电子飞行包

title: 历史.
content: 最早的电子飞行包源自1990年代初,个别飞行员使用他们的个人笔记本电脑和通用软件(例如电子表格和文字处理程序)执行重量和平衡计算、填写操作表等功能。最早和最广泛的电子飞行包实现之一是,1991年联邦快递(FedEx)部署他们的机场性能便携式计算机,用于在飞机上进行飞机在机场性能计算;它是一个被认为是便携式的商用成品计算机。此外,FedEx在1990年代中期也开始在飞机上部署飞行员接入终端。之后的设备通常是在飞机上使用普通笔记本电脑连接经认证的坞站(电源和数据接口)。1996年,德国航空公司Aero Lloyd引进引进两款笔记本电脑计算性能和访问文档。该系统被称为FMD(Flight Management Desktop,飞行管理桌面),允许Aero Lloyd在Luftfahrt-Bundesamt(德国民航局)协议下移除驾驶舱内的所有纸质文件和标准起飞重量图表。包括西南航空在内的其他公司也跟进了“随身”的性能计算机,但在飞机上仍保留实体物品。捷蓝航空采取了不同的方法,它将其所有操作文档转换为电子格式,并通过网络分发到笔记本电脑,发送给飞行员(而不是放在飞机上)。第一个真正的专为取代飞行员整个工具包而设计的电子飞行包(EFB)是1999年由Angela Masson取得专利的电子套件包(Electronic Kit Bag,EKB)。 In 2005 the first commercial Class 2 EFB STC (STC No. ST03165AT) was issued that covered the installation of provisions for the deployment of the navAero t•BagC2 EFB computer and touchscreen display system. The installation was performed by Avionics Support Group, Inc. onto a Miami Air 波音B737NG. The EFB t•Pad display was deployed using the US Patented (8231081) EFB mounting solution, the cfMountTM. The EFB data was updated using a Terminal Wireless Unit (TWLU) installed at Miami Air's facility, that enabled the EFB to update only the files that had changed on the server. In 2006 MyTravel (a UK charter operation now merged with Thomas Cook airline) became the first to deploy an electronic tech log using GPRS communication, replacing the paper process. Thomas Cook has several years of successful operational experience of an EFB focussed on its UK fleet.  In 2009, Continental Airlines successfully completed the world’s first flight using Jeppesen Airport Surface Area Moving Map (AMM) showing “own ship” position on a Class 2 Electronic Flight Bag platform – which was the navAero t•BagC2 EFB system. The AMM application uses a high resolution database to dynamically render maps of the airport. Through the use of GPS technology, the application show pilots their position (“own-ship”) on the airport surface map. The result is much improved positional/situational awareness among flight crews which is a critical safety factor for reducing runway incursions during ground operations especially at busy commercial airports with complex runway and taxiway layouts. The STC underwhich the navAero EFB system was deployed (ST02161LA) also provided for the dual EFB systems to be cross-connected which allowed for the Airport Moving Map to be shared (or “pushed”) from one EFB system to the other.  从2011年开始, and coinciding with the first anniversary of the release of the Apple iPad, an inventor named Richard Luke Ribich of Maumelle, AR made a number of applications to the USPTO for a series of patents regarding the integration of tablet-style computers with that of transport category (§25) aircraft deployed as EFB devices. The series of patents, which were assigned to ASIG (Avionics & Systems Integration Group of North Little Rock, AR) address the methods and apparatus necessary to successfully and securely integrate consumer tablet-computing devices such as Apple iPad and Microsoft Surface with that of transport category aircraft in both wired and wireless configurations. These patents (US Patent No. 8415925<nowiki>[2]</nowiki>, Us Patent No. 8581546, and US Patent No. 9335796) were issued between April 2013 and May 2016 and address aspects of mounting, device power, aircraft data interfaces and the ability to create custom apps by means of an API library known as a software developers kit (SDK). These patents consider both wired and wireless integration of various tablet computers with that of aircraft power distribution and avionics systems and protect Mr. Ribich's technologies against similar product manufacturing, sale, distribution, use, import/ export and integrated equivalents. Further, in January 2014 the US FAA affirmed these patents as airworthy by issuing ASIG an AML-STC (Approved Model List - Supplemental Type Certificate) for the installation of Class 2 portable EFB provisions for the commercial product known as the flyTab XFB (eXtreme Flight Bag), an ASIG product line, under (STC No. ST11156SC). In June 2014 the Canadian Civil Aviation Authority (TCCA - Transport Canada) issued their own STC for the flyTab XFB (STC No. SA14-51). These patents are currently being enforced throughout the United States and across North America, Europe, Asia, Africa and South America through various treaties and bilateral technology agreements in place between governments.  随着个人计算技术日益紧凑和强大并具有广泛的存储能力,这些设备变得能够在3磅(1.4公斤)的计算机上存储全世界的所有航空图表,而纸质的全球航图需要80磅(36公斤)的纸张。诸如实时卫星气象和集成全球定位系统(GPS)等新技术进一步扩大了电子飞行包的功能。但是,对于大型商业航空公司,电子飞行包的主要问题并不是飞机上的硬件,而是可靠、有效的将内容更新分发到飞机。  虽然电子飞行包技术在大型航空公司的采用率增长较缓,但自1999年以来,商业运营者已经快速部署电子飞行包,因为这减少了监管负担和有助降低成本。  美国空军特种作战司令部于2012年7月为全球部署购买了超过3,000台基于iPad的电子飞行包。在类似的购买中,空中机动司令部启动了一份多达18,000台基于iPad的电子飞行包的合同。美国空军特种作战司令部内部开发了一种将国家地理空间情报局(NGA)每月航班信息出版物(FLIP)数据集传输给全世界所有用户的安全方法。 Both Major Commands (MAJCOMs) pursued independent efforts to ensure continuous Ops for their aircrew. 由于这些先驱者的成功,美国国防部正在协调广泛、综合实施电子飞行包的概念。  在2011年将iPad作为电子飞行包试用后,达美航空在2013年8月宣布将向其飞行员推出Microsoft Surface 2设备,取代允许飞行员使用个人平板电脑作为电子飞行包的政策。达美计划在2014年5月将平板电脑推出给所有飞行员,在FAA于2月批准后。
title: 硬件类别.
content: 电子飞行包分为三类硬件和三类软件。参考:FAA咨询通告AC 120-76D,EASA可接受合规手段AMC 20-25,ICAO文档10020“电子飞行包手册”及FAA命令8900.1检查员手册(特别是第4卷第15章)了解最新、准确的描述。  注意:随即将发布的AC 120-76D,电子飞行包硬件分类(如下)将被淘汰。展望未来,电子飞行包将被简单地归类为“便携式”或“安装式”。便携式可以考虑为以前的一类和二类区分巩固,而安装式等同于三类。这些简化将减少混淆,并与已经发布的EASA和ICAO指导相协调。  电子飞行包硬件类别包括:
title: 应用.
content: 电子飞行包可以托管广泛的应用程序,分为三个软件类别(参考经修正的AC 120-76,实际范例列表): 注意:C类应用程序受适航要求的限制,因此必须遵循DO-178()/ED-12()的目标开发。C类应用程序必须在三类电子飞行包上运行。  注意:随着即将发布的AC 120-76D,对C类应用程序的引用将被移除,它们的功能将不再被识别为电子飞行包功能。
title: 法规.
content: 根据FAA,一类、二类和三类电子飞行包可以作为飞行员需要携带的纸质手册的替代品。虽然第91部分运营商(不包括私人和公司运营商在内的租用飞机)可以使用其飞行员指挥(PIC)机构批准使用的一类和二类电子飞行包(便携式电子设备),采用OpSpecs(第135部分、第121部分)的运营商必须通过OpSpecs流程的运营批准。  电子飞行包用户和安装人员应了解FAA监察员最近的明确指导。有关电子飞行包操作的授权和适航性/认证要求的指导意见由FAA维护。  根据对FAA咨询通告AC 120-76A的意图澄清,新的检查员手册指南草案包含下列要求:  有关电子飞行包市场发展的历史性资料,参阅:

Summary: 电子飞行包(英语:electronic flight bag,缩写EFB)是一种电子信息管理设备,帮助飞行乘员(机组)使用更少的纸张,更容易、有效地执行飞行管理任务。它是一种通用计算平台,旨在减少或替代飞行员随身携带的飞行包中常见的纸质参考资料,包括:飞机操作手册、飞行机组操作手册、导航图(包括空中和地面地图)。此外,电子飞行包可以托管专用目的应用程序,以自动执行通常手动完成的其他功能,例如起飞性能参数计算。

Electronic flight bag: Ein Electronic flight bag, (EFB) ist ein elektronisches Gerät zur Informationsverwaltung, das Flugzeugbesatzungen hilft, Flugverwaltungsaufgaben leichter, effizienter und mit weniger Papieraufwand durchzuführen. Es ist eine Allzweck-Rechenplattform, die helfen soll, Material zu reduzieren oder abzulösen, das vorher in Papierform im Handgepäck eines Piloten zu finden war. Das sind zum Beispiel Dokumente wie das Flugzeug- und Besatzungs-Betriebshandbuch sowie die Navigationskarten. Außerdem kann das EFB spezielle Softwareanwendungen verarbeiten, um bisher mit der Hand ausgeführte Funktionen zu automatisieren, wie zum Beispiel Leistungsberechnungen.