From: hubey@pilot.njin.net (Hubey)
Newsgroups: soc.culture.turkish
Subject: Ziya Gokalp  3/3/
Keywords: Turanism
Date: 19 Aug 92 18:26:46 GMT
Article-I.D.: pilot.Aug.19.14.26.46.1992.28924
Organization: Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, N.J.


Ziya Gokalp is known variously as the father of Turkish
nationalism, Turkism and Turanism. I got a hold of his book and
translated various sections from it, particularly those referring
to Turkism, nationalism and Turanism.

Translations provided as a public service to USENET.

Note on translations: Some words in Turkish require several in
English, and vice versa. Where such difficulty occurs, I tried to
indicate it. Furthermore, I provided the Turkish version, for
those who want to translate it or correct my translation. No
warranty on the accuracy of the translation is implied :-).


Ziya Gokalp, Turkculugun Esaslari, Toker Yayinlari, 1989
[Ziya Gokalp, Foundations of Turkism, written in the early
1900s.]


\Turkculerin uzak ulkusu, Turan adi altinda birlesen Oguzlari,
\Tatarlari, Kirgizlari, Ozbekleri, Yakutlari dilde, edebiyatta,
\kulturde birlestirmektir. Bu ulkunun bir gercek olmasi mumkun
\mu, yoksa degil mi? Yakin ulkuler icin bu sorunun cevabi
\aranirsa da, uzak ulkuler icin aranmaz. Cunku uzak ulkuler,
\ruhlardaki yuksek heyecani sonsuz bir dereceye yukseltmek icin,
\ulasilmak istenilen cok cekici bir hayaldir. Mesela, Lenin,
\Bolseviklik icin yakin ulku olarak kollektivizmi, uzak ulku
\seklinde de kommunizmi ileri surmustur. Kommunizmin ne zaman
\uygulanacagini soranlara su cevabi veriyor: <<Kommunizmin ne
\zaman uygulanacagini simdiden kestirmek mumkun degildir. Bu
\Hazreti Mohammed'in Cennet'i gibi ne zaman ve nerede gorunecegi
\belli olmayan bir seydir.>>

The long-range ulku [ideal,goal] of Turkists is to create a
linguistic, literary, and cultural unity among the Oguz, Tatars,
Kirghiz, Uzbeks and Yakuts. Is it possible for this goal to
become reality? It may be possible to seek answers for short-
range goals but not for long-range goals. Because long-range
goals are [nothing but] attractive dreams [hayal] whose purpose
is to magnify [yukseltmek] the cherished [emotional] enthusiasm
[of peoples]. For example, Lenin proposed collectivism as the
short-range goal of Bolshevism and communism as the long-range
goal. His answer [to those] for a time frame for the attainment
of communism is: "It is not possible to determine the time of
attainment of communism. It, like the Prophet Mohammed's
Paradise, is something whose time and place of arrival is not
known."


\Iste, Turan ulkusu de bunun gibidir. Yuz milyon Turkun bir
\millet halinde birlesmesi, Turkculer icin en kuvvetli bir
\heyecan kaynagidir. Turan ulkusu olmasaydi, Turkculuk bu kadar
\hizla yayilmayacakti. Bununla beraber, kim bilir? Belki
\gelecekte Turan ulkusunun gercek olmasi da mumkundur. Ulku
\gelecegin yaraticisidir. Dun Turkler icin hayali bulunan milli
\bir devlet (Turkiye Cumhuriyeti) bugun Turkiye'de bir gercek
\olmustur.

Thus, the goal of Turanism resembles this. The union of a hundred
million Turks as a nation is a source of great enthusiasm for
Turkists. If the goal [ideal] of Turanism did not exist, Turkism
would not have spread so quickly. But who knows ? Perhaps in the
future, the ideal of Turanism will become reality. Ideals are the
creators of future realities. The ideal of a Turkish national
state [Turkish Republic] which was a daydream yesterday, is now a
reality.


\O halde, Turkculugu, ulkusunun buyuklugu noktasindan uc dereceye
\ayirabiliriz:

\1. Turkiyecilik
\2. Oguzculuk yahut Turkmencilik
\3. Turancilik

So, we may divide Turkism into three distinct parts according to
the size [magnitude] of its ambition.
1. Turkiye-ism [awkward, I know]
2. Oguzism or Turkmenism
3. Turanism

\Bugun gerceklesen yalniz Turkiyecilik vardir. Fakat ruhlarin
\buyuk ozleyisle aradigi Kizil Elma, gercek alaninda degil, hayal
\alanindadir. Turk koylusu Kizil Elmayi hayalinde canlandirirken,
\gozunun onune eski Turk ilhanliklari gelir. Gercekten, Turan
\ulkusu gecmiste bir hayal degil, bir gercekti. Milattan 210 yil
\once Hun hukumdari Mete, Hunlar adi altinda butun Turkleri
\birlestirdigi zaman Turan ulkusu bir gercek haline gelmisti.
\Hunlardan sonra Avarlar, Avarlardan sonra Gok Turkler, Gok
\Turklerden sonra Oguzlar, bunlardan sonra Kirgiz-Kazaklar, daha
\sonra Kur Han, Cengiz Han ve sonuncu olmak uzere Timurlenk Turan
\ulkusunu gerceklestirmediler mi?

The only reality today is Turkiye-ism. But the sought after 'Red
Apple' is not in the realm of reality but dreams [imagination].
When the Turkish villagers imagine the Red Apple, they think of
ancient Turkish il-khanates. In fact, in the past, the ideal of
Turan was not a wish [ulku] but a reality. When the sovereign
Mete united the Turks under the name of Huns in 210 BC, the ideal
of Turan had become reality. Didn't the Avars, after the Huns;
the Gok, Turks after the Avars; the Oguz, after the Gok Turks;
and the Kirghiz-Kazaks afterwards; then Kur Khan; Jenghis Khan
and finally Timurlane; turn the Turan ideal into reality?


\Turan kelimesinin anlami boylece sinirlandiriltiktan sonra,
\artik Macarlarin, Fin-Ugurlarin, Mogollarin, Tunguzlarin,
\Turanla  bir ilgilerinin kalmamasi gerekir. Turan, butun
\Turklerin gecmiste ve belki de gelecekte gercek olacak olan
\buyuk vatanidir.

After the meaning of Turan is delimited in this manner, there
should no longer be any relationship left between Turan and the
Magyars, the Finn-Ugrics, the Mongols, and the Tungus. Turan is
the great homeland of the Turks in the past, and perhaps [to
become reality] in the future.

\Turanlilar yalniz Turkce konusan milletlerdir. Eger Ural ve
\Altay ailesi gercekten varsa, bunun kendisine ait bir adi
\olacagindan Turan adina ihtiyaci yoktur. Bir de Avrupali
\yazarlar, Bati Asya'da aslen Samiler yahut Arilere mensup
\olmayan butun kavimlere Turan adini veriyorlar. Bunlarin amaci,
\bu kavimlerin Turkler'le akraba oldugunu belirtmek degildir.
\Yalniz Samilerle Arilerden baska kavimler oldugunu anlatmak
\icindir.

Turanians are only those peoples [nations] that speak Turkish. If
the Ural-Altaic family exists in reality, then since it will have
a name of its own, it doesn't need [the word] Turan. Some
European scholars also use the word Turan to refer to the non-
Semitic and non-Aryan [non-Indo-European] peoples of Western
Asia. Their reason [for doing this] is not to imply that they are
related to Turks; but only to explain that they are non-Semitic
and non-Aryan [non-Indo-European] peoples.

\Bundan baska, bazi yazarlar da Sehnameye gore Tur ile Irec'in
\kardes olduguna bakarak, Turan'i eski Iran'in bolumu
\saymaktadirlar. Oysa, Sehname'ye gore, Tur ile Irec'in ucuncu
\bir kardesi vardir ki adi Selem'dir. Selem ise Iran'da bir boyun
\dedesi degil butun Samilerin atasidir. O halde, Feridun'un
\ogullari olan bu uc kardes Nuh'un ogullari gibi, eski etnografik
\ayirimlarin adlarindan dogmustur. Bundan anlasiliyor ki Turan,
\Iran'in bir parcasi degil, butun Turk illerini icine alan Turk
\toplumundan ibarettir.

In addition to this, some writers consider Turan to be a part of
old Iran since in the Shahname, Tur and Irec [Irach ?] were
brothers. However, according to the Shahname, Tur and Irec had a
third brother called Selem. Selem is not the ancestor of an
Iranian tribe [kavim] but the ancestor of the Semites. Thus,
these three persons, supposedly the sons of Feridun, like the
sons of Noah, are derived from ancient [mythological]
ethnography. It's clear from this, that Turan is not [really] a
part of Iran but is comprised of the Turkish community which
includes all the Turkish lands [iller].

		-------------------

A note on the translation:

The suffixes ci,cu and luk,lik in Turkish pop up quite often. For
example we have Turkluk, Turkcu, Turkculuk, Turkiyecilik, Turan,
Turanci, Turancilik etc.

The  suffix can be explained via examples; araba [car,coach],
arabaci [driver]; suru [herd from surmek to drive], surucu
[driver]; kapi [door], kapici [doorman]; kalay [tin], kalayci
[tinsmith]; orman [forest], ormanci [forester];  cibin [fly],
cibinlik [fly,mosquito net]; koru [small wood, grove], koruluk
[small wood, grove], korucu [forest watchman], meydan [open
space, square], meydanlik [open space, square], meydanci [dervish
who supervises the whirling dervishes during ceremony]; yazi
[writing], yazici [scribe, printer], yazicilik [clerkship];
yaygara [outcry, clamor], yaygaraci [noisy, crybaby]; kavak
[poplar], kavaklik [poplar grove]; kavga [brawl,fight], kavgaci
[quarrelsome]; 
-- 

	mark	


   hubey@pilot.njin.net                   hubey@apollo.montclair.edu
 ...!rutgers!pilot!hubey                  hubey@logos.montclair.edu