文化冲击

title: 四个阶段.
content: 文化冲击主要有四个阶段,主要预测本身的文化 (Heritage culture) 与新的文化 (Host culture)的相互影响。
title: 蜜月期.
content: 在这个阶段,新文化和旧文化之间的差别之处 会迸发出浪漫的火花。例如,初到一个新的国家,人们可能会爱上这里的新奇的食物、生活的节奏、还有当地人不同的生活习惯。在这最初的几周内,大多数人都会被这些新的文化所深深地吸引。人们会和那些讲着当地语言的并且对外国人十分有礼貌的当地人愉快地交流。 就像大多数蜜月一样,这样的阶段最终会告一段落。
title: 过渡期.
content: 一段时间之后(大约三个月,每个人的时间都不同),新旧文化的不同之处渐渐越来越明显,进而会产生很多焦虑。随着各种困难带来的挫败感和持续经历不愉快的事情带来的愤怒,新文化的兴奋感最终会消失殆尽。这最终会导致人们对新文化产生抵制情绪。 在这个阶段,体验者开始逐渐意识到生活在异国的不便——主要体现在对于语言,交通,购物,饮食等等日常生活的小细节上。因此体验者会在心理上受挫败感。对于“新家”和“旧家”都有说不清的矛盾心态。对于新家,体验者有着排斥和冷眼相待的心态。比如说,总是刻意扭曲当地人的行为和语言,潜意识的对当地人产生种族偏见。对于“旧家”,也因为有种报喜不报忧的心态,以至于与之前的关系网络脱节。在这个阶段,体验者容易抑郁。 此阶段最终要的变化是沟通:人们在适应一个新文化的时候,往往会因为不适应新环境和见不到熟悉的人而感到孤独、想家。 例如,留学生在异国他乡时,可能会:
title: 调整期.
content: 同样的,一段时间之后(通常6-12个月),人们慢慢地熟悉了新的文化,并且形成了新的日常生活习惯。他们知道在现阶段应该期待的是什么,并且现在的国家并不像最开始感觉的那么新奇特。人们开始重新关注基本的生活,并且日常生活变得「正常」起来。他们开始慢慢地寻找解决文化困难的方法,并且积极地接受这个新的文化。新的文化慢慢地在人们心中形成,并且对文化消极的举动和反应正在慢慢减少。
title: 适应/融入期.
content: 最终阶段是人们能够完全地融入进新文化,并且感到很舒适愉快。最终阶段不是指全部人生的最终阶段,人们总是在会在各种新文化的初期感到冲击,比如口音、语言。 经历了低潮一般的挣扎期,体验者开始逐渐接受了新环境和新的思维方式。他/她可以意识到其实人都是社会的产物所以当他站在一个新的文化和历史的视角看问题,穿着当地人的鞋走当地的路时,他/她对于在第二阶段产生的偏见逐渐消除。同时,语言的进步,人际关系的加强也会让受到文化冲击的体验者更加自信起来。最后,体验者能够为“新家”作贡献也被“新家”的成员所接受。这样就开始了建立新生活的良好周期。大部分人在这个阶段自我定义为多元化人,因为他们能够同时从多个文化背景出发看待,解释和处理问题。
title: 逆文化冲击.
content: Reverse culture shock (also known as "re-entry shock" or "own culture shock") may take place—returning to one's home culture after growing accustomed to a new one can produce the same effects as described above. These are results from the psychosomatic and psychological consequences of the readjustment process to the primary culture. The affected person often finds this more surprising and difficult to deal with than the original culture shock. This phenomenon, the reactions that members of the re-entered culture exhibit toward the re-entrant, and the inevitability of the two are encapsulated in the following saying, which is also the title of a book by Thomas Wolfe, "You Can't Go Home Again".  Reverse culture shock is generally made up of two parts: idealization and expectations. When an extended period of time is spent abroad we focus on the good from our past, cut out the bad, and create an idealized version of the past. Secondly, once removed from our familiar setting and placed in a foreign one we incorrectly assume that our previous world has not changed. We expect things to remain exactly the same as when we left them. The realization that life back home is now different, that the world has continued without us, and the process of readjusting to these new conditions as well as actualizing our new perceptions about the world with our old way of living causes discomfort and psychological anguish.
title: 影响人们适应因素.
title: 距离远近.
content: 文化上,另一地方的语言或行为与自身成长地方差很大的话较难适应。如气候上,马来西亚人比芬兰的人更易适应新加坡的文化。或者语言上,德国人比起法国人更易适应英国的生活。
title: 个人与另一文化契合程度.
content: 如果某人是一个严谨的个人主义者,他会比较适合一些个人主义的国家,如美国。
title: 适应策略.
content: 心理学家Berry归纳出一个四分模型来解释人们的适应策略。  The fourfold model is a bilinear model that categorizes acculturation strategies along two dimensions. The first dimension concerns the retention or rejection of an individual's minority or native culture (i.e. "Is it considered to be of value to maintain one's identity and characteristics?"), whereas the second dimension concerns the adoption or rejection of the dominant group or host culture. ("Is it considered to be of value to maintain relationships with the larger society?") From this, four acculturation strategies emerge.  Studies suggest that individuals' respective acculturation strategy can differ between their private and public life spheres. For instance, an individual may reject the values and norms of the dominant culture in his private life (separation), whereas he might adapt to the dominant culture in public parts of his life (i.e., integration or assimilation).
title: 关键期.
content: 像语言学习,文化也有学习关键期。例如香港往加拿大移民跨年龄研究中发现,住了20年后,0-15岁的人会比16-30岁的人更认同加拿大的文化。换言之,年纪较大的人们即使在新地方生活了很久,他们还是大多自觉自己是原本文化的人,较难从心里认同新的文化。

Summary: 文化冲击,或文化震惊、文化休克(英语:culture shock),是指一个人或者一个组织身处不同国家的文化或不一样的环境中而经受的一种困惑、焦虑的状况,未必会产生严重后果。该词在1954年由首先提出。等其他学者随后展开了对文化冲击的研究工作。文化冲击的研究领域属于跨文化交际。

Culture shock: Culture shock is an experience a person may have when one moves to a cultural environment which is different from one's own; it is also the personal disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration or a visit to a new country, a move between social environments, or simply transition to another type of life. One of the most common causes of culture shock involves individuals in a foreign environment. Culture shock can be described as consisting of at least one of four distinct phases: honeymoon, negotiation, adjustment, and adaptation.