From: ikluft@uts.amdahl.com (Ian Kluft)
Newsgroups: rec.radio.amateur.misc,news.answers
Subject: rec.radio.amateur.misc Frequently Asked Questions (Part 1 of 3)
Date: 7 Jan 93 11:09:02 GMT
Expires: 9 Feb 93 08:00:00 GMT
Reply-To: hamradio-faq@uts.amdahl.com (Ham Radio FAQ Coordinators)
Followup-To: rec.radio.amateur.misc
Organization: Amdahl Corporation, UTS Systems Software, Santa Clara, CA
Supersedes: <ham-radio-faq-1-723726541@uts.amdahl.com>
X-Posting-Frequency: posted on the 7th of each month
   A how-to-find-the-FAQ article is posted on the 22nd of each month

Posted-By: auto-faq 2.4
Archive-name: ham-radio-faq/part1
Revision: 3.2 11/02/92 16:31:13

Rec.radio.amateur.misc Frequently Asked Questions
Part 1 - Introduction to the FAQ and Amateur Radio
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

This is a regular posting of frequently-asked questions (FAQ) about Amateur
Radio, also known as Ham Radio.  It is intended to summarize some common
questions on the rec.radio.amateur.misc newsgroup and Info-Hams mail list
as well as to help beginners get started.

Please provide a copy of the FAQ to any new or soon-to-be Hams you know.

Regular FAQ postings can help save network bandwidth and maintain a good
signal-to-noise ratio in the newsgroup.  However, they can't do it alone - you,
the reader, have to use them.  If you are a new user, please print and review
the FAQ articles and look at the instructions in the news.newusers newsgroup
before posting any articles.  If you are an experienced user, please help by
refraining from answering frequently-asked questions on the newsgroup if they
are already answered by the FAQ articles.  Instead, send e-mail to the user who
asked the question.  (It will be helpful if you include the part of the FAQ
that answers their question, but not the whole thing.)

To reduce the size of each article, the FAQ information is posted in 3 parts:
Part 1 - Introduction to the FAQ and Amateur Radio
Part 2 - Amateur Radio Organizations, Services, and Information Sources
Part 3 - Amateur Radio Advanced and Technical Questions


Table of Contents
-----------------
Dates indicate last modification.

Part 1 - Introduction to the FAQ and Amateur Radio
**  Table of Contents (11/92)
**  Introduction to the FAQ (11/92)
    * How to Contribute to the FAQ Articles (7/92)
    * Acknowledgements (7/92)
    * Notes on "Netiquette" (11/92)
**  What is Amateur Radio? (11/92)
**  Who can become a ham in the United States? (11/92)
**  Where can I locate information and books on Amateur Radio? (4/92)
**  How much does it cost? (4/92)
**  Where can I take the tests? (pre-4/92)
**  What are the tests like? (4/92)
**  What can I do with a ham radio license? (5/92)
**  What can't I do with an Amateur Radio license? (pre-4/92)
**  I'm interested, who will help me? (11/92)
**  Should I build my own equipment or antenna? (11/92)

Part 2 - Amateur Radio Organizations, Services, and Information Sources
**  Where can I find Ham Radio information with a computer? (11/92)
    * The ARRL e-mail server (new 11/92)
    * The Internet File Transfer Protocol (FTP) (11/92)
    * Access to FTP archives via electronic mail (11/92)
    * The Info-Hams mail list: rec.radio.amateur.misc by mail (11/92)
    * Telephone BBS's with Ham-related information (11/92)
    * Callsign servers and geographical name servers (11/92)
    * FTP access to FCC Part 97 and FCC Amateur Radio question pools (11/92)
    * Lists of radio modifications and extensions (11/92)
**  Can I send ARRL or W5YI electronic mail? (11/92)
**  "Why doesn't the ARRL do...?" (11/92)
**  What magazines are available for Ham Radio? (pre-4/92)
**  How do I use the incoming and outgoing QSL bureau? (11/92)
**  Are there any news groups for CAP? (11/92)
**  What's the name of the QRP club that issues QRP numbers? (pre-4/92)
**  How do I become a 10-10 member? (pre-4/92)
**  How do I join MARS? (10/92)
**  How do I join RACES? (pre-4/92)
**  What organizations are available to help handicapped hams? (pre-4/92)
**  I am looking for a specific ham, can anyone help me find him? (pre-4/92)
**  Can I post my neat new ham related program on rec.radio.amateur.misc?
    (pre-4/92)
**  Where can I get ham radio software for my computer? (4/92)
**  Are there Dialup News services or BBSs for Amateur Radio? (4/92)
**  Where can I find VE sessions in my local area? (6/92)
**  Why isn't XXX available electronically? (4/92)

Part 3 - Amateur Radio Advanced and Technical Questions
**  What are the different US amateur classes and what can each of them do?
    (pre-4/92)
**  What is the best way to learn Morse Code? (10/92)
**  What is the standard for measuring Morse code speed? (pre-4/92)
**  I'm confused. What do all those abbreviations mean??? (5/92)
**  What do all those "tones" mean? (pre-4/92)
**  Where can I learn more about Amateur Radio if I live outside the US?
    (4/92)
**  How can I get a "reciprocal license" if I am a licensed ham from another
    country or if I am a FCC licensed ham who wants to operate in another
    country (on vacation)? (11/92)
**  My apartment or housing complex does not allow outdoor antennas, now what
    do I do? (pre-4/92)
**  I got TVI...HELP!!! (pre-4/92)
**  Did you know that you can get college credit for being a ham? (pre-4/92)
**  On what frequencies do JPL and GSFC retransmit the shuttle audio?
    (10/92)
**  Can I take my HT on an airplane and operate it if I get the permission
    of the captain? (4/92)
**  How do I modify my current Amateur license? (4/92)
**  I'm confused about XXX, should I ask the FCC? (4/92)
**  Is there any information on antique radios? (pre-4/92)
**  Where can I buy vacuum tubes? (pre-4/92)
**  What do I need to get started in packet radio? (5/92)
**  What do I need to get started in satellite communications? (pre-4/92)
**  What is available to get started in ATV, SSTV and WEFAX? (5/92)
**  What are these contests I sometimes hear, and how do I participate? (7/92)

--Rec.radio.amateur.misc Frequently-asked Questions------------------Part 1--

**  Introduction to the FAQ

    * How to Contribute to the FAQ Articles

	We accept suggestions from the Amateur Radio community.  Please
	consider the following criteria:
	- is it a commonly asked question?
	- will its inclusion help reduce the usage of network bandwidth?
	- how useful is it to beginning Hams or to the majority of Hams?
	Contributions don't have to meet all of these but the minimum is one.
	We actually only ask that you consider these before contributing.

	We can't necessarily include every question or every topic - the
	network simply doesn't have enough bandwidth to carry that much
	information.  Besides, the point is that we're trying to conserve
	network bandwidth.  You can find the locations of much more informa-
	tion by referring to the "Index to the rec.radio.amateur.* Supple-
	mental Archives" posted monthly by Paul Schleck KD3FU.

	If you suggest a question for this FAQ, please include the answer.
	You'll get credit for your contribution and you'll speed up the pro-
	cess of getting the information ready for distribution.

	If you feel your contribution is sufficient to meet the considerations
	shown above, send it to  hamradio-faq@uts.amdahl.com  so that it will
	reach all the FAQ coordinators: (listed in alphabetical order)

	Ed Hare	           KA1CV   ehare@arrl.org          (Newington, CT, USA)
	Ian Kluft (editor) KD6EUI  ikluft@uts.amdahl.com   (San Jose, CA, USA)
	Michael Larish     KD6CTZ  nomad@ecst.csuchico.edu (Chico, CA, USA)
	Paul Schleck       KD3FU   pschleck@unomaha.edu    (Omaha, NE, USA)
	Tom Sefranek       WA1RHP  tcs@ll.mit.edu          (Shirley, MA, USA)
	Chris Swartout     N6WCP   cas30@uts.amdahl.com    (San Jose, CA, USA)
	Diana L Carlson    KC1SP   dls@genrad.com          (Hudson, NH, USA)
	Rosalie White      WA1STO  rwhite@arrl.org         (Newington, CT, USA)
	Derek Wills        AA5BT   oo7@astro.as.utexas.edu (Austin, TX, USA)

    * Acknowledgements

	All questions listed as modified "pre-4/92" are entirely Diana
	Carlson's work or her editing of a contributor's work.  Diana estab-
	lished this FAQ.  She is now one of the larger group that maintains it
	but we didn't want her effort to be lost in the crowd.

    *  Notes on "Netiquette"

	The rec.radio.amateur.misc newsgroup and Info-Hams mail list have a
	large daily volume of traffic.  They can operate more efficiently if
	the following netiquette guidelines are followed.  Please take them
	seriously.
	* When posting a followup article, ALWAYS try to minimize the number
	  of lines of quoted material from the original article.
	* As a general rule when you try to determine whether to reply to
	  someone by e-mail or with a followup article, remember to "praise in
	  public, criticize in private."  It's OK to disagree technically but
	  be careful not to attack the person with whom you disagree.  Also,
	  be careful with your use of the word "you" when posting a follow-up
	  article.  Many unnecessary flame wars have started that way.
	* Use a descriptive subject.  For example, a message subject of "Ham
	  Radio" tells the reader NOTHING about the contents of your article
	  since the whole newsgroup is about Ham Radio.  Other examples of
	  subjects which are so broad that they become useless could include,
	  "Help," "A Question," "Antennas," or "Frequencies."  Maybe "Books on
	  Antennas?" or "Where can I find Repeater Frequencies?" would be
	  better, for example.  Remember, in a busy newsgroup a lot of users
	  decide which articles to read from the subject line alone.  If you
	  post, don't deprive yourself of an audience!
	* Before answering a question, check if the FAQ adequately answers it
	  or if someone else already answered it.  If you have more to add,
	  make sure to reference either the FAQ or the related articles.
	* If a user posts a question which is directly answered by the FAQ,
	  there is no need to post an answer - the information is already
	  available on the newsgroup.  Instead, just send an e-mail message
	  which politely explains where to find the FAQ.  They will probably
	  appreciate it if you include the answer to their question.  (Don't
	  send a "nastygram" - that would just discourage future participa-
	  tion.)
	* Pay attention to the size of your audience - use the "Distribution:"
	  header.  If you leave it blank, your message will go to every civ-
	  ilized country in the world and occupy disk space in all news sys-
	  tems in all those places.  If that's what you intend, that's fine
	  but make sure your article is relevant outside your country.  (In
	  particular, Hams should already know there is more to the world than
	  just their own country.)
	* If you have an item for sale, please limit the distribution area so
	  that, for example, an article about a radio for sale in New Jersey
	  won't get to California or Europe.  If you wish, you may cross-post
	  your for-sale article to rec.radio.swap.
	* Software sources should be posted to either alt.sources,
	  comp.sources.misc, or comp.sources.* for a specific machine type.
	  Software binaries should be posted to the appropriate subgroup of
	  comp.binaries.

**  What is Amateur Radio?
	Amateur Radio is a non-commercial radio communication service whose
	primary aims are public service, technical training and experimenta-
	tion, and communication between private persons.  Amateur Radio opera-
	tors are commonly called hams.  Hams often communicate with each other
	recreationally but also provide communications for others at public
	events or in times of emergency or disaster.

**  Who can become a ham in the United States?
	Anyone who is not a representative of a foreign government can
	be an Amateur Radio operator in the USA.  There are tests that 
	you must pass to get a license, however the tests are not
	insurmountable.

**  Where can I locate information and books on Amateur Radio?
	Your local Radio Shack sells some ham radios and Amateur Radio 
	license books.  Books can also be obtained through the mail
	from ham radio organizations, such as ARRL in Newington, CT
	(203-666-1541) and W5YI in Dallas, TX (1-800-669-9594).  There
	may be one or two ham radio stores in the local area (ie, 
	within 50 miles).  Try looking in the Yellow Pages under Radio
	Communications.

	For the Novice license, get a Novice License manual, plus 5-word-per-
	minute Morse code tapes, costing around $25.  For the Technician lic-
	ense, get a combined Novice and Technician License manual, and an FCC
	Rules manual, costing around $32.  The FCC Rules manual is a good idea
	for Novice also, but not necessary, since the Novice License manual
	contains all the FCC Rules that are required for the Novice License.

	The ARRL Education Activities Department has several programs to 
	help amateurs (or prospective amateurs) to get started.  Ask for a 
	"New prospect package" available free of charge, from ARRL HQ,
	Educational Activities Department, 225 Main St, Newington, CT 06111.

**  How much does it cost?
	To take the Novice tests, it's free.  To take the Technician or
	higher class tests, there is a small charge (around $5-$6 currently)
	to cover copying costs and running the testing sessions.  The cost
	of a radio is really dependent on what you want to do.  You can
	make your own radio and antenna for under $150.  You can buy a used
	single-band radio for $150-$300.  Or you can buy a new multi-band
	multi-mode radio with all the doodads for $300-$3000.  I'd suggest
	you learn more about ham radio, talk to local hams, find out what
	you want to do with ham radio first.

**  Where can I take the tests?
	The Novice tests can be given by any two qualified hams of General
	class license or above.  The Technician tests and all higher class
	license tests are given by three qualified Volunteer Examiners (VEs)
	who volunteer their time.

	To locate an ARRL testing session in your area, you can contact
	ARRL at 203-666-1541 x282.
	
**  What are the tests like?
	First off, come prepared to VE sessions.  Bring:  TWO forms of ID,
	one of which has a picture on it; a calculator (if necessary); a pen
	and two pencils; the applicable examination fee (around $5-$6 for
	1992); the original AND a copy of your current Amateur Radio license
	(if you have one); the original AND a copy of any CSCEs for tests
	you've already passed (if you have any).

	Each of the written tests (Novice, Technician, General, Advanced,
	and Extra) are generally a multiple choice test of approximately one-
	tenth of the question pool.  For example, if the question pool is
	approximately 300 questions, then the test will be a 30-question
	test.  You need to get 75% correct to pass.  Note that they truncate
	to determine the correct number of questions.  That means for a 30
	question test, you need to get 22 right, which is actually only 73.3%.

	Once you've paid the small fee for Technician-Extra tests, it costs
	no extra to take another test, so I'd suggest you keep taking the
	next more advanced test until you fail.  If you pass the written 
	but not the Morse code (or vice versa) for a specific class license,
	you have up to one year to take the other test before you would have
	to retake the written test again.  Note that some VEs will not allow
	you to take the written test unless you've first taken the Morse code
	test.

	The Morse code test is a receiving test only.  The test run 5 to 7
	minutes.  After the test, you are given a 10-question multiple-choice
	or fill-in-the-blank test.  Passing grade is 7 or more.  If you fail
	the 10-question test, the examiner team will examine your copy sheet
	to see if you have 1 minute of solid copy with no errors.  For 5 wpm,
	that's 25 characters, for 13 wpm, that's 65 characters, for 20 wpm,
	that's 100 characters.  If they can find 1 minute solid copy, you've
	still passed.

	Hints on Morse code tests:  Generally, it will be a standard QSO
	(conversation), and it MUST contain at least one of each of the 
	following:
	26 letters A-Z, 10 numbers 0-9, comma (,), period (.), slant or
	slash (/), question mark (?), double dash prosign (BT), end of 
	message prosign (AR), end of contact prosign (SK).
	The letters count as one character, all others count as two 
	characters.  There are a couple other prosigns which are worth
	knowing, but will not be on the test, like "I'm done talking, next"
	is K, "I'm done talking, back to you" is KN, "Please wait" is AS.

**  What can I do with a ham radio license?
	There are so many things, it's a difficult question to answer, but
	here's some ideas:
	* Talk to people in foreign countries.
	* Talk to people (both local and far away) on your drive to work.
	* Help in emergencies by providing communications.
	* Provide communications in parades or walkathons.
	* Help other people become hams.
	* Hook your computer to your radio and communicate by computers.
	* Collect QSL cards (cards from other hams) from all over the
	  United States and foreign countries and receive awards.
	* Participate in contests or Field Day events.
	* Provide radio services to your local Civil Defense organization
	  thru ARES (Amateur Radio Emergency Service) or RACES (Radio Amateur
	  Civil Emergency Service).
	* Aid members of the US military by joining MARS (Military Affiliate
	  Radio System).
	* Participate in transmitter hunt games and maybe build your own
	  direction-finding equipment.
	* Have someone to talk to on those sleepless nights at home.
	* Receive weather pictures via satellites.
	* Build radios, antennas, learn some electronics and radio theory.
	* Talk to astronauts in space, or use the moon to bounce signals
	  back to people on the Earth.
	* Experiment with Amateur TV (ATV), Slow-Scan TV (SSTV), or send
	  still-frame pictures by facsimile.
	* Experiment with amateur satellite communications.

**  What can't I do with an Amateur Radio license?
	The most important thing you can't do is transact business of any
	kind over ham radio.  Interference to other hams or services, as
	well as obscene, profane or indecent language is not tolerated and
	is illegal.  Music and broadcasting are not allowed on ham radio.
	Some personal conversations may not be appropriate to Amateur Radio.
	Do you really want the whole world to hear about Aunt Mabel's
	hemorrhoids?

**  I'm interested, who will help me?
	There are hams who are willing to become "Elmers" (mentors, helpers)
	in your local area.  Look around and ask local hams.  Search out local
	radio clubs.  As well, some people have volunteered to be an Elmer
	over the Usenet.  A list of UseNet Elmers and their e-mail addresses
	is posted to the newsgroup monthly.  If anyone wants to be an Elmer,
	send e-mail to
		elmers-request@unomaha.edu

**  Should I build my own equipment or antenna?
	"Homebrewing" is a fun and educational part of ham radio.  It is a
	thrill to build your own transmitter and put it on the air.  However,
	building your own receiver can be quite complicated; if you don't have
	electronics experience, you may want to buy a receiver instead.  Most
	homebrew transmitters are QRP (transmit very low power).  That's fine
	for an experienced ham with a very good antenna, but a Novice ham will
	just get frustrated.  Your first rig, therefore should NOT be a home-
	brew.

	Antennas can be much simpler projects than the transceiver, though
	some types are also quite involved.  Most hams build their own anten-
	nas for base station use and buy antennas for mobile (car) use.  Most
	beginner ham books describe how to build different types of antennas.
	Order of difficulty, from easiest to more difficult, for some common
	antennas are:  wire dipole, Zepp, Yagi, Quad, and Log-Periodic.  Books
	from many sources, including ARRL and several Hams, discuss antennas
	in depth.

	When building or even understanding antennas, it is good to know the
	relationship between the antenna element length and the frequency or
	wavelength it is designed for.  An antenna performs best at multiples
	of 1/4 of that wavelength, though 5/8 wave also has beneficial qualit-
	ies.  The wavelength is related to the frequency with the following
	formula:

	wavelength (in meters) = 300 / frequency (in megahertz)

	You do not need a huge antenna or tower like ones you may see around
	your neighborhood.  Large beam antennas and 40-foot towers are very
	expensive.  As a beginner, a simple dipole antenna is perfectly
	adequate.  As you gain experience (and money :-), you may want to
	invest in something bigger.

	If you can afford new rigs and antennas, there are many mail order
	stores that advertise in ham radio magazines.  If you want to buy a
	used rig, the best place is at a "hamfest" (ham flea market).  You
	should take along an experienced ham, since some of the used equipment
	may be inoperative, overpriced or poor quality.  You can also answer
	ads in ham magazines or posted at ham radio stores, although often, by
	the time you call, the equipment has already been sold.
From: alanb@hpnmdla.sr.hp.com (Alan Bloom)
Date: Fri, 8 Jan 1993 20:45:08 GMT
Subject: Re: ARRL 10 meter preamp help?
Organization: Hewlett-Packard, Santa Rosa, CA