宫内节育器

title: 类型.
content: 宫内节育器可分为含激素类和含铜类。激素可缓慢释放,使女性不孕,有效期可达5年;而铜会缓慢放出铜离子,防止怀孕,有效期可达12年。
title: 激素型避孕器.
content: 激素型避孕器会在子宫中缓慢释放激素以防止怀孕。有效期因产品而异。优点包括月经的量会减少,可以治疗经血过量,纠正月经不调。副作用和避孕药相似。
title: 含铜避孕器.
content: 含铜避孕器的主要作用原理是减弱精子活性,从而阻止受精。它在子宫内会缓慢释放出的铜离子有杀精子作用,而且会提高子宫内前列腺素和白细胞的浓度,使精子无法穿过宫颈粘液。据统计,它第一年的失败率为0.2%-2.2%。  非激素型避孕器一般塑料材质,外面缠绕着金属铜,形状多为T形,安装时T上面的部分位于子宫上部。现在有些避孕器中加入了金、银等贵金属以减少腐蚀。不同的类型的有不同的使用期限。  它的优点:可作为紧急事后避孕手段(性行为发生后五天内)。不含激素,因此可以在哺乳期使用,取出后可迅速恢复生育能力。它的缺点:可能会造成经血过量和绞痛。
title: 缺点和不良反应.
content: 和避孕套不同,宫内节育器不能防止性传播疾病,如艾滋病。有时宫内节育器会脱落,如果没有及时安装回去,则会导致避孕失效。  已知的不良反应有子宫穿孔、盆腔炎、痛经、月经不调、经血过多、一旦避孕失败则极有可能是宫外孕等。  通常情况下放置宫内节育器不需要止痛,但17%的未产妇和11%的经产妇疼痛严重,需要止痛。
title: 各国使用情形.
title: 中国.
content: 中国2012年实施995万(另一统计为720万)例放置宫内节育器手术(俗称上环)和180万(另一统计为284万)例取出宫内节育器手术,造成480例子宫穿孔和1952例感染,已婚育龄(50岁以下)妇女中宫内节育器使用人数达1亿3185万人。宫内节育器是中国的首要避孕措施,在所有避孕措施中使用率占54%,是避孕套的5倍多。
title: 中国计划生育中的强制上环行为.
content: 强制上环曾经是中国计划生育中的节育措施之一。由于上环可有效防止怀孕,从而减少计生部门的工作量。1982年至1983年钱信忠任国家计划生育委员会主任期间提出“一胎上环,二胎绝育”,创造了1983年一年放置宫内节育器1776万例的记录。虽然此后政策略有放松,但“一胎上环”的原则在许多地区延续至今,例如2014年修订的《广东省人口和计划生育条例》仍然规定“已生育一个子女的育龄夫妇,女方首选使用宫内节育器;已生育二个以上子女的,一方首选结扎措施”。  公安局办证中心会以计生部门是否出具已上环证明为必要条件才可办理小孩入户口手续而强制妇女去上环,而不是妇女以自愿方式上环。而且有些上环卫生院的条件差,会造成子宫感染等并发症。

Summary: 宫内节育器(英文名:Intra-uterine device,简称IUD),俗称子宫环、节育环、避孕环。是置于子宫内的避孕装置,因最早装置为圆形,也称为子宫环、节育环、避孕环。现今一般为T形,由医生或其他专业人员在月经期间放入子宫,在有效期内可起到避孕效果。宫内节育器属于长效可逆避孕装置。在众多避孕方式中,使用者对于宫内节育器和避孕植入管的满意度最高。有研究指出家庭计划提供者中有41.7%选用长效可逆避孕装置,较一般大众的12.1%要高。

Intrauterine device: An intrauterine device (IUD), also known as intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD or ICD) or coil, is a small, often T-shaped birth control device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. IUDs are one form of long-acting reversible birth control (LARC). One study found that female family planning providers choose LARC methods more often (41.7%) than the general public (12.1%). Among birth control methods, IUDs, along with contraceptive implants, result in the greatest satisfaction among users. IUDs are safe and effective in adolescents as well as those who have not previously had children. Once an IUD is removed, even after long-term use, fertility returns to normal rapidly. Copper devices have a failure rate of about 0.8% while hormonal (levonorgestrel) devices fail about 0.2% of the time within the first year of use. In comparison, male sterilization and male condoms have a failure rate of about 0.15% and 15%, respectively. Copper IUDs can also be used as emergency contraception within 5 days of unprotected sex. Although copper IUDs may increase menstrual bleeding and result in painful cramps, hormonal IUDs may reduce menstrual bleeding or stop menstruation altogether. However, women can have daily spotting for several months and it can take up to three months for there to be a 90% decrease in bleeding. Cramping can be treated with NSAIDs. More serious potential complications include expulsion (2–5%) and rarely perforation of the uterus (less than 0.7%). IUDs do not affect breastfeeding and can be inserted immediately after delivery. They may also be used immediately after an abortion. The use of IUDs has increased within the United States from 0.8% in 1995 to 7.2% from the period of 2006 to 2014. The use of IUDs as a form of birth control dates from the 1800s. A previous model known as the Dalkon shield was associated with an increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). However, current models do not affect PID risk in women without sexually transmitted infections during the time of insertion.