冈瓦纳大陆

title: 西印度洋的初始.
content: 卡鲁-费拉大火成岩省洪流玄武岩(南非、南极洲、南美洲、印度、澳洲、新西兰,1.84亿年前)对应普林斯巴赫阶-托阿尔阶灭绝事件(托阿尔阶大洋缺氧)。导致大量海洋物种相继死光。二氧化碳浓度急剧上升,全球突然变暖5～10°C,地球上出现严重缺氧局面,很多生物因此走向灭绝。侏罗纪早期的冈瓦纳超大陆开始破裂。 Before the Karoo plume initiated rifting between Africa and Antarctica, it separated a series of smaller continental blocks from Gondwana's southern, Proto-Pacific margin (along what is now the 横贯南极山脉): the Antarctic Peninsula, Marie Byrd Land, 西兰大陆, and 瑟斯顿岛; the Falkland Islands and Ellsworth–Whitmore Mountains (in Antarctica) were rotated 90° in opposite directions; and South America south of the Gastre Fault (often referred to as Patagonia) was pushed westward. The history of the Africa-Antarctica break-up can be studied in great detail in the fracture zones and magnetic anomalies flanking the Southwest Indian Ridge.
title: Opening of eastern Indian Ocean.
content: East Gondwana, comprising Antarctica, Madagascar, India, and Australia, began to separate from Africa. East Gondwana then began to break up when India moved northwest from Australia-Antarctica. The Indian Plate and the Australian Plate are now separated by the Capricorn Plate and its diffuse boundaries. During the opening of the Indian Ocean, the Kerguelen hotspot first formed the Kerguelen Plateau on the Antarctic Plate and then the Ninety East Ridge on the Indian Plate at. The Kerguelen Plateau and the Broken Ridge, the southern end of the Ninety East Ridge, are now separated by the Southeast Indian Ridge.  Separation between Australia and East Antarctica began with sea-floor spreading occurring. A shallow seaway developed over the South Tasman Rise during the Early Cenozoic and as oceanic crust started to separate the continents during the Eocene global ocean temperature dropped significantly. A dramatic shift from arc- to rift magmatism separated Zealandia, including New Zealand, the Campbell Plateau, Chatham Rise, Lord Howe Rise, Norfolk Ridge, and New Caledonia, from West Antarctica.
title: Opening of South Atlantic Ocean.
content: The opening of the South Atlantic Ocean divided West Gondwana (South America and Africa), but there is a considerable debate over the exact timing of this break-up. Rifting propagated from south to north along Triassic–Early Jurassic lineaments, but intra-continental rifts also began to develop within both continents in Jurassic–Cretaceous sedimentary basins; subdividing each continent into three sub-plates. Rifting began at Falkland latitudes, forcing Patagonia to move relative to the still static remainder of South America and Africa, and this westward movement lasted until the Early Cretaceous. From there rifting propagated northward during the Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous most likely forcing dextral movements between sub-plates on either side. South of the Walvis Ridge and Rio Grande Rise the Paraná and Etendeka magmatics resulted in further ocean-floor spreading and the development of rifts systems on both continents, including the Central African Rift System and the Central African Shear Zone which lasted until. At Brazilian latitudes spreading is more difficult to assess because of the lack of palaeo-magnetic data, but rifting occurred in Nigeria at the Benue Trough. North of the Equator the rifting began after and continued until.
title: Australia–Antarctica separation.
content: In the Early Cenozoic Australia was still connected to Antarctica 35–40° south of its current location and both continents were largely unglaciated. A rift between the two developed but remained an embayment until the Eocene-Oligocene boundary when the Circumpolar Current developed and the glaciation of Antarctica began.  The Tasman Gateway between Australia and Antarctica began to open. Palaeontological evidences indicate the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) was established in the Late Oligocene with the full opening of the Drake Passage and the deepening of the Tasman Gateway. The oldest oceanic crust in the Drake Passage, however, is -old which indicates spreading between the Antarctic and South American plates began near the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. Deep sea environments in Tierra del Fuego and the North Scotia Ridge during the Eocene and Oligocene indicate a "Proto-ACC" opened during this period. Later,, a series of events severally restricted the Proto-ACC: change to shallow marine conditions along the North Scotia Ridge; closure of the Fuegan Seaway, the deep sea that existed in Tierra del Fuego; and uplift of the Patagonian Cordillera. This, together with the reactivated Iceland plume, contributed to global warming. During the Miocene, the Drake Passage began to widen and as water flow between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula increased, the renewed ACC resulted in cooler global climate.

Summary: 在地质学中,冈瓦纳大陆(英语:Gondwana,,或英语:Gondwanaland),也称冈瓦那大陆、冈瓦纳古陆、南方大陆,是存在于新元古代至侏罗纪前期(约5.73亿至1.8亿年前)的超大陆,它是从罗迪尼亚大陆分裂出来的两块超大陆之一(另一个超大陆为劳亚大陆),存在于南半球。

Gondwana: Gondwana () or Gondwanaland was a supercontinent that existed from the Neoproterozoic (about 550 million years ago) until the Jurassic (about 180 million years ago). Gondwana was not considered a supercontinent by the earliest definition, since the landmasses of Baltica, Laurentia and Siberia were separate from it.