暴力

title: 最初原理.
content: 人类自古以来,为了生存,常透过暴力手段由自然界掠取生活必需品。在社会发展阶段,被压迫阶级通常以暴力手段推翻统治阶级。被压迫阶级在长期的压迫下,使得在经济、文化等方面处于劣势,但因人多,所以暴力成为推动社会进步的利器。列宁即认为「暴力是革命的火车头」。
title: 马克思主义观点.
content: 暴力往往要依赖于身体、技术、设备及武器等,工具的先进与否决定了暴力的效果。暴力是一种人与物的关系,施行暴力者总是要将他人压制在物的状态或者彻底消灭。基本上,对于暴力的行为,在法律上是不予鼓励,并且通常是禁止的,但是若能提出证据证明暴力手段的使用是出于正当防卫的目的,则通常刑责会被减免。  如果一个国家对权力的行使依赖于暴力手段,往往使政权不能稳固,成为僭主暴政。
title: 国际法观点.
content: 国与国之间的战争通常被认为是一种严重的暴力行为,因此发动战争,在现代社会,是一种犯罪行为,违背国际法发动战争者会遭到国际的谴责与制裁,更甚者,其国家会遭到联合国派遣部队攻击,统治者会被送往国际法庭接受审判,除了在联合国的首肯下,「为国际秩序所发动者」除外。
title: 人际暴力.
content: 人际暴力主要可以分为两类:第一种是家庭暴力以及亲密伴侣暴力,是发生在家庭成员之间以及亲密伴侣之间之暴力,多半是发生在家中,但也有例外的情形。另外一种是社区暴力,是指和没有亲属关系的人所发生的暴力行为,双方可能认识,也可能不认识,一般是发生在家庭以外的场所。第一种暴力包括了家庭中的虐待儿童、虐待老人、对亲密伴侣的暴力,也包括父母管教子女时失当而出现的暴力行为。第二种暴力则包括了青少年暴力、随机的暴力行为、对陌生人强奸或性侵犯、在学校、职场、监狱或是医疗机构等场所的暴力。若暴力是出现在家庭之中,会造成父母及子母心理层面的影响,也会影响其短期及长期的关系。
title: 暴力倾向.
content: 有暴力倾向者遇事时,倾向以武力来解决问题,有此人生观可能是缘于他们的家庭成长环境、人生经历、朋党互相游说及影响等。儿童早期出现的行为问题,好像是在家庭中遭遇严厉体罚和虐待、父母疏忽正确监理、目睹家庭暴力、结交损友等人际关系因素,容易在进入青春期时发展成为暴力倾向,甚至延续到成年期。 一个人如果处于以暴力解决问题的家庭和社会,同时接触到酒精、毒品和武器的影响,也容易倾向以暴力解决矛盾。  有部分观点指受到虚构的电影、电玩等影响,会产生条件反射的思维方法,增加现实的攻击行为。 从前的暴力行为令他们获得人际关系的优势,感觉对方害怕、退让、敬畏,从中获得优越的成就,因此强化了犯事者的暴力倾向之持续及升级。  暴力倾向往往被认为是情绪商数低的表现,但两者并无直接关系,暴力倾向的人不一定因为冲动才使用暴力,只是更常使用暴力作为解决方法,或者喜爱使用暴力来作为舒缓压力的方式。暴力倾向不一定是施虐癖,后者是在对象处于痛苦状态时获得愉悦,而前者比较着重于使用暴力这行为本身,对于对象的感受不一定感兴趣。

Summary: 暴力指基于故意侵犯或伤害他人的心理,而使用激烈且富有强制性力量之行为,包括有形物理或无形心理。

Violence: Violence is "the use of physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage, or destroy." Less conventional definitions are also used, such as the World Health Organization's definition of violence as "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation." Internationally, violence resulted in the deaths of an estimated 1.28 million people in 2013 up from 1.13 million in 1990. Of the deaths in 2013, roughly 842,000 were attributed to self-harm (suicide), 405,000 to interpersonal violence, and 31,000 to collective violence (war) and legal intervention. In Africa, out of every 100,000 people, each year an estimated 60.9 die a violent death. For each single death due to violence, there are dozens of hospitalizations, hundreds of emergency department visits, and thousands of doctors' appointments. Furthermore, violence often has lifelong consequences for physical and mental health and social functioning and can slow economic and social development. In 2013, assault by firearm was the leading cause of death due to interpersonal violence, with 180,000 such deaths estimated to have occurred. The same year, assault by sharp object resulted in roughly 114,000 deaths, with a remaining 110,000 deaths from personal violence being attributed to other causes. Violence in many forms can be preventable. There is a strong relationship between levels of violence and modifiable factors in a country such as an concentrated (regional) poverty, income and gender inequality, the harmful use of alcohol, and the absence of safe, stable, and nurturing relationships between children and parents. Strategies addressing the underlying causes of violence can be relatively effective in preventing violence, although mental and physical health and individual responses, personalities, etc. have always been decisive factors in the formation of these behaviors.