HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
From: dierick@brsux0.bro.dec.com (Dierick Dominique)
Subject: Re: Turning a DecStation into a multimedia workstation
Reply-To: dierick@ketje.enet.dec.com
Organization: Digital Equipment Corporation, Brussels
Date: Thu, 13 Aug 1992 08:57:26 GMT



From our partners catalogue :

	CGC ( Color graphics converter)
	Interconnect : RGB signal
	Folsom Research Inc
	526 E. Bidwell Street
	Folsom, CA USA
	phone [1]916.983.1500

	Video/Scan
	Interconect : SCSI & RGB
	Address : see above

	RGB/Videolink 1450 AX
	Interconnect : RGB signal
	RGB Spectrum
	950 Marina Village Parkway
	Alameda, CA 94501 USA
	phone [1]510.814.7000


Hope this helps,


Dominique Dierick
Digital Equipment Corporation 
Brussels
Newsgroups: comp.multimedia,comp.sys.sun.hardware
From: roimse@tuomi.metla.fi (Dr. Hannu Saarenmaa)
Subject: Audio file conversions
Organization: Metsantutkimuslaitos
Date: Mon, 17 Aug 92 08:43:35 GMT

I am starting a project where voice annotations are being added to
hundreds of scanned images.  The final system will run on a 
variety of platforms, but currently we use Sun Sparcstations.

My question is, are there utilities by which I can make these
voice files to work on other platforms, too?  Especially on 
garden variety multimedia-PCs.

My second question is: if we use the 16 bit audio of Sparcstation 10,
can those 16-bit files be played back on 8-bit older Sparcstations?

Hannu Saarenmaa
Finnish Forest Research Institute
Newsgroups: comp.multimedia
From: peterk@public.sub.org (Peter Kittel)
Subject: Re: Ascii to sound
Organization: Public News & Mailserver, Commodore Germany PM UNIX, Frankfurt
Date: Wed, 12 Aug 92 15:44:27 GMT

raum@isoa3.ba.ttu.edu (Raum Pattikonda) writes:

>I would like to know if there is any software which could play the sound from an ascii file.
>One of my friends is a blind person and this kind of software would be of great use to him.

Depends on what computer you use. The Amiga has this ability built in its
OS from day 1. As far as I hear you can do similar things with modern
Macs and NeXTs with their DSP as well, but I don't know these personally.

-- 
Best regards, Dr. Peter Kittel  // E-Mail to  \\  Only my personal opinions... 
Commodore Frankfurt, Germany  \X/ {uunet|pyramid|rutgers}!cbmvax!cbmger!peterk
                                   or  peterk@public.sub.org
From: teoallan@hpsgm2.sgp.hp.com (Allan TEO)
Date: Fri, 21 Aug 1992 03:18:30 GMT
Subject: Death Knell for DVI?????
Organization: HP Singapore Notes-Server
Newsgroups: comp.multimedia


Here is a message I found...
>>>>>>>

The word is out that Intel has just cancelled the development of the "V3" DVI 
chip.  This is a blow to all of us who have a stake in the future of DVI as 
one of the predominent players in the MM game.

This chip was supposed to be the successor to the PB/DB silicon on the current
AM-II boards, and would have made DVI processing fast and powerful enough to 
do real time MPEG decompression, Px64, PLV X.X,,RTV X.X, as well as a whole 
host of other features missing or incomplete in the current chips.  This is 
the chip that Intel DVI proponents have been touting for the past year or two,
and the foundation of Intel's migration plans for DVI.  A lot of third-party 
developers, particularly those with plans to port DVI to other platforms (Sun,
SGI, and others) have been awaiting details on this chip.  It also figured 
into plans to develop true multimedia digital network capabilities and 
teleconferencing.

Intel will try to alleviate our concerns by telling us that they intend to 
focus on making the PB/DB silicon more powerful and capable.  My guess is that
they will try to put as bright a light as possible on this disturbing bailout.

We have observed Intel going through a not-too-subtle plan to divorce 
themselves from DVI, and return totally to their chip-building roots.  That 
would be fine, once DVI is well-established as an Industry standard for 
multimedia development and delivery.  The danger of scaling back at this point
is that DVI is NOT well-established or mature.  It still needs the kind of 
commitment and support only a company as large as Intel can provide.  There 
are a lot of competing technologies out there, and one or two of them are 
distinct competitors to DVI.  This is a bad signal and very ill-timed.

This recalls shades of RCA's (funny, same place DVI got it's start) foray into
the videodisk market with their CED videodisc system.  They pulled out in 
mid-stream to the tune of a $400M loss (or something like that).

There is probably not too much we poor developers can do to change Intel's 
mind at this point.  It wouldn't hurt to register a complaint with the powers 
to be.  I'll get some names and phone numbers, and post them later today or 
tomorrow.

This is a bleak moment for DVI!!

Note:  These are my own ideas, and do not necessarily represent those of
Southwest Research Institute.



ANY COMMENTS ANYBODY??????????
From: JULIUS@BTVLABVM.VNET.IBM.COM ("Julius C. Chang")
Newsgroups: comp.multimedia
Subject: PAS16 Multimedia Kit vs PAS16 and NEC CDR-84 CD-ROM kit
Date: 12 Aug 92 16:59:52 GMT


    The NEC CDR-83J drive that is included in the PAS-16 MM Kit
is an OEM version of the NEC CDR-83M and has the same optimization
that allows smooth playback of animation sequences.  Discs such as
National Geographic Mammals, MS Bookshelf for Windows 1991, and
Mixed Up Mother Goose all run very smoothly on my system.  The 83J
IS NOT the discontinued CDR-83 model.

    As far as I can tell from the NEC literature, the 83J/83M is
identical to the CDR-84 except for two features -- no double dust
seal and no field-upgradeable PROM.  All other specs are identical
(e.g., double-speed drive, access time, bit error rates, CD ROM XA
and Mac compatibility, and so on).

-Julius
julius@btvlabvm.vnet.ibm.com

*-------
DISCLAIMER:

This article represents only the opinion[s] of its author, and is not an
official or unofficial position of, or statement by, the IBM Corp.
The text is provided for informational purposes only.  It is
supplied without warranty, expressed or implied, of any kind.


--------------------- Referenced Note ----------------------------------

From: msimmons@ec.uwa.oz.au (Michael Simmons - mgmt_staff)
Date: Tue, 11 Aug 1992 08:40:48 GMT

I have some observations about the PAS16 and the PAS16 MM kit.

(1) The PAS16 is SB compatible not SBPro compatible.
    This means that games that support the SBPro (UW etc) must be
    configured for a SB card.
    The SBPro supports stereo, the SB does not.
    Thus PAS16 owners miss out on stereo in their SBPro compatiable games.
    Future games may support the SB16 and not the PAS16.

(2) The PAS16 MultiMedia Kit uses a NEC CDR-83J (an OEM version of the CDR-83).
    To quote PC Magazine March 31 1992 page 46
    'NEC's latest two Intersect drives (the CDR-73M & CDR-83M) serve as
    replacements for similar Intersect models - the CDR-73 and CDR-83. Both
    also spin the disk at twice the traditional rate, but their firmware
    lacks the optimization needed to exploit the greater transfer rate
    fully and to best effect. When we last reviewed the CDR-73, for instance,
    we praised the drive for its top speed but criticized it for its jerky
    motion-video performance ("CD-ROM Drives:Finally Up to Speed," October
    29, 1991) '
    I believe the CDR-73M and the CDR-83M have been revamped and relabeled
    the CDR-74 and CDR-84 respectively.
    It appears to me that Media Vision bought up discontinued CDR-83 drives
    cheap to include in their MultiMedia Kit.

I have recently placed an order for a locally brewed MM kit which contains
a PAS16, NEC CDR-84 and 7 CDROMS.
Unfortunatly the selection of CDROMS is not as good as those in the Media
Vision kit.

Newsgroups: comp.multimedia,rec.video.production
From: dominic@scooter.genie.uottawa.ca (Dominic Richens)
Subject: Opinions of DPS's "Personal TBC" 
Originator: dominic@
Keywords: TBC, IBM-PC, cheap
Reply-To: dominic@shamin.genie.uottawa.ca
Organization: MCRLab - University of Ottawa
Date: Fri, 14 Aug 92 14:15:11 GMT


Hi,

Can anybody comment on the Personal TBC from Digital Processing Systems?
In particular I'm wondering how the thing in controlled.  If it's
controlled by software from the PC, I might have a little trouble, as I'm
running SCO UNIX (oh no, not another device driver to write!).

thanx

dominic

P.S. I only want the thing to regenerate the sync pulses so I can frame
grab off of a VCR.

-- 
!@$^&*)($#$@!@#$^&*()_+_)(*&^$#@!$^&*()_+)(*&^$#@$^&*+_(*&^$#@#^&*()&*$#@(*&+_$!
 Dominic Richens  :  dominic@shamin.genie.uottawa.ca  :  Tel. (613) 564 9911 
      MCRLab, Dept of Elec Eng, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, CANADA   
"You construct intricate rituals which allow you to touch the skin of other men"
Newsgroups: comp.multimedia
From: cbettis@unlinfo.unl.edu (clifford bettis)
Subject: Flight Simulator for MPC
Organization: University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Date: Wed, 19 Aug 1992 15:26:05 GMT


My son is about to turn 11 and one of his birthday requests is for a 
flight simulator program.  We had the orinal MS Flight Simulator for 
our old PC-XT but now have an MPC with a PAS-16 sound card and a CD 
ROM drive. Would anyone have a suggestion for software that takes 
advantage of these things? I don't mind a shoot-em-up if there is some
semblance of reality to the flight controls and aircraft behavior 
(i.e. it ought to be possible to stall, spin and crash). 
Cliff Bettis
Newsgroups: comp.multimedia
From: harbaugh@brahms.udel.edu (Alan Dale Harbaugh)
Subject: DVI mail list address
Organization: University of Delaware
Date: Wed, 19 Aug 1992 15:41:42 GMT


Once upon a time, in a fiscal quarter long since gone, I was a
member of a mail list for DVI.  I would like to rehook up with
that list.  Does anyone have the address/info?

Thanks,

Alan Harbaugh
harbaugh@brahms.udel.edu

Newsgroups: comp.multimedia,comp.music,git.multimedia
From: daver@raker.cc.gatech.edu (David Rosenbaum)
Subject: Real-time multimedia progamming needs...
Keywords: real-time multimedia
Reply-To: daver@cc.gatech.edu
Organization: Georgia Tech College of Computing
Date: Wed, 12 Aug 1992 22:30:44 GMT

For all you folks who work with multimedia, here's a deliberately
general question:

What kind of real-time support do you want?

I don't want to prejudice your answer by giving examples of some
answers I've gotten around here; instead I'd like to hear just about
anything you've got to say.

I'll summarize and post the responses I get...

Thanks,
David Rosenbaum
daver@cc.gatech.edu
From: gzc@gserv1.dl.ac.uk (G. Coulter)
Newsgroups: comp.multimedia
Subject: INDUSTRIAL LIGHT & MAGIC
Date: 13 Aug 92 14:52:33 GMT
Reply-To: gzc@gserv1.dl.ac.uk
Organization: Daresbury Laboratory, UK

Please could any one help me with any information on
INDUSTRIAL LIGHT & MAGIC regarding anything form
tea break times to special effects...............

Thanks Gary Coulter
Reply to gzc@uk.ac.daresbury

PS Also does anyone know how I could get hold of the magazine
CINEFLEX in the UK.....
From: engwall@mtha.usc.edu (Ralph Engwall)
Newsgroups: comp.multimedia
Subject: Re: Videoblaster - what is he able to do?
Date: 13 Aug 1992 03:20:14 -0700
Organization: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
NNTP-Posting-Host: mtha.usc.edu

chungh@armory.enet.dec.com (Henry Chung) writes:

>I just got my Vblaster and have been playing with it for several days.

 [ good descrition of V-blaster deleted << it seems to support JPEG well >> ]

>  Creative Lab only recommends 640x480 resolution, but
>it does provide limited support for 800x600 for certain Video cards.
>(I am using 800x600 with my Diamond Speedstar Plus with on problem.

 I could only get it to work at 640x480 on my Diamond Speedstar.  At 800x600
 all I got was a pink screen.  A Paradise OEM card worked fine at 800x600.
 I wanted to try it on an ATI 8514 clone, but as someone already mentioned most
 8514 cards don't have the VGA feature connector.

>One thing that really bothers me is that it does not work with
>system with more than 15M of memory. (I had 16 M  memeory on my system,

 Yea! this is a real bumber.  Anybody with a 16 or 32 Meg machine is SOL
 Since the V-Blaster's 1 MB frame buffer is mapped into a user defined area
 in the 8-15 MB memory space.

 Another potential problem I noted with V-blaster was it's lack of a 
 S-VGA input.

 The fact that V-Blaster uses the VGA feature connector might be a problem if
 you have another card (ie. a VGA to NTSC Genlock card) that uses the
 feature connector.

>The image quality is not as sharp as I expected.  Some noticable noise
>especially near the edges of the window. 

 Most video frame grabers don't seem to capture the image as clearly as it
 appears on the TV screen.  Even a $2000 (US) Targa board seems to come up
 short in this regard. 

 The Video Blaster and the software that comes with it seem to be targeted
 at those users who need to create a PC based multi-media presentation us.

 video sources.   At about $400 US it's hard to beat for this application. >with
 
-- 
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|  Ralph Engwall          | Q: Why am I banging my head against the wall? |
|  engwall@mtha.usc.edu   | A: Because it feels *so* good when I stop.    |
|  uunet!usc!engwall	  |						  |
Newsgroups: comp.multimedia
From: cyoung@fraser.sfu.ca (Michael Young)
Subject: Looking for info on Tiger Media and CATS
Reply-To: 76526.1454@CompuServe.COM
Organization: FirstClass Systems
Date: Wed, 12 Aug 1992 17:41:24 GMT

I'm looking for information on a company called Tiger Media, based in southern
California.  They have developed an authoring/production technology called CATS
and I'm wondering what systems it runs on, what devices are supported, etc.

Please send info, rumors, experiences and other tidbits to my e-mail address
76526.1454@CompuServe.COM (please do not post a follow-up article - I don't
access this news program very often).  Thanks in advance!

Michael Young
FirstClass Systems
White Rock, Beautiful British Columbia
From: klee@wsl.dec.com (Ken Lee)
Newsgroups: comp.multimedia
Subject: Re: About XMedia
Date: 20 Aug 92 20:08:15 GMT
Reply-To: klee@wsl.dec.com
Distribution: na
Organization: DEC Western Software Laboratory

|> I am using DEC's XMedia Audio Developer's Tools.  I wonder if there 
|> is a news group for XMedia, or if there are people also working
|> on it?

There is a group biz.dec.xmedia.  You're welcome to post your comments
there or here.  I'm sure many people are interested in your experiences.

Ken
From: juyoon@camars.kaist.ac.kr (Hyeon-Ju Yoon)
Newsgroups: comp.multimedia
Subject: C-Cube PC-Video board: question
Date: 21 Aug 92 03:52:26 GMT
Reply-To: juyoon@camars.kaist.ac.kr (Hyeon-Ju Yoon)
Organization: Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology


Hello, everyone.
We have a problem with C-Cube PC-Video board (beta version).
If one of you have used the board, please help us solve the problem.
We can capture and compress still images, but cannot 'RECORD' the video input.
We have the error message, 'divide by zero'.
Was it wrong with port address? Or, wrong with DMA channel?
I cannot understand why it doesn't work.
And, since our manual is too thin, we couldn't not find the solution through manual.
Where is our reliever?

-- 

|---------------------------------------------------------------------|
  Hyeon-Ju Yoon                   |  e-mail: juyoon@camars.kaist.ac.kr
  Computer Science Dept., KAIST   |                (143.248.11.76)
  373-1, Gu-Song Dong, Yu-Song Gu |  tel: 82-42-869-3552
  Daejon, 305-701, Korea          |  fax: 82-42-869-3510
|---------------------------------------------------------------------|



-- 

|---------------------------------------------------------------------|
  Hyeon-Ju Yoon                   |  e-mail: juyoon@camars.kaist.ac.kr
  Computer Science Dept., KAIST   |                (143.248.11.76)
  373-1, Gu-Song Dong, Yu-Song Gu |  tel: 82-42-869-3552
  Daejon, 305-701, Korea          |  fax: 82-42-869-3510
|---------------------------------------------------------------------|
Newsgroups: comp.multimedia
From: koenen@research.ptt.nl (Rob Koenen (+31 70 332 5310))
Subject: Re: lip sync
Organization: PTT Research, The Netherlands
Date: Fri, 14 Aug 1992 08:33:30 GMT

In article <1113@ceylon.gte.com>, rs05@gte.com (Russ Sasnett) writes:
> the pix, but most people don't have a clue about the 
> direction of the delay when it's under 1/2 second. i know
> i didn't; i always had a tough time syncing up wild tracks 
> where there was no slate. back and forth, back and forth 
> i'd go ...

We recently performned an informal test to see if people were
able to correctly align audio and video. The tested started with audio
500 msecs ahead of video, or 500 msecs behind. The sequence
contained only a (continuously) talking head. The audio delay
could be changed to get the sound synchronous. Hardly anyone
was able to get it correct within 100 msec, and most scored
between 100 and 200 msec, in either direction.

As several people have noted, tests have shown that audio behind
video is slightly better than having it the other way around.
Such a test could be to have people watch a video with distorted
sound, and see have much they can understand of what is said, while
varying the delay between adio and video. It will be no surprise
that synchronous audio and video turns out to be best.

These tests also show something else: although people may not be 
able to actively synchronise sound and video very well, they do 
give a higher quality rating to material that is synchronous, 
and so they are aware of misalignment.

Rob Koenen
From: stauchmo@opal.cs.tu-berlin.de (Marc Stauch)
Newsgroups: comp.multimedia
Subject: request
Summary: request
Keywords: projects, platforms, reports
Date: 13 Aug 92 13:27:59 GMT
Distribution: all
Organization: Techn. University of Berlin, Germany

I am intersted in projects engaged in educational use of computing,
any results, reports, platforms and further information would be very
welcome.
The topics of relevance are: multimedia, remote teaching, virtual
classroom situations and networks.

Please answer by mail to: stauchmo@cs.tu-berlin.de
Thank you.

Marc Stauch.
From: vinay@putnam.Berkeley.EDU (Vinay Kumar)
Newsgroups: comp.multimedia
Subject: video boards for sparc's
Keywords: real time video
Date: 19 Aug 92 00:03:59 GMT
Reply-To: vinay@putnam.Berkeley.EDU (Vinay Kumar)
Followup-To: vinay@cerc.wvu.wvnet.edu

COuld anybody send me some of the hardware board
options that exist for displaying real time full
color video on my sun sparcstation. E-mail responses
will be highly appreciated.

Thanks

vinay@cerc.wvu.wvnet.edu
Newsgroups: comp.multimedia
From: mropp@vax.clarku.edu
Subject: Pressing laserdiscs - Who does it?
Organization: Clark University
Date: 21 AUG 92 20:48:12 GMT

Can someone direct me to companies that press laserdiscs?
We have video footage that we want to write to a laserdisc to be used
in one of our interactive, multimedia Macintosh computer exhibits.
2nd question:  Can stills, e.g., images we have now on slides, also
be transferred along with video footage to a laser disc?
If so, what is the process used?
Thanks for any help.
Internet:   mropp@vax.clarku.edu
Newsgroups: comp.multimedia
From: andrew@calvin.dgbt.doc.ca (Andrew Patrick)
Subject: Re: DVI mail list address
Organization: Communications Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
Date: Fri, 21 Aug 1992 20:52:16 GMT

In article <Bt8M9I.9vJ@news.udel.edu> harbaugh@brahms.udel.edu (Alan Dale Harbaugh) writes:
>
>Once upon a time, in a fiscal quarter long since gone, I was a
>member of a mail list for DVI.  I would like to rehook up with
>that list.  Does anyone have the address/info?

Here it is:

	dvi-list-request@calvin.dgbt.doc.ca

Any problems can be reported to me.

-- 
Andrew Patrick, Ph.D.       Communications Research Centre, Ottawa, CANADA
                       andrew@calvin.dgbt.doc.CA
                       
  For a good time, run "telnet debra.dgbt.doc.ca" and login as "chat".
From: marc@porsche944.Eng.Sun.COM (Marc)
Newsgroups: comp.multimedia
Subject: Re; MM jobs at sun
Keywords: employment
Date: 15 Aug 92 00:28:22 GMT
Reply-To: marc@porsche944.Eng.Sun.COM
Distribution: world
Organization: Sun Microsystems
NNTP-Posting-Host: porsche944

Dear fellow netters,

 I posted a reply mail sometime ago to this group. In turn, I have received several
E-mails from folks around the country sending me their resume.

              PLEASE DO NOT DO THIS! I AM NOT IN SUN HR...

 I am not the right person to send this information! I just end up sending it to 
corporate HR and it goes into our resume database. Contact Sun at 1(415) 960-1300
and ask the operator to connect you to our corporate HR department and they 
will tell you where to send your resume.

Thanks,

-Marc Schneider
 IMPS / SMCC


---
           Marc T. Schneider               :
   Sun Microsystems Computer Corporation   : " Plutonium, it's not just a   
       marc.schneider@Eng.Sun.COM          :   dessert topping anymore... "   
PH: (415) 336-6747  FAX: (415) 965-4903    :
Newsgroups: comp.multimedia
From: chafey@ecst.csuchico.edu (efil laer nI)
Subject: Re: sound blaster vs. pro audio spectrum
Keywords: questions...
Organization: California State University, Chico
Date: Fri, 14 Aug 1992 20:01:13 GMT

The pro audio specturm 16 is the best bang for your buck.  I had a SB Pro
and recently got a PAS 16.  The PAS 16 is MUCH MUCH better. It supports 16 bit
sampling at 44khz.  I have a 486-33mhz and it seems to create a little noise
when I sample that fast under windows, but it works fine under dos.  The Windows software is the best around.  I have put my SB pro in the closet untill someone
wants to buy it.  The PAS 16 supports Sound Blaster (Not the pro) so all my
old DOS software will work. Hope this helps!

-- 
Chris Hafey                      |  Yeah, I know.. I'm Still working
chafey@cscihp.ecst.csuchico.edu  |  on my signature..
From: calvin@bitmap.sybase.com (Calvin Lim)
Newsgroups: comp.multimedia
Subject: Information needed on PCTV
Date: 11 Aug 92 22:35:16 GMT
Reply-To: calvin@bitmap.sybase.com
Organization: Sun Microsystems, Inc.

Hi netters,

	Recently at our local CompUSA, I saw a product call PCTV, which
allows PC to recieve TV signal (ie turning your monitor into a TV set).
I was wondering how good it is? Has anyone used one before? What is your
comment on it. Any information is very welcome.

	On the same subject, what other similar products are out
there on the market (enabling PC monitor to recieve TV signal) now?
I am espically interested in products that allows you to use one window
for live video signal while enabling other process to run on other
windows under MS windows 3.1.

Thanks in advance for any information,
CL
Sybase Inc,.
---

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Sybase Inc. / 6475 Christie Avenue / Emeryville / CA / 94608
Calvin Lim	   uunet!{pacbell,pyramid,sun}!sybase!calvin
calvin@sybase.com			       
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Everything I said belongs only to me ......
Newsgroups: comp.multimedia
From: leo@zelator.in-berlin.de (Stefan Hartmann)
Subject: Re: request: NEC PC-VCR
Organization: Puplic-Access-Xenix-System
Date: Wed, 12 Aug 92 10:53:29 GMT

In <1992Aug12.002957.24887@wri.com> perelet@avignon.wri.com (Oleg Perelet) writes:

>Does anybody uses it?
>Any recomendations?suggestions?
>Thax.
>--
>Oleg Perelet
>perelet@wri.com


Hi,
in Germany it is called Mitsubishi E82 and comes with the GSE RAPID
timecode for the Control track on the SVHS (VHS) track.

I just think about buying it to do single frame grabbing for MPEG
encoding..

Any other ideas ?

Best regards Stefan Hartmann.
email to: leo@zelator.in-berlin.de


-- 
 
*************************************************************
*  Stefan Hartmann       This is how to contact me:         *
*  EMAIL: leo@zelator.in-berlin.de                          *
*  Phone : ++ 49 30 344 23 66      FAX : ++ 49 30 344 92 79 *
*************************************************************