HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
From: miller@gvls1.gvl.unisys.com (Bruce J. Miller)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: 720K Floppy on Epson Apex
Date: 14 Sep 92 14:13:42 GMT
Distribution: na
Organization: Paramax Systems Corp, Valley Forge Labs, Paoli, PA
Originator: miller@gvls1

My daughter has an Epson Apex (XT clone) which came with 2 - 360K 5-1/4"
floppies.  I've added a hard card to the machine, and it has served her
well enough through college.  I'd like to convert the "B" floppy to a
720K, 3-1/2" drive, using the DOS5 drivparm command in config.sys.
Has anyone tried this in this machine or a similar one.  I believe the BIOS
is the same as in the Epson Equity I.  The Apex has a passive mother board,
and all the slots (4) are used: CPU/printer/floppy, hard card, EGA video,
clock/calendar/serial. So adding a new floppy card is not a solution; besides,
there is no obvious way to disable the on-board controller.

Any experiences and/or constructive thoughts would be appreciated via email.

           Signature Under Construction
           This Message Legally Closed!
	      Reply At Your Own Risk
 to: miller@gvls1.gvl.unisys.com (Bruce J. Miller)
     (or 72247.202@compuserve.com)
From: shigeya@foretune.co.jp (Shigeya Suzuki)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: Synchronous Serial interface for PCs
Date: 15 Sep 92 08:25:33 GMT
Distribution: comp
Organization: Foretune Co., Ltd.  Tokyo Japan

I'm looking for serial interface which is:

	* good for synchronous communication
	* at least 64K bps in/out
	* non-intelligent, using SCC (Z8530) or similar chip
		OR
	* intelligent and possible to get enough information to write
	  device driver for UNIX (like 386bsd, BSD/386, etc.)

Is there any product satisfy these requirements?

shigeya
--
Shigeya Suzuki,  Foretune Co., Ltd.
shigeya@foretune.co.jp / AppleLink: Foretune.DVJ / CIS: 76663,201
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware,misc.wanted,mi.wanted,misc.forsale.computers
From: massoud@chemteca.sdsu.edu (Massoud Ajami)
Subject: Re: WANTED: high speed bidirectional parallel ports
Organization: San Diego State University
Distribution: na
Date: Thu, 10 Sep 1992 22:02:04 GMT

In article <1992Sep10.165937.13675@zip.eecs.umich.edu> gilgalad@dip.eecs.umich.edu (Ralph Seguin) writes:
>From: gilgalad@dip.eecs.umich.edu (Ralph Seguin)
>Subject: WANTED: high speed bidirectional parallel ports
>Date: Thu, 10 Sep 1992 16:59:37 GMT
>
>Hi.  I have an Epson ES300C flatbed color scanner that requires a bidirectional
>parallel port.  This scanner works beautifully on my Amiga, but I need to be
>able to use it on my PC as well.  Anybody got any suggestions as to a
>good bidirectional parallel port card?  The faster the better.
>

Your printer port _is_ bidirectional parallel port. Of cours if the card 
says parallel port. Some cheap cards are designed for one direction and they 
call it _printer_ card. The speed is about 1 MHz., and the processor clock 
does not effect the speed of I/O bus.


Peace and Prosperity!
  ---==< 110 >==---
From: exuptr@exu.ericsson.se (exuptr@exu.ericsson.se)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: Re: NEC 4FG side pincushioning
Date: 15 Sep 92 15:33:36 GMT
Organization: Ericsson Network Systems, Inc.

In article <1992Sep14.231947.18959@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu> shim@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu (Sam Shim) writes:

>   I noticed that my NEC 4FG has some slight pincushioning on the right
>hand side.  Nothing major, but enough to be noticed.  I've played around
>with the side pincushioning adjustment, but I can't totally remove the
>pincushioning.  Should I worry about this?  And does anyone else with
>a NEC 4FG monitor have this also?  Thanks!

>-Sam-

Hi, Sam.  (resisting the urge to make a "green eggs and ham" comment)

I have an NEC 4FG monitor that does *not* have that problem, but I can offer
maybe a few suggestions.

1) Make sure you are not close to an e&m field (even static).
   these "low radiation" monitors are a little more touchy about e&m

2) When adjusting for pincushion, be careful to put yourself "on axis"
   of the monitor.  The screen is not totally flat, and I've noticed that 
   moving your head 4" can make pincushioning to appear worse or to go away

3) If you have the "multisync lens" installed, problem #2 is exacerbated, 
   since you essentially have a piece of curved glass in front of your
   screen.  Adjusting the tilt/swivel can really make a difference.

4) If it is a gross error, and none of this helps, return the monitor for
   repair or replacement.  The only way to ensure vendors produce a well
   built and well tuned product is to make it very expensive when they 
   don't, IMHO.

FWIW, I think the 4FG is an excellent monitor, but then again, I got a good 
one ;-).
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    "This must be Thursday.  I never could get the hang of Thursdays"
                                                       - Douglas Adams
  - Patrick Taylor                                       (Arthur Dent)
    Ericsson Network Systems
    exuptr@exu.ericsson.se                       "Don't let the .se fool you"
    or exuptr@ZGNews.Lonestar.Org, exu.exuptr@memo.ericsson.se
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
From: pallantj@unvax.union.edu (Joseph Pallante)
Subject: Advanced HD upgrade question.
Keywords: HD
Organization: Union College, Schenectady, NY
Date: Sun, 6 Sep 1992 00:45:21 GMT

Ok, I have a question, with some very difficult situations to deal with.

Currently, I have a Seagate ST1239A 200 Meg HD.  It really blows.
I am getting a transfer rate of 140K/sec on my 486-33.
It is not the motherboard, it is not the I/O board, it is the HD.

I have tried two of these drives, with the same result.
I tried one in a 386-33 with the same depressing results.

I use to have a Seagate ST1144A 120 meg, and got 1MEG/sec transfer
rate (in the 386), so I know the computers are not the bottleneck.

Well, there is nothing I can do about this.  However, I am planning
on buying another HD.  I would like to put most of my stuff on the
new drive, including possibly being able to boot from the new HD.
However, I have no tape backup.  So, I cant backup the old drive,
pop in the new one, restore the backup to the new HD, and reformat
the old HD.

I am open to suggestions as to which route to take...

IDE, ESDI, or SCSI.  

I am concerned about IDE.  If I get another IDE, this Seagate might
affect it, and I may get the same terrible performance as with my
Seagate.  (Could this happen? -- Could the one IDE drive's performance
(electrical, not mechanical) interfere with another IDE, especially
since the Seagate would be the Master)

ESDI and SCSI open up other problems (Drivers, complexity, etc)...
But, I would be willing to go with them if anyone could convince
me that it would aleviate my performance problems, and also allow
me to set up the drive as the boot disk, without making me backup
my old drive.

I hope I made some sense...  I am fairly competent, but I am unfamiliar
with SCSI and ESDI drives.

Any help is appreciated!

Thanks!

Joe
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: Re: PC Connection, was: Re: Mail Order Hate Letter
From: Spartacus At Cuny <I18BC@CUNYVM.BITNET>
Date: Sunday, 6 Sep 1992 19:32:29 EDT
 wru.edu> <+fhngvh.mccrate@netcom.com><1992Sep4.130040.14498@hou.amoco.com>
Distribution: na
Organization: City University of New York/ University Computer Center

In article <1992Sep4.130040.14498@hou.amoco.com>, jim@n5ial.chi.il.us says:
>
>[lots and lots of articles talking about how great PC Connection is...]
>
>QUESTION:  why, if this company is so great (and from the previous posts,
>I have no doubt that they are), have I never heard of them before?  do
>they advertise much?  or do they just advertise in trade rags I don't
>read?

Hmm, I've been a long time customer of PC Connection and I've
always seen their ads in PC Magazine since the mid 80's.
-------
------------------------------+      All The Best,
Reply To:                     |
                              |      Edward Galarza,
     I18BC@CunyVM.Cuny.Edu    |      Brooklyn College Of The
     I18BC@CunyVM.BitNet      |      City University Of New York
------------------------------+      "Que viva el OS/2!"
New accounts above 8-)
From: gt5576b@prism.gatech.EDU (BLEAZARD,JOSEPH G)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: Wanted: Information on chip sets for 486 MB's
Date: 11 Sep 92 22:32:48 GMT
Distribution: na
Organization: Georgia Institute of Technology


	I want to upgrade my 386 MB with a 486 MB and want some information
about the going chipsets in 486 boards (Symphony, OPTI, etc.).  Could anyone
shed some light on this topic for me, or am I worrying about something that
the typical user (like myself) shouldn't bother worrying about?
	Please send any remarks to my e-mail gt5576b@prism.gatech.edu
	Thanks

-- 
Joseph G. Bleazard                    **
School of Chemical Engineering        **
Georgia Institute of Technology       **
Atlanta, GA  30332-0100               **
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
From: shim@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu (Sam Shim)
Subject: Eteq Motherboard Advanced Chipset Setup Question
Organization: The Ohio State University
Date: Mon, 14 Sep 1992 03:03:37 GMT

   On my 486/33 Eteq motherboard in the advanced chipset setup, one of
the options is for the 'Bus Clock Selection'.  It can be set to CLKIN/2,
CLKIN/4, or CLKIN/6.  Does anyone know exactly what it is?  I thought
it might be used for setting the speed of the ISA bus, but according
to my motherboard manual, the ISA bus runs at 8.25 MHz.

-Sam-
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
From: wlsmith@valve.heart.rri.uwo.ca (Wayne Smith)
Subject: Re: 8259 PIC information wanted
Organization: The John P. Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario
Date: Mon, 7 Sep 1992 20:33:23 GMT

In article <18gc72INN6hi@agate.berkeley.edu> c60b-1fk@e260-1c.berkeley.edu (Ahmon Dancy) writes:
>Wanted:  Information on the programmable interrupt controller
>in the AT.  
I tried an e-mail reply to you, but it bounced.
But if anyone else out there has any info on programing the pics
(more specifically, the high pic, irq 8 to 15), then you can send it to
me (my address won't bounce) :)


Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware,comp.os.msdos.programmer,comp.sys.ibm.pc.misc,comp.sys.ibm.pc.programmer
From: mts@wam.umd.edu ()
Subject: Re: Why does HIMEM.SYS not work with some keyboard chips?
Organization: University of Maryland, College Park
Date: Thu, 10 Sep 1992 03:30:29 GMT

In article <1992Sep9.044414.29506@qiclab.scn.rain.com> 70465.203@compuserve.com writes:
>It's more like this. 
>
>On an 8088, an attempt to access any address in the FFFF segment would wrap
>around to low ram (FFFF:0000-FFFF:000F was the top 16 bytes of RAM, the 
>rest of the segment was at 0000:0000-0000:FFF0).
>
>On the 286, the accesses *didn't* wrap, they just went on to the first
>64k-16 of RAM above the 1 meg mark. 
>
>Apparently so major applications programs *depended* on the wraparound.
>So if the wrap around couldn't be duplicated, they wouldn't run on the
>AT, and nobody would buy it. But at the same time, The AT needed to
>be able to run protected mode OSes like Xenix. Which required that
>the addresses *not* wrap.
>
>The obvious solution was to put in hardware allowing software selection
>of the hardware for the "wrap kludge". 
>
>I suspect it was tied to the keyboard controller because it was the 
>only "free" toggle. Or at least the easiest one to deal with. Why
>add a chip when you have an unused portion of one that'll do the same
>thing?
>
>The slowness *only* matters if you are toggling modes frequently. Which
>*shouldn't* be happening. The old software that required the kludge
>is gone by now, so the kludge can be disabled and *left* disabled.
>
>Leonard Erickson		      leonard@qiclab.scn.rain.com

     As I wrote to the original poster, there is an article about this
in either Sept's issue of Compute or Byte.  They say that it has something
to do with the A20 gate being handled by the keyboard BIOS.  Apparently
not all software is gone, because they reported having problems with 
Word Perfect.  It was not a total system lockup, but rather that some
characters were not appearing as they had been typed.  I believe that 
<shift>s were being added to their keystrokes to be exact.  Supposedly
the "machine:" line fixed the problem.

Dave.
From: reznick@acf3.NYU.EDU (Daniel Reznick)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: Re: gateway 2000
Date: 15 Sep 92 13:25:00 GMT
Organization: New York University

It can only do 60hz Interlaced at 1280X1024, but is capable
of much higher refresh (74 or 76 i cant remember) at 1024X768.

Daniel Reznick
reznick@acf3.nyu.edu
From: nina@panix.com (Nina Yuan)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: Re: Who makes VESA local bus motherboards?
Date: 5 Sep 92 13:18:10 GMT
Distribution: usa
Organization: PANIX Public Access Unix, NYC

In <Bu2soo.LKH@news.cso.uiuc.edu> jas37876@uxa.cso.uiuc.edu (John A. Slagel) writes:
>    The VESA standard for local bus isn't expected till later this year.
>    So, for now, nobady makes one. 

Really?  So when Zeos and Gateway told me that their new machines have a
VESA-compatible local bus, what are they talking about?

-nhy

-- 
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nina H. Yuan
Harvard College             Panix -- Public Access Unix & Internet of NYC
yuan1@husc.harvard.edu      nina@panix.com
From: stc7@cunixb.cc.columbia.edu (Steven T Chiang)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: Info on IBM parallel ports needed.
Date: 14 Sep 92 22:05:32 GMT
Reply-To: stc7@cunixb.cc.columbia.edu (Steven T Chiang)
Distribution: usa
Organization: Columbia University

I need a little help with the IBM parallel port.

My question is does the IBM parallel port use a regular STB or /STB?

My other question is about using the parallel port.  If you read the
Statport, what does the low bit signify?

Thanks


Steven Chiang                  Order - DreamGrafix:  The ONLY 16/256/3200
stc7@cunixb.cc.columbia.edu       color paint program for the Apple IIGS.
America On_Line:  DWS Steve
Genie:  S.Chiang4              Apple IIGS Forever!
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware,comp.unix.bsd,comp.unix.sysv386
From: gemini@geminix.in-berlin.de (Uwe Doering)
Subject: Re: IRQ2 trace on video card, which one?
Keywords: irq2, interrupt conflicts, video, serial and net cards
Organization: Private UNIX Site
Date: Mon, 14 Sep 1992 09:54:42 GMT

witr@rwwa.COM (Robert Withrow) writes:

>I would suggest the following procedure for disabling use of IRQ2 by
>VGA/EGA cards:
>
>1) Most modern boards of the just-above-bargain-basement-price-or-better
>ilk have a jumper that can be opened to disable use of IRQ2.  Check your
>board's documentation, or look for a suspicious jumper.

I've had VGA boards in the past where both pins were still connected
with each other after pulling off the jumper. This was because these
pins were additionally shortened with a trace on the PCB. So I had to
cut the trace to make the jumper operable. Of course, this trace was
on the component side of the board, right under the plastic body of
the jumper field, so that it became visible only after I desoldered
the jumper field. :-(

So never trust an open jumper field to be really open. Check it with
an ohmmeter.

     Uwe
-- 
Uwe Doering  |  INET : gemini@geminix.in-berlin.de
Berlin       |----------------------------------------------------------------
Germany      |  UUCP : ...!unido!fub!geminix.in-berlin.de!gemini
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
From: joet@dcatlas.dot.gov (Joe Trott)
Subject: Re: Should I buy the Cyrix chip ?
Organization: U.S Dept. of Transportation
Date: Wed, 9 Sep 1992 20:15:10 GMT


Personally, I would *never* buy anything with the Cyrix chip.  This is the
chip that is labeled a 486 but is really nothing but a 386 with a 1K cache
added to it.  I'm not even sure it _has_ a coprocessor, being intended
(I think) as a knockoff of the 486SX.  Reviews have consistently flamed
this chip for not being a true 486 (PC Mag, PC Week, Infoworld(?)).  So, in
your list of planned purchases, don't _queue_ it, _screw_ it.

-JTT

Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware,comp.sys.mac.hardware,sci.electronics
From: ttn@cc.tut.fi (Tero Nieminen)
Subject: Re: Share a SCSI device from two masters?
Organization: Tampere Univ. of Technology, Finland.
Distribution: comp
Date: 16 Sep 92 06:47:28


In article <1992Sep14.132841.17568@aee.aee.com>, gene@aee.aee.com (Gene Kochanowsky) writes:

> boortz@sics.se (Kent Boortz) writes:


>>Is it possible to use a SCSI DAT tape backup from a Mac and a PC
>>using a switch box? Would it blow the SCSI chips if it is swithed
>>when the equipment is on? Any other solutions?

> From what I understand, the SCSI interface allows multiple computers controlling
> the same SCSI peripheral. A switch box is not needed. I have never tried it myself
> but the SCSI specs say it is possible.

It is in deed possible. The only thing is to make sure is that no two
devices have the same ID number.

Thus no two Macs can be connected together via the scsi-interface, but a
Mac and a PC should be possible, provided the scsi-card of the PC allows
different scsi-ID. I haven't actually seen this Mac-PC configuration
alive (only a Sun-HD-Sun), so I'm not sure if all the Mac SCSI-drivers
handle the situation correctly, tho.
-- 
     Tero Nieminen                 Tampere University of Technology
     ttn@cc.tut.fi                     Tampere, Finland, Europe
From: exuptr@exu.ericsson.se (exuptr@exu.ericsson.se)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: Re: Best price for 1MB/4MB Simms 70ns ???
Date: 13 Sep 92 23:41:22 GMT
Organization: Ericsson Network Systems, Inc.

In article <1992Sep13.041801.11395@wyvern.twuug.com> mallen@wyvern.twuug.com (Marc Allen) writes:
>From: mallen@wyvern.twuug.com (Marc Allen)
>Subject: Re: Best price for 1MB/4MB Simms 70ns ???
>Date: 13 Sep 92 04:18:01 GMT

>jam@ecl.psu.edu writes:

>>What is the best price for 1MB and 4MB Simms 70ns and where?

>I don't know for sure, as prices change like crazy, but I've seen 1MB SIMMs
>at Price Clubs for $39 or $40 bucks a shot.

>Marc L. Allen

Try about $24/Meg for 70s and $28/meg for 60s.
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    "This must be Thursday.  I never could get the hang of Thursdays"
                                                       - Douglas Adams
  - Patrick Taylor                                       (Arthur Dent)
    Ericsson Network Systems
    exuptr@exu.ericsson.se                       "Don't let the .se fool you"
    or exuptr@ZGNews.Lonestar.Org, exu.exuptr@memo.ericsson.se
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
From: cl45@cunixf.cc.columbia.edu (Ching-Tse Liu)
Subject: How many standards and which one to choose in local bus video ?
Reply-To: cl45@cunixf.cc.columbia.edu (Ching-Tse Liu)
Organization: Columbia University
Date: Sun, 13 Sep 1992 22:17:12 GMT

	Can anyone suggest which standard of local bus video to choose ?
Has anyone heard of OPTI standard ? I keep seeing VESA standard in this
newsgroup. Which standard is more widely supported ?



       		                     	***********************
--cliu@merlin.appmath.columbia.edu	*   CLifton T. Liu    *
--cl45@cunixf.cc.columbia.edu		***********************
From: blean@rwb.esd.sgi.com (Bob Blean)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: Re: Out-of-state-shipping and sales tax (what's up?)
Date: 16 Sep 92 03:42:23 GMT
Distribution: na
Organization: Silicon Graphics, Inc.


Note that in many states (most? all?), the state's own laws require that you
report such out of state purchases to your own state, and voluntarily pay the
sales tax anyway.

I trust that those of you who buy by mail order, and live in such states,
do this?  Right!  Sure thing!


-- Bob
("Our life is frittered away by detail.  Simplify, simplify."  H.D. Thoreau)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
From: kkt@philabs.philips.com (Kim-Kiat  Tan)
Subject: Re: 1x9 vs. 1x3 memory
Organization: Philips Laboratories, Briarcliff, New York
Date: Sun, 13 Sep 1992 22:19:22 GMT

In article <18uu65INNo5v@agate.berkeley.edu> shyguy@ocf.berkeley.edu (David S. Shy) writes:
>(stuff deleted about 3 chip and 9 chip 1 meg simms)
>>
>>It should make no difference whatsoever: both types of simms are 1MB * 9 bits,
>>just packaged differently.  The result should be transparent to the computer.
>
>different banks.  If you put 3 and 9's in the same bank, there might be
>a problem because the the computer might try to register them in two
>different ways.
>

	I just upgraded mine, 1 bank with 9 chip set and the other with 3 chip
set, so far (2 weeks) no problem.
From: oshea@ecs.umass.edu
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
Subject: Stealth programming info wanted
Date: 9 Sep 92 16:44:14 GMT

  I just bought a Diamond Stealth video card.  I am interested in programming
it with Borland C++.  Does anyone know where I can get programming info
(on registers, BIOS calls).  I don't suppose that there is a BGI driver
for this card out there anywhere.
  The card has VESA compatibility in BIOS.  Could I program the display
using these VESA BIOS calls? If so, are they documented too?

  Many thanks in advance...







===============================================================================
=  Daniel J. O'Shea                                 "My head Hertz"           =
=  oshea@ecs.umass.edu                                      -Overheard        =
=  University of Massachusetts                                                =
=  Amherst                                                                    =
===============================================================================
Newsgroups: comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware
From: astsloke@ntuvax.ntu.ac.sg
Subject: Re: CPU Heat Sink or Heater?  Plus CPU Warranty Labels?
Organization: Nanyang Technological University - Singapore
Date: Fri, 11 Sep 1992 14:50:59 GMT

In article <26224@dog.ee.lbl.gov>, twcaps@tennyson.lbl.gov (Terry Chan) writes:

[..stuff deleted]
>
> 2.	We are wondering whether this would dilute or even worsen the 
> 	cooling benefits of the heat sink since the sticker prevents
> 	contact of the sink with the chip over that part and allows
> 	an additional layer of air which could defeat the purpose of
> 	the heat sink.  Further, depending on how much air space there
> 	is between the sink and the chip, the chip may be worse off
> 	because (much) hotter air would be trapped over the chip by the
> 	sink.  Any thoughts on this?

There should be a good thermal contact between the heatsink and the device
inorder for the heatsink to effectively dissipate heat. See below.

> 
> 3.	Someone mentioned that there is a sort of gel/goop available on
> 	the market that one applies to the heat sink to allow a good
> 	contact between the sink and the chip thus facilitating cooling.
> 	Has anyone had any experience with this stuff?

Yes.  You should put heat sink compound between the chip casing and the
heatsink.  This is usually a whiteish paste.  This stuff is place on the chip
and the heatsink is usually secured down with screws.  But in the case of CPUs,
they may be just stuck on.   The firmer the contact, the lower the thermal
resistance between the chip and the heat sink and more heat can be dissipated.

All this aside, if your 486 is a true 486-50 there shouldn't be a major problem
running without a heatsink on the CPU.  Make sure that the casing is well
ventilated and the ambient temperature within the case does not get too high.

I used to have a 286-10 CPU which I ran at 12.5 MHz. Together with a ST251, it
used to really cook.  A fried of mine used to call it a diskette toaster and
diskettes used to come out WARM (and in this country the ambient temperature 
is about 27 to 32 deg centigrade on average) after a few minutes in my system.

It worked without a hitch for 4 years before I  sold the thing off to someone.
And it is still chugging along last I heard.

Regards.

T.S. Loke
Nanyang Technological University
Singapore
* Standard Disclaimers Apply