Geraldine/hal_univcotedazur_shs_articles_2013-2023 huggingface dataset:
Monitoring Urban Beach Quality on a Summer Day: Determination of the Origin of Fecal Indicator Bacteria and Antimicrobial Resistance at Prophète Beach\, Marseille (France)
Auteurs : Mylène Toubiana,Christian Salles,Marie-George Tournoud,Patricia Licznar-Fajardo,Isabelle Zorgniotti,Marie-Laure Trémélo,Estelle Jumas-Bilak,Samuel Robert,Patrick Monfort
Revue : Frontiers in Microbiology
Éditeur : Frontiers Media
Année : 2021

A highly frequented beach in Marseille\, France\, was monitored on an hourly basis during a summer day in July 2018\, to determine possible water and sand fecal pollution\, in parallel with influx of beach users from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. Fecal indicator bacteria were enumerated\, together with four host-associated fecal molecular markers selected to discriminate human\, dog\, horse\, or gull/seagull origins of the contamination. The antimicrobial resistance of bacteria in water and sand was evaluated by quantifying (i) the class 1\, 2\, and 3 integron integrase genes intI \, and (ii) bla TEM \, bla CTX–M \, and bla SHV genes encoding endemic beta-lactamase enzymes. The number of beach users entering and leaving per hour during the observation period was manually counted. Photographs of the beach and the bathing area were taken every hour and used to count the number of persons in the water and on the sand\, using a photo-interpretation method. The number of beach users increased from early morning to a peak by mid-afternoon\, totaling more than 1\,800\, a very large number of users for such a small beach (less than 1 ha). An increase in fecal contamination in the water corresponded to the increase in beach attendance and number of bathers\, with maximum numbers observed in the mid-afternoon. The human-specific fecal molecular marker HF183 indicated the contamination was of human origin. In the water\, the load of Intl 2 and 3 genes was lower than Intl 1 but these genes were detected only during peak attendance and highest fecal contamination. The dynamics of the genes encoding B-lactamases involved in B-lactams resistance notably was linked to beach attendance and human fecal contamination. Fecal indicator bacteria\, integron integrase genes intI \, and genes encoding B-lactamases were detected in the sand. This study shows that bathers and beach users can be significant contributors to contamination of seawater and beach sand with bacteria of fecal origin and with bacteria carrying integron-integrase genes and beta lactamase encoding genes. High influx of users to beaches is a significant factor to be considered in order to reduce contamination and manage public health risk.

Mots-clés : OHM Littoral Méditerranéen
A Comparison of Two Machine Learning Classification Methods for Remote Sensing Predictive Modeling of the Forest Fire in the North-Eastern Siberia
Auteurs : Piotr Janiec,Sébastien Gadal
Revue : Remote Sensing
Éditeur : MDPI
Année : 2020

The problem of forest fires in Yakutia is not as well studied as in other countries. Two methods of machine learning classifications were implemented to determine the risk of fire: MaxENT and random forest. The initial materials to define fire risk factors were satellite images and their products of various spatial and spectral resolution (Landsat TM\, Modis TERRA\, GMTED2010\, VIIRS)\, vector data (OSM)\, and bioclimatic variables (WORLDCLIM). The results of the research showed a strong human influence on the risk in this region\, despite the low population density. Anthropogenic factors showed a high correlation with the occurrence of wildfires\, more than climatic or topographical factors. Other factors affect the risk of fires at the macroscale and microscale\, which should be considered when modeling. The random forest method showed better results in the macroscale\, however\, the maximum entropy model was better in the microscale. The exclusion of variables that do not show a high correlation\, does not always improve the modeling results. The random forest presence prediction model is a more accurate method and significantly reduces the risk territory. The reverse is the method of maximum entropy\, which is not as accurate and classifies very large areas as endangered. Further study of this topic requires a clearer and conceptually developed approach to the application of remote sensing data. Therefore\, this work makes sense to lay the foundations of the future\, which is a completely automated fire risk assessment application in the Republic of Sakha. The results can be used in fire prophylactics and planning fire prevention. In the future\, to determine the risk well\, it is necessary to combine the obtained maps with the seasonal risk determined using indices (for example\, the Nesterov index 1949) and the periodic dynamics of forest fires\, which Isaev and Utkin studied in 1963. Such actions can help to build an application\, with which it will be possible to determine the risk of wildfire and the spread of fire during extreme events.
The ‘territorialization’ of the Front National’s populist politics in France
Auteurs : Gilles Ivaldi,Jérôme Dutozia
Revue : Comparative European Politics
Éditeur : Palgrave Macmillan
Année : 2018

Based on a case study of the French Front National (FN)\, this paper examines the territorialization of national-populist parties. We adopt a sub-national approach and ask to which extent the FN engages in different ideological and organizational strategies to take advantage of territorialized opportunities. We draw on a comparative qualitative analysis of two emblematic French regions with the highest electoral returns for the FN\, namely Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur and Hauts-de-France. We find that the FN is adapting its supply of national-populism to different arenas and contexts where cultural and economic issues vary in salience and in the resonance they find in the political process. In doing so\, the FN seems to be successfully meeting the needs and interests of the local constituencies that it targets. However\, this may produce greater ideological and organizational heterogeneity\, possibly hampering the party’s electoral prospects nationally.
Coastal inconsistencies: Living with and anticipating coastal flood risks in southern France
Auteurs : Raquel Bertoldo,Séverin Guignard,Pierre Dias,Alexandra Schleyer-Lindenmann
Revue : International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction
Éditeur : Elsevier
Année : 2021

As coastal floods will grow stronger due to climate change\, coastal communities' capacity to perceive\, understand and adapt to an evolving environment must be assessed. This study explores how inhabitants of two Mediterranean French cities\, Fréjus and Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône (PSLR)\, understand and prepare for coastal flood risk. A constructivist approach was adopted combining elements of the Theory of Social Representations and the Social Amplification of Risk Framework. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 41 inhabitants of these two localities. Local dwellers of the two cities base their knowledge of coastal flood risk on previous fluvial flood experiences. Affective attachment to the coast is expressed differently between localities-PSLR inhabitants describe an environmental history that is part of their personal history; whereas Fréjus inhabitants have elected this place to live. Risk attenuation argumentative strategies are identified: social comparison\, risk comparison and fatalism. A shared understanding that 'something must happen' before coastal floods are taken seriously was also identified. This is discussed as an example of how the objectification process of social representations contributes to raising the societal awareness of new risks\, or to their social amplification.
From The Uneven De-Diversification Of Local Financial Resources To Planning Policies: The Residentialization Hypothesis
Auteurs : Antoine Grandclement,Guilhem Boulay
Revue : Environment and Planning A
Éditeur : SAGE Publications
Année : 2021

This paper builds a theoretical framework to question the ramifications of the rise of consumption-based economy also known as residential economy in the context of a growing circulation of populations and income. We propose the term residentialization to describe the self-reinforcing and spatially uneven expansion of the residential economy\, and its intertwined impacts on land use and tax revenues that are likely to influence future local planning policies. In local areas with a developing residential economy\, demographic attractiveness and urbanization strongly affect the fiscal bases of property taxes and of household-related taxes in general as opposed to business taxes. This process provides local governments with new fiscal revenues but also induces a growing dependence on these incomes\, especially in an austerity era. This de-diversification of local financial resources results in inequalities that weigh on local governments’ financial leeway and hence on planning policies. Using a comprehensive database of the fiscal and financial resources of France’s 35 000 municipalities over the last fifteen years\, we provide cartographic and statistical evidence of this uneven fiscal de-diversification. We build a multivariate classification of France’s municipalities and show strong links between the structure and evolutions of local financial resources and the pace and forms of urbanization. These results draw attention on the economic\, social and environmental sustainability of consumption-oriented planning strategies in an austerity era.
Faire un tri dans le monde des applis
Expérimentations sur 50 applications smartphones proposant d’alerter la population face aux risques majeurs en France
Auteurs : Esteban Bopp,Johnny Douvinet,Damien Serre
Revue : NETCOM : Réseaux, communication et territoires / Networks and Communications Studies
Éditeur : Netcom Association
Année : 2018

Il existe en France différentes applications smartphone qui prétendent informer ou alerter la population en cas de survenue d’un risque majeur\, imminent ou en cours. Ces solutions\, logicielles et matérielles\, offriraient l’avantage de réduire le délai de communication entre les centres de décision et les personnes qui se situent dans un environnement en instance de subir des dégâts. Or\, leur nombre grandissant entraîne une logique concurrentielle entre les prestataires\, et surtout une certaine « illisibilité » de l’offre. Aussi\, est-on capable de faire un tri entre toutes les applis et si oui\, sur quels critères peut-on les classer et les hiérarchiser ? Pour répondre à ces deux questions\, cette étude propose un protocole d’évaluation multicritères\, qui combinent à la fois la capacité des applications à envoyer une alerte ciblée\, leur attractivité\, la capacité des individus à émettre de l’information et le nombre d’aléas considérés. Les résultats obtenus sur 50 applications montrent que peu d’entre elles répondent vraiment aux objectifs attendus de l’alerte\, au sens défini par la sécurité civile en France\, à cause d’une approche mono-aléa\, un sens unique de communication\, et une faible implication des usagers potentiels. Les applis les mieux notées ne sont pas non plus celles qui sont adaptées aux contextes locaux.,The smartphone applications intended to inform and alert the population in case of major risks might strongly reduce the communication time between the decision centers and users located in a potentially damaging environment. However\, there are many applications in France\, and this lies in a competitive process between the providers and a confusion among future users. Thus\, is it possible to reduce such an offer\, and if we want to keep only the best solutions (i.e. that have the highest alert and information potential)\, on which criteria can we classify them? In order to answer to these objectives\, this study proposes an evaluation protocol based on various indicators\, which take into account the capacity of the applications to send a targeted alert\, their attractiveness\, the ability of individuals to emit information and number of hazards considered. Results obtained on 50 applications deployed in France show that most of them do no achieve the objectives of the alert\, in the sense defined by civil security\, due to a single-hazard approach\, a unique sense of communication\, and a low participation of the smartphone users. The best appli are not also those than have been applied at local scales.
Sovereign wealth fund governance: A trade-off between internal and external legitimacy
Auteurs : Jeanne Amar,Christelle Lecourt
Revue : International Business Review
Éditeur : Elsevier
Année : 2023

In this paper\, we provide a better understanding of what drives sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) to improve their governance. Using the most recent SWF governance scoreboard from Maire et al. (2021)\, we estimate a fractional response model to determine whether SWF governance disclosure norms are driven by the search for internal or external legitimacy. Overall\, we find that SWFs have better governance when they originate from democratic countries with high-quality\, national governance. Our results also show that SWFs tend to have better gover-nance quality when they need to acquire external legitimacy vis-à-vis the target company and its government. In particular\, we find that SWFs have an incentive to improve their governance when they are sufficiently inter-nationalized\, when the amount of foreign assets invested abroad is sufficiently large or when the amount of shares acquired in developed countries is significant. These findings demonstrate how SWFs may proactively build legitimacy in host countries when they need to adapt their foreign entry strategies. Our results have important implications for understanding the determinants of SWF governance in general.
Exploitation of groundwater in the oasis of Masāfī (UAE): A diachronic perspective
Auteurs : Julien Charbonnier,Maël Crépy,Emmanuelle Régagnon,Carine Calastrenc,Thomas Sagory,Anne Benoist,Louise Purdue
Revue : Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy
Éditeur : Wiley
Année : 2020

In order to understand the role of water resources in the establishment and long‐term evolution of settlements investigated by the French Archaeological Mission in the UAE in the oasis of Masāfī\, wells and springs of all periods\, identified at the surface and in stratified contexts\, were mapped and studied thanks to a multidisciplinary approach combining archaeology\, geomorphology\, geoarchaeology and ethnography. Our study demonstrates that: – The Masāfī oasis was located in a specific geological setting entailing the accumulation of groundwater resources at reachable depth. – The groundwater resources remained rather stable from the mid‐second millennium BC to the second half of the twentieth century AD. In this respect\, the apparent abandonment of the oasis during some periods cannot be explained by water depletion. – The groundwater resources have decreased sharply since the second half of the twentieth century AD\, due to the introduction of new water extraction technologies\, motor pumps and then drillings\, as a result of the modernisation and industrialisation of UAE economy. Our study also stresses the importance of well and spring irrigation in the development of the sedentary settlements in south‐eastern Arabia\, technologies that have often been neglected in the regional archaeological literature in favour of the qanāt.
The Pleistocene-Holocene transition in Southwestern France: A Focus on the Laborian
Auteurs : Mathieu Langlais,Aude Chevallier,Célia Fat. Cheung,Jérémie Jacquier,Benjamin Marquebielle,Nicolas Naudinot
Revue : Quaternary International
Éditeur : Elsevier
Année : 2020

During the Pleistocene-Holocene transition\, the European archaeological records can be divided into two broad entities-the Epigravettian in the northern Mediterranean Basin and industries characterized by the return of a well-developed blade technology in northwestern Europe. This large Western European techno-complex comprises several cultural traditions defined essentially by various types of projectile points. One of these cultures\, the Laborian\, occupies an area at the crossing of northern traditions (Ahrensbourgian) and the Epigravettian techno-complex. Situated between the Azilian and the Mesolithic\, the Laborian (ca 12.5-11 Ka cal. BP) is\, paradoxically\, poorly defined in southwestern France where it was initially defined. In fact\, data for this culture is essentially available in the surrounding regions and especially in northern and western France. Revaluation of key Laborian lithic assemblages as well as the discovery of new sites today draw a new picture of the various cultural traditions occupying this large area around 12 Ka cal. BP). Despite the scarcity of data on hunted fauna\, we can observe the dominance of the exploitation of large game typical of open temperate landscapes. Osseous industry is also rare but we note the maintenance of bone barbed points in few sites. Artistic conventions (engraved pebbles or bones) show several symbolic innovations\, such as the development of a unique zoomorphic art. Lithic hunting weaponry essentially based around point forms\, much like during the Azilian\, allow to highlight two chronological phases along the Laborian culture: an older phase with straight backed points with truncated bases (Malaurie points) and bitruncated backed blades ("rectangles") and a recent phase with pointed backed bladelets (Blanchères points) and bitruncated trapezoids. The production of large\, standardized\, straight blades with flat cross-sections during the Laborian reveals clear similarities with concepts recognized in Belloisian collections even if blade lengths rarely reach the standards known on these sites. Finally\, the technological study of domestic stone tools and hunting weaponry is an effective means for reconstructing larger scale evolution processes influencing these last Pleistocene societies and the persistence of their traditions into the European Mesolithic.
La police de Ville à Nice aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles
Auteurs : Bénédicte Decourt Hollender
Revue : Rivista di storia del diritto italiano
Année : 2022

Cette étude est consacrée à l’étude des règlements communaux présents dans la série FF des Archives de la ville de Nice\, depuis leur élaboration jusqu’à leur exécution. Ainsi\, à travers ces documents et pour la période étudiée\, le conseil de la ville de Nice apparaît comme un administrateur local tout à fait digne d’intérêt\, et ce malgré une délégation qui reste largement subordonnée aux autorités de tutelle que sont l’intendant\, le gouverneur et le sénat. Dès lors\, la municipalité niçoise assure la gestion de la ville dans des domaines aussi variés que la police économique\, la santé publique ou encore l’ordre public\, et les consuls s’efforcent par conséquent\, avec les moyens dont ils disposent\, d’ordre préventif et répressif\, d’administrer efficacement la cité.

Mots-clés : Police administrative
Dynamic fishing with endogenous habitat damage
Auteurs : Alain Jean-Marie,Mabel Tidball
Revue : Dynamic Games and Applications
Éditeur : Springer Verlag
Année : 2023

The nature of fishing activities is such that marine habitats can be deteriorated when employing destructive fishing gear. This makes even more complex the determination of sustainable fishing policies and has led some authors to propose dynamic models which take into account this habitat degradation. In this work\, we analyze in detail one of these models\, an extension of the single-species Gordon-Schaefer model to two state interrelated variables: stock of fish and habitat. The model assumes that stock and carrying capacity are positively linked\, and that the fishing activity has a direct and negative impact on the carrying capacity. We extend and characterize Clark’s most rapid approach optimal solution to this case.
Voyageurs immobiles : la géographie idéelle des Kulung Rai du Népal
Auteurs : Grégoire Schlemmer
Revue : Collection Puruṣārtha
Éditeur : Editions de l'EHESS (2007 - )
Année : 2017

Les Kulung Rai forment une société fortement territorialisée. Environ la moitié des 30 ooo Kulung occupent leur vallée de référence-la vallée de l'Hongu\, au pied de l'Everest-\, où ils se répartissent en une dizaine de villages vivant d'agriculture en terrasse et d'un peu d'élevage\, et ce depuis une ving-taine de générations\, soit environ quatre à cinq siècles\, si l'on se fonde sur leurs généalogies. À l'image des autres groupes Rai et Kirant Oes ensembles ethniques auxquels ils se rattachent)\, les Kulung se distinguent des autres populations dites« tribales» du centre et de l'ouest du Népal par une histoire singulière. Après leur intégration par conquête dans le royaume du Népal\, à la fln du xvme siècle\, ils se sont vus reconnaitre une certaine autonomie poli ti~ foncière sur leur ancien territoire de chasse et d'essartage\, waltkha-dibuka\, devenu dans le langage administratif népalais kipat 1 • Bien que progressive-ment réduite\, jusqu'à sa suppression vers les années 1950\, cette autonomie contribue à expliquer-ou à renforcer-le lien existant entre les Kulung et leur territoire ancestral\, capkuQ: «le lieu des mânes». La manière dont ils se désignent vis-à-vis des étrangers témoigne d'ailleurs de cet ancrage territorial: jusqu'aux années 1960\, seuls les chefs fonciers\, talulcdar\, étaient nommés Rai\, tous les autres habitants s'appelant]imi\, une déformation dejamin\,le «sol» etjamindoe; «propriétaire foncier» (Schlemmer 201oa). Le terme même « kulung »a. en plus de son acception généalogique Oes descendants des deux frères fondateurs chemsi et Tamsi)\, un sens géographique\, désignant alors l'ensemble des Rai de la vallée (soit les Kulung proprement dits et le groupe voisin des Nachering). Les Kulung aiment aussi à se nommer cartcha\, «les enfants du territoire»\, un terme qui exprime un sentiment d'autochtonie. La vallée de l'Hongu reste aussi le territoire de référence pour les migrants kulung\, qui l'ont quitté parfois depuis plusieurs générations. Cet ancrage territorial structure enfin le domaine religieux qui nous intéresse ici. Dans Purufdrt}ta 34\, pp. :m-247-227

Mots-clés : NEPAL,Anthropologie,Pèlerinage,Géographie,Rituel
Productivity and wage premiums: Evidence from Vietnamese ordinary and processing exporters
Auteurs : Mai T.P. Vu,Flora Bellone,Marion Dovis
Revue : International Economics
Éditeur : Elsevier
Année : 2018

We propose some new stylized facts on Vietnamese exporters that emphasize firm heterogeneity in trade regimes and firm ownership. We show first that the distribution of firms' export intensities is U-shaped with more than half of Vietnamese exporters exporting more than 50% of their output. This contrasts with the export patterns in industrialized countries but is similar to the export intensity distribution for other emerging economies with strong participation in global value chains. Second\, we show that export premia\, evaluated in terms of both productivity and wage indexes\, are positive only for Vietnamese exporters involved primarily in ordinary trade\, and that processing exporters exhibit lower productivity indexes and pay lower wages than their non-exporting counterparts. This pattern is more pronounced among the group of foreign-owned firms in Vietnam compared to the group of domestic firms and is in line with previous findings for China.