From: brad@SSD.CSD.HARRIS.COM (Brad Appleton)
Newsgroups: rec.martial-arts
Subject: Korean TKD Terminology (revised & expanded)
Summary: please e-mail me with any additions/corrections
Keywords: TKD, Korea
Date: 9 Nov 92 19:43:09 GMT
Organization: Harris Computers Systems Division, Fort Lauderdale,FL
NNTP-Posting-Host: hcx1.ssd.csd.harris.com

Okay - I believe this is my final version of my summary of
Korean terms for TKD. Thank you very much to all who replied!
I will not post this again unless I see an explicit interest.
If anyone has access to an anonymous FTP site they are more than
welcome to archive this article there (and let the rest of rec.m-a
know where it is).

If anyone would like the nroff/troff source (which uses the "-mm"
macros) for the terminology list (so it looks pretty when sent to
the laser-printer) please e-mail me with your request!

==============================================================================

              A Summary of Korean Terminology for TaeKwonDo

Introduction
============
This document is an attempt to compile a list of Korean terminology used in
the study of TaeKwonDo.  In years past, the terminology reflected heavy
Chinese influence. Around 1975 however, most styles "upgraded" to use a
more "modern" Korean terminology that attempts to shed these other
influences in an effort to be more "pure" Korean.  Wherever possible, I
have tried to use this "new" (more modern) terminology.

Since the Korean language is written using "Hangul" and not the Roman
alphabet, all the spellings you see here are approximate romanizations and
may not be the same spellings that some of you are used to seeing.

The rest of this document is separated into the following sections:

               Korea and its Flag                 Definition of TaeKwonDo
               Korean Counting                    Basic Body Parts
               Tenets of TaeKwonDo                Body Movements
               Directions                         Rank
               Hand Positions                     Hand Attacks
               Blocks                             Kicks
               Stances                            Sparring
               Forms                              Uniform
               Equipment                          Commands
               Common Phrases                     Titles
               Miscellaneous

Korea and its Flag
==================
The Korean name for Korea is "Hangeuk" and its people are called
"Hangeuksaram".  The ancient name for Korea is "Choson", which means
literally "the land of morning calm" and comes from the "Choson" (or "Yi")
dynasty of Korea's history (1392-1905).  The name "Korea" comes from the
"Koryu" dynasty of Korea's history (935-1392) during which westerners had
their first contact with Korea.

The national anthem of Korea is "Aeguk Ka" ("Love of Country").  It was
written during the Japanese occupation of Korea (circa 1905-1945) and was
later set to music by Ahn Eak Tai.

The Korean flag is called "Taeguk-ki" and was adopted in August of 1882,
not long after the "Hermit Kingdom" opened its front and back doors to
foreign aggressive powers. The central theme of the flag is that although
there is constant movement within the sphere of infinity, there is also
balance and harmony.  The flag consists of three parts: a white field (or
background), a red and blue circle in the center of the flag (containing a
"yin-yang" like symbol), and four black trigrams sorrounding the circle in
each of the four corners of the flag.

The circle in the center is called "Taeguk" and means the origin of all
things in the universe. The red and blue paisleys within the circle
represent eternal duality (heaven-earth, fire-water, good-evil, male-
female, dark-light, life-death).  The blue portion of the circle is called
"um" and represents the negative aspects of this duality; the red portion
of the circle is called "yang" and represents the positive aspects. "Um-
yang" is the Korean equivalent of "yin-yang".

The four black trigrams come from the Chinese book of "I Ch'ing".  The
trigrams also carry the idea of opposites and of balance.  Each trigram (or
"gye") consists of three parallel lines, some of which are broken (split),
and some of which are unbroken (solid).  Each gye has a specific name and
represents one or more concepts:  In the upper lefthand corner is "K'un"
which consists of all solid lines and represents heaven, east, and spring;
In the lower righthand corner is "K'on" which consists of all broken lines
and represents earth, west, and summer; In the upper righthand corner is
"Kam" which consists of one solid line sorrounded by two broken lines and
represents water, north, and winter;  In the lower lefthand corner is "I"
which consists of one broken line sorrounded by two solid lines and
represents fire, south, and autumn.

Definition of TaeKwonDo
=======================
"Tae" means "foot" or "to strike with the feet".  "Kwon" means "hand", or
"to strike with the hand".  "Do" means discipline, art, or way.  Hence
TaeKwonDo (foot-hand-way) means literally "the art of the feet and the
hands" or "the art of kicking and punching".  Different schools and/or
styles may impose different variations on the formal definition however.
For example, some styles add the words "self defense" to the literal
definition and/or throw in some form of the phrase "physical and mental
training".

Korean Counting
===============
There are two different numbering systems that are used by Koreans.  The
first numbering system is used when counting, or when only speaking of the
numbers themselves. The first ten numbers in this system are as follows:

   1    hanah
   2    dool
   3    set
   4    net
   5    dasot
   6    yasot
   7    ilgop
   8    yadol
   9    ahop
   10   yool

The stress in "hanah", "dasot", and "yasot" is on the first syllable, in
"ilgop", "yadol", and "ahop" on the second.  In counting cadence in
TaeKwonDo, this is so emphasized that the other syllable frequently almost
disappears (e.g., "han", "das", "yos", "lgop", "hop", etc.).

The other numbering system (which is of Chinese origin) is used in most
other cases and is often used where Americans would use ordinal numbers
(such as "first", "second", etc ...). For example, this second numbering
system is used when describing a person's rank:  a first degree black belt
would be an "il dan".  The first ten numbers in this numbering system are
as follows:

   1    il
   2    ee
   3    sahm
   4    sah
   5    oh
   6    ryook
   7    chil
   8    pal
   9    koo
   10   ship

The final `l' in "chil" and "pal" isn't rounded, like an American `l' ....
It's a much shorter sound, sort of like the initial `l' in "let", but even
shorter.  It's not like the `l' in "ball".

When pronouncing the word "ship", you MUST NOT emphasize the "sh" sound.
It's almost more like "sip" with a sort of a lisp.  If you pronounce it
like "sh" in "shell", then you are referring to sexual intercourse.

Even though this second numbering system may correspond to ordinal numbers
in English in some cases, these are not ordinal numbers.  Koreans use a
separate set of words for ordinal numbers.

Basic Body Parts
================
   mom                      body
   kwanjeol                 joint
   ulgool                   face & head
   muh ree                  head
   noon                     eye
   gui                      ear
   ko                       nose
   in joong                 philtrum
   eep                      mouth
   tuhk                     chin
   mokoomeong               throat
   mok                      neck
   ouka                     shoulder
   myung chi                solar plexus
   pahl                     arm
   pahlkup                  elbow
   pahlmahk                 forearm
   ahn pahlmahk             inner side of forearm
   bahkat pahlmahk          outer side of forearm
   meet pahlmahk            palm side of forearm
   wi pahlmahk              back side of forearm
   deung pahlmahk           back of forearm
   sahnmahk                 wrist
   sahn                     hand
   sahnkal                  outside edge of hand (knifehand)
   sahnkal deung            inside edge of hand (ridgehand)
   sahn deung               back hand
   joomok                   fist
   sahnkahrak               finger
   sahnkeut                 fingertip
   momtong                  trunk (middle section)
   huri                     waist
   ahrae                    lower body (low section)
   noolro                   groin
   dahree                   leg
   mooreup                  knee
   ahp jung kang yi         shin
   bahl mahk                ankle
   bahl                     foot (or feet)
   bahldung                 instep
   bahlbong oh ri           arch of foot
   bahl nahl                outside edge of foot
   an bahl nahl             inside edge of foot
   bahl badak               sole of foot
   ahp chook                ball of foot
   dwi koomchi              heel
   dwi chook                bottom of heel
   bahlkeut                 toes

Tenets of TaeKwonDo
===================
   ye ui                    courtesy
   yom chi                  integrity
   in nae                   perseverance
   kuk gi                   self-control (also "jah jeh")
   baekjool                 indomitable spirit (also "boolgool eui jung shin")

Body Movements
==============
   mom omgigi               movement of the body
   mahki                    block
   chagi                    kick
   chirugi                  thrust (or punch)
   chigi                    strike (with the hand)
   jeek gi                  strike (with the foot)
   bahk gi                  strike (with the head)
   sahn ki sool             hand technique
   bahl ki sool             foot technique
   kyorugi                  sparring
   bituro                   twisting
   gamya                    stepping (also "omkyuh didigi")
   kuht neun                walking
   uro                      moving in a particular direction
                              (e.g. "ahp uro gamya" - stepping forward)
   bang hyang bakoogi       changing direction
   bitkyuh surgi            escaping
   tdwim yu                 jumping
   dora                     to turn
   dolmyo                   spinning
   mee keul myu             sliding (also "mee kul gi")
   jupgi                    holding/grabbing
   donzigi                  throwing
   goorugi                  rolling/tumbling
   pyihagi                  dodging
   hecho                    spreading
   moyo                     gathering
   bojoo                    covering

Directions
==========
   oo                       right (also "oh-ruen")
   joa                      left (also "wen")
   ahp                      front
   ahn                      inner
   bahkat                   outer
   bahndae                  reverse
   dwi                      back
   ahnuro                   inward
   bahkuro                  outward
   whee                     high (up)
   whee uro                 upward
   guande                   middle
   ulgool                   high section (also "sahngdahn")
   momtong                  middle section (also "chungdahn")
   ahrae                    low section (also "hahdahn")

Rank
====
   kagup                    rank
   gup                      grade
   dan                      degree
   simsa                    grading (or promotional) test
   simsa kwan               examiner
   dan gup jedo             system of rank

Hand Positions
==============
   sahnkal                  knifehand
   sahnkal jecho            knifehand with palm up
   sahnkal deung            ridgehand (also "oppun sahnkal")
   sahn bahtong             palm heel (also "bahtong sahn")
   sahn deung               back hand (also "deung sahn")
   ah keum sahn             arc hand
   galkwi sahn              ripping (or raking) hand
   jipke sahn               pincers hand
   joomok                   fist
   deung joomuk             back fist
   yup joomuk               side fist
   me joomuk                hammer-fist
   inju joomuk              forefinger one-knuckle fist
   bamchu joomuk            middle-finger one-knuckle fist
   doo bam joomuk           two-knuckle fist
   pyun joomuk              flat (or open) fist
   omji joomuk              thumb-knuckle fist
   kwan soo                 spearhand (also "pyun sahnkeut")
   sahnkeut                 spearfinger
   gawi sahnkeut            scissors-shaped spearfingers

Hand Attacks
============
   bahro chirugi            straight (return) punch
   bahndae chirugi          reverse punch
   gullgi chirugi           hook punch
   yung seuk chirugi        combination (consecutive) punch
   doo bun chirugi          double punch
   sae bun chirugi          triple punch
   sahnkeut chirugi         spearfinger thrust
   sewo chirugi             vertical punch
   gotjang chirugi          vertical fist punch
   dolrya chirugi           round punch
   dwijubo chirugi          upset punch
   soteum chirugi           spring punch
   nehryuh chirugi          downward punch
   chi chirugi              uppercut punch
   jae chuh chirugi         upper punch (also "jae chin chirugi")
   doo joomuk chirugi       doublefist punch
   dikootja chirugi         `U' (or `C') shaped punch (hi-lo)
   sosum chirugi            double uppercut punch
   keumgang chirugi         diamond-shaped punch
   nalgeh chirugi           wing-shaped punch

Blocks
======
   bahkat palmahk mahki     outer forearm block
   ahn palmahk mahki        inner forearm block
   sahng palmahk mahki      twin forearm block
   ahnuro mahki             inward block
   bahkuro mahki            outward block
   ahrae mahki              low block
   cho kyo mahki            rising block
   daebi mahki              guarding block
   bituro mahki             twisting block
   gahwi mahki              scissors block
   keumgang mahki           diamond-shaped (Hercules) block
   gutjha mahki             `9'-shaped block (cross block)
   yeot pero mahki          `X'-shaped block (also "kyo cha mahki")
   santeul mahki            mountain-shaped block (also "osanteul mahki")
   weh santeul mahki        part mountain-shaped block
   utgallruyuh mahki        cross block (also "utgiruh mahki")
   hechuh mahki             scattered block (or wedge block)
   hwang so mahki           ox (or "bull") block
   bahtangsahn nooluh mahki pressing down block
   deuluh oll ryu mahki     upward scooping fist block

Kicks
=====
   cha olligi               stretching kick
   jillo chagi              thrusting kick
   ahp chagi                front kick
   yup chagi                side kick
   dolrya chagi             round (roundhouse) kick
   dwi chagi                back kick
   bahndae dolrya chagi     reverse round kick ("hook kick" for some styles)
   dwi dolrya chagi         back round kick ("hook kick" for some styles)
   gullgi chagi             hook kick (also "golcho chagi" or "golro chagi")
   bahndall chagi           crescent kick (literally "half moon kick")
   hoohrio chagi            wheel kick
   beet chagi               slant (or instep) kick
   bahn dolrya chagi        half round kick (also "instep kick")
   beakya chagi             slap kick
   nehryuh jeek gi          ax kick; literally "downward foot strike"
   hwe jun chagi            swing kick
   mil a chagi              pushing kick (also "mil gi chagi")
   gokwang i chagi          pickax kick
   pyojuk chagi             target kick
   dolmyo chagi             spinning kick
   tdwim yah chagi          jumping kick
   yung seuk chagi          combination (consecutive) kick
   meekulmyu chagi          sliding kick (also "mikulgi chagi")
   goollruh chagi           rolling kick
   natgeh tdwim yu chagi    hopping kick
   nalla chagi              flying kick (also "goong jung chagi")
   gahwi chagi              scissors kick
   illja chagi              linear kick
   japgo chagi              holding (grasp) kick
   ohpo chagi               falling kick (leg sweep)
   nachu oh chagi           stooping kick

Stances
=======
   sohgi                    stance
   jah seh                  posture (or stance),
                              [ used instead of "sohgi" in some styles ]
   ahnjun sohgi             sitting stance
   ahp sohgi                front stance
   ahp koo bi sohgi         front bent knee stance (also just "ahp koo bi")
   dwi sohgi                back stance
   dwi koo bi sohgi         back bent knee stance (also just "dwi koo bi")
   beom sohgi               cat (or tiger) stance (also "goyang-i sohgi")
   kuht neun sohgi          walking stance
   juchoom sohgi            horseback riding stance
                              ("kima sohgi" in some styles)
   mot sohgi                fighting stance
   kyorugi sohgi            sparring stance
   choon bi sohgi           ready stance (also "pyeonhi sohgi")
   gibon sohgi              basic stance
   guande sohgi             middle stance
   naranhee sohgi           parallel stance
   niun ja sohgi            `L'-stance
   gojang sohgi             fixed (lower-back) stance
   sa sun sohgi             diagonal stance
   gyuttari sohgi           fixed balance (or bent knee) stance
   koh ah sohgi             crossed foot stance
   kyo cha sohgi            `X'-stance
   mo ah sohgi              close stance
   joong-rib sohgi          neutral stance
   dong yuk sohgi           dynamic stance
   cha yun sohgi            natural stance
   chagi sohgi              kicking stance
   hahktari sohgi           crane stance (also "ue bal sohgi")

Sparring
========
   kyorugi                  (free) sparring
   han bun kyorugi          one step sparring
   doo bun kyorugi          two step sparring
   sae bun kyorugi          three step sparring
   bahn ja yu kyorugi       semi free sparring
   machu oh kyorugi         arranged free sparring
   jeon                     round (competition segment)
   shihap                   bout or match
   jeum                     point
   shi gan                  time out
   keum bahk                out of bounds
   kyong go                 warning
   gam jeum                 deduction of point
   shil kyuk                disqualification
   boo sang                 injury
   seung                    win
   bi kim                   tie
   chung                    blue
   hong                     red
   hin                      white
   jajun bahl               use of footwork to dodge a technique
   nachugi                  body evasion by "ducking"

Forms
=====
   poomse                   form (pronounced "poom-say"), also "hyung"
   tul                      patterns
   jang                     similar to a page or a chapter
   yung seuk                combination
   sa bang hyang            four direction

Uniform
=======
   dhee                     belt
   dobok                    uniform
   ha'i                     training pants

Equipment
=========
   hogoo                    chest protector (also "bohogoo")
   sahn boho jang kap       protective gloves
   pahlmahk bohodae         forearm guard
   jung kang yi bohodae     shin guard
   nang shim bohodae        groin cup
   muh ree bohodae          protective head gear
   eep bohodae              mouth guard

Commands
========
   cha ryuht                attention
   choon bi                 ready
   bah ro                   return to starting position
   dwi uro dorah            about face
   dorah                    turn
   elosoh                   stand
   gomahn                   stop (also "mum cho")
   geuk gi hyang ha yoh     face the flag
   jwa woo hyang woo        face each other
   sah bum nim keh          face instructor/master
   sun bae nim keh          face senior student
   simsa kwan nim keh       face examiner/tester
   dobok dahnjung           fix your uniform
   dhee dahnjung            fix your belt
   hai sahn                 class dismissed (also "hae cho")
   jonglee                  line up (also "ji hap" and "jung yul")
   kyung nae                bow
   ahnjoe                   sit
   kool o angi              kneel (kneeling)
   bah ro angi              sit in lotus position (yoga posture)
   bahl bah kwah            switch your stance (switch your feet)
   koo ryung op see         in your own time
   seijak                   begin
   shiuh                    relax
   kalyeo                   break (or stop)
   kae sok                  continue

Common Phrases
==============
   ye                       yes (also "ne")
   anio                     no
   kahm sa hamnida          thank you
   komap sumnida            less formal form of "thank you"
   cheon maeneyo            you're welcome (literally "Don't mention it!")
   ahnyong hasimnika        How are you? (literally "Are you well?" or
                              "Are you at peace?")
   ahnyong hasayo           less formal form of "How are you?"
   yoboseyo                 hello (used on the phone or to get someone's
                              attention; literally "Please look here!")
   ahnyonghee gasipsiyo     good-bye (to the person who is leaving);
                              literally "Go in peace!"
   ahnyonghee gyesipsiyo    good-bye (to the person who is staying);
                              literally "Stay in peace!"
   ahnyonghee gasayo        less formal form of "good-bye"
                              (to the person who is leaving)
   ahnyonghee gyesayo       less formal form of "good-bye"
                              (to the person who is staying)
   pangap seumnida          Pleased to meet you!
   toh poepkeseoyo          See you later!
   eoseo osayo              Welcome!
   choesong hamnida         I'm sorry
   mian hamnida             less formal form of "I'm sorry!"
   shillye hamnida          Excuse me! (asking forgiveness for an impolite act)
   kwaen chanayo            That's all right
   ahlge seoyo              I understand
   moreuge seoyo            I don't understand
   chaemi isseoyo           It is fun (or interesting)!

Titles
======
   do joo nim               founder (of the art)
   kwan jang nim            grandmaster
   chung sah nim            chief instructor (or "chief master")
   sah bum nim              instructor (or "master")
   sah boo nim              more intimate and respectful form of "sah bum nim";
                              literally "teaching father"
   kyo sah nim              teacher (also "seon saeng nim")
   sun bae nim              senior student
   hu bae nim               junior student
   hak saeng                student
   suryun saeng             trainee
   jeja                     pupil
   joo sim                  referee
   bu sim                   judge
   bae sim                  juror
   kae sim                  time keeper
   ki rohk                  recorder

Miscellaneous
=============
   dojang                   place where one trains (house of discipline)
   gong-kyok                offense
   hosinsool                self-defense
   mukyum                   meditation
   kihap                    yell
   jung shin yuk            mental strength  or martial art spirit
                              (also "moodo jung shin")
   jung shin dong il        concentration of the mind
   jung shin soo yang       development (training) of the mind
   jung do                  the "right" way (correctness of action)
   sim shin dahn ryun       mind and body discipline
   chung myung kwon         development (training) of the body, mind, & spirit
   chi shik                 knowledge of mind and thoughts
   heng dong                execution (action) of the body and its techniques
   pil seung                certain victory
   il sok pil sai           one strike must kill
   ho hyoop                 breathing
   shim ho hyoop            breathing control (deep breathing)
   himm                     force or power
   ki                       life-energy
   dahnjun                  the center of your "ki"
   bokboo                   The stomach area where "ki" is generated.
   choong sim               center of gravity
   chojum                   focus (focal point) of your energy
   jeung ga                 increase (to strengthen or augment)
   kyuk pa                  breaking (the art of breaking boards, bricks,
                              and tiles)
   shibum                   demonstration (or exhibition)
   pyugi                    stretching
   ye jol                   etiquette
   jon gyung                respect
   choong sung              loyalty (also "eui ri")
   jung jhik                honesty
   kahjok                   family



______________________ "And miles to go before I sleep." ______________________
 Brad Appleton           brad@ssd.csd.harris.com       Harris Computer Systems
                            uunet!travis!brad          Fort Lauderdale, FL USA
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Disclaimer: I said it, not my company! ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~