HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
From: thomason+@B.GP.CS.CMU.EDU (Rich Thomason)
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
Subject: AI PhD, Univ. of Pittsburgh
Date: 4 Sep 92 20:24:53 GMT
Article-I.D.: cs.Bu2M1J.5Eo.2
Organization: School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon
Originator: thomason@B.GP.CS.CMU.EDU


   THE INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS PROGRAM AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH 

   The ISP is an independent degree-granting unit, providing a center
for graduate training and research in Artificial Intelligence at the
University of Pittsburgh.  Drawing on faculty from many schools and
departments, the Program offers a strong core of courses in AI and
relevant areas of Computer Science, as well as access to many related
fields and application areas.  After initial course requirements are met
in the first two years of study, there is wide flexibilty in planning
research concentrations leading to the Ph.D.  degree.  

	The Program draws on research projects in many areas, including
AI in Medicine, Expert Systems, and AI in Education.  Among the areas of
specialization that the Program features are:

		Case-Based Reasoning and Legal Applications
		Expert Systems
		Generating Natural Language Explanations
		Intelligent Computer-Assisted Instruction
		Knowledge Representation
		Machine Learning
		Medical Informatics
		Plan Generation and Plan Recognition
		Resource-Limited Reasoning
		Uncertain Reasoning

	Faculty from many schools and departments are involved in the
Program, including: Kevin D. Ashley (Law), Bruce Buchanan (Computer
Science), Gordon Banks (Neurology), Gregory F. Cooper (Medicine),
Alan Lesgold (Psychology), Jerrold May (Business), Randolph A. Miller
(Medicine) Johanna D. Moore (Computer Science), Paul Munro
(Information Science), Martha E. Pollack (Computer Science), Walter
Schneider (Psychology), Steven Small (Neurology), Richmond H.
Thomason (Linguistics), Kurt VanLehn (Computer Science).

	Support through graduate research assistantships is available
to qualified students.

	For further information, send electronic mail to 

		isp@pogo.isp.pitt.edu

or write to Intelligent Systems Program /  University of Pittsburgh /
Pittsburgh, PA 15260, or call (412) 624-5755.
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
From: sundar@cis.ohio-state.edu (N Sundar)
Subject: Why Quantum Physics?
Originator: sundar@golf.cis.ohio-state.edu
Organization: The Ohio State University, Department of Computer and Information Science
Distribution: na
Date: Mon, 24 Aug 1992 04:08:55 GMT


I was puzzled to read that quantum physics is being used to study neurons and
the brain. A statistical approach is understandable; but why quantum
statistics? Is only the mathematics similar, or even some concepts carried
over?

I hope one of you can deign to spare some time for the ignorant outsider :-)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
N. S. Sundar          |    I am ardently against all awkward, affected
GTA, CIS, OSU         |    and artificial alliteration.
Off. ph: 292-4029     |
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
Subject: Neural connections, getting smarter, and TV
From: tbeaudoin@vax1.umkc.edu
Date: Tue, 1 Sep 1992 15:48:14 GMT
Organization: University of Missouri - Kansas City


	Please excuse my momentary instrusion on this erudite list,
but i am a high school teacher looking for a tiny bit of help.  I am 
interested in explaining to my students how using their brain can 
actually help them use their brain better; that is, that learning can 
actually increase the number of potential neuron interactions in the brain.
I am also interested in the ways TV encourages neural connections that make
it difficult to think critically.  
	Thanks very much in advance for any help you can give me, 
either by way of more info/elaboration on my own limited knowledge,
or by way of references.  


Thomas Beaudoin
Lee's Summit High School
International Baccalaureate Program
Lee's Summit, MO

TBEAUDOIN@VAX1.UMKC.EDU
TBEAUDOIN@UMKCVAX1
From: G.Joly@cs.ucl.ac.uk (Gordon Joly)
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
Subject: Re: Mind Reading
Date: 3 Sep 92 10:57:17 GMT



>> I suppose we all use personal experience as an input to our research. I'm
>> going to describe something here that has influenced my ideas.

What an admission! :-)

>> I've learned over the years to read minds. This is _not_ ESP, but rather a
>> four-stage process as follows:
>> 
>> 1. Instantiate a personality model,
>> 2. Calibrate it based on observation,
>> 3. Do a process switch into the calibrated model,
>> 4. Observe the model.
>> [...]

How would artificial mind reading (c.f. AI) be distinct from real mind
reading? The sort of thing we experience from time to time 

``Let's go for a walk to buy bread'' ... ``I was just thinking about
exactly that ...''

is too subtle to be measured objectively.

>> [...]
>> The results are often startling, and it is the simple existence of this
>> sort of ability that leads me to speculate on distributed cognition in
>> social groups.
>> [...]
>> - -- 
>> Harry Erwin
>> Internet: erwin@trwacs.fp.trw.com
>>

But how does that feedback into the (model of the) individual?

Gordon.

``Love sex intelligence, coming on like a seventh sense'' - The Shamen.
____

Gordon Joly      Phone  +44 71 387 7050 ext 3703      FAX  +44 71 387 1397
Internet: G.Joly@cs.ucl.ac.uk        UUCP: ...!{uunet,uknet}!ucl-cs!G.Joly
Computer Science, University College London, Gower Street, LONDON WC1E 6BT
From: bokkie@uctvax.uct.ac.za
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
Subject: Re: Cognitive Science Programs?
Date: 27 Aug 92 06:51:59 +0200
Organization: University of Cape Town

In April this year Reinhard Seidel posted a very good list
of graduate programs in Cognitive Science in the US and
Europe to the newsgroup comp.ai.philosophy.
His address is: reinhard@hpscd.scd.hp.com

Xref: sparky sci.cognitive:378 comp.ai.neural-nets:3322
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive,comp.ai.neural-nets
Subject: Request: Chaos and PDP
From: scduncan@miavx1.acs.muohio.edu (Sean C. Duncan, Idiot)
Date: 26 Aug 92 19:19:32 -0500
Organization: Miami University Academic Computer Service"

Hi --

I'm a senior at Miami University's Interdisciplinary Studies program focusing
in Cognitive Science.  In order to fulfill my undergraduate degree, I have to
complete a Senior Project/Thesis, and I'm having a small amount of difficulty
coming up with a suitable topic.

Now, with my background aside, I'd like to ask for some assistance in 
narrowing down my topic.  Recently, I have been hearing (in passing) a
lot of references to chaos theory in regards to the mind.  My question is:
Could someone refer me to any pertinent papers dealing with chaos theory
and cognitive science?  Also, since I am planning on implementing some sort
of PDP implementation as part of my project, I'm curious as to whether or
not chaos has been integrated into any PDP implementations.

Basically, if you hadn't guessed, I'm clueless when it comes to the relation
of chaos theory to (I presume) low-level cognitive function (or brain
function?) and since both chaos and PDP intrigue me, I'm wondering if
there has been any sort of work in incorporating chaos into PDP.  I'm
still, obviously, new to the field and would like to know if there's
really a kernel for a real project here, or if it was just a lame-brained
idea of mine on the bus.  :-)  Any book or paper titles that would address
this issue are more than welcome.

Opinions?

Thanks,
-- 
Sean C. Duncan, scd@einstein.bgsu.edu :: scduncan@miavx1.acs.muohio.edu
"I will never understand men, but I have lived it through." - Bukowski.
_______________________________________________________________________
From: lady@uhunix.uhcc.Hawaii.Edu (Lee Lady)
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
Subject: Re: Consciousness
Summary: Humans are the only animal with a real sense of time.
Keywords: cognition free-will
Date: 23 Aug 92 23:37:50 GMT
Followup-To: sci.cognitive
Distribution: sci
Organization: University of Hawaii (Mathematics Dept)

In article <705@trwacs.fp.trw.com> erwin@trwacs.fp.trw.com (Harry Erwin) writes:
>This is a summary of recent comments on consciousness.
>
>Mark Shanks: "Without getting into a behaviorist/free will discussion, I
>don't see any reason to invoke chaos as an influence on the perception of
>free will...."
>
>Comment: free will probably depends on being able to trace the causal
>chain backwards.
>
>Neil Rickert: "Usually we think of free will as the ability to make a
>decision, and have that decision affect what we do in the future.... Our
>sense that we have free will is really a strong argument for determinism."
>
>Comment: Rickert seems to be arguing that consciousness is a memory of
>previous decisions and outcomes. In my terminology, plans and payoffs.

It seems to me that one of the things that distinquishes humans from
other animals is that humans (at least in most cultures) have a real
sense of time, a sense of the past and future.  While certainly other
animals have memory in some sense, I don't think they have a real sense
of the past.  When a dog's owner comes back from being away at college,
for instance, and the dog seems totally overjoyed, I think it is only our
anthropomorphism that interprets this as meaning that the dog has been
aware that the owner was gone a very long time.  I realize that this is
pretty fuzzy speculation on my part, but there it is, for what it's worth. 

The point I really want to make is that human thought and culture depends
on having a consciousness of the future.  So that only humans are capable
of doing things today in the the anticipation of results days or
weeks or even years in the future.  Birds flying south for the winter or
building a nest in the spring don't seem to have this same sort of
conscious intentionality, although we anthropomorphically attribute it to
them.  Do beavers building a dam have some sort of awareness that it will
be nice to have a dam, or do they just enjoy dam building as an
activity?  I guess one could figure out experiments to test this.  

The awareness that humans have of the past also enables them to learn on
more than simply a Skinnerian reinforcement basis.  A human can think on
a basis of "I took such and such an action in the past and didn't get the
results I wanted, so how can I try things differently next time?"

Presumably this ability to consider hypothetical scenarios is one of the
main things that enables humans to develop culture and create progress. 
  
--

Imagination is greater than knowledge.  -- Einstein 

lady@uhunix.uhcc.hawaii.edu         lady@uhunix.bitnet
Xref: sparky sci.cognitive:391 comp.ai.philosophy:5937
From: erwin@trwacs.fp.trw.com (Harry Erwin)
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive,comp.ai.philosophy
Subject: Mind Reading
Keywords: chaos, neurobiology
Date: 2 Sep 92 12:47:59 GMT
Followup-To: sci.cognitive
Organization: TRW Systems Division, Fairfax VA

I suppose we all use personal experience as an input to our research. I'm
going to describe something here that has influenced my ideas.

I've learned over the years to read minds. This is _not_ ESP, but rather a
four-stage process as follows:

1. Instantiate a personality model,
2. Calibrate it based on observation,
3. Do a process switch into the calibrated model,
4. Observe the model.

The personality model appears to have some relationship to a full
personality--it's often good enough to predict behavior in the short term.
Observation includes defocused inputs. The process switch requires
suppression of the sense of myself, and often requires a displacement of
the point of view to the location of the other individual. Observation is
difficult, since it involves deliberately "being" within the personality
model, rather than in one's own comfortable personality. I find this whole
process exhausting.

The results are often startling, and it is the simple existence of this
sort of ability that leads me to speculate on distributed cognition in
social groups. 

A couple of insights have emerged from this:
1. Lou Pecota and Tom Stafford have shown that chaotic processes are very
   cheap to control. Freeman's work seems to indicate that a chaotic
   process is an efficient point to start from if you're doing pattern
   matching. Perhaps human personalities are based on chaotic processes
   (as Paul Raup's work seems to indicate) for efficiency of control.
2. The ease with which we innovate based on existing ideas may well
   reflect a chaotic process responding to small control signals. Since
   this "stream of consciousness" appears to be generated by a process
   akin to the process by which speech is generated, we may find that
   the evolutionary origin of this innovative process to be associated
   with the evolutionary origin of speech.

Cheers,

-- 
Harry Erwin
Internet: erwin@trwacs.fp.trw.com
From: joungwoo@mensa.usc.edu (John Kim)
Newsgroups: sci.cognitive
Subject: (Q) Ref on cognitive levels of problem solving
Date: 3 Sep 1992 13:15:00 -0700
Organization: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
NNTP-Posting-Host: mensa.usc.edu
Summary: Looking for ref's on cognitive levels of problem solving
Keywords: cognitive levels, problem solving


	  Could someone kindly point me to references (in cognitive
psychology, artificial intelligence, etc.) that talk about cognitive levels
of problem solving? I may not be labeling the area of my question really
well, but I'm looking for references that will support the following
conjecture:

There are at least three levels of human problem solving. I will call them
associational, causal and "hypo-causal" levels. Roughly, the A-level is where
rule-based (i.e., "compiled" knowledge) reasoning happens, the C-Level is
where to resort to when A-level reasoning fails to give an answer and where
causal reasoning happens such as in these days' qualitative reasoning
programs, and the HC-Level is where you resort to when even C-level reasoning
fails to give an answer and where something "mysterious" happens.


      I hope you get a rough sketch of my questioning context from above
brief description. 

      Please don't point me to Rosenbloom et al.'s Soar material and J. R.
Anderson's work, as I already accessed them.

Thanks.

John

P.S. Please reply to me by email, since I don't regularly read this
newsgroup. I'll post the summary if appropriate.



-- 
Joung-woo John Kim				joungwoo@mensa.usc.edu
Computer Science Dept.
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0781
From: evert@CPSnet2.cps.edu (Mike Evert)
Newsgroups: sci.space
Subject: Is Galileo's antenna still brok?
Date: 29 Aug 92 00:14:11 GMT
Article-I.D.: cs.BtpypF.6Bs.1
Distribution: sci
Organization: [via International Space University]
X-Added: Forwarded by Space Digest
Original-Sender: isu@VACATION.VENARI.CS.CMU.EDU

How's that antenna doing?  The last few Galileo updates that I've seen
posted here had nothing to say on the subject.  Did they fix it or
give up on it?  Is there hope?

-- 
+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|  Mike Evert                      | "You are helplessly hypnotized.  You  |
|  Internet: evert@CPSnet2.cps.edu |  will believe everything I tell you.  |
|    Delphi: LordMike@delphi.com   |  This quoted message does not exist." |
+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
From: roberts@CMR.NCSL.NIST.GOV (John Roberts)
Newsgroups: sci.space
Subject: Re: Tether and Space Junk
Date: 2 Sep 92 02:31:46 GMT
Organization: National Institute of Standards and Technology
	formerly National Bureau of Standards


-From: cbettis@unlinfo.unl.edu (clifford bettis)
-Subject: Tether and Space Junk
-Date: 16 Aug 92 15:25:18 GMT
-Organization: University of Nebraska - Lincoln

-I have been waiting to see this issue discussed: in the event of 
-serious difficult with the tethered satellite experiment, I understand
-that one option was to cut the tether. Wouldn't a 20 km cable in orbit
-be the environmental equivalent of a drift net for space craft and 
-pose an unacceptable hazard?
-Cliff Bettis

As long as it can be tracked, it shouldn't be much worse than what's up
there already. The current safety rules for the Shuttle require that it
be kept quite a few miles from any known debris. I vaguely recall a figure
of 30 miles, but that may not be correct.

If you use a really long tether to attach a satellite to a large spacecraft
in LEO, you could probably arrange it so cutting the tether will make the
orbit of the satellite so eccentric that it will quickly be caught in the
atmosphere and burn up, pulling the tether with it. This should work whether
the satellite is above or below the spacecraft. (Anyone care to work out
the numbers? A few hundred feet per second ought to do it.)

Probably a more significant concern for long-term use of tethers is that
a really long tether represents a pretty large orbital cross-section, so
there's a significant risk that a tether in use for a long time could be
damaged or cut by a small piece of orbital debris. Atmospheric drag is
probably also a valid concern.

John Roberts
roberts@cmr.ncsl.nist.gov
From: amon@elegabalus.cs.qub.ac.uk
Newsgroups: sci.space
Subject: Space DIgest Archives
Date: 4 Sep 92 13:00:54 GMT
Article-I.D.: cs.Bu21L0.M5n.1
Distribution: sci
Organization: [via International Space University]
X-Added: Forwarded by Space Digest
Original-Sender: isu@VACATION.VENARI.CS.CMU.EDU

At long last, an archive of Space Digest is available for anonymous  
ftp on julius.cs.qub.ac.uk in pub/SpaceDigestArchives.

Each volume of space digest going back to V1 in 1981 is available as  
a single tar.Z file. Early volumes are quite reasonable in size.  
Recent ones are a bit out of hand due to people reposting large  
bodies of usually unnecessary text.

For those who have Digital Librarian, each volume is pre-indexed. The  
index makes it an extremely valuable research tool.

The file sizes run from 1-9 MB.

As movies ads would say 5 YEARS IN THE MAKING. I believe Gene Miya  
and Henry Spencer and I first started discussing the need for this in  
1986 or 87.

And I wish to thank the help and encouragement in this project over  
the years (most of which were spent in procrastination, but that's  
beside the point):

	Ted Anderson
	Eugene Miya
	Todd Masco
	Mark Maimone
	Bill Higgins
	Henry Spencer

There is a README file that describes where the issues came from and  
lists what is currently missing/truncated, etc. I will try to fill in  
the gaps over the next 5 years :-)

I will update from time to time as the holes are filled in. The  
current volume will always be available from isu.isunet.edu. I may or  
may not have it on line here until it "closes".

PS: This might as well be added to the FAQ resource list.
Newsgroups: sci.space
From: henry@zoo.toronto.edu (Henry Spencer)
Subject: Re: Need GIF (JPG, whatever) of Shuttle Landing
Date: Wed, 26 Aug 1992 18:44:05 GMT
Organization: U of Toronto Zoology

In article <26AUG199212415150@lims01.lerc.nasa.gov> afwendy@lims01.lerc.nasa.gov (WENDY WARTNICK) writes:
>wouldn't it be cool if NASA or the Air Force or someone would send up some 
>sort of high altitude/space chase plane for cool space shots...

I've seen a photo of a shuttle launch seen from the air, from the Shuttle
training aircraft I think.

>  Can't satellites watch (disregarding the cost factor)?

They do, when they happen to be looking in the right direction.  I've seen
a weather-satellite image with a shuttle launch trail.  But there isn't
really anybody up there in the real-time moving-imagery business, barring
possibly some of the spysats.
-- 
There is nothing wrong with making      | Henry Spencer @ U of Toronto Zoology
mistakes, but... make *new* ones. -D.Sim|  henry@zoo.toronto.edu  utzoo!henry
From: eder@hsvaic.boeing.com (Dani Eder)
Newsgroups: sci.space
Subject: Re: Sizing of launch vehicles (was Saturn Class)
Date: 28 Aug 92 14:26:19 GMT
Distribution: na
Organization: Boeing AI Center, Huntsville, AL

jbh55289@uxa.cso.uiuc.edu (Josh 'K' Hopkins) writes:

>Allen said...
>is), how do you plan to use an HLV?   The baseline plans I've seen put Ariane 5
>at about the right size, and if you increase the payload, you decrease the 
>number of flights to the point where I begin to wonder if it's commercially
>viable.  Maybe we need to agree on a definition of Heavy Lift.


Okay, time for a lesson in the economics of launch vehicles:

The Air Force performed a study in 1989 for the Secretary of Defense
on launch systems for SDI.  The study was executed by the Space Systems
Division of the AF Systems Command.  These are the folks who procure
rockets for the AF.  In the study they surveyed all existing and
proposed domestic launchers, and evaluated their costs at different
flight rates.

I plotted the data at high flight rates and found that the cost per
kilogram ran as $8,000 x (mass in tons)^-0.3.  Thus, as the launch
vehicle got larger, the cost per kilogram goes down, approximately
dropping by half for each factor of ten in payload increase.

Now, this is purely recurring costs, and does not include development.
In 1986 I was the cost engineer for an earlier space transportation
study, funded jointly by NASA and the AF.  We found that for a clean
sheet expendable rocket, the development cost ran ( in today's dollars)
as $1.5 million x (liftoff weight)^0.553.  In other words, the development
cost ran roughly as the square root of size.  The payload relationship
ran Payload wt = -10,427lb + (0.0436 x Gross liftoff weight).  So,
for particular sizes we have:

Payload (lb)	Liftoff weight (lb)	Development cost ($)

10,000		468,500			$2.05 billion
20,000		697,900			$2.55 billion
30,000		927,200			$2.99 billion
40,000		1,156,600		$3.38 billion
50,000		1,386,000		$3.74 billion

Now, for the space station delivery job alone, you have a need to
deliver 75 tons per year (5 Shuttle loads), for say 10 years.  Thus
you have a total delivery requirement of 750 tons, or 750,000 kg.
To find total cost, we need to add recurring and development costs,
with the development cost spread over the launched mass:

Payload (kg)	Launch $/kg	Develop $/kg	Total $/kg
4,536		5,082		2,733		7,816
9,072		4,128		3,400		7,528
13,608		3,655		3,987		7,642
18,144		3,353		4,506		7,860
22,680		3,136		4,987		8,122

So, considering the Space Station delivery job only, the optimum
size seems to be around 10 tons payload.  Now, if you consider
other launch jobs that exist, and look at longer time horizons,
you tend to get larger vehicles as the optimum, but you are a
long way from HLLV numbers unless you have massive traffic
requirements.

Dani Eder

-- 
Dani Eder/Boeing/Advanced Civil Space/(205)464-2697(w)/232-7467(h)/
Rt.1, Box 188-2, Athens AL 35611/Member: Space Studies Institute
Physical Location: 34deg 37' N 86deg 43' W +100m alt.
***THE ABOVE IS NOT THE OPINION OF THE BOEING COMPANY OR ITS MANAGEMENT.***
Xref: sparky sci.space:12377 sci.astro:9398 news.answers:2736