手足口病

title: 疫情爆发.
content: 2008年春季,中国大陆曾爆发EV71型病毒疫情,造成超过40名儿童死亡,染病者逾万。中国卫生部在5月3日凌晨紧急发布《手足口病预防控制指南》,并即时把手足口病纳入丙类传染病管理。最先爆发的安徽阜阳涉嫌隐瞒疫情,引起民众广泛不满。  2009年1月1日至3月26日,中国大陆除西藏外,30个省区共报告手足口病例41846例,其中重症94例,死亡病例18例。截止4月7日,卫生部公布的手足口病病例猛增至115618人,其中773人情况严重,死亡病例已逾50人。疫情重灾区之一的河南省民权县故意漏报隐瞒疫情,多名卫生官员受到撤职或行政处分。  手足口病在稍微罕见的情况下也会传染给成年人。
title: 治疗方法.
content: 手足口病是一种自限性疾病,一周左右会自行痊愈,通常情况下无需治疗。目前对于手足口病也没有特效性治疗手段,通常的治疗仅关注于缓减症状。少数患者可能会出现罕见的神经系统并发症,如脑膜发炎,或急性弛缓性麻痹,需要住院治疗。  西医治疗手足口病:

Summary: 手足口病是一种儿童传染病,又名发疹性水疱性口腔炎。多发生于5岁以下儿童,但成人也不乏感染的病例,可引起手、足、口腔等部位的疱疹,少数患儿可引起心肌炎、肺水肿、无菌性脑膜脑炎等并发症。受到感染的患者,通常会伴随发烧症状与全身倦怠不适。一两天过后,在手、脚、口腔、舌头、牙龈都有可能出现细小的红点、溃疡或水痘,甚至有少数会出现在鼠蹊部或臀部。 遭病毒感染后,病征发展通常持续约三到六天。 而引发的局部红疹大约会在一周后开始消失,待病毒性伤口结痂后,多数人便能自行痊愈。有时候手和脚的指甲可能在几周后会随着脱落,随着时间重新长回来。极少数重症患儿童病情发展快,才导致死亡。 导致手足口病的病毒会借由皮肤接触、粪口传染或飞沫的方式散播。 患者碰触过的物品也具有传染力。最常见引起手足口病的病毒是克沙奇病毒A16,再来是71型肠病毒。其他的克沙奇病毒和肠病毒也有可能引起手足口病。 部分带原者会毫无症状地携带病毒,并感染其他患者。 目前手足口病仅限在人类之间传播。大多数观察患者临床症状即可诊断,偶尔需要采喉咙分泌物或粪便做为样本,查验病毒的存在。 有效地洗手有助于避免疾病传播,受到感染的患者应在家休息,避免出现在公司、安亲班和学校,以免传染给他人。目前针对此疾病的抗病毒药物或疫苗都还在开发中。大多数的患者都无须特殊治疗。 必要时可以给予解热镇痛的药物或口内膏。 对于少数无法正常进食的孩子,才会给予静脉输液。 很少会演变成病毒性脑膜炎或是脑炎。 手足口病在世界各地都会发生。通常会在育幼院或幼稚园发生小型的群聚感染。1997年在马来西亚、1998年在台湾、2009年在中国大陆都曾引起大规模疫情。疫情往往发生在冬天以外的季节。患者往往是小于五岁的幼童,少数成人也会有被感染的可能。 和口蹄疫感染家畜不同,手足口病只会感染人类。1957年新西兰首次报道该病,1959年提出手足口病命名。

Hand, foot, and mouth disease: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infection caused by a group of viruses. It typically begins with a fever and feeling generally unwell. This is followed a day or two later by flat discolored spots or bumps that may blister, on the hands, feet and mouth and occasionally buttocks and groin. Signs and symptoms normally appear 3–6 days after exposure to the virus. The rash generally resolves on its own in about a week. Fingernail and toenail loss may occur a few weeks later, but they will regrow with time. The viruses that cause HFMD are spread through close personal contact, through the air from coughing and the feces of an infected person. Contaminated objects can also spread the disease. Coxsackievirus A16 is the most common cause, and enterovirus 71 is the second-most common cause. Other strains of coxsackievirus and enterovirus can also be responsible. Some people may carry and pass on the virus despite having no symptoms of disease. Other animals are not involved. Diagnosis can often be made based on symptoms. Occasionally, a throat or stool sample may be tested for the virus. Handwashing may prevent spread, and those infected should not go to work, daycare or school. No antiviral medication or vaccine is available, but development efforts are underway. Most cases require no specific treatment. Simple pain medication such as ibuprofen or numbing mouth gel may be used. Occasionally, intravenous fluids are given to children who are unable to drink enough. Rarely, viral meningitis or encephalitis may complicate the disease. HFMD occurs in all areas of the world. It often occurs in small outbreaks in nursery schools or kindergartens. Large outbreaks have been occurring in Asia since 1997. It usually occurs during the spring, summer and fall months. Typically it occurs in children less than five years old but can occasionally occur in adults. HFMD should not be confused with foot-and-mouth disease (also known as hoof-and-mouth disease), which mostly affects livestock.