HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.qualrs-l
Date:         Mon, 25 Jan 1993 08:43:07 PST
From:         David Morgan <HJDM@PSUORVM.BITNET>
Subject:      Re: Triangulation

Bill Scott asks:
>I'm interested in issues of convergent validation. Is "triangulation" the
>same thing?

My sense is that the idea of trangulation as a way to establish validity
has become quite controversial. Originally, the idea of validation through
convergence was an important aspect of the interest in triangulation. Some
of this interest was more in the form of using triangulation as a means of
detecting "invalidity," by pointing to results that were not consistent
across methods, and thus potentially due to the method itself.

The problem with this kind of thinking is that it pretty much depends on
the assumption that there is some single, "objective" reality out there
that our methods either tap or miss. More recently, people have begun to
talk about triangulation not as a means to "establish validity" but as an
"alternative to" more traditional approaches to issues of validity. This
is not my area (I'm more into practical concerns), but I must say that I
don't find this particular turn all that helpful. In any event, two good
discussions of this issue can be found in:

Fielding, N. G. and Fielding, J. L. (1986). Linking Data. Newbury Park, CA:
Sage. [a "little blue book]

Flick, U. "Triangulation revisited: Strategy of validation or alternative?"
Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 22:175-197.

==>David Morgan hjdm@PSUORVM
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From: tgee@alfred.carleton.ca (Travis Gee)
Subject: Re: Coding in qualitative analysis
Organization: Carleton University
Date: Sun, 24 Jan 1993 18:01:41 GMT

In <9301240333.AA11087@titan.ucs.umass.edu> GERALD WEINSTEIN <gerald.weinstein@EDUC.UMASS.EDU> writes:

>It seems as though there is some reluctance on your part to trust the
>researchers interpretations. You therefore recommend that the *interviewee*
>be given the opportunity to *validate* the interpretation. But what if
>one had interviewed some convicted sexual molestors in order to find out
>how they viewed their behavior and to what extent they could identify the
>feelings of the victims. Upon analysis of the responses the researcher
>*found* that the molestors (a) attributed most of the causes to the situation
>or the victim and that (b) they couldn't assume the perspective of the
>victim. How would the research benefit from the interviewee's evaluation
>of the researcher's interpretation?

     First, the interviewee's evaluation would be intrinsically
valuable, because there could well be patterns of response which
correlate well to patterns in the original data (i.e., the ones with a
'good' prognosis from their counsellor could be the ones who *are*
able to assume the perspective of the victim, and acknowledge that the
researcher is right.) Failure to validate on some points raises a
question of a difference in perception, which would then have to be
explained. However, failure to obtain such a difference in perception
due to methodological considerations is an error, because we are
ignoring the very real possibility that we are wrong. 
   A good theory could lend weight to the researcher's explanation of
any failures to validate. An ad-hoc explanation which dismisses the
rival hypotheses because they are not generated by researchers is a
borderline ad hominem argument not untainted with hubris.
     Secondly, let's turn that last question around, and ask "how
could the interviewee benefit from the researcher's evaluation of the
interviewee's perspective." Should we not give our 'subjects' the
chance to at least disagree with what is said about them, if not gain
some insights about themselves? This is the classic counselling model,
and while I hardly suggest that researchers untrained in counselling
engage in counselling behaviour, it does appear that under proper
supervision, even a child molestor could gain from the hypothetical
research described above....particularly if he or she felt burdened
with an 'incurable disease' which no one else shared.  Knowing that
others have the same problem and are working on it can ease the
emotional burden that perceived isolation imposes. Sharing some of the
findings could be of great benefit in such cases.  A fair payback for
participation, don't you think? 

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Date:         Sat, 23 Jan 1993 22:33:32 -0500
From:         GERALD WEINSTEIN <gerald.weinstein@EDUC.UMASS.EDU>
Subject:      Re: Coding in qualitative analysis
Comments: To: QUALRS-L@uga.cc.uga.edu

It seems as though there is some reluctance on your part to trust the
researchers interpretations. You therefore recommend that the *interviewee*
be given the opportunity to *validate* the interpretation. But what if
one had interviewed some convicted sexual molestors in order to find out
how they viewed their behavior and to what extent they could identify the
feelings of the victims. Upon analysis of the responses the researcher
*found* that the molestors (a) attributed most of the causes to the situation
or the victim and that (b) they couldn't assume the perspective of the
victim. How would the research benefit from the interviewee's evaluation
of the researcher's interpretation?

Jerry Weinstein
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Date:         Thu, 21 Jan 1993 15:24:22 -0600
From:         REYNOLDS@TCUCVMS.BITNET
Subject:      Re: CITIZEN PARTICIPATION

There is also a dynamite report from the Ketterling Foundation on citizen
participation and responsibility.
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Date:         Thu, 21 Jan 1993 08:04:12 CST
From:         George Balch <U08812@UICVM.BITNET>
Subject:      Re: CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
              20 Jan 1993 22:01:37 EST from <FCTY7310@RYEVM.RYERSON.CA>

Gary (and others) may find some value in a volume by Lawrence W. Green and
Marshall W. Kreuter, HEALTH PROMOTION PLANNING: AN EDUCATIONAL AND ENVIRON-
MENTAL APPROACH, 2nd ed. (Toronto: Mayfield Publishing Company, 1991).  A
core principle of the book is that citizen participation is morally and
practically necessary for the development and sustainability of effective
programs.  Chapter 8, especially, has numerous guidelines and examples,
along with a nice bibliography, on how to get citizen participation to
work.

George Balch
u08812@uicvm
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Date:         Sun, 24 Jan 1993 21:06:07 CST
From:         nli1@MIDWAY.UCHICAGO.EDU
Subject:      Re: Coding in qualitative analysis

The question of validation or response from interviewees after the
researcher has analyzed the interviews is an interesting one. Perhaps the
research questions being asked have some bearing on whether this is a
useful exercise. If we are interested in the interviewee's notions of what
something means, then we may want to check and make sure we have reported
it accurately. On the other hand, if we are doing a study that looks for
patterns in what the interviewee has stated, that compares aggregate kinds
of themes or patterns from several interviewees or that analyzes the
interview for the process rather than factual content, the interviewee may
not  have more to add. If we introduce the question of whether it would be
helpful to the interviewee to hear the results of the study, that seems to
me to be a different issue altogether from a consideration of methods of
arriving closer to an understanding of answers to a research question.

Nora L. Ishibashi
nli1@midway.uchicago.edu
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Date:         Thu, 28 Jan 1993 11:58:48 +1100
From:         dcunning@METZ.UNE.EDU.AU
Subject:      bibliography software
Comments: To: QUALRS-L@uga.cc.uga.edu

A bit off the topic, but does anyone have recommendations
about software for storing and generating bibliographies in various
formats?  I'm Mac based, but maybe the group would
profit from hearing recommendations of both Mac and PC based
software -especially those that can transport across.

djc

Don Cunningham
Department of Learning, Development & Communication
University of New England
Armidale  2351  NSW
AUSTRALIA

dcunning@metz.une.edu.au
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Date:         Wed, 27 Jan 1993 19:37:17 -0700
From:         SHEILA CHAVEZ <AGSAC@ASUACAD.BITNET>
Subject:      Re: bibliography software
              28 Jan 1993 11:58:48 +1100 from <dcunning@METZ.UNE.EDU.AU>

There is a software package called PRO-CITE that would fit your needs. It
is available for BOTH the Mac and IBM. The publisher is PBS (Personal
Bibliographic Software) and costs $199 for the Mac version from MacWarehouse
(1-800-255-6227). It costs around $300+ if you order it directly from PBS.
  I have personally used this package and find it to be very powerfu.  It's
a database program that has 20 different pre-defined media types (books, long &
short versions; journals, serials, manuscripts, proceedings, etc.). You can
 also create your own record types. It creates accurate bibs in pre-defined
 styles such as ANSI, Chicago A and B, AMA, MLA, Turabian, UMI and others.
 Another interesting feature is the ability of Pro-Cite to create a bib from
 manuscript references in a Microsoft Word, MacWrite, or text-only file.
 You can also edit the pre-defined bib styles to create yourn own style.
 Finally, each record or cite can hold up to 32,000 characters with variable
 field lengths.

************************************************************************
*                                                                      *
* SHEILA CHAVEZ                              AGSAC@ASUACAD.BITNET      *
* College of Education                       Internet address:         *
* Educational Leadership                     AGSAC@ASUVM.INRE.ASU.EDU  *
*  & Policy Studies                          OFFICE: 602/965-2864      *
* Tempe  AZ   85287                          HOME:   602/786-3701      *
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************
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Date:         Sun, 24 Jan 1993 17:42:37 EST
From:         Al Futrell <AWFUTR01@ULKYVM.BITNET>
Subject:      Re: Coding in qualitative analysis
              23 Jan 1993 02:54:19 GMT from <tgee@ALFRED.CARLETON.CA>

>
>     My use of "Type I" and "Type II" just referred to the *kind* of
>errors that were being made, with no implication abut  statistical
>measures. (Some were used in my study, but I used a pretty minimalist
>approach to stats, at least by today's number-crunching standards.)
>The key point is that qualitative methods can be prone to such errors,
>because we make assertions based on data. In the spirit of this group
>I am loath to require quantification of such errors and am rather more
>interested in the form of the errors we researchers can make.

I don't want to let Travis off the hook so easily.  Because a Type I or
alpha error is committed when one rejects a null hypothesis when one should
not have (in "regular" talk that means that we reject a true null
hypothesis) and a Type II or beta error is committed when one fails to
reject a false null hypothesis, statistics and quantification is inherent
to any discussion of these types of errors.  More important, the introduction
of the possibility of these errors suggests a mind set at odds with the
notion of a "qualitative" study.  One cannot make a Type I or Type II error
unless one has tested an hypothesis -- and many folks on this list have
no problem with hypotheses as such except that the types of research questions
that interest them do no lend themselves to hypothesizing or to quantification.

Basically, I am surprised that the idea of Type I and Type II errors would
be an issue in the study he describes.  That is why I found it interesting
in the first place.  I thought he had developed an innovative way of
merging the qual/quant dichotomy.  His response suggests otherwise.


---
Al Futrell, awfutr01@ulkyvm.louisville.edu
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Date:         Thu, 28 Jan 1993 13:54:00 CST
From:         "Jim Thomas (tk0jut1@niu.bitnet)" <TK0JUT1@NIU.BITNET>
Subject:      Re: bibliography software

Hi Mark---

Not sure what kinds of things you're looking for in a biblio for
your project. There's voluminous quantities of stuff out there,
both on methodology (although not a lot of it critical), and lots
on culture (although electronic culture is still fairly small).
I can send over an electronic version of the critical ethnography
volume (It's about 120 K, I think), which has a biblio of some
of the better methods pieces.

Don't know if your committeeis open to e-culture, but I've run
across a few cases of phd committees (and a few journals) not
quite sure how e-culture can be studied as ethnography. It can, of
course, but just a prepatory thought in case it contronts ya.
Are you familiar with the bitnet hotline Computer-Mediated-Communication?
It's worth signing on to. There's occasionlly some interesting
biblio items discussed.

Hope this is isn't too broad to be of some use.

Jim
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Date:         Thu, 21 Jan 1993 16:45:29 -0500
Reply-To:     aa248@yfn.ysu.edu
From:         Nicholas Sturm <aa248@YFN.YSU.EDU>
Subject:      Re: CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
Comments: To: QUALRS-L@UGA.bitnet

>
>To George and others interested in citizen participation:
>
>   Of course I will post the results of any material on citizen participation
>sent to me. The focus of this study is for a proposal for a government grant
>to review citizen participation in government policy decisions (Government of
>the province of Ontario). In particular, they are looking at how to involve
>disadvantaged groups - women, people with disabilities, visible minorities,

  In view of that goal and the word "visible", perhaps even more important
  would be to identify possibly INVISIBLE minorities, i.e., those that have
  been most systematically ignored or undetected.

>etc. in government processes. All help from members of the list is appreciated.
>
>Gary Woodill
>
>

--
Nicholas Sturm, 4037 Ward Beecher, 410 Wick Ave., Youngstown, Ohio 44555
  * aa248@yfn.ysu.edu *
Newsgroups: bit.listserv.qualrs-l
From: lonkila@franz.Helsinki.FI (MARKKU LONKILA (SOSPO))
Subject: References on coding in qualitative research
Organization: University of Helsinki, Faculty of Social Sciences
Date: Wed, 27 Jan 1993 12:06:59 GMT


I was asked to publish the list of references I got through
this list concerning coding in qualitative research. I know 
I have a file containing the references sent to me somewhere 
in my hard disk but I am unable to find it at the moment... 

So I only name a few and take the opportunity to thank all the
people who answered my request. To some extent I agree with
the writer who mentioned that coding procedures are tied to
specific research questions. I still see a possibility for
meta-level discussion on coding practices.

To start with, Anselm Strauss has written perhaps most
explicitly on coding procedures in his grounded theory
approach:

1. Strauss, A: Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists,
Cambridge Univ. Press, 1987.
2. Strauss, A & Corbin, J: Basics of Grounded Theory, Sage
1990.
3. Glaser & Strauss: The discovery of Grounded Theory, 1967.

Yesterday I received a message from an american friend who
mentioned that somebody has published/is about to publish a
book attacking grounded theory -method. Does anybody know
about this?

3. Bryan Pfaffenberger: Microcomputer Applications in
Qualitative Research. Sage Qualitative Research Methods
Series 14, 1988. 

In the above mentioned book (p. 28), Pfaffenberger describes
some coding strategies naming following sources:

4. Agar, M: Speaking of Ethnography. Sage, Qualitative
Research Methods series n:o 2, 1986.
5. Becker & Geer: Participant observation: the analysis of
qualitative field data. pp 267-289 in R.N. Adams and J.J.
Priess (eds): Human Organization Research: Field Relations
and Techniques. Homewood, IL:Dorsey, 1960.
6. Becker, Grodon and Lebailly: Field work with the
computer: criteria for assessing systems. Qualitative
Sociology 7:16-33.
7. Glaser & Strauss: The Discovery of Grounded Theory 1967
8. Podolefsky & McCarty: Topical sorting: a technique for
computer-assited qualitative data analysis. American
Anthropologist 85:886-890.

In her book Renata Tesch discusses extensively the process
of analysing and categorising data:

9. Renata Tesch: Qualitative Research: Analysis Types
& Software Tools, Falmers Press 1990.

The references recommended to me through this list included
at least:

10. Bodgan & Biklen: Qualitative Research for Education 1992.
Here writers give examples of the different codes they have
used in their studies.
11. Lofland: Analyzing Social Settings
12. Spradley: Participant Observation 1980.
13. Patton: Qualitative Evaluation and research Methods,
second editon, Sage 1990;
14. Crabtree & Miller (eds.): Doing Qualitative Research,
Sage 1992.
15. Mitch Allen told that Lyn and Tom Richards are writing a
book on coding which should be out this year.

I know there are other references hiding in my hard disk
somewhere, but I am writing this in a hurry. Hope this helps
somebody.

best wishes,

Markku Lonkila
University of Helsinki
internet: lonkila@cc.helsinki.fi
bitnet: lonkila@finuh
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Date:         Sun, 24 Jan 1993 09:18:00 EDT
From:         WSCOTT@WOOSTER.BITNET
Subject:      Re: Triangulation

I'm interested in issues of convergent validation. Is "triangulation" the
same thing?
I'm not sniping. Just ignorant.

BIll Scott
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Date:         Wed, 27 Jan 1993 16:07:13 +1100
From:         helenm@DEAKIN.EDU.AU
Subject:      Heuristic Inquiry
Comments: To: QUALRS-L@uga.cc.uga.edu

Hello!  I have just joined the network today and I'm sorry if my particular
inquiry has been dealt with before, but here goes...
I'm doing a Ph.D. and have elected to work with the heuristic inquiry method.
It's really interesting.   The only problem is that despite lots of literature
searches I have not been able to find any really critically evaluative
literature about this type of inquiry.  I found a few places where it is
mentioned in articles and in one book on qualitative methods, but so far not
the sort of stuff that can either help me with the actual implementation of my
study, or satisfy my supervisors that I am sufficiently  in tune with issues
to do with its  validity and so forth.
Heuristic inquiry was developed by Clark Moustakas and I have all his stuff
available..  His own work shows quite a lot about how he pursued his research,
and I am somewhat reassured by the apparent openness of this sort of work to
idiosyncratic approaches! But I'd dearly love to talk to someone who has
either successfully completed a Ph.D. using heuristic inquiry, or someone who
is in the middle of such a job and proceeding comfortably, or someone who
might direct me to the literature I so far cannot find, where heuristic
inquiry is discussed at length in a scholarly way.
I checked Dissertation Abstracts of course and found a few dissertations based
on this method, but nearly all of them are in psychology, and my field is
education.  Have asked our library to order some of the dissertations in the
hope I might find in them some sort of guidance on how this stuff works out in
practice, but it will be some months before they become available.  Meantime,I
am into my data collection!
Hope to hear from someone soon!    Helen Modra
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Date:         Mon, 25 Jan 1993 12:33:48 -0500
From:         00r0clemente@BSUVAX1.BITNET
Subject:      Re: Triangulation

Another source of information and discussion of the issue of triangulation
can be found in an article written by Mathison:

Mathison, S.  (1988).  Why triangulate?  Educational Researcher,
    17(2), 13-17.

Becky Clemente <00R0CLEMENTE@BSUVAX1>
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Date:         Fri, 22 Jan 1993 13:33:00 CST
From:         U21DLS1@NIU.BITNET
Subject:      Re: Educators as Inquirers

I was under the impression that action inquiry IS research.
Am I mistaken?    debbie smith-shank   U21DLS1@NIU
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Date:         Wed, 27 Jan 1993 20:53:42 CST
From:         nli1@MIDWAY.UCHICAGO.EDU
Subject:      Re: bibliography software

>A bit off the topic, but does anyone have recommendations
>about software for storing and generating bibliographies in various
>formats?  I'm Mac based, but maybe the group would
>profit from hearing recommendations of both Mac and PC based
>software -especially those that can transport across.
>
>djc
>
>Don Cunningham
>Department of Learning, Development & Communication
>University of New England
>Armidale  2351  NSW
>AUSTRALIA
>
>dcunning@metz.une.edu.au

I use Endnote Plus for the Macintosh. It is inexpensive and it interfaces
very well with Microsoft word, the word processing program. It is very
suited to the Macintosh environment.

Nora L. Ishibashi
nli1@midway.uchicago.edu
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Date:         Wed, 27 Jan 1993 21:46:00 EDT
From:         RORPAYNE@THINK2.LAKEHEADU.CA
Subject:      Re: bibliography software
Comments: To: QUALRS-L@uga.cc.uga.edu

I use a package which does "it all" (!!). It's a PC
program called "Pro-Cite".

In the office, I may even have details of where it's
produced but, alas, I'm not in the office.

It really is a very good package, if a tad expensive
($500 CAN).

Bob

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