From: sera@zuma.UUCP (Serdar Argic)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.turkish,talk.politics.mideast,talk.politics.soviet,soc.culture.greek,soc.culture.europe,soc.rights.human
Subject: Greek efforts to decimate the Jewish population of Salonica.
Date: 2 Sep 92 00:50:54 GMT





<BtyrM7.AJx@news.cso.uiuc.edu>
ptg2351@uxa.cso.uiuc.edu (Panos Tamamidis )

> Do you think that the readers of this group are idiots? 

So that ended the "old tamtam" game.

Source: Professor Stanford J. Shaw, 'The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the
        Turkish Republic,' New York University Press, New York (1991).

  page 205:

  <<Those Jews who survived these assaults in Southeastern Europe fled
  particularly to Salonica, whose Jewish population increased substantially
  as a result, from 28,000 in 1876 to 90,000 in 1908, more than half the
  total population, though even there increased persecution by local Greeks
  led many Jews to flee elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire, particularly to
  the great port of Izmir.

  Despite all the pressure from Ottomans and foreign Jews alike, the ritual
  murders and other assaults by Christians on Jews went on and on. Greek
  efforts to decimate the Jewish population of Salonica culminated in 1912
  and 1913, following Greek conquest of Salonica during the first Balkan War,
  when many of its Jews, were either killed or terrorized into leaving...>>

  page 206:

  <<Though Greece was obligated by the post World War I treaties to allow
  Jews and other minorities to use their own languages in education and to
  practice their religions without hindrance, a law was issued in 1923
  which forbad all inhabitants from working on Sunday, stimulating a new
  Jewish exodus as it was intended to do. Between 1932 and 1934 there was a
  series of anti-Semitic riots in Salonica, with the Cambel quarter, where
  most of the remaining Jews lived, being burned to the ground. This
  was followed by regulations requiring the use of Greek and prohibiting
  Hebrew and Judea-Spanish in the Jewish schools. A start was made also
  on expropriating the land of the principal Jewish cemetery in Salonica
  for use by the new University in order to derive the Jews out [47]. By
  killing and driving out large numbers of Jews, the Greeks left a
  substantial Greek majority in the city for the first time, and starting
  Salonica Jewry on the way to its final decimation by the Nazis during the
  occupation of Greece starting in 1941.

  Salonica and Izmir of course were not the only places of refuge for
  Jewish refugees entering the Empire during its last century of existence.
  Istanbul, Edirne, and other parts of Rumelia and Anatolia received
  thousands more. Nor were Jews the only refugees received and helped by
  the government of the Sultan. Thousands of Muslims accompanied them in
  flight from similar persecutions wherever Balkan christian states gained
  independence or expanded. The Russian conquest of the Crimea and the
  Caucasus starting in the late eighteenth century, and particularly during
  and after the Crimean War, combined with the same independence movements
  in Southeastern Europe that had caused so much suffering and flight among
  its Jews caused thousands of helpless, ill, and poverty-stricken Muslim
  refugees to accompany them into the ever shrinking boundaries of the
  Ottoman Empire, with the Istanbul government struggling mightly but vainly
  to house and feed them as best it could. From 1850 to 1864 as many as
  800,000 Crimean Tatars, Circassians, and other Muslims from north and
  east of the Black Sea had entered Anatolia alone, as many as 200,000 more
  came during the next twenty years, while 474,389 refugees entered in 1876-
  1877 as a result of the Ottoman wars with Russia and the Balkan states,
  with an equal number gaining refuge in the European portions of the
  Empire.>>

[47] Robert Mantran, 'La structure sociale de la communaute juive de
  Salonqiue a la fin du dix-neuvieme siecle', RH no.534 (1980), 391-92;
  Nehama VII, 762; Joseph Nehama (Salonica) to AIU (Paris) no.2868/2,
  12 May 1903 (AIU Archives I-C-43); and no.2775, 10 January 1900 (AIU
  Archives I-C-41), describing daily battles between Jewish and Greek
  children in the streets of Salonica. Benghiat, Director of Ecole Moise
  Allatini, Salonica, to AIU (Paris), no.7784, 1 December 1909 (AIU
  Archives I-C-48), describing Greek attacks on Jews, boycotts of Jewish
  shops and manufacturers, and Greek press campaigns leading to blood libel
  attacks. Cohen, Ecole Secondaire Moise Allatini, Salonica, to AIU (Paris),
  no.7745/4, 4 December 1912 (AIU Archives I-C-49) describes a week of terror
  that followed the Greek army occupation  of Salonica in 1912, with the
  soldiers pillaging the Jewish quarters and destroying Jewish synagogues,
  accompanied by what he described as an 'explosion of hatred' by local
  Greek population against local Jews and Muslims. Mizrahi, President of the
  AIU at Salonica, reported to the AIU (Paris), no.2704/3, 25 July 1913
  (AIU Archives I-C-51) that 'It was not only the irregulars (Comitadjis)
  that massacred, pillaged and burned. The Army soldiers, the Chief of
  Police, and the high civil officials also took an active part in the
  horrors...', Moise Tovi (Salonica) to AIU (Paris) no.3027 (20 August 1913)
  (AIU Archives I-C-51) describes the Greek pillage of the Jewish quarter
  during the night of 18-19 August 1913.

(AIU = Alliance Israelite Universelle, Paris.)

Serdar Argic

                     'This war quickly developed into one of extermination. 
                      We closed the roads and mountain passes that might 
                      serve as ways of escape for the Tartars [Turks] and 
                      then proceeded in the work of extermination.'
                                                       (Ohanus Appressian)

Xref: sparky soc.culture.turkish:9664 talk.politics.mideast:19555 talk.politics.soviet:7632 soc.culture.greek:8423 soc.culture.europe:8086 soc.history:8033