德国姬蠊

title: 生物学及害处.
content: 德国小蠊很容易在建筑物里扎根,但在电器如微波炉,咖啡机,餐馆、食品加工业设施、酒店及安老院等机构设施里尤为常见。牠们会在里面建造巢穴,具群居性,且繁殖速度快,每个卵囊可孵出多只若虫,这些若虫由出生至交配期的所需时间短暂,因此人们难以将之彻底驱除。不过在寒冷气候环境,牠们只会在人类聚居处出现,因为严寒的环境令牠们难以存活,在室外牠们很快就会死去。尽管如此,德国小蠊目前已知会出现的最北处位于加拿大努纳武特地区的阿勒特;而最南的地区在阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚的南部。  本物种最初被认为是欧洲的原生种,后来认为很可能是从非洲东北部的埃塞俄比亚首度出现,再扩散至其他地区,不过最新的证据显示德国小蠊其实是起源于东南亚。但不管这物种起源于什么地方,德国小蠊对寒冷气候的敏感,反映出这个物种应该起源于较温暖的气候环境,然后在古代时由于透过迁进人类的居所成为家居有害生物,继而随同人类迁移和运输而扩散至其他地区。该物种现在分布于全世界,在除南极洲之外的所有大陆上以及在许多主要岛屿以家居有害生物的形式存活。因此,牠们在不同地区文化中被赋予各种名称。例如,虽然牠们在英语国家被广泛称为「德国蟑螂」,但在德国却被称为「俄罗斯蟑螂」。  作为一种夜行性物种,德国小蠊偶尔会在白天出现,特别是当其数量过于拥挤,又或受到干扰。然而,这些时刻通常都在傍晚出现,特别是当有人突然在一间昏暗的废弃房间时亮灯,例如当牠们刚巧在清理厨房的厨余时最为常见。当被刺激或受到惊吓时,该物种会散发出令人不快的气味。
title: 食性.
content: 德国蟑螂为一种杂食性食腐昆虫,尤其喜欢吃肉类、淀粉、糖类食物及各种油脂。当食物短缺时,牠们会连肥皂、胶水、牙膏,甚或连润滑油也会吃。当真正饥荒时,还会同类相食,咬吃其他同类的翅膀和腿。 行动方面,这种蟑螂多数会于夜间活动,但在日间如果受到干扰或联群结队的情况下也会出现。
title: 繁殖.
content: 另外雌性的德国小蠊在产卵期间不会即时把卵囊排出,而是留在体内孵化一段时间,使人们不会发现牠们的卵囊,而将之清除。此外牠们的身型也比其他品种的小,可躲在狭窄的缝隙中,从而避过人们的攻击。除人们家中饲养的宠物外,这种蟑螂在人类居住地方,其自然天敌非常少。  德国小蠊的繁殖速度比任何其他住宅蟑螂都要快,大概50-60日内由卵发育成长为成虫。 人工养殖只需要2个月即可繁殖一个世代,成虫寿命约为200天。 受精后,一只雌性德国小蠊在腹部发育出一个卵囊. 随着受精卵的发育,腹部膨胀,直到卵块的半透明尖端开始从腹部末端突出,这时候,受精卵发育完全,有1/4英寸长、16节片. 最初半透明的卵块很快变白,然后在几个小时内变成粉红色,逐渐变暗,直到48小时后,它的壳变成深红棕色,接近于栗色。卵囊末部有一龙骨状的脊,并在受精卵成熟之际轻微向边际弯曲。少数受精卵可能会在卵囊尚附在母体时便孵出,但其余大多数都会于卵囊脱离母体24小时后才孵出。新生的小蠊大概长3mm,经过6-7中间形态成长后便达至性成熟状态。在那些中间形态中,基于不同的自然因素,脱皮 灾难性地夺走了接近一半小蠊的性命。脱下的皮和小蠊的尸体随即会被其他在场的小蠊吃掉。
title: 虫害控制.
content: 德国姬蠊很成功地在楼宇间建立自己的生态位,并弹性地面对不同的病虫害防治 。 原因包括: 德国姬蠊乃趋性, 即是它们偏好于受限而非开放的环境。对比其他昆虫,它们拥有较细小的体型,能够躲在不显眼的细小空隙,以避开人类的杀灭。Conversely, the seasoned pest controller is alert for cracks and crevices where it is likely to be profitable to place baits or spray surfaces.  To be effective, control measures must be comprehensive, sustained, and systematic; survival of just a few eggs is quite enough to regenerate a nearly exterminated pest population within a few generations, and recolonisation from surrounding populations often is very rapid, too.  Another problem in controlling German cockroaches is the nature of their population behaviour. Though they are not social and practise no organised maternal care, females carry oothecae of 18-50 eggs (average about 32) during incubation until just before hatching, instead of dropping them as most other species of cockroaches do. This protects the eggs from certain classes of predation. Then, after hatching, nymphs largely survive by consuming excretions and moults from adults, thereby establishing their own internal microbial populations and avoiding contact with most insecticidal surface treatments and baits. One effective control is insect growth regulators (hydroprene, methoprene, etc.), which act by preventing molting, thus prevent maturation of the various instars. Caulking baseboards and around pipes may prevent the travel of adults from one apartment to another within a building. As an 适应 consequence of pest control by poisoned sugar baits, a strain of German cockroaches has emerged that reacts to glucose as distastefully bitter. They refuse to eat sweetened baits, which presents an obstacle to their control, given that baits are an economical and effective means of control. It also is a dramatic illustration of adaptive selection; in the absence of poisoned sweet baits, attraction to sugars strongly promotes growth, energy, and reproduction; cockroaches that are not attracted to sugars take longer to grow and reproduce, whereas in the presence of poisoned sugared baits, sugar avoidance promotes reproduction.
title: 基因组.
content: The genome of the German cockroach was published in February 2018 in "". The relatively large genome (2.0 Gb) harbours a very high number of proteins, of which most notably one group of, called the, is particularly numerous. These chemoreceptors possibly allow the German cockroach to detect a broad range of chemical cues from toxins, food, pathogens, and pheromones.
title: 参考文献.
content: 18. John Allen First Response Pest Control

Summary: 德国姬蠊(学名:),亦作德国小蠊,俗称德国蟑螂,是蟑螂的一种,身长多为1.0到1.6厘米,比美洲家蠊小。颜色有浅棕色至深棕色,而且在其前胸有两条由头部至翅膀末端的直纹。飞行距离不长,只在被惊扰时才会飞行。

German cockroach: The German cockroach ("Blattella germanica") is a small species of cockroach, typically about long. In colour it varies from tan to almost black, and it has two dark, roughly parallel, streaks on the pronotum running anteroposteriorly from behind the head to the base of the wings. Although "B. germanica" has wings, it can barely fly, although it may glide when disturbed. Of the few species of cockroach that are domestic pests, it probably is the most widely troublesome example. It is very closely related to the Asian cockroach, and to the casual observer, the two appear nearly identical and may be mistaken for each other. However, the Asian cockroach is attracted to light and can fly like a moth, while the German cockroach cannot.