Customizing Mail and MH

   Many options are available for customization of Mail and MH.  All of
these   options are documented and set in the file c:\mail\profile.mh.  Two
of these
   options are described below.  In order to modify the file, use the PED
   editor.  For example:

         C:\>ped c:\mail\profile.mh  <Enter>

   Once you see the file on the screen in PED, step through it to find the
   option you wish to change.  Use the keyboard and the delete or backspace
key   just as you would when writing a message.  When you are done, save
the file
   with Ctrl-X or cancel your changes with Ctrl-Q.

   Note that it is not necessary to edit the profile.mh file unless you
wish to
   use the options outlined below.  This is an option for advanced users.

   The profile.mh file is in a special format.  All options are indicated
by a
   keyword, a colon (":"), and then some text.  Lines beginning with the
pound   sign ("#") are comments that will be ignored by the mail software. 
The   profile.mh file included with PC/IP takes advantage of this by
"commenting   out" some of the available options.  For example, the
"fullname" option in
   the original file looks like the following:

         #fullname: Mickey Mouse

   In order to enable the option, the "#" character must be removed.  This
will   leave the line like this:

         fullname: Mickey Mouse

   Unfortunately, this will not only enable the full-name option on all
your   outbound mail, it will give your name as "Mickey Mouse"!  To correct
this,   replace the "Mickey Mouse" with your actual name.

         fullname: Joe Cwrunet

   The same technique can be used for any of the options.  All of the
available   options are described in comments within the file.


4.4.1  Changing colors in Mail

   The standard Mail configuration uses a set of colors common on IBM
   compatibles, with a blue background, white letters, and yellow
   highlighting.  The cursor bar is black letters on a gray background.
   However, if you wish to change these colors, you need merely edit the
   profile.mh file.  Contained within the file are the color configuration
   options and a description of how to change them.


4.4.2  Including your full name

   All mail you send will bear your CWRUnet ID as identification, on the
   "From:" line in the header.  If you would like your mail to also bear
your   full name on the "From:" line, change the "fullname" option in
profile.mh.   An explanation of how to do so is included in the file.


4.4.3  Creating a signature file

   Mail and MH are able to automatically append a "signature file" to the
end   of all of your outbound messages.  These signature files are
typically used
   to sign messages and to give e-mail messages.  Many users also include
their   positions or departments, telephone number, favorite quotes, or
other   information.  The only restriction on content is that it must fit
into four
   lines, one screen (80 columns) wide.  Signatures that are longer or
wider   than the limits will be silently truncated by the mail software.

   To select a signature file for your mail, create a file containing the
   information you wish to include, then edit the profile.mh file.  Change
the   "signature:" option in profile.mh to the name of the file you wish to
use.

4.5  Using MH

4.5.1  Getting Started

   MH is the second mail interface included in CWRU-PC/IP.  It offers only
a   few features not found in the menu-driven mail program, and suffers
from a
   terse command syntax.  However, Unix users may be more comfortable with
MH,   and users who wish to write batch files to automate their mail
processes may
   find it useful.  Most users of CWRU-PC/IP never use MH.

   MH folders and messages are completely compatible with those used by the
   menu program.  The largest difference between the two mail systems is in
   their user interfaces.


4.5.2  Retrieving Mail

   Issue the command inc to transfer all new messages from the POP server
to   your PC.  Messages will be placed in your PC mail inbox, the folder
   (directory) designated in your MH profile, and simultaneously deleted
from   the POP server.

   When you issue the inc command, your PC will contact the POP server and
copy   any new messages into your inbox.  You will receive either a notice
that   there are no new messages or a list of your new messages numbered in
the   order received.  Listed by each number is the date the message was
sent, the
   electronic mail address of the sender, the subject, and the size in
number   of bytes.  Example:

         C:\>inc  <Enter>
         0001: May/10  jones@portia   Response time            [1469]
         0002: May/12  wilson@hamlet  Conference registration  [680]


4.5.3  Reading and Organizing Mail

4.5.3.1  Sorting Messages (Folder and Folder All)

   Messages transferred to your PC with the inc command are placed in your
mail   inbox, the folder (directory) designated in your MH profile.  You
can create
   additional folders and sort messages into them.  Once you have done
that,   you can determine which folder is current by issuing the folder
command.
         C:\>folder  <Enter>

   To create a new folder or change to one already created, use the folder
   command followed by a plus sign and the new folder name.  Example:

         C:\>folder +peerage  <Enter>

   To view a list of all your folders and the number of messages in each,
issue   the folder all command.  Example of command and response:

         C:\>folder all <Enter>
         FOLDER             # of messages     range     current message #
         ------             -------------     -----     -----------------
         +inbox                 3             (1-3)            3
         curriculum             8             (7-14)          10
         calendar               2             (4-5)            5


4.5.3.2  View List of Messages (lscan)

   To scan a complete list of messages in the current folder, use the
command   lscan:

         C:\>lscan  <Enter>

   The list will have the same format as the new messages shown in Section
   4.5.2 on a preceding page.

   To scan a partial list of messages, follow the command with a range of
   message numbers.  Example:

         C:\>lscan 6-23  <Enter>

   To get information, such as topic or length, about a single message,
follow   the command with the message number.  Example:

         C:\>lscan 8  <Enter>

   If there are no messages in the current folder, the response to lscan
will   be the DOS prompt.


4.5.3.3  View Messages (lshow)

   To view a complete message, use the command lshow.  Unless you want to
view   the current message (one you have just received or worked on),
follow lshow
   with the message number.  Example:

         C:\>lshow 3  <Enter>

   If you want to read several messages consecutively, follow the command
with   a range of numbers.  Example:

         C:\>lshow 1-5  <Enter>


4.5.3.4  View Next and Previous Messages (lnext and lprev)

   After viewing a message, you can read the one with the next higher
number by
   issuing the lnext command.  You can read the message with the preceding
   number with the command lprev (for previous).


4.5.3.5  Search Messages (lpick)

   The lpick command allows you to locate all the messages in which a key
   string (word or phrase) appears.  The key string can be anywhere in the
   message.  If the key string is in the body of the message, use the
format   illustrated in example a below.  If the key string is in a header
field   (such as to, from, subject, date), the format is lpick
-<header_field> <key
   string>, as illustrated by examples b through d below.

   1. Pick Messages Containing a Key String

      Use the lpick command followed by the string and a range of messages
to      be searched.  Example of a search with lpick and a typical
response:
            C:\>lpick conductivity 18-24  <Enter>
            19: conductivity vs electrical resistivity in
            20: reduced temperatures and conductivity
            23: experiments in conductivity were covered at


   2. Pick Messages From One Person

      Use the lpick command followed by -from and the name of the sender.
      Example of a search and a response:

            C:\>lpick -from crosby  <Enter>
            3: From: Roland Crosby
            7: From: Roland Crosby
            15: From: Roland Crosby


   3. Pick Messages on a Specified Subject

      Use the lpick command followed by -subject and one word representing
the      topic.  Example of a search and a response:

            C:\>lpick -subject labor  <Enter>
            1: Subject: labor unions
            5: Subject: labor, hours
            8: Subject: labor negotiations


   4. Pick Messages Sent on a Certain Date

      Use the command lpick followed by -date and the date given with the
same      format used in the list of scanned messages.  Example of a search
and a
      response:

            C:\>lpick -date 15 May  <Enter>
            17: Date: 15 May
            20: Date: 15 May


4.5.3.6  Remove and Renumber Messages (lrmm and renumber)

   To remove messages from your current folder, use the lrmm command. 
Unless   you want to remove the current message (one just viewed), follow
lrmm with a
   single message number or a range of message numbers.  Examples:

         C:\>lrmm 5  <Enter>

         C:\>lrmm 4-8  <Enter>

   To renumber the remaining messages in your current folder, use the
renumber   command:

         C:\>renumber  <Enter>

   The remaining messages will then be numbered consecutively, beginning
with   number 1.


4.5.3.7  Refile Messages (refile)

   To move messages from one folder to another, use the refile command. 
For   example, to remove message 6 from the current folder and put it in a
folder   called budgets, use the following format:

         C:\>refile 6 +budgets  <Enter>

   To move a message from a folder that is not the current one to yet
another   folder, insert into the above command -src +current folder.  For
example, if
   your current folder is inbox and you want to move message 6 from finance
to   budgets, you would use the following command.

         C:\>refile -src +finance 6 +budgets  <Enter>

   If the budgets folder had not already existed, the above command would
have   created it and placed message 6 in it.


4.5.3.8  Help

   To view a summary of the above formats for reading and organizing mail,
use   the help command.  To view the format for one of the above commands,
follow   the word help with the name of the command.  Example:

         C:\>help lshow  <Enter>
         Usage: lshow [ msg# ] or [ msgX#-msgY# ]


4.5.4  Sending Mail

   All messages are composed and sent with local MH applications.  This
   includes replies to messages and the forwarding of mail.  The three
   applications are compose (comp), reply (repl), and forward (forw).

   Within comp, repl, and forw, use the commands from the editor specified
in   your MH profile for composing, including files or messages in the body
of   messages, saving messages, and exiting the editor.


4.5.4.1  Compose Messages (comp)

   Issue the comp command.  If the last comp or repl message was aborted or
   failed, you will receive this query:

         Use draft file (c:\mh\draft)? (y,n,l)

   The choices y, n, and l stand for yes, no, and list.

   If you want to edit the existing draft, press y.  You will get the
following   message:

         To edit draft, strike any key.
         (If your editor prompts you for a file name, please use
c:\mh\draft.)
   If you want to begin a new message, press n.  You will get the following
   message:

         Strike any key to proceed.
         (If your editor prompts you for a file name, please use
c:\mh\draft.)
   Press l to view any existing draft.

   After you have indicated that you are ready to proceed (or if there is
no   draft file), you will be prompted for the electronic mail address of
the   recipient, the electronic mail addresses of those to receive copies,
and the
   subject.  If you do not know the electronic mail address of a recipient,
you   may be able to use the finger command or the Free-Net Post Office to
find   their electronic mail address.  For example:

         To: a.andrew@lear
         Cc: mable@score, xx.gbs@forsythe
         Subject: Meeting Agenda
         --------------------------------------------

   If you want to send a message to many people, you can incorporate their
mail   addresses in a DOS file.  In the file, separate addresses with
commas, or
   put each address on a separate line.  Respond to the To: prompt with the
   entry "*file_name".

   Do not delete the line of dashes in the header.

   Use your editor's commands to compose your message under the line of
   dashes.  If you wish to include an existing file or mail message, use
your   editor's command to read in the file and specify the complete path. 
If it
   is a mail message, you can specify the folder, and message number.  For
   example,

         c:\mh\inbox\6

   is message 6 in the folder "inbox".

   Once you have completed your message, use your editor's commands to save
it   and exit the editor.  You will then get the following list of options:

         What now?
            s (send)     l (list)     e (edit)     q (quit)
         Your choice:_

   If you select s to send a message, there will be a slight delay while
your   PC contacts the appropriate servers.  Example:

         Your choice: s

         Verifying User ID...
         Sending.....

   After sending a message, you will get one of two prompts, depending on
the   choice for MENU in your MH profile.  If your profile lists NO for
MENU, you
   will get the DOS prompt; to compose another message, you will have to
issue   the comp command again.  If YES for MENU was listed, you will get
the "What
   now?" prompt again, with the choice of send, list, edit, or quit.  The
   "menu" option is set to "n" when CWRU-PC/IP is installed.

   The last successfully sent message will be in your mail directory with
the   file name DRAFT.OK.  If you want to send that message again, you may
do so
   without invoking an editor by using the "comp -send <filename>" command.
   For example:

         C:\>comp -send b:\mail\draft.ok  <Enter>

   If you want to use a DOS file as a mail message, issue the command "comp
   -use <filename>", giving the complete path.  For example:

         C:\>comp -use c:\docs\policy  <Enter>

   When you use a DOS file as your message, you must manually insert at the
top   the same header used in other comp messages:

         To:
         Cc:
         Subject:
         ------------

   You must also supply the mailing information in that header.


4.5.4.2  Reply to Messages (repl)

   To reply to a message, use the repl command followed by the message
number.   The message header will be set up for you.  Example:

         C:\>repl 5  <Enter>

         Subject: Biochem Exam
         To: b.banks@othello
         In-Reply-To: message from b.banks@othello / 29 May 87  08:42:50
PDT         -------------

   Under the line of dashes, the original message will be included with
each   line preceded with the characters "> ".  This is provided as a
convenience   when quoting the other person's reply.  If you do not wish to
quote the
   previous message, simply delete it.  In PED, move the cursor to the
first   line of the old message and press Ctrl-D repeatedly.


4.5.4.3  Forward Messages (forw)

   To forward a message, use the forw command followed by the message
number.   Example:

         C:\>forw 10  <Enter>

         To:
         Cc:
         Subject:
         ----------------

         -------Forwarded Message
         (original message will appear here)


   Enter the mailing information in the message header.  If you want to
precede   the forwarded message with comments, insert them in the space
between the
   lines of dashes.  Then proceed as you would with comp.


                                UNIT 5: TELNET


The Telnet application of CWRU-PC/IP allows you to connect your PC to
anothersystem on the CWRUnet to interact as if you were using a terminal
directlyattached to the computer.  Two versions of telnet exist.  The first
and most
widely used version emulates a DEC VT-100 terminal, one of the most popular
computer terminals developed.  This version, known as "telnet", should be
usedto contact the Free-Net or most other CWRUnet computer systems.  The
secondversion, "tn3270", emulates an IBM 3270 terminal.  This version
should be used
only to connect to an IBM mainframe computer.

The "telnet" program is described in this unit; "tn3270" is described in
unit6.

For a summary of basic Telnet instructions and commands, see the reference
cardat the end of this manual.

5.1  Connecting to a Host Computer

    From PC's with hard disks, just issue the command "telnet hostname",
    substituting the name of the computer you wish to contact for hostname.
    Then press the key marked "Enter" or "Return", represented throughout
this    manual by <Enter>.

    Example:

            C:\>telnet freenet-c <Enter>


    If your PC does not have an internal hard disk, do the following:

    1) Insert an CWRU-PC/IP system startup disk in drive A and turn on the
PC.
    2) If you have separate CWRU-PC/IP program disks, check their
directories	and substitute the disk including TELNET.EXE for the system
disk in
	drive A.

    3) Connect to the target host.  Example:

            A:\>telnet freenet-c <Enter>


    Log on the way you usually do, and proceed as you normally would with a
    session on the computer.  If necessary, set your terminal type on the
    remote computer to VT-100.  To access the VT-100 special function keys
and    to use the VT-100 keypad, refer to the appropriate key map on the
next    page.


5.2  Key Mappings

    Original VT100 numeric keypad:

                        
                         PF1  PF2  PF3  PF4 
                        
                          7    8    9    -  
                        
                          4    5    6    ,  
                        
                          1    2    3       
                        Enter
                             0       .       
                        
                                                 

Equivalent keys on an extended (101-key) keyboard:

IBM Keyboard  Map to VT100        Num Lock must be ON for correct mapping.
------------  ------------                       
     F1 --------> PF1               
     F2 --------> PF2                                -  
     F3 --------> PF3               
     F4 --------> PF4                 7    8    9       
     F5 --------> ','                     
                                      4    5    6       
                             
                                   1    2    3       
                  Enter
          <--      -->              0       .       
                 
                                                 
                                                 
Original PC keyboard (83 keys):                  
                                                 
IBM Keyboard  Map to VT100    Num Lock must be ON for correct mapping.
------------  ------------                       
      F1 -------> PF1           
      F2 -------> PF2                                 
      F3 -------> PF3           
      F4 -------> PF4             7    8    9    -  
      F5 -------> ','           
                                  4    5    6       
                                     
                                  1    2    3  Enter
                                
                                0         .          
                           




5.3  Useful Telnet Commands

5.3.1  Telnet Help

    All of the available Telnet commands are documented within Telnet on a
help    screen, accessible by typing Alt-H.


5.3.2  Multiple Sessions

    Freqently, users find it useful to connect to more than one computer at
a    time, or to connect to the same computer more than once.  To add
another    telnet session, type Alt-A while in Telnet.  (In other words,
hold down the
    Alt key and press "A".) The computer will prompt you for a machine
name,    then will open a connection for you.

    If you wish to switch between sessions, type an Alt-N or Alt-L.  Alt-N
    takes you to the next session listed on the status line, while Alt-L
takes    you to the last session listed.

    If, instead, you wish to select another telnet session by number, type
    Alt-P.  Telnet will list all of your sessions, with the current session
as    number 1, and ask you to enter a number to select a session.


5.3.3  Printing

    When running appropriate software, remote hosts can print to your local
    printer during a Telnet session.  This printing is done using the VT100
    "Media Control" features.  Before you can print, though, you must tell
    Telnet how to find your printer.  If you have no printer, it is also
    possible to make a "fake" printer out of a disk file.

    In order to turn on printing, type Alt-P.  Telnet will ask you for the
name    of your "Print Device or File".  If your printer is plugged into
your first
    parallel, or "printer" port, as most are, type LPT1 and press the Enter
    key.  If the printer is on the first or second serial port, type COM1
or    COM2, respectively.

    If you have no printer, type Alt-P and enter a file name to which you
would    like Telnet to save the "printed" data.  If you have a printer but
would    like to save the "printed" data to a disk file anyway, you may
also enter a
    filename.  Telnet will create the file if necessary, or will append to
it    if it already exists.

    Ordinarily, the Alt-P printer setup information will disappear every
time    you exit Telnet.  To make Telnet remember the information, type
Alt-W to
    "Write" the information to a configuration file.


5.3.4  File Input and Output

    It is often convenient to send files up to the remote computer, or to
    capture screen data into a file.  In these cases, the Alt-I and Alt-O
    commands will prove useful.

    To send a text file to the remote computer, just as if you were typing
the    contents of the file at the keyboard, type Alt-I.  The computer will
prompt    you for a filename.  Telnet will then use that file instead of
the keyboard
    for input to the remote computer.  When it is done using the file, it
will    again start reading the keyboard for input to the remote computer.

    To perform the inverse operation, capturing output from the remote
computer    into a file, type Alt- O.  Telnet will again prompt you for a
filename.    Telnet will then start storing a copy of everything the remote
computer    sends in that file.  To turn off the capture, type Alt-O a
second time.


5.3.5  Changing the Screen Color

    Telnet includes the ability to change the screen colors to any
combination    you desire.  To change the current foreground color, type
Alt-F.  To change
    the background color, type Alt-B.  To step through all of the possible
    colors for "reverse video" or "standout" text, type Alt-R.  To step
through    all of the possible colors for "underlined" text, type Alt-U.

    To save your new color scheme for future use, type Alt-W.


5.3.6  Concurrent FTP

    The FTP File Transfer Protocol is a convenient method for moving files
at    high speeds between networked computers.  FTP is explained in Unit 6
of    this manual.

    If you wish to transfer files with an FTP session while you are online,
    type Alt-T to enter FTP.  To return to telnet from within FTP, type
    "telnet".  You will also return to telnet if you exit FTP with "bye" or
    "quit".

    You may open only one FTP session at a time.


5.3.7  Scrollback: Reading What has Scrolled off the Screen

    If information is scrolling past on the screen too quickly to read, the
    scrollback feature of Telnet will let you move backwards, viewing what
is    no longer on the screen.  The scrollback features buffers about 8K of
the    most recent screen data, translating to a little over 100 lines or
four    screenfuls.

    To enter scrollback mode, press the Scroll Lock key on your keyboard. 
If    you have an extended keyboard, the scroll lock indicator light will
light    up, and the telnet status line will change to reflect the fact
that you are
    no longer in a normal Telnet mode.  While scroll lock is on, you can
move    up and down in the buffer with the arrow keys, Page Up, Page Down,
Home,    and End.  To exit the scrollback mode, press Scroll Lock again.


5.4  Advanced Telnet Commands

    The following commands are of less importance for beginning users, but
may    prove helpful for "power users".


5.4.1  Executing a DOS Command

    If you wish to call another program from inside telnet, type Alt-E. 
Telnet    will prompt you for the command by printing an exclamation point
("!").    The command you type will be sent to DOS for processing.

    If you wish to temporarily exit to DOS, press <Enter> when the
exclamation    point appears.  You will then see a normal MS-DOS prompt. 
Be careful!  You
    must eventually return to telnet with the DOS command "exit".  You will
be    returned to Telnet exactly where you left.

    Almost any DOS command can be run with the Alt-E command, including all
    other CWRU-PC/IP programs.  For example, to use finger, you would type
the    following:

      Alt-E

      Command: !finger eric@cwphysbb.phys.cwru.edu  <Enter>


5.4.2  Changing Backspace and Delete

    Telnet will ordinarily send the standard Control-H (ASCII code 8)
backspace    character when you press the Backspace key.  This is the
correct setting
    for Free-Net and some other systems available through CWRUnet. 
However,    many systems use a different code, ASCII Delete (Control-?) as
their    backspace code.  To switch between codes, press F10, then press B.

    Likewise, pressing F10 then D will switch the delete key between three
    different settings: VT-100 keypad "." key, ASCII Delete, and ASCII
    Backspace.

    In general, if your backspace key does not work on a host, you should
try    the F10 B command in telnet to see if the problem disappears.  For a
more    long-term solution, consult the system documentation or
administrator for
    information on changing the backspace key setting on the host computer.

    Your new setting for the backspace or delete key settings will
disappear    when you terminate the telnet session, unless the settings are
saved to
    disk with the Alt-W command.


5.4.3  Selecting End-Of-Line Wrap

    If the ends of lines are disappearing off of the edge of the screen
when in
    Telnet, press F10 then W to set Line Wrap mode.  In Line Wrap mode,
    characters will "wrap" to the start of the next line when they run off
of    the screen at the end of a line.

    This mode is normally on whenever Telnet is running.  It can be
switched    off with F10 W if it is incompatible with a host computer
program, such as
    a text editor.  If such an incompatibility is found, please report it
to    INS so that the Telnet program may be corrected.

    In normal usage, you should never need the F10 W command.


5.4.4  Using Alternate Ports

    Host computers differentiate between network connections by the "port
    numbers" used to establish those connections.  For example, there is a
    specific port number used for telnet communications, another reserved
for    FTP, another for Mail sending, and so on.  Telnet will automatically
use    its own port, but in some circumstances it may be desirable to
specify a
    different port number.

    To specify an alternate port number, follow the hostname by the port,
    either when starting telnet or when entering a hostname in the Alt-A
    command.

    For example, suppose a program were running on the host machine "dirac"
    with a port of "4201".  To access this program, issue the following
    command:

      C:\>telnet dirac 4201  <Enter>

    You will be connected to dirac, but on port 4201 instead of the
standard    telnet port.

    Again, in ordinary usage, alternate ports are not needed.


5.4.5  Saving the Telnet Configuration

    Telnet will automatically save screen colors and all other
configuration    options in the file "TCPIP.CFG", which Telnet will read
the next time it is
    started.  This file will be put in the directory C:\ if you have a hard
    drive, or A:\ if you do not.

    Advanced users may wish to store this file elsewhere.  To configure a
    different directory, add the command set ipconf=directory to your
    AUTOEXEC.BAT file, where directory is the name of the directory in
which to
    store the TCPIP.CFG file.


5.5  Closing the Telnet Connection

    When you are done communicating with a host, you should use that host's
    normal "logout", "logoff" or "exit" feature to close the connection. 
If    this does not work, however, you may also type F10 followed by "c" to
    instruct Telnet to close the connection.

    Sometimes a remote host computer will crash, in which case it may be
    impossible to close a connection normally.  In this case, type F10
followed    by "q" to drop the connection without trying to close it
properly.  This is
    a risky operation which will confuse many hosts.  The problems caused
range    from refusing connections from your computer for a period of time
up to
    losing the work you had been performing on the remote system.

    Neither of these commands are recommended, and you should use them only
if    logging out normally is not successful.  Even then, use F10 c before
F10 q,
    because the risks associated with F10 c are much smaller.


5.6  Sample Telnet Session

    The following Telnet session was conducted from a PC-compatible
computer    with a hard disk.  The owner of this computer uses a CWRUnet
host computer,
    an IBM RT called cwlim.ins.cwru.edu.  Although cwlim.ins.cwru.edu is a
    restricted-access departmental computer, the Telnet commands
demonstrated    will work on any telnet connection.

    User responses are in boldface type.

    To connect the PC to a CWRUnet host computer, user issues the Telnet
    command, and logs in.

      C:\>telnet cwlim.ins.cwru.edu  <Enter>

      Copyright 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 Stanford University
      Copyright 1990, 1991 Case Western Reserve University. All Rights
Reserved.      CWRU-PC/IP Telnet Version 1.2
      Press Alt-H for help.

      Trying...Open

      CWRU 4.3 BSD UNIX (cwlim)

      login: sue
      Password:

    Note that on almost all computer systems, nothing will appear on the
screen    while you type your password.  This is to keep the password safe
from    prying eyes peering over your shoulder.

      Last login: Mon Apr 6 07:00:23 from proto-pc4.ins.c
      4.3 BSD UNIX #1: Thu Apr 2 08:33:01 PST 1987


      You have new mail!
      cwlim>

    Our user decides that she wants to save this session in a photo file,
but    cannot remember the command to open the file.  To view the help
screen, she
    holds down the "Alt" key and presses "H".  She then checks the list of
    options.

    

cwlim>
<Alt>-<H>

Alt-A
Add Another Telnet Session    Alt-T Open/Switch To FTP Session         
Alt-N Next Telnet Session           (Return from FTP with `telnet' or
`bye') 
Alt-L Last Telnet Session         
Alt-P Pick Telnet Session From
List Scroll Lock  Scroll Back Over Old Text   
 Alt-D Disable/Enable Scrollback
capture  
Alt-I Input Text From File        
Alt-O Output Text To File
On/Off    Alt-E Execute DOS Command (RETURN=shell) 
Alt-C Capture File (same as
Alt-O)

Alt-S Save Colors & Configuration To Disk
Alt-F Change Foreground Color     
Alt-B Change Background Color 
     Alt-Q Send Are You There  
Alt-R Change Reverse Video Color    Alt-X Send Break Signal  
Alt-U Change Underline Color        Alt-Z Abort
Telnet
Output



  
		   These commands must be preceded by F10



c  Close Telnet connection         q    Quit impolitely (dangerous)       
 
 B  Toggle backspace key character  R    Toggle remote echo mode         
   
 D  Toggle delete key character     w/W  Wrap at end of line             
 



     Hit spacebar to exit help...

    Her memory refreshed, our user presses <Enter> in order to go back to
the    Telnet screen and the prompt from cwlim.  She presses Alt-O to
enable the
    Output option.  After naming the output file, she gets a message that
the    output file has been opened.

      cwlim> <Alt>-<O>

      Output to file: cwlim.txt

      cwlim>
      cwlim.txt opened for output.

    Sue scans a short host file that she wants to store in the photo file.

      cwlim> cat dcsun

      The Case Western Reserve University Network, CWRUNet, provides data
      communication among Case Western Reserve's workstations, mainframe
      computers, and terminals.  CWRUnet uses a fiber-optic structure to
      provide for very high-speed communications.  In addition, the CWRUnet
      cables include electrical lines for telephone and video
communications.
      Members of the CWRU community who need assistance with connecting to
the      CWRUnet should contact the IRIS/INS CWRUnet Service Desk at
368-USER.
    Her task done, she ends the photo session by entering Alt-O a second
time.    Telnet responds, confirming that the photo session has been ended.

      cwlim> <Alt>-<O>

      cwlim.txt ...photo closed.

    In order to see how long the photo file is, Sue decides to check the
DOS    directory.  To do this, she must use the Alt-E command.

      cwlim>  <Alt>-<E>

      Command: !dir

      Volume in drive C is SUE'S_DISK
      Directory of C:\APPS\IP

      FTP       TRC 219589 2-01-87  2:59a
      DIST              56 3-02-87 12:29a
      LSCAN     COM  11884 3-03-87  1:17p
      CUR                3-08-87 3:14p
      PROFILE   COM     76 4-01-87 10:09a
      CWLIM     TXT    486 4-08-87  9:00a

    Her task completed, Sue logs off the host, ending the Telnet session.

      cwlim> logout
      End of session.

      C:\>


5.7  VT100 Emulation Details

    Highly technical users may appreciate the following details about
Telnet's    emulation of the DEC VT100 family of terminals.

    Telnet's terminal emulation module is designed to imitate a DEC VT100
with    the Advanced Video Option.  It also emulates the printer control
sequences    of a DEC VT102, but it lacks other VT102 features.

    Major features lacking in the emulator include the VT52 emulation
sub-mode    found in a real VT100, support for 132 columns, support for
double-high and
    double-wide characters, and various other minor features.

    As of CWRU-PC/IP 1.24, Telnet emulates the VT100/VT102 graphics and
    international character sets.  It also supports the ISO 8859-1 standard
for    international characters, a feature not found in actual VT100 and
VT102    terminals.


		 UNIT 6: IBM 3270 Terminal Emulation (TN3270)


The tn3270 application included with CWRU-PC/IP allows you to use your PC
as a
3270 terminal on an IBM mainframe computer.  The host must be support the
TCP/IP protocols and is typically running the VM/MVS operating system.  At
CWRU, the IBM 4381 systems are examples of hosts that meet these
requirements.
At CWRU, tn3270 is primarily used by administrative offices.  Most students
will be able to safely ignore this chapter of the manual.  In general, if
youdo not expect to be contacting one of the IBM 4381 mainframes, or if you
do not
know that you will be, you may ignore tn3270.  The Telnet program used to
communicate with all other computers on CWRUnet is described in Unit 5.


6.1  Connecting to a Host Computer

    From PC's with hard disks, just issue the command "tn3270 hostname",
    replacing hostname with the name of the system you wish to contact. 
Then    press the carriage return or enter key, represented throughout this
manual    by <Enter>.  Example:

               C:\>tn3270 mvs-tcp1  <Enter>


    If your PC does not have an internal hard disk, do the following:

    1) Insert a CWRU-PC/IP system disk in drive A and turn on the PC.

    2) If you have separate CWRU-PC/IP program disks, check their
directories       and substitute the disk including TN3270.EXE for the
system disk in
       drive A.

    3) Connect to the target host.  Example:

               A:\>tn3270 mvs-tcp1  <Enter>

    Log in as you normally would.

    Proceed with your terminal session, using the key mapping given in the
file    tn3270.doc included with tn3270.  That file is reproduced on the
next page.


6.2  TN3270 Key Mappings

The following chart shows how tn3720 represents the keys of an IBM 3278
keyboard on a PC.

                         IBM 3278 Terminal     IBM PC/AT Key(s)

Command Keys             Enter                 ENTER
                         Clear                 control-z

Cursor Movement Keys     New Line              control-n
                         Tab                   Tab or
                                                 control-i
                         Back Tab              Shift-Tab or
                                                 control-b
                         Cursor Left           control-h
                         Cursor Right          control-l
                         Cursor Up             control-k
                         Cursor Down           control-j

In addition, all of the PC cursor control keys ("Arrow keys") work as you
wouldexpect.

Edit Control Keys        Delete Char           Delete or
                                                 control-d
                         Erase EOF             control-e
                         Erase Input           control-w
                         Insert Mode           Insert
                         End Insert            Insert
                         Home                  Home

Program Function Keys    PF1                   F1
                         PF2                   F2
                         ...                   ...
                         PF10                  F10
                         PF11                  shift-F1
                         ...                   ...
                         PF20                  shift-F10
                         PF21                  control-F1
                         PF22                  control-F2
                         PF23                  control-F3
                         PF24                  control-F4

Program Attention Keys   PA1                   alt-F1
                         PA2                   alt-F2
                         PA3                   alt-F3

Local Control Keys       Reset After Error     control-r
                         Purge Input Buffer    control-x
                         Keyboard Unlock
                         Redisplay Screen      control-v

Other 3270 keys          Dup                   control-u
                         Field Mark            control-y

6.3  Optional Functions

   Several options are available to you with the function keys on your IBM
PC.   Holding down the control key while pressing the right-hand bracket
(Ctrl-])   during a 3270 Telnet session will give you the following list of
options.
      Telnet command summary:

      Key       Function
      F1        Send special telnet character.
      F2        Close telnet connection.
      F3        Display telnet operating parameters.
      F4        Display tasking information
      F5        Toggle parameters
      F6         ... undefined ...
      F7         ... undefined ...
      F8         ... undefined ...
      F9        Invoke DOS command interpreter.
      F10       Exit telnet immediately [Dangerous !!].

      Command (F1 to F10):

   To select an option, press the matching function key.  (You must repeat
the   Ctrl-] sequence before each selection.) To return to your Telnet
session,   press the space bar.

   Three useful functions are described below as examples.


6.3.1  DOS Access

   This option allows you to issue DOS commands without ending your Telnet
   session.  Press Ctrl-] and then F9.  The command line at the bottom of
the   screen will prompt you for a DOS command.  Type the command and then
press   RETURN.  For example, to look at your current PC directory, you
would press
   Ctrl-], <F9>, and "dir" and press RETURN.  Example:

         Enter DOS command: dir  <Enter>


   With DOS access, you can also issue FTP, MH, Mail, FINGER, and PING
   commands.  Example:

         Enter DOS command: finger ernie@cwlim  <Enter>


   After a DOS command has been executed, press the space bar to continue
your   Telnet session.


6.3.2  Status-Line Toggle

   During your Telnet session, you will see the host name and the time in
the   lower right corner of your screen.  If you want to turn off this
status line
   for any reason, press Ctrl-] and then F5.  You will see the following
menu   of toggle parameters:

         Toggle parameters:

         Key        Parameter
         F1         Toggle status line
         F2         Toggle timer tracing
         F3         Toggle task tracing
         F4         Toggle trace file output
         Others      ... undefined ...

   Press F1 to turn the status line off.  To turn the status line back on,
   press Ctrl-], F5, and then F1 again.


6.3.3  Emergency Exit

   When you log out of your terminal session, you will automatically
terminate   your Telnet connection; you do not need to type in an
additional command.
   However, if you have any difficulty disconnecting your PC from the host,
   press Ctrl-] and then F2 for Close telnet connection.  If all else
fails,   press Ctrl-] and then F10 for Exit telnet immediately.  NOTE: This
last   option is marked "Dangerous !!" Use it only as a last resort:
terminating a
   connection without properly logging off can cause the loss of host files
or   other information.  An emergency exit with Ctrl-] and F10 might also
cause   some delay before you can connect to the same host again.  If you
regularly   have trouble logging off a host, contact the host's system
administrator.

6.4  Sample TN3270 Session

   The following Telnet session was conducted from an IBM PS/2 50 with a
hard   disk.  The PS/2 was used as a 3270 terminal on a CWRUnet host
computer, an
   IBM 4381 called simply cms-tcp1.

   User responses are in boldfaced type.

   To start the session, user issues the tn3270 command.

      C:\>tn3270 cms-tcp1  <Enter>

      Copyright 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 Stanford University
      SU-PC/IP Telnet Version 3.1
      Time is 08:04:40 on 20-Oct-1988
      Last customized at 00:11:44 on 4-Oct-1988
      Telnet escape character is ^]
      Trying...Open

      VM/370 ONLINE--PRESS ENTER OR CLEAR KEY TO BEGIN SESSION

   To begin the session, user clears the screen with Ctrl-z, as specified
on   the key map, and logs on.

      logon wilson  <Enter> <Ctrl-z>

      ENTER PASSWORD (IT WILL NOT APPEAR WHEN TYPED): 
      R; T=0.19/0.27 12:23:44

   User checks list of messages and presses F11 (peek) to read one note.

      rdrlist  <Enter>

       JONES   RDRLIST  AO  V  108  Trunc=108 Size=3 Line=1 Col=1 Alt=0
      Cmd Filename Filetype Class User at Node     Hold Records Date   
Time          JONES    NOTE     PUN A DON     SUWATSON NONE       5 10/07
08:00:48       _  SMTP     NOTE     PUN A SMTP    SUWATSON NONE      32
10/19 13:11:32

      <Shift>-<F1>

      Received: from po.CWRU.Edu by mvs-tcp1.CWRU.Edu; Mon, 19 Oct 88
13:11:32      PDT
      Date: 19 Oct 1988 1311-PDT (Monday)
      From: Dave Smythe <djs@po.CWRU.Edu>
      To: jones@cms-tcp1.CWRU.Edu
      Cc: dbwilson@score.Stanford.EDU
      Subject: CWRU-PC/IP 1.0
      -------
      Joyce -- You can now pick up Version 1.2 of the CWRU-PC/IP software
and      documentation.  Alternately, you can also upgrade all of your
      department's computers by using the upgrade option on the INS NetWare
      servers.  The new version includes IBM 3270 terminal emulation and
      electronic mail support.  -- Dave

   User presses F3 (Quit).  To review list of files in current PC
directory,   user presses Ctrl-], followed by F9, and then types command.

      <Ctrl-]>

      Telnet command summary:

      Key       Function
      F1        Send special telnet character.
      F2        Close telnet connection.
      F3        Display telnet operating parameters.
      F4        Display tasking information
      F5        Toggle parameters
      F6         ... undefined ...
      F7         ... undefined ...
      F8         ... undefined ...
      F9        Invoke DOS command interpreter.
      F10       Exit telnet immediately [Dangerous !!].

      Command (F1 to F10): <F9>


      Enter DOS command: dir  <Enter>

      FTP       TRC    219589  2-01-87  2:59a
      DIST                 56  3-02-87 12:29a
      LSCAN     COM     11884  3-03-87  1:17p
      CUR                   3  3-08-87  3:14p
      PROFILE   COM        76  4-01-87 10:09a
      SUNET               886  4-08-87  9:00a

   The user logs off the host, ending the Telnet session.

      logoff

      Connection to watson closed.

		     UNIT 7: FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP)


The FTP application of CWRU-PC/IP allows you to examine lists or
directories of
files on a host computer and transfer files between the host and your PC.
CWRU-PC/IP includes both an FTP "client" program and an FTP server.  If you
areunsure of the meaning of these terms, start on section 7.1, and then
move to
7.2.  Advanced users who are familiar with the FTP program may wish to skip
directly to section 7.3, which describes the FTPSRV FTP server.

File transfer can be used for a number of different purposes.  FTP can
communicate with FTPSRV for direct PC-to-PC communications.  Files sent to
theFree-Net by FTP can be forwarded to other users via the UPS service.  In
addition, almost all of the departmental computers on Free-Net offer FTP
service so that you may conveniently move files over the network.

See the reference card at the end of this manual for a summary of basic FTP
instructions and commands.


7.1  Servers and Clients

   Common network terminology makes a distinction between network "servers"
and   network "clients".  A server is a computer or a program on a computer
that   sits passively and waits for a connection so that it might perform a
   service.  The client is the converse, a program that actively connects
to a
   server.  Clients tend to be run at the user level, requiring interactive
   input, while servers are designed for unattended operation.

   CWRU-PC/IP offers both varieties of programs for FTP.  The FTP program
   itself is a client, capable of contacting a server on another computer. 
The   FTPSRV program, however, is a server.  When you start FTPSRV, you
make your
   computer available so that other users may use the FTP program to
connect   and transfer files.


7.2  The FTP Client

7.2.1  Access

   You can initiate an FTP session in one of four ways:

   1) If your PC has a hard disk, connect to the target host by issuing the
      command "ftp hostname", where hostname is the name of the computer
you      wish to contact.  Then press the carriage return or enter key. 
Example:
	 C:\>ftp freenet-c <Enter>

   2) If your PC does not have a hard disk drive, insert an CWRU-PC/IP
system      startup disk in drive A; turn on your PC; if you have separate,
      CWRU-PC/IP program disks, substitute the disk including FTP.EXE for
the      system disk in drive A; insert a data disk in drive B.  To
transfer files
      between the host and the data disk, go to drive B and then connect to
the      target host from directory A in the following manner:

	 B:\>a:ftp freenet-c <Enter> (No space between ":" and "ftp")

   3) During a VT100 Telnet session, you can open an FTP session.  Press
F10.      When the command line appears, type a lowercase "t".  You will
see the
      prompt "Enter ftp host:" on the command line.  After typing the host
      name, press <Enter>.

   4) During an IBM 3270 Telnet session, you can open an FTP session. 
Press      Ctrl-] and then F8.  Respond to the prompt for the remote host
name and
      press <Enter>.

      NOTE: If you should make a mistake while typing the host name, you
will      receive an error message and an FTP prompt.  Example:

        C:\>ftp cwsys33 <Enter>
        Copyright 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 by Stanford University.
        Copyright 1990-1991 Case Western Reserve University. All Rights
Reserved.        CWRU-PC/IP FTP Version 1.2
        Host cwsys33 unknown.
        Open to remote host cwsys33 failed.
        ftp>

   If this happens, use the open command to try again with the correct
name.
	ftp>open cwsys3 <Enter>


   Once you are connected to the remote machine, you will be asked for your
   username and password.  Use the same name and password you use for your
   normal account on the system.  Most FTP hosts are "case sensitive", so
   lowercase and uppercase characters are different.  Because of this, your
   username, password, and any filenames you use should use exactly the
   capitalization used in the original.

   Once you log in, you will see the "ftp>" prompt.  If you should make a
   mistake while typing your username or your password, you will receive an
   error message.  When the "ftp>" prompt appears, use the "user" command
to   try again.

	ftp>user <Enter>

   NOTE: If you want to issue a DOS command after logging on to the target
   host, precede the command with an exclamation point.  For example, to
look   at the directory on drive B, enter "!dir b:" at the FTP prompt.

	ftp>!dir b: <Enter>

   Additional examples of DOS access are given in Sections 4.3, 4.4 a, 4.5
b,   and 4.9.


7.2.2  Exiting FTP

   To leave FTP, use the "bye" command:

        ftp>bye <Enter>

   This command will automatically close your connection with the host,
then   return you to MS-DOS.  If you prefer, you may use the command
"quit", which
   is a synonym for "bye".

   If you wish to close the FTP connection without returning to MS-DOS, you
can   use the "close" command.  For example:

	ftp>close <Enter>

   At this point, the connection will be closed, and you may use the "open"
   command to start a connection to another host.


7.2.3  File Transfer Modes

   Unfortunately, different computers represent their files in different
ways.   FTP has different file transfer modes built in which automatically
translate   file formats as you move the files between systems.  The
default mode is
   "ASCII", which is used for normal text files.  Anything in English that
can   be listed with the MS-DOS "type" command should be transferred in
ASCII mode
   in order to translate the characters used into the equivalent characters
on   the host system.

   On the other hand, .COM and .EXE files are binary data, and any
translation   will probably destroy them.  If you wish to transfer binary
files or any
   other files that require verbatim duplication, use the "binary" mode in
   FTP.  Other files that may require binary mode include word processor
   files, .ZIP and .ARC archive files, and any other file containing
special   characters outside of what can normally be typed on a keyboard.

   There is a third file transfer mode available in FTP.  This mode, known
as   "tenex", is used to send binary data to certain older mainframe
computers   that use 36 bits per memory instead of the more common
multiples of 8, 16,
   or 32 bits.  Because 36 is not a multiple of 8, FTP must translate your
data   to make it fit the remote computer's storage systems.  The most
common   computers that require this mode are DECsystem-20 computers,
although there
   may yet be a few PDP minicomputers that use this mode.  Since the last
   DECsystem-20 at CWRU is scheduled to be removed in August, 1990, this
mode   will probably be of little use to you.  However, it is included in
case it
   is needed when communicating with computers elsewhere on the Internet.

   The commands to change the file translation mode are very simple.  To
change   to binary mode, simply type "binary" and hit <Enter>.  For
example,
	ftp>binary  <Enter>

   You will receive a message like the following:

        200 Type set to I
        ftp>

   (The I stands for "image mode," an older term for "binary mode".  This
is   because binary mode transfers an exact "image" of your file.)

   Similarly, to switch into ASCII mode, type "ascii" and hit <Enter>.

	ftp>ascii  <Enter>

   You will receive a message like the following:

        200 Type set to A
        ftp>

   And finally, to switch to Tenex mode, type "tenex" and hit <Enter>.  You
   will receive a message confirming the change.  The message will vary
   depending on the system, but it should start with the number "200"
unless   something went wrong.

        ftp>tenex  <Enter>
        200 Type set to L 8
        ftp>

   If you inadvertently use the wrong mode to transfer a file, it will
become   garbled on the other end.  The severity of the garbling will vary
depending   on the software running on both computers, but the cure is
simple: Start up
   FTP again and resend the file.


7.2.4  Directories and file names

   Once you have connected with a host with FTP, it would be nice to have
some   way of looking around to see what files are in which directories. 
FTP   provides two commands to do this, known as "ls" and "dir".  The
format of
   the directory listing produced by each of these commands will vary from
host   to host, but in all cases the dir command will return more
information than
   ls.

   Ls and dir provide information about the remote system's directory; what
   about viewing a directory on your own system?  The DOS command provision
in   FTP is used for this.  Type an exclamation point ("!") followed by
your   command.  For example:

        ftp>!dir

   This will give you a listing of the current directory on your own
computer,   while

        ftp>dir

   will list the current directory on the remote computer.

   If you wish to rename one of the files on the remote computer, use the
   rename command.  Again, if you wish to rename a file on your own system,
   use "!" to issue an MS-DOS command.

	ftp>rename boring.txt more_interesting.txt

   If you just want to remove the file on the other system, use the delete
   command.

	ftp>delete english.paper

   In addition to renaming or deleting files directly, the FTP command can
   rename the files you send or receive when you transfer them, and it will
   automatically overwrite a file of the same name that already exists.

   In addition to allowing you to access one directory, FTP provides a "cd"
   command that will allow you to move through the host system's directory
   tree.  This command behaves much like the MS- DOS command of the same
name,   but it does have some differences.  First, if the host with which
you are
   connected is a Unix system, and most are, slashes ("/") are used to
separate   directory names instead of the MS-DOS backslash ("\"). 
Furthermore, on a
   Unix system, upper and lower case makes a difference.  This means that
you   must type directory name *exactly* as they are printed on the screen
with   an "ls" or "dir" command.  For example:

	ftp>cd /mirrors/msdos/uucp

   This command will move you into the directory called
"mirrors/msdos/uucp".   If you were on an MS-DOS system instead of running
FTP, the command would be
   like this:

	C:\>cd \mirrors\msdos\uucp

   Alternately, you could type (on MS-DOS)

	C:\>cd \MIRRORS\MSDOS\UUCP

   However, typing the directory in uppercase on the FTP site will probably
   result in an error, if the directory listing shows it in lowercase.

   Remember that these rules of thumb apply to Unix systems.  Computers
running   other system software are also available via CWRUnet, and they
may have
   different conventions.  A good rule of thumb is to assume that filenames
and   directory names should be typed in the same manner as the FTP host
prints   them until proven otherwise.

   Just as with the other FTP commands, there exists a local version of
"cd",   called "lcd".  This command behaves just like the normal MS-DOS
"cd"   command, with a few modifications.  First, you may use forward
slashes ("/")
   and backslashes ("\") interchangeably.  This feature makes it harder to
get   the two kinds of slashes confused, since they will both serve the
same   purpose.  In addition, you may change drives with the cd command. 
For   example, if the user is in MS-DOS directory "C:\IP" and wishes to go
to   local directory "A:\FTP", he may type the following:

        ftp>lcd a:\ftp
   or
        ftp>lcd a:/ftp

   From this point on, any file transfers will be relative to the directory
   "FTP" on his local floppy disk drive "A:", instead of relative to
"C:\IP".

7.2.5  Transferring a File from PC to Host

   The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) did not earn its name because it allows
a   user to issue "cd" commands and get directory listings.  It also
provides   commands to move files between two computers, known as "get" and
"put".  In
   addition, there are special versions of these commands known as "mget"
and   "mput".

   In order to transfer a file on your PC to the host machine, issue a put
   command followed by the name of the file.  For example:

        ftp>put course.txt  <Enter>

   The file will be transferred between your PC and the remote host
computer   and will be given the name "course.txt", the same name it has on
your PC.
   However, the "put" command can also give the remote file a different
name.   For example:

	 ftp>put course.txt history.txt   <Enter>

   In this case, the file "course.txt" will get sent from your PC to the
remote   computer, where it will be named "history.txt".

   During the transfer, you will see a series of hash marks ("#")
appearing.   These marks represent 1024 bytes (1K) of data transferred
between the two
   computers.  This is a convenient feature, indicating both the speed of
the   transfer and the volume sent, but if you dislike the hash marks, you
may   turn them off with the "hash" command.  This command is a "toggle",
which   means that once hash marks are off, you may switch them on once
again by
   re-entering the "hash" command.

   For example:

	ftp>hash  <Enter>

   This will turn on hash marks if they are off and turn them off if they
are   on.  Hash marks are normally on when FTP is started.



7.2.6  Transferring a File from Host to PC

   In order to move a file from the FTP host to your own disk, use the
"get"   command.  The options are the same as those on the put command. 
For   example,

        ftp>get educate  <Enter>

   will get the file named "educate" from the host computer and put it on
your   disk in the current directory.  If you specify a second filename,
such as in
   the following example, the file on the local disk will be given the
second   name specified.

        ftp>get edu.conf.may educonf.may   <Enter>

   This will retrieve the file edu.conf.may, naming it educonf.may on your
PC.   This may often be necessary, because many host systems use filenames
that   are not permissible on MS-DOS systems.


7.2.7  Help

   No, not a Beetles song, but the reminder command in FTP.  A list of all
   available functions will be displayed in FTP in response to the "help"
   command.  For example:

        ftp>help  <Enter>

   To get information on a specific ftp command, add its name to the end of
   the "help" command.  For example:

        ftp>help pwd   <Enter>

   The response will be similar to the following:

        Usage: pwd
        Display the current working directory on remote host.


7.2.8  File protection

   On many hosts, protection systems exist that may prevent you from
reading or
   writing certain files.  Some hosts disable the "ls" and "dir" commands
in   the interest of security, while others may restrict the usernames that
can   log in via FTP.  Virtually all hosts limit the files that can be read
or   written via FTP.  If you are logging in via your own account, your
access   privileges should be identical to those you have when you log in
via telnet
   or a directly attached terminal.  If you are logging in under a guest or
   anonymous account, you will have severely restricted access.

   If the access privileges granted to your FTP login are not sufficient
for   the file transfers you wish to perform, contact the system
administrator of
   the host machine.


7.2.9  Sample FTP Session

   The following FTP session was conducted between an IBM PC/XT with a hard
   disk and a Stanford University host computer, a DEC MicroVAX II called
   Argus.

   User responses are in boldfaced type.

   To transfer the binary file FUNGAMES from a PC to Argus, the user
connects   to Argus, logs in, and specifies the binary mode.  Note that the
password   will not appear on the screen as it is typed.

        C:\>ftp argus

        Copyright 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 by Stanford University
        SU-PC/IP FTP Version 3.1
        Connection to Argus open
        220 Argus FTP server (Version 4.86 Mon Apr 20 13:14:54 PDT 1987;
ready.        Connected to argus.

        argus login: hal
        331 Password required for hal.
        Password: hal's password
        230 User hal logged in.

        ftp> binary
        200 Type set to I.

   Hal checks Argus' directory and sees that a file named fungames already
   exists.

        ftp> dir

        200 PORT command successful.
        150 Opening data connection for /bin/ls (36.56.0.208,3704) (0
bytes).        total 28
        -rw-r--r--  1   hal users   25 May 29 1985  .logout
        -rw-r--r--  1   hal users   33 Dec 31 1985  .mh_profile
        -rw-r--r--  1   hal users    2 Aug  2 1985  .msgsrc
        -rw-r--r--  1   hal users   19 May 29 1985  .plan
        -rw-r--r--  1   hal users   21 May 29 1985  .project
        -rw-r--r--  1   hal users  909 Apr 2012:17  fungames
        -rw-r--r--  1   hal users  536 Apr 2012:20  practice.zip
        -rw-r--r--  1   hal users 1246 Apr 2012:20  serious.txt
        -rw-r--r--  1   hal users13943 Sep 12 1985  video.source

   Hal transfers the PC file fungames to Argus, assigning it a new name,
   trusty.

        ftp>put fungames trusty

        200 PORT command successful.
        150 Opening data connection for trusty (36.56.0.208,3706).
        226 Transfer complete.
        local: fungames remote: trusty
        22 bytes sent in 0.092 seconds (0.23 Kbytes/s)

   Next, Hal checks the list of Argus files and finds that TRUSTY has been
   successfully transferred.

        ftp>ls

        200 PORT command successful.
        150 Opening data connection for /bin/ls (36.56.0.208,3707) (0
bytes).        Mail
        fungames
        practice.zip
        serious.txt
        trusty          <--------------
        video.source
        226 Transfer complete.
        155 bytes received in 0.32 seconds (0.47 Kbytes/s)

   Hal gets a binary file, practice.zip, from Argus and transfers it to the
PC   with the local name experime.zip.

        ftp>binary
        200 Type set to I.
        ftp>get practice.zip experime.zip
        200 PORT command successful.
        150 Opening BINARY connection for practice.zip (36 bytes).
        #
        226 Transfer complete.
        local: experime.zip remote: practice.zip
        39 bytes received in 0.016 seconds (2.4 Kbytes/s)

   Hal now transfers the ASCII file serious.txt from Argus to the PC.

        ftp>ascii
        200 Type set to A.

        ftp> get serious.txt
        200 PORT command successful.
        150 Opening data connection for serious (36.56.0.208,3709) (46
bytes).        #
        226 Transfer complete.
        local: serious remote: serious
        50 bytes received in 0.016 seconds (3 Kbytes/s)

   Hal has been asked to revise file DBUSE.TXT for a colleague.  Hal
changes to
   another directory, finds DBUSE.TXT there, and transfers the file to the
PC.
        ftp> cd /usr/homes/blei
        200 CWD file action okay, completed.

        ftp> dir
        200 PORT command successful.
        150 Opening data connection for /bin/ls (36.56.0.208,3710) (0
bytes).        total 2413
        -rw-r--r--  1 blei  wheel   684139 Apr 16  15:10 abe.list
        -rw-r--r--  1 blei  wheel      728 Jan 29  09:59 add.mss
        -rw-r--r--  1 blei  wheel      254 Apr 15  16:13 calendar
        -rw-r--r--  1 blei  wheel     1809 Jul 22   1986 dbuse.txt
        -rw-r--r--  1 blei  wheel  1678913 Apr 14  10:49 dir870413
        -rw-r--r--  1 blei  wheel     1440 Jun  4   1986 renumber.c
        -rw-r--r--  1 blei  wheel    51425 Mar 31  14:05 send.txt
        -rw-r--r--  1 blei  wheel     1832 Mar 27  16:14 whois.c
        226 Transfer complete.
        1785 bytes received in 2.7 seconds (0.65 Kbytes/s)

        ftp>get dbuse.txt
        200 PORT command successful.
        150 Opening ASCII connection for dbuse.txt (11809 bytes).
        226 Transfer complete.
        local: dbuse.txt remote: dbuse.txt
        12102 bytes received in 0.79 seconds (15 Kbytes/s)

   Hal decides to check the local directory.  He finds that the three files
   EXPERIME, SERIOUS, and DBUSE.TXT have been successfully transferred to
the   PC.

        ftp>!dir

        V512B     1239  1-06-86 3:20p
        CONFIG  BAK3440 2-09-86 12:07a
        NETDEV  SYS544  4-01-86 9:00a
        FTP     COM635608-15-86 1:52p
        FUNGAMES   909  2-18-87 2:15p
        EXPERIME   536  3-18-87 2:25p
        SERIOUS   1246  4-01-87 10:37a
        DBUSE   TXT1809 4-10-87 4:45p
            8 File(s)      1343488 bytes free

   Hal wants to remember a command, so he scans the list of FTP commands,
asks   for the definition of one of them, and then ends the FTP session.

        ftp> help
        Commands may be abbreviated.  Commands are:

         !       dir      mkdir   recv        type
         append  form     mode    remotehelp  user
         ascii   get      mput    remotestat  verbose
         bell    hash     open    rename      wildcard
         binary  help     prompt  rmdir       ?
         bye     lcd      put     send
         cd      lpwd     pwd     status
         close   ls       quit    struct
         delete  mget     quote   tenex

         ftp> help pwd
         Usage: pwd
         Display the current working directory on remote host.

         ftp> pwd
         251 "/main/hal" is current directory.

         ftp> bye
         221 Goodbye.

7.3  The FTPSRV Server

   The FTP program is a client, designed to receive commands from your
keyboard   and to contact remote computers.  FTPSRV is a true FTP server. 
Once it
   starts, the only command it can receive from the keyboard is a command
to   quit.  All other commands will come from a user on a remote computer
who   uses her FTP program to transfer files with your computer.

   Please note that there are risks involved in using the FTPSRV server. 
The   FTP user on the other end of the connection may have full access to
your   hard disk, including the ability to rename, overwrite, and delete
files.   FTPSRV has mechanisms to help protect you from malicious users,
but those
   mechanisms do not help if FTPSRV is misconfigured.  For this reason,
please   read all of the FTPSRV section before setting up FTPSRV on your
computer.   Especially important sections are those dealing with the
password file
   (7.3.1), and those dealing with anonymous FTP access (7.3.5).

   WARNING: Versions 1.20 through 1.23 of the FTPSRV program have been
reported   to contain severe bugs that prevent them from functioning
correctly on many
   computers.  There is no reason to believe that these bugs have been
   corrected in version 1.24.  FTPSRV is included for those few people on
whose   computers it functions correctly, but it is not currently
recommended for
   general use.  A future version of CWRU-PC/IP will include an FTPSRV that
   works.

7.3.1  Setting up a Password File

   Because anyone on the network can connect with your computer when you
are   running FTPSRV, a password facility is included so that you can
restrict   access to only those people you trust.  The user ID's and
passwords are
   stored, encrypted, in the file "c:\ip\passwd".

   To add a user ID to your password list, run the program FTPPASS.


7.3.1.1  Starting FTPPASS

   To start FTPPASS, simply type "FTPPASS" and press <Enter>.

      C:\>ftppass  <Enter>


7.3.1.2  Adding a User

   To add a new user to your password file, use the command "a".  FTPPASS
will   prompt you for the user name, then will prompt you twice for the
password.   The password will not appear on the screen when you type it.


7.3.1.3  Deleting a User

   To delete a user from the password file, locate their entry in the list
of   users presented by FTPPASS, then type "d n", where n is the number of
the   entry.  For example:

      List of users:
        1. sct:abe{<.ode
        2. ernie:qd45nv>o
      Enter 'a' to add a user, 'd #' to delete a user, 'e' to exit.
      d 2  <Enter>

      List of users:
        1. sct:abe{<.ode
      Enter 'a' to add a user, 'd #' to delete a user, 'e' to exit.


7.3.1.4  Exiting FTPPASS

   Type "e" followed by <Enter> to exit FTPPASS and return to DOS.

7.3.1.5  Password File Security

   The passwords in the password file are encrypted, but not with a very
secure   algorithm.  In effect, the passwords are safe from casual prying,
but can be
   easily broken if computer assistance is used.  Since anyone in the
password   file has free reign over your hard disk, they are free to take a
copy of the
   file and break the passwords for the other users.

   In essence, do not trust the password encryption too far.  It is mildly
   secure, but will not defend against a serious attacker.

   For file transfers in a secure environment, consider using the FTP
program   to send the files to Free-Net, using the UPS feature to send the
file to its
   recipient.


7.3.2  Starting the FTPSRV FTP Server

   Once you have created a password file with one or more users, you are
ready   to start FTPSRV.  To start FTPSRV, call it from the DOS command
line:
      C:\>ftpsrv  <Enter>
      Copyright 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 Stanford University
      Copyright 1990-1991 Case Western Reserve University.  All Rights
Reserved.      CWRU-PC/IP FTPSRV Version 1.2

      Anonymous logins not permitted

      Waiting for connection...

   Once the line "Waiting for connection..." appears, FTPSRV is ready to
   communicate with FTP programs on other computers.


7.3.3  Exiting FTPSRV

   To exit FTPSRV, wait until the "Waiting for connection..." line appears,
   then press a key.  FTPSRV will immediately exit and return you to DOS.


7.3.4  The Verbose and Debug Options

   FTPSRV will ordinarily print status messages to the screen as the remote
   user requests directory listings and sends or receives files.  Two
options   to the FTPSRV command will increase the amount of information
printed for
   debugging or informational purposes.

   For verbose output, use the "-v" option.  For example:

      C:\>ftpsrv -v  <Enter>
      Copyright 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 Stanford University
      Copyright 1990-1991 Case Western Reserve University.  All Rights
Reserved.      CWRU-PC/IP FTPSRV Version 1.2

      Anonymous logins not permitted.
      Verbose mode is on.

      Waiting for connection...

   Verbose mode will print the messages sent and received by FTPSRV as it
   communicates with the FTP program.  It will also print warnings when
unusual   conditions arise, where in the normal mode, FTPSRV stays silent
until the
   unusual condition actually causes a unrecoverable error.

   Debug mode is also available.  Although it is primarily used in-house by
the   CWRU-PC/IP programmers, some of its information may be useful for
advanced   users.  To select debug mode, use the "-d" option to FTPSRV:

      C:\>ftpsrv -d  <Enter>
      Copyright 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 Stanford University
      Copyright 1990-1991 Case Western Reserve University.  All Rights
Reserved.      CWRU-PC/IP FTPSRV Version 1.2

      Anonymous logins not permitted.
      Debug mode is on.

      Waiting for connection...


7.3.5  Anonymous FTP

   Clearly, there are times when one would wish to make a restricted
selection   of files available to all users of the net.  FTPPASS could be
used to
   establish a "guest" or "anonymous" account with no password, but then
these   guest users will be able to read, write to, rename, or delete any
portion of
   your hard disk.


7.3.5.1  Enabling Anonymous FTP

   A better solution is found in FTPSRV's special support for "anonymous"
   logins.  This support is enabled with the "-a" option to FTPSRV.

      C:\>ftpsrv -a  <Enter>
      Copyright 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 Stanford University
      Copyright 1990-1991 Case Western Reserve University.  All Rights
Reserved.      CWRU-PC/IP FTPSRV Version 1.2

      Anonymous logins permitted.  Anonymous write access not allowed.

      Waiting for connection...

   Enabling anonymous logins creates a special pseudo-ID "anonymous" that
can   be used by anyone on the Internet.  "anonymous" requires a password,
but any
   password entry will be accepted as correct.  Note that the "-a" option
to   FTPSRV will override any user ID "anonymous" created with FTPPASS.

   The "-a" option can also specify a directory name.  This directory will
then   become the "Anonymous Directory", to which all anonymous users are
   restricted.  If no directory name is given, the current directory will
   become the Anonymous Directory.  Specifying a directory name is highly
   recommended.  For example:

      C:\>ftpsrv -aD:\PUBLIC  <Enter>
      Copyright 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 Stanford University
      Copyright 1990-1991 Case Western Reserve University.  All Rights
Reserved.      CWRU-PC/IP FTPSRV Version 1.2

      Anonymous logins permitted.  Anonymous write access not allowed.

      Waiting for connection...

   In this instance, anonymous users will be restricted to the directory
   D:\PUBLIC.  In the first example, in which no directory was specified,
   anonymous users would only be able to access the directory from which
FTPSRV   was started, C:\.


7.3.5.2  Restrictions on Anonymous Users

   Anonymous users will find many of their traditional FTP commands
disabled by
   FTPSRV.  The most important restriction is one of directory changing:
   Anonymous users are not allowed to move from the "Anonymous Directory",
nor   are they allowed to get or mget any files from other directories. 
Anonymous   users may not change files in the Anonymous Directory, nor may
they put or
   mput new ones, unless special permission is granted.  (See 7.3.5.3,
below.)   Anonymous users may use the ls and dir commands, but they may
only see the
   files in the anonymous directory.

   Further restrictions exist; all are designed to protect all but the
   Anonymous Directory from public access.


7.3.5.3  Allowing Anonymous Users to Send Files

   Ordinarily, anonymous users may not use the put or mput commands to send
   files to your computer.  This is done to prevent remote users from
tampering   with the files stored in the Anonymous Directory.

   There are often circumstances when one wishes to allow anonymous users
to   write to the directory.  This may be enabled with the "-w" option to
FTPSRV.
      C:\>ftpsrv -aD:\PUBLIC -w  <Enter>
      Copyright 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 Stanford University
      Copyright 1990-1991 Case Western Reserve University.  All Rights
Reserved.      CWRU-PC/IP FTPSRV Version 1.2

      Anonymous logins permitted.  Anonymous write access is allowed.

      Waiting for connection...

   Even with the "-w" option, anonymous users may not upload files to any
   directory but the Anonymous Directory.




7.3.5.4  Example: Setting Up an Anonymous FTP Server

   A CWRUnet user named Christine has created a file "ftplist.zip", which
she   wishes to make available to all of the users of CWRUnet.  She decides
that   the simplest way to do this is anonymous FTP.

   Christine's first step is to create a directory to which anonymous users
   will be restricted.

      C:\IP>md c:\public  <Enter>

   Now that the directory "c:\public" exists, Christine copies in the file
she   wishes to make available.

      C:\IP>copy ftplist.zip c:\public  <Enter>
         1 file(s) copied.

   She also decides to put in a message she has written, entitled
"WELCOME",   that explains some details about the ftplist.zip file.

      C:\IP>copy welcome c:\public  <Enter>
         1 file(s) copied.

   Before other users can access Christine's server, they must know it
exists.   Christine starts up the TCPIP program so that she can find out
her "IP
   Address".

      C:\IP>tcpip  <Enter>
      Copyright 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 by Stanford University.
      Copyright 1990, 1991 Case Western Reserve University.  All Rights
Reserved.      CWRU-PC/IP TCPIP Program.

      My Ethernet Address is 00:00:1d:00:00:0c
      My Hostname is b65542
      My IP Address is 129.22.242.1
      TCPIP occupies 92K of memory.  TCPIP -k to remove.

   Christine sees that her address is "129.22.242.1".  She then goes to
   Free-Net and posts a message to the appropriate areas, inviting
interested   users to pick up the file.

   Christine now starts up her FTP server.  Because she wants to allow
   anonymous access, she uses the "-a" option and specifies that
"c:\public"   will be used for anonymous users.  They will be unable to
access any files
   on her hard disk that are not in c:\public.

      C:\IP>ftpsrv -ac:\public  <Enter>
      Copyright 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 Stanford University
      Copyright 1990-1991 Case Western Reserve University.  All Rights
Reserved.      CWRU-PC/IP FTPSRV Version 1.2

      Anonymous logins permitted.  Anonymous write access not allowed.

      Waiting for connection...

   Christine now goes to class.

   John, another CWRUnet user, sees Christine's message on Free-Net and
decides   that he would like to retrieve the file.  He starts up his FTP
program and
   connects to her server.

      C:\>ftp 129.22.242.1  <Enter>
      Copyright 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 by Stanford University.
      Copyright 1990, 1991 Case Western Reserve University.  All Rights
Reserved.      CWRU-PC/IP FTP Version 1.2
      Opening connection to 129.22.242.1....Connected.

      220 CWRU-PC/IP 1.2 FTP Server
      Login: anonymous  <Enter>
      330 Guest login OK.  Please send password.
      Password: jbl@po.cwru.edu  <Enter>
      220 Guest login OK.  Access restrictions apply.
      ftp>ls  <Enter>
      150 PORT command OK.
      260 Sending directory listing.
      welcome
      ftplist.txt
      220 Directory listing complete.
      ftp>binary  <Enter>
      220 Type set to I.
      ftp>get ftplist.zip  <Enter>
      150 PORT command OK.
      220 Sending file.
      ########################################################
      260 File send complete.
      ftp>bye  <Enter>
      220 Goodbye.
      Connection closed.

      C:\>

   John now has a copy of the file ftplist.zip on his own hard disk.  When
   Christine returns from class, she will see a record of John's FTP
session on
   her FTPSRV screen.  When she is ready to use her computer again, she
will   press a key (she uses the space bar) and FTPSRV will exit.


			   UNIT 8: NETWORK PRINTING


8.1  What is Network Printing?

   The CWRUnet's resources include several printers accessible via a set of
   network printing protocols.  CWRU-PC/IP users can operate these printers
   through the lpr, lpq, and lprm commands.  Other computer types, such as
   Macintosh and Unix systems, have their own methods for accessing the
   printers.

   The printers are configured to accept input in one of two formats.  The
   first is "plain text", or "ASCII" format.  Anything editable with an
editor   like PED is plain text.  Examples are your autoexec.bat file, your
mail   messages, and files ending in ".TXT".  Plain text files, when
printed, will
   appear in a simple typewriter-like typeface.

   The second format, "PostScript", unleashes the full capabilities of the
   printers.  PostScript is a programming language designed for page layout
and   printer control.  Application programs that generate PostScript can
use the
   printers to generate printing of typeset quality with multiple typefaces
of   any size.

   Not all applications can generate PostScript output.  When selecting the
   printer driver for your application program, select one offering
"Generic   PostScript" if possible.  If such a driver is not available, try
"Digital   PrintServer 20", "DEC PrintServer 20", "Digital PrintServer 40",
or "DEC
   PrintServer 40".  If none of these options exist, you will need to
   experiment with your program's PostScript printing options to see if a
   compatible driver exists.  If no driver is available, you will be
restricted   to "plain text" printing.

   The second requirement for printing is that you must be able to save the
   printer output in a disk file.  You will have to consult your user's
manual   for more information about this, as every application uses a
different   command.  Some offer an explicit option, "Print to Disk". 
Others, such as
   WordPerfect, provide the option in the printer selection menu under
"printer   port".  Regardless of the terminology used, the goal is simply
to send the
   PostScript to a disk file, perhaps "C:\DOC.PS", rather than to the
"LPT1:"   or "COM1:" printer ports on the back of your computer.


8.2  Access

   From PC's with hard disks, simply issue the appropriate lpr, lpq, or
lprm   command, as illustrated in the rest of this unit.

   If your PC does not have an internal hard disk, do the following:

       1) Insert an SU-PC/IP system disk in drive A and turn on the PC.

       2) If you have separate, SU-PC/IP program disks, check their
directories	  and substitute the disk including LPR.EXE for the system
disk in
	  drive A.

       3) Issue the appropriate LPR command, as illustrated in the rest of
this       unit.

   Lpr, lpq, and lprm commands can be issued from the DOS prompt or from
within   TELNET, FTP, and MH sessions.  (See the notes on DOS access in
Units 5, 6,
   and 7.)


8.3  Printing with lpr

   Before you print, you must first log in with the LOGIN command.  For
more   information, see unit 3.


8.3.1  The lpr Command

   Once logged in, you are free to use the lpr commands.  A typical command
   looks something like the following:

       C:\>lpr -P fribley paper.ps  <Enter>

   This command instructs the computer to print ("lpr") to the printer
   "fribley" ("-P fribley") the file named "paper.ps".  By using this basic
   format, you can send an arbitrary file to any of the INS laser printers.
   For example, the following command sends the file "resume.out" to the
   printer "wade":

       C:\>lpr -P wade resume.out <Enter>

   Note that a space is not required after the "-P" option.  Thus, the last
   command could also be written as the following:

       C:\>lpr -Pwade resume.out <Enter>


8.3.2  Setting a Default Printer

   In order to streamline the printing process, it is possible to select a
   default printer, making the "-P" option unnecessary.  To do this, type
one   of the following commands at the DOS prompt:

       C:\>set PRT=fribley  <Enter>

       C:\>set PRT=wade  <Enter>

       C:\>set PRT=crawford  <Enter>

   These commands set an "environment variable" called "PRT" that is used
by   the lpr, lpq, and lprm commands to select a printer.  Once you type
this   command, you may omit the "-P" option from the lpr command.  For
example:
       C:\>set PRT=crawford  <Enter>

       C:\>lpr paper.ps  <Enter>

       C:\>lpr resume.out  <Enter>

   The "-P" option is still available if you wish to override your default
   choice.  For example, if you normally set the -P option to point to the
   fribley printer but you want to pick up your printout at Wade Commons,
you   can use the option "-Pwade" to tell lpr to ignore the PRT setting and
send   the printout to Wade anyway.

   The set command will retain its value until your computer is turned off
or   rebooted.  If you wish to automatically set a default printer every
time you
   start your computer, you may add the "set PRT=" command to your
autoexec.bat   file, specifying the printer you prefer.  Hard disk users
may use the PED
   editor included with the mail software; floppy disk users need to use
edlin   or some other editor of their choice.  The following procedure is
for hard
   disk users.

   First, start the editor and select the autoexec.bat file for editing.

       C:\>ped c:\autoexec.bat  <Enter>

   Go to the top of the file and insert a command like the following on its
own   line.  Be sure to replace the word printer with the name of the
printer you
   wish to select.

       set PRT=printer

   Exit the editor.  In PED, this is done with a ^X command.

   Reboot the computer by pressing the Delete key while holding down the
Ctrl   and Alt keys.  (This is often referred to as Ctrl-Alt-Delete.) When
the   computer finishes booting, you will be able to use the shorter lpr
commands.

8.3.3  The lpr Options

   lpr supports several options besides -P.  These options are, in general,
of   interest only to advanced users.  They are listed below, with
explanations.
       -q Quiet mode.  Lpr will operate silently if this option is
specified,	  printing a message to the screen only in the event of an
error.  This
	  option may be useful in batch files.

       -w Wait for connection close.  If this option is specified, the lpr
	  program will not exit until the remote computer has placed the
file	  in its print queue.

       -p Format the output with the Unix "pr" command.  This option can be
	  used with text-based printers to automatically paginate your file
	  with the date and time on a header line.  This command is _not_
	  compatible with PostScript files.

       -d The input file is a DVI file produced by the TeX typesetting
system.
       -v Raster mode.  This option can be used to send a graphics image to
	  certain printers.  It is not supported by the INS laser printers.

       -a Don't send authentication information.
       -S Select an alternate Server.

	  Use these two options only if you wish to use a print server
other	  than the standard INS server.  Your computer's use of the server
must	  be specifically authorized by the host computer's system
	  administrator.  Once your computer is registered with the
alternate	  server, use "-S server" to select the server and "-P
printer" to
	  select a print queue on that server.  You MUST also use the "-a"
	  option tells lpr not to send your username and password to the
other	  server.  This is required when using an alternate server.

	  The standard INS print server uses an extension of the standard
	  Berkeley UNIX lpd protocol that allows authentication of each
user's	  print request.  This extension is not supported by other print
	  servers, and must be disabled with the -a option when using these
	  other servers.

	  FAILURE TO ACCOMPANY THE "-S" OPTION WITH A "-a" OPTION MAY
RESULT IN
	  THE DISCLOSURE OF YOUR CWRUnet ID AND PASSWORD TO OTHER USERS OF
THE	  PRINT SERVER!

	  Because of the security risks, Information Network Services does
not	  recommend the use of the -S option.


8.4  Checking the Print Queue Status with lpq

   A companion command to lpr is lpq, which examines the "print queue", the
   list of pending files for a given printer.  For example:

       C:\>lpq -P fribley  <Enter>

   This command will print a list of all pending print jobs, if there are
any,   on the printer "fribley".  If you have set the PRT environment
variable as
   described in section 6.3.2, you may also use a short form of lpq:

       C:\>lpq  <Enter>

   Lpq also offers a -l option for a "long-form" listing:

       C:\>lpq -P crawford -l  <Enter>

   Again, the -P printer option can be removed if you have set the PRT
   environment variable.

   If you wish to check on a particular job number or on the jobs of a
   particular user, you may list the job numbers and user names after any
lpq   options.  For example:

       C:\>lpq -l sct  <Enter>

       C:\>lpq -Pwade 950 952  <Enter>

   Lpq also includes a -S option to select an alternate print server. 
Because   no authentication information is sent, no -a option is provided. 
To inspect
   the queue for a departmental lpr server, use the following format for
your   command:

       C:\>lpq -Sserver -Pprinter

   If you wish, you may also use the -l option or specify usernames or job
   numbers when using lpq with an alternate print server.


8.5  Canceling Print Jobs with lprm

   Sometimes a user may wish to cancel the printing of a file that has been
   sent with lpr.  This is not possible once the file has started printing,
but   while it waits in the print queue, it may be canceled with the lprm
   command.  This command has the following basic format:

       C:\>lprm -Pprinter -  <Enter>

   In this form, the command will cancel all of your pending print jobs. 
If   you wish to cancel only a few print jobs, you can specify their job
numbers   as part of the lprm command.  For example:

       C:\>lprm -Pprinter 950 952 976  <Enter>

   The job numbers can be found by requesting a long listing of the queue
by   giving the -l option to lpq.

   Obviously, lprm is useful if you change your mind about printing some
file.   It is also useful in instances where one of the network printers is
down.   If you decide to print your file on one of the other printers, it
would be a
   good idea to cancel the original print job with lprm so that it is not
   printed twice.

   Lprm supports the "-S" and "-a" options in the same manner as lpr.  READ
THE   DESCRIPTION AND WARNING FOR THESE OPTIONS GIVEN IN SECTION 7.3.3,
ABOVE.   WARNING: MISUSE OF THE -S AND -a OPTIONS MAY RESULT IN THE PUBLIC
DISCLOSURE   OF YOUR CWRUnet USER ID AND PASSWORD.


		     UNIT 9: FINDING PEOPLE AND COMPUTERS


Although the most frequently used networking applications provided by
CWRU-PC/IP are Telnet, FTP, e-mail, and printing, several other support
commands are included.  These commands can be used to get information about
another user on a computer system, and to check whether a given host
computeris currently running and connected to the CWRUnet.

With CWRU-PC/IP, you can get these types of information, and more, by using
the "finger" and "ping" commands.


9.1  FINGER Service

   The FINGER service provides information about users whose electronic
mail   addresses are already known to you (if their hosts support FINGER
service).   The types of information available with the finger command
depend on the
   hosts queried.  In addition to some of the types of information
available   with WHOIS service, FINGER service might tell you when people
last logged on
   to their hosts and when they last read their electronic mail.  On some
   hosts, people represented in the FINGER data base can insert their own
   messages.  An example might be the hours that they can be reached at
certain   telephone numbers.


9.1.1  User Information

   Below is an example of a query and response with FINGER service.  Note
that   the finger command is issued at the DOS prompt.  (See the notes on
DOS   access in units 5, 6, and 7.)

      C:\>finger a.armand@hamlet  <Enter>
      Copyright 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 by Stanford University.
      Copyright 1990, 1991 Case Western Reserve University. All Rights
Reserved.      CWRU-PC/IP FINGER Version 1.2
      Successfully connected.
      A.ARMAND Gloria Armand  A.ARMAND not logged in
      Last logout Thursday, April 30, 1987 12:40AM
         from LOTS Dial-in: 723-9564
      New mail from raman@argus at Friday, May 1, 1987 9:17AM
      Project: French Literature
      Plan: Call me at above number or at home: (415) 494-3456.

      Connection closed.

      C:\>


9.1.2  Host Computer Information

   For a list of users currently logged on to a host, issue the command
   "finger @<host>", replacing <host> with the name of the computer you
wish to
   contact.  For example,

      C:\>finger @csli  <Enter>
      Copyright 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 by Stanford University.
      Copyright 1990, 1991 Case Western Reserve University. All Rights
Reserved.      CWRU-PC/IP FINGER Version 1.2
      Successfully connected.

      Username  Pers. Name    Idle  Tty   System  Terminal Loc.
      Bart      Edward Bartel       EXEC          Macbeth  Detached
      Fried     Rose Friedan  *:**  FIND  52      Othello  Internet
      Xylo      Rita Ady      *:**  HELP  75      Hamlet   Sweet


9.2  Whois Service

   The Whois service provides an online directory of people and computers. 
The   Whois database, not yet available, will include information on
faculty,   students, and staff of Case Western Reserve University.  At the
DOS prompt,
   you will be able to enter the command "whois user" to retrieve the
person's   user ID and the information about that person listed in the
campus telephone
   directory.

   For example, to find the user "Stephen Sanderson", one can simply type
the   following command:

      C:\>whois sanderson  <Enter>
      Copyright 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 by Stanford University
      Copyright 1990, 1991 Case Western Reserve University. All Rights
Reserved.      CWRU-PC/IP WHOIS Version 1.2

      FACULTY AND STAFF DIRECTORY

      Name                               Phone         E-Mail Address
      -------------------------------------------------------------------
      SANDERSON, STEPHEN QUINCE          368-9999      sqs9@po.cwru.edu


      STUDENT DIRECTORY
      
      Name                               Phone         E-Mail Address
      -------------------------------------------------------------------
          No matches found


   The Whois program will automatically use the CWRUnet Whois service.  To
   request information from a Whois server elsewhere, use the option -h
   address, where address is the address of the new server.  For example:

      C:\>whois -h 36.11.0.207 jones  <Enter>


9.3  PING Service

   The "ping" command sends request to the specified host to "echo" roughly
50   bytes of random data back to your PC.  If the host responds, you can
be   assured that it is plugged in and running.  "Ping" is not a fail-safe
way to
   ensure that a remote host is running, because it is possible for a host
to   stop accepting telnet, FTP, and mail connections while still
responding to a
   ping.  Nevertheless, ping remains an effective way to determine if a
given   host is available.  The following is an example of its use:

      C:\>ping freenet-b  <Enter>
      Sending Echo Request:
      Host 129.22.8.45 responding

   If the remote computer is not reachable, the ping command will report
"Host   129.2.8.45 timed out".

			     APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY


ASCII - American National Standard Code for Information Interchange.  This
isthe most common code for transmitting simple text documents.

cd - Change directory, an FTP command for changing directories on a host
computer

COMP - Compose, an MH command for composing and sending electronic mail
fromPC's

dir - Directory, an FTP command for listing the files in a host computer
directory

forw - Forward, a mail handler command for forwarding electronic mail
messagesfrom PC's

FTP - File Transfer Protocol, an application that permits the transfer of
filesbetween a host computer and a PC

inc - Incorporate, an MH command for retrieving new messages from a POP
server
IP - Internet Protocol.  A system used on computer networks to send data
fromcomputer to computer.  It gains its name from its ability to send data
from one
network to another, hence "inter" and "net".

lcd - Local change directory, an FTP command for changing directories on a
PC
lnext - Local next, an MH command for viewing (on a PC) a message with the
nexthigher number than the one just shown

lpick - Local pick, an MH command for locating (on a PC) messages meeting
specified conditions

LPR - Line/laser printing, an application that permits the printing of DOS
files on printers connected to host computers running the UNIX operating
system
lprev - Local previous, an MH command for viewing (on a PC) a message with
thenext lower number than the one just shown

lpwd - Local print working directory, an FTP command for determining the
current directory on a PC

lrmm - Local remove mail message, an MH command for removing a message from
thecurrent mail folder on a PC

ls - List, an FTP command for listing the files in a host computer
directory
lscan - Local scan, an MH command for getting a list of messages in the
currentfolder on a PC

lshow - Local show, an MH command for viewing mail messages on a PC

mget - Multiple get, an FTP command for transferring more than one file to
a PC

MH - Mail Handler, an application that permits the exchange of electronic
mail
mkdir - Make directory, an FTP command for creating a new directory on a
hostcomputer

mput - Multiple put, an FTP command for transferring more than one file to
ahost computer

msgchk - Message check, a local MH command for determining the number and
sizeof unread messages in a POP server mailbox

PC/IP - Personal Computer/Internet Protocol, a program originally developed
bythe Massachusetts Institute of Technology to permit IBM PC's to
communicate via
the IP family of protocols.  Other PC/IP development took place at
Carnegie-Mellon, Stanford University, and Case Western Reserve University.

POP - Post Office Protocol, a program that allows a computer to act as a
linkbetween PC's and host computers for the exchange of electronic mail via
MH
prev - Previous, an MH command for viewing the message with the next lower
number than the message just shown on the POP server

pwd - Print working directory, an FTP command for determining the current
directory on a host computer

recv - Receive, an FTP command for transferring a file from a host computer

repl - Reply, a local mail handler command for replying to electronic mail
messages

rmdir - Remove directory, an FTP command for removing a directory on a host
computer

rmm - Remove mail message, a mail handler command for removing a message
fromthe current folder on the POP server

CWRU-PC/IP - Case Western Reserve University Personal Computer/Internet
Protocol, a program that permits IBM PC's and compatible to communicate
withother computers via CWRUNet

TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.  TCP/IP is an
error-correcting protocol used in telnet, ftp, and finger.

tn3270 - Telnet 3270, the command for connecting a PC to a VM/MVS host for
IBM3270 terminal emulation


			  APPENDIX B: ERROR MESSAGES


Selected system messages are explained below.  For additional help, see
yourlocal network or systems group administrator.

References are to sections in this User's Manual.

<Enter> = press carriage return or enter key

X = name of command, file, directory, host, PC, or user

Bad command or file name -- All Applications
   Cause: Typographical error or in wrong DOS directory.
   Action: Retype command; change to DOS directory where program or file
stored   References: Unit 3, 4, 8 and 9; Sections 5.1, 6.1, 7.2.1, 7.3.1

Cannot open file: profile.mh -- MH, Mail
   Cause: MH program cannot find "profile.mh".
   Action: Make sure that MH environment variable is set; re-install
CWRU-PC/IP.   References: Troubleshooting Guide Chapter 5.

Can't access local file X. -- FTP
   Cause: Typographical error or in wrong DOS directory.
   Action: Issue command ftp>!dir <Enter> to check PC directory.  If
necessary, issue command
      ftp>!cd dirX <Enter>.  Retry put command.
   References: Sections 7.2.4 and 7.2.5

Foreign host not known. -- TELNET, FTP
   Cause: Typographical error or network failure.
   Action:
      TELNET -- Retype the telnet command.
      FTP -- Issue command "open <hostname> <Enter>" at the "ftp>" prompt.
      Continued errors indicate a network failure.
   References: Sections 5.1, 6.1, 7.2.1, 7.3.5.4

Host X not responding. -- TELNET, FTP
   Cause: Host failure, you recently quit host without proper logout, or
network failure.
   Action: Use the ping command to confirm that host is functioning, then
try again.  Repeated errors
      indicate a network problem.
   References: Sections 5.1, 6.1

Host X timed out -- PING
   Cause: The host is not accessible via CWRUnet
   Action: The host computer is not responding to your ping request.  In
prolonged cases, contact the
      system administrator of the host system.
   References: Section 9.3

INIT_ALL: TCPIP service module is not installed.  Please use TCPIP.EXE to
install TCPIP service.
-- All Applications
   Cause: TCPIP.EXE was not yet run
   Action: Issue command "tcpip <Enter>"
   References: Section 2.3, 2.4

Login incorrect.  login: -- TELNET
   Cause: Typographical error
   Action: Enter identification again
   References: Sections 5.1, 6.1

Login incorrect.  Login failed. -- FTP, FTPSRV
   Cause: Typographical error.
   Action: Issue command ftp>user <Enter> to get login prompts again.
   References: Section 7.2, 7.3.1, 7.3.5.1

Login name: X  In real life: ???  -- FINGER
   Cause: Typographical error or the person specified does not have an
account on this computer.
   Action: Retry the finger command.
   References: Section 9.1.1

Name server not responding. -- TELNET, FTP
   Cause: Name servers not working or a network failure.
   Action: Use the host's address instead of its name in the command.  If
you do not have the host's
      address or cannot connect to the host, contact the IRIS/INS CWRUnet
Service Desk.
   References: Sections 5.1, 6.1, 7.1; Unit 4, all sections.

No IP address assigned.  Please see your network administrator. -- All
Applications   Cause: Your PC has not had an IP address assigned.
   Action: Please contact the IRIS/INS CWRUnet Service Desk at 368-USER to
have an IP address
   assigned.
   References: Section 2.4

No such file or directory. -- FTP
   Cause: Typographical error or in wrong host directory
   Action: Issue command ftp>pwd <Enter> to check the current directory,
ftp>dir <Enter> or ftp>ls
      <Enter> to check a file listing.  If necessary, issue command ftp>cd
dirX <Enter>. Retry the
      "get" command.
   References: Sections 7.2.4 and 7.2.6

Permission denied. -- FTP
   Cause: The directory or file is protected.
   Action: Ask the owner of the directory or file to unlock it for your
use.   References: Section 7.2.8

Unknown command  -- TELNET, FTP
   Cause:
      TELNET -- Wrong key pressed after F10
      FTP -- Host does not accept FTP command
   Action:
      TELNET -- Reissue the F10 command.  Help is available by typing "F10
?".      FTP -- Reissue the command.  Help is available by typing "help
<Enter>".   References: Sections 5.1, 5.3, 7.2.8

User X access denied.  login failed. -- FTP
   Cause: Typographical error
   Action: Issue command "user <Enter>" to get login prompts again
   References: Section 7.2.1

X: No such file or directory. -- FTP
   Cause: Typographical error or in wrong host directory
   Action: Issue command ftp>pwd <Enter> to check the current directory,
ftp>dir <Enter> or ftp>ls
      <Enter> to check a file listing.  If necessary, issue command ftp>cd
dirX <Enter>. Retry the
      "get" command.
   References: Sections 7.2.4 and 7.2.6

X not responding -- All applications
   Cause: Host X is down or a network failure has occurred.
   Action: Wait for the host to return to service.


		    APPENDIX C: PED DOCUMENTATION (PED.DOC)


The following file is included with the PED editor, and is included here
foryour convenience.  The text was edited slightly for clarity and better
typesetting.  Note that although this editor is not a "shareware" product,
theauthor is in business for himself and sees this as an advertising
opportunity.The quality of the editor seems to outweigh this disadvantage.


8/18/88

		  PED, a full screen file editor by Bob Foley


				 INTRODUCTION

     I have a bad memory.  Every program that I get my hands on requires
that I
refer back to the manual countless times in order to find some ridiculous
little bit of information that was supposed to have been committed to said
memory.  MS-DOS is the worst culprit of this offense, and sets an EXTREMELY
badexample for those of us that follow.  I hope to change all of that (good
luck).  It was my intention upon writing this program for it's users to be
ableto peruse through this document once, maybe glace at it once more after
tryingthe program, and finally throw it away for lack of use.  I think
you'll agree
that PED's user interface (ie: pull down menus) obviates the need for a
document such as this, since all of the needed information is already on
thescreen in front of you.  But for those who are totally new to this game,
I want
to make sure that all of the jargon is clear.

    PED is not a word processor, and it does not pretend to be one.  It is
afull screen editor with a wide range of uses.  You may wish to create and
editbatch files (such as AUTOEXEC.BAT), Pascal or C programs, reminders, or
anyother type of ASCII file.  You can even load, change, and save this
document(PED.DOC) since it is a simple ASCII file.  I hope you will find
PED of some
use and that it lives up to my expectations.  Have fun!


                            EQUIPMENT

          IBM PC, XT, AT, PS/2, or true compatible.
          Any IBM compatible video adapter.
          At least 128K of memory.


                            FEATURES

          Edit up to 8 files at once.
          Merge files in any way.
          Pull down menus.
          List files in a directory without leaving the program.
          MS-DOS shell option.
          Print file option.
          Creates backup files if requested.
          Colors may be changed to taste.
          On screen clock if requested.
          Move, copy or delete blocks of text.
          ASCII chart.


                         GETTING STARTED
     To start PED type:

          PED
             or
          PED <file name>
          
     Typing PED alone (the first example) runs the program and starts an
editingsession on an as yet untitled file (**Untitled** appears where the
file name
normally appears).  Typing a file name after PED runs the program and
starts an
editing session on the named file, if it exists. Now the file may
be edited in any way. Lines may be added, deleted, changed or moved. Many
of the
keys on the keyboard have specific functions in PED, they are listed below.
Butremember, don't memorize! This information is all on the pull down menus
whichwill be discussed later.

      Key name                Function
      --------                --------
      Left arrow              Move the cursor left one space.
      Right arrow             Move the cursor right one space.
      Up arrow                Move to the previous line.
      Down arrow              Move to the next line.
      PgUp                    Move up one page.
      PgDn                    Move down one page.
      Home                    Move to the beginning of the line.
      End                     Move to the end of the line.
      Ctrl-Home               Move to the top of the document.
      Ctrl-End                Move to the bottom of the document.
      Ctrl-Left arrow         Move one word to the left.
      Ctrl-Right arrow        Move one word to the right.
      Enter (insert OFF)      Move to the beginning of the next line.
      Enter (insert ON)       Insert a line below the current line.
      Ins                     Turn insert mode On/Off.
      Del                     Delete the character to the right.
      Backspace               Delete the character to the left.
      Tab (insert OFF)        Tab right.
      Tab (insert ON)         Insert a tab character.
      Shift-Tab               Tab left.

     These are very standard interpretations of the keyboard's special keys
andyou should have no trouble adapting to them. Try them all, experiment.


                         PULL DOWN MENUS

     If you're like most people you've already fooled around with PED
beforelooking at the documentation. But for the rest of you here are a few
notes on
pull down menus.

     To activate the menu bar, press ESC. To move from menu to menu use the
leftand right arrow keys. To move between menu selections use the up and
down arrow
keys. To make a selection press the Enter key, or press the Esc key to
abort the
menu process and go back to editing. Most of the menu selections may also
betriggered with a 'hot' key, which appears highlighted in
the menu. For example, the option 'Quit' appears on the menu with the
letter 'Q'
highlighted. This means that pressing 'Q' will perform that function
withouthaving to move the cursor to the 'Quit' option. This ability
sometimes speeds up
the menu selection process.

     There are 6 menus associated with PED. They are titled "Project",
"Edit","Movement", "Find", "Manipulate", and "Extras". The functions within
these menus
are very explicit as to their function, so only some of them will be
discussedhere.  Most of the menu functions have special keys which perform
the same
function while in editing mode (not to be confused with 'hot' keys). These
special keys appear in parentheses after the menu function name. For
examplepressing Ctrl-G performs the same function as the menu selection GO
TO LINE #.

LOAD A FILE: Loads the specified file into memory for editing.  PED may
have up
to 8 files loaded at one time.

UN-LOAD FILE(s): Allows the omission from memory of any or all currently
loadedfiles. Once un-loaded, the file cannot be recovered.

MERGE WITH THIS FILE: Inserts the specified file within the current file
abovethe current line.

SAVE THIS FILE: Saves the currently displayed file to disk. The file name
may be
changed before the actual update takes place.

SAVE, THEN EXIT: Saves all files that have been edited, then exits to DOS. 
Ctrl-X also performs this function.

PRINT: Prints the currently displayed file on the system printer.

QUIT: Exits to DOS. Ctrl-Q also performs this function.

UN-DELETE: Replaces the most recently deleted line. Up to 200 lines may be
Un-deleted in this manner. This makes moving text as simple as deleting
severallines, moving the cursor, then un-deleting the lines. Ctrl-U also
performs this
function.

SWAP FILES: Switches the current file with another loaded file, making it
thecurrent file. Ctrl-S also performs this function.

FIND: Finds the specified word or phrase in the document and positions the
cursorthere. Ctrl-F also performs this function.

FIND/REPLACE: Performs the FIND function, then replaces the word or phrase
witha specified word or phrase. Ctrl-R also performs this function.

PLACE A BLOCK MARKER ON THE CURRENT LINE: Marks the current line as the
beginningor end of a block. When 2 marks have been set, the text between
them constitutes
a block. These blocks may be copied, moved or deleted using the following 3
functions. Ctrl-B also performs this function.

COPY THE MARKED BLOCK TO ABOVE THE CURRENT LINE: Copies the marked block to
abovethe current line. The block may have been marked in another file
altogether, but
the text will be copied just the same. Blocks may be copied as many times
as you
wish. Ctrl-C also performs this function.

MOVE THE MARKED BLOCK TO ABOVE THE CURRENT LINE: Moves the marked block
from one
place in a file to another. This will only work
within a single file, and will only work once.

DELETE THE MARKED BLOCK: Deletes the text between the markers.  This will
onlywork within one file.

DOS SHELL: Executes MS-DOS as a sub-task. Typing EXIT returns to PED.

FILE DIRECTORY: Displays a directory of files on the screen.

ASCII CHART: Displays an ASCII chart listing all characters, decimal,
octal, and
hexadecimal equivalents from 0 to 255.

CONFIGURE (COLORS ETC.): Allows the permanent (or temporary) change of some
aspects of PED including colors, whether backup files are made, and how
manylines each text file is allowed to have.

CREDITS: Somebody had to all of this work.


                          INPUT WINDOWS

     Some menu functions require more input from the user before the
function can
be carried out. For example, to load a file, PED must know the name of the
filebefore it can do anything. In these situations an Input Window appears,
information may be typed, and pressing ENTER completes the process (or ESC
abortsthe process). Input Windows activate keys which have slightly
different meanings than those used by the editor. These keys are listed
below.
       Key name         Function
       --------         --------
       Left arrow       Move left one space.
       Right arrow      Move right one space.
       Up arrow         Move to the previous field.
       Down arrow       Move to the next field.
       Tab              Move to the next field.
       Enter            Finish the input process.
       Ins              Insert one space.
       Del              Delete the character to the right.
       Backspace        Delete the character to the left.
       Esc              Abort the input process.
  
-- 
 | |^\   /\   \   |   \   |   /| | |\   +--- \   | "Ask for thyself another
 | | / /    \ | \ |   | \/|  X | | | \  |--  | \ |  kingdom, for that which
 | | \ \____/ |  \|   |   | / \| | |__/ \___ |  \|  I leave is too small 
      \           |       |                      |  for thee"
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