诺贝尔化学奖得主列表

content: "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used" "for his work on disperse systems" "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances" "[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins" "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes" "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin" "[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods" "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry" "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen" "[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements" "[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases" "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C" "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2" "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins" "for his work on sex hormones" "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes" "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes" "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei" "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method" "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized" "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form" "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids" "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins" "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures" "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis" "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements" "for their invention of partition chromatography" "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry" "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances" "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone" "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions" "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes" "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin" "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis" "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science" "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants" "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins" "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers" "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances" "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis" "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method" "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy" "for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes" "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry" "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates" "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals" "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation" "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule" "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds" "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules" "for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions" "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions" "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding" "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures" "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory" "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis" "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA" "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids" "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions" "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes" "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes" "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix" "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures" "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes" "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity" "for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre" "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems" "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method" "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"

Summary: 诺贝尔化学奖 ()是诺贝尔奖的六个奖项之一,1895年设立,由瑞典皇家科学院每年颁发给在化学相关的各个领域中做出杰出贡献的科学家。根据奖项设立者阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔的遗愿,该奖由诺贝尔基金会管理,瑞典皇家科学院每年选出五人委员会来评选出当年获奖者。第一个诺贝尔化学奖于1901年颁发给荷兰科学家雅各布斯·亨里克斯·范托夫。每一位获奖者都会得到一块奖牌,一份获奖证书,以及一笔不菲的奖金,奖金的数额每年会有变化。例如,1901年,范托夫得到的奖金为150,782瑞典克朗,相当于2007年12月的7,731,004瑞典克朗;而2008年,下村修、马丁·查尔菲和钱永健分享了总数为一千万瑞典克朗的奖金(略多于100万欧元,或140万美元)。该奖每年于12月10日,即阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔逝世周年纪念日,以隆重的仪式在斯德哥尔摩颁发。

List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry () is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, who died in 1896. These prizes are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, van 't Hoff received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.