GenAI4ELab/papercli-papers huggingface dataset:
GENTLE: A Genre-Diverse Multilayer Challenge Set for English NLP and Linguistic Evaluation
Authors: Tatsuya Aoyama; Shabnam Behzad; Luke Gessler; Lauren Levine; Jessica Lin; Yang Janet Liu; Siyao Peng; Yilun Zhu; Amir Zeldes
Venue: ACL 2023 (Proceedings of the 17th Linguistic Annotation Workshop (LAW-XVII))

Abstract: We present GENTLE, a new mixed-genre English challenge corpus totaling 17K tokens and consisting of 8 unusual text types for out-of-domain evaluation: dictionary entries, esports commentaries, legal documents, medical notes, poetry, mathematical proofs, syllabuses, and threat letters. GENTLE is manually annotated for a variety of popular NLP tasks, including syntactic dependency parsing, entity recognition, coreference resolution, and discourse parsing. We evaluate state-of-the-art NLP systems on GENTLE and find severe degradation for at least some genres in their performance on all tasks, which indicates GENTLE’s utility as an evaluation dataset for NLP systems.
A Study on Annotation Interfaces for Summary Comparison
Authors: Sian Gooding; Lucas Werner; Victor Cărbune
Venue: ACL 2023 (Proceedings of the 17th Linguistic Annotation Workshop (LAW-XVII))

Abstract: The task of summarisation is notoriously difficult to evaluate, with agreement even between expert raters unlikely to be perfect. One technique for summary evaluation relies on collecting comparison data by presenting annotators with generated summaries and tasking them with selecting the best one. This paradigm is currently being exploited in reinforcement learning using human feedback, whereby a reward function is trained using pairwise choice data. Comparisons are an easier way to elicit human feedback for summarisation, however, such decisions can be bottle necked by the usability of the annotator interface. In this paper, we present the results of a pilot study exploring how the user interface impacts annotator agreement when judging summary quality.
A Question Answering Benchmark Database for Hungarian
Authors: Attila Novák; Borbála Novák; Tamás Zombori; Gergő Szabó; Zsolt Szántó; Richárd Farkas
Venue: ACL 2023 (Proceedings of the 17th Linguistic Annotation Workshop (LAW-XVII))

Abstract: Within the research presented in this article, we created a new question answering benchmark database for Hungarian called MILQA. When creating the dataset, we basically followed the principles of the English SQuAD 2.0, however, like in some more recent English question answering datasets, we introduced a number of innovations beyond SQuAD: e.g., yes/no-questions, list-like answers consisting of several text spans, long answers, questions requiring calculation and other question types where you cannot simply copy the answer from the text. For all these non-extractive question types, the pragmatically adequate form of the answer was also added to make the training of generative models possible. We implemented and evaluated a set of baseline retrieval and answer span extraction models on the dataset. BM25 performed better than any vector-based solution for retrieval. Cross-lingual transfer from English significantly improved span extraction models.
No Strong Feelings One Way or Another: Re-operationalizing Neutrality in Natural Language Inference
Authors: Animesh Nighojkar; Antonio Laverghetta Jr.; John Licato
Venue: ACL 2023 (Proceedings of the 17th Linguistic Annotation Workshop (LAW-XVII))

Abstract: Natural Language Inference (NLI) has been a cornerstone task in evaluating language models’ inferential reasoning capabilities. However, the standard three-way classification scheme used in NLI has well-known shortcomings in evaluating models’ ability to capture the nuances of natural human reasoning. In this paper, we argue that the operationalization of the neutral label in current NLI datasets has low validity, is interpreted inconsistently, and that at least one important sense of neutrality is often ignored. We uncover the detrimental impact of these shortcomings, which in some cases leads to annotation datasets that actually decrease performance on downstream tasks. We compare approaches of handling annotator disagreement and identify flaws in a recent NLI dataset that designs an annotator study based on a problematic operationalization. Our findings highlight the need for a more refined evaluation framework for NLI, and we hope to spark further discussion and action in the NLP community.
UMR-Writer 2.0: Incorporating a New Keyboard Interface and Workflow into UMR-Writer
Authors: Sijia Ge; Jin Zhao; Kristin Wright-bettner; Skatje Myers; Nianwen Xue; Martha Palmer
Venue: ACL 2023 (Proceedings of the 17th Linguistic Annotation Workshop (LAW-XVII))

Abstract: UMR-Writer is a web-based tool for annotating semantic graphs with the Uniform Meaning Representation (UMR) scheme. UMR is a graph-based semantic representation that can be applied cross-linguistically for deep semantic analysis of texts. In this work, we implemented a new keyboard interface in UMR-Writer 2.0, which is a powerful addition to the original mouse interface, supporting faster annotation for more experienced annotators. The new interface also addresses issues with the original mouse interface. Additionally, we demonstrate an efficient workflow for annotation project management in UMR-Writer 2.0, which has been applied to many projects.
Unified Syntactic Annotation of English in the CGEL Framework
Authors: Brett Reynolds; Aryaman Arora; Nathan Schneider
Venue: ACL 2023 (Proceedings of the 17th Linguistic Annotation Workshop (LAW-XVII))

Abstract: We investigate whether the Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (2002) and its extensive descriptions work well as a corpus annotation scheme. We develop annotation guidelines and in the process outline some interesting linguistic uncertainties that we had to resolve. To test the applicability of CGEL to real-world corpora, we conduct an interannotator study on sentences from the English Web Treebank, showing that consistent annotation of even complex syntactic phenomena like gapping using the CGEL formalism is feasible. Why introduce yet another formalism for English syntax? We argue that CGEL is attractive due to its exhaustive analysis of English syntactic phenomena, its labeling of both constituents and functions, and its accessibility. We look towards expanding CGELBank and augmenting it with automatic conversions from existing treebanks in the future.
Annotating Discursive Roles of Sentences in Patent Descriptions
Authors: Lufei Liu; Xu Sun; François Veltz; Kim Gerdes
Venue: ACL 2023 (Proceedings of the 17th Linguistic Annotation Workshop (LAW-XVII))

Abstract: Patent descriptions are a crucial component of patent applications, as they are key to understanding the invention and play a significant role in securing patent grants. While discursive analyses have been undertaken for scientific articles, they have not been as thoroughly explored for patent descriptions, despite the increasing importance of Intellectual Property and the constant rise of the number of patent applications. In this study, we propose an annotation scheme containing 16 classes that allows categorizing each sentence in patent descriptions according to their discursive roles. We publish an experimental human-annotated corpus of 16 patent descriptions and analyze challenges that may be encountered in such work. This work can be base for an automated annotation and thus contribute to enriching linguistic resources in the patent domain.
The Effect of Alignment Correction on Cross-Lingual Annotation Projection
Authors: Shabnam Behzad; Seth Ebner; Marc Marone; Benjamin Van Durme; Mahsa Yarmohammadi
Venue: ACL 2023 (Proceedings of the 17th Linguistic Annotation Workshop (LAW-XVII))

Abstract: Cross-lingual annotation projection is a practical method for improving performance on low resource structured prediction tasks. An important step in annotation projection is obtaining alignments between the source and target texts, which enables the mapping of annotations across the texts. By manually correcting automatically generated alignments, we examine the impact of alignment quality—automatic, manual, and mixed—on downstream performance for two information extraction tasks and quantify the trade-off between annotation effort and model performance.
When Do Annotator Demographics Matter? Measuring the Influence of Annotator Demographics with the POPQUORN Dataset
Authors: Jiaxin Pei; David Jurgens
Venue: ACL 2023 (Proceedings of the 17th Linguistic Annotation Workshop (LAW-XVII))

Abstract: Annotators are not fungible. Their demographics, life experiences, and backgrounds all contribute to how they label data. However, NLP has only recently considered how annotator identity might influence their decisions. Here, we present POPQUORN (the Potato-Prolific dataset for Question-Answering, Offensiveness, text Rewriting and politeness rating with demographic Nuance). POPQUORN contains 45,000 annotations from 1,484 annotators, drawn from a representative sample regarding sex, age, and race as the US population. Through a series of analyses, we show that annotators’ background plays a significant role in their judgments. Further, our work shows that backgrounds not previously considered in NLP (e.g., education), are meaningful and should be considered. Our study suggests that understanding the background of annotators and collecting labels from a demographically balanced pool of crowd workers is important to reduce the bias of datasets. The dataset, annotator background, and annotation interface are available at https://github.com/Jiaxin-Pei/potato-prolific-dataset.
Enriching the NArabizi Treebank: A Multifaceted Approach to Supporting an Under-Resourced Language
Authors: Arij Riabi; Menel Mahamdi; Djamé Seddah
Venue: ACL 2023 (Proceedings of the 17th Linguistic Annotation Workshop (LAW-XVII))

Abstract: In this paper we address the scarcity of annotated data for NArabizi, a Romanized form of North African Arabic used mostly on social media, which poses challenges for Natural Language Processing (NLP). We introduce an enriched version of NArabizi Treebank (Seddah et al., 2020) with three main contributions: the addition of two novel annotation layers (named entity recognition and offensive language detection) and a re-annotation of the tokenization, morpho-syntactic and syntactic layers that ensure annotation consistency. Our experimental results, using different tokenization schemes, showcase the value of our contributions and highlight the impact of working with non-gold tokenization for NER and dependency parsing. To facilitate future research, we make these annotations publicly available. Our enhanced NArabizi Treebank paves the way for creating sophisticated language models and NLP tools for this under-represented language.
Text-To-KG Alignment: Comparing Current Methods on Classification Tasks
Authors: Sondre Wold; Lilja Øvrelid; Erik Velldal
Venue: ACL 2023 (Proceedings of the First Workshop on Matching From Unstructured and Structured Data (MATCHING 2023))

Abstract: In contrast to large text corpora, knowledge graphs (KG) provide dense and structured representations of factual information. This makes them attractive for systems that supplement or ground the knowledge found in pre-trained language models with an external knowledge source. This has especially been the case for classification tasks, where recent work has focused on creating pipeline models that retrieve information from KGs like ConceptNet as additional context. Many of these models consist of multiple components, and although they differ in the number and nature of these parts, they all have in common that for some given text query, they attempt to identify and retrieve a relevant subgraph from the KG. Due to the noise and idiosyncrasies often found in KGs, it is not known how current methods compare to a scenario where the aligned subgraph is completely relevant to the query. In this work, we try to bridge this knowledge gap by reviewing current approaches to text-to-KG alignment and evaluating them on two datasets where manually created graphs are available, providing insights into the effectiveness of current methods. We release our code for reproducibility.
Identifying Quantifiably Verifiable Statements from Text
Authors: Pegah Jandaghi; Jay Pujara
Venue: ACL 2023 (Proceedings of the First Workshop on Matching From Unstructured and Structured Data (MATCHING 2023))

Abstract: Humans often describe complex quantitative data using trend-based patterns. Trend-based patterns can be interpreted as higher order functions and relations over numerical data such as extreme values, rates of change, or cyclical repetition. One application where trends abound are descriptions of numerical tabular data. Therefore, the alignment of numerical tables and textual description of trends enables easier interpretations of tables. Most existing approaches can align quantities in text with tabular data but are unable to detect and align trend-based patterns about data. In this paper, we introduce the initial steps for aligning trend-based patterns about the data, i.e. the detection of textual description of trends and the alignment of trends with a relevant table. We introduce the problem of identifying quantifiably verifiable statements (QVS) in the text and aligning them with tables and datasets. We define the structure of these statements and implement a structured based detection. In our experiments, we demonstrate our method can detect and align these statements from several domains and compare favorably with traditional sequence labeling methods.
Toward Consistent and Informative Event-Event Temporal Relation Extraction
Authors: Xiaomeng Jin; Haoyang Wen; Xinya Du; Heng Ji
Venue: ACL 2023 (Proceedings of the First Workshop on Matching From Unstructured and Structured Data (MATCHING 2023))

Abstract: Event-event temporal relation extraction aims to extract the temporal order between a pair of event mentions, which is usually used to construct temporal event graphs. However, event graphs generated by existing methods are usually globally inconsistent (event graphs containing cycles), semantically irrelevant (two unrelated events having temporal links), and context unaware (neglecting neighborhood information of an event node). In this paper, we propose a novel event-event temporal relation extraction method to address these limitations. Our model combines a pretrained language model and a graph neural network to output event embeddings, which captures the contextual information of event graphs. Moreover, to achieve global consistency and semantic relevance, (1) event temporal order should be in accordance with the norm of their embeddings, and (2) two events have temporal relation only if their embeddings are close enough. Experimental results on a real-world event dataset demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance and generates high-quality event graphs.
COFFEE: A Contrastive Oracle-Free Framework for Event Extraction
Authors: Meiru Zhang; Yixuan Su; Zaiqiao Meng; Zihao Fu; Nigel Collier
Venue: ACL 2023 (Proceedings of the First Workshop on Matching From Unstructured and Structured Data (MATCHING 2023))

Abstract: Event extraction is a complex task that involves extracting events from unstructured text. Prior classification-based methods require comprehensive entity annotations for joint training, while newer generation-based methods rely on heuristic templates containing oracle information such as event type, which is often unavailable in real-world scenarios. In this study, we consider a more realistic task setting, namely the Oracle-Free Event Extraction (OFEE) task, where only the input context is given, without any oracle information including event type, event ontology, or trigger word. To address this task, we propose a new framework, COFFEE. This framework extracts events solely based on the document context, without referring to any oracle information. In particular, COFFEE introduces a contrastive selection model to refine the generated triggers and handle multi-event instances. Our proposed COFFEE outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in the oracle-free setting of the event extraction task, as evaluated on two public variants of the ACE05 benchmark. The code used in our study has been made publicly available.
Corpus-Based Task-Specific Relation Discovery
Authors: Karthik Venkat Ramanan
Venue: ACL 2023 (Proceedings of the First Workshop on Matching From Unstructured and Structured Data (MATCHING 2023))

Abstract: Relation extraction is a crucial language processing task for various downstream applications, including knowledge base completion, question answering, and summarization. Traditional relation-extraction techniques, however, rely on a predefined set of relations and model the extraction as a classification task. Consequently, such closed-world extraction methods are insufficient for inducing novel relations from a corpus. Unsupervised techniques like OpenIE, which extract <head, relation, tail> triples, generate relations that are too general for practical information extraction applications. In this work, we contribute the following: 1) We motivate and introduce a new task, corpus-based task-specific relation discovery. 2) We adapt existing data sources to create Wiki-Art, a novel dataset for task-specific relation discovery. 3) We develop a novel framework for relation discovery using zero-shot entity linking, prompting, and type-specific clustering. Our approach effectively connects unstructured text spans to their shared underlying relations, bridging the data-representation gap and significantly outperforming baselines on both quantitative and qualitative metrics. Our code and data are available in our GitHub repository.
On the Surprising Effectiveness of Name Matching Alone in Autoregressive Entity Linking
Authors: Elliot Schumacher; James Mayfield; Mark Dredze
Venue: ACL 2023 (Proceedings of the First Workshop on Matching From Unstructured and Structured Data (MATCHING 2023))

Abstract: Fifteen years of work on entity linking has established the importance of different information sources in making linking decisions: mention and entity name similarity, contextual relevance, and features of the knowledge base. Modern state-of-the-art systems build on these features, including through neural representations (Wu et al., 2020). In contrast to this trend, the autoregressive language model GENRE (De Cao et al., 2021) generates normalized entity names for mentions and beats many other entity linking systems, despite making no use of knowledge base (KB) information. How is this possible? We analyze the behavior of GENRE on several entity linking datasets and demonstrate that its performance stems from memorization of name patterns. In contrast, it fails in cases that might benefit from using the KB. We experiment with a modification to the model to enable it to utilize KB information, highlighting challenges to incorporating traditional entity linking information sources into autoregressive models.
Knowledge-Augmented Language Model Prompting for Zero-Shot Knowledge Graph Question Answering
Authors: Jinheon Baek; Alham Fikri Aji; Amir Saffari
Venue: ACL 2023 (Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Natural Language Reasoning and Structured Explanations (NLRSE))

Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) are capable of performing zero-shot closed-book question answering tasks, based on their internal knowledge stored in parameters during pre-training. However, such internalized knowledge might be insufficient and incorrect, which could lead LLMs to generate factually wrong answers. Furthermore, fine-tuning LLMs to update their knowledge is expensive. To this end, we propose to augment the knowledge directly in the input of LLMs. Specifically, we first retrieve the relevant facts to the input question from the knowledge graph based on semantic similarities between the question and its associated facts. After that, we prepend the retrieved facts to the input question in the form of the prompt, which is then forwarded to LLMs to generate the answer. Our framework, Knowledge-Augmented language model PromptING (KAPING), requires no model training, thus completely zero-shot. We validate the performance of our KAPING framework on the knowledge graph question answering task, that aims to answer the user’s question based on facts over a knowledge graph, on which ours outperforms relevant zero-shot baselines by up to 48% in average, across multiple LLMs of various sizes.
Knowledge Base Completion for Long-Tail Entities
Authors: Lihu Chen; Simon Razniewski; Gerhard Weikum
Venue: ACL 2023 (Proceedings of the First Workshop on Matching From Unstructured and Structured Data (MATCHING 2023))

Abstract: Despite their impressive scale, knowledge bases (KBs), such as Wikidata, still contain significant gaps. Language models (LMs) have been proposed as a source for filling these gaps. However, prior works have focused on prominent entities with rich coverage by LMs, neglecting the crucial case of long-tail entities. In this paper, we present a novel method for LM-based-KB completion that is specifically geared for facts about long-tail entities. The method leverages two different LMs in two stages: for candidate retrieval and for candidate verification and disambiguation. To evaluate our method and various baselines, we introduce a novel dataset, called MALT, rooted in Wikidata. Our method outperforms all baselines in F1, with major gains especially in recall.
CoSiNES: Contrastive Siamese Network for Entity Standardization
Authors: Jiaqing Yuan; Michele Merler; Mihir Choudhury; Raju Pavuluri; Munindar Singh; Maja Vukovic
Venue: ACL 2023 (Proceedings of the First Workshop on Matching From Unstructured and Structured Data (MATCHING 2023))

Abstract: Entity standardization maps noisy mentions from free-form text to standard entities in a knowledge base. The unique challenge of this task relative to other entity-related tasks is the lack of surrounding context and numerous variations in the surface form of the mentions, especially when it comes to generalization across domains where labeled data is scarce. Previous research mostly focuses on developing models either heavily relying on context, or dedicated solely to a specific domain. In contrast, we propose CoSiNES, a generic and adaptable framework with Contrastive Siamese Network for Entity Standardization that effectively adapts a pretrained language model to capture the syntax and semantics of the entities in a new domain. We construct a new dataset in the technology domain, which contains 640 technical stack entities and 6,412 mentions collected from industrial content management systems. We demonstrate that CoSiNES yields higher accuracy and faster runtime than baselines derived from leading methods in this domain. CoSiNES also achieves competitive performance in four standard datasets from the chemistry, medicine, and biomedical domains, demonstrating its cross-domain applicability. Code and data is available at https://github.com/konveyor/tackle-container-advisor/tree/main/entity_standardizer/cosines
Knowledge Graph-augmented Language Models for Complex Question Answering
Authors: Priyanka Sen; Sandeep Mavadia; Amir Saffari
Venue: ACL 2023 (Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Natural Language Reasoning and Structured Explanations (NLRSE))

Abstract: Large language models have shown impressive abilities to reason over input text, however, they are prone to hallucinations. On the other hand, end-to-end knowledge graph question answering (KGQA) models output responses grounded in facts, but they still struggle with complex reasoning, such as comparison or ordinal questions. In this paper, we propose a new method for complex question answering where we combine a knowledge graph retriever based on an end-to-end KGQA model with a language model that reasons over the retrieved facts to return an answer. We observe that augmenting language model prompts with retrieved KG facts improves performance over using a language model alone by an average of 83%. In particular, we see improvements on complex questions requiring count, intersection, or multi-hop reasoning operations.