From: Crawford_Kilian@mindlink.bc.ca (Crawford Kilian)
Subject: Fiction Advice 10: Persona
Organization: MIND LINK! - British Columbia, Canada
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 1992 04:26:43 GMT

Narrative Voice

Someone in your story has to tell us that Jeff pulled out his gun, that
Samantha smiled at the tall stranger, that daylight was breaking over the
valley. That someone is the narrator or "author's persona."

The author's persona of a fictional narrative can help or hinder the success
of the story. Which persona you adopt depends on what kind of story you are
trying to tell, and what kind of emotional atmosphere works best for the
story.

The persona develops from the personality and attitude of the narrator, which
are expressed by the narrator's choice of words and incidents. These in turn
depend on the point of view of the story.

First-person point of view is usually subjective: we learn the narrator's
thoughts, feelings, and reactions to events. In first-person objective,
however, the narrator tells us only what people said and did, without
comment.

Other first-person modes include:

*the observer-narrator, outside the main story (examples: Mr. Lockwood in
Wuthering Heights, Nick Carraway in The Great Gatsby)

*detached autobiography (narrator looking back on long-past events)

*multiple narrators (first-person accounts by several characters)

*interior monologue (narrator recounts the story as a memory; stream of
consciousness is an extreme form of this narrative)

*dramatic monologue (narrator tells story out loud without major
interruption)

*letters or diary (narrator writes down events as they happen)

If the point of view is first-person, questions about the persona are simple:
the character narrating the story has a particular personality and attitude,
which is plausibly expressed by the way he or she describes events.

The second-person mode is rare: You knocked on the door. You went inside.
Very few writers feel the need for it, and still fewer use it effectively.

If the point of view is third-person limited, persona again depends on the
single character through whose eyes we witness the story. You may go inside
the character's mind and tell us how that character thinks and feels, or you
may describe outside events in terms the character would use. Readers like
this point of view because they know whom to "invest" in or identify with.

In third-person objective, we have no entry to anyone's thoughts or feelings.
The author simply describes, without emotion or editorializing, what the
characters say and do. The author's persona here is almost non-existent.
Readers may be unsure whose fate they should care about, but it can be very
powerful precisely because it invites the reader to supply the emotion that
the persona does not. This is the persona of Icelandic sagas, which inspired
not only Ernest Hemingway but a whole generation of "hard-boiled" writers.

If the point of view is third-person omniscient, however, the author's
persona can develop in any of several directions.

1. "Episodically limited." Whoever is the point of view for a particular
scene determines the persona. An archbishop sees and describes events from
his particular point of view, while a pickpocket does so quite differently.
So the narrator, in a scene from the archbishop's point of view, has a
persona quite different from that of the pickpocket: a different vocabulary,
a different set of values, a different set of priorities. (As a general rule,
point of view should not change during a scene. So if an archbishop is the
point of view in a scene involving him and a pickpocket, we shouldn't
suddenly switch to the pickpocket's point of view until we've resolved the
scene and moved on to another scene.)

2. "Occasional interruptor." The author intervenes from time to time to
supply necessary information, but otherwise stays in the background. The
dialogue, thoughts and behavior of the characters supply all other
information the reader needs.

3. "Editorial commentator." The author's persona has a distinct attitude
toward the story's characters and events, and frequently comments on them.
The editorial commentator may be a character in the story, often with a name,
but is usually at some distance from the main events; in some cases, we may
even have an editorial commentator reporting the narrative of someone else
about events involving still other people. The editorial commentator is not
always reliable; he or she may lie to us, or misunderstand the true
significance of events.

Third-person omniscient gives you the most freedom to develop the story, and
it works especially well in stories with complex plots or large settings
where we must use multiple viewpoints to tell the story. It can, however,
cause the reader to feel uncertain about whom to identify with in the story.
If you are going to skip from one point of view to another, start doing so
early in the story, before the reader has fully identified with the original
point of view.

The author's persona can influence the reader's reaction by helping the
reader to feel close to or distant from the characters. Three major hazards
arise from careless use of the persona:

1. Sentimentality. The author's editorial rhetoric tries to evoke an
emotional response that the story's events cannot evoke by
themselves--something like a cheerleader trying to win applause for a team
that doesn't deserve it. A particular problem for the "editorial
commentator."

2. Mannerism. The author's persona seems more important than the story
itself, and the author keeps reminding us of his or her presence through
stylistic flamboyance, quirks of diction, or outright editorializing about
the characters and events of the story. Also a problem for the editorial
commentator. However, if the point of view is first person, and the narrator
is a person given to stylistic flamboyance, quirks of diction, and so on,
then the problem disappears; the persona is simply that of a rather
egotistical individual who likes to show off.

3. Frigidity. The persona's excessive objectivity trivializes the events of
the story, suggesting that the characters' problems need not be taken
seriously: a particular hazard for "hardboiled" fiction in the objective
mode, whether first person or third person.

Verb tense can also affect the narrative style of the story. Most stories use
the past tense: *I knocked on the door. She pulled out her gun.* This is
usually quite adequate although flashbacks can cause awkwardness: *I had
knocked on the door. She had pulled out her gun.* A little of that goes a
long way.

Be careful to stay consistently in one verb tense unless your narrator is a
person who might switch tenses: *So I went to see my probation officer, and
she tells me I can't hang out with my old buddies no more.*

Some writers achieve a kind of immediacy through use of the present tense: *I
knock on the door. She pulls out her gun.* We don't feel anyone knows the
outcome of events because they are occurring as we read, in "real time." Some
writers also enjoy the present tense because it seems "arty" or experimental.
But most readers of genre fiction don't enjoy the present tense, so editors
are often reluctant to let their authors use it. I learned that the hard way
by using present tense in my first novel, The Empire of Time; it was enough
to keep the manuscript in editorial limbo for months, and the final offer to
publish was contingent on changing to past tense. Guess how long I agonized
over *that* artistic decision!