網狀馬勃

title: 分类学.
content: 1796年,真菌学家Christiaan Hendrik Persoon在科学文献中首次描述了这个物种。  同类型包括Lycoperdon gemmatum (如1783年8月Batsch所述[4];Lycoperdon gemmatum var. perlatum (由Elias Magnus Fries于1829年出版);Lycoperdon bonordenii( George Edward Massee,1887); 和Lycoperdon perlatum var。 bonordenii (AC Perdeck,1950)。  网状马勃为马勃属。经过分子分析后发现其与 L.finalatum 有相近的亲缘关系。  perlatum是拉丁语中"普遍”的意思。俗称the common puffball 普遍马勃,宝石镶嵌马勃(或宝石马勃),疣状马勃或魔鬼鼻烟壶;塞缪尔弗雷德里克格雷在1821年的作品“英国植物的自然排列”中称它为珍珠般的气球。因为一些土著居民认为孢子会导致失明,所以马勃地区有一些地方名称,如“盲人怒吼”和“无眼睛”。
title: 说明.
content: 网状马勃之子实体形状从梨形扁平顶部到接近球形皆有,大小约1.5-6公分(0.6-2.4英寸)宽、3-7公分(1.2-2.8英寸)高。其有一个茎状基座,子实体表面覆盖短圆锥形的刺及颗粒状的疣。白色、灰色或棕色的刺容易被外力破坏后在其上留下网状的麻斑或疤痕。马勃的基座很厚,并有内室。菇体最初为白色,趋成熟时逐渐转为黄色、橄榄色或褐色。 成熟时网状马勃顶部的exoperidium逐渐消失,露出在endoperidium上预先形成的孔状结构,孢子可借由此结构释放。在马勃幼体之内部的产孢体为白色、坚硬状,后随着孢子成熟变为棕色粉末状。其产孢体含有微小的腔室,当孢子成熟之后腔室会自行崩解。成熟的马勃菌被触摸到或雨滴落下时会经过子实体的孔洞释放粉状孢子,其膨大的孢子以大约100厘米/秒的速度从孔中喷出,在撞击后百分之一秒形成厘米高的云状物, 可以释放超过一百万个孢子。  孢子为厚壁、球形,其上覆盖着细小的刺,直径为3.5-4.5 微米。毛细血管(capillitia,产孢组织中有孢子嵌入的细丝状菌丝)呈黄褐色至褐色,缺乏隔膜,直径为3-7.5μm。其担子呈棍棒状,其上产生四个担孢子。担子具有长度不等的5-10个长度不等的四个细长担子柄。表面刺由假实质的菌丝(pseudoparenchymatous,类似于高等植物的薄壁组织)组成,其中单个菌丝细胞呈球形或椭圆形、厚壁,此类菌丝没有扣子体构造。
title: 可食性.
title: 每100克营养价值.
content: 热量 1,845.5千焦耳(441.1千卡)  碳水化合物: 42克  脂肪: 10.6克  蛋白质: 44.9克  矿物质:  铜25%0.5毫克  铁42%5.5毫克  锰29%0.6毫克  锌5%0.5毫克  百分比大致采用美国对成年人的建议 。  资料来源: 美国农业部营养数据库。  网状马勃之全白色的幼体为一种食用菌种,有“穷人的甜饼”之暱称。其菇体可以与面糊、鸡蛋、面包屑片混合油炸后食用,也可作为饺子的内馅。1861年时,Elias Fries把菇体烘干并且加盐、胡椒和油之后食用,其成熟体则不可食用。其菇体对其他动物也有吸引力:如北方飞鼠( Glaucomys sabrinus )会取以食用、马勃球虫( Caenocara subglobosum)则将菇体作为居所。营养分析表明其含有蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂肪和数种微量营养素。马勃菌中的主要脂肪酸是亚油酸(占总脂肪酸的37%)、油酸(24%)、棕榈酸(14.5%)和硬脂酸(6.4%)。  鹅膏菌的幼体可能会与马勃菌混淆,食入不成熟的鹅膏菌有致命的危险。此时可以将子实体切片镜检,检查他们的菇体内部结构以区别马勃和鹅膏菌。此外,鹅膏菌表面通常不会有突起。  网状马勃孢子表面含有许多细微的刺,吸入时可引起肺部刺激(松果体病)。
title: 类似物种.
content: 马蹄莲和L.finalatum为两种看起来像马勃球的物种,此外还有其他几种可能与L. perlatum混淆的马勃菌物种。 在美国太平洋西北地区发现的L. nettyanum覆盖有颗粒状斑块,但与L. perlatum相比,这些颗粒更坚固地粘附在表面上。L. pyriforme在表面缺乏突出的刺,且在腐烂的木材上生长,它可能看起来是长在陆地上。广泛分布且常见的L.umbrinum具有在磨掉时不留下疤痕的刺,成熟时从暗褐色到紫褐色的颜色变化,并且具有紫色底色。小型稀有物种L. muscorum生长在深苔中。L. peckii可以透过它幼时带有薰衣草色的刺来区别于L. pyriforme 。L. rimulatum有紫色,几乎完全光滑的exoperidium。L. excipuliforme个体则更大更灰,并且在成熟的个体中,其子实体的上部完全分解并释放其孢子。在该领域中, L.finalatum与L. perlatum的区别在于 L. marginatum的刺从不规则薄片中的exoperidium脱落。
title: 生态和分布.
content: 网状马勃是一种腐生担子菌,可以单独、分散或成群地在地面上生长,其也可能以仙女环形式生长。而其典型的栖息地包括树林、草地和道路。  据报导显示,此菌种出现地有:非洲( 肯尼亚 、 卢旺达 、[35] 坦桑尼亚 [36] )、亚洲(中国、喜马拉雅山、日本、南部印度)、澳大利亚、欧洲、新西兰和南美洲(巴西)。它来自格陵兰岛的亚北极地区和冰岛的亚高山地区。在北美,它被认为是最常见的马勃球物种,其范围从阿拉斯加到墨西哥,于中美洲不常见。该菌种曾经于几内亚、巴拉圭、罗马尼亚、塞拉利昂和瑞典的邮票上出现。  马勃菌可以借由生物累积作用累积土壤中的重金属,可做为重金属、硒之土壤污染的生物指示剂。在1977年的一项研究中,从康涅狄格州州际公路附近的草地收集的样本显示镉和铅的浓度很高。其生物质已通过实验证明可以从水溶液中去除汞离子,目前正在研究将网状马勃作为一种用于水和含汞废水的处理,低成本、可再生的生物性吸附材料。
title: 化学.
content: Lycoperdic酸为自网状马勃中分离出的氨基酸。另已从其子实体中分离鉴定出几种类固醇衍生物,包括(S)-23-羟基丙氨酸,麦角甾醇α-内过氧化物,麦角甾醇9,11-脱氢内过氧化物和(23E)- 兰诺斯-8,23-二烯-3β,25-二醇。化合物3-辛酮, 1-辛烯-3-醇和(Z)-3-辛烯-1-醇是赋予马勃球气味和香味的挥发性化学物质的主要组分。马勃菌提取物对人类致病菌 枯草芽孢杆菌,金黄色葡萄球菌,大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌的实验室培养物具有相对高水平的抗微生物活性,其活性与抗生素氨芐青霉素相当。据报导,马勃菌提取物对白色假丝酵母、热带假丝酵母、烟曲霉、交链孢霉、灰葡萄孢及大丽轮枝菌具有抗真菌活性。2009年的一项研究发现L. perlatum马勃菌含有浓度为每公斤蘑菇约14毫克的肉桂酸,果实体则含有色素黑色素。
title: 参考文献.
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Summary: 网状马勃(Lycoperdon perlatum)是伞菌科中的一种,通常被称为马勃、疣状马勃球、镶满宝石的马勃菌或魔鬼鼻烟壶的马勃球菌。其为中等大小的马勃菌,圆形子实体逐渐变细,1.5到6公分(0.6至2.4英寸)宽、3至10公分(1.2至3.9英寸)高。菌体为灰白色,顶部覆盖容易经由摩擦而掉落、呈网状图案的短刺毛。个体成熟时转为棕色,当菇体受到压力(如被触摸或被落下的雨滴滴到)时,顶部的孔会打开并释放孢子。马勃菌普遍生长于田野、花园、道路旁及草地上。菇体幼嫩时可食用,内部菌肉为白色的,但食用前须注意避免与具毒性之鹅膏菌的未成熟体混淆。网纹马勃通常透过表面纹理的差异可和其他类似的马勃菌作区别。现今研究已从网纹马勃的子实体中分离和鉴定出几种化合物,如使马勃产生特殊气味的挥发性固醇衍生物,以及一种特别的氨基酸lycoperdic acid。马勃菌萃取物具有抗细菌和抗真菌作用。

Vesse-de-loup perlée: Lycoperdon perlatum, la Vesse-de-loup perlée, est une espèce de champignons basidiomycètes de la famille des "Agaricaceae" ou des "Lycoperdaceae" selon les classifications.