GenAI4ELab/papercli-papers huggingface dataset:
AdParaphrase: Paraphrase Dataset for Analyzing Linguistic Features toward Generating Attractive Ad Texts
Authors: Soichiro Murakami; Peinan Zhang; Hidetaka Kamigaito; Hiroya Takamura; Manabu Okumura
Venue: NAACL 2025 (Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2025)

Abstract: Effective linguistic choices that attract potential customers play crucial roles in advertising success. This study aims to explore the linguistic features of ad texts that influence human preferences. Although the creation of attractive ad texts is an active area of research, progress in understanding the specific linguistic features that affect attractiveness is hindered by several obstacles. First, human preferences are complex and influenced by multiple factors, including their content, such as brand names, and their linguistic styles, making analysis challenging. Second, publicly available ad text datasets that include human preferences are lacking, such as ad performance metrics and human feedback, which reflect people’s interests. To address these problems, we present AdParaphrase, a paraphrase dataset that contains human preferences for pairs of ad texts that are semantically equivalent but differ in terms of wording and style. This dataset allows for preference analysis that focuses on the differences in linguistic features. Our analysis revealed that ad texts preferred by human judges have higher fluency, longer length, more nouns, and use of bracket symbols. Furthermore, we demonstrate that an ad text-generation model that considers these findings significantly improves the attractiveness of a given text. The dataset is publicly available at: https://github.com/CyberAgentAILab/AdParaphrase.
Token Weighting for Long-Range Language Modeling
Authors: Falko Helm; Nico Daheim; Iryna Gurevych
Venue: NAACL 2025 (Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2025)

Abstract: Many applications of large language models (LLMs) require long-context understanding, but models continue to struggle with such tasks. We hypothesize that conventional next-token prediction training could contribute to this, because each token is assigned equal weight. Yet, intuitively, the amount of context needed to predict the next token accurately varies greatly across different data. To reflect this, we propose various novel token-weighting schemes that assign different weights to each training token in the loss, thereby generalizing existing works. For this, we categorize token-weighting methods using a two-step framework which compares the confidences of a long-context and short-context model to score tokens. We evaluate all methods on multiple long-context understanding tasks and show that non-uniform loss weights are helpful to improve the long-context abilities of LLMs.Different short-context models can be used effectively for token scoring, including models that are much smaller than the long-context model that is trained.All in all, this work contributes to a better understanding of the trade-offs long-context language modeling faces and provides guidelines for model steering via loss-weighting based on empirical evidence. The code can be found on [Github](https://github.com/UKPLab/naacl2025-token-weighting).
Learning to Explore and Select for Coverage-Conditioned Retrieval-Augmented Generation
Authors: Takyoung Kim; Kyungjae Lee; Young Rok Jang; Ji Yong Cho; Gangwoo Kim; Minseok Cho; Moontae Lee
Venue: NAACL 2025 (Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2025)

Abstract: Interactions with large language models (LLMs) often yield long and detailed responses, leveraging both parametric knowledge and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). While these responses can provide rich insights, they often include redundant or less engaging content not aligned with user interests. This issue becomes apparent when users specify particular subtopics to include or exclude – termed **coverage-conditioned (C2)** queries – as LLMs often struggle to provide tailored responses. To address this challenge, we investigate the role of query outlines, sequences of subqueries designed to guide LLMs in generating responses that meet specific user requirements. To systematically create and evaluate these outlines, we introduce **QTree**, a dataset of 10K hierarchical sets of information-seeking subqueries that define structured boundaries for outline creation and evaluation in C2 scenarios. Additionally, we develop **QPlanner**, a 7B language model trained to generate customized outlines within boundaries of QTree. We evaluate the effectiveness of the generated outlines through automatic and human judgements, focusing on their impact within retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems. Experimental results demonstrate that QPlanner, especially when trained with alignment techniques like DPO, generates higher-quality outlines that better fulfill diverse user needs.
LayAlign: Enhancing Multilingual Reasoning in Large Language Models via Layer-Wise Adaptive Fusion and Alignment Strategy
Authors: Zhiwen Ruan; Yixia Li; He Zhu; Longyue Wang; Weihua Luo; Kaifu Zhang; Yun Chen; Guanhua Chen
Venue: NAACL 2025 (Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2025)

Abstract: Despite being pretrained on multilingual corpora, large language models (LLMs) exhibit suboptimal performance on low-resource languages. Recent approaches have leveraged multilingual encoders alongside LLMs by introducing trainable parameters connecting the two models. However, these methods typically focus on the encoder’s output, overlooking valuable information from other layers. We propose Layer-Wise Adaptive Fusion and Alignment Strategy (LayAlign), a framework that integrates representations from all encoder layers, coupled with the adaptive fusion-enhanced attention mechanism to enable layer-wise interaction between the LLM and the multilingual encoder. Extensive experiments on multilingual reasoning tasks, along with analyses of learned representations, show that our approach consistently outperforms existing baselines.
On the Impacts of Contexts on Repository-Level Code Generation
Authors: Nam Le Hai; Dung Manh Nguyen; Nghi D. Q. Bui
Venue: NAACL 2025 (Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2025)

Abstract: CodeLLMs are widely used for code generation, yet their ability to handle repository-level dependencies remains underexplored. We introduce RepoExec, a benchmark for evaluating repository-level code generation, focusing on executability, functional correctness, and dependency utilization. Our study evaluates 18 models, revealing that retaining full dependency context yields the best performance, while smaller context sizes can be misleading. Pretrained LLMs excel in correctness but often reimplement dependencies, while instruction-tuned models better utilize dependencies but sometimes introduce unnecessary complexity. We propose an instruction-tuning dataset that improves dependency handling and introduce a new metric, Dependency Invocation Rate (DIR), to measure context utilization. Experiments show that instruction-tuned models improve DIR by over 10%, and multi-round debugging further enhances both correctness and dependency use. RepoExec provides a comprehensive framework to advance CodeLLMs for real-world applications. The dataset and source code are available at https://github.com/FSoft-AI4Code/RepoExec.
From Argumentation to Deliberation: Perspectivized Stance Vectors for Fine-grained (Dis)agreement Analysis
Authors: Moritz Plenz; Philipp Heinisch; Janosch Gehring; Philipp Cimiano; Anette Frank
Venue: NAACL 2025 (Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2025)

Abstract: Debating over conflicting issues is a necessary first step towards resolving conflicts. However, intrinsic perspectives of an arguer are difficult to overcome by persuasive argumentation skills. Proceeding from a debate to a deliberative process, where we can identify actionable options for resolving a conflict requires a deeper analysis of arguments and the perspectives they are grounded in - as it is only from there that one can derive mutually agreeable resolution steps. In this work we develop a framework for a deliberative analysis of arguments in a computational argumentation setup. We conduct a fine-grained analysis of perspectivized stances expressed in the arguments of different arguers or stakeholders on a given issue, aiming not only to identify their opposing views, but also shared perspectives arising from their attitudes, values or needs. We formalize this analysis in Perspectivized Stance Vectors that characterize the individual perspectivized stances of all arguers on a given issue. We construct these vectors by determining issue- and argument-specific concepts, and predict an arguer’s stance relative to each of them. The vectors allow us to measure a modulated (dis)agreement between arguers, structured by perspectives, which allows us to identify actionable points for conflict resolution, as a first step towards deliberation.
LVLM-Compress-Bench: Benchmarking the Broader Impact of Large Vision-Language Model Compression
Authors: Souvik Kundu; Anahita Bhiwandiwalla; Sungduk Yu; Phillip Howard; Tiep Le; Sharath Nittur Sridhar; David Cobbley; Hao Kang; Vasudev Lal
Venue: NAACL 2025 (Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2025)

Abstract: Despite recent efforts in understanding the compression impact on Large Language Models (LLMs) in terms of their downstream task performance and trustworthiness on relatively simpler uni-modal benchmarks (e.g. question answering, common sense reasoning), their detailed study on multi-modal Large Vision Language Models (LVLMs) is yet to be unveiled. Towards mitigating this gap, we present LVLM-Compress-Bench, a framework to first thorough study on the broad impact of compression on the generative performance of LVLMs on multi-modal input driven tasks. In specific, we consider two major classes of compression for autoregressive models, namely KV cache and weight compression, for the dynamically growing intermediate cache and static weights, respectively. We use four LVLM variants of the popular LLaVA framework to present our analysis to integrate various state-of-the-art KV and weight compression methods including uniform, outlier-reduced, and group quantization. With this framework we demonstrate on ten different multi-modal datasets with varied capabilities including recognition, knowledge, language generation, spatial awareness, visual reasoning, hallucination and visual illusion identification, toxicity, stereotypes and bias. In specific, our framework demonstrates the compression impact on both general and ethically critical metrics leveraging a combination of real world and synthetic datasets to encompass diverse societal intersectional attributes. Extensive experimental evaluations yield diverse and intriguing observations on the behavior of LVLMs at different quantization budget of KV and weights, in both maintaining and losing performance as compared to the baseline model with FP16 data format. We believe LVLM-Compress-Bench would help the community to have a deeper insight on the parting impact of compression and the societal impact the compressed models may pose. Code will be released soon.
Does Generative AI speak Nigerian-Pidgin?: Issues about Representativeness and Bias for Multilingualism in LLMs
Authors: David Ifeoluwa Adelani; A. Seza Doğruöz; Iyanuoluwa Shode; Anuoluwapo Aremu
Venue: NAACL 2025 (Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2025)

Abstract: Nigeria is a multilingual country with 500+ languages. Naija is a Nigerian Pidgin spoken by approximately 120M speakers and it is a mixed language (e.g., English, Portuguese, Yoruba, Hausa and Igbo). Although it has mainly been a spoken language until recently, there are some online platforms (e.g., Wikipedia), publishing in written Naija as well. West African Pidgin English (WAPE) is also spoken in Nigeria and it is used by BBC to broadcast news on the internet to a wider audience not only in Nigeria but also in other West African countries (e.g., Cameroon and Ghana). Through statistical analyses and Machine Translation experiments, our paper shows that these two pidgin varieties do not represent each other (i.e., there are linguistic differences in word order and vocabulary) and Generative AI operates only based on WAPE. In other words, Naija is underrepresented in Generative AI, and it is hard to teach LLMs with few examples. In addition to the statistical analyses, we also provide historical information on both pidgins as well as insights from the interviews conducted with volunteer Wikipedia contributors in Naija.
A Guide To Effectively Leveraging LLMs for Low-Resource Text Summarization: Data Augmentation and Semi-supervised Approaches
Authors: Gaurav Sahu; Olga Vechtomova; Issam H. Laradji
Venue: NAACL 2025 (Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2025)

Abstract: Existing approaches for low-resource text summarization primarily employ large language models (LLMs) like GPT-3 or GPT-4 at inference time to generate summaries directly; however, such approaches often suffer from inconsistent LLM outputs and are difficult to adapt to domain-specific data in low-resource scenarios. In this work, we propose two novel methods to effectively utilize LLMs for low-resource text summarization: 1) MixSumm, an LLM-based data augmentation regime that synthesizes high-quality documents (short and long) for few-shot text summarization, and 2) PPSL, a prompt-based pseudolabeling strategy for sample-efficient semi-supervised text summarization. Specifically, MixSumm leverages the open-source LLaMA-3-70b-Instruct model to generate new documents by mixing topical information derived from a small seed set, and PPSL leverages the LLaMA-3-70b-Instruct model to generate high-quality pseudo-labels in a semi-supervised learning setup. We evaluate our methods on the TweetSumm, WikiHow, and ArXiv/PubMed datasets and use L-Eval, a LLaMA-3-based evaluation metric, and ROUGE scores to measure the quality of generated summaries. Our experiments on extractive and abstractive summarization show that MixSumm and PPSL achieve competitive ROUGE scores as a fully supervised method with 5% of the labeled data. We release our codebase here: https://github.com/ServiceNow/text-summarization-with-llms/
Decoding Dark Matter: Specialized Sparse Autoencoders for Interpreting Rare Concepts in Foundation Models
Authors: Aashiq Muhamed; Mona T. Diab; Virginia Smith
Venue: NAACL 2025 (Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2025)

Abstract: Understanding and mitigating the potential risks associated with foundation models (FMs) hinges on developing effective interpretability methods. Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) have emerged as a promising tool for disentangling FM representations, but they struggle to capture rare, yet crucial concepts in the data. We introduce Specialized Sparse Autoencoders (SSAEs), designed to illuminate these elusive dark matter features by focusing on specific subdomains. We present a practical recipe for training SSAEs, demonstrating the efficacy of dense retrieval for data selection and the benefits of Tilted Empirical Risk Minimization as a training objective to improve concept recall. Our evaluation of SSAEs on standard metrics, such as downstream perplexity and L0 sparsity, show that they effectively capture subdomain tail concepts, exceeding the capabilities of general-purpose SAEs. We showcase the practical utility of SSAEs in a case study on the Bias in Bios dataset, where SSAEs achieve a 12.5% increase in worst-group classification accuracy over the pretrained general-purpose SAE when applied to remove spurious gender information. SSAEs provide a powerful new lens for peering into the inner workings of FMs in subdomains.
MAiDE-up: Multilingual Deception Detection of AI-generated Hotel Reviews
Authors: Oana Ignat; Xiaomeng Xu; Rada Mihalcea
Venue: NAACL 2025 (Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2025)

Abstract: Deceptive reviews are becoming increasingly common, especially given the increase in performance and the prevalence of LLMs. While work to date has addressed the development of models to differentiate between truthful and deceptive human reviews, much less is known about the distinction between real reviews and AI-authored fake reviews. Moreover, most of the research so far has focused primarily on English, with very little work dedicated to other languages. In this paper, we compile and make publicly available the MAiDE-up dataset, consisting of 10,000 real and 10,000 AI-generated fake hotel reviews, balanced across ten languages. Using this dataset, we conduct extensive linguistic analyses to (1) compare the AI fake hotel reviews to real hotel reviews, and (2) identify the factors that influence the deception detection model performance. We explore the effectiveness of several models for deception detection in hotel reviews across three main dimensions: sentiment, location, and language. We find that these dimensions influence how well we can detect AI-generated fake reviews.
LeCoPCR: Legal Concept-guided Prior Case Retrieval for European Court of Human Rights cases
Authors: Santosh T.y.s.s; Isaac Misael Olguín Nolasco; Matthias Grabmair
Venue: NAACL 2025 (Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2025)

Abstract: Prior case retrieval (PCR) is crucial for legal practitioners to find relevant precedent cases given the facts of a query case. Existing approaches often overlook the underlying semantic intent in determining relevance with respect to the query case. In this work, we propose LeCoPCR, a novel approach that explicitly generate intents in the form of legal concepts from a given query case facts and then augments the query with these concepts to enhance models understanding of semantic intent that dictates relavance. To overcome the unavailability of annotated legal concepts, We employ a weak supervision approach to extract key legal concepts from the reasoning section using Determinantal Point Process (DPP) to balance quality and diversity. Experimental results on the ECtHR-PCR dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of leveraging legal concepts and DPP-based key concept extraction.
How much do contextualized representations encode long-range context?
Authors: Simeng Sun; Cheng-Ping Hsieh
Venue: NAACL 2025 (Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2025)

Abstract: We analyze contextual representations in neural autoregressive language models, emphasizing long-range contexts that span several thousand tokens. Our methodology employs a perturbation setup and the metric Anisotropy-Calibrated Cosine Similarity, to capture the degree of contextualization of long-range patterns from the perspective of representation geometry. We begin the analysis with a case study on standard decoder-only Transformers, demonstrating that similar perplexity can exhibit markedly different downstream task performance, which can be explained by the difference in contextualization of long-range content. Next, we extend the analysis to other models, covering recent novel architectural designs and various training configurations. The representation-level results illustrate a reduced capacity for high-complexity (i.e., less compressible) sequences across architectures, and that fully recurrent models rely heavily on local context, whereas hybrid models more effectively encode the entire sequence structure. Finally, preliminary analysis of model size and training configurations on the encoding of long-range context suggest potential directions for improving existing language models.
Data Poisoning for In-context Learning
Authors: Pengfei He; Han Xu; Yue Xing; Hui Liu; Makoto Yamada; Jiliang Tang
Venue: NAACL 2025 (Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2025)

Abstract: In-context learning (ICL) has emerged as a capability of large language models (LLMs), enabling them to adapt to new tasks using provided examples. While ICL has demonstrated its strong effectiveness, there is limited understanding of its vulnerability against potential threats. This paper examines ICL’s vulnerability to data poisoning attacks. We introduce ICLPoison, an attacking method specially designed to exploit ICL’s unique learning mechanisms by identifying discrete text perturbations that influence LLM hidden states. We propose three representative attack strategies, evaluated across various models and tasks. Our experiments, including those on GPT-4, show that ICL performance can be significantly compromised by these attacks, highlighting the urgent need for improved defense mechanisms to protect LLMs’ integrity and reliability.
Synthetic Audio Helps for Cognitive State Tasks
Authors: Adil Soubki; John Murzaku; Peter Zeng; Owen Rambow
Venue: NAACL 2025 (Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2025)

Abstract: The NLP community has broadly focused on text-only approaches of cognitive state tasks, but audio can provide vital missing cues through prosody. We posit that text-to-speech models learn to track aspects of cognitive state in order to produce naturalistic audio, and that the signal audio models implicitly identify is orthogonal to the information that language models exploit. We present Synthetic Audio Data fine-tuning (SAD), a framework where we show that 7 tasks related to cognitive state modeling benefit from multimodal training on both text and zero-shot synthetic audio data from an off-the-shelf TTS system. We show an improvement over the text-only modality when adding synthetic audio data to text-only corpora. Furthermore, on tasks and corpora that do contain gold audio, we show our SAD framework achieves competitive performance with text and synthetic audio compared to text and gold audio.
PairScale: Analyzing Attitude Change with Pairwise Comparisons
Authors: Rupak Sarkar; Patrick Y. Wu; Kristina Miler; Alexander Hoyle; Philip Resnik
Venue: NAACL 2025 (Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2025)

Abstract: We introduce a text-based framework for measuring attitudes in communities toward issues of interest, going beyond the pro/con/neutral of conventional stance detection to characterize attitudes on a continuous scale using both implicit and explicit evidence in language. The framework exploits LLMs both to extract attitude-related evidence and to perform pairwise comparisons that yield unidimensional attitude scores via the classic Bradley-Terry model. We validate the LLM-based steps using human judgments, and illustrate the utility of the approach for social science by examining the evolution of attitudes on two high-profile issues in U.S. politics in two political communities on Reddit over the period spanning from the 2016 presidential campaign to the 2022 mid-term elections. WARNING: Potentially sensitive political content.