From: hubey@pilot.njin.net (Hubey)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.turkish
Subject: Ziya Gokalp  2/3
Keywords: Turkish Nationalism, Turanism
Date: 19 Aug 92 18:25:40 GMT
Organization: Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, N.J.


Ziya Gokalp is known variously as the father of Turkish
nationalism, Turkism and Turanism. I got a hold of his book and
translated various sections from it, particularly those referring
to Turkism, nationalism and Turanism.

Translations provided as a public service to USENET.

Note on translations: Some words in Turkish require several in
English, and vice versa. Where such difficulty occurs, I tried to
indicate it. Furthermore, I provided the Turkish version, for
those who want to translate it or correct my translation. No
warranty on the accuracy of the translation is implied :-).



/..O halde millet nedir? Irka, kavme, cografyaya, siyasete, ve
/iradeye ait kuvvetlere ustun gelerek, onlara hukum surecek baska
/ne gibi bir bagimiz vardir ?

...What then is a nation ? What other kind of bonds can we have
that can overcome and overrule ties of race, kavim [tribe,clan]
geography, politics, and will power [irade] ?

/Sosyoloji bilimi ispat ediyor ki, bu bag egitimde, kulturde,
/yani duygularda birlik olmaktir. Insan en samimi, en icten
/duygularini ilk egitimi sirasinda alir. Daha besikte iken,
/isittigi niniler ile ana dilinin etkisi altinda kalir. Bundan
/dolaydir ki en cok sevdigimiz dil, ana dilimizdir. Ruhumuzu
/meydana getiren butun din, ahlak, estetik'e ait duygularimizi bu
/dil araciligi ile almisiz...

Sociology proves that this bond is unity of education
[socialization], culture, in other words duygu [sense, emotion
perception, etc]. Individuals acquire their sincerest, and
deepest emotions during the egitim [socialization/education]
phase. From the days in his crib, he is influenced by his mother
tongue by virtue of being exposed to lullabies. It is for this
reason that the language we love most is our mother tongue. We
have acquired our whole essence which is comprised of religion,
morals, esthetics, via this language.


/Bu aciklamalardan anlasiliyor ki millet, ne irka, ne kavme, ne
/cografyaya, ne siyasete nede iradeye bagli bir topluluk
/degildir. Millet, dil, din, ahlak ve butun guzel sanatlar
/bakimindan ortak olan, yani ayni egitimi almis bulunan
/kisilerden olusan bir topluluktur. Turk koylusu onu <<dilime
/uyan, dinime uyan>> diyerek tarif eder. Gercekten, her insan
/kanlari ayni olan insanlardan cok, dilde ve dinde ortak oldugu
/insanlarla beraber yasamak ister. Cunku insan olusumuzun
/ozelligi, bedenimizde degil, ruhumuzdadir. Maddi ustunluklerimiz
/irkimizdan, manevi ustunluklerimiz de egitimini aldigimiz
/toplumdan gelir. Buyuk Iskender <<benim gercek babam Filip
/degil, Aristo'dur. Cunku birincisi maddi yapimin, ikincisi
/manevi yapimin meydana gelmesine sebep olmustur>> diyordu.

It's clear from these explanations that a nation is not a
community based on either race, tribe, geography, politics or
will power. A nation is a community comprised of individuals who
share a language, religion, morality, and the fine arts, in other
words all the individuals who have acquired the same egitim
[education,socialization]. The Turkish villager describes this by
saying; "[Those] who are harmonious with my language and
religion." In reality, every person prefers to live among people
who share his language and religion and not among who share his
blood-line; because what makes humans special is not in our
[physical] bodies but in our  ruh [soul,mentality]. One's
physical superiority [ability] comes from his race [genetically];
and moral superiority from the community from which one derives
his education. Alexander the Great had said; "My real father is
not Phillip but Aristotle, because the former is the cause of
[only] my physical being but the latter of my [particular]
mentality ." 

/Insan icin manevi yapi, maddi yapidan once gelir. Bu yuzden,
/milliyette secere [soy kutugu] aranmaz. Yalniz, egitimin ve
/ulkunun milli olmasi aranir...Bundan dolayidir ki, insan egitimi
/ile buyudugu toplumun ulkusu ugruna hayatini feda edebilir.
/Oysa, akil yoluyla kendisini bagli saydigi yabanci bir toplum
/ugruna ufak bir cikarini bile feda edemez...

[This paragrpah is hard to translate.]
For humans, mental structure [constitution] is more important than physical
structure. Because of this reason, one does not look for pedigree
in a nation. One seeks only the nationalness of education and
ideals...  It is because of this that an individual may sacrifice
his life for the community with whose education he matured.
However, he will not sacrifice even the smallest gain for the
alien [foreign] community which he chose using his reason.

/Bu dusuncelerden varacagimiz pratik sonuc sudur: Ulkemizde
/vaktiyle dedeleri Arnavutluktan veya Arabistandan gelmis
/milletdaslarimiz vardi. Bunlari Turk egitimiyle buyumus ve Turk
/ulkusune calismayi aliskanlik haline getirmis gorursek oteki
/milletdaslarimizdan hic ayirt edemeyiz. Yalniz mutlu
/gunlerimizde degil, kotu gunlerimizde de bizden ayrilmayanlari
/nasil milliyetimizin disinda tutabiliriz?

Here are the practical results we can deduce from these ideas:
Our country had citizens whose ancestors came from Albania or
Arabia. If we see these individuals as those who matured while
acquiring a Turkish education and as those who share our ideals,
we cannot differentiate them from our other citizens. How can we
kick out [of our nationality] those who shared not only our joys
but also our sorrows ?

/Ozellikle bunlarin arasinda Turkluge buyuk hizmetlerde bulunmus
/olanlar varsa, nasil olur da bu fedakar insanlara <<Siz Turk
/degilsiniz>> diyebiliriz. Evet atlarda serece aramak gerekir,
/cunku onlarin ustunlukleri isguduge dayandidigi ve bunlar soydan
/geldigi icin hayvanlarda irkin onemi buyuktur. Insanlarda ise,
/irkin toplumsal aliskanliklara hic etkisi olmadigi icin, secere
/aramak dogru degildir. 

Especially if there are those among them who have rendered great
service to Turkism, how can we say to these self-sacrificing
individuals :" You are not a Turk." ? Yes, among horses one can
look for pedigree; because their superiority depends on their
blood-lines; and among them race [species] is important. But
among humans, race has no bearing on social habits, and thus
there's no need to look for pedigree. 



p. 29		TURKCULUK VE TURANCILIK

\Turkculukle, Turanciligin farklarini anlamak icin, Turk ve Turan
\topluluklarinin sinirlarini belirlemek gerekir. Turk bir
\milletin adidir. Millet, kendisine ozgu kulturu olan bir insan
\toplulugu demektir. O halde, Turkun yalniz bir dili ve bir tek
\kulturu olabilir.

			TURKISM AND TURANISM

In order to understand the difference between Turkism and
Turanism, it's necessary to understand the bounds of the Turkish
and Turanian communities. [The word] Turk is the name of a nation
[people]. Nation [people] means a community of humans who possess
a culture special to them. Thus, Turks can have only one language
and a single culture.


\Ne varki, Turkun bazi kollari Anadolu Turklerinden ayri bir dil,
\ayri bir kultur yapmaya calisiyorlar. Mesela Kuzey Turklerinden
\bir kisim gencler bir Tatar dili, Tatar kulturu meydana
\getirmeye ugrasiyorlar. Bu davranis, Turklerin baska bir millet,
\Tatarlarin da baska bir millet oldu sonucunu doguracaktir.
\Uzakta bulundugumuz icin, Kirgizlarin ve Ozbeklerin nasil bir
\yol tutacaklarini bilmiyoruz. Bunlar da birer ayri dil ve
\edebiyat, birer ayri kultur meydana getirmeye calisirlarsa, Turk
\milletinin sinir daha daralmis olur. Yakutlarla, Altay Turkleri
\daha uzakta bulunduklari icin, bunlari Turkiye Turklerinin
\kulture icine almak daha da guc gorunuyor.

However, some branches of the Turks are trying to create 
separate languages and separate cultures; different than the
Anatolian Turks. For example, a group of youth comprised of the
Northern Turks, are trying to create a Tatar language and a Tatar
culture. This action will result [in the existence] of a separate
Turkish and a separate Tatar nation. We cannot know the path that
the Kirghiz and the Uzbeks since we are far away. If they, too,
attempt to create a different [distinct] language and a
literature, the boundaries of the 'Turkish nation' will become
narrower [smaller]. Since the Yakuts and the Altays are even
further away, it seems more difficult to bring them into the fold
of the culture of the Turks of Turkey.

\Bugun kultur yonunden birlesmesi kolay olan Turkler, ozellikle
\Oguz Turkleri, yani Turkmenlerdir. Turkiye Turkleri gibi,
\Azerbaycan, Iran ve Harzem ulkelerinin Turkmenleri de Oguz
\uruguna mensupturlar. Demek ki Turkculukteki yakin ulkumuz Oguz
\Birligi yahut Turkmen Birligi olmalidir. Bu birlikten amac
\nedir? Siyasal bir birlik mi? Simdilik hayir! Gelecek hakkinda
\bugunden bir yargiya varamayiz. Fakat, bugunku ulkumuz Oguzlarin
\yalniz kultur yonunden birlesmesidir.

Today, the Turks who may be able to unite along cultural lines
are the Oguz Turks, in other words, the Turkmens. The Turks of
Azerbaijan, Iran and Khwaresm, like the Turks of Turkey belong to
the Oguz branch. Therefore, our short-range Turkist goals must be
the Oguz Unity or Turkmen Unity. What is the goal of this unity?
Is it a political unity? For now, [the answer is] no! We cannot
decide on the future today. However, today's goal is for the Oguz
to unite only along cultural lines.

\Oguz Turkleri, bugun dort ulkede yayilmis olmakla beraber, hepsi
\birbirine yakin akrabadirlar. Dort ulkedeki Turkmen illerinin
\isimlerini karsilastirirsak, goruruz ki birinde bulunan bir
\il'in yahut boyun digerlerinde de kollari var.

Despite being spread over four countries, the Oguz Turks are
closely related to one another. If we compare the names of the
Turkmen provinces in the four countries, we'll see that whatever
province or boy [branch, tribe] exists in one country exists in
the others.


[Examples given..]

\..Bu dort ulkenin toplamina Oguzistan adini verebiliriz.
\Turkculugun yakin hedefi bu buyuk kitada yalniz bir tek kulturun
\varligini surdurmesidir.

We may call these four countries Oguzistan. The short-range goal
of Turkism is the continuation of the existence of the single culture in
this large continent.

\...Turkculugun uzak ulkusu ise Turan'dir. Turan bazilarinin
\sandiklari gibi, Turklerden baska Mogollari, Tunguzlari, Fin-
\Ugurlari, Macarlari icine alan bir kavimler karmasi degildir. Bu
\topluluga, bilim dilinde Ural-Altay toplulugu denilir. Bununla
\beraber bu sonraki milletlerin dilleri arasinda bir akrabalik
\bulundugu ispat edilememistir. Hatta bazi kitap yazarlari, Ural
\kavimleriyle Altay kavimlerinin birbirinden ayri bir topluluk
\teskil ettigini ve Turklerin, Mogollar ve Tunguzlarla beraber
\Altay topluluguna, Fin-Ugurlarin, Macarlarin Ural topluluguna
\dahil olduklarini ileri suruyorlar. Turklerin Mogollarla ve
\Tunguzlarla dil akrabaligi oldugu da henuz ispatlanamamistir. 

The long-range goal of Turkism is Turan. [The word] Turan, unlike
some people think, is not a confederation of non-Turkish groups
[kavim, tribe] such as Mongols, Tungus, Finn-Ugrics, or Magyars.
This group, according to science, is called the Ural-Altaic
group. Despite this [unified name], the linguistic relationship 
among these peoples [nations] has never been proven. Some authors
of books, even go as far as to claim that Turks, Mongolians and
Tungus belong to the Altay group and the Finn-Ugrics and Magyars
belong to the Ural group. The linguistic relationship between
Turkish and Mongolian-Tungus has not yet been proven [either].


\Bugun bir bilim yonunden ispatlanmis bir gercek varsa, o da
\Turkce konusan Yakut, Kirgiz, Ozbek, Kipcak ve Tatar, gibi Turk
\boylarinin dil ve gelenek bakimindan, kavim yonunden bir birlige
\sahip bulundugudur. Turan kelimesi, Turlar yani Turkler demek
\oldugu icin, sadece Turkleri icine alan bir topluluk adidir. O
\halde Turan kelimesini, butun Turk boylarini icine alan buyuk
\Turkistan icin kullanmamiz gerekir. Cunku Turk kelimesi bugun
\yalniz Turkiye Turklerine verilen bir isim olmustur. Benim
\inanisima gore, butun Oguzlar yakin bir zamanda bu ad altinda
\birleseceklerdir. Fakat Tatarlar, Ozbekler, Kirgizlar ayri
\kulturler ortaya cikardiklari takdirde, ayri milletler halini
\alacaklarindan, yalniz kendi adlariyle anilacaklardir. O zaman
\ise butun bu eski akrabalari kavmi bir topluluk halinde
\birlestiren ortak bir isme gerek duyulacaktir. Iste, bu ortak
\isim Turan kelimesidir.

If there is a proven reality, it is the linguistic and
traditionwise unity of various Turkish speaking peoples [boy]
such as the Yakuts, Kirgiz, Uzbeks, Kipchaks, and Tatars. Since
the word Turan means, 'the Turs' or Turks, it is the name of a
group that includes only the Turks. Thus, the word Turan, should
only be used for 'Turkistan' which includes all the Turks.
Because the word Turk, is used today only for the Turks of
Turkey. It is my belief that all the Oguz, in the near future,
will  unite under this name. But the Tatars, Uzbeks, [and] Kirgiz
since they will constitute separate nations, if they create
separate cultures, will become known only under their own names.
At that time, there will be a need for a word that will refer to
these related peoples. Thus, this shared name [word] is Turan.
	
-- 

	mark	


   hubey@pilot.njin.net                   hubey@apollo.montclair.edu
 ...!rutgers!pilot!hubey                  hubey@logos.montclair.edu
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