From: mkant+@cs.cmu.edu (Mark Kantrowitz)
Newsgroups: comp.ai,news.answers
Subject: FAQ: Artificial Intelligence Bibliography 2/3 [Monthly posting]
Summary: Bibliography of AI introductory texts, overviews and references
Date: 13 Dec 92 08:02:38 GMT
Article-I.D.: cs.ai-faq-2.text_724233690
Expires: Tue, 26 Jan 1993 08:01:30 GMT
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Last-Modified: Thu Oct 15 22:35:01 1992 by Mark Kantrowitz
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;;; ****************************************************************
;;; Answers to Questions about Artificial Intelligence *************
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;;; Written by Mark Kantrowitz
;;; ai-faq-2.text -- 36271 bytes

This part of the AI FAQ provides a bibliography of good introductory
texts and overviews of AI and specific subfields of AI. If you feel
that there is a reference or set of references which should be added
to this FAQ, or references which should be removed, please send email
to mkant+ai-faq@cs.cmu.edu.  When suggesting references to be
included in a particular subfield, only suggest the best two or three
references (or a particularly well-written overview). It is NOT the
intention of this listing to be a comprehensive AI bibliography.

Part 2 (Bibliography):
  Bibliography of introductory texts, overviews and references

Outline:
   [1]  AI in general (Introductions, Overviews)
   [2]  Search
   [3]  Knowledge Representation
   [4]  Logic
   [5]  Planning
   [6]  Natural Language Processing (NLP)
   [7]  Connectionism and Neural Nets
   [8]  Machine Learning
   [9]  Case-Based Reasoning
   [10] Genetic Algorithms
   [11] Production Systems, Expert Systems and Match Algorithms
   [12] Integrated AI Architectures
   [13] Fuzzy Logic
   [14] Artificial Life
   [15] Qualitative Physics and Model Based Reasoning
   [16] Task-specific Architectures for Problem Solving
   [17] Automated Deduction
   [18] Probabilistic Reasoning
   [19] Nonmonotonic Reasoning
   [20] Robotics and Computer Vision
   [21] Distributed AI
   [22] Philosophy of AI
   [23] Miscellaneous 
   [24] Videotapes and Magazines

Search for [#] to get to question number # quickly.

----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [1]  AI in general (Introductions, Overviews)

Introductory texts:

    Elaine Rich & Kevin Knight, "Artificial Intelligence", 2nd edition,
    McGraw-Hill, New York, 1991. ISBN 0-07-052263-4

    Patrick Henry Winston, "Artificial Intelligence", Third Edition, 
    Addison Wesley, Reading, MA, 1992, ISBN 0-201-53377-4.

    Matthew L. Ginsberg, "Essentials of AI", Morgan Kaufmann
    Publishers, 1993. 

Overviews and References:

    Shapiro, Stuart C. (ed), "Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence", 
    2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1992. (1st ed, 1987)

    Alan Bundy, editor, "Catalogue of Artificial Intelligence
    Techniques", 3rd Edition, Springer Verlag, 1990, ISBN 0-387-52959-4. 

    Avron Barr and Edward A. Feigenbaum, "The Handbook of Artificial
    Intelligence", volumes 1-4, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1986.

    Sundermeyer, K., "Knowledge-Based Systems: Terminology and References",
    Wissenschaftverlag, 1991. ISBN 3-411-14941-8

    Jerry M. Rosenberg, "Dictionary of Artificial Intelligence and
    Robotics", Wiley, New York, 1986, 203 pages.

    Bonnie Lynn Webber and Nils J. Nilsson, "Readings in Artificial
    Intelligence", Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 1981.

    Raoul N. Smith, editor, "The Facts on File Dictionary of Artificial
    Intelligence", Facts on File, New York, 1989, 211 pages.

Older general introductions and overviews:

    Nils J. Nilsson, "Principles of Artificial Intelligence", Tioga
    Publishing Company, Palo Alto, CA, 1980.

    Eugene Charniak and Drew V. McDermott, "Introduction to Artificial
    Intelligence", Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1985.

    Firebaugh, Morris W., "Artificial Intelligence: A Knowledge-Based
    Approach", PWS-Kent, Massachusetts, 1989.  ISBN 0-87835-325-9
	Emphasis on the role of knowledge in the design of intelligent
	systems. Includes intro to AI programming languages, extensive
	discussion of expert systems and robotics, survey of parallel
	machine architectures, and identification of bottlenecks in
	the implementation of useful AI systems.

Phonebooks:

   The AAAI membership directory is updated annually and contains
   addresses, phone numbers, and email addresses for many members of AAAI
   and other AI societies. Contact info@aaai.org for information on
   getting a copy of the directory (you should get a free copy if you are
   a member of one of the listed societies).

Surveys:

    Howard E. Shrobe, editor, "Exploring Artificial Intelligence",
    Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, CA, 1988.
    (Survey talks from the AAAI 1986 and 1987 conferences.)

Publisher Phone Numbers: 

    Morgan Kaufmann Publisher's order number is 800-745-7323
    (415-578-9911), fax is 415-578-0672, and their email address is
    morgan@unix.sri.com. You can also write to Morgan Kaufmann Publishers,
    Inc., Department E4, 2929 Campus Drive, Suite 260, San Mateo, CA
    94403.  Their "Readings in X" series is a good source of information
    on various AI topics. (Many of them are listed below.)

----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [2] Search

[See also the Barr and Feigenbaum's Handbook of AI, chapter 1;
Nilsson's Principles of AI, sections 2.4.1 through 2.4.4 (A*),
sections 3.1 and 3.2 (AND/OR trees and AO*); and the Mackworth paper
in Readings in Artificial Intelligence.]

    Pearl, J. and Korf, R. E., "Search techniques", Annual Review of
    Computer Science, volume 2, J.F. Traub, B.J. Grosz, B.W. Lampson and
    N.J. Nilsson, editors, pages 451-467, Annual Reviews Inc., Palo
    Alto, CA, 1987. 

    L. Kanal and V. Kumar, "Search in Artificial Intelligence",
    Springer-Verlag, 1988.

    Hans J. Berliner, "The B* Tree Search Algorithm: A Best-First Proof
    Procedure", Artificial Intelligence, 12(1):23-40, May 1979. Also 
    appears in "Readings in Artificial Intelligence".

    Pearl, J., "Heuristics: Intelligent Search Strategies for Computer
    Problem Solving", Addison-Wesley, 1984.

    Kirkpatrick, S. Gelatt, CD, and Vecchi, MP, "Optimization by Simulated
    Annealing", Science 220(4589):671-680, 1983.

----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [3] Knowledge Representation

[Several papers in "Readings in Artificial Intelligence" are relevant,
including S. Amarel "On Representations of Problems on Reasoning about
Actions" and P.J. Hayes "The Frame Problem and Related Problems in AI".]
 
    Brachman, Ronald J. and Levesque, Hector J., editors,
    "Readings in Knowledge Representation", Morgan Kaufmann
    Publishers, 1985. 

    Ronald J. Brachman and James G. Schmolze, "An overview of the
    KL-ONE knowledge representation system", Cognitive Science,
    9:171-216, 1985.

    Ronald J. Brachman, Richard E. Fikes, and Hector J. Levesque,
    "KRYPTON: A functional approach to knowledge representation", 
    IEEE Computer, 16:67-73, 1983.

    Ronald J. Brachman, "On the epistemological status of semantic
    networks", in N.V. Findler, editor, Associative Networks, pp. 318-353.
    New York: Academic Press, 1979.

    Allen Newell, "The Knowledge Level", Artificial Intelligence,
    18:87-127, 1982. 

    Allen Newell and Herb Simon, "Computer Science as Empirical
    Enquiry: Symbols and Search", Communications of the ACM,
    19(3):113-126, 1976.

    Penny Nii, "Blackboard Systems", AI Magazine 7(3), 1986.

    Ronald J. Brachman, " ``I lied about the trees'', or, defaults and
    definitions in knowledge representation", AI Magazine 6(3):80-93, 1985.

    W.A. Woods, "What's in a link: Foundations for semantic networks", In
    D.G.  Bobrow & A. Collins (Eds.), "Representation and Understanding",
    Academic Press, New York, 1975.  Reprinted in "Readings in Cognitive
    Science", Collins & Smith (eds.), section 2.2.

----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [4] Logic

    Genesereth, M.R. and Nilsson, N.J., "Logical Foundations of Artificial
    Intelligence", Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Los Altos, CA, 1987.

----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [6]  Natural Language Processing (NLP)

General:

    Gazdar, G. and Mellish, C., "Natural Language Processing in Lisp:
    An Introduction to Computational Linguistics", Addison-Wesley,
    Reading, Massachusetts, 1989. (There are three different editions
    of the book, one for Lisp, one for Prolog, and one for Pop-11.)

    Grosz, B.J., Sparck-Jones, K., and Webber, B.L., "Readings in
    Natural Language Processing", Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Los
    Altos, CA, 1986.

    Robert C. Berwick, "Computational Linguistics", MIT Press, 
    Cambridge, MA, 1989, ISBN 0262-02266-4.

    Brady, Michael, and Berwick, Robert C., "Computational Models
    of Discourse", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1983.

    Klaus K. Obermeier, "Natural Language Processing Technologies
    in Artificial Intelligence: The Science and Industry Perspective",
    John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989.

    Allen, James F., "Natural Language Understanding", The
    Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Menlo Park, California,
    (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts),
    1988, ISBN 0-8053-0330-8. 

    Terry Winograd, "Language as a Cognitive Process", Addison-Wesley,
    Reading, MA, 1983.

Terminology:

    David Crystal, "A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics", 3rd Edition,
    Basil Blackwell Publishers, New York, 1991.

Parsing:

    Tomita, M. (Editor), "Current Issues in Parsing Technology", 
    Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, 1991.

    Tomita, M., "An Efficient Context-Free Parsing Algorithm",
    Computational Linguistics 13:31-46, 1987.

Probabilistic Parsing:

    Wright, J., "LR Parsing of Probabilistic Grammars with Input
    Uncertainty for Speech Recognition", Computer Speech and Language
    4:297-323, 1990. 

    Ted Briscoe and John Carroll, "Generalised Probabilistic LR Parsing of
    Natural Language (Corpora) with Unification-based Grammars",
    University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, Technical Report Number
    224, 1991.

Natural Language Understanding:

    E. Charniak, "Passing Markers: A Theory of Contextual Influence in
    Language Comprehension", Cognitive Science, 7:171-190, 1983.

    Bertram C. Bruce, "Case systems for natural language", Artificial
    Intelligence 6:327-360, 1975.

    Yorick Wilks, "A Preferential, Pattern-Seeking, Semantics For
    Natural Language Inference", Artificial Intelligence, 6:53-74, 1975.

Natural Language Interfaces:

    Raymond C. Perrault and Barbara J. Grosz, "Natural Language
    Interfaces", Annual Review of Computer Science, volume 1, J.F. Traub,
    editor, pages 435-452, Annual Reviews Inc., Palo Alto, CA, 1986.

Natural Language Generation:

    McKeown, Kathleen R. and Swartout, William R., "Language
    Generation and Explanation", in Zock, M. and Sabah, G.,
    editors, Advances in Natural Language Generation, Volume 1, Pages
    1-51, Ablex Publishing Company, Norwood, NJ, 1988. (Overview of
    the state of the art in natural language generation.)

----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [5]  Planning

Intros, Overviews, Paper Collections:

    James Allen, James Hendler and Austin Tate, editors,
    "Readings in Planning", Morgan-Kaufmann Publishers, 1990.

    James Hendler, Austin Tate and Mark Drummond, "AI Planning: 
    Systems and Techniques", AI Magazine, May, 1990. (Review article.)

    Georgeff, M. P., "Planning," in Annual Review of Computer Science,
    Annual Reviews Inc., pages 359-400, 1987.

    Drew McDermott, "Robot Planning", AI Magazine 13:2, Summer
    1992, pp. 55-79. 

    William R. Swartout, "DARPA Workshop on Planning", AI Magazine,
    9(2):115-131, Summer, 1988. (Survey of current work and issues in
    planning.) 

    [See also Waldinger's "Achieving several goals simultaneously", in
     "Readings in Artificial Intelligence".]

STRIPS:

    Fikes, R.E. and Nilsson, N.J., "STRIPS: A new approach to the
    application of theorem proving to problem solving", Artificial
    Intelligence 2:189-208, 1971. 

ABSTRIPS:

    Sacerdoti, E. D., "Planning in a Hierarchy of Abstraction Spaces,"
    Artificial Intelligence, 5:115-135, 1974.

Conjunctive Goals:

    Chapman, D., "Planning for Conjunctive Goals", Artificial Intelligence
    32:333-377, 1987.

NOAH:

    Sacerdoti, E., "A Structure for Plans and Behavior", Artificial
    Intelligence, pages 1-65, American Elsevier, New York, 1977.

    Sacerdoti, E. D., "The Nonlinear Nature of Plans," Proc. of the Fourth
    Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1975, 206-214.

Reactive Planning:

    Agre P.E. and Chapman, D., "Pengi: An Implementation of a Theory of
    Activity", in Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on
    Aritificial Intelligence, Seattle, WA, July 1987.

    Georgeoff, M.P. and Lansky, A.L., "Reactive Reasoning and
    Planning", in Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on
    Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, WA, pages 677-682, July 1987.

    Simmons, R.G., "A theory of debugging plans and interpretations", in
    Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference on Artificial
    Intelligence (AAAI-88), Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Palo Alto,
    CA, pages 94-99, 1988. 

Case-based Planning:

    Hammond, K., "Case-based Planning: Viewing Planning as a Memory Task",
    Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, 1989.

Miscellaneous:

    Stefik, M.J., "Planning with Constraints", Artificial Intelligence
    15:111-140 and 16:141-170, 1981.

    Wilkins, D.E., "Domain-Independent Planning: Representation and Plan
    Generation", Artificial Intelligence 22:269-301, 1984.

    R. Wilensky, "Meta-Planning: Representing and Using Knowledge About
    Planning in Problem Solving and Natural Language Understanding",
    Cognitive Science 5:197-233, 1981.  Reprinted in Readings in Cognitive
    Science, Collins & Smith (eds.), section 5.6.

----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [7]  Connectionism and Neural Nets

Introductions and Overviews:

    Geoffrey E. Hinton, "Connectionist Learning Procedures",
    Artificial Intelligence 40(1-3):185-234, 1989.  Reprinted in
    J. Carbonell, editor, "Machine Learning: Paradigms and Methods",
    MIT Press, 1990.  Also appears as Technical Report CMU-CS-87-115
    (version 2), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, December 1987.

    Kevin Knight, "A gentle introduction to subsymbolic
    computation: Connectionism for the AI researcher". Technical Report
    CMU-CS-89-150, Carnegie Mellon University, School of Computer Science,
    Pittsburgh, PA, May 30, 1989.

    Scott Fahlman and Geoffrey Hinton, "Connectionist Architectures for
    Artificial Intelligence", IEEE Computer 20(1):100-109, January 1987.

    Hertz, J., Krogh, A., and Palmer, R.G., "Introduction to the Theory of
    Neural Computation", Addison-Wesley, 1991.

Paper Collections:

    Rumelhart, D.E, and McClelland, J.L., editors, "Parallel Distributed
    Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition" (Vol. 1:
    Foundations; Vol. 2: Psychological and Biological Models),  Cambridge,
    MA: MIT Press, 1986. 

    Waltz, D., and Feldman, J.A., "Connectionist Models and their Implications:
    Readings from _Cognitive Science_", Ablex, 1988.

    Mark Watson, "Common Lisp Modules -- Artificial Intelligence in the
    Era of Neural Networks and Chaos Theory", Springer-Verlag, 1991.
    Includes code written in Macintosh Common Lisp and uses the Mac
    graphical interface (the modules are portable to other Common Lisp
    implementations, but without the graphics).

    Anderson, J.A., and Rosenfeld, E., editors, "Neurocomputing: Foundations
    of Research", Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1988.  Also "Neurocomputing
    Vol. 2: Directions for Research", Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1991.

    Hinton, G.E., and Anderson, J.A., editors, "Parallel Models of
    Associative Memory" (updated edition), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989.

    Hinton, G.E., editor, "Connectionist Symbol Processing", MIT Press, 1990.
    [Was a special issue of Artificial Intelligence, vol. 46, nos. 1-2.]

    Touretzky, D.S., editor, "Neural Information Processing Systems", volumes
    1-4 (1988-1991), Morgan Kaufmann.  [Proceedings from the premier
    conference on neural networks.]

Connectionist Language Processing:

    See the special issue of _Connection Science_, Volume 2 Numbers 1-2, 1990.
    Also the Hinton collection "Connectionist Symbol Processing", above.

Connectionist Cognitive Science:

    Barnden, J.A., and Pollack, J.B., "Advances in Connectionist and Neural
    Computation Theory Vol. 1: High-Level Connectionist Models", Ablex, 1991.

    Quinlan, P., "Connectionism and Psychology: A Psychological Perspective on
    New Connectionist Research", University of Chicago Press, 1991.

    Waltz, D., and Feldman, J.A., editors, "Connectionist Models and their
    Implications: Readings from _Cognitive Science_", Ablex, 1988.

Philosophical Foundations:

    Pinker, S., and Mehler, J, editors, "Connections and Symbols", MIT Press,
    1988.  [Was Cognition special issue Volume 28, 1988]

    Clark, A., "Microcognition: Philosophy, Cognitive Science, and Parallel
    Distributed Processing", MIT Press, 1989.

----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [8]  Machine Learning

General:

    J. G. Carbonell, editor, "Machine Learning: Paradigms and Methods", MIT
    Press, Cambridge, MA 1990.

    Tom Mitchell, Jaime G. Carbonell, and Ryszard S. Michalski,
    "Machine Learning: A guide to current research", Kluwer Academic
    Publishers, Boston, 1986.

    J. W. Shavlik and T. D. Dietterich, editors, "Readings in
    Machine Learning", Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1990.

    [See also the article on Machine Learning from the Encyclopedia of
     Artificial Intelligence, pages 464-485.]

Decision Trees:

    Quinlan, J. Ross, "Induction of Decision Trees", Machine Learning
    1:81-106, 1986.  

    Quinlan, J. Ross, "C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning", Morgan Kaufmann
    Publishers, 1992. ISBN 1-55860-238-0. $44.95 US, $49.45 International.
    For a slight additional charge ($25), the book comes with software (ISBN
    1-55860-240-2). For software only, (ISBN 1-55860-239-9) $34.95 US,
    $38.45 International.

Probabilistic Clustering:

    Fisher, D.H., "Knowledge Acquisition Via Incremental Conceptual
    Clustering", Machine Learning 2:139-172, 1987. (Probabilistic
    clustering methods.) 

    Clancey, W.J., "Classification Problem Solving", Proceedings of the
    National Conference on Aritificial Intelligence, 49-55, Los Altos, CA,
    Morgan Kaufmann. 1984.

Version Spaces:

    Tom M. Mitchell, "Generalization as Search", Artificial Intelligence
    18:203-226, 1982.

Machine Discovery:

    Langley, P., and Zytkow, J. M., "Data-driven approaches to empirical
    discovery", Artificial Intelligence 40:283-312, 1989.

    Langley, P., Simon, H.A., Bradshaw, G.L., and Zytkow, J.M.,
    "Scientific Discovery: Computational Explorations of the Creative
    Processes", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1987.

    Langley, P., Simon, H.A. and Bradshaw, G.L., "Heuristics for
    Empirical Discovery", in L. Bolc, editor, Computational Models
    of Learning, Springer-Verlag, 1987. Also appears as CMU CS
    Tech Report CMU-CS-84-14.

Chunking:

    Laird J.E., Rosenbloom, P.S. and Newell, A., "Chunking in SOAR: The
    Anatomy of a General Learning Mechanism", Machine Learning
    1:1-46, 1986. 

Explanation-Based Learning:

    Mitchell, Tom M., Keller, R. M., and Kedar-Cabelli, S. T., 
    "Explanation-based learning: A unified view", Machine Learning
    1:47-80, 1986.

Derivational Analogy:

    Carbonell, J. G., "Derivational analogy: A theory of
    reconstructive problem solving and expertise acquisition." In R.S.
    Michalski, Jaime G. Carbonell, and Tom M. Mitchell, editors, Machine
    Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach, Morgan Kaufmann
    Publishers, San Mateo, CA, 1986.

Theoretical Results:

    Leslie G. Valiant, "A theory of the learnable", Communications
    of the ACM, 27(11):1134--1142, 1984. 

    Haussler, D., "Quantifying Inductive Bias: AI Learning
    Algorithms and Valiant's Learning Framework", Artificial Intelligence,
    36:177-221, 1988.

----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [9]  Case-Based Reasoning

    Roger C. Schank, "Dynamic Memory: A Theory of Reminding and
    Learning in Computers and People", Cambridge University Press, New
    York, NY, 1982.

    Roger C. Schank and C. Riesbeck, "Inside Case-Based Reasoning",
    Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1989.

    Craig Stanfill and David Waltz, "Toward Memory-Based
    Reasoning", Communications of the ACM, 29(12):1213-1228,
    December 1986. (Memory-based reasoning.)  

----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [10] Genetic Algorithms

Overviews:

    L. B. Booker, D.E. Goldberg and J.H. Holland, "Classifier Systems and
    Genetic Algorithms", Artificial Intelligence 40(1-3):235-282,
    September 1989. 

    David E. Goldberg, "Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and
    Machine Learning", Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1989, 412 pages.

    See also the July 1992 issue of Scientific American.

Collections:

    Davis, L., editor, "Genetic Algorithms and Simulated Annealing", Morgan
    Kaufmann, 1989.

    Rawlins, G., editor, "Foundations of Genetic Algorithms", Morgan Kaufmann,
    1991.

    See also the Proceedings of the First/Second/Third/Fourth International
    Conference on Genetic Algorithms, published by Lawrence Erlbaum.

Miscellaneous:

    Holland, J.H. "Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems", University
    of Michigan Press, 1975.  Reprinted by MIT Press, 1992.

    Holland, J.H., Holyoak, K.J., Nisbett, R.E., and Thagard, P.R., "Induction:
    Processes of Inference, Learning, and Discovery", MIT Press, 1988.

----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [11] Production Systems, Expert Systems and Match Algorithms

Overviews:

    Bruce G. Buchanan and Edward H. Shortliffe, "Rule-Based Expert
    Systems: The MYCIN Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming
    Project", Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1985. The Davis and King
    paper (chapter 4, "An overview of production systems") provides
    a good overview.

    Frederick Hayes-Roth, "The knowledge based expert system: A tutorial",
    IEEE Computer 17(9):11-28, 1984.

    Bruce G. Buchanan and R.O. Duda, "Principles of Rule-Based Systems",
    Tech Report HPP-82-14, 1982. (Discusses the design of expert
    systems, including representation, inference, and uncertainty
    management. Examples from numerous specific systems, and discusses
    which problems are suitable for attack by rule-based systems.)

OPS5:
    Charles L. Forgy, "OPS5 User's Manual", Technical Report
    CMU-CS-81-135, Carnegie Mellon University, School of Computer
    Science, Pittsburgh, PA 1981. 

RETE:
    Charles L. Forgy, "RETE: A fast algorithm for the many
    pattern/many object pattern match problem", Artificial
    Intelligence 19(1):17-37, September 1982.  

TREAT:
    Daniel P. Miranker, "TREAT: A better match algorithm for AI
    production systems". In Proceedings of the Sixth National
    Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-87), pages 42-47,
    August 1987. 

MatchBox:
    Mark Perlin, "The match box algorithm for parallel production
    system match", Technical Report CMU-CS-89-163, Carnegie Mellon
    University, School of Computer Science, Pittsburgh,
    Pennsylvania, May 1989. 

DRETE: 
    Michael A. Kelly and Rudolph E. Seviora, "An evaluation of DRETE
    on CUPID for OPS5 matching", in Proceedings of the Eleventh
    International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-89),
    pages 84-90, Detroit MI, August 1989, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.

----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [12] Integrated AI Architectures

    Kurt VanLehn, editor, "Architectures for Intelligence",
    Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1991.

    SOAR: 
    John E. Laird, Allen Newell, and Paul S. Rosenbloom, "SOAR: An
    Architecture for General Intelligence", Artificial
    Intelligence, 33(1):1-64, 1987. 

    PRODIGY: 
    Steven Minton, Jaime G. Carbonell, Craig A. Knoblock,
    Daniel R. Kuokka, Oren Etzioni, and Yolanda Gil. 
    "Explanation-based learning: A problem solving perspective".
    Technical Report CMU-CS-89-103, Carnegie Mellon University,
    School of Computer Science, Pittsburgh, PA, 1989.

    THEO:
    Tom M. Mitchell, J. Allen, P. Chalasani, J. Cheng, Oren Etzioni,
    Marc Ringuette, and Jeffrey Schlimmer, "THEO: A Framework for
    Self-Improving Systems", in Kurt VanLehn, editor, Architectures for
    Intelligence, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1991.

    Subsumption Architectures:
    Brooks, R., "A Robust Layered Control System for a Mobile Robot",
    IEEE Journal of Robotics and Automation, RA-2, pages 14-23, April 1986.

----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [13] Fuzzy Logic

    Zadeh, L.A., "Fuzzy Sets," Information and Control, 8, 338-353, 1965.

    Klir, George J. and Folger, Tina A., "Fuzzy Sets, Uncertainty, and
    Information", Englewood Cliffs,  NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988. 

    Zimmermann, Hans J., "Fuzzy Set Theory and its Applications",
    Boston, MA, Kluwer-Nijhoff Publishing, 1985. 

    Didier Dubois, Henri Prade, and Ronald R. Yager, editors,
    "Readings in Fuzzy Systems", Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1992.

----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [14] Artificial Life

    The best source for information is the proceedings of the
    Artificial Life conferences. The proceedings were edited by
    Christopher G. Langton and published by Addison-Wesley.
    ISBN 0-201-09356-1 and 0-201-52751-2.

       Langton, C.G., editor, "Artificial Life" (Proceedings of the First 
       International Conference), Addison-Wesley, 1989.

       Langton, C.G., Taylor, C., Farmer, J.D., and Rasmussen, S., editors,
       "Artificial Life II", Addison-Wesley, 1991.

    Forrest, S., editor, "Emergent Computation", MIT Press, 1991.

    Levy, S. "Artificial Life", 1992.  [A popularization]

    Jean-Arcady Meyer and Stewart W. Wilson, "From animals to animats:
    Proceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of
    Adaptive Behavior (1990, Paris, France)", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA,
    1991.

----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [15]  Qualitative Physics and Model Based Reasoning

QP Theory: 
    Forbus, K. D., Qualitative Process Theory, Artificial Intelligence,
    24:85-168, 1984.

QSIM:
    Kuipers, B., Qualitative Reasoning with Causal Models in 
    Diagnosis of Complex Systems, In D. S. Weld & J. deKleer, editors,
    Readings in Qualitative Reasoning about Physical Systems, 
    pages 257-274, chapter 10, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1989.

MBR-based Diagnosis:
    Davis, R., Diagnostic Reasoning Based on Structure and Behavior,
    Artificial Intelligence, 24:347-410, 1984.

Function-based MBR:
    Sticklen, J., Chandrasekaran, B., & Bond, W. 
    Distributed Causal Reasoning. Knowledge Acquisition, 1:139-162, 1989.

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Subject: [16] Task-specific Architectures for Problem Solving

Generic Tasks:
     Chandrasekaran, B., Towards a Functional Architecture for 
     Intelligence Based on Generic Information Processing Tasks, In 
     IJCAI-87, pages 1183-1192, Milan, 1987.

Components of Expertise:
     Steels, L., The Components of Expertise. AI Magazine, Summer, 1990.

KADS:
     Breuker, J., & Wielinga, B., Models of Expertise in Knowledge
     Acquisition, in G. Guida & C. Tasso, editors, Topics in 
     Expert Systems Design: Methodologies and Tools, Amsterdam:
     North Holland Publishing Company, 1989.

Role-limiting Methods:
     McDermott, J., Preliminary Steps Toward a Taxonomy of 
     Problem-Solving Methods, in S. Marcus, editor, Automating 
     Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems, pages 225-255,
     Boston: Kluver Academic Publishers, 1988.

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Subject: [17] Automated Deduction


    C. Chang and R.C. Lee, "Symbolic Logic and Mechanical Theorem
    Proving", Academic Press, 1973.

    Alan Bundy, "The Computer Modelling of Mathematical Reasoning",
    Academic Press, 1983.

    David Duffy, "Principles of Automated Theorem Proving", John
    Wiley and Sons, 1991. 

    Larry Wos and Ross Overbeek and Ewing Lusk and Jim Boyle,
    "Automated Reasoning. Introduction and Applications",  Second Edition,
    McGraw-Hill, 1992.

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Subject: [18] Probabilistic Reasoning

    Neapolitan, Richard E., "Probabilistic Reasoning in Expert Systems:
    Theory and Algorithms", John Wiley and Sons, 1990.

    Oliver, Robert M., and Smith, James Q., editors, "Influence Diagrams,
    Belief Nets and Decision Analysis", John Wiley and Sons, 1990.

    Pearl, Judea, "Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems:
    Networks of Plausible Inference", Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo,
    California, 1988.

    Shafer, Glenn, and Pearl, Judea, "Readings in Uncertain Reasoning",
    Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, California, 1990. 

    R.O. Duda, P.E. Hart, and N.J. Nilsson, "Subjective Bayesian Methods
    for Rule-Based Inference Systems", In Proceedings of the 1976 National
    Computer Conference, pages 1075-1082, AFIPS, 1976.

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Subject: [19] Nonmonotonic Reasoning

    Matthew L. Ginsberg, "Readings in Nonmonotonic Reasoning", 
    Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 1987.

    Reiter, Ray, "Nonmonotonic Reasoning", Annual Review of Computer
    Science, 2:147-186, 1987. (Appears in Ginsberg.)

    Doyle, J., "Truth Maintenance Systems", Artificial Intelligence,
    12(3):231-272, 1979.

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Subject: [20] Robotics and Computer Vision

    John J. Craig, "Introduction to Robotics", Addison-Wesley,
    Reading, MA, 1989. 

    Martin A. Fischler and Oscar Firschein, editors, "Readings in
    Computer Vision", Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 1987.

    J. Michael Brady, "Computational approaches to image understanding",
    ACM Computing Surveys 14(1):3-71, March 1982. (Survey of methods in
    computer vision.)

    David Marr, "Vision: a computational investigation into the human
    representation and processing of visual information", W.H. Freeman,
    San Francisco, CA, 1982.

    [Three papers in the Encyclopedia of Aritificial Intelligence are
     relevant:
        Path planning and obstacle avoidance, pages 708-715
        Mobile robots, pages 957-961
        Sensors, pages 1031-1036]

    The 6.270 Robot Builder's Guide, by Fred Martin. Available by
    anonymous ftp from kame.media.mit.edu (18.85.0.45) in
    ~ftp/pub/fredm/README or in cherupakha.media.mit.edu:pub/6270/docs
    [18.85.0.47]. This directory contains "The 6.270 Robot
    Builder's Guide", the course notes to the 1992 MIT LEGO Robot Design
    Competition. For more information, contact Fred Martin
    <fredm@media-lab.media.mit.edu>.

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Subject: [21] Distributed AI

Collections:

    Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, "Readings in Distributed
    Artificial Intelligence", Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 1988.

    Michael N.  Huhns, ed., "Distributed Artificial
    Intelligence", Morgan Kaufmann, 1987.

    Les Gasser and Michael N.  Huhns, eds., "Distributed
    Artificial Intelligence, Volume II", Morgan Kaufmann, 1989.

    (Special Issue on Distributed AI) IEEE Transactions on
    Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. 11, No. 1, Jan 1981.

    (Special Issue on Distributed AI---10 years later) IEEE
    Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. 21,
    No. 6, Nov/Dec 1991.

    Decentralized Artificial Intelligence, Y. Demazeau ed. 1990,
    Decentralized AI 2, Demazeau, Y. & Muller, J-P, eds. 1991,     
    Decentralized AI 3, Werner & Demazeau eds. 1992,
    all published by  Elsevier Science Publishers .

[Surveys can be found in the Bond & Gasser book listed above,
and in: The Handbook of AI volume 4 1989; IEEE Systems, Man,
and Cybernetics-17(5) 1987; Kluwer Academic's AI Review-6(1)1992.] 

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Subject: [22] Philosophy of AI

    D. McDermott, "Artificial Intelligence Meets Natural Stupidity," in
    Mind Design: Philosophy, Psychology, Artificial Intelligence, J.
    Haugeland, editor, chapter 5, pp. 143-160, MIT Press, 1981.

    H.A. Simon, "Sciences of the Artificial", 2nd Edition, MIT Press, 1981.

    A.M. Turing, "Computing Machinery And Intelligence," Mind, vol. LIX,
    no. 236, 1950.  Reprinted in "Computers and Thought", Feigenbaum &
    Feldman (eds.), 1963.  Also reprinted in "The Mind's I", Hofstadter &
    Dennett (eds.).  Also reprinted in "Readings in Cognitive Science",
    Collins & Smith (eds.), section 1.1.

    Roger Penrose, "The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning computers,
    minds, and the laws of physics", Oxford University Press, New York,
    1989, 466 pages, $30.

    Douglas R. Hofstadter and Daniel C. Dennett, "The Mind's I:
    Fantasies and Reflections on Self and Soul", Basic Books, New
    York, 1981, 501 pages, $15.50.

    Daniel C. Dennett, "Consciousness explained", 1st edition, Little,
    Brown and Company, Boston, 1991, 511 pages, $27.95.

    John Haugeland, "Artificial Intelligence: The very idea", MIT Press,
    Cambridge, MA, 1985, 287 pages.

    John Haugeland, editor, "Mind Design: Philosophy, Psychology,
    Artificial Intelligence", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 1981, 368 pages.

    Margaret A. Boden, editor, "The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence", 
    Oxford University Press, New York, 1990, 452 pages.

    Hans Moravec, "Mind Children: The future of robot and human intelligence",
    Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1988, 214 pages.

    Kirsh, D., editor, "Foundations of Artificial Intelligence, Special
    issues of Artificial Intelligence", The MIT Press, 1991.  Reprinted
    from Artificial Intelligence 47(1--3), 1991.

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Subject: [23] Miscellaneous 

Cyc:

    "CYC", AI Magazine 1986, 7(1), 1986.

Also, be sure to check the proceedings of the various national
conferences in the area that interests you.

PhD theses can often be obtained from University Microfilms
Internatinal, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106.

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Subject: [24] Videotapes and Magazines

Videotapes:

   The 4th episode of the PBS series "The Machine That Changed the World" is
   a good introduction to AI. It is available for $90 from Films for the
   Humanities, 1-800-257-5126.

   Morgan Kaufmann also has a good set of tapes of AI-related lectures, but
   it runs on the expensive side.


AI-related magazines include:

   AI EXPERT
   Miller Freeman, Inc., 600 Harrison Street, San Francisco, CA 94107.
   Subscriptions: 1-800-274-2534 or 303-447-9330
   $42/year (12 issues), $6 extra in Canada and Mexico, 
   $15 extra (surface mail) or $40 (air mail) for overseas.

   PC AI
   3310 West Bell Road, Suite 119, Phoenix, AZ 85023.
   Subscriptions: 602-971-1869, fax 602-971-2321.
   $28/year (6 issues); $54 for two years; $78 for three years.
   $9 extra in Canada and Mexico, $25 extra (air mail) for all
   other countries. 

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;;; *EOF*
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