GreatNorthCollective/greatnorth-canada-federal-laws-text huggingface dataset:
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.115
602.115 No person shall operate an aircraft in VFR flight within uncontrolled airspace unless (a) the aircraft is operated with visual reference to the surface; (b) where the aircraft is operated at or above 1,000 feet AGL (i) during the day, flight visibility is not less than one mile, (ii) during the night, flight visibility is not less than three miles, and (iii) in either case, the distance of the aircraft from cloud is not less than 500 feet vertically and 2,000 feet horizontally; (c) where the aircraft is not a helicopter and is operated at less than 1,000 feet AGL (i) during the day, flight visibility is not less than two miles, except if otherwise authorized in an air operator certificate, (ii) during the night, flight visibility is not less than three miles, and (iii) in either case, the aircraft is operated clear of cloud; and (d) where the aircraft is a helicopter and is operated at less than 1,000 feet AGL (i) during the day, flight visibility is not less than one mile, except if otherwise authorized in an air operator certificate or a flight training unit operator certificate — helicopter, (ii) during the night, flight visibility is not less than three miles, and (iii) in either case, the aircraft is operated clear of cloud. SOR/2014-131, s. 14
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.116
602.116 Despite paragraphs 602.114(a) and 602.115(a), an aircraft may be operated in VFR OTT flight during the cruise portion of the flight during the day if (a) the aircraft is operated at a vertical distance from cloud of at least 1,000 feet; (b) where the aircraft is operated between two cloud layers, the vertical distance between the layers is at least 5,000 feet; (c) flight visibility at the cruising altitude of the aircraft is at least five miles; and (d) the weather at the aerodrome of destination is forecast to have no broken, overcast or obscured layer lower than 3,000 feet above the planned flight altitude and the ground visibility is forecast to be five miles or greater with no thunderstorms or precipitation (i) where the forecast is an aerodrome forecast (TAF), for the period from one hour before to two hours after the estimated time of arrival, using the worst forecast condition together with any of the references TEMPO (temporary fluctuation), BECMG (becoming) or PROB (probability), and (ii) where an aerodrome forecast (TAF) is not available and the forecast is an area forecast (FA), for the period from one hour before to three hours after the estimated time of arrival. SOR/2019-119, s. 33 SOR/2021-152, s. 19(E)
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.117
602.117 (1) Despite paragraph 602.114(b), an aircraft may be operated in special VFR flight within a control zone if (a) weather conditions preclude compliance with paragraph 602.114(b); (b) flight visibility is not less than (i) one mile, where the aircraft is not a helicopter, or (ii) one-half mile, where the aircraft is a helicopter; (c) the aircraft is operated clear of cloud and with visual reference to the surface at all times; and (d) authorization to do so has been requested and obtained from the appropriate air traffic control unit. (2) Where aerodrome traffic permits, an air traffic control unit shall authorize a pilot-in-command to operate an aircraft in special VFR flight within a control zone if (a) the pilot-in-command requests authorization to operate the aircraft in special VFR flight; (b) when reported, ground visibility within the control zone is not less than (i) one mile, where the aircraft is not a helicopter, or (ii) one-half mile, where the aircraft is a helicopter; (c) the aircraft is equipped with radiocommunication equipment capable of maintaining communication with the appropriate air traffic control unit; and (d) the aircraft is not a helicopter and is operated during the night, and the authorization is for the purpose of allowing the aircraft to land at the destination aerodrome. SOR/2006-77, s. 11 SOR/2021-152, s. 19(E)
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.121
602.121 (1) No pilot-in-command shall operate an aircraft in IMC in any class of airspace, except in accordance with IFR. (2) No pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall conduct an IFR flight within controlled airspace unless the aircraft is operated in accordance with an air traffic control clearance pursuant to section 602.31.
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.122
602.122 Except as otherwise authorized by the Minister in an air operator certificate or in a special authorization issued under subsection 604.05 (2), no pilot-in-command shall operate an aircraft in IFR flight unless the IFR flight plan or IFR flight itinerary that has been filed for the flight under section 602.73 includes an alternate aerodrome having a landing area suitable for use by that aircraft. SOR/2014-131, s. 15
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.123
602.123 No pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall include an alternate aerodrome in an IFR flight plan or IFR flight itinerary unless available weather information indicates that the ceiling and visibility at the alternate aerodrome will, at the expected time of arrival, be at or above the alternate aerodrome weather minima specified in the Canada Air Pilot .
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.124
602.124 (1) Subject to subsections (2) and (3), the pilot-in-command of an IFR aircraft shall, except when taking off or landing, or when being vectored by an ATC unit, ensure that the aircraft is operated at or above (a) the MOCA, when the aircraft is on an airway or air route; and (b) the minimum altitude established by the Minister to ensure obstacle clearance and specified on an IFR chart, when the aircraft is within airspace in respect of which such a minimum altitude has been established. (2) When an aircraft referred to in subsection (1) is not being operated on an airway or air route or within airspace in respect of which a minimum altitude referred to in paragraph (1)(b) has been established, the pilot-in-command shall ensure that the aircraft is operated at or above (a) an altitude of 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle located within a horizontal distance of five nautical miles from the estimated position of the aircraft in flight; (b) in a region designated as a mountainous region in the Designated Airspace Handbook and identified therein as area 1 or 5, an altitude of 2,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of five nautical miles from the estimated position of the aircraft in flight; and (c) in a region designated as a mountainous region in the Designated Airspace Handbook and identified therein as area 2, 3 or 4, an altitude of 1,500 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of five nautical miles from the estimated position of the aircraft in flight. (3) If aviation safety would be at risk as a result of the presence of obstacles to air navigation, the Minister may issue a NOTAM that establishes a higher minimum altitude requirement than that referred to in subsection (1) or (2). SOR/2025-98, s. 11
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.125
602.125 (1) The pilot-in-command of an IFR aircraft shall transmit position reports over compulsory reporting points specified on an IFR chart unless advised by the appropriate ATC unit that the aircraft is an identified aircraft. (2) A position report transmitted pursuant to subsection (1) shall contain the information specified by the Minister in the Canada Flight Supplement . SOR/2006-77, s. 12 SOR/2025-98, s. 12
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.126
602.126 (1) No pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall conduct a take-off if the take-off visibility, as determined in accordance with subsection (2), is below the minimum take-off visibility specified in (a) the air operator certificate where the aircraft is operated in accordance with Part VII; (b) a special authorization issued under subsection 604.05 (2); or (c) the Canada Air Pilot in any case other than a case described in paragraph (a) or (b). (2) For the purposes of subsection (1), the take-off visibility is (a) the RVR of the runway, if the RVR is reported to be at or above the minimum take-off visibility specified in a document or the manual referred to in subsection (1); (b) the ground visibility of the aerodrome for the runway, if the RVR (i) is reported to be less than the minimum take-off visibility specified in a document or the manual referred to in subsection (1), (ii) is reported to vary between distances less than and greater than the minimum take-off visibility specified in the Canada Air Pilot or a certificate referred to in subsection (1), or (iii) is not reported; or (c) the runway visibility as observed by the pilot-in-command, if (i) the RVR is not reported, and (ii) the ground visibility of the aerodrome is not reported. SOR/2006-199, s. 11; SOR/2014-131, s. 16
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.127
602.127 (1) Unless otherwise authorized by the appropriate air traffic control unit, the pilot-in-command of an IFR aircraft shall, when conducting an approach to an aerodrome or a runway, ensure that the approach is made in accordance with the instrument approach procedure. (2) No pilot-in-command of an IFR aircraft shall commence an instrument approach procedure unless the aircraft altimeter is set to an altimeter setting that is usable at the aerodrome where the approach is to be conducted. (3) No pilot-in-command of an IFR aircraft shall conduct a landing following an instrument approach unless, immediately before landing, the pilot-in-command ascertains, by means of radiocommunication or visual inspection, (a) the condition of the runway or surface of intended landing; and (b) the wind direction and speed. SOR/2025-26, s. 24
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.127.1
602.127.1 A pilot-in-command shall not conduct a contact approach unless authorized by the appropriate ATC unit. SOR/2025-98, s. 13
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.127.2
602.127.2 (1) Before requesting authorization to conduct a contact approach, the pilot-in-command of an IFR aircraft shall (a) ensure that the aircraft is being operated clear of cloud and that flight visibility is not less than one mile; (b) establish visual contact with the surface of the earth; and (c) determine that they are able to proceed to the aerodrome of intended landing while complying with the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b). (2) When conducting the contact approach, the pilot-in-command shall (a) avoid entering any restricted airspace; (b) comply with the requirements of paragraphs (1)(a) and (b); and (c) immediately advise the appropriate ATC unit if they are unable to complete the contact approach. SOR/2025-98, s. 13
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.127.3
602.127.3 A pilot-in-command shall not conduct a visual approach unless authorized by the appropriate ATC unit. SOR/2025-98, s. 13
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.127.4
602.127.4 (1) Before requesting authorization to conduct a visual approach, the pilot-in-command of an IFR aircraft shall (a) ensure that they are operating the aircraft in VMC; (b) establish visual contact with the aerodrome of intended landing; and (c) determine that they are able to proceed to the aerodrome of intended landing while complying with the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b). (2) Before accepting authorization to conduct a visual approach, the pilot-in-command shall (a) ensure that they are operating the aircraft in VMC; (b) establish visual contact with the aerodrome of intended landing or with the aircraft from which they must maintain visual separation; and (c) determine that they are able to (i) proceed to the aerodrome of intended landing in VMC, (ii) maintain visual separation from, and avoid the wake turbulence of, a preceding aircraft, if instructed to do so, and (iii) conduct the approach in accordance with any instructions issued with the authorization. (3) When conducting the visual approach, the pilot-in-command shall (a) ensure that they are operating the aircraft in VMC; (b) avoid entering any restricted airspace; and (c) immediately advise the appropriate ATC unit if they are unable to complete the visual approach. SOR/2025-98, s. 13
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.128
602.128 (1) No pilot-in-command of an IFR aircraft shall conduct an instrument approach procedure except in accordance with the minima specified in the Canada Air Pilot or the Restricted Canada Air Pilot . (2) No pilot-in-command of an IFR aircraft shall, unless the required visual reference necessary to continue the approach to land has been established, (a) in the case of a CAT I or CAT II precision approach, continue the final approach descent below the decision height; or (b) in the case of a non-precision approach, descend below the minimum descent altitude. (3) Where the pilot-in-command of an IFR aircraft conducting an instrument approach does not establish the required visual reference referred to in subsection (2), the pilot-in-command shall initiate a missed approach procedure (a) in the case of a CAT I or CAT II precision approach, at decision height; and (b) in the case of a non-precision approach, at the missed approach point. (4) Despite anything in this Division, no pilot-in-command of an IFR aircraft shall conduct a precision approach to CAT II or CAT III minima unless (a) the flight crew has received the training specified in the Manual of All Weather Operations (Categories II and III) ; and (b) the aircraft is operated in accordance with the procedures, the equipment requirements and the limitations specified in the manual referred to in paragraph (a). SOR/2006-199, s. 12; SOR/2014-131, s. 17 SOR/2021-152, s. 19(E)
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.129
602.129 (1) This section does not apply in respect of aircraft operated under Part VII. (2) For the purposes of subsection (4), the RVR with respect to an aeroplane is less than the minimum RVR if (a) where the RVR is measured by RVR “A” and RVR “B”, the RVR measured by RVR “A” for the runway of intended approach is less than 1,200 feet or the RVR measured by RVR “B” for the runway of intended approach is less than 600 feet; or (b) where the RVR is measured by only one of RVR “A” and RVR “B”, the RVR for the runway of intended approach is less than 1,200 feet. (3) For the purposes of subsection (4), the RVR with respect to a helicopter is less than the minimum RVR if (a) where the RVR is measured by RVR “A” and RVR “B”, the RVR measured by RVR “A” for the surface of intended approach is less than 1,200 feet; or (b) where the RVR is measured by only one of RVR “A” and RVR “B”, the RVR for the surface of intended approach is less than 1,200 feet. (4) Where the RVR is reported to be less than the minimum RVR set out in subsection (2) or (3), as applicable, no person shall continue an instrument approach in an IFR aircraft unless (a) at the time the RVR report is received, the aircraft has passed the FAF inbound or, where there is no FAF, the point where the final approach course is intercepted; (b) the aircraft is on a training flight where a landing is not intended and the appropriate air traffic control unit is informed that a missed approach procedure will be initiated at or above the decision height or minimum descent altitude, as appropriate; (c) the RVR is varying between distances less than and greater than the minimum RVR; (d) the RVR is less than the minimum RVR, and the ground visibility at the aerodrome where the runway is located is reported to be at least one quarter of a mile; or (e) the pilot-in-command of the aircraft is conducting a precision approach to CAT III minima. (5) No pilot-in-command of an IFR aircraft shall commence a non-precision approach, an APV or a CAT I or CAT II precision approach to an airport where low-visibility procedures are in effect. SOR/2006-199, s. 13
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.130
602.130 (1) This section does not apply in respect of aircraft operated under Part VII. (2) No person shall continue a CAT III precision approach in an IFR aircraft beyond the FAF inbound or, where there is no FAF, the point where the final approach course is intercepted, unless the RVR reported is equal to or greater than the minimum RVR specified in the Canada Air Pilot in respect of the runway or surface of intended approach for the instrument approach procedure conducted. SOR/2006-199, s. 13
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.131
602.131 (1) When no reading from RVR “A” or RVR “B” for the runway of intended approach is available, runway visibility is assessed (a) by a pilot holding an instrument rating and in the manner set out in section 622.131 of Standard 622 — Pilot Assessment of Runway Visibility Standards of the General Operating and Flight Rules Standards ; or (b) by a person qualified in accordance with section 804.26 and in the manner set out in section 804.25. (2) The assessment of runway visibility is valid only for a period of 20 minutes after it is established. SOR/2006-199, s. 14; SOR/2015-160, s. 28(F)
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.133
602.133 English and French are the languages of aeronautical radiocommunication in Canada.
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.134
602.134 Any person operating an aircraft who wishes to receive air traffic services referred to in section 801.24 in English or French shall make their request known to the appropriate ATS unit by means of an initial radiocommunication in English or French. SOR/2004-29, s. 6 SOR/2019-119, s. 34 SOR/2025-98, s. 14
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.136
602.136 Subject to sections 602.137 and 602.138, where an aircraft is equipped with radiocommunication equipment, the pilot-in-command shall ensure that (a) a listening watch is maintained on the appropriate frequency; and (b) where communications are required, communication is established with an air traffic services unit or community aerodrome radio station, as applicable, on that appropriate frequency. SOR/2025-98, s. 26
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.137
602.137 (1) Where there is a two-way radiocommunication failure between the controlling air traffic control unit and an IFR aircraft that is in or has received a clearance to enter controlled airspace, the pilot-in-command shall (a) maintain a listening watch on the appropriate frequency for control messages or further clearance and acknowledge receipt of any such messages, if possible, by any means available; (b) set the transponder to code 7600; and (c) attempt to establish communications with any air traffic services facility or other aircraft, inform the facility or aircraft of the difficulty and request it to relay the information to the last air traffic control unit with which communications had been established. (2) Where communications cannot be established with any air traffic services facility, either directly or by relay through an intermediary, the pilot-in-command shall, except where specific instructions to cover an anticipated communications failure have been received from an air traffic control unit, comply with the procedures specified by the Minister in the Canada Air Pilot and the Canada Flight Supplement .
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.138
602.138 Where there is a two-way radiocommunication failure between the controlling air traffic control unit and a VFR aircraft while operating in Class B, Class C or Class D airspace, the pilot-in-command shall (a) leave the airspace (i) where the airspace is a control zone, by landing at the aerodrome for which the control zone is established, and (ii) in any other case, by the shortest route; (b) where the aircraft is equipped with a transponder, set the transponder to code 7600; and (c) inform an air traffic control unit as soon as possible of the actions taken pursuant to paragraph (a).
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.143
602.143 No person shall operate an aircraft equipped with two-way VHF radiocommunication equipment unless the equipment is capable of providing communication on VHF frequency 121.5 MHz.
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.144
602.144 (1) No person shall give an interception signal or an instruction to land except (a) a peace officer, an officer of a police authority or an officer of the Canadian Armed Forces acting within the scope of their duties; or (b) a person authorized to do so by the Minister pursuant to subsection (2). (2) The Minister may authorize a person to give an interception signal or an instruction to land if such authorization is in the public interest and is not likely to affect aviation safety. (3) The pilot-in-command of an aircraft who receives an instruction to land from a person referred to in subsection (1) shall, subject to any direction received from an air traffic control unit, comply with the instruction. (4) The pilot-in-command of an intercepting aircraft and the pilot-in-command of an intercepted aircraft shall comply with the rules of interception set out in the Canada Flight Supplement . SOR/2021-152, s. 18
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 602.145
602.145 (1) This section applies in respect of aircraft before entering into and while operating within the ADIZ, the dimensions of which are specified in the Designated Airspace Handbook . (2) Every flight plan or flight itinerary required to be filed pursuant to this section shall be filed with an air traffic services unit or a community aerodrome radio station. (3) The pilot-in-command of an aircraft whose point of departure within the ADIZ or last point of departure before entering the ADIZ has facilities for the transmission of flight plan or flight itinerary information shall (a) before take-off, file a flight plan or flight itinerary; (b) in the case of a VFR aircraft where the point of departure is outside the ADIZ, (i) indicate in the flight plan or flight itinerary the estimated time and point of ADIZ entry, and (ii) as soon as possible after take-off, communicate by radio to an air traffic control unit, a flight service station or a community aerodrome radio station a position report of the aircraft’s location, altitude, aerodrome of departure and estimated time and point of ADIZ entry; and (c) in the case of a VFR aircraft where the point of departure is within the ADIZ, as soon as possible after take-off, communicate by radio to an air traffic control unit, a flight service station or a community aerodrome radio station a position report of the aircraft’s location, altitude and aerodrome of departure. (4) The pilot-in-command of an aircraft whose point of departure within the ADIZ or last point of departure before entering the ADIZ does not have facilities for the transmission of flight plan or flight itinerary information shall (a) as soon as possible after take-off, file by radiocommunication a flight plan or flight itinerary; and (b) in the case of a VFR aircraft, indicate in the flight plan or flight itinerary the estimated time and point of ADIZ entry, if applicable. (5) The pilot-in-command of a VFR aircraft shall revise the estimated time and point of ADIZ entry and inform an air traffic control unit, a flight service station or a community aerodrome radio station, when the aircraft is not expected to arrive (a) within plus or minus five minutes of the estimated time at (i) a reporting point, (ii) the point of ADIZ entry, or (iii) the point of destination within the ADIZ; or (b) within 20 nautical miles of (i) the estimated point of ADIZ entry, or (ii) the centre line of the route of flight indicated in the flight plan or flight itinerary. SOR/2025-98, s. 27