一氧化碳中毒

title: 表现和症状.
content: 一氧化碳并不对所有生物有害。其有害原因主要是其会与血红蛋白反应。因此对不需要血红蛋白的生物来说不一定有害。其对光合作用的植物没有任何影响。
title: 预防.
content: 一氧化碳在很多情况下都会产生,特别是高温或是燃烧的时候,而在密闭或通风不良的空间容易在空气中累积,最后达到对人或动物等需要氧气的生物产生危害的量。最好在长时间使用任何会发热的器物时,能保持室内对室外足够的通风量。  特别是家中燃气热水器的安装,安装地点要能对屋外正压通风。通风指能感觉风的流动,正压通风指风由屋内流向屋外,非从屋外流向屋内,也就是从安装处流向屋外,若是从安装处流向屋内,这样反而会将热水器使用时的燃烧废气(包含一氧化碳、二氧化碳等)吹入室内,当通风量不足时,废气将慢慢在屋内累积,最后产生危害,这也是使用热水器当下没有问题,过一段时间后发生意外的原因之一。  热水器的安装地点在环境限制下大都选择在阳台处,此时应将阳台环境纳入热水器安装的评估中。未加盖封闭只留窗户的阳台算是屋外。这时使用热水器时最好将通往室内的门窗关上,以免风将燃烧废气吹入室内。  加盖封闭只留窗户的阳台则应视为屋内。  在外租屋者,应主动查看租屋处自己使用的热水器处与邻居使用的热水器处通风情况,以防热水器使用时的燃烧废气往自身房间处流动累积。  简易确认有无风的流动及流动方向方法:在阳台对屋外开口处与阳台进室内能形成通风处挂些小纸条,在使用热水器时观察其方向,阳台对屋外开口处纸条朝向屋外,阳台进室内能形成通风处纸条朝向阳台。
title: 治疗.
content: 目前采取支持性治疗,严重情况可先采用高压氧治疗(100%氧气),并持续监测CO-Hb数值。

Summary: 一氧化碳中毒由吸入过量一氧化碳()所导致。 其症状与流感有相似之处,包括头痛、头晕、虚弱、呕吐、胸痛、迷糊等。大量吸入可导致失去意识、心律不齐、癫痫,以致死亡。长期的并发症包括疲惫、失忆和行动问题。在吸入烟雾后,也应该同时考虑氰化物中毒的可能性。

Carbon monoxide poisoning: Carbon monoxide poisoning typically occurs from breathing in carbon monoxide (CO) at excessive levels. Symptoms are often described as "flu-like" and commonly include headache, dizziness, weakness, vomiting, chest pain, and confusion. Large exposures can result in loss of consciousness, arrhythmias, seizures, or death. The classically described "cherry red skin" rarely occurs. Long term complications may include feeling tired, trouble with memory, and movement problems. In those exposed to smoke, cyanide toxicity should also be considered. Carbon monoxide poisoning can occur accidentally, as an attempt to end one's own life, or as an attempt to end another's life. CO is a colorless and odorless gas which is initially non-irritating. It is produced during incomplete burning of organic matter. This can occur from motor vehicles, heaters, or cooking equipment that run on carbon-based fuels. It can also occur from exposure to methylene chloride. Carbon monoxide primarily causes adverse effects by combining with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) preventing the blood from carrying oxygen. Additionally, myoglobin and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase are affected. Diagnosis is based on a HbCO level of more than 3% among nonsmokers and more than 10% among smokers. Efforts to prevent poisoning include carbon monoxide detectors, proper venting of gas appliances, keeping chimneys clean, and keeping exhaust systems of vehicles in good repair. Treatment of poisoning generally consists of giving 100% oxygen along with supportive care. This should generally be carried out until symptoms are no longer present and the HbCO level is less than 10%. While hyperbaric oxygen therapy is used for severe poisonings, the benefit over standard oxygen delivery is unclear. The risk of death among those affected is between 1 and 30%. Carbon monoxide poisoning is relatively common, resulting in more than 20,000 emergency room visits a year in the United States. It is the most common type of fatal poisoning in many countries. In the United States, non-fire related cases result in more than 400 deaths a year. Poisonings occur more often in the winter, particularly from the use of portable generators during power outages. The toxic effects of CO have been known since ancient history. The discovery that hemoglobin is affected by CO was made in 1857.