From: milo@scicom.AlphaCDC.COM (Michele Lord)
Newsgroups: alt.native
Subject: Nez Perce Memorial
Date: 21 Aug 92 01:53:28 GMT
Organization: Alpha Institute, Aurora, CO.


This article is from the twice monthly newspaper, News From Indian
Country. It is published by Indian Country Communications, Inc.
with offices at Rt.2 Box 2900A, Hayward, WI 54843. They may be
contacted by calling (715) 634-5226; FAX (715) 634-3243. 
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               A Special Article

 by Elmer M. Savilla
  Fort Oakland, Oklahoma

     July, '92- Henry Allen, Sr. worked quietly and unselfishly for
years on his own private project to remember and honor the native
people who were gathered here by the U.S. Cavalry in 1877, and then
were forced to walk to new reservations in the northwest. Heinmont
Tooyalaket, known to whites as Chief Joseph, legendary Nez Perce
leader, and Yellow Wolf, were among the the chiefs who tried to
keep the Nez Perce people together.
     Henry Allen served the Tonkawa tribe as Chairman for 18 years
until his own death in April of 1989. The Tonkawa's are now located
on the grounds of the old Fort Oakland, now known as Tonkawa,
Oklahoma. In his spare time Allen did research on old records,
piecing together the sad story of those who passed through this
lush country which the white Americans wanted so badly. Working
with Indian archivists of the Oklahoma Historical Society, he was
able to erect a seven foot tall by four feet wide pink granite
memorial stone nearby the Tonkawa tribal offices so that they would
never be forgotten. Henry Allen, Sr., was so spiritually moved by
the story of these people that he took it upon himself to build a
monument to their memory.
     Text carved into the granite memorial tell a small part of the
suffering the Nez Perce families endured. Full records could not be
located, but it was recorded that a daughter was born to Chief
Joseph at Lolo Lake in June of 1877. She died here at Fort Oakland
and was buried alongside at least 100 other Nez Perce children who
were born here while the tribe was imprisoned and died of malaria 
and other diseases.
     Also buried here is a man named Halahtookit, who was born to a
Nez Perce woman and fathered by William Clark, of the Lewis and
Clark expedition fame.
     On June 30, 1884, the local Indian Agent wrote to the Indian
Affairs Commissioner H. Price, that in view of the large numbers of
Nez Perce buried here, it was thought that to preclude any possible
removal by looters a barricade fence should be installed around the
burial ground. They located trees of suitable size and hauled them
to a local lumbermill where they were cut into fence lumber and a
"good substantial fence round the enclosure sufficient to include
all the graves" was built. Carl Schurs was Secretary of Interior at
the time  and known to be a friend of Indians, and this may be the
reason  that the protected burial ground was permitted.
     An interested person would wonder, how did the Nez Perce who
were from the northwest happen to be here in Oklahoma territory?
That story is another of the shameful chapters of American history
and of how the West was really won:
     In 1805 the Lewis and Clark expedition came out of the Rocky
Mountains western side. The Nez Perce found them starved, sick, and
near death. They fed them and took care of them until they were
well enough to continue. The Nez Perce and the whites remained good
friends until the yellow fever of "gold" turned them into enemies.
Treaties and promise after promise was broken by the whites,
supported by the U.S. Army.
     In 1863 a new treaty was offered, giving them a new small
reservation. The first Chief Joseph, Tuekakas, known as old Joseph,
refused to sign the treaty. He died in 1871 and U.S. officials
immediately ordered the Nez Perce to leave Wallowa, in what is now
Washington state, and go to Lapwai in what is now Idaho. The new
chief, Young Joseph, also refused to go.
     After much harassment and mistreatment, Nez Perce warriors
fought with and killed some soldiers. Joseph, advised by subchiefs
White Bird, Looking Glass, his brother Ollokot, and the tribal
elder-prophet Toohoolhoolzote, decided to take the Nez Perce to
Canada for safety. The army pursued them through snowstorm and
blizzard, and after brutally killing more than 50 women and
children 25 warriors in a pre-dawn attack, the army succeeded in
turning the Nez Perce southward.
    Traveling south through Yellowstone Park they were attacked by
General "Bear Coat" Miles, so named by Indians because of his habit
of wearing a large bearskin coat. Miles had 30 Sioux and Cheyenne
scouts who had been recruited from the Indian force which had
defeated Custer, and these scouts led 600 troops of the 7th Cavalry
in a charge upon Nez Perce.
     The charge was stopped by Nez Perce warriors, then under a
flag of truce Chief Joseph was taken prisoner.
     Bear Coat Miles received reinforcements and the Nez Perce were
besieged. Their war chief, Looking Glass, was killed, as was
Toohoolhoolzote, the prophet. It was then, as a prisoner, that
Chief Joseph, in order to save the lives of the remaining women and
children, surrendered and made his now famous speech which ended
with "I will fight no more forever."
     Some warriors escaped to Canada, but the remaining Nez Perce
were taken to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, instead of to the promised
Lapwai reservation. One hundred Nez Perce died there before they
were sent to Fort Oakland (Tonkawa) where more died of sickness and
mistreatment. By 1885 only 285 Nez Perce remained alive, most of
them the very young or the very old. In 1887 some were returned to
Lapwai in Idaho, but Chief Joseph and a few other warriors were
sent to the Colville reservation in northern Washington, where they
lived in exile and separated from the other Nez Perce.
     On September 21, 1904 Heinmont Tooyalaket, Chief Joseph, died
at the age of 63. The attending physician reported that cause of
death was "a broken heart."
     This then, is the story which touched Henry Allen, Sr., Chief
of the Tonkawa's so much that he had to honor them with his own
memorial. Today the board fence has been replaced with a wire fence
and the burial ground is surrounded with farm crops. The constant
Oklahoma winds whistling through the trees and the tall corn seem to
whisper to the listener, voicing their thanks to Henry who wanted
no recognition for building this memorial and got none (until now),
and to the occasional visitor who traveled a hot and dusty
country road to briefly visit with them and to see their final
resting place. The writing on the memorial stone reads, "NEZ PERCE
INDIAN BURIAL GROUND 1879-1885". It is a memorial to the good heart
of Henry Allen, Sr., and the Tonkawa people as well. A-ho!

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  Michele Lord              + If you have come here to help me,
                            + you are wasting your time.....
 Alpha Institute            + But if you have come because
                            + your liberation is bound up with mine,
 milo@scicom.alphacdc.com   + then let us work together.
                                          Aboriginal Woman
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