GenAI4ELab/papercli-papers huggingface dataset:
Understanding Counting Mechanisms in Large Language and Vision-Language Models
Authors: Hosein Hasani; Amirmohammad Izadi; Fatemeh Askari; Mobin Bagherian; Sadegh Mohammadian; Mohammad Izadi; Mahdieh Soleymani Baghshah
Venue: CVPR 2026 (main)

Abstract: Counting is one of the fundamental abilities of large language models (LLMs) and large vision-language models (LVLMs). This paper examines how these foundation models represent and compute numerical information in counting tasks. We use controlled experiments with repeated textual and visual items and analyze counting in LLMs and LVLMs through a set of behavioral, observational, and causal mediation analyses. To this end, we design a specialized tool, CountScope, for the mechanistic interpretability of numerical content. Results show that individual tokens or visual features encode latent positional count information that can be extracted and transferred across contexts. Layerwise analyses reveal a progressive emergence of numerical representations, with lower layers encoding small counts and higher layers representing larger ones. We identify an internal counter mechanism that updates with each item, stored mainly in the final token or region. In LVLMs, numerical information also appears in visual embeddings, shifting between background and foreground regions depending on spatial composition. We further reveal that models rely on structural cues such as separators in text, which act as shortcuts for tracking item counts and strongly influence the accuracy of numerical predictions. Overall, counting emerges as a structured, layerwise process in LLMs and follows the same general pattern in LVLMs, shaped by the properties of the vision encoder.
Test-time Ego-Exo-centric Adaptation for Action Anticipation via Multi-Label Prototype Growing and Dual-Clue Consistency
Authors: Zhaofeng Shi; Heqian Qiu; Lanxiao Wang; Qingbo Wu; Fanman Meng; Lili Pan; Hongliang Li
Venue: CVPR 2026 (main)

Abstract: Efficient adaptation between Egocentric (Ego) and Exocentric (Exo) views is crucial for applications such as human-robot cooperation. However, the success of most existing Ego-Exo adaptation methods relies heavily on target-view data for training, thereby increasing computational and data collection costs. In this paper, we make the first exploration of a Test-time Ego-Exo Adaptation for Action Anticipation (TE^ 2 A^ 3 ) task, which aims to adjust the source-view-trained model online during test time to anticipate target-view actions. It is challenging for existing Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) methods to address this task due to the multi-action candidates and significant temporal-spatial inter-view gap. Hence, we propose a novel Dual-Clue enhanced Prototype Growing Network (DCPGN), which accumulates multi-label knowledge and integrates cross-modality clues for effective test-time Ego-Exo adaptation and action anticipation. Specifically, we propose a Multi-Label Prototype Growing Module (ML-PGM) to balance multiple positive classes via multi-label assignment and confidence-based reweighting for class-wise memory banks, which are updated by an entropy priority queue strategy. Then, the Dual-Clue Consistency Module (DCCM) introduces a lightweight narrator to generate textual clues indicating action progressions, which complement the visual clues containing various objects. Moreover, we constrain the inferred textual and visual logits to construct dual-clue consistency for temporally and spatially bridging Ego and Exo views. Extensive experiments on the newly proposed EgoMe-anti and the existing EgoExoLearn benchmarks show the effectiveness of our method, which outperforms related state-of-the-art methods by a large margin. Code is available at \href https://github.com/ZhaofengSHI/DCPGN  https://github.com/ZhaofengSHI/DCPGN .
DreamStereo: Towards Real-Time Stereo Inpainting for HD Videos
Authors: Yuan Huang; Sijie Zhao; Jing Cheng; Hao Xu; Shaohui Jiao
Venue: CVPR 2026 (main)

Abstract: Stereo video inpainting, which aims to fill the occluded regions of warped videos with visually coherent content while maintaining temporal consistency, remains a challenging open problem. The regions to be filled are scattered along object boundaries and occupy only a small fraction of each frame, leading to two key challenges. First, existing approaches perform poorly on such tasks due to the scarcity of high-quality stereo inpainting datasets, which limits their ability to learn effective inpainting priors. Second, these methods apply equal processing to all regions of the frame, even though most pixels require no modification, resulting in substantial redundant computation. To address these issues, we introduce three interconnected components. We first propose Gradient-Aware Parallax Warping (GAPW), which leverages backward warping and the gradient of the coordinate mapping function to obtain continuous edges and smooth occlusion regions. Then, a Parallax-Based Dual Projection (PBDP) strategy is introduced, which incorporates GAPW to produce geometrically consistent stereo inpainting pairs and accurate occlusion masks without requiring stereo videos. Finally, we present Sparsity-Aware Stereo Inpainting (SASI), which reduces over 70% of redundant tokens, achieving a 10.7xspeedup during diffusion inference and delivering results comparable to its full-computation counterpart, enabling real-time processing of HD (768x1280) videos at 25\,FPS on a single A100 GPU.
MMDIR: Multimodal Instruction-Driven Framework for Mixed-Degradation Document Image Restoration
Authors: Heng Li; Xingyuan Wang; Yang Fan; Yunan Zhang; Xiangping Wu; Qingcai Chen
Venue: CVPR 2026 (main)

Abstract: Restoring degraded document image is essential for both improving visual quality and optimizing performance in downstream document analysis tasks. Although existing methods have demonstrated substantial improvements in restoration outcomes, they primarily address single-type degradation scenarios. Current approaches typically necessitate training multiple specialized models for specific degradation types or rely on explicit prior knowledge of degradation patterns to guide the training process. To overcome these limitations, we propose MMDIR, a multimodal instruction-driven framework designed for document image restoration under mixed and uncertain degradation conditions. By leveraging semantically structured instructions, MMDIR dynamically identifies present degradation types (blur, shadow, text watermark, and seal), while enhancing degradation-aware representation learning. Furthermore, we introduce a novel benchmark named MixedDoc comprising complex mixed degradations, where each image contains randomized combinations of the aforementioned types. This benchmark addresses a critical gap in existing datasets, which lack realistic multi-degradation samples and often overlook common obstructions such as seals and text watermarks. The effectiveness of our approach is thoroughly validated across both released public benchmarks and our newly proposed dataset. The dataset is available at https://github.com/xiaomore/MMDIR.
ID-Sim: An Identity-Focused Similarity Metric
Authors: Julia Chae; Nicholas Kolkin; Jui-Hsien Wang; Richard Zhang; Sara Beery; Cusuh Ham
Venue: CVPR 2026 (main)

Abstract: Humans have remarkable selective sensitivity to identities--they easily distinguish between highly-similar identities, even across significantly different contexts such as diverse viewpoints or lighting. Vision models have struggled to match this capability, and progress towards identity-focused tasks such as personalized image generation is slowed by a lack of identity-focused evaluation metrics. To help facilitate progress, we propose ID-Sim, a feed-forward metric designed to faithfully reflect human selective sensitivity. To build ID-Sim, we curate a high-quality training set of images spanning diverse real-world domains, augmented with generative synthetic data that provides controlled, fine-grained identity and contextual variations. We evaluate our metric on a new unified evaluation benchmark for assessing consistency with human annotations across identity-focused recognition, retrieval, and generative tasks.
Free-Lunch Long Video Generation via Layer-Adaptive O.O.D Correction
Authors: Jiahao Tian; Chenxi Song; Wei Cheng; Chi Zhang
Venue: CVPR 2026 (main)

Abstract: Generating long videos using pre-trained video diffusion models, which are typically trained on short clips, presents a significant challenge. Directly applying these models for long-video inference often leads to a notable degradation in visual quality. This paper identifies that this issue primarily stems from two out-of-distribution (O.O.D) problems: frame-level relative position O.O.D and contextlength O.O.D. To address these challenges, we propose FreeLOC, a novel training-free, layer-adaptive framework that introduces two core techniques: Video-based Relative Position Re-encoding (VRPR) for frame-level relative position O.O.D, a multi-granularity strategy that hierarchically re-encodes temporal relative positions to align with the model's pre-trained distribution, and Tiered Sparse Attention (TSA) for context-length O.O.D, which preserves both local detail and long-range dependencies by structuring attention density across different temporal scales. Crucially, we introduce a layer-adaptive probing mechanism that identifies the sensitivity of each transformer layer to these O.O.D issues, allowing for the selective and efficient application of our methods. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our approach significantly outperforms existing training-free methods, achieving state-of-the-art results in both temporal consistency and visual quality. Code is available at https://github.com/Westlake-AGI-Lab/FreeLOC.
Streaming Video Instruction Tuning
Authors: Jiaer Xia; Peixian Chen; Mengdan Zhang; Xing Sun; Kaiyang Zhou
Venue: CVPR 2026 (main)

Abstract: We present Streamo, a real-time streaming video LLM that serves as a general-purpose interactive assistant. Unlike existing online video models that focus narrowly on question answering or captioning, Streamo performs a broad spectrum of streaming video tasks, including real-time narration, action understanding, event captioning, temporal event grounding, and time-sensitive question answering. To develop such versatility, we construct Streamo-Instruct-465K, a large-scale instruction-following dataset tailored for streaming video understanding. The dataset covers diverse temporal contexts and multi-task supervision, enabling unified training across heterogeneous streaming tasks. After training end-to-end on the instruction-following dataset through a streamlined pipeline, Streamo exhibits strong temporal reasoning, responsive interaction, and broad generalization across a variety of streaming benchmarks. Extensive experiments show that Streamo bridges the gap between offline video perception models and real-time multimodal assistants, making a step toward unified, intelligent video understanding in continuous video streams.
Boosting Reasoning in Large Multimodal Models via Activation Replay
Authors: Yun Xing; Xiaobin Hu; Qingdong He; Jiangning Zhang; Shuicheng Yan; Shijian Lu; Yu-Gang Jiang
Venue: CVPR 2026 (main)

Abstract: Recently, Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as an effective approach to incentivizing reasoning capability in Large Multimodal Models (LMMs), while the underlying mechanisms behind this post-training paradigm are poorly understood. We begin by exploring how input activations are affected by RLVR through the perspective of logit lens. Our systematic investigations across multiple post-trained LMMs suggest that RLVR shifts low-entropy activations unexpectedly, while high-entropy ones are less affected. We further demonstrate that such phenomena are associated with LMM reasoning by controlled experiments, suggesting a potentially beneficial role of modulating low-entropy activations. To this end, we propose Activation Replay, a novel simple yet effective training-free approach that boosts multimodal reasoning of post-trained LMMs without requiring expensive policy optimization. Our design involves manipulation of visual tokens at test time, replaying low-entropy activations from the input context of base LMMs to regulating the RLVR counterparts. Activation Replay triggers better reasoning across diverse scenarios, including mathematics, o3-like visual agents, and video reasoning. We further show that Activation Replay boosts Pass@K and mitigates narrower reasoning coverage of RLVR. Our design is compared against alternative choices, such as replaying high-entropy activations instead of low-entropy ones, or direct cross-model intervention instead of manipulating input tokens, demonstrating the superiority of our implementation. Codes will be made publicly available.
Black-box Membership Inference Attacks on the Pre-training Data of Image-generation Models
Authors: Tao Qi; Huili Wang; Yuanhong Huang; Wendan Wang; Lianchao Zhao; Jinrui Wang; Zichen Qin; Shangguang Wang; Yongfeng Huang
Venue: CVPR 2026 (main)

Abstract: The rapid advancement of diffusion-based image generation models has raised serious concerns regarding potential copyright and privacy infringements involving human-created data. Membership inference attacks (MIAs) have emerged as a promising tool for identifying unauthorized data usage during model training. Existing methods typically assess the ability of model to denoise perturbed suspect images as an indicator of membership status. However, the discriminative power of such features is highly dependent on the degree of model memorization and deteriorates significantly when applied to less exposed data (e.g., pre-training data). Although several methods attempt to enhance detection by leveraging internal model features, these features are generally inaccessible in mainstream closed-source image generation platforms, limiting their practicality. In this paper, we demonstrate that analyzing how a black-box diffusion model denoises a target image and corresponding perturbed textual instructions can reveal more distinctive membership cues. Based on this insight, we propose a black-box membership inference attack framework (named SD-MIA) that leverages a cross-modal data perturbation mechanism to detect pre-training data in diffusion models. We conduct extensive experiments on both a public benchmark dataset and a newly constructed dataset, each comprising pre-training membership and non-membership samples with identical distributions. Experimental results demonstrate that SD-MIA achieves superior performance compared to existing baselines, including those with the unfair advantage of accessing internal model features.
Enhancing Part-Level Point Grounding for Any Open-Source MLLMs
Authors: Jin-Cheng Jhang; Fu-En Wang; Xin Yang; Nan Qiao; Lu Xia; Min Sun; Cheng-Hao Kuo
Venue: CVPR 2026 (main)

Abstract: Visual grounding aims to associate free-form textual queries with specific regions in an image. While recent Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated promising capabilities in this domain, they primarily excel at object-level grounding and often struggle with part-level grounding--an essential requirement for fine-grained tasks such as robotic manipulation. In this work, we introduce a general approach that equips any open-source MLLMs with accurate 2D part-level point grounding, offering a more direct alternative to conventional grounding representations. Our method leverages the attention mechanisms inherently present in MLLMs. By synthesizing text-conditioned, grounding-aware queries within intermediate layers via the proposed Q-Synth Module, we capture target-relevant attention patterns and refine them with a lightweight Attention-to-Point Decoder, which converts these patterns into a point-centric heatmap for final prediction. Notably, all original MLLM parameters are frozen, ensuring full preservation of their pre-trained capabilities. Experiments show that our design consistently improves part-level grounding accuracy across datasets and can be seamlessly integrated into any open-source MLLMs.
Detecting AI-Generated Forgeries via Iterative Manifold Deviation Amplification
Authors: Jiangling Zhang; Shuxuan Gao; Bofan Liu; Siqiang Feng; Jirui Huang; Yaxiong Chen; Ziyu Chen
Venue: CVPR 2026 (main)

Abstract: The proliferation of highly realistic AI-generated images poses critical challenges for digital forensics, demanding precise pixel-level localization of manipulated regions. Existing methods predominantly learn discriminative patterns of specific forgeries, struggling with novel manipulations as editing techniques evolve. We propose the Iterative Forgery Amplifier Network (IFA-Net), which shifts from learning "what is fake" to modeling "what is real". Grounded in the principle that all manipulations deviate from the natural image manifold, IFA-Net leverages a frozen Masked Autoencoder (MAE) pretrained on real images as a universal realness prior. Our framework operates through a two-stage closed-loop process: an initial Dual-Stream Segmentation Network (DSSN) fuses the original image with MAE reconstruction residuals for coarse localization, then a Task-Adaptive Prior Injection (TAPI) module converts this coarse prediction into guiding prompts that steer the MAE decoder to amplify reconstruction failures in suspicious regions, enabling precise refinement. Extensive experiments on four diffusion-based inpainting benchmarks show that IFA-Net achieves an average improvement of 6.5% in IoU and 8.1% in F1-score over the second-best method, while demonstrating strong generalization to traditional manipulation types.
RoadSceneBench: A Lightweight Benchmark for Mid-Level Road Scene Understanding
Authors: Xiyan Liu; Han Wang; Yuhu Wang; Junjie Cai; Zhe Cao; Jianzhong Yang; Zhen Lu
Venue: CVPR 2026 (main)

Abstract: Understanding mid-level road semantics, which capture the structural and contextual cues that link low-level perception to high-level planning, is essential for reliable autonomous driving and digital map construction. However, existing benchmarks primarily target perception tasks such as detection or segmentation, overlooking the reasoning capabilities required to infer road topology and dynamic scene structure. To address this gap, we present RoadSceneBench, a lightweight yet information-rich benchmark designed to evaluate and advance visual reasoning in complex road environments. Unlike large-scale perception datasets, RoadSceneBench emphasizes relational understanding and structural consistency, encouraging models to capture the underlying logic of real-world road scenes. Furthermore, to enhance reasoning reliability, we propose Hierarchical Relational Reward Propagation with Temporal Consistency (HRRP-T), a training framework for Vision-Language Models (VLMs) in which reward signals adaptively promote spatial coherence and semantic alignment throughout the reasoning process. This paradigm enables models to move beyond static recognition toward geometry-aware and temporally consistent reasoning. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance across diverse road configurations. RoadSceneBench thus provides a compact yet powerful foundation for studying mid-level road semantics and fostering structure-aware autonomous perception. Our dataset is available at https://github.com/XiyanLiu/RoadSceneBench.
OneCAT: Decoder-Only Auto-Regressive Model for Unified Understanding and Generation
Authors: Han Li; Xinyu Peng; Yaoming Wang; Zelin Peng; Xin Chen; Rongxiang Weng; Jingang Wang; Xunliang Cai; Wenrui Dai; Hongkai Xiong
Venue: CVPR 2026 (main)

Abstract: We introduce OneCAT, a unified multimodal model that seamlessly integrates understanding, generation, and editing within a single decoder-only transformer architecture. OneCAT uniquely eliminates the need for external components such as Vision Transformers (ViT) or vision tokenizer during inference, leading to significant efficiency gains, especially for high-resolution image inputs and outputs. This is achieved through a modality-specific Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) design trained with a unified autoregressive (AR) objective, which also natively supports dynamic resolutions. Furthermore, we pioneer to achieve multi-scale visual autoregressive mechanism within the Large Language Model (LLM) with proposed scale-aware adapter (SAA) that drastically reduces decoding latency compared to diffusion-based methods while maintaining state-of-the-art performance. Our findings demonstrate the powerful potential of pure autoregressive modeling as an elegant foundation for unified multimodal intelligence. As a result, OneCAT outperforms existing unified models across benchmarks for multimodal understanding, generation, and editing.
A Closed-Form Solution for Debiasing Vision-Language Models with Utility Guarantees Across Modalities and Tasks
Authors: Tangzheng Lian; Guanyu Hu; Yijing Ren; Dimitrios Kollias; Oya Celiktutan
Venue: CVPR 2026 (main)

Abstract: While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved remarkable performance across diverse downstream tasks, recent studies have shown that they can inherit social biases from the training data and further propagate them into downstream applications. To address this issue, various debiasing approaches have been proposed, yet most of them aim to improve fairness without having a theoretical guarantee that the utility of the model is preserved. In this paper, we introduce a debiasing method that yields a closed-form solution in the cross-modal space, achieving Pareto-optimal fairness with bounded utility losses. Our method is training-free, requires no annotated data, and can jointly debias both visual and textual modalities across downstream tasks. Extensive experiments show that our method outperforms existing methods in debiasing VLMs across diverse fairness metrics and datasets for both group and intersectional fairness in downstream tasks such as zero-shot image classification, text-to-image retrieval, and text-to-image generation while preserving task performance. Code will be made available upon acceptance.
Vista4D: Video Reshooting with 4D Point Clouds
Authors: Kuan Heng Lin; Zhizheng Liu; Pablo Salamanca; Yash Kant; Ryan Burgert; Yuancheng Xu; Koichi Namekata; Yiwei Zhao; Bolei Zhou; Micah Goldblum; Paul Debevec; Ning Yu
Venue: CVPR 2026 (main)

Abstract: We present **Vista4D**, a robust and flexible video reshooting framework that grounds the input video and target cameras in a 4D point cloud. Specifically, given an input video, our method re-synthesizes the scene with the same dynamics from a different camera trajectory and viewpoint. Existing video reshooting methods often struggle with depth estimation artifacts of real-world dynamic videos, while also failing to preserve content appearance and maintain precise camera control for challenging new trajectories. We build a 4D-grounded point cloud representation with static pixel segmentation and 4D reconstruction to explicitly preserve seen content and provide rich camera signals, and we train with reconstructed multiview dynamic data for robustness against point cloud artifacts during real-world inference. Our results demonstrate improved 4D consistency, camera control, and visual quality compared to state-of-the-art baselines under a variety of videos and camera paths. Moreover, our method generalizes to real-world applications such as dynamic scene expansion and 4D scene recomposition. Results are best viewed as videos in the Supplement.