吗啡

title: 药物作用.
content: 作用于中枢神经与平滑肌,能改变神经对痛的感受性与反应性,而达到止痛效果。给药后分布于全身,但在肾、肝、肺中浓度较高。
title: 治疗项目.
content: 为镇痛剂,可减轻末期癌症病患、大面积烧烫伤等中重度疼痛患者的痛苦而贡献良多。  吗啡可以协助戒除鸦片瘾,例如杜聪明以盐酸吗啡为主要药物、达成九成的戒瘾率,但张学良曾以注射吗啡来戒鸦片却造成反效果。  低于镇痛剂量的吗啡可以治疗腹泻及咳嗽,但医师多会选择其他药物治疗。
title: 副作用.
content: 吗啡具有成瘾性(纳粹德国元帅赫尔曼·戈林便因长期使用吗啡疗伤而终生吗啡成瘾),因此也被列入毒品。使用吗啡者,偶或产生恶心、呕吐、便秘、晕眩、输尿管及胆管痉挛等现象。高剂量的吗啡容易导致呼吸抑制、血压下降、昏迷。儿童、婴儿使用吗啡后,易产生痉挛现象,宜审慎使用。  吗啡另有一个副作用是长期使用后,要更高的剂量才能达到相同的止痛效果。

Summary: 吗啡(英语:Morphine)为一种鸦片类药物,会直接作用于中枢神经系统,改变人体对疼痛的感觉。可使用于急性或慢性的疼痛。吗啡也常用于心肌梗塞和临盆时,可以口服、肛门塞剂、皮下注射、静脉注射,或脊髓周围注射。 潜在的严重副作用包括呼吸抑制和低血压,且有高度成瘾性和药物滥用的情形。如果长期使用后骤然降低剂量,可能会出现戒断症状。常见的副作用有昏沉、呕吐和便秘。怀孕和哺乳期间不建议使用,以免影响胎儿。 吗啡是在1803-1805年由德国药师弗里德里希·瑟图纳(Sertürner)首次分离出来,普遍相信吗啡是第一个成功被从植物体内分离的活性成分。默克药厂于1827年开始商业贩售。1835-1855年间,皮下注射器被发明,自此本品更被广泛使用。Sertürner起初因为吗啡具有让人睡着的倾向,就以希腊神话当中的梦境与睡眠之神——摩耳甫斯(Morpheus)的名称将这种物质命名为「吗啡」(Morphium)。 吗啡的主要来源是从罂粟花的罂粟秆所分离出。在2013年估计制造了52.3万公斤的吗啡。其中大约有4.5万公斤的吗啡被直接用于缓解疼痛,比二十年前要高出四倍,且大多将吗啡用于止痛的为已开发国家。约有70%的吗啡被用于制作其他类鸦片药物,hydromorphone、oxycodone、海洛因,以及美沙冬。本品在美国属于第二级管制药品(Schedule II),在英国属甲级管制药品(Class A),加拿大则属第一级管制药品。中华民国则属《毒品危害防制条例》明定的第一级毒品,暨《管制药品管理条例》所规范的第一级管制药品。吗啡列名于世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单,为基础公卫体系的必备药物之一。

Morphine: Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate family which is found naturally in a number of plants and animals, including humans. It acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to decrease the feeling of pain. It can be taken for both acute pain and chronic pain. It is frequently used for pain from myocardial infarction and during labor. It can be given by mouth, by injection into a muscle, by injection under the skin, intravenously, injection into the space around the spinal cord, or rectally. Maximum effect is reached after about 20 minutes when given intravenously and after 60 minutes when given by mouth, while duration of effect is 3–7 hours. Long-acting formulations also exist. Potentially serious side effects include decreased respiratory effort and low blood pressure. Morphine is addictive and prone to abuse. If the dose is reduced after long-term use, opioid withdrawal symptoms may occur. Common side effects include drowsiness, vomiting, and constipation. Caution is advised when used during pregnancy or breast feeding, as morphine may affect the baby. Morphine was first isolated between 1803 and 1805 by Friedrich Sertürner. This is generally believed to be the first isolation of an active ingredient from a plant. Merck began marketing it commercially in 1827. Morphine was more widely used after the invention of the hypodermic syringe in 18531855. Sertürner originally named the substance "morphium" after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus, as it has a tendency to cause sleep. The primary source of morphine is isolation from poppy straw of the opium poppy. In 2013, approximately 523 tons of morphine were produced. Approximately 45 tons were used directly for pain, a four-fold increase over the last twenty years. Most use for this purpose was in the developed world. About 70 percent of morphine is used to make other opioids such as hydromorphone, oxymorphone, and heroin. It is a Schedule II drug in the United States, Class A in the United Kingdom, and Schedule I in Canada. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Morphine is sold under many trade names. In 2017, it was the 155th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than four million prescriptions.