陶渊明

title: 思想.
content: 陶渊明在青年时期受儒家思想的薰陶,有着「猛志逸四海,骞翮思远翥」的入世抱负。  三十岁时陶渊明先后入了桓玄(晋安帝隆安三年,公元399年)勤王的僚属,但是后来桓玄篡晋,他又加入了刘裕讨伐桓玄的义军幕府(公元404年)。晋安帝义熙元年(公元405年),他意识到了刘裕也非真心匡复晋室,遂急流勇退以明哲保身,辞去彭泽令以避覆灭之祸,作以明志(见《归去来兮辞》第一段最后一句为「抚孤松而盘桓」,第二段最后一句为「乐夫天命复奚疑」,各缀最后一字成桓疑)。  公元420年刘裕篡晋后,在贫困躬耕中隐居的陶渊明,以隐喻手法写下了表达对此事最大的谴责,「问今是何世,乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。此人一一为具言所闻,皆叹惋。」感叹暴秦虽然酷虐,此时尤过于秦乱,所以闻者皆叹惋,在《桃花源诗》首即有「嬴氏乱天纪,贤者避其世」点明其意。  进入刘宋之后,陶渊明贫病加剧,江州刺史檀道济去劝他弃隐出仕,但是他不受餽赠,不为所动,就是不放弃他隐居求志、不食周粟的风范(因为陶渊明的曾祖父、祖父、父亲及自身俱在东晋为官,如同张良其家五世相韩,之后一生为韩报仇)。正如他诗作:「历览千载书,时时见遗烈。高操非所攀,谬得固穷节。」他的后半生,正实践着他入刘宋后所改的名—潜,一生遂潜龙勿用了!  陶潜《桃花源记》对现实有深刻批判。桃花源中人的生活,与外界并无太大分别,一样是「往来耕作」,「屋舍俨然」,所不同的是,桃花源居民能和睦相处,「怡然自乐」。桃花源中似乎没有村社一类的基层组织,又因与世隔绝,外界一切机构组织都无由对之施用权力,人们生活在自由自在的状态中。文章寓意是,外界社会赖以支撑的社会制度,恰恰是人们不能幸福美满生活的根源,一切政治、制度、机构都是多余的,乃是破坏和平安宁的根源。  陶渊明曾经说过:「盛年不重来,一日难再晨。及时当勉励,岁月不待人。」《千字文》中也有「尺璧非宝,寸阴是竞」的格言。
title: 作品.
content: 梁昭明太子萧统搜求陶渊明遗世作品,编为《陶渊明集》七卷录一卷,并为之作传、序。
title: 辞赋.
content: 《感士不遇赋》并序、《闲情赋》、《归去来兮辞》并序。
title: 文.
content: 《五柳先生传》寄托文章的方式来展现自己的个性情怀,其文章洒脱自然,如文章所说:「无怀氏之民欤,葛天氏之民欤。」或许五柳先生就像无怀氏、葛天氏那时代的人吧!《晋古征西大将军长史孟府君传》、《扇上画赞》、《读史述九章》、《与子俨等疏》、《祭程氏妹文》、《祭从弟敬员文》、《自祭文》。
title: 小说.
content: 成书于南朝的志怪小说《捜神后记》十卷旧题为陶潜撰。鲁迅认为“陶潜旷达未必拳拳于鬼神,盖伪托也”。
title: 逸事.
title: 白衣送酒.
content: 一年重阳,陶渊明无酒可饮,在篱边怅望许久,忽有白衣人奉王弘命,为其送酒,陶渊明接过便喝,醉后便归。
title: 商业周刊误传陶渊明事迹的文章.
content: 商业周刊网站中有一篇撰文者张耀升,标题为「采菊东篱下,悠然见南山」的陶渊明,赊账喝酒,儿子活活饿死...国文课本没告诉你的事」的文章。内文提到「同样的情况也发生在古文中,陶渊明「采菊东篱下,悠然见南山」清高之余不为五斗米折腰,另一面却是赊账喝酒,儿子活活饿死。国文课本向来不把文本分析当作重点,而是强调作者生平研究,却又刻意忽略陶渊明的阴暗面,最终交到学生手上的仅有「清高」的姿态。」 但陶渊明饿死儿子、喝酒赊账的批判,并未有任何历史文献根据,后来又被三立新闻、苹果日报转载,甚至PTT八卦版(Gossiping)又转载苹果日报即时新闻标题: 「课本只说陶渊明不折腰 你不知他活活饿死儿」,多数推文未查证消息来源可靠性,反而一面倒消遣讽刺陶渊明,足以见网络未经查证消息对当事者名誉的伤害。

Summary: 陶渊明(365年-427年),名潜,字符亮,自号五柳先生,私谥靖节先生。在唐代文献中,因避唐高祖李渊的讳,被称作陶泉明或陶深明。浔阳郡柴桑县(今江西省庐山市)人。东晋、刘宋的文学家,东晋大司马陶侃曾孙,父、祖皆为郡守,自曾祖、祖、及父,都在东晋为臣,但自己一生未曾担任高官,受王羲之和儿子王凝之提拔而短暂地当过江州祭酒,后担任镇军参军、建威参军,在叔叔晋安郡太守 ( 治所在今福州 ) 陶夔协助下当上彭泽县令,因厌恶当时的政治,做了大约八十天就辞职归故里,终生不再出仕。

Tao Yuanming: Tao Yuanming (365?–427), also known as Tao Qian (Hanyu Pinyin) or T'ao Ch'ien (Wade-Giles), was a Chinese poet who was born during the Eastern Jin dynasty (317-420) and died during the Liu Song (420-479) dynasty (Jin-Song transition). Tao is a major poet of the Six Dynasties period. Tao Yuanming spent much of his life in reclusion, living in the countryside, farming, reading, drinking wine, receiving the occasional guest, and writing poems in which he often reflected on the pleasures and difficulties of life, as well as his decision to withdraw from civil service. Tao's simple and direct style was somewhat at odds with the norms for literary writing in his time. Relatively well-known as a recluse poet in the Tang dynasty (618-907), during the Northern Song dynasty (960-1127), influential literati figures such as Su Shi (1037-1101) declared him a paragon of authenticity and spontaneity in poetry, that Tao Yuanming would achieve lasting literary fame. However, Tao Yuanming's inclusion in the 6th century literary anthology "Wen Xuan" argues for at least a beginning of fame in his own era, at least in his own birth area. Tao Yuanming would later be regarded as the foremost representative of what we now know as Fields and Gardens poetry. Tao Yuanming found inspiration in the beauty and serenity of the natural world close at hand.