GenAI4ELab/papercli-papers huggingface dataset:
Introducing OmniGEC: A Silver Multilingual Dataset for Grammatical Error Correction
Authors: Roman Kovalchuk; Mariana Romanyshyn; Petro Ivaniuk
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the Fourth Ukrainian Natural Language Processing Workshop (UNLP 2025))

Abstract: In this paper, we introduce OmniGEC, a collection of multilingual silver-standard datasets for the task of Grammatical Error Correction (GEC), covering eleven languages: Czech, English, Estonian, German, Greek, Icelandic, Italian, Latvian, Slovene, Swedish, and Ukrainian. These datasets facilitate the development of multilingual GEC solutions and help bridge the data gap in adapting English GEC solutions to multilingual GEC. The texts in the datasets originate from three sources: Wikipedia edits for the eleven target languages, subreddits from Reddit in the eleven target languages, and the Ukrainian-only UberText 2.0 social media corpus. While Wikipedia edits were derived from human-made corrections, the Reddit and UberText 2.0 data were automatically corrected with the GPT-4o-mini model. The quality of the corrections in the datasets was evaluated both automatically and manually. Finally, we fine-tune two open-source large language models — Aya-Expanse (8B) and Gemma-3 (12B) — on the multilingual OmniGEC corpora and achieve state-of-the-art (SOTA) results for paragraph-level multilingual GEC. The dataset collection and the best-performing models are available on Hugging Face.
Improving Sentiment Analysis for Ukrainian Social Media Code-Switching Data
Authors: Yurii Shynkarov; Veronika Solopova; Vera Schmitt
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the Fourth Ukrainian Natural Language Processing Workshop (UNLP 2025))

Abstract: This paper addresses the challenges of sentiment analysis in Ukrainian social media, where users frequently engage in code-switching with Russian and other languages. We introduce COSMUS (COde-Switched MUltilingual Sentiment for Ukrainian Social media), a 12,224-texts corpus collected from Telegram channels, product‐review sites and open datasets, annotated into positive, negative, neutral and mixed sentiment classes as well as language labels (Ukrainian, Russian, code-switched). We benchmark three modeling paradigms: (i) few‐shot prompting of GPT‐4o and DeepSeek V2-chat, (ii) multilingual mBERT, and (iii) the Ukrainian‐centric UkrRoberta. We also analyze calibration and LIME scores of the latter two solutions to verify its performance on various language labels. To mitigate data sparsity we test two augmentation strategies: back‐translation consistently hurts performance, whereas a Large Language Model (LLM) word‐substitution scheme yields up to +2.2% accuracy. Our work delivers the first publicly available dataset and comprehensive benchmark for sentiment classification in Ukrainian code‐switching media. Results demonstrate that language‐specific pre‐training combined with targeted augmentation yields the most accurate and trustworthy predictions in this challenging low‐resource setting.
Hidden Persuasion: Detecting Manipulative Narratives on Social Media During the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine
Authors: Kateryna Akhynko; Oleksandr Kosovan; Mykola Trokhymovych
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the Fourth Ukrainian Natural Language Processing Workshop (UNLP 2025))

Abstract: This paper presents one of the top-performing solutions to the UNLP 2025 Shared Task on Detecting Manipulation in Social Media. The task focuses on detecting and classifying rhetorical and stylistic manipulation techniques used to influence Ukrainian Telegram users. For the classification subtask, we fine-tuned the Gemma 2 language model with LoRA adapters and applied a second-level classifier leveraging meta-features and threshold optimization. For span detection, we employed an XLM-RoBERTa model trained for multi-target, including token binary classification. Our approach achieved 2nd place in classification and 3rd place in span detection.
Detecting Manipulation in Ukrainian Telegram: A Transformer-Based Approach to Technique Classification and Span Identification
Authors: Md. Abdur Rahman; Md Ashiqur Rahman
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the Fourth Ukrainian Natural Language Processing Workshop (UNLP 2025))

Abstract: The Russia-Ukraine war has transformed social media into a critical battleground for information warfare, making the detection of manipulation techniques in online content an urgent security concern. This work presents our system developed for the UNLP 2025 Shared Tasks, which addresses both manipulation technique classification and span identification in Ukrainian Telegram posts. In this paper, we have explored several machine learning approaches (LR, SVC, GB, NB) , deep learning architectures (CNN, LSTM, BiLSTM, GRU hybrid) and state-of-the-art multilingual transformers (mDeBERTa, InfoXLM, mBERT, XLM-RoBERTa). Our experiments showed that fine-tuning transformer models for the specific tasks significantly improved their performance, with XLM-RoBERTa large delivering the best results by securing 3rd place in technique classification task with a Macro F1 score of 0.4551 and 2nd place in span identification task with a span F1 score of 0.6045. These results demonstrate that large pre-trained multilingual models effectively detect subtle manipulation tactics in Slavic languages, advancing the development of tools to combat online manipulation in political contexts.
A Comprehensive Taxonomy of Bias Mitigation Methods for Hate Speech Detection
Authors: Jan Fillies; Marius Wawerek; Adrian Paschke
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the The 9th Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH))

Abstract: Algorithmic hate speech detection is widely used today. However, biases within these systems can lead to discrimination. This research presents an overview of bias mitigation strategies in the field of hate speech detection. The identified principles are grouped into four categories, based on their operation principles. A novel taxonomy of bias mitigation methods is proposed. The mitigation strategies are characterized based on their key concepts and analyzed in terms of their application stage and their need for knowledge of protected attributes. Additionally, the paper discusses potential combinations of these strategies. This research shifts the focus from identifying present biases to examining the similarities and differences between mitigation strategies, thereby facilitating the exchange, stacking, and ensembling of these strategies in future research.
Sensitive Content Classification in Social Media: A Holistic Resource and Evaluation
Authors: Dimosthenis Antypas; Indira Sen; Carla Perez Almendros; Jose Camacho-Collados; Francesco Barbieri
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the The 9th Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH))

Abstract: The detection of sensitive content in large datasets is crucial for ensuring that shared and analysed data is free from harmful material. However, current moderation tools, such as external APIs, suffer from limitations in customisation, accuracy across diverse sensitive categories, and privacy concerns. Additionally, existing datasets and open-source models focus predominantly on toxic language, leaving gaps in detecting other sensitive categories such as substance abuse or self-harm. In this paper, we put forward a unified dataset tailored for social media content moderation across six sensitive categories: conflictual language, profanity,sexually explicit material, drug-related content, self-harm, and spam. By collecting and annotating data with consistent retrieval strategies and guidelines, we address the shortcomings of previous focalised research. Our analysis demonstrates that fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) on this novel dataset yields significant improvements in detection performance compared to open off-the-shelf models such as LLaMA, and even proprietary OpenAI models, which underperform by 10-15% overall. This limitation is even more pronounced on popular moderation APIs, which cannot be easily tailored to specific sensitive content categories, among others.
From civility to parity: Marxist-feminist ethics for context-aware algorithmic content moderation
Authors: Dayei Oh
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the The 9th Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH))

Abstract: Algorithmic content moderation governs online speech on large-scale commercial platforms, often under the guise of neutrality. Yet, it routinely reproduces white, middle-class norms of civility and penalizes marginalized voices for unruly and resistant speech. This paper critiques the prevailing ‘pathological’ approach to moderation that prioritizes sanitization over justice. Drawing on Marxist-feminist ethics, this paper advances three theses for the future of context-aware algorithmic moderation: (1) prioritizing participatory parity over civility, (2) incorporating identity- and context-aware analysis of speech; and (3) replacing purely numerical evaluations with justice-oriented, community-sensitive metrics. While acknowledging the structural limitations posed by platform capitalism, this paper positions the proposed framework as both critique and provocation, guiding regulatory reform, civil advocacy, and visions for mission-driven online content moderation serving digital commons.
A Novel Dataset for Classifying German Hate Speech Comments with Criminal Relevance
Authors: Vincent Kums; Florian Meyer; Luisa Pivit; Uliana Vedenina; Jonas Wortmann; Melanie Siegel; Dirk Labudde
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the The 9th Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH))

Abstract: The consistently high prevalence of hate speech on the Internet continues to pose significant social and individual challenges. Given the centrality of social networks in public discourse, automating the identification of criminally relevant content is a pressing challenge. This study addresses the challenge of developing an automated system that is capable of classifying online comments in a criminal justice context and categorising them into relevant sections of the criminal code. Not only technical, but also ethical and legal requirements must be considered. To this end, 351 comments were annotated by public prosecutors from the Central Office for Combating Internet and Computer Crime (ZIT) according to previously formed paragraph classes. These groupings consist of several German criminal law statutes that most hate comments violate. In the subsequent phase of the research, a further 839 records were assigned to the classes by student annotators who had been trained previously.
Learning from Disagreement: Entropy-Guided Few-Shot Selection for Toxic Language Detection
Authors: Tommaso Caselli; Flor Miriam Plaza-del-Arco
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the The 9th Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH))

Abstract: In-context learning (ICL) has shown significant benefits, particularly in scenarios where large amounts of labeled data are unavailable. However, its effectiveness for highly subjective tasks, such as toxic language detection, remains an open question. A key challenge in this setting is to select shots to maximize performance. Although previous work has focused on enhancing variety and representativeness, the role of annotator disagreement in shot selection has received less attention. In this paper, we conduct an in-depth analysis of ICL using two families of open-source LLMs (Llama-3* and Qwen2.5) of varying sizes, evaluating their performance in five prominent English datasets covering multiple toxic language phenomena. We use disaggregated annotations and categorize different types of training examples to assess their impact on model predictions. We specifically investigate whether selecting shots based on annotators’ entropy – focusing on ambiguous or difficult examples – can improve generalization in LLMs. Additionally, we examine the extent to which the order of examples in prompts influences model behavior.Our results show that selecting shots based on entropy from annotator disagreement can enhance ICL performance. Specifically, ambiguous shots with a median entropy value generally lead to the best results for our selected LLMs in the few-shot setting. However, ICL often underperforms when compared to fine-tuned encoders.
Debiasing Static Embeddings for Hate Speech Detection
Authors: Ling Sun; Soyoung Kim; Xiao Dong; Sandra Kübler
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the The 9th Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH))

Abstract: We examine how embedding bias affects hate speech detection by evaluating two debiasing methods—hard-debiasing and soft-debiasing. We analyze stereotype and sentiment associations within the embedding space and assess whether debiased models reduce censorship of marginalized authors while improving detection of hate speech targeting these groups. Our findings highlight how embedding bias propagates into downstream tasks and demonstrates how well different embedding bias metrics can predict bias in hate speech detection.
Web(er) of Hate: A Survey on How Hate Speech Is Typed
Authors: Luna Wang; Andrew Caines; Alice Hutchings
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the The 9th Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH))

Abstract: The curation of hate speech datasets involves complex design decisions that balance competing priorities. This paper critically examines these methodological choices in a diverse range of datasets, highlighting common themes and practices, and their implications for dataset reliability. Drawing on Max Weber’s notion of ideal types, we argue for a reflexive approach in dataset creation, urging researchers to acknowledge their own value judgments during dataset construction, fostering transparency and methodological rigour.
Think Like a Person Before Responding: A Multi-Faceted Evaluation of Persona-Guided LLMs for Countering Hate Speech.
Authors: Mikel Ngueajio; Flor Miriam Plaza-del-Arco; Yi-Ling Chung; Danda Rawat; Amanda Cercas Curry
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the The 9th Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH))

Abstract: Automated counter-narratives (CN) offer a promising strategy for mitigating online hate speech, yet concerns about their affective tone, accessibility, and ethical risks remain. We propose a framework for evaluating Large Language Model (LLM)-generated CNs across four dimensions: persona framing, verbosity and readability, affective tone, and ethical robustness. Using GPT-4o-Mini, Cohere’s CommandR-7B, and Meta’s LLaMA 3.1-70B, we assess three prompting strategies on the MT-Conan and HatEval datasets.Our findings reveal that LLM-generated CNs are often verbose and adapted for people with college-level literacy, limiting their accessibility. While emotionally guided prompts yield more empathetic and readable responses, there remain concerns surrounding safety and effectiveness.
HODIAT: A Dataset for Detecting Homotransphobic Hate Speech in Italian with Aggressiveness and Target Annotation
Authors: Greta Damo; Alessandra Teresa Cignarella; Tommaso Caselli; Viviana Patti; Debora Nozza
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the The 9th Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH))

Abstract: The escalating spread of homophobic and transphobic rhetoric in both online and offline spaces has become a growing global concern, with Italy standing out as one of the countries where acts of violence against LGBTQIA+ individuals persist and increase year after year. This short paper study analyzes hateful language against LGBTQIA+ individuals in Italian using novel annotation labels for aggressiveness and target. We assess a range of multilingual and Italian language models on this newannotation layers across zero-shot, few-shot, and fine-tuning settings. The results reveal significant performance gaps across models and settings, highlighting the limitations of zero- and few-shot approaches and the importance of fine-tuning on labelled data, when available, to achieve high prediction performance.
Beyond the Binary: Analysing Transphobic Hate and Harassment Online
Authors: Anna Talas; Alice Hutchings
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the The 9th Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH))

Abstract: Online communities provide support and help to individuals transitioning gender. However, this point of transition also increases vulnerability, coupled with increased exposure to online harms. In this research, we analyse a popular hate and harassment site known for targeting minority groups, including transgender people. We analyse 17 million posts dating back to 2012 to gain insights into the types of information collected about targets. We find users commonly link to social media sites such as Twitter/X and meticulously archive links related to their targets. We scrape over 150,000 relevant links posted to Twitter/X and their archived versions and analyse the profiles and posts. We find targets often tweet about harassment, popculture, and queer and gender-related discussions. We develop and evaluate classifiers to detect calls for harassment, doxxing, mention of transgender individuals, and toxic/abusive speech within the forum posts. The results of our classifiers show that forum posts about transgender individuals are significantly more likely to contain other harmful content.
Evading Toxicity Detection with ASCII-art: A Benchmark of Spatial Attacks on Moderation Systems
Authors: Sergey Berezin; Reza Farahbakhsh; Noel Crespi
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the The 9th Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH))

Abstract: We introduce a novel class of adversarial attacks on toxicity detection models that exploit language models’ failure to interpret spatially structured text in the form of ASCII art. To evaluate the effectiveness of these attacks, we propose ToxASCII, a benchmark designed to assess the robustness of toxicity detection systems against visually obfuscated inputs. Our attacks achieve a perfect Attack Success Rate (ASR) across a diverse set of state-of-the-art large language models and dedicated moderation tools, revealing a significant vulnerability in current text-only moderation systems.
Debunking with Dialogue? Exploring AI-Generated Counterspeech to Challenge Conspiracy Theories
Authors: Mareike Lisker; Christina Gottschalk; Helena Mihaljević
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the The 9th Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH))

Abstract: Counterspeech is a key strategy against harmful online content, but scaling expert-driven efforts is challenging. Large Language Models (LLMs) present a potential solution, though their use in countering conspiracy theories is under-researched. Unlike for hate speech, no datasets exist that pair conspiracy theory comments with expert-crafted counterspeech. We address this gap by evaluating the ability of GPT-4o, Llama 3, and Mistral to effectively apply counterspeech strategies derived from psychological research provided through structured prompts. Our results show that the models often generate generic, repetitive, or superficial results. Additionally, they over-acknowledge fear and frequently hallucinate facts, sources, or figures, making their prompt-based use in practical applications problematic.
MisinfoTeleGraph: Network-driven Misinformation Detection for German Telegram Messages
Authors: Lu Kalkbrenner; Veronika Solopova; Steffen Zeiler; Robert Nickel; Dorothea Kolossa
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the The 9th Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH))

Abstract: Connectivity and message propagation are central, yet often underutilised, sources of information in misinformation detection—especially on poorly moderated platforms such as Telegram, which has become a critical channel for misinformation dissemination, namely in the German electoral context. In this paper, we introduce Misinfo-TeleGraph, the first German-language Telegram-based graph dataset for misinformation detection. It includes over 5 million messages from public channels, enriched with metadata, channel relationships, and both weak and strong labels. These labels are derived via semantic similarity to fact-checks and news articles using M3-embeddings, as well as manual annotation. To establish reproducible baselines, we evaluate both text-only models and graph neural networks (GNNs) that incorporate message forwarding as a network structure. Our results show that GraphSAGE with LSTM aggregation significantly outperforms text-only baselines in terms of Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) and F1-score. We further evaluate the impact of subscribers, view counts, and automatically versus human-created labels on performance, and highlight both the potential and challenges of weak supervision in this domain. This work provides a reproducible benchmark and open dataset for future research on misinformation detection in German-language Telegram networks and other low-moderation social platforms.
Catching Stray Balls: Football, fandom, and the impact on digital discourse
Authors: Mark Hill
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the The 9th Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH))

Abstract: This paper examines how emotional responses to football matches influence online discourse across digital spaces on Reddit. By analysing millions of posts from dozens of subreddits, it demonstrates that real-world events trigger sentiment shifts that move across communities. It shows that negative sentiment correlates with problematic language; match outcomes directly influence sentiment and posting habits; sentiment can transfer to unrelated communities; and offers insights into the content of this shifting discourse. These findings reveal how digital spaces function not as isolated environments, but as interconnected emotional ecosystems vulnerable to cross-domain contagion triggered by real-world events, contributing to our understanding of the propagation of online toxicity. While football is used as a case-study to computationally measure affective causes and movements, these patterns have implications for understanding online communities broadly.
Exploring Hate Speech Detection Models for Lithuanian Language
Authors: Justina Mandravickaitė; Eglė Rimkienė; Mindaugas Petkevičius; Milita Songailaitė; Eimantas Zaranka; Tomas Krilavičius
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the The 9th Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH))

Abstract: Online hate speech poses a significant challenge, as it can incite violence and contribute to social polarization. This study evaluates traditional machine learning, deep learning and large language models (LLMs) for Lithuanian hate speech detection, addressing class imbalance issue via data augmentation and resampling techniques. Our dataset included 27,358 user-generated comments, annotated into Neutral language (56%), Offensive language (29%) and Hate speech (15%). We trained BiLSTM, LSTM, CNN, SVM, and Random Forest models and fine-tuned Multilingual BERT, LitLat BERT, Electra, RWKV, ChatGPT, LT-Llama-2, and Gemma-2 models. Additionally, we pre-trained Electra for Lithuanian. Models were evaluated using accuracy and weighted F1-score. On the imbalanced dataset, LitLat BERT (0.76 weighted F1-score) and Multilingual BERT (0.73 weighted F1-score) performed best. Over-sampling further boosted weighted F1-scores, with Multilingual BERT (0.85) and LitLat BERT (0.84) outperforming other models. Over-sampling combined with augmentation provided the best overall results. Under-sampling led to performance declines and was less effective. Finally, fine-tuning LLMs improved their accuracy which highlighted the importance of fine-tuning for more specialized NLP tasks.