GenAI4ELab/papercli-papers huggingface dataset:
Unmasking Style Sensitivity: A Causal Analysis of Bias Evaluation Instability in Large Language Models
Authors: Jiaxu Zhao; Meng Fang; Kun Zhang; Mykola Pechenizkiy
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers))

Abstract: Natural language processing applications are increasingly prevalent, but social biases in their outputs remain a critical challenge. While various bias evaluation methods have been proposed, these assessments show unexpected instability when input texts undergo minor stylistic changes. This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of how different style transformations impact bias evaluation results across multiple language models and bias types using causal inference techniques. Our findings reveal that formality transformations significantly affect bias scores, with informal style showing substantial bias reductions (up to 8.33% in LLaMA-2-13B). We identify appearance bias, sexual orientation bias, and religious bias as most susceptible to style changes, with variations exceeding 20%. Larger models demonstrate greater sensitivity to stylistic variations, with bias measurements fluctuating up to 3.1% more than in smaller models. These results highlight critical limitations in current bias evaluation methods and emphasize the need for reliable and fair assessments of language models.
MockConf: A Student Interpretation Dataset: Analysis, Word- and Span-level Alignment and Baselines
Authors: Dávid Javorský; Ondřej Bojar; François Yvon
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers))

Abstract: In simultaneous interpreting, an interpreter renders the speech into another language with a very short lag, much sooner than sentences are finished. In order to understand and later reproduce this dynamic and complex task automatically, we need specialized datasets and tools for analysis, monitoring, and evaluation, such as parallel speech corpora, and tools for their automatic annotation. Existing parallel corpora of translated texts and associated alignment algorithms hardly fill this gap, as they fail to model long-range interactions between speech segments or specific types of divergences (e.g. shortening, simplification, functional generalization) between the original and interpreted speeches. In this work, we develop and explore MockConf, a student interpretation dataset that was collected from Mock Conferences run as part of the students’ curriculum. This dataset contains 7 hours of recordings in 5 European languages, transcribed and aligned at the level of spans and words. We further implement and release InterAlign, a modern web-based annotation tool for parallel word and span annotations on long inputs, suitable for aligning simultaneous interpreting. We propose metrics for the evaluation and a baseline for automatic alignment. Dataset and tools will be released to the community.
BMIKE-53: Investigating Cross-Lingual Knowledge Editing with In-Context Learning
Authors: Ercong Nie; Bo Shao; Mingyang Wang; Zifeng Ding; Helmut Schmid; Hinrich Schuetze
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers))

Abstract: This paper introduces BMIKE-53, a comprehensive benchmark for cross-lingual in-context knowledge editing (IKE), spanning 53 languages and three KE datasets: zsRE, CounterFact, and WikiFactDiff. Cross-lingual KE, which requires knowledge edited in one language to generalize across diverse languages while preserving unrelated knowledge, remains underexplored. To address this, we systematically evaluate IKE under zero-shot, one-shot, and few-shot setups, including tailored metric-specific demonstrations. Our findings reveal that model scale and demonstration alignment critically govern cross-lingual editing efficacy, with larger models and tailored demonstrations significantly improving performance. Linguistic properties, particularly script type, strongly influence outcomes, with non-Latin languages underperforming due to issues like language confusion.
What Matters in Evaluating Book-Length Stories? A Systematic Study of Long Story Evaluation
Authors: Dingyi Yang; Qin Jin
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers))

Abstract: In this work, we conduct systematic research in a challenging area: the automatic evaluation of book-length stories (>100K tokens). Our study focuses on two key questions: (1) understanding which evaluation aspects matter most to readers, and (2) exploring effective methods for evaluating lengthy stories. We introduce the first large-scale benchmark, **LongStoryEval**, comprising 600 newly published books with an average length of 121K tokens (maximum 397K). Each book includes its average rating and multiple reader reviews, presented as critiques organized by evaluation aspects. By analyzing all user-mentioned aspects, we propose an *evaluation criteria structure* and conduct experiments to identify the most significant aspects among the 8 top-level criteria. For evaluation methods, we compare the effectiveness of three types: *aggregation-based*, *incremental-updated*, and *summary-based* evaluations. Our findings reveal that aggregation- and summary-based evaluations perform better, with the former excelling in detail assessment and the latter offering greater efficiency. Building on these insights, we further propose **NovelCritique**, an 8B model that leverages the efficient summary-based framework to review and score stories across specified aspects. NovelCritique outperforms commercial models like GPT-4o in aligning with human evaluations. All our datasets and codes will be released to foster further research.
PROPER: A Progressive Learning Framework for Personalized Large Language Models with Group-Level Adaptation
Authors: Linhai Zhang; Jialong Wu; Deyu Zhou; Yulan He
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers))

Abstract: Personalized large language models (LLMs) aim to tailor their outputs to user preferences. Recent advances in parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods have highlighted the effectiveness of adapting population-level LLMs to personalized LLMs by fine-tuning user-specific parameters with user history. However, user data is typically sparse, making it challenging to adapt LLMs to specific user patterns. To address this challenge, we propose PROgressive PERsonalization (PROPER), a novel progressive learning framework inspired by meso-level theory in social science. PROPER bridges population-level and user-level models by grouping users based on preferences and adapting LLMs in stages. It combines a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) structure with Low Ranked Adaptation (LoRA), using a user-aware router to assign users to appropriate groups automatically. Additionally, a LoRA-aware router is proposed to facilitate the integration of individual user LoRAs with the group-level LoRA. Experimental results show that PROPER significantly outperforms SOTA models across multiple tasks, demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach.
Enhancing Event-centric News Cluster Summarization via Data Sharpening and Localization Insights
Authors: Longyin Zhang; Bowei Zou; AiTi Aw
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers))

Abstract: This paper tackles the challenges of clustering news articles by main events (MEs) and summarizing these clusters, focusing on diverse languages and localized contexts. Our approach consists of four key contributions. First, we investigate the role of dynamic clustering and the integration of various ME references, including event attributions extracted by language models (LMs), in enhancing event-centric clustering. Second, we propose a data-sharpening framework that optimizes the balance between information volume and entropy in input texts, thereby optimizing generated summaries on multiple indicators. Third, we fine-tune LMs with local news articles for cross-lingual temporal question-answering and text summarization, achieving notable improvements in capturing localized contexts. Lastly, we present the first cross-lingual dataset and comprehensive evaluation metrics tailored for the event-centric news cluster summarization pipeline. Our findings enhance the understanding of news summarization across N-gram, event-level coverage, and faithfulness, providing new insights into leveraging LMs for large-scale cross-lingual and localized news analysis.
MMBoundary: Advancing MLLM Knowledge Boundary Awareness through Reasoning Step Confidence Calibration
Authors: Zhitao He; Sandeep Polisetty; Zhiyuan Fan; Yuchen Huang; Shujin Wu; Yi R. Fung
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers))

Abstract: In recent years, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have made significant progress but continue to face inherent challenges in multimodal reasoning, which requires multi-level (e.g., perception, reasoning) and multi-granular (e.g., multi-step reasoning chain) advanced inferencing. Prior work on estimating model confidence tends to focus on the overall response for training and calibration, but fails to assess confidence in each reasoning step, leading to undesirable hallucination snowballing. In this work, we present MMBoundary, a novel framework that advances the knowledge boundary awareness of MLLMs through reasoning step confidence calibration. To achieve this, we propose to incorporate complementary textual and cross-modal self-rewarding signals to estimate confidence at each step of the MLLM reasoning process. In addition to supervised fine-tuning MLLM on this set of self-rewarding confidence estimation signal for initial confidence expression warm-up, we introduce a reinforcement learning stage with multiple reward functions for further aligning model knowledge and calibrating confidence at each reasoning step, enhancing reasoning chain self-correction. Empirical results show that MMBoundary significantly outperforms existing methods across diverse domain datasets and metrics, achieving an average of 7.5% reduction in multimodal confidence calibration errors and up to 8.3% improvement in task performance.
LIFBench: Evaluating the Instruction Following Performance and Stability of Large Language Models in Long-Context Scenarios
Authors: Xiaodong Wu; Minhao Wang; Yichen Liu; Xiaoming Shi; He Yan; Lu Xiangju; Junmin Zhu; Wei Zhang
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers))

Abstract: As Large Language Models (LLMs) evolve in natural language processing (NLP), their ability to stably follow instructions in long-context inputs has become critical for real-world applications. However, existing benchmarks seldom focus on instruction-following in long-context scenarios or stability on different inputs. To bridge this gap, we introduce LIFBench, a scalable dataset designed to evaluate LLMs’ instruction-following capabilities and stability across long contexts. LIFBench comprises three long-context scenarios and eleven diverse tasks, featuring 2,766 instructions generated through an automated expansion method across three dimensions: length, expression, and variables. For evaluation, we propose LIFEval, a rubric-based assessment method that enables precise, automated scoring of complex LLM responses without reliance on LLM-assisted assessments or human judgment. This method allows for a comprehensive analysis of model performance and stability from multiple perspectives. We conduct detailed experiments on 20 prominent LLMs across six length intervals. Our work contributes LIFBench and LIFEval as robust tools for assessing LLM performance in complex and long-context settings, offering valuable insights to guide future advancements in LLM development.
Aligning Large Language Models to Follow Instructions and Hallucinate Less via Effective Data Filtering
Authors: Shuzheng Si; Haozhe Zhao; Gang Chen; Cheng Gao; Yuzhuo Bai; Zhitong Wang; Kaikai An; Kangyang Luo; Chen Qian; Fanchao Qi; Baobao Chang; Maosong Sun
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers))

Abstract: Training LLMs on data containing unfamiliar knowledge during the instruction tuning stage can encourage hallucinations. To address this challenge, we introduce NOVA, a novel framework designed to identify high-quality data that aligns well with the LLM’s learned knowledge to reduce hallucinations. NOVA includes Internal Consistency Probing (ICP) and Semantic Equivalence Identification (SEI) to measure how familiar the LLM is with instruction data. Specifically, ICP evaluates the LLM’s understanding of the given instruction by calculating the tailored consistency among multiple self-generated responses. SEI further assesses the familiarity of the LLM with the target response by comparing it to the generated responses, using the proposed semantic clustering and well-designed voting strategy. Finally, to ensure the quality of selected samples, we introduce an expert-aligned reward model, considering characteristics beyond just familiarity. By considering data quality and avoiding unfamiliar data, we can utilize the selected data to effectively align LLMs to follow instructions and hallucinate less. Experiments show that NOVA significantly reduces hallucinations while maintaining a competitive ability to follow instructions.
M2S: Multi-turn to Single-turn jailbreak in Red Teaming for LLMs
Authors: Junwoo Ha; Hyunjun Kim; Sangyoon Yu; Haon Park; Ashkan Yousefpour; Yuna Park; Suhyun Kim
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers))

Abstract: We introduce a novel framework for consolidating multi-turn adversarial “jailbreak” prompts into single-turn queries, significantly reducing the manual overhead required for adversarial testing of large language models (LLMs). While multi-turn human jailbreaks have been shown to yield high attack success rates (ASRs), they demand considerable human effort and time. Our proposed Multi-turn-to-Single-turn (M2S) methods—Hyphenize, Numberize, and Pythonize—systematically reformat multi-turn dialogues into structured single-turn prompts. Despite eliminating iterative back-and-forth interactions, these reformatted prompts preserve and often enhance adversarial potency: in extensive evaluations on the Multi-turn Human Jailbreak (MHJ) dataset, M2S methods yield ASRs ranging from 70.6 % to 95.9 % across various state-of-the-art LLMs. Remarkably, our single-turn prompts outperform the original multi-turn attacks by up to 17.5 % in absolute ASR, while reducing token usage by more than half on average. Further analyses reveal that embedding malicious requests in enumerated or code-like structures exploits “contextual blindness,” undermining both native guardrails and external input-output safeguards. By consolidating multi-turn conversations into efficient single-turn prompts, our M2S framework provides a powerful tool for large-scale red-teaming and exposes critical vulnerabilities in contemporary LLM defenses. All code, data, and conversion prompts are available for reproducibility and further investigations: https://github.com/Junuha/M2S_DATA
RAEmoLLM: Retrieval Augmented LLMs for Cross-Domain Misinformation Detection Using In-Context Learning Based on Emotional Information
Authors: Zhiwei Liu; Kailai Yang; Qianqian Xie; Christine de Kock; Sophia Ananiadou; Eduard Hovy
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers))

Abstract: Misinformation is prevalent in various fields such as education, politics, health, etc., causing significant harm to society. However, current methods for cross-domain misinformation detection rely on effort- and resource-intensive fine-tuning and complex model structures. With the outstanding performance of LLMs, many studies have employed them for misinformation detection. Unfortunately, they focus on in-domain tasks and do not incorporate significant sentiment and emotion features (which we jointly call affect). In this paper, we propose RAEmoLLM, the first retrieval augmented (RAG) LLMs framework to address cross-domain misinformation detection using in-context learning based on affective information. RAEmoLLM includes three modules. (1) In the index construction module, we apply an emotional LLM to obtain affective embeddings from all domains to construct a retrieval database. (2) The retrieval module uses the database to recommend top K examples (text-label pairs) from source domain data for target domain contents. (3) These examples are adopted as few-shot demonstrations for the inference module to process the target domain content. The RAEmoLLM can effectively enhance the general performance of LLMs in cross-domain misinformation detection tasks through affect-based retrieval, without fine-tuning. We evaluate our framework on three misinformation benchmarks. Results show that RAEmoLLM achieves significant improvements compared to the other few-shot methods on three datasets, with the highest increases of 15.64%, 31.18%, and 15.73% respectively. This project is available at https://github.com/lzw108/RAEmoLLM.
Task-Specific Information Decomposition for End-to-End Dense Video Captioning
Authors: Zhiyue Liu; Xinru Zhang; Jinyuan Liu
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers))

Abstract: Dense video captioning aims to localize events within input videos and generate concise descriptive texts for each event. Advanced end-to-end methods require both tasks to share the same intermediate features that serve as event queries, thereby enabling the mutual promotion of two tasks. However, relying on shared queries limits the model’s ability to extract task-specific information, as event semantic perception and localization demand distinct perspectives on video understanding. To address this, we propose a decomposed dense video captioning framework that derives localization and captioning queries from event queries, enabling task-specific representations while maintaining inter-task collaboration. Considering the roles of different queries, we design a contrastive semantic optimization strategy that guides localization queries to focus on event-level visual features and captioning queries to align with textual semantics. Besides, only localization information is considered in existing methods for label assignment, failing to ensure the relevance of the selected queries to descriptions. We jointly consider localization and captioning losses to achieve a semantically balanced assignment process. Extensive experiments on the YouCook2 and ActivityNet Captions datasets demonstrate that our framework achieves state-of-the-art performance.
CalibraEval: Calibrating Prediction Distribution to Mitigate Selection Bias in LLMs-as-Judges
Authors: Haitao Li; Junjie Chen; Qingyao Ai; Zhumin Chu; Yujia Zhou; Qian Dong; Yiqun Liu
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers))

Abstract: The use of large language models (LLMs) as automated evaluation tools to assess the quality of generated natural language, known as ”LLMs-as-Judges”, has demonstrated promising capabilities and is rapidly gaining widespread attention. However, when applied to pairwise comparisons of candidate responses, LLM-based evaluators often exhibit selection bias. Specifically, their judgments may become inconsistent when the option positions or ID tokens are swapped, compromising the effectiveness and fairness of the evaluation result. To address this challenge, we introduce CalibraEval, a novel label-free method for mitigating selection bias during inference. Specifically, CalibraEval reformulates debiasing as an optimization task aimed at adjusting observed prediction distributions to align with unbiased prediction distributions. To solve this optimization problem, we propose a non-parametric order-preserving algorithm (NOA). This algorithm leverages the partial order relationships between model prediction distributions, thereby eliminating the need for explicit labels and precise mathematical function modeling. Empirical evaluations of LLMs in multiple representative benchmarks demonstrate that CalibraEval effectively mitigates selection bias and improves performance compared to existing debiasing methods. This work marks a step toward building more robust and unbiased automated evaluation frameworks, paving the way for improved reliability in AI-driven assessments. The code can be found at https://github.com/CSHaitao/CalibraEval.
Explaining Matters: Leveraging Definitions and Semantic Expansion for Sexism Detection
Authors: Sahrish Khan; Arshad Jhumka; Gabriele Pergola
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers))

Abstract: The detection of sexism in online content remains an open problem, as harmful language disproportionately affects women and marginalized groups. While automated systems for sexism detection have been developed, they still face two key challenges: data sparsity and the nuanced nature of sexist language. Even in large, well-curated datasets like the Explainable Detection of Online Sexism (EDOS), severe class imbalance hinders model generalization. Additionally, the overlapping and ambiguous boundaries of fine-grained categories introduce substantial annotator disagreement, reflecting the difficulty of interpreting nuanced expressions of sexism. To address these challenges, we propose two prompt-based data augmentation techniques: Definition-based Data Augmentation (DDA), which leverages category-specific definitions to generate semantically-aligned synthetic examples, and Contextual Semantic Expansion (CSE), which targets systematic model errors by enriching examples with task-specific semantic features. To further improve reliability in fine-grained classification, we introduce an ensemble strategy that resolves prediction ties by aggregating complementary perspectives from multiple language models. Our experimental evaluation on the EDOS dataset demonstrates state-of-the-art performance across all tasks, with notable improvements of macro F1 by 1.5 points for binary classification (Task A) and 4.1 points for fine-grained classification (Task C).
Private Memorization Editing: Turning Memorization into a Defense to Strengthen Data Privacy in Large Language Models
Authors: Elena Sofia Ruzzetti; Giancarlo A. Xompero; Davide Venditti; Fabio Massimo Zanzotto
Venue: ACL 2025 (Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers))

Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) memorize, and thus, among huge amounts of uncontrolled data, may memorize Personally Identifiable Information (PII), which should not be stored and, consequently, not leaked. In this paper, we introduce Private Memorization Editing (PME), an approach for preventing private data leakage that turns an apparent limitation, that is, the LLMs’ memorization ability, into a powerful privacy defense strategy. While attacks against LLMs have been performed exploiting previous knowledge regarding their training data, our approach aims to exploit the same kind of knowledge in order to make a model more robust. We detect a memorized PII and then mitigate the memorization of PII by editing a model knowledge of its training data. We verify that our procedure does not affect the underlying language model while making it more robust against privacy Training Data Extraction attacks. We demonstrate that PME can effectively reduce the number of leaked PII in a number of configurations, in some cases even reducing the accuracy of the privacy attacks to zero.