叶酸

title: 叶酸在孕妇怀孕中的重要作用.
content: 由于叶酸对于神经管的形成有重要作用,因此孕妇在怀孕前摄入足够的叶酸对于胎儿的正常发育很重要。怀孕期间缺乏叶酸能够影响胎儿神经系统的发育。研究表明在怀孕前期和怀孕中补充足够的叶酸能够降低神经管畸形和唇裂胎儿的出生率。美国全国环境卫生科学研究所的研究人员在新一期《新英格兰医学杂志》上报告说,如果孕妇补充叶酸可防婴儿唇裂,但对于预防颚裂作用似乎不太明显。  自1998年1月1日起,美国已强制规定在某些谷物食品中强化叶酸,FDA规定每1KG谷物食品(面包、面粉、早餐谷物、大米等)强化1.4mg叶酸(美国卫生及公共服务部,1996年)。<br> <br> 70%接受调查的西班牙孕妇,没有补充叶酸。
title: 叶酸的食物来源.
content: 从叶酸最初的提取和名称就能知道,叶酸大量存在于带叶的蔬菜中。菠菜、芦笋、芜菁、小白菜、莴苣、抱子甘蓝、花椰菜、黄豆、玉米、扁豆、豌豆、葵花籽的粗粮及其他带叶的蔬菜。水果包括哈密瓜、蜜瓜、香蕉、木莓、葡萄柚、草莓、以及橙汁、罐装菠萝汁、番茄汁等。动物食品如动物的肝脏、肾脏、禽肉及蛋类,如猪肝、鸡肉、牛肉、羊肉等也含有丰富的叶酸。有研究表明男性服用叶酸也能增加精子的质量-减少染色体缺陷从而降低新生儿唐氏综合征发生的几率。
title: 每日摄入量.
content: 美国国家医学院(IOM)建议成年人每日叶酸摄取量安全上限为1毫克,即1000微克。  叶酸药物要保存在干燥避光阴凉的地方。因为叶酸见水、见光都会分解。 WHO推荐孕妇每日摄入量为:0.4mg/day

Summary: 叶酸(Folate、folic acid)也称为维生素B、维生素M、维生素B,属于维生素B。叶酸可用于治疗由叶酸缺乏症引起的贫血。叶酸也是孕妇的营养补充品。在新生儿的神经管缺损病例中,有超过一半认为是因为怀孕初期叶酸不足所造成。有超过50个国家利用加入叶酸的营养强化食品来减少神经管缺损的比例。长期补充叶酸和中风及心血管疾病风险的小幅下降有关。叶酸可以口服,也可以用注射的方式补充。 正常剂量下的叶酸不会造成副作用,还不确定长期的高剂量摄取是否有需要关注的问题。不过已知的是高剂量的叶酸摄取会让维生素B12缺乏症的问题较不易检查到。人体在制造DNA、RNA,以及制造细胞分裂需要的氨基酸代谢时,都必须要用到叶酸。因为人体无法自行制造叶酸,因此叶酸属于人体必需的维生素。 叶酸摄取不足会造成叶酸缺乏症,会导致巨母红血球性贫血,症状包括疲劳、心悸、呼吸困难、舌头上的疮,以及皮肤或发色的变化,儿童若膳食摄入不足,一个月后会出现叶酸缺乏症。成人体内正常的叶酸总量在10,000–30,000μg,而血液中的浓度则为7 nmol/L(3 ng/mL)。 叶酸是在1931年至1943年之间所发现的,由米切尔(H.K.Mitchell,1941)及其同事首次从菠菜叶中提取纯化出来,命名为叶酸。叶酸列在世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单中,是基础公卫体系中所需,最有效及安全的药物。2014年在开发中国家,每一剂的叶酸膳食补充品价格在0.001至0.005美金之间。叶酸的英文folic源自拉丁文的folium,意思就是叶子。在许多的食物中都含有叶酸,特别是深绿色的叶菜类以及肝。

Folate: Folate, also known as vitamin B and folacin, is one of the B vitamins. Manufactured folic acid, which is converted into folate by the body, is used as a dietary supplement and in food fortification as it is more stable during processing and storage. Folate is required for the body to make DNA and RNA and metabolise amino acids necessary for cell division. As humans cannot make folate, it is required in the diet, making it an essential vitamin. It occurs naturally in many foods. The recommended adult daily intake of folate in the U.S. is 400 micrograms from foods or dietary supplements. Folate in the form of folic acid is used to treat anemia caused by folate deficiency. Folic acid is also used as a supplement by women during pregnancy to reduce the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) in the baby. Low levels in early pregnancy are believed to be the cause of more than half of babies born with NTDs. More than 80 countries use either mandatory or voluntary fortification of certain foods with folic acid as a measure to decrease the rate of NTDs. Long-term supplementation with relatively large amounts of folic acid is associated with small reduction in the risk of stroke and an increased risk of prostate cancer. There are concerns that large amounts of supplemental folic acid can hide vitamin B deficiency. Not consuming enough folate can lead to folate deficiency. This may result in a type of anemia in which red blood cells become abnormally large. Symptoms may include feeling tired, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, open sores on the tongue, and changes in the color of the skin or hair. Folate deficiency in children may develop within a month of poor dietary intake. In adults, normal total body folate is between 10 and 30 mg with blood levels of greater than 7 nmol/L (3 ng/mL). Folate was discovered between 1931 and 1943. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system. The wholesale cost of supplements in the developing world is between US$0.001 and 0.005 per dose as of 2014. The term "folic" is from the Latin word (which means leaf) because it was found in dark-green leafy vegetables.