GreatNorthCollective/greatnorth-canada-federal-laws-text huggingface dataset:
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.23
901.23 (1) No pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft system unless the following procedures are established: (a) normal operating procedures, including pre-flight, take-off, launch, approach, landing and recovery procedures; and (b) emergency procedures, including with respect to (i) a control station failure, (ii) an equipment failure, (iii) a failure of the remotely piloted aircraft, (iv) a loss of the command and control link, (v) a fly-away, (vi) flight termination, and (vii) the detection and avoidance of conflicting air traffic and other hazards. (2) If the manufacturer of the remotely piloted aircraft system or the person who has made a declaration referred to in section 901.194 in respect of that model of system provides instructions with respect to the topics referred to in paragraphs (1)(a) and (b), the procedures established under subsection (1) shall reflect those instructions. (3) No pilot shall conduct the take-off or launch of a remotely piloted aircraft unless the procedures referred to in subsection (1) are reviewed before the flight by, and are immediately available to, each crew member. (4) No pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft system unless the operation is conducted in accordance with the procedures referred to in subsection (1). SOR/2019-11, s. 23 SOR/2025-70, s. 57
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.24
901.24 A pilot of a remotely piloted aircraft shall, before commencing a flight, be familiar with the information that is relevant to the intended flight, including (a) the results of the site survey conducted under section 901.27 ; (b) any declaration referred to in section 901.194 made in respect of the model of remotely piloted aircraft system to be used for the flight; and (c) the qualifications of all crew members. SOR/2019-11, s. 23 SOR/2025-70, s. 58
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.25
901.25 (1) Subject to subsection (2), no pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft at an altitude greater than (a) 400 feet (122 m) AGL; or (b) 100 feet (30 m) above any building or structure, if the aircraft is being operated at a distance of less than 200 feet (61 m), measured horizontally, from the building or structure. (2) A pilot may operate a remotely piloted aircraft at an altitude greater than those set out in subsection (1) if the operation is conducted in accordance with a special flight operations certificate — RPAS issued under section 903.03 . SOR/2019-11, s. 23
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.26
901.26 Unless the operation is conducted under Division V, no pilot shall operate (a) a small remotely piloted aircraft to conduct a VLOS operation at a distance of less than 100 feet (30 m), measured horizontally and at any altitude, from any person not involved in the operation; or (b) a medium remotely piloted aircraft to conduct a VLOS operation at a distance of less than 500 feet (152.4 m), measured horizontally and at any altitude, from any person not involved in the operation. SOR/2019-11, s. 23 SOR/2025-70, s. 59
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.27
901.27 No pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft system unless, before commencing the operation, they determine that the operational volume is suitable by conducting a site survey that takes into account the following factors: (a) the type of airspace and any requirements applicable to the flight geography, including any specified in a NOTAM ; (b) the altitudes and routes to be used for approach, take-off, launch, landing or recovery; (c) the proximity of other aircraft operations; (d) the proximity of airports, heliports and other aerodromes; (e) the location and height of obstacles, including wires, masts, buildings, cell phone towers and wind turbines; (f) the predominant weather and environmental conditions and the weather forecast for the duration of the flight; (g) in the case of a VLOS operation, an extended VLOS operation or a sheltered operation, the horizontal distance from any person not involved in the operation; and (h) in the case of a BVLOS operation, the distance from any populated area or sparsely populated area. SOR/2019-11, s. 23 SOR/2025-70, s. 60
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.28
901.28 A pilot of a remotely piloted aircraft shall, before commencing a flight, (a) ensure that there is a sufficient amount of fuel or energy for safe completion of the flight; (b) ensure that each crew member, before acting as a crew member, has been instructed (i) with respect to the duties that the crew member is to perform, and (ii) on the location and use of any emergency equipment associated with the operation of the remotely piloted aircraft system; and (c) determine the maximum distance from the pilot the aircraft can travel without endangering aviation safety or the safety of any person. SOR/2019-11, s. 23
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.29
901.29 No pilot shall conduct the take-off or launch of a remotely piloted aircraft, or permit the take-off or launch of a remotely piloted aircraft to be conducted, unless the pilot ensures that (a) the aircraft is serviceable; (b) the remotely piloted aircraft system has been maintained, and all mandatory actions have been completed, in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer or of the person who has made a declaration referred to in section 901.194 in respect of that model of system ; and (c) all equipment required by these Regulations or the manufacturer’s instructions , including any system element necessary to support the operation of the remotely piloted aircraft system, is installed, if applicable, and serviceable. (d) [Repealed, SOR/2025-70, s. 61] SOR/2019-11, s. 23 SOR/2025-70, s. 61
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.30
901.30 (1) No pilot shall conduct the take-off or launch of a remotely piloted aircraft unless the operating manuals applicable to the remotely piloted aircraft system of which the aircraft is an element are immediately available to crew members. (2) No pilot shall conduct the take-off or launch of a remotely piloted aircraft to conduct a BVLOS operation under Division VI unless the RPAS operator’s RPAS operations manual is immediately available to crew members. SOR/2019-11, s. 23 SOR/2025-70, s. 62
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.31
901.31 No pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft system unless it is operated in accordance with the applicable operating manuals . SOR/2019-11, s. 23 SOR/2025-70, s. 63
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.32
901.32 No pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft system that is not designed to allow pilot intervention in the management of a flight. SOR/2019-11, s. 23 SOR/2025-70, s. 64
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.33
901.33 A pilot of a remotely piloted aircraft shall, before take-off, launch, approach, landing or recovery, (a) ensure that there is no likelihood of collision with another aircraft, person or obstacle; and (b) ensure that the site set aside for take-off, launch, landing or recovery, as the case may be, is suitable for the intended operation. SOR/2019-11, s. 23
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.34
901.34 (1) No pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft to conduct a VLOS operation unless the weather conditions at the time of flight permit (a) the operation to be conducted in accordance with the operating manuals applicable to the remotely piloted aircraft system of which the aircraft is an element; and (b) the pilot or any visual observer to conduct the entire flight in visual-line-of-sight. (2) If the ground visibility is four miles or less, no pilot shall operate a medium remotely piloted aircraft to conduct a VLOS operation at a distance of more than half of the ground visibility unless the operation is conducted in accordance with a special flight operations certificate — RPAS issued under section 903.03 . (3) Subject to subsection (4), no pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft to conduct a BVLOS operation unless ground visibility is not less than three miles and the aircraft is operated clear of cloud. (4) A pilot may operate a remotely piloted aircraft to conduct a BVLOS operation in cloud or when the ground visibility is less than three miles if (a) a declaration referred to in section 901.194 has been made in respect of the model of remotely piloted aircraft system of which the aircraft is an element and in respect of the technical requirements set out in section 922.10 of Standard 922 and the operating manuals applicable to the system allow for operation in those conditions; or (b) the operation is conducted in accordance with a special flight operations certificate — RPAS issued under section 903.03 . SOR/2019-11, s. 23 SOR/2025-70, s. 65
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.35
901.35 (1) No pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft system when icing conditions are observed, are reported to exist or are likely to be encountered along the route of flight unless the aircraft is equipped with de-icing or anti-icing equipment or the pilot has a means to detect icing. (2) No pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft system with frost, ice or snow adhering to any of the critical surfaces of the remotely piloted aircraft. (3) For the purposes of subsection (2), critical surfaces means the wings, control surfaces, rotors, propellers, horizontal stabilizers, vertical stabilizers or any other stabilizing surfaces of the remotely piloted aircraft, as well as any other surfaces identified as critical surfaces in the operating manuals applicable to the system. SOR/2019-11, s. 23 SOR/2025-70, s. 66
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.36
901.36 No pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft in formation with other aircraft except by pre-arrangement between the pilots of the aircraft in respect of the intended flight. SOR/2019-11, s. 23
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.37
901.37 No pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft while operating a moving vehicle, vessel or manned aircraft. SOR/2019-11, s. 23
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.38
901.38 (1) Unless the operation is conducted under Division VI, no pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft system using a first-person view device unless a visual observer maintains unaided visual contact with the airspace beyond the field of view displayed on the device in order to detect conflicting air traffic and other hazards and take action to avoid them. (2) For the purposes of subsection (1), first-person view device means a device that generates and transmits a streaming video image to a control station display or monitor, giving the pilot of a remotely piloted aircraft the illusion of flying the aircraft from an onboard pilot’s perspective. SOR/2019-11, s. 23 SOR/2025-70, s. 67
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.38.1
901.38.1 (1) Subject to subsection (3), no pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft to conduct a BVLOS operation unless the aircraft is equipped with anti-collision lights and those lights are turned on. (2) For the purposes of subsection (1), anti-collision lights shall (a) be white in colour; (b) for operations at night, be visible using night-vision goggles; (c) flash at a rate of not less than 40, and not more than 100, cycles per minute; (d) be visible in all directions within 75 degrees above and below the horizontal plane of the aircraft, with the exception of solid angles of obstructed visibility totalling not more than 0.5 steradians; and (e) have an intensity such that they are visible in all directions from a distance of not less than one mile. (3) Anti-collision lights may be turned off if the pilot determines that, because of operating conditions, doing so would be in the interests of aviation safety. SOR/2025-70, s. 68
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.39
901.39 (1) No pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft system at night unless the remotely piloted aircraft is equipped with lights that are sufficient to allow the aircraft to be visible to the pilot or a visual observer, whether with or without night-vision goggles, and those lights are turned on. (2) No pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft system using night-vision goggles unless the goggles are capable of, or the person has another means of, detecting all light within the visual spectrum. SOR/2019-11, s. 23 SOR/2025-70, s. 69
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.40
901.40 (1) Subject to subsections (2) and (3), no pilot shall operate more than one remotely piloted aircraft at a time unless (a) the aircraft are operated to conduct a VLOS operation; (b) the aircraft are operated in accordance with the operating manuals applicable to the remotely piloted aircraft system; (c) the remotely piloted aircraft system is designed to permit the operation of multiple aircraft from a single control station; and (d) no more than five aircraft are operated at a time. (2) A pilot may operate more than five remotely piloted aircraft at a time if the operation is conducted in accordance with a special flight operations certificate — RPAS issued under section 903.03 . (3) A pilot may operate more than one remotely piloted aircraft at a time to conduct an operation that is not a VLOS operation if the operation is conducted in accordance with a special flight operations certificate — RPAS issued under section 903.03. SOR/2019-11, s. 23 SOR/2025-70, s. 70
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.41
901.41 (1) No pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft system at any advertised event except in accordance with a special flight operations certificate — RPAS issued under section 903.03 . (2) Subsection (1) does not apply to the operation of a remotely piloted aircraft system for the purpose of an operation to save human life, a police operation, a fire-fighting operation or any other operation that is conducted in the service of a public authority. SOR/2019-11, s. 23 SOR/2025-70, s. 70
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.42
901.42 No pilot shall hand over their responsibilities to another pilot during flight unless, before the take-off or launch of a remotely piloted aircraft, (a) a pre-arrangement in respect of the handover has been made between the pilots; and (b) a procedure has been developed to mitigate the risk of loss of control of the aircraft. SOR/2019-11, s. 23 SOR/2025-70, s. 71(F)
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.43
901.43 (1) Subject to subsection (2), no pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft system if the aircraft is transporting a payload that (a) [Repealed, SOR/2025-70, s. 72] (b) includes weapons, ammunition or other equipment designed for use in war; (c) could create a hazard to aviation safety or cause injury to persons; or (d) is attached to the aircraft by means of a line, unless the operation is conducted in accordance with the operating manuals applicable to the system. (2) A pilot may operate a remotely piloted aircraft system when the aircraft is transporting a payload referred to in subsection (1) if the operation is conducted in accordance with a special flight operations certificate — RPAS issued under section 903.03 . SOR/2019-11, s. 23 SOR/2025-70, s. 72
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.44
901.44 No pilot shall activate a system that terminates the flight of a remotely piloted aircraft if it will endanger or will likely endanger aviation safety or the safety of any person. SOR/2019-11, s. 23 SOR/2025-70, s. 73
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.45
901.45 No pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft equipped with an ELT. SOR/2019-11, s. 23
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.46
901.46 (1) Subject to subsection (2), no pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft system if the aircraft is in the transponder airspace referred to in section 601.03 unless the aircraft is equipped with a transponder and automatic pressure-altitude reporting equipment. (2) An air traffic control unit may authorize a pilot to operate a remotely piloted aircraft that is not equipped in accordance with subsection (1) within the airspace referred to in section 601.03 if (a) the air traffic control unit provides an air traffic control service in respect of that airspace; (b) the pilot made a request to the air traffic control unit to operate the aircraft within that airspace before the aircraft entered the airspace; and (c) aviation safety is not likely to be affected. SOR/2019-11, s. 23
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.47
901.47 (1) No pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft at or near an aerodrome that is listed in the Canada Flight Supplement or the Water Aerodrome Supplement in a manner that could interfere with an aircraft operating in the established traffic pattern. (2) Subject to section 901.73, no pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft to conduct a VLOS operation if the aircraft is at a distance of less than (a) three nautical miles from the centre of an airport; and (b) one nautical mile from the centre of a heliport. (3) No pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft to conduct a BVLOS operation if the aircraft is at a distance of less than five nautical miles from the centre of an aerodrome that is listed in the Canada Flight Supplement or the Water Aerodrome Supplement unless the operation is conducted in accordance with a special flight operations certificate — RPAS issued under section 903.03 . (4) No pilot shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft if the aircraft is at a distance of less than three nautical miles from the centre of an aerodrome operated under the authority of the Minister of National Defence unless authorized to do so by the Department of National Defence. SOR/2019-11, s. 23 SOR/2025-70, s. 74
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.48
901.48 (1) Every owner of a remotely piloted aircraft system shall keep the following records: (a) a record containing the names of the pilots and other crew members who are involved in each flight and, in respect of the system, the time of each flight or series of flights; and (b) a record containing the particulars of any mandatory action and any other maintenance action, modification or repair performed on the system, including (i) the names of the persons who performed them, (ii) the dates they were undertaken, (iii) in the case of a modification, the manufacturer, model and a description of the part or equipment installed to modify the system, and (iv) if applicable, any instructions provided to complete the work. (2) Every owner of a remotely piloted aircraft system shall ensure that the records referred to in subsection (1) are made available to the Minister on request and are retained for a period of (a) in the case of the records referred to in paragraph (1)(a), 12 months after the day on which they are created; and (b) in the case of the records referred to in paragraph (1)(b), 24 months after the day on which they are created. (3) Every owner of a remotely piloted aircraft system who transfers ownership of the system to another person shall, at the time of transfer, also deliver to that person all of the records referred to in paragraph (1)(b). SOR/2019-11, s. 23
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.49
901.49 (1) A pilot that operates a remotely piloted aircraft system shall immediately cease operations if any of the following incidents or accidents occurs until such time as an analysis is undertaken as to the cause of the occurrence and corrective actions have been taken to mitigate the risk of recurrence: (a) injuries to any person requiring medical attention; (b) unintended contact between the aircraft and persons; (c) unanticipated damage incurred to the airframe, control station, payload or command and control links that adversely affects the performance or flight characteristics of the aircraft; (d) any time the aircraft is not kept within horizontal boundaries or altitude limits; (e) any collision with or risk of collision with another aircraft; (f) any time the aircraft becomes uncontrollable, experiences a fly-away or is missing; and (g) any incident not referred to in paragraphs (a) to (f) for which a police report has been filed or for which a Civil Aviation Daily Occurrence Report has resulted. (2) The pilot of the remotely piloted aircraft system shall keep, and make available to the Minister on request, a record of any analyses undertaken under subsection (1) for a period of 12 months after the day on which the record is created. SOR/2019-11, s. 23
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.50
901.50 No pilot shall create a hazard to persons or property on the surface by dropping an object from a remotely piloted aircraft in flight. SOR/2025-70, s. 75
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.51
901.51 The pilot of a remotely piloted aircraft system of a model for which a declaration referred to in section 901.194 has been made and for which an acceptance letter has been issued under section 901.196 shall ensure that any reportable service difficulty that is discovered with respect to the system is reported to the person who has made the declaration as soon as feasible after the discovery. SOR/2025-70, s. 75
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.53
901.53 This Division applies in respect of the operation of small remotely piloted aircraft to conduct a VLOS operation in uncontrolled airspace and at a distance of not less than 100 feet (30 m), measured horizontally and at any altitude, from any person not involved in the operation. SOR/2019-11, s. 23 SOR/2025-70, s. 76
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.54
901.54 (1) Subject to subsection (2), no person shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft system under this Division unless the person (a) is at least 14 years of age; and (b) holds (i) a pilot certificate — small remotely piloted aircraft (VLOS) — basic operations issued under section 901.55 , (ii) a pilot certificate — remotely piloted aircraft — advanced operations issued under section 901.64 , or (iii) a pilot certificate — remotely piloted aircraft — level 1 complex operations issued under section 901.90 . (2) Subsection (1) does not apply if the operation of the remotely piloted aircraft system is conducted under the direct supervision of a person who is permitted to operate such a system under this Division, Division V or Division VI. SOR/2019-11, s. 23 SOR/2025-70, s. 77
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.55
901.55 The Minister shall, on receipt of an application, issue a pilot certificate — small remotely piloted aircraft (VLOS) — basic operations if the applicant demonstrates to the Minister that the applicant (a) is at least 14 years of age; and (b) has successfully completed the examination “Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems — Basic Operations” in accordance with the document entitled Knowledge Requirements for Pilots of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems, 250 g up to and including 150 kg, Basic and Advanced Operations , TP 15263 , published by the Minister. SOR/2019-11, s. 23 SOR/2025-70, s. 78
Canadian Aviation Regulations — 901.56
901.56 (1) No holder of a pilot certificate — small remotely piloted aircraft (VLOS) — basic operations, a pilot certificate — remotely piloted aircraft — advanced operations or a pilot certificate — remotely piloted aircraft — level 1 complex operations shall operate a remotely piloted aircraft system under this Division unless the holder has, within the 24 months preceding the flight, (a) been issued a pilot certificate — small remotely piloted aircraft (VLOS) — basic operations under section 901.55, a pilot certificate — remotely piloted aircraft — advanced operations under section 901.64 or a pilot certificate — remotely piloted aircraft — level 1 complex operations under section 901.90 ; or (b) successfully completed (i) any of the examinations referred to in paragraph 901.55 (b), 901.64 (b) or 901.90(d), (ii) any of the flight reviews referred to in paragraph 901.64 (c) or 901.90 (e), or (iii) any of the recurrent training activities set out in section 921.04 of Standard 921 — Remotely Piloted Aircraft . (2) The person referred to in subsection (1) shall keep a record of all activities referred to in paragraph (1)(b), including the dates on which they were completed, for at least 24 months after the day on which they were completed. SOR/2019-11, s. 23 SOR/2025-70, s. 79