Newsgroups: bit.listserv.sportpsy
Date:         Fri, 13 Nov 1992 12:01:52 EST
From:         gmiller@VMSVAX.SIMMONS.EDU
Subject:      PST Articles

The following are some citations re: PST; they lookinteresting            k
 interersting.

Jerry Miller  GMILLER@SIMMON      VMSVAX>SIMMONS<         .SIMMONS.EDU

  Strategies  for  building  self-efficacy in tennis players: A comparative
 analysis of
Australian and American coaches.
  Weinberg, Robert;  Grove, Robert;  Jackson, Allen
  U North Texas, Denton, US
  Sport Psychologist
  1992 Mar Vol 6(1) 3-13
   Compared 60 Australian tennis coaches' frequency of use, and perceived
effectiveness, of 13 self-efficacy building strategies to those of American
 tennis
coaches in a study reported by R. S. Weinberg and A. Jackson (1990). Australian
coaches used all 13 strategies designed to enhance self-efficacy
to a moderate degree. The most often-used and most effective strategies
included encouraging positive self-talk; modeling confidence oneself; and
using instruction drills, rewarding statements, and verbal persuasion. The
American coaches mainly used conditioning drills, the modeling of other
successful players, the emphasis that feelings of anxiety are not fear but
are a sign of readiness, and the emphasis that failure results from lack of
effort or experience and not from a lack of innate ability. Results are
discussed in terms of A. Bandura's (see PA, Vols 58:5733 and 68:5814)
self-efficacy theory.

  Mental links to enhanced healing: An exploratory study.
  Ievleva, Lydia;  Orlick, Terry
  Florida State U, Tallahassee, US
  Sport Psychologist
  1991 Mar Vol 5(1) 25-40
   Examined whether rapid healing athletes (aged 14-48 yrs) who had
recovered from knee/ankle injuries demonstrated greater evidence than did
slower healing Ss of psychosocial factors thought to be related to enhanced
healing. 32 Ss completed surveys designed to measure positive attitude,
outlook, stress and stress control, social support, goal setting, positive
self-talk, mental imagery, and items about beliefs and recommendations for
enhanced healing. 19% of the Ss had exceptionally fast recoveries. These Ss
evidenced high scores on all variables tested, while Ss in the slowest
healing group evidenced low scores. The most significant results were found
in the more action related factors of goal setting, positive self-talk, and
the use of healing imagery.

  Positive self-talk: Myth or reality?
  Sloan, Paula E.
  U Georgia, US
  Dissertation Abstracts International
  1989 May Vol 49(11-A) 3265

  An exploratory examination of strategies used by elite coaches to enhance
self-efficacy in athletes.
  Gould, Daniel;  Hodge, Ken;  Peterson, Kirsten;  Giannini, John
  U North Carolina, Greensboro, US
  Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology
  1989 Jun Vol 11(2) 128-140
   Two studies assessed the degree to which elite coaches use 13 strategies
to influence self-efficacy in athletes and coaches' evaluations of the
effectiveness of those strategies. Study 1 included 101 intercollegiate
wrestling coaches and Study 2 included 124 national team coaches.
Questionnaire data from both studies indicate that the performance based
techniques of instruction-drilling and hard physical conditioning drills
were 2 of the highest-rated strategies. Nonperformance based techniques
such as utilizing peer models, imagery, reattributions, and relaxation
received lower ratings. However, the nonperformance techniques of modeling
confidence in oneself, liberal use of reward statements, and encouraging
positive self-talk received high effectiveness ratings.

  Relationship  between self-efficacy and cognitive strategies in enhancing
endurance performance.
  Weinberg, Robert S.
  North Texas State U, Denton, US
  International Journal of Sport Psychology
  1986 Dec Vol 17(4) 280-292
   Examined the interaction of self-efficacy and the cognitive strategies
of dissociation and positive self-talk during performance of a muscular
endurance task. 120 undergraduates were assigned to high- or low-efficacy
groups and told to employ either dissociation or positive self-talk during
competition (leg lift task). Self-efficacy was manipulated by having Ss
compete against a confederate who was said to be a varsity track athlete
who exhibited higher performance on a related task (low self-efficacy) or
an individual who had a knee injury and exhibited poorer performance on a
related task (high self-efficacy). The test was rigged so that Ss lost to
the confederate in either case. High-efficacy Ss exerted more effort and
extended their legs significantly longer than low self-efficacy Ss
regardless of strategy. It is suggested that cognitive strategies might be
more effective if belief in their efficacy is reinforced.

  Effect  of association, dissociation and positive self-talk strategies on
endurance performance.
  Weinberg, R. S.;  Smith, J.;  Jackson, Allen;  Gould, Daniel
  North Texas State U
  Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences
  1984 Mar Vol 9(1) 25-32
   Compared associative, dissociative and positive self-talk strategies in
the performance of 2 endurance tasks: a 30-min run around a track (an
aerobic activity) and a leg-lift task (an aerobic activity). In Exp I, 60
experienced male undergraduates who ran on a consistent basis were assigned
to cognitive strategy and control groups and instructed to run as fast and
as far as they could during the alloted time. Heart rate, feelings, and
cognitions were also assessed. Results indicate no significant
between-group differences on either performance or self-report perceived
fatigue and symptom measures. In Exp II, 230 undergraduates of both sexes
were assigned to 1 of the cognitive or control conditions and asked to
perform a muscular endurance task. Results show that the dissociation and
positive self-task conditions produced significantly greater persistence
than the association or control conditions. No significant differences were
found for heart rate and self-report data. Findings are discussed in terms
of task type, the processing of internal and external cues, and the
mediating role of previous experience in affecting Ss' use of these
cognitive strategies.

  The  effects  of  model  similarity  and  model talk on self-efficacy and
muscular endurance.

  Gould, Daniel;  Weiss, Maureen
  Michigan State U, East Lansing
  Journal of Sport Psychology
  1981 Vol 3(1) 17-29
   Determined whether observing a similar or dissimilar model who makes
varying self-efficacy statements would influence an observer's efficacy
expectations and, in turn, muscular endurance performance. 150 female
college students were randomly assigned to groups in a 2 * 4 * 3 (model
similarity by model talk by trials) factorial design or to a no-model
control group. Model similarity was manipulated by having Ss view a female
described as a nonathlete (similar) or a male described as a varsity track
athlete (dissimilar). The 4 levels of model talk included a positive
self-talk model who performed and made positive self-efficacy statements, a
negative self-talk model who made negative self-efficacy statements, an
irrelevant-talk model who made statements unrelated to self-efficacy, and a
no-talk model who remained silent. Self-efficacy measures were assessed in
addition to performance on 3 trials of a muscular endurance task. Results
reveal that similar model Ss extended their legs significantly longer than
dissimilar model and control Ss. The similar-positive-talk and
similar-no-talk groups performed significantly better than other groups. S
self-efficacy was not found to be the major mediating variable affecting
these performance changes.
Comments: Gated by NETNEWS@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU