HDTenEightyP/NetNews huggingface dataset:
From: RTPIANO@ARCRIBA.BITNET
Subject: info request
Reply-To: RTPIANO@ARCRIBA.bitnet
Organization: FUNET-NGW
Distribution: alt
Date: Thu, 3 Sep 1992 05:40:56 GMT

This morning I sent this message and it was not reforwaded to me
Dear Members

I am working in Buenos Aires in a non-profit organization called CLACSO,
Latin American Council opf the Social Sciences, which fosters the
development of the social sciences in Latin America. Our membership is
made up of 120 member centers located in 19 different countries. Each
center produces a considerable amount of technical and general literature
per year. We think that the time is ripe for us to produce a yearly CD Rom
with

Unfortunately we are far away here from having precise information and the
whole process of CD-Rom production. For starters we would need some
reference material as:

a) vendors, in-house facilities, costs and general information on CD-rom
product
b) experience assessment of related or similar products
c) possible meetings, seminars or international conferences where to witness
state of the art developments, comparative software, etc
d) three or four basis books and technical reports to gather in the shortest of
times the most of information as far as to the mastering of the essentials of
th

By the way is anybody aware of the 6th CD-Rom Conference which will take
place in Boston at the end of this month? We encourage specific comments
on this meeting since I plan to attend it. Is it representative, hanging around
will I be able to grasp what is going on in the industry, will the products and
exhibits shown thereof be of significance for our non-profit profile? etc

Is there any other list orn lkitserver of more general concermn where I
could ad

Thanks a lot

Alejandro Piscitelli
CLACSO, Buenos Aires

Sorry to repeat myself but I am badly in need of the info
Newsgroups: alt.cd-rom
From: xungp@CSV.WARWICK.AC.UK (Ms Z Merali)
Subject: CD-ROM and document delivery
Reply-To: Ms Z Merali <xungp@CSV.WARWICK.AC.UK>
Organization: FUNET-NGW
Distribution: alt
Date: Wed, 26 Aug 1992 15:00:53 GMT

I'm involved in a project investigating the feasibility
of using CD-ROM technology to deliver the full-text and
graphics of core scholarly journals to academics and
researchers in developing countries.

I would be grateful for any information on any recent or
proposed work (commercial, research project, etc, etc) in
the area of CD-ROM for document or article delivery.
Although I'm particularly interested in work for
developing countries I need to track relevant activities
in the developed world as well. I'm already aware of the
ADONIS Project.

I would also be grateful for any information on any work
(or proposals for work) on the use of any other
technology (including networking) for the delivery of
primary information (eg, published articles) to third-
world researchers, academics, etc.

Please reply direct me - I will summarise responses to
the net at a later date.

I'm on vacation until 14 September. I will reply to any
notes as soon as I can after that date.

Thanks for your time.

Zinat Merali

Tel: +44 203 416994     Fax: +44 203 411418
E-mail: (JANET) Z.Merali@uk.ac.warwick
        (Internet) Z.Merali@warwick.ac.uk

Senior Information Officer
National Council for Educational Technology
Sir William Lyons Road
University of Warwick Science Park
Coventry CV4 7EZ
United Kingdom.
Newsgroups: alt.cd-rom
From: JJEVNISEK@HOP.QGRAPH.COM
Subject: Re: Time to boycott Photo CD
Reply-To: JJEVNISEK@HOP.QGRAPH.COM
Organization: FUNET-NGW
Distribution: alt
Date: Thu, 27 Aug 1992 16:03:00 GMT

I couldn't agree more. I am sick and tired of dealing with companys that
have proprietary standards.
Newsgroups: alt.cd-rom
From: hutch@csuvax1.murdoch.edu.au (Phillip Hutchison)
Subject: Nautilus Co Address
Organization: Murdoch UNiversity
Date: Thu, 27 Aug 92 06:27:53 GMT

I would be most appreciative if a kindly person could provide a contact
address for the Nautilus Company which produces a CD_rom based interactive
magazine/catalogue.  An address and or fax number would be great.

Please forward to my e-mail address.

Many thanks in anticipation
From: steveq@swifty.dap.CSIRO.AU (Stephen Quigg)
Subject: Re: IRQ2=trouble ?
Organization: CSIRO, Division of Applied Physics, Sydney
Date: Tue, 1 Sep 1992 05:11:49 GMT

In article <1992Aug31.221919.26799@usenet.ins.cwru.edu> ap149@cleveland.Freenet.Edu (Jim Lawson, Jr.) writes:
>
>I recently installed a Sony cd-rom and am using IRQ2 for the interface
>card. When I checked (before cd-rom install) the IRQ status on my 386
>is shows IRQ2 as a "cascade".
>
>So far, it's been working perfectly. What is "cascade" and am I going to
>be getting in trouble later ?
>
 Nope. Should work fine. In the AT/386/486 etc, there is a second 8259A 
interrupt controller, called a slave, while the first one is configured as
a master. The master handles IRQ0 through IRQ7 and the slave handles IRQ8 
through IRQ15. Simple so far. Now; the IRQ_OUT from the master goes to the
processor, and the IRQ_OUT from the slave goes to the IRQ2 pin of the master.
(ie IRQ8 through IRQ15 is cascaded through IRQ2). When the master receives
an interrupt acknowledge for IRQ2, instead of putting an interrupt vector
on the bus, it tells the slave to output a vector. OK, so what about IRQ2; if
the slave uses it, how can your?. Well, the pin on the card connector that was
used for IRQ2 in the XT, is now IRQ9 in the later machines. What your BIOS
does when it gets an IRQ9 is to then go and vector through where the IRQ2
vector is. ie IRQ9 "pretends" to be IRQ2. Confused??. Well think of it this 
way. For most practical purposes IRQ9 dos not exist, and what you have are 
IRQ0 to IRQ8 and IRQ10 to IRQ15 (though some are used by the system and not
available to you). 
Newsgroups: alt.cd-rom
From: INTVIC@ENG.MED.UTAH.EDU (Vic Garside)
Subject: Re:  Architecture-Related CD-ROMs?
Reply-To: Vic Garside <INTVIC@ENG.MED.UTAH.EDU>
Organization: FUNET-NGW
Distribution: alt
Date: Wed, 26 Aug 1992 15:03:00 GMT

   Any references to Sbuject would be greatly appreciated. Thanks. Howard
Any response on this subject.  We are also looking for CAD related, Arch
related CD.

                                         Thanks.
Vic Garside
intvic@eng.med.utah.edu
Newsgroups: alt.cd-rom
From: nat@netcom.com (Nathaniel Stitt)
Subject: Re: Pioneer DRM600
Date: Sat, 29 Aug 92 14:39:00 GMT
Organization: Netcom - Online Communication Services (408 241-9760 guest)
Distribution: alt

In article <CDROM-L%92082814014281@UCCVMA.UCOP.EDU> Doug Calman <CALMAN@FSUAVM.bitnet> writes:
>At Florida State, we have     very heavy usage of our SilverPlatter
>Medline, and our Pioneer DRM600 6-disc-in-a-magazine/cartridge worked
>very well until the warranty ran out. The magazine wouldn't auto-eject
>and we had to send it to Pioneer with one disc half-way in the
>magazine and half-way in the drive's reading mechanism.  Pioneer fixed
>it promptly but upgraded some parts in the drive, making it incompatible
>with our software setup.  But once we downloaded new drivers from the
>Pioneer BBS, including the latest MSCDEX, we got it working OK again.
>
>Have others had problems with this particular cd-rom drive?  On the
>plus side, it does enable you to search five of the six discs at once
>and costs only about $900 now.  I believe they are working on some
>speedier versions of it too.  On another note, has anyone tried the
>CD Speedway software? Will it work with SilverPlatter/Pioneer?

I have wondered about this drive.  Do the 6 disks appear as 6 different
DOS drive letters (E: F: G: H: I: J:)?  Or what?  What do you mean above
when you say that "it does enable you to search five of the six discs at
once"?  Can you really have simultanious access to more than one disk at
a time?  Is there a substantial time delay when switching from one disk
to another?

Oh yeah, two more questions: Does it work with an Adaptec 1542B, and is
it supported by Windows NT?

Thanks for any help!
nat@netcom.com

From: pauls@trsvax.tandy.com
Date: 31 Aug 92 16:10 CDT
Newsgroups: alt.cd-rom
Subject: Re: MSCDEX HELP PLEASE!!!
Message-ID: <1227767297@trsvax>
Nf-ID: #R:vmsclst1.sc.csupomona.edu:1:trsvax:1227767297:000:741
Nf-From: trsvax.tandy.com!pauls    Aug 31 16:10:00 1992


Well, if you mean invoke it:

mscdex /{drive letter}:{drive handle}

where {drive letter} is the letter of the next available drive (usually D)

and {drive handle} is the "mounting name" you indicated in your
drive-dependent driver (usually in config.sys).

The default {drive handle} is usually mscd001. Therefoe, the invocation
would be:

mscdex /d:mscd001

assuming in config.sys you had something like:

device=cdrom.drv d:mscd001

note that the drive letter is not the drive letter mscdex will use, it will
"assign" the logical drive to the next letter available. In other words, if
you already have c,d,e in a hard drive, the cdrom then becomes f: EVEN
THOUGH you 'told' mscdex to use d: (why this is, I have no idea, it just
works).
From: nelson@crynwr.com (Russell Nelson)
Newsgroups: alt.cd-rom
Subject: Walnut Creek CDROM suggestion
Date: 27 Aug 92 13:49:45 GMT
Organization: Crynwr Software

In article <10792@minnie.informatik.uni-kiel.dbp.de> uho@informatik.uni-kiel.dbp.de writes:

   Another solution would be a TSR, which maps open requests to
   DESCRIPT.ION also to FILES.BBS, if DESCRIPT.ION does not exist in
   the current directory. This would allow you to use an
   unmodified 4DOS. 

That only works if a program is trying to access DESCRIPT.ION via an
open call.  If they first try to see if it's there via FindFirst, you
have to get trickier.

-russ <nelson@crynwr.com>  I'm proud to be a humble Quaker!
Crynwr Software            Crynwr Software sells packet driver support.
11 Grant St.               315-268-1925 Voice
Potsdam, NY 13676          315-268-9201 FAX
From: Rick.Ellis@ofa123.fidonet.org
Newsgroups: alt.cd-rom
Subject: Photo CD patent info
Date: 1 Sep 92 18:15:40 GMT
X-Sender: newtout 0.02 Aug 21 1992

On <Aug 31 13:15> Robert E. Brown writes:

 REB> Kodak and Philips jointly developed the Photo CD system.  I was informed 

 REB> that the file formats and other software aspects of the system are 
 REB> the subject a software patent or patents.  For a sum of 
 REB> approximately $5000 one is allowed to read the documentation for the 
 REB> file formats and techniques, but may not base software on the 
 REB> knowledge.  For upwards of $100,000 one may license the patents, and 
 REB> might be allowed to create an independent library that reads images 
 REB> off the disks.

 REB> Isn't it amazing what power a patent confers!

But if there is a patent, you should be able to get the information from the
patent itself.
Newsgroups: alt.cd-rom
Subject: Re: MS Word/Bookshelf CD bundle??
From: rlakin@eis.calstate.edu (Rick Lakin)
Date: Sat, 29 Aug 1992 23:29:10 GMT
Organization: Calif State Univ/Electronic Information Services

I have the capability of using the PC version on my mac but I would rather
use the mac version when it comes out.
                                        Rick Lakin
                                        rlakin@eis.calstate.edu

Newsgroups: alt.cd-rom
From: gilem@aix02.ecs.rpi.edu (Michael R. Gile)
Subject: Apple CD-ROM
Organization: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
Date: Mon, 31 Aug 1992 01:15:57 GMT

Has anyone had any success using an apple CD-ROM drvie
with a pc?  I have access to one, and would like to buy 
a scsi controller, and avoid having to buy a CD-ROM drive
for my pc until I can get one for less $.   Please
e-mail me if you know if this is possible.  For now, 
I want the CD-ROM to install the NT SDK.

mike
gilem@rpi.edu
From: muszynsk@bcstec.ca.boeing.com (Richard Muszynski)
Newsgroups: alt.cd-rom
Subject: CDU541 driver "SONY_SCI.SYS"
Summary: Request for "SONY_SCI.SYS" driver
Keywords: SCSI SCSI2 SONY DRIVERS
Date: 2 Sep 92 17:44:00 GMT
Organization: Boeing Computer Services, Seattle

I just received a Sony CDU-541 SCSI CD Rom drive with out the Sony interface.
I have very high hopes to install it on my Ultrastor 14F SCSI Host Controller
where my hard drive lives.  I have the CD Rom drive hooked up and it does 
report at boot up.  What I really "think?" I need is the Sony driver to make
this whole thing work.  The documentation with the drive refers to 
"the driver "SONY_SCI.SYS" which of course did not come with my drive.  Can
some kind net-worlder please send me a copy or post it here?  I would be 
very grateful.  Any advice to help guide me from making stupid errors would
be very appreciated.  I will post my results here for others to learn from.

Thanks in advance,
Rick Muszynski  muszynsk@bcstec.ca.boeing.com
From: rose@galtee.cs.wisc.edu (Scott Rose)
Newsgroups: alt.cd-rom
Subject: Re: Mitsumi CD-ROM bundle?
Date: 28 Aug 92 16:10:12 GMT
Distribution: usa
Organization: University of Wisconsin, Madison -- Computer Sciences Dept.

In article <MLM.92Aug25152543@miles.cs.brown.edu> mlm@cs.brown.edu writes:
>I was walking around New York City this last weekend, and the window
>display for "Software, Etc" (part of B.Dalton's Booksellers?) had a
>bunch of Mitsumi CD-ROM drives, with controller and a few CD-ROM
>disks, for $200.  This is about half the price I've seen for CD-ROM
>bundles around, but I know nothing about this particular drive.
>Anybody have any information on it?  Is the price really as good a
>deal as it seems to be?

It's a nice way to get a cheap ROM drive, but the access time is 850ms, not
a barn-burner.  I've seen the drive by itself (with dedicated ISA controller
and MSCDEX driver) for $170 and for about $100 more with six titles.
Newsgroups: alt.cd-rom
From: 18084DEP@MSU.BITNET ("D. Peterson")
Subject: Public Domain Text
Reply-To: "D. Peterson" <18084DEP@MSU.bitnet>
Organization: FUNET-NGW
Distribution: alt
Date: Tue, 25 Aug 1992 16:52:35 GMT

Since there has been talk of CD libraries I have been wondering if
there is an archive area available through FTP. I would like to gather
some together if it is available.
Dave

e-mail: 18084dep@ibm.cl.msu.edu
bitnet: 18084dep@msu.bitnet
From: kirk.jensen@spacebbs.com (Kirk Jensen)
Newsgroups: alt.cd-rom
Subject: Hitachi CD-ROM
Date: 2 Sep 92 07:39:00 GMT
Reply-To: kirk.jensen@spacebbs.com (Kirk Jensen)
Distribution: usa
Organization: SPACE BBS - Menlo Park, CA - 10 Lines + 4gB - 415-323-4193

To: pustule@cats.ucsc.edu (Thaddeus H. Wood)
TH>
TH>Hi there.  I have a Hitachi CD-ROM drive, which is kind
TH>of old.  It actually has the Amdek label, which is the
TH>Laserdrive-1.  I have mscdex221 and all of the hitachi
TH>drivers for it, but I don't know what any of the 
TH>installation options are.  For instance, I don't know
TH>what should go after the device = hitachi.sys statement
TH>in the config.sys.  If anyone can point me to some info,
TH>or send me there startup information that works, it would
TH>be GREATLY appreciated.

In CONFIG.SYS:
DEVICE=HITACHI.SYS /D:MSCD001 /U:1 /P:300 /M:8 /N:1

D=Device name (must be the same as in MSCDEX)
P=Port address (must match jumper setting on controller card)
This can be anything like 220, 240, 260, etc.
U or N=Number of units (not sure which is right - I use both)
M=Number of buffers (might not do anything in device driver)

Elsewhere:
MSCDEX /D=MSCD001 /M:8

---
 . KingQWK 1.05 . 
                                                                              
Newsgroups: alt.cd-rom,comp.multimedia,comp.sys.ibm.pc.soundcard
From: jack@admin.mport.COM (Jack Craig)
Newsgroups: alt.cd-rom,comp.periphs.scsi
Subject: Re: CD-Rom & Adaptec 1542b
Date: 1 Sep 92 20:36:06 GMT
Followup-To: alt.cd-rom
Organization: Microport Inc., Scotts Valley, CA 95066 US of A

if you can get access to driver code, send the unit a mode select
specifing the 2048 b/sec size. toshiba drives on sgi have this setup
too.

jack...
=============================================================================
 Jack Craig      Microport SVR4      408-438-UNIX        uunet!mport.com!jack   
=============================================================================
Newsgroups: alt.cd-rom,comp.multimedia,comp.sys.ibm.pc.soundcard
From: alvin@netcom.com (Alvin H. White)
Subject: Re: Talking Desktop Library
Date: Fri, 28 Aug 92 01:20:29 GMT
Organization: Netcom - Online Communication Services  (408 241-9760 guest) 
Keywords: speech soundblaster text cd-rom


Magazine feed tape recorder. A missing link.

The recent post regarding implications for feeding ascii data
from a cd through a text to speech to create a long play
radio lecture audio class is mentally stimulating.

Another missing link that I have been listening for news of, 
but have not found a word, is a magazine fed audio tape 
recorder. There are a lot more Sony Walkman type auto reverse
tape players on joggers, walkers, shoppers, etc. than cd's.
I grant you the cd's are on the way.

Someone on the net recently speculated about a cd edition of 
the United States Code.  If, for argument sake, some engineer 
could jury rig a portable cd with a hand held computer with text to
speech ... I think Franklin uses Berkeley speech for that 
hand held talking dictionary.  The Franklin hand held electronic
bible doesn't talk as far as I know. 

Another fellow asked the net for ideas on a course of study to
apply technology to a law school education. 

Mind wandered. Back to the auto feed cassette recorder. That is,
you drop a stack of cassettes into the hopper and come back several
days later, :-), with twenty or thirty cassettes, or more, filled
sequentially with speech text from ...

So, if you take you college textbooks, disect the binding, feed 
them to an auto feed ocr, then the ascii text to speech, thence,
to the magazine fed batch tape recorder. So you can spend the
rest of the semester, walking, jogging, at the football game, 
making pizza, etc. while listening to the text books.  Then the
school makes it a requirement. Twenty four hours a day. Sleep
learning. If we protest we may be able to retain one ear for
our own personal listening.

That ought to do something with stress in our society.

But, if you are really trying to cram every last bit.  No need
for the potty to interupt the lecture, it just goes with you.
I want an automatic machine translation system in mine so I can
hear the lecture in a second language in the other ear.


alvin@netcom.com

Alvin H. White, Gen. Sect.
G.O.D.S.B.R.A.I.N.
1505 De Rose Way #66 
San Jose, CA 95126 USA

(408) 286-2794
(408) 286-4244

Government Online Database Systems
Bureau for Resource Allocations to Information Networks
[an idea waiting to happen]

120 West 38 North
From: markc@hpldsla.sid.hp.com (Mark Cervarich)
Newsgroups: alt.cd-rom
Subject: Re: Desktop Library CD-ROM (Reviewed by Tony Thomas)
Date: 25 Aug 92 23:26:44 GMT
Organization: HP Scientific Instruments Division - Palo Alto, CA

Again, great review....but what is the price????


mark
From: pan@VXUWYZ.CERN.CH ("Y. PAN")
Subject: WalnutCreek
Reply-To: "Y. PAN" <pan@VXUWYZ.CERN.CH>
Organization: FUNET-NGW
Distribution: alt
Date: Wed, 26 Aug 1992 11:40:59 GMT

Hi, Can somebody tell me the email address of WalnutCreek? I seem to remember
they have posted something on the COROM-L.
Thanks.
Pan.
Newsgroups: alt.cd-rom
From: ncpmont@angelo.amd.com (Mark Montgomery)
Newsgroups: alt.cd-rom
Subject: Windows 3.0 Multimedia Extensions
Date: 26 Aug 92 15:15:12 GMT
Distribution: usa
Organization: Advanced Micro Devices, Santa Clara, CA

Would somebody out there tell this CD-Rom novice how to go about
aquiring the multimedia extensions for Win 3.0?  E-mail is fine
if this is a bonehead question or post to the group if it's not.
			Thanks,	Mark Montgomery
				(ncpmont@amd.com)
From: hermit@ucscb.UCSC.EDU (Ron O\'Dell)
Newsgroups: alt.comedy.british
Subject: Re: Rejoice!
Date: 24 Aug 1992 00:41:28 GMT
Organization: The Pen
Reply-To: keeper@deeptht.armory.com
NNTP-Posting-Host: ucscb.ucsc.edu


In article <1992Aug22.131623.24093@news.ysu.edu> ae498@yfn.ysu.edu (Dawn Bott) writes:
>And here all this time my British friends said a version wsa
>never released here in the US of A!

[of Blackadder's Christmas Carol]

They were wrong.  It's been shown on national cable (with 45 seconds cut
out) and on thousands of local public stations, for a few years.

It's "The Cavalier Years" that hasn't been released in the U.S.
However -- yay! -- I will, at long last, have a copy of it, on Tuesday.
(Yes, I will make a transcript, like I did with the Christmas Carol and
some other normal series episodes.)

-- 
--- keeper@deeptht.armory.com (Ron O'Dell)   Do >not< mail hermit!
					     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
From: jhill@gallstone.bucknell.edu (HILL, S JACKSON)
Newsgroups: alt.comedy.british
Subject: Radio comedies by Stephen Sheridan ?
Keywords: radio, sheridan
Date: 2 Sep 92 16:21:00 GMT
Organization: Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA
News-Software: VAX/VMS VNEWS 1.4-b1

Can anyone identify any radio comedies by Stephen Sheridan other than
"The Secret Life of Rosewood Avenue" and "Fallen Arches" both of which
appeared on Radio 4 a couple of years back.  Any info would be appreciated.
Post here or e-mail to jhill@bucknell.edu    Thanks.
Newsgroups: alt.comedy.british
From: g92f3182@giraffe.ru.ac.za (MR RC FREEMAN)
Subject: Re: Brush Strokes
Keywords: none
Organization: Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 1992 15:34:44 GMT

>>Oh - and while I'm at this, I may as well ask: a couple of years ago I heard 
>>that the good people who put out "Spitting Image" were working on a US version.
>>Anyone know what ever happened to that?
>
>In the mid-1980s there was a show set in a pub, with Spitting Image
>characters (of famous people, of course) and human actors.  I don't
>remember what it was called nor where it aired, but it was late at
>night, and only ran for a few weeks.

DC Follies, or Washington Follies...? Something like that...


Newsgroups: alt.comedy.british
From: catstyle@deja-vu.aiss.uiuc.edu (CatStyle )
Subject: Re: GREAT BLACK ADDER SCRIPT PROJECT
Organization: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Date: Tue, 1 Sep 1992 18:27:45 GMT

In article <1992Sep1.101110.1606@walter.cray.com> jason@cray.com (Jason Parker) writes:
>To get DONE scripts FTP to:
>  
>                       deja-vu.aiss.uiuc.edu
>and look in
>                       /misc/fun/humor/television/black.adder

Just a quick note, since the television dir was getting bigger, I made it
a dir under /misc/fun to save people from having to type humor everytime to
get to it.

But to ensure backward compatibility, /misc/fun/humor/television is a link
to /misc/fun/television.

CatStyle
jrh@uiuc.edu
From: aproden@ac.dal.ca (Andrew P. Rodenhiser)
Newsgroups: alt.comedy.british
Subject: Mr. Bean/Rowan Atkinson
Date: 3 Sep 92 11:35:49 -0300
Organization: Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada


We've been recently getting a show on CBC called Mr. Bean
starring Rowan Atkinson.  He's hilarious!  Very visual:
he hardly even talks and when he does it's in a silly voice.
How old is this show and what else has he done?

-- 
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Andrew Paul Rodenhiser   |  You are the only censor.
Department of Chemistry  |  If you don't like what I'm saying,
Dalhousie University     |  you have the choice.
Halifax, N.S. Canada     |  You can turn me off!
APRODEN@ac.dal.ca        |   --Alice Cooper, Lay Down & Die, Goodbye.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~