From: smith@minerva.harvard.edu (Steven Smith)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.usa,misc.legal,soc.culture.canada,can.politics,talk.politics.misc,comp.text.tex
Subject: Re: Individual Rights in the U.S. Constitution
Date: 14 Oct 92 22:23:15 GMT
Article-I.D.: minerva.SMITH.92Oct14172315
	<1bandsINNnca@iskut.ucs.ubc.ca> <1992Oct13.163959.17375@bmerh85.bnr.ca>
	<1bfh8qINN2jh@iskut.ucs.ubc.ca> <WARKENT.92Oct14111145@ltisun14.epfl.ch>
	<SMITH.92Oct14084551@minerva.harvard.edu>
Distribution: soc.culture.usa,soc.culture.canada,can.politics,comp.text.tex
Organization: Harvard Robotics Lab, Harvard University
Cc: hart@vmd.cso.uiuc.edu

Here's a copy of the U.S. Constitution written in TeX:

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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%                                                                      %
%  The Constitution of the United States                               %
%                                                                      %
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\centerline{\largebf The Constitution of the United States}

\bigskip

{\narrower\narrower\largerm\noindent WE, THE PEOPLE of the United
States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice,
insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote
the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves
and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the
United States of America. \par}

\bigskip

\begindoublecolumns

\article I.

\section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a
Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and
House of Representatives.

\section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen
every second year by the people of the several States, and the elector
in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of
the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.

No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained the
age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that
State in which he shall be chosen.

[Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the
several States which may be included within this Union, according to
their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding the
whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a
term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all
other persons.]\footnote{Bracketed sentence is superseded by
Section~2 of Amendment~XIV.} The actual enumeration shall be made
within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the
United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such
manner as they shall by law direct.  The number of Representatives
shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall
have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be
made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three,
Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one,
Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight,
Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South
Carolina five, and Georgia three.

When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the
Executive Authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such
vacancies.

The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other
officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.

\section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two
Senators from each State, [chosen by the Legislature
thereof,]\footnote{Bracketed clause is superseded by clause~1 of
Amendment~XVII.} for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.

Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first
election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three
classes.  The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be
vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at
the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the
expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every
second year; [and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise,
during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive
thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the
Legislature, which shall then fill such
vacancies.]\footnote{Bracketed clause is superseded by clause~2 of
Amendment~XVII.}

No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of
thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and
who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which
he shall be chosen.

The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the
Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.

The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President
pro~tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall
exercise the office of the President of the United States.

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments.  When
sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation.  When
the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall
preside: and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of
two-thirds of the members present.

Judgement in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to
removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office
of honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party
convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment,
trial, judgement and punishment, according to law.

\section 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for
Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the
Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or
alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such
meeting shall be [on the first Monday in December, unless they by law
appoint a different day.]\footnote{Bracketed clause is superseded by
Section~2 of Amendment~XX.}

\section 5. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and
qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall
constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn
from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of
absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each House
may provide.

Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its
members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of
two-thirds, expel a member.

Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to
time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgement
require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House
on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be
entered on the journal.

Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the
consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any
other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.

\section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a
compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid
out of the Treasury of the United States.  They shall in all cases,
except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from
arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective
Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any
speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any
other place.

No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was
elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the
United States, which shall have increased during such time; and no
person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member
of either House during his continuance in office.

\section 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House
of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with
amendments as on other bills.

Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and
the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the
president of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it, but
if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in
which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at
large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it.  If after such
reconsideration, two thirds of that house shall agree to pass the
bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other
house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by
two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law.  But in all such
cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays,
and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be
entered on the journal of each house respectively.  If any bill shall
not be returned by the president within ten days (Sundays excepted)
after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in
like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their
adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.

Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the
Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a
question of adjournment) shall be presented to the president of the
United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be
approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by
two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to
the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.

\section 8. The Congress shall have the power

To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the
debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the
United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform
throughout the United States;

To borrow money on the credit of the United States;

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several
states, and with the Indian tribes;

To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on
the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;

To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and
fix the standard of weights and measures;

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and
current coin of the United States;

To establish post-offices and post-roads;

To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for
limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their
respective writings and discoveries;

To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court;

To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas,
and offences against the law of nations;

To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules
concerning captures on land and water;

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use
shall be for a longer term than two years;

To provide and maintain a navy;

To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval
forces;

To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the
union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions;

To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and
for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of
the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the
appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia
according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;

To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such
district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of
particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of
the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority
over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the
state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts,
magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings;---And

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into
execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this
constitution in the government of the United States, or in any
department or officer thereof.

\section 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the
states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be
prohibited by the Congress prior to the year 1808, but a tax or duty
may be imposed on such importations, not exceeding 10 dollars for each
person.

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended,
unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may
require it.

No bill of attainder or ex~post facto law shall be passed.

No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid unless in proportion
to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be
taken.\footnote{See also Amendment~XVI.}

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state.

No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue
to the ports of one state over those of another: nor shall vessels
bound to, or from one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties
in another.

No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of
appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the
receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from
time to time.

No title of nobility shall be granted by the United
States:\penalty1000---And no person holding any office or profit or
trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept
of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever,
from any king, prince, or foreign state.

\section 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or
confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit
bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in
payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex~post facto law, or
law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of
nobility.

No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts
or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely
necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of
all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall
be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws
shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.

No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of
tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any
agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or
engage in a war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger
as will not admit of delay.


\article II.

\section 1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the
United States of America. He shall hold office during the term of four
years, and together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term,
be elected as follows.

Each State\footnote{See also Amendment~XXIII.}
shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature may direct,
a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and
Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress:
but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust
or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.

[The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by
ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an
inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a
list of all the persons voted for each; which list they shall sign and
certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of Government of the United
States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the
Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of
Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then
be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be
the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of
electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such
majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of
Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for
President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five
highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the
President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by
States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum
for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds
of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to
a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person
having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice
President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal
votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice
President.]\footnote{Bracketed paragraph is superseded by
Amendment~XII.}

The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the
day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same
throughout the United States.

No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United
States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be
eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be
eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of
thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the
United States.

In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death,
resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the
said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the
Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death,
resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice President,
declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer
shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President
shall be elected.\footnote{See also Amendment~XXV.}

The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a
compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during
the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not
receive within that period any other emolument from the United States,
or any of them.

Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the
following oath or affirmation:

``I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the
office of the President of the United States, and will to the best of
my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the
United States.''

\section 2. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Army and
Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States,
when called into the actual service of the United States; he may
require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of
the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of
their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves
and pardons for offenses against against the United States, except in
cases of impeachment.

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,
to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur;
and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls,
judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United
States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and
which shall be established by law: but the Congress may by law vest
the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in
the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of
departments.

The President shall have the power to fill up all vacancies that may
may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions,
which shall expire at the end of their next session.

\section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress
information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their
consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient;
he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of
them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the
time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall
think proper; he may receive ambassadors, and other public ministers;
he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall
commission all the officers of the United States.

\section 4. The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of
the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for,
and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and
misdemeanors.


\article III.

\section 1. The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested
in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may,
from time to time, ordain and establish.  The judges, both of the
supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good
behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a
compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance
in office.

\section 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and
equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of the United
States, and treaties made, or which shall be made under their
authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers
and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to
controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to
controversies between two or more states, between a state and citizens
of another state,\footnote{This clause has been affected by
Amendment~XI.} between citizens of different states, between citizens
of the same state, claiming lands under grants of different states,
and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states,
citizens or subjects.

In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and
consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the supreme
court shall have original jurisdiction.  In all the other cases
before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction,
both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such
regulations as the Congress shall make.

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by
jury; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes
shall have been committed; but when not committed within any state,
the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law
have directed.

\section 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in
levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them
aid and comfort.  No person shall be convicted of treason unless on
the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession
in open court.

The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason,
but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or
forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.


\article IV.

\section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the
public acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other state.
And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which
such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect
thereof.

\section 2. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all
privileges and immunities of citizens in the several
states.\footnote{See also Amendment~XIV.}

A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who
shall flee justice, and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the
executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be
removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime.

[No person held to service or labour in one state, under the laws
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or
regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labour, but
shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or
labour may be due.]\footnote{Bracketed paragraph is
superseded by Amendment~XIII.}

\section 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this
union; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the
jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be formed by the
junction of two or more states, without the consent of the
legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the Congress.

The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules
and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging
to the United States; and nothing in this constitution shall be so
construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any
particular state.

\section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this
union, a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them
against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the
executive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic
violence.

\article V.

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it
necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution, or on the
application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states,
shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either
case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this
constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of
the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the
one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress:
Provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one
thousand eight\footnote{Misprinted ``seven'' in the original
draft.} hundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the first and
fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no
state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in
the Senate.

\article VI.

All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption
of this constitution, shall be as valid against the United States
under this constitution, as under the confederation.

This constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be
made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be
made, under the authority of the United States shall be the supreme
law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby,
any thing in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary
notwithstanding.

The senators and representatives beforementioned, and the members of
the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial
officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall
be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this constitution; but no
religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office
or public trust under the United States.

\article VII.

The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be
sufficient for the establishment of this constitution between the
states so ratifying the same.

\enddoublecolumns

\bigskip

{\narrower\narrower\noindent Done in convention, by the unanimous
consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in
the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and
of the Independence of the United States of America the twelfth.  In
witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our Names. \par}

\medskip

\centerline{George Washington, President}
\centerline{And Deputy from Virginia.}

\medskip

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\begindoublecolumns

\halign{$\vcenter{\hbox{\sc#.}}$\hfil\quad &#\hfil\cr
\state{Delaware}{George Read, Gunning Bedford,, Junior, John
  Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jacob Broom.}
\state{Maryland}{James M'Henry, Daniel of St.~Tho.~Jenifer, Daniel Carrol.}
\state{Virginia}{John Blair, James Madison,, Junior.}
\state{North-Carolina}{William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Hugh
  Williamson.} 
\state{South-Carolina}{John Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney,
  Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler.}
\state{Georgia}{William Few, Abraham Baldwin.}
\state{New-Hampshire}{John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman.}
\state{Massachusetts}{Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King.}
\state{Connecticut}{William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman.}
New-York&\omit$\,$Alexander Hamilton.\hfil\cr\noalign{\smallskip}
\state{New-Jersey}{William Livingston, David Brearley, William
  Paterson, Jonathon Dayton.}
\state{Pennsylvania}{Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris,
  George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson,
  Gouverneur Morris.}}

\hfill
\enddoublecolumns

\smallskip

\centerline{Attest, William Jackson, Secretary.}

\vfill\eject


\centerline{\largebf Articles and Amendments to the Constitution}

\bigskip

\begindoublecolumns

\amendment I\footnote{The first 10 amendments, or Bill of Rights, was
proposed on September 25, 1789, and ratified on December 15, 1791.}.

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of
speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to
assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

\amendment II.

A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free
State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be
infringed.

\amendment III.

No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without
the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be
prescribed by law.

\amendment IV.

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,
and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,
supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the
place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

\amendment V.

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except
in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when
in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any
person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of
life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a
witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be
taken for public use without just compensation.

\amendment VI.

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a
speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and
district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district
shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of
the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the
witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining
witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his
defense.

\amendment VII.

In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no
fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the
United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

\amendment VIII.

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor
cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

\amendment IX.

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be
construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

\amendment X.

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution,
nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States
respectively, or to the people.

\amendment XI\footnote{Proposed March~4, 1794, ratified January~8, 1798.}.

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to
extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against
one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by Citizens
or Subjects of any Foreign State.

\amendment XII\footnote{Proposed December~8, 1803, ratified
  September~25, 1804.}.

The Electors shall meet in their respective States and vote by ballot
for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be
an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in
their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct
ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of
votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit
sealed to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to
the President of the Senate;---The President of the Senate shall, in
the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the
certificates and the votes shall then be counted;---The person having
the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if
such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed;
and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the
highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as
President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by
ballot, the President.  But in choosing the President, the votes shall
be taken by States, the representation from each State having one
vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members
from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall
be necessary to a choice.  [And if the House of Representatives shall
not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon
them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the
Vice-President shall act as President, as in case of the death or
other constitutional disability of the President.]\footnote{Bracketed
sentence is superseded by sections 1 and 3 of Amendment~XX.} The
person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be
the Vice-President, if such numbers be a majority of the whole number
of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the
two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the
Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds
of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number
shall be necessary to a choice.  But no person constitutionally
ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of
Vice-President of the United States.

\amendment XIII\footnote{Proposed February~1, 1865, ratified
  December~18, 1865.}.

\section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted,
shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their
jurisdiction.

\section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.


\amendment XIV\footnote{Proposed June~13, 1866, ratified July~21, 1868.}.

\section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and
subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States
and of the State wherein they reside.  No State shall make or enforce
any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens
of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life,
liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor to deny to any
person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

\section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several
States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole
number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed.  But
when the right to vote at any election for the choice of Electors for
President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in
Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the
members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male
inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens
of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation
in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein
shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male
citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one
years of age in such State.

\section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in
Congress, or Elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any
office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any
State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress,
or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State
Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to
support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in
insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to
the enemies thereof.  But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each
House, remove such disability.

\section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States,
authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions
and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion,
shall not be questioned.  But neither the United States nor any State
shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of
insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for
the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations
and claims shall be held illegal and void.

\section 5. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by
appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.


\amendment XV\footnote{Proposed February~26, 1969, ratified March~30, 1870.}.

\section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall
not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on
account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

\section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article
by appropriate legislation.


\amendment XVI\footnote{Proposed July~12, 1909, ratified February~25, 1913.}.

The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes,
from whatever sources derived, without apportionment among the several
States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.


\amendment XVII\footnote{Proposed May~13, 1912, ratified May~31, 1913.}.

The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from
each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each
Senator shall have one vote.  The electors in each State shall have
the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch
of the State Legislatures.

When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the
Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of
election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the Legislature of any
State may empower the Executive thereof to make temporary appointments
until the people fill the vacancies by election as the Legislature may
direct.

This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or
term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the
Constitution.


\amendment XVIII\footnote{Proposed December~18, 1917, ratified
  January~29, 1919.}.

\section 1. [After one year from the ratification of this article the
manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within,
the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the
United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof
for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.

\section 2. [The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent
power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

\section 3. [This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have
been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the Legislatures
of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven
years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the
Congress.]\footnote{The 18th amendment was repealed by Amendment~XXI.}


\amendment XIX\footnote{Proposed June~4, 1919, ratified August~26, 1920.}.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied
or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.

\amendment XX\footnote{Proposed March~2, 1932, ratified February~6, 1933.}.

\section 1. The terms of the President and the Vice-President shall
end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and
Representatives at noon on the 3rd day of January, of the years in
which such terms would have ended if this article had not been
ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.

\section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year,
and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3rd day of January, unless
they shall by law appoint a different day.

\section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the
President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice-President
elect shall become President.  If a President shall not have been
chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the
President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice-President
elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified;
and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a
President elect nor a Vice-President shall have qualified, declaring
who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to
act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a
President or Vice-President shall have qualified.

\section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death
of any of the persons from whom the House of representatives may
choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved
upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from
whom the Senate may choose a Vice-President whenever the right of
choice shall have devolved upon them.

\section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of
October following the ratification of this article.

\section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have
been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the Legislatures
of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the
date of its submission.


\amendment XXI\footnote{Proposed February~20, 1933, ratified
  December~5, 1933.}.

\section 1. The Eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of
the United States is hereby repealed.

\section 2. The transportation or importation into any State,
Territory, or Possession of the United States for delivery or use
therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is
hereby prohibited.

\section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have
been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in
the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven
years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the
Congress.


\amendment XXII\footnote{Proposed March~24, 1947, ratified
  February~27, 1951.}.

\section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President
more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President,
or acted as President, for more that two years of a term to which some
other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of
President more that once. But this Article shall not apply to any
person holding the office of President when this Article was proposed
by Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the
office of President, or acting as President, during the term the term
within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of
President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.

\section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have
been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the Legislatures
of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the
date of its submission to the States by the Congress.


\amendment XXIII\footnote{Proposed June~16, 1960, ratified April~3, 1961.}.

\section 1. The District constituting the seat of Government of the
United States shall appoint in such manner as Congress may direct:

A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the
whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the
District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more
than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those
appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the
purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be
electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District and
perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment.

\section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.


\amendment XXIV\footnote{Proposed August~22, 1962, ratified
  February~4, 1964.}.

\section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any
primary or other election for President or Vice President, for
electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or
Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the
United States or any State by reason of failure to pay poll tax or any
other tax.

\section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.


\amendment XXV\footnote{Proposed June~6, 1965, ratified February~10, 1967.}.

\section 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of
his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.

\section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice
President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall
take the office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both houses of
Congress.

\section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President
pro~tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of
Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge
the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a
written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be
discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.

\section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the
principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body
as Congress may by law provide, transmits to the President pro~tempore
of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their
written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the
powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately
assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.

Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro~tempore
of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his
written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the
powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a
majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments
or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmits within
four days to the President pro~tempore of the Senate and the Speaker
of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the
President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office.
Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within
forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session.  If the
Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written
declaration, or, if Congress is not in session within twenty-one days
after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote
of both houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers
and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to
discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall
resume the powers and duties of his office.

\amendment XXVI\footnote{Proposed March~10, 1971, ratified July~5, 1971.}.

\section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are 18
years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
United States or any state on account of age.

\section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.

\enddoublecolumns

\bye
Newsgroups: soc.culture.usa