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[ "lytrosis (hulst) of louisiana vernon antoine brou jr. 2005. southern lepidopterists' news, 27: 7 .\nlytrosis sinuosa - wings are various shades of brown or yellowish brown with the median area being concolorous with the basal area of the wing .\na revision of the moth genus lytrosis (lepidoptera, geometridae) frederick h. rindge. 1971. american museum novitates, 2474: 1 - 21 .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nonline list of [... ] the geometridae of the world (dec 2007), website (version 01 / 12 / 2007 )\nmaintained by malcolm j. scoble and axel hausmann. online list of valid and available names of the geometridae of the world, urltoken last update december 2007\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative. it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education, university of michigan museum of zoology, and the detroit public schools. this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151. copyright © 2002 - 2018, the regents of the university of michigan. all rights reserved .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges, r. w. et al. , eds. 1983. check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico. e. w. classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation, london. 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\na location where the species occurs or has occurred and where there is potential for persistence or regular recurrence. for most species minimally verification of an adult or larva in association with suitable habitat including larval foodplant. minimum verification standards vary by species from genitalia dissection to decent photographs, but specimens are strongly recommended. it is usually advisable to rear larvae to the adult stage for positive identification .\nmost of these species are more or less landscape level moths that occupy a variety of wooded habitats and often adjacent shrublands and thickets. in the context of habitat separation, suitable habitat includes marginal habitat and unsuitable means sparsely wooded to treeless places without suitable larval foodplant. for the relatively few included species that are specialized feeders forest or woodland where the foodplant is absent or nearly so can be treated as unsuitable habitats. in particular for the obligate conifer feeders, forest tracts in which suitable (for that species) pines, spruces, firs, etc. comprise fewer than 4 canopy trees per hectare may be regarded as unsuitable. see habitat and food comments fields for species - specific information on what constitutes habitat when mapping occurrences .\nmoths in this group typically occur in large habitats (500 to > 100, 000 hectares) at substantial densities (certainly several to many per hectare per year) and utilize dominant or co - dominant trees or understory shrubs for larval foodplants. most species are polyphagous or feed on common trees or shrubs (such as oaks southward or birches northward; westward often a dominant conifer or aspen) or at least on widespread species (such as tulip tree, white pine, hickories in many mixed eastern forests) and are not highly localized. while the suitable habitat figure is arbitrary it takes into account that adults are not especially powerful fliers with most probably flying about a meter per second or about 3. 6 km per hour. they probably do not commonly move far out of forests or at least wooded situations and probably often turn back when they do while on the other hand source populations are probably usually large making isolation of occurrences from each other difficult. most of these moths are widespread within forested habitats and it is very unlikely that two collections only 10 (or even 20) kilometers apart in extensively forested regions would really be separate occurrences - - even if (as will often be true) habitat quality were not uniform .\nthis figure is arbitrary but a circle of two kilometers radius would define a habitat clearly smaller than most, but well above the smallest ones. it is probably unrealistically low in extensively forested areas. this figure should not be used however if forests are reduced to small woodlots and the landscape is more than 50% agricultural or otherwise essentially devoid of native tree cover. in such cases the inferred extent is simply the woodlot in which the collection was made. in general with habitats under 1000 hectares assume full occupancy .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nscoble, m. j. (ed .), m. s. parsons, m. r. honey, l. m. pitkin, and b. r. pitkin. 1999. geometrid moths of the world: a catalogue. volumes 1 and 2: 1016 pp. + index 129 pp. csiro publishing, collingwood, victoria, australia .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users." ]

{ "text": [ "lytrosis unitaria , the common lytrosis moth , is a species of moth of the geometridae family .", "it is found in north america , including arkansas , georgia , iowa , massachusetts , new hampshire , new jersey , new york , north carolina , ohio , oklahoma , ontario , pennsylvania , south carolina , tennessee , texas , virginia , west virginia and wisconsin .", "the wingspan is about 50 mm .", "the larvae feed on rosa , crataegus , amelanchier , acer , quercus and viburnum species . " ], "topic": [ 29, 20, 9, 8 ] }

[ "lytrosis unitaria, the common lytrosis moth, is a species of moth of the geometridae family. it is found in north america, including arkansas, georgia, iowa, massachusetts, new hampshire, new jersey, new york, north carolina, ohio, oklahoma, ontario, pennsylvania, south carolina, tennessee, texas, virginia, west virginia and wisconsin. the wingspan is about 50 mm. the larvae feed on rosa, crataegus, amelanchier, acer, quercus and viburnum species." ]

[ "abantiades sericatus tindale, 1932; rec. s. aust. mus. 4 (4): 513; tl: western australia, lake grace\nabantiades sericatus; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 856 (list )\nabantiades lineacurva. brookton highway, se of kelmscott, western australia. photo courtesy of paul hutchinson©\nabantiades lineacurva moore & edwards, 2014; aust. ent. 41: 30; tl: western australia, kojonup\nabantiades latipennis tindale, 1932; rec. s. aust. mus. 4 (4): 530; tl: victoria, lorne\nabantiades argentangulum moore & edwards, 2014; aust. ent. 41: 34; tl: yanchep national park, 5mil n of yanchep\nabantiades ocellatus tindale, 1932; rec. s. aust. mus. 4 (4): 514; tl: western australia, denmark\nabantiades marcidus tindale, 1932; rec. s. aust. mus. 4 (4): 515; tl: south australia, adelaide\nabantiades magnificus; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 857 (list )\nabantiades fulvomarginatus tindale, 1932; rec. s. aust. mus. 4 (4): 534; tl: western australia, lennox\nabantiades equipalpus moore, 2014; aust. ent. 41 (4): 217; tl: western australia, 2km w of s. bullabulling\nabantiades aurilegulus tindale, 1932; rec. s. aust. mus. 4 (4): 520; tl: western australia ,\ngoldfields\nabantiades ocellatus; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 856 (list )\nabantiades marcidus; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 856 (list )\nabantiades aurilegulus; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 856 (list )\nabantiades latipennis; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 857 (list )\nabantiades fulvomarginatus; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 857 (list )\nabantiades antenniochrus moore, 2014; aust. ent. 41 (4): 224; tl: western australia, 31. 425653°s, 118. 426902°e, goldfields rd, 400m e of eyre highway, 6. 5km wsw of burracoppin\nabantiades hyalinatus; tindale, 1932, rec. s. aust. mus. 4 (4): 517; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 856 (list )\nabantiades labyrinthicus; tindale, 1932, rec. s. aust. mus. 4 (4): 522; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 856 (list )\nabantiades leucochiton; tindale, 1932, rec. s. aust. mus. 4 (4): 526; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 856 (list )\nabantiades hydrographus; tindale, 1932, rec. s. aust. mus. 4 (4): 528; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 857 (list )\nabantiades barcas; tindale, 1932, rec. s. aust. mus. 4 (4): 532; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 857 (list )\nabantiades albofasciatus; tindale, 1932, rec. s. aust. mus. 4 (4): 533; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 857 (list )\nabantiades aphenges; tindale, 1932, rec. s. aust. mus. 4 (4): 535; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 857 (list )\nabantiades (hepialidae); tindale, 1932, rec. s. aust. mus. 4 (4): 510; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 856 (list )\nthe female adult moths of this species basically have pale brown forewings with a sinuous pattern of white patches with black outlines, each forewing has two or three orange and blue eyespots. the hindwings are plain pale brown. the head and thorax are black, and the abdomen is brown. the wingspan is about 7 cms .\nthe males are similar, but have white forewings with the sinuous pattern, and have plain white hindwings. the moths have\nvolume 4, part 4 (1932), pp. 513 - 514, figs. 27, 28 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nmany species show stricking purplish colors at the base of the hindwings and adjacent body that quickly fade in collection specimens. digital photography of fresh specimens is changing perceptions about the appearance of these species .\nexcavate near vertical tunnels that may branch near the ground surface and are almost horizontal when in contact with surface litter. larvae feeding callus formed at localized lesions. the feeding area is sometimes enveloped by callus and larvae continue feeding inside the resulting cavity\nfemale and male. brindabella ranges, new south wales. photo courtesy of david fischer©\nfemale, april 1, 2015, wittlesea, victoria, austrlaia. image courtesy of nick temby©\napril 1, 2015, wittlesea, victoria, austrlaia. image courtesy of nick temby©\ngleneagle state forest, armadale, western australia. 17 march, 2012. photo courtesy of paul hutchinson©\ngleneagle state forest, armadale, western australia. march, 2012. photo courtesy of paul hutchinson©\nholotype swan river, 1869. from oxford university museum. image courtesy of roman yakovlev\nholotype male. collected by nick tenby, ex fabian douglas collection. image courtesy of mike moore\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n=; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 856 (list )\n=; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 856 (list )\naustralia (new south wales, victoria, tasmania). see [ maps ]\n=; tindale, 1932, rec. s. aust. mus. 4 (4): 517; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 856 (list )\n=; tindale, 1932, rec. s. aust. mus. 4 (4): 517 ♀; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 856 (list )\naustralia (queensland, new south wales, victoria). see [ maps ]\n=; tindale, 1932, rec. s. aust. mus. 4 (4): 522 ♂; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 856 (list )\n=; tindale, 1932, rec. s. aust. mus. 4 (4): 522; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 856 (list )\n=; tindale, 1932, rec. s. aust. mus. 4 (4): 522; [ aucl ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 856 (list )\npielus leucochiton pfitzner, 1914; ent. rundschau 31 (17): 95; tl: australia\npielus magnificus lucas, 1898; proc. r. soc. qd 13: 61; tl: australia\npielus hydrographus felder, 1874; reise fregatte novara, bd 2 (abth. 2) (4): pl. 80, f. 3; tl: adelaide\npielus barcas pfitzner, 1914; ent. rundschau 31 (17): 95; tl: australia\npielus albofasciatus swinhoe, 1892; cat. het. mus. oxford (1): 289; tl: swan river\npielus aphenges turner, 1904; trans. r. soc. s. austr. 28: 247; tl: new south wales\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nan epitome of the natural history of the insects of new holland, new zealand, new guinea, otaheite and other islands in the indian, sothern and pacific oceans ...\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa, zugleich als text, revision und supplement zu j. hübner' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge, sechter un letzter band, 1843 - 1856\n( 1): (i) pl. i (1843), (3): (i) i - ii, pl. ii - iv (1844), (6): (i) pl. v (1844), (7): (i) pl. vi (1844), (8): (i) iii - x, pl. vii - viii (1844), (9): (i) pl. ix - xi (1844), (11): (i) pl. xii (1845), (13): (i) xi - xiv, pl. xiii - xiv (1846), (17): (i) pl. xvi (1846), (22): (ii) pl. i - iii (1847), (35): (i) pl. xv (1848), (36): (i) pl. xvii - xix (1848), (37): (i) pl. xx (1849), (? 38): (i) xv - xviii (1849), (38): (i) pl. xxi - xxii (1849), (40): (ii) i - ii - iv, pl. iv - ix (1849), (48): [\n- 36 (1852), (60): (ii) v - viii, pl. x - xiv (iv) 37 - 40 (1853), (65): (iv )\nrevision of the australian ghost moths (lepidoptera homoneura, family hepialidae) pt. i\nwalker, 1865 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 31: 1 - 322 ([ 1865 ]), 32: 323 - 706 (1865), 33: 707 - 1120 (1865), 34: 1121 - 1534 ([ 1866 ]), 35: 1535 - 2040 (1866 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nthis article has been rated as stub - class on the project' s quality scale .\nthis article has been rated as low - importance on the project' s importance scale .\nneed help improving this article? ask a librarian what' s this? at the national library of australia .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. , a non - profit organization." ]

{ "text": [ "abantiades sericatus is a moth of the hepialidae family .", "it is endemic to western australia .", "the wingspan is about 70 mm .", "adult females have pale brown forewings with a sinuous pattern of white patches with black outlines and two to three orange and blue eyespots .", "the hindwings are pale brown .", "males have white forewings with a sinuous pattern and white hindwings . " ], "topic": [ 2, 0, 9, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "abantiades sericatus is a moth of the hepialidae family. it is endemic to western australia. the wingspan is about 70 mm. adult females have pale brown forewings with a sinuous pattern of white patches with black outlines and two to three orange and blue eyespots. the hindwings are pale brown. males have white forewings with a sinuous pattern and white hindwings." ]

[ "eupoca haakei is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by solis and adamski in 1998. it is found at low elevations in south - eastern costa rica .\neupoca haakei is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by solis and adamski in 1998. it is found at low elevations in south - eastern costa rica .\neupoca micralis is a moth in the crambidae family. it is found in mexico .\neupoca leucolepia is a moth in the crambidae family. it is found in brazil .\neupoca polyorma is a moth in the crambidae family. it is found in venezuela .\nthis page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article eupoca haakei; it is used under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 3. 0 unported license (cc - by - sa). you may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the cc - by - sa\neupoca bifascialis is a moth in the crambidae family. it is found from southern mexico to north - central argentina .\neupoca sanctalis is a moth in the crambidae family. it is found from central costa rica south to northern colombia .\neupoca chicalis is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by schaus in 1920. it is found from guatemala south - east to french guiana .\nthirty - one species of glaphyriinae (crambidae: pyraloidea) from costa rica are reviewed, including nine new species: aureopteryx olufsoni, eupoca haakei, glaphyria tetra spina, glaphyria spinacrista, glaphyria stellaspina, glaphyria spinasingularis, lipocosma rosalia, lipocosma pitilla, and lipocosma fonsecai. lipocosma teliferalis dyar is a junior synonym of lipocosma punctissimalis dyar, lipocosma plagalis schaus is a junior synonym of lipocosma ausonialis (druce), and parambia gleanealis dyar is a junior synonym of parambia gnomosynalis dyar. a key to the identification of costa rican species is provided. the presence of a pseudognathos in the male genitalia and modified scales on the area between cua 2 and cup of the hind wing are discussed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322dd07d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 32504564 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 32504772 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 34c9903c - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nbeccaloni g. , scoble m. , kitching i. , simonsen t. , robinson g. , pitkin b. , hine a. & lyal c. (2018). lepindex: the global lepidoptera names index (version 12. 3, jan 2012). in: roskov y. , abucay l. , orrell t. , nicolson d. , bailly n. , kirk p. m. , bourgoin t. , dewalt r. e. , decock w. , de wever a. , nieukerken e. van, zarucchi j. , penev l. , eds. (2018). species 2000 & itis catalogue of life, 30th june 2018. digital resource at urltoken species 2000: naturalis, leiden, the netherlands. issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 50e2c156 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nreview of the costa rican glaphyriinae (lepidoptera: pyraloidea: cramb\nby m. alma solis and david adamski\nm. alma solis, systematic entomology laboratory, psi, ars, usda, nat. mus. nat. hist. , mrc 168, washington, d. c. 20560 david adamski, systematic entomology laboratory, psi, ars, usda, nat. mus. nat. hist. , mrc 168, washington, d. c. 20560 follow\npublished in j. new york entomol. soc. 106 (1): 1 - 55, 1998 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nthe length of the forewings is 7. 8 - 9. 5 mm. the ground colour of the forewings is brown mixed with white and pale brown scales. the distal part of the subterminal area is pale brown and the marginal line is brown. the hindwings are pale brown with a brown marginal line .\nlua error in package. lua at line 80: module' module: buffer' not found .\npopular: trivia, history, america, television, tv, usa, geography, world, ... more\nall fasciae on the forewings are dark brown near the costa, except for the light brown basal fascia. the antemedial, postmedial and subterminal lines are faint white .\nthe apical, subapical and tornal areas of the forewings are brown and the medial area is light brown. the antemedial and subterminal lines are white. the hindwings are uniform grey with a narrow marginal line .\npopular: trivia, history, america, television, tv, usa, geography, cities, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "eupoca haakei is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by solis and adamski in 1998 .", "it is found at low elevations in south-eastern costa rica .", "the length of the forewings is 7.8-9.5 mm .", "the ground colour of the forewings is brown mixed with white and pale brown scales .", "the distal part of the subterminal area is pale brown and the marginal line is brown .", "the hindwings are pale brown with a brown marginal line . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "eupoca haakei is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by solis and adamski in 1998. it is found at low elevations in south-eastern costa rica. the length of the forewings is 7.8-9.5 mm. the ground colour of the forewings is brown mixed with white and pale brown scales. the distal part of the subterminal area is pale brown and the marginal line is brown. the hindwings are pale brown with a brown marginal line." ]

[ "clockwise: kermes, armenian cochineal, polish cochineal, lac dye and american cochineal .\n], and hence its presence does not exclude the use of polish cochineal, whereas pp6 precludes the american one .\ncollecting cochineal bugs in peruvian highlands. (the collecting cloth is naturally dyed with cochineal. )\nthe scarcity of polish cochineal and its plant host today may be traced to extensive harvesting over the centuries. rather than collect the larvae alone, harvesters uprooted the entire plant. until the introduction of cochineal from the americas in the 16th century, the polish cochineal insect was an important trade commodity .\nchromatograms of the extracts of polish and american cochineal (obtained with ms and spectrophotometric detection) are apparently almost identical (fig .\npolish cochineal is another dye, which was widely used until the mid 19 th century as a textile dye. it was not used as a food dye. polish cochineal is also derived from an insect, the margarodes polonicus, found in eastern europe and parts of asia .\nidentification of polish cochineal (porphyrophora polonica l .) in historical textiles by high - performance liquid chromatography coupled with spectrophotometric and tandem mass spectrometric detection\n]. it is most probably the reason why this dye, obtained from polish cochineal, has not been studied for the last 25 years .\nuv–vis (287, 435, and 495 nm) and ms chromatograms (extracted negative ion) of extract from polish cochineal (cf. table\nidentification of polish cochineal (porphyrophora polonica l .) in historical textiles by high - performance liquid chromatography coupled with spectrophotometric and tandem mass spectrometric detection | springerlink\nan account of the polish cochineal: in a letter to mr. henry baker, f. r. s. from dr. wolfe, of warsaw\napparently identical chromatograms of extracts from american and polish cochineals in the range of 10. 7–12. 0 min are in fact crucial for differentiation between these two natural red dyestuffs. the chromatogram of the extract obtained from polish cochineal consists of peak at t\nparts of this work were presented at ix polish conference on analytical chemistry – poznán, poland .\nhaur jk. dziennik handlowy (in polish). 1787; i - ii: 27–8 .\napart from pp6, the extract of polish cochineal contains another colorant of relatively large concentration, pp7. this compound has been reported previously by wouters and verhecken [\nchemical differentiation between red animal dyes obtained from cochineal scale insects such as polish and american cochineal has been extremely difficult so far, since they have similar composition of their anthraquinone compounds. examination of the extract obtained from polish cochineal by hplc - dad - esi qqq ms allowed identification of 22 color compounds; the structures of 16 among them have not yet been proposed. most of them were\n- hexosides of kermesic and flavokermesic acids or their derivatives. the present paper introduces a fingerprint of color compounds present in polish cochineal and defines them, particularly pp6 (ppi ,\n- hexoside of flavokermesic acid), as its markers allow distinguishing of polish - cochineal reds from the american ones. usefulness of the selected set of markers for identification of polish cochineal has been demonstrated in the examination of textiles from the collection of the national museum in warsaw using the multiple reaction monitoring (mrm) method, originally elaborated on the basis of this study .\ncochineal dye was introduced into europe in the late 1500s by spanish explorers from south and central america. no information was provided on the source or nature of cochineal because the spaniards closely protected their supply. more on the history and origins of cochineal in latin america here dried cochineal looks like small silver - grey peppercorns or plant seeds. before microscopes where in use, european scientists argued for a long time as to whether cochineal was a plant, an animal or a mineral. we now know that cochineal is a female scale insect that lives on prickly pear cactus plants (opuntia or nopal) native to central and south america. scale insects are plant - sucking bugs that are covered by a white fluffy, protective coating and cochineal bugs produce carminic acid as a by - product to deter predators. crimson, fuchsia, raspberry and scarlet reds can be obtained from cochineal. the red colorant is used in drinks (e. g. campari) and in foods (under the code e120), and in drugs and cosmetics. polish cochineal, kermes, lac and st john’s blood are produced from different scale insects that are more or less closely related to true cochineal insects. the term cochineal may be applied either to the living or dried cochineal insects or to cochineal dye which is obtained from them. it takes about 155, 000 cochineal insects to produce 1 kilo of cochineal dye. more on cochineal insects (cochineal bugs or cochineal beetles)? click here .\nłagowska b, golan k, stepaniuk k. wiad entomol (in polish). 2006; 25: 5–14 .\nthese fabrics were dyed in cochineal by judy newland using eco - dye techniques .\n- glycosidic one; thus strong mineral acid causes its hydrolysis and formation of free aglycones more easily. consequently, kermesic and flavokermesic acids were determined in significantly larger amount in polish than in american cochineal .\nscience in the dyepot tiny cochineal insects produce a stunning red that has been valued since ancient times. these cactus - eating scale insects grow on prickly pear cactus right in our neighborhoods, but are cultivated in peru, which produces higher amounts of color. the coccid family includes american cochineal, polish and armenian cochineal, lac, and kermes – all bursting with carminic acid .\n475 → 341, 311, 282) as well, the isomers eluting at approximately the same time. since pp6 (ppi) has already been proposed by us as a marker of polish cochineal, its absence in other extracts suggests that those fibers were probably dyed with american cochineal species (table\nfigures of insects and eggs observed in poland, polish cochineal [ porphyrophora polonica ] or carmine scales. inscribed in pencil with instructions to printers. two sets of drawings mounted on a single backing sheet. plate 10 from the paper “further account of the polish cochineal... ”, by nathaniel matthew wolfe (1724 - 1784), philosophical transactions of the royal society, vol. 54 (1764) pp. 95 - 98 .\n10. 8 min). because of a relatively intensive chromatographic peak of pp6, this compound was proposed as the marker that would allow distinguishing between polish cochineal and other cochineal species. it also has to be noted that comparison of its uv–vis spectrum with the one of ppi presented by wouters and verhecken [\nkuwana. the latter is a new species of cochineal inventoried in algeria. the families of\npolish cochineal (porphyrophora polonica), like kermes and cochineal, are sessile, parasitic scale insects. they live on the roots of various herbs - especially those of the perennial knawel - found in central europe and other parts of eurasia. cochineal was used through the middle ages in the ukraine, lithuania, and eastern europe to supplement or replace the rare and costly kermes red. harvested just before the females reach maturity, usually around the saint’s day of john the baptist, the dye became known as saint john’s blood. polish cochineal was used to dye a variety of natural fabrics. the dye itself contains carminic acid with small amounts of kermesic acid .\nthere are two principal forms of cochineal dye: cochineal extract (e120 (ii) ) is a colouring made from the raw dried and pulverised bodies of insects with around 20% carminic acid; and carmine (e120 (i) ) a more purified colouring made from cochineal .\ncochinea red dye - the use of cochineal beetles as natural fabric dye in chinchero, peru .\nup until the end of the medieval period, the most extravagant, brilliant and enduring crimson red fabrics were dyed with valuable insect dyes: kermes, lac dye and polish and armenian cochineal. symbols of hierarchy and power, crimson... more\ncochineal extract is a bright - red natural dye obtained from the scale insect dactylopius coccus costa, known as american cochineal, and found in tropical and subtropical areas of south america and mexico. 1) the major pigment in cochineal extract is carminic acid (ca), which consists of an anthraquinone aglycone linked to a c - d - glucopyranose unit 2) (fig. 1). the anthraquinone aglycone in ca is kermesic acid, based on a study of european scale insects belonging to the kermes group known as polish cochineal. 3 )\nthe result of the present study clearly indicates that tandem mass spectrometric detection coupled with high - performance liquid chromatography is essential for the unequivocal identification of polish cochineal. the ms / ms fragmentation experiments enable fast and reliable evaluation of even limited number of samples .\na naturally - dyed and handwoven bag from patabamba, peru, using cochineal dyed yarn in lower half .\n]. however, this statistical method requires a large number of reference samples to create a correct model, which seems to be particularly difficult given the limited availability of polish cochineal. the present study demonstrates that detection of minor but characteristic compounds can also be an efficient tool for identification of polish cochineal in the historical samples, especially if access to the respective number of dye samples is restricted. nevertheless, if only appropriate reference materials are available, further studies using pls - da would be undertaken in order to validate the coherence of these two independent approaches .\n], the composition of colorants in polish and armenian cochineals is very similar; in both dyes pp2, pp6, pp7, pp10, or pp12 may be found .\n- glucoside of flavokermesic acid, present mainly in american cochineal). despite nearly the same retention times, they were differentiated on the basis of their different mass and spectrophotometric spectra. even though dcii was not noted in polish cochineal, this compound always accompanied pp6 in the extracts obtained from the historical threads. nonetheless, dcii is not a marker of any dye, and may be present in\nin the eighteenth century cochineal became known in the rest of europe and was much sought after. as demand for cochineal increased stricter laws about the production were enacted, which controlled the purity of the dye and guarded against illegal importation of cochineal. other countries took steps to learn about the cultivation of cochineal to circumvent the virtual monopoly spain had in the cochineal trade. in 1777 the french sent a botanist, thiery de menonville, to oaxaca to observe the production of cochineal. 12 menonville published the findings of his trip in 1787 in a book entitled traité de la culture du nopal et de l' education de la cochenille dans les colonies françaises de l' amérique; précédé d' une voyage a guaxaca. 13 the french attempted to cultivate cochineal in haiti but were unsuccessful. 14\nthe english also made attempts to learn more about the cultivation of cochineal so that they could grow their own crops. the botanist james anderson wrote a series of letters in the 1790s to a colleague in india regarding the importation of cochineal into hindostan. anderson sent samples of the nopal cactus and crates of cochineal bugs from mexico to his contact in india in an attempt to try to establish the cultivation of cochineal there, but the enterprise was ultimately unsuccessful. 15 there were also attempts to import cochineal to south carolina for cultivation. some estimated that one slave could tend to four acres of nopal. another writer suggested that one slave could tend to ten to twelve acres of the plants. the cultivation of cochineal appeared to be a very lucrative enterprise, but the nopal cactus did not take there. 16 in 1828, the dutch succeeded in establishing cochineal in java, but new spain remained the main source of cochineal .\non the populations of mealybugs in our study is the first in algeria. equal distribution of cochineal species is minimal ,\nthe quantitative determination of selected dyestuff components by high performance liquid chromatography, diode - array detection, and post - run data manipulation was used to recognize dyes on historic yarns prepared from dactylopius coccus (american cochineal), kermococcus vermilio (kermes), porphyrophora polonica (polish cochineal), porphyrophora hamelii (ararat cochineal), or kerria lacca (indian lac). study of scale - insect red dyes suggests a rather widespread use of mixed primary sources, not only of insect reds alone, but also in combination with plant reds and tannins .\na prickly pear in the phoenix valley provides a home for cochineal insects covered in a white bloom of very fine hairs .\nbooks for the serious dyer, dominique cardon’s natural dyes is a must read. a classic study is fred gerber’s 1978 book, cochineal and the insect dyes. for a fascinating history of cochineal, read amy butler greenfield’s, a perfect red. for a beautiful look at objects in museum collections, check out cochineal red: the art history of a color by elena phipps\n- d - glucopyranoside of flavokermesic acid (dcofka). its occurrence has already been reported in the case of american cochineal [\nthe presence of 10 species of cochineal (homoptera: coccoidea) belonging to eight genera and four families (table 1) .\ncochineal (dactylopius coccus) is an insect very like the kermes insect, and lives on some cacti or prickly pears. the cochineal beetle is a primarily sessile parasite, feeding on moisture and nutrients in the cacti or prickly pears that form its habitat .\nearly observers were confused about the source of cochineal. some thought the dye came from the seed of a plant while others correctly identified the source of the dye as an insect. 5 cochineal comes from a shield insect similar to the kermes. these insects lay their eggs on the leaves or pencas of the nopal cactus, also known as the prickly pear or indian fig. 6 wild cochineal, also known as grana silvestra, could be harvested up to six times a year. this cochineal was covered with a white hairy powder and produced a higher quality dye. cultivated cochineal, or grana fina, could be harvested three times a year. 7\neuropeans first became aware of cochineal in the new world in 1523 when hernán cortés heard about the existence of nocheztli or grana, which had been used as a dyestuff by the aztec and mexican indians since time immemorial. 3 specimens of cochineal were taken to spain in the 1520s and records show that cloth merchants in antwerp were buying cochineal in insect and powdered form in spain by the 1540s. 4\nas a natural dye, the red from polish cochineal is a mixture of colorants, the composition of which is very similar to other animal red dyes such as american or armenian cochineals. they all contain mainly carminic acid and many minor colorants (i. e. , flavokermesic acid, kermesic acid, dcii, dciv, dcvii) [\ncochineal extract is hydrophilic and stable to heat and light. cochineal extract changes color depending on the ph, without forming a sediment, and therefore it has been widely used as a natural dye for food additives, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. 1) however, allergic reactions probably induced by the intake of cochineal extract have been reported, and the reaction is likely triggered by proteins and peptides in the insect, d. coccus. 4 – 6) for this reason, highly purified ca prepared from cochineal extract is often used in food additives. however, further investigation into minor compounds in commercial products is required to maintain the quality assurance of cochineal extract and ensure food safety .\ncochineal remained one of the most important sources of red dyestuffs until the 1850s, when the first synthetic dyes, called aniline dyes, were produced. the introduction of red azo dyes in the 1880s provided a cheaper synthetic alternative to cochineal and production of it essentially ceased. 17\nbrandt (two closely related species) are very similar. moreover, due to the limited availability of polish cochineal caused by decrease in its population and its protection by law, the content of the main colorants determined by the authors of the studies until now constituted the only base for the identification of this dye in pieces of art. in this way\nin addition as a dye for textiles, cochineal became widely used as a food colouring. cakes, cookies, beverages, jam, jelly, ice cream, sausages, pies, dried fish, yogurt, cider, maraschino cherries and tomato products were brightened with it as were chewing gum, pills and cough drops. cosmetic rouge was developed with cochineal as the main ingredient. cochineal is still widely used in cosmetics .\nkawecki z, 1971. a note on some european lecaniidae (coccoidea) with new additions of the austrian, british, italian and polish fauna. bulletin de l’academie polonaise des sciences, 19: 255 - 260 .\nby the seventeenth century the production of cochineal had spread through all of new spain. around 1620, the governor of yucatán, antonio de figueroa had almost three million nopal seeds planted in that peninsula. the production of cochineal was a vital product in the trade between the americas and spain. 10 the cultivation of cochineal spread into central and south america and was successful in honduras, guatemala, san salvador, and nicaragua. 11\nthe aim of the study was to create a fingerprint of color compounds present in polish cochineal and to find its markers, which would allow distinguishing of this dye from other reds of animal origin, primarily american cochineal. for this reason, hplc - uv–vis - esi qqq ms system was used. the compounds separated on a reverse phase phenyl column were detected spectrophotometrically at various wavelengths as well as by the use of mass spectrometer in the negative ion mode under various acquisition conditions. ms detection performed in the full\ncochineal was already used as a colour by the aztec and maya peoples of central and north america. cochineal was a commodity of much value, even comparable to gold. cities send bags of cochineal to the capital tenochtitlán as a yearly contribute to the emperor. the spanish conquerors of central america saw the value of the dye, which produced a much better colour than the dyes used in europe at the time. the dye, which at the time was mainly used in cosmetics and textiles and to a lesser extend in foods, became very popular in europe. roman catholic cardinals robes were coloured with cochineal, as were the jackets of the british military. cochineal was a highly prized product and was regularly traded on the london and amsterdam commodity exchanges. as its origins were not known to most europeans, the american colonists bought their cochineal from europe, instead directly from mexico ...\ncarmine (made from cochineal insects) is much more concentrated than the traditional red dyes of madder root, kermes, polish cochineal and brazilwood. it was in high demand throughout europe, coloring the fabrics of royalty, nobility, and church leaders. for several centuries it was the most important insect dye used in hand - woven oriental rugs. michelangelo used carmine in his paints, and the dye lent distinction to the uniforms of the british redcoats (shown here), the hussars, the turks and the royal canadian mounted police .\nin addition to dye for fabric, cochineal became widely used as a food coloring. cakes, cookies, beverages, jam, jelly, ice cream, sausages, pies, dried fish, yogurt, cider, maraschino cherries and tomato products were brightened with it as were chewing gum, pills and cough drops. cosmetic rouge was developed with cochineal as the main ingredient. but while ever more diverse uses were found for cochineal, it’s origin remained a mystery .\nthis is the name of an azo dye, e124, which bears no resemblance with cochineal, but produces a similar colour, hence the (confusing) name .\ncochineal extract is the concentrated solution obtained after removing the alcohol from an aqueous - alcoholic extract of the dried bodies of a female insect (coccus cactic l .) .\napart from grown dyes, medieval dyers used also local, wild - growing plants, fungi and lichens, and also insects. a widely known dye were the larvae of a local (poland, lithuania, parts of germany) insect called polish cochineal (polish carmine scale) (porphyrophora polonica v. cocus polonicus) that produced a beautiful, rich scarlet. it was exported since the early middle ages to many west european countries. another scale insect producing beautiful shades of scarlet was so called kermes (kermes vermillio), imported to the cities of northern europe from the mediterranean. the use of both these insects were gradually abandoned with introduction of imported cochineal. few centuries earlier no less important dye was tyrian purple, in the times of the roman empire produced from sea snails (murex trunculus, murex brandaris). it was the most expensive dye of the antiquity .\nwitness the beautiful life cycle of a polish cochineal (porphyrophora polonica) and its host plant, the knawel. both are rather unassuming, which helps them avoid predation. the cochineal doesn' t like to bring it, but if forced it will step up (meaning, be chewed thoroughly enough that it releases foul - tasting red liquids .) while bug flour may be the salvation for an overcrowded, resource - depleted world, these critters probably won' t be factor into any waffles or baguettes. (illustration from johann philip breyn' s 1731 historia naturalis cocci radicum tincttorii quod polonicum vulgo audit. )\nin this paper, we described the isolation and structural elucidation of a novel anthraquinone compound, spiroketalcarminic acid (1), as a minor pigment isolated from commercial cochineal extract .\nis a scale insect known as polish cochineal. at times, it has been commercially cultivated to produce a red dye based on its carminic acid content. it was primarily cultivated in the area of eastern europe that now contains poland and ukraine. in the 1400 and 1500s, trade in the dye flourished. trade plummeted when the spanish began to import mexican cochineal from north america in the 1540s. it became no longer profitable to produce the dye and knawel cultivation was replaced by other crops. at the end of the 1700s when trade opened between eastern europe and the orient, the dye was once again in demand and\ncochineal comes from the cochineal insect, which produces carminic acid to protect itself from its insect predators. carmine dye is made from carminic acid, which is extracted from the female beetles’ body and eggs. this deep crimson dye is used to produce scarlet, orange, and other shades of red, and is found in cosmetics and as a food colorant .\none reason cochineal is prized is its stability as a dye. the color remains constant over time, and is one of the most resistant natural colorants to the effects of light, heat and oxidation, even more so than some synthetic colorants. you can identify carmine dyes in food and cosmetics as e120, cochineal, or natural red 4 on packaging labels .\nthe polish cochineal was dried using a lyophilizer, alpha 1–2 ld, martin christ (osterode am harz, germany). extraction of colorants was performed with the use of an ultrasonic bath, branson model 1210 (danbury, ct, usa) as well as with a water bath, memmert wb 10 (schwabach, germany), and the extract was separated from the residue using centrifuge mpw - 350r, mpw med. instruments (warsaw, poland) .\non the 1st july 2016, ttt member ana serrano presented and discussed her phd dissertation, with the title “the red road of the iberian expansion: cochineal and the global dye trade”, which aimed to explore the impact of american cochineal in the global trade, and its importance in the main european and asian textile centres, between the 16th and the 18th centuries .\ncarminic acid of analytical chemical grade was purchased from fluka (buchs, switzerland), kermesic acid was kindly donated by dr. ioannis karapanagiotis (ormylia art diagnosis center, greece), and flavokermesic acid was obtained from a mixture of natural product known as lac dye, which was purchased from kremer - pigmente (aichstetten, germany). polish cochineal was harvested by bożena łagowska and katarzyna golan (department of entomology, university of life sciences, lublin, poland) and kindly donated by jerzy holc (the head of conservation workshop of historical textiles at wawel royal castle, kraków, poland). american cochineal was purchased from kremer - pigmente (aichstetten, germany) .\nhowever, because of health concerns over synthetic colorants and food additives, there is a renewed interest in natural dyes. some artists prefer to use natural dyes, creating a market for carmine oil paints and watercolors. production of cochineal dyes, known to be non - toxic and non - carcinogenic, has once more become viable for applications in medicine, food production, and cosmetics. cactus crops in mexico, guatemala, and the canary islands are in use as commercial cochineal production sites. a small number of people are allergic to cochineal, and react with anaphylactic shock symptoms .\nuntil the end of the 15th century, the richest red fabrics were dyed with kermes, lac dye and polish and armenian cochineal. these insect dyes were collected from plant roots and tree branches growing in certain parts of europe and asia, and they were traded between both continents, by way of major commercial routes, such as the silk road. thus, they travelled great distances to reach the main textile industries, where they were used to colour fine and expensive cloths, meant for the wealthy elites .\nfull citations for books: greenfield, amy butler, 2005, a perfect red, harper perennial, new york. cardon, dominique, 2007, natural dyes, archetype publications, london. gerber, frederick, 1978, cochineal and the insect dyes, ormond beach, fl. phipps, elena, 2010, cochineal red: the art history of a color, yale university press, new haven, ct .\nthe insects are killed by immersion in hot water (after which they are dried) or by exposure to sunlight, steam, or the heat of an oven. each method produces a different colour which results in the varied appearance of commercial cochineal. the insects must be dried to about 30 percent of their original body weight before they can be stored without decaying. it takes about 155, 000 insects to make one kilogram of cochineal .\na multidisciplinary investigation, combining history, textile objects from museum collections, and chemistry, aimed to explore the impact of cochineal as a commercial product in the global circulation of dyestuffs, and its importance in... more\nin this tutorial, it is described step - by - step how to characterize chromatographic results of cochineal dyes found in fibre samples from historical textiles, through models developed with partial - least squares discriminant analysis... more\nin our evaluation of the purities of commercial products of cochineal extract; cochineal extract for food additives, carmine that is an aluminum salt of cochineal extract used as a natural dye for food additives and in cosmetics, 17) and a reagent of ca used as a standard, we found three remarkable minor pigments in all these samples. two of these pigments were identified as known compounds, dciv and dcvii as isomers of ca, by comparing their mass and nmr data with previously reported data. however, the mass spectral data of the other minor pigment did not agree with any previously reported data of minor compounds detected in the extracts of dried insects and traditional art objects .\n] also do not seem to be a solution to the problem of differentiation and identification of cochineal species. despite numerous advantages of these techniques, without separating the components of mixtures they are not able to detect discrete nuances in the composition of minor colorants between different cochineals, especially considering the dominant content of carminic acid in these dyestuffs. however, mass spectrometry coupled with high - performance liquid chromatography has already been used for identification of anthraquinones in american cochineal [\ncochineal it is neither toxic nor known to be carcinogenic. however, the dye can induce an anaphylactic - shock reaction in a small number of people, due to impurities in the preparation, not due to the carminic acid .\nin this tutorial, it is described step - by - step how to characterize chromatographic results of cochineal dyes found in fibre samples from historical textiles, through models developed with partial - least squares discriminant analysis (pls - da). this tutorial has been developed in the framework of the doctoral project “the red road of the iberian expansion: cochineal and the global dye trade”. you may find this tutorial, along with pls - da models, at urltoken .\nharvested cochineal insects were killed by immersion in hot water, steam, or baking in an oven. they were then dried and crushed. this method was developed by the aztec and mayan people of central and north america, where the cochineal insects’ natural cactus habitat is found. after columbus and the colonization of the americas, demand from europe increased the scale of production of this highly prized dye. nowadays, a variety of methods are employed to extract carmine dye .\n- hexosides of kermesic and flavokermesic acids, or deoxyerythrolaccin. five of them (i. e. , pp2, pp6 (ppi), pp7 (ppii), pp10, and pp12) are proposed as specific markers of polish cochineal because of their complete absence in american cochineal and the relatively high intensity of their chromatographic peaks. hence, it can be assumed that these compounds can also participate in the dyeing process by bonding with the fiber via various mordants. as a consequence, they can be detected and identified using advanced techniques, such as hplc - uv–vis or hplc - esi ms / ms. however, they can be observed in the extracts only when mild isolation procedure (with addition of formic acid instead of previously used hydrochloric one) is carried out. particular attention has to be paid to pp6 (ppi ,\nthe aim of this study was to define compounds of porphyrophora polonica l. by hplc - dad - esi qqq ms, and consequently to indicate markers for distinguishing of polish cochineal from other similar dyes of animal origin. the colorants separated on a reverse phase phenyl column were detected spectrophotometrically at 277, 287, 435, 495, and 525 nm, and examined by ms / ms in the negative ion mode. the obtained data formed the basis for the multiple reaction monitoring (mrm) method, used originally for identification of colorants in historical red textiles from the collection of the national museum in warsaw .\nnatural red dyes have long been associated with power and extravagance, as they were expensive to acquire and the dyeing process was complex and required specialized knowledge. until the end of the 15th century, cochineal, kermes and lac... more\ngranara de willink mc, 1998. reubicación sistemática de\nla cochinilla del delta\n( homoptera: coccidae). [ systematic relocation of the\ndelta cochineal\n( homoptera: coccidae). ] insecta mundi, 12: 149 - 153 .\nwhat do we see when we look in our red natural dye pots? passion, fire, fertility, blood, desire? each caldron of color is infused with history, tradition, and cultural meaning—all swirling with stories. the red dyes have invoked strong feelings and cloaked royalty since ancient times and this summer we will explore three red dyes: american cochineals, lac and madder. our cochineal investigation focuses on peru, a country that now produces the largest amount of red cochineal dye in the world .\na multidisciplinary investigation, combining history, textile objects from museum collections, and chemistry, aimed to explore the impact of cochineal as a commercial product in the global circulation of dyestuffs, and its importance in the main centres of textile production in europe and in asia. the outcome brought assertive interpretations about the investigated textiles and the dynamics of american cochineal in european and asian societies. this approach has shown to be a recommendable methodology to adopt in future projects for the characterization of insect dyes in cultural heritage objects .\ncochineal is one of the few natural and water - soluble colorants that resist degradation with time. it is the most light - and heat - stable and oxidation - resistant of all the natural colorants and is even more stable than some synthetic food colours .\napart from the aforementioned novel glycoside compounds, another constituent (co - eluted with pp15 at 27. 4 min) was found in the extract from polish cochineal. its [ m − h ] − ion at m / z 269 gives the ms / ms spectrum almost identical to that of flavokermesic acid, but does not consist of a signal corresponding to the loss of co 2. this similarity allowed its identification as deoxyerythrolaccin (doe, flavokermesic acid without the carboxylic group). this hypothesis seems to be justified by the fact that its o - glycosides (pp2, pp10, pp12, and pp13) are also identified in the extract .\nthe social meaning of textiles cannot be underestimated. all are created within a particular cultural context and reflect ways of thinking and acting on the materials available in that culture. in peru, the making of textiles extends into the deep past and cochineal (cochinilla) has been used in that cloth production since the nasca culture (ad 1 - 700), long before the inca created their brilliant red clothing. the center for traditional textiles of cusco is one peruvian weaving community still producing fine heritage textiles using local cochineal ,\nwith the introduction of commercial synthetic dyes in the late 19th century, the natural dye industry began to diminish. a process that involved the intensive manual labor of breeding the cochineal insects and handpicking them was no competition for laboratory production, which became increasingly inexpensive .\nexplore history once the spanish saw cochineal in the aztec plazas, they cornered the market and funded their empire on the backs of tiny scale insects. cochineal red spread from the americas to europe then to the middle east and textiles colored with this valuable dye can be found in collections all over the world. red was the color at the top of the heap, highly prized and its secrets protected. an in - depth history of this amazing dye can be discovered in amy butler greenfield’s wonderful book, a perfect red .\n; 25: 393–410), but specified only as compounds of unknown structures) that do not occur (e. g. , in american cochineal). the ms / ms experiments, complemented with uv–vis data, enable identification of mono - and di - ,\nyou' ll no doubt recall this comparison of a cochineal dude and dudette from doctor henry hartshorne' s 1881 houshold cyclopedia. females are fat and sedentary, whereas males have peace signs coming out of their butts and die almost instantly after fertilizing their mates' eggs .\nfor this, she undertook a comprehensive revision of historical publications and primary printed sources related to the trade and use of american cochineal as a red textile colorant, as well as of other eurasian insect dyes. since historical information is not always available in the literature, relevant evidence may also be found in the examination of historical textiles. therefore, interpretations based on the historiography were intertwined with luxurious historical textile objects (dating from the 15th to 17th centuries), by following a pioneering chemical method to determine the presence of cochineal on their red colours .\nlecanium persicae goidanichi kawecki, 1962: 17. type data: italy: western alps, cueno, on pinus sylvestris and on viscum album. syntypes, female and first instar. type depository: warsaw: museum of the institute of zoology, polish academy of sciences, poland. described: female and first instar. synonymy by kosztarab & kozar, 1988: 223. notes: syntypes include first and second instar larva .\nin the 19 th century the insects were imported and grown on a large scale on the canary islands and the mexican monopoly came to an end. in 1868, the canary islands exported six million pounds of cochineal, equivalent to 420. 000. 000. 000 insects... .\ntwo mg of lyophilized and ground polish cochineal was extracted with 250 μ l of methanol. the solution was kept in an ultrasonic bath for 15 min, and in a water bath (at 60 °c) for the next 15 min, then filtered over a 0. 22 μ m pet syringe filter. dilution of the extract with water (1: 1, v / v) resulted in immediate precipitation of a white solid, which was separated by centrifugation (10, 000 rpm, 70 min, 21 °c) through amicon ultra - 0. 5 centrifugal filter unit with ultracel - 3 membrane shut - off compounds above 3 kda (merck millipore ltd. , carrigtwohill, ireland). the obtained solution was analyzed as described above .\nana serrano developed a multidisciplinary phd project - combining history, textile objects from museum collections, and chemistry - to explore american cochineal’s long - distance trade between the 16th and the 18th centuries, as well as its impact in european and asian centres of textile production, in relation to traditional dyes .\nnatural red dyes have long been associated with power and extravagance, as they were expensive to acquire and the dyeing process was complex and required specialized knowledge. until the end of the 15th century, cochineal, kermes and lac insects were collected and traded throughout europe and asia. at the beginning of the 16th century, the castilians began exporting american cochineal from mexico, which was richer in colorant than the european and asian insects. this dyestuff became a great success in european and asian centres of textile production, and a lucrative commodity for the economy of the castilian empire throughout the colonial period. this phd project aims to take a closer look at the overall circulation of american cochineal as a commercial product and its dynamics in the process of revolutionizing ancient dyeing practices among 16th‐ and 18th‐century european and asian textile workshops. archlab access provided the opportunity to gain knowledge about the contents of th ...\nthe demand for cochineal fell sharply with the appearance on the market of alizarin crimson and many other artificial (food and textile) dyes discovered in europe in the middle of the 19 th century. trade in cochineal almost totally disappeared in the course of the 20 th century, but in recent years it has become commercially valuable again as many producers (and consumers) prefer natural colours over synthetic colours. however, most consumers are unaware that the ‘natural colouring e120' refers to a dye that is derived from an insect. it is thus not suitable for vegetarians and is banned by some religions .\nwiki user zyance approached this gaggle of giggling bugs on an opuntia cactus, their favorite gathering place. the matchhead - sized females also rebuffed him. the canaries are full of stuck - up cochineal due to the area' s history as a bug ranch. in 1868, locals exported 420 billion of the dye - making insects worldwide .\nextract of american cochineal for comparative analysis was prepared by dissolving 4 mg of dried powder in 1 ml of methanol. in this case, centrifugation was not required as precipitation did nor form. the obtained solution, before further analysis steps, was diluted 30 times with a mixture of methanol and water (1: 1, v / v) .\nnot that you' ve boiled down your dried insects into carmine, you are ready to make some kick - ass tie - dyed shirts or a historical replica of a british army uniform. seriously: the red coats used to march into battle wearing cochineal - bug threads, and the robes of catholic cardinals were buggy, too. (uglyagnes / flickr )\nkermes insects (kermes vermillio, kermes palestinensis) are scale insects from the mediterranean region that are parasitic on several species of dryland oak shrubs. a brilliant red dye is extracted from the shell of the female insects, which huddle immobile in clusters on the wood. their use has been documented since ancient times, when this color was known as the “king’s red” and treasured as a painter’s pigment. the dye is made using kermesic acid, produced by the kermes insects. cochineal replaced kermes as the red dye of choice when it was brought back to europe from the “new world” of america. the dyes are comparable in color quality and intensity, but cochineal dye is 10 or 12 times as effective as the kermes dye .\nmost europeans thought it was extracted from berries or cereals because the dried insects looked like grains of wheat. this misconception was promoted by the spanish, who had launched a brutal cover - up of the dye making process as soon as they realized cochineal’s potential. many new world natives unfortunate enough to have chosen a career in red dye production were simply put to death .\nf or centuries europeans sought the perfect red dye, red being a color much valued and somewhat difficult to obtain. red could be obtained from various plant sources such as madder root and related alizarin - based dyestuffs. the other main source of red came from insects. the best of these insect sources was american cochineal, which provided the best intensity of color and was most readily available. 1 a similar insect dye was known in europe in the form of the kermes insect (kermes vermilio), a shield - louse that lives on the host tree kermes oak. in the later middle ages these insects were gathered commercially in several mediterranean countries and sold throughout europe. kermes dyes have been found in the ecclesiastical burial wrappings in fourteenth and fifteenth - century england, at baynards castle in the fourteenth - century layers, and in anglo - scandinavian york. kermes fell out of use with the introduction of cochineal in the sixteenth century due to the simple fact that, while the two dyes were comparable in quality and color intensity, ten to twelve times as much kermes was needed to produce the same effect as cochineal. 2\nlac insects produce a red dye very similar to those of the cochineal and kermes insects, but are also known for their production of a glassy resin processed to produce shellac. also scale insects, the laccifer lacca or kerria lacca insects secrete a resin to protect themselves between hatching and maturing into adults. they are found in huge colonies on a variety of trees in southeast asia .\nmethanol of lc / ms purity was purchased from poch (gliwice, poland), formic acid (> 99. 5 %) of lc / ms purity, from fisher scientific (fair lawn, nj, usa), and hydrochloric acid (35–38 %) of analytical grade, from applichem (darmstadt, germany). demineralized water was made using milli - q system model millipore elix 3 (molsheim, france). examined fibers were taken from seven polish textiles dated to the 17th–19th century and provided by ewa orlińska - mianowska from the textile division of the national museum in warsaw .\nbetween the end of the 15th century and beginning of the 16th, the portuguese and the spanish expanded their empires to the americas. this eventually led to the exploitation and export of local sources. for instance, while the portuguese soon dedicated to the exploitation of brazilwood, the spanish came to establish a monopoly in american cochineal that was of paramount value, ranking in price after silver and gold among exports to spain .\nthe female insects laid hundreds of eggs on the nopal plant and thirty - five to forty days later the young hatched and fed on the nopal for five months. these insects were then gathered and dried by laying them in the sun or heating them over a low fire. 8 the dried bodies of the insects were then crushed and used with a mordant, in particular tin - chloride, to produce the brilliant cochineal red. 9\nthe purities of cochineal extract, carmine, and ca reagent were evaluated by uplc - pda - esi - tof / ms analysis. we found three remarkable minor pigments in all the samples and these pigments were observed as consecutive peaks on chromatograms (fig. 2). the first and second peaks were identified as two isomers of ca, dciv and dcvii, respectively, by comparing with ms and nmr data reported previously. 13) in aqueous conditions, ca equilibrates with dciv and dcvii and ca is a major compound, since the c - glucose moiety in ca is a stable glucopyranose form, whereas dciv and dcvii are unstable glucofranose forms. a kinetic study using purified dciv and dcvii previously revealed the equilibrium state between ca, dcvi, and dcvii in aqueous conditions. 15) thus, these two isomers (dciv and dcvii) are constitutive minor components of cochineal samples .\ncarmine (derived from cochineal) is used to color food and drinks red. carmine can be found in food such as meat, sausages, processed poultry products (meat products cannot be colored in the united states unless they are labeled as such), bakery products, cookies, desserts, icings, pie fillings, jams, preserves, gelatin desserts, juice beverages, varieties of cheddar cheese, yogurts, ice - cream and other dairy products, sauces and sweets .\nultimately, this has contributed to achieve an unparalleled view of the global circulation of american cochineal in the early modern world, as well as unique perspectives about its overall impact in european and asian dyeing traditions and patterns of consumption of red dye sources. indeed, it became clear that a gradual but clear adoption of this insect dye in europe and in west asia occurred, while local insect dyes kept a representative role in on - going practices, especially in east and southeast asia .\ndye technique various techniques work for the dyeing of materials using cochineal. my favorite method is to grind the dried bugs in a small coffee grinder dedicated to dye materials. weigh the required amount to get the desired shade. boil the ground dye matter for 15 minutes and add a pinch of cream of tartar. strain the liquid into a dyepot. repeat two more times without the cream of tartar, adding water as needed and pouring dye liquid from each boil into the dyepot. this may seem like a lot of work, but will extract the most dye from your precious stash of bugs. add fibers to the dyepot and simmer for at least 30 minutes. leave in the dye bath to cool. this bath can be used repeatedly until the water is clear. water is key in this process. cochineal is extremely sensitive to chemicals in the water. try one bath with your tap water to see the results. clear reds can usually be obtained by using distilled water, including rinsing in distilled water. as with all natural dyeing, experimentation will be your guide." ]

{ "text": [ "polish cochineal ( porphyrophora polonica ) , also known as polish carmine scales , is a scale insect formerly used to produce a crimson dye of the same name , colloquially known as \" saint john 's blood \" .", "the larvae of p. polonica are sessile parasites living on the roots of various herbs — especially those of the perennial knawel — growing on the sandy soils of central europe and other parts of eurasia .", "before the development of aniline , alizarin , and other synthetic dyes , the insect was of great economic importance , although its use was in decline after the introduction of mexican cochineal to europe in the 16th century . " ], "topic": [ 28, 8, 17 ] }

[ "polish cochineal (porphyrophora polonica), also known as polish carmine scales, is a scale insect formerly used to produce a crimson dye of the same name, colloquially known as \" saint john's blood \". the larvae of p. polonica are sessile parasites living on the roots of various herbs — especially those of the perennial knawel — growing on the sandy soils of central europe and other parts of eurasia. before the development of aniline, alizarin, and other synthetic dyes, the insect was of great economic importance, although its use was in decline after the introduction of mexican cochineal to europe in the 16th century." ]

[ "keeping lesser hedgehog tenrecs in captivity has helped biologists learn much about this tenrec species and tenrec biology in general. there are 4 other species of tenrec that do well in captivity: the common tenrec (the largest tenrec species), the greater hedgehog tenrec (the larger cousin of the lesser hedgehog tenrec) and the 2 species of streaked tenrec (tenrecs with little yellow and black stripes). there is still a vast amount to learn about these species and their wild cousins .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - common tenrec (tenrec ecaudatus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - common tenrec (tenrec ecaudatus )\ntitle =\narkive species - common tenrec (tenrec ecaudatus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ntenrec has made managing our site easy and efficient. both our north america and greater china teams rely on tenrec to keep our site updated and secure. ”\nlowland streaked tenrec (hemicentetes semispinosus). photo by rhett a. butler / mongabay\n“we partnered with tenrec several years ago to help us improve both our web site functionality and design. tenrec exceeded our expectations, and consistently provides us with exemplary service. ”\n] was a problem for drawing final conclusions about tenrec colonization timing. it now appears that\ninformation on the common tenrec is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\n[ … ] here and got me interested in the group. the amazing multipurpose tenrec introductory article: tenrec series: the amazing multi - purpose tenrecs eco facts the otter that is notter giant otter - shrews: tenrec series: the otter that is notter eco facts [ … ]\nghr sequences and compare it with the level of molecular divergence displayed within the malagasy tenrec clade .\n] to be the first malagasy tenrec genus to have diverged, its absence from poux et al. [\nthe common tenrec is endemic to madagascar, though has been introduced to nearby islands in the indian ocean .\nan omnivrous species, the common tenrec will eat food such as invertebrates, small mammals, and fruit .\nthe common tenrec is a solitary animal and attempts to avoid conspecifics; with the exception of mother and young .\nlesser and greater hedgehog tenrecs are the only tenrec species completely covered in spines. the spines are modified hairs .\n, the web - footed tenrec, has led to controversies. its specialized morphological features brought some authors to the conclusion that\n“ [ tenrec is ] always available and willing to find cost - conscious ways to bring my ideas to life. without hesitation i trust tenrec with our online reputation and our brand, and those are pretty precious assets for our firm. ”\n]; none comprised a taxon sampling broad enough to delineate the successive tenrec speciation events. the study by douady et al. [\nper and his team are very responsive, organized, and thoughtful. tenrec was able to take our very high - level design concepts and turn them into a well - designed, user - friendly application. most importantly, it is easy and enjoyable to work with tenrec. ”\n]) might help to resolve this issue, and subsequently to understand the morphological evolution of the aquatic specialization of the web - footed tenrec .\n“tenrec has been fantastic to work with on our mini sites. excellent client service and great people. they are a 5 - star vendor! ”\nlesser hedgehog tenrecs are one of 30 species of tenrec found on the island of madagascar. tenrecs are the most diverse mammalian family on the island .\n), and that the semi - aquatic behavior was an example of convergence acquired twice during tenrec evolution [ guth et al. [ 1959 ] in [\none of the most important of the common tenrec' s senses may be the long whiskers and the sensitive hairs on the back; these are used to detect vibrations. the common tenrec' s eyesight is better than that of most tenrecids and may also be an important sense. in addition, observations of captive\nthe common tenrec occurs on madagascar and on the comoro islands, between madagascar and africa. it has been introduced on reunion, mauritius, and the seychelle islands .\nmost of the tenrec species are not well known. scientists have not studied many of the tenrecs in the wild and not many of them are in zoos. the lesser hedgehog tenrec is an exception. the lesser hedgehog tenrec has been kept in captivity since the well - known author and conservationist gerald durrell brought them to the uk in the hope they would breed. in august 1967 they did just that! this was the first recorded breeding in the uk and there were more baby tenrecs to come .\n), which share a shrew - like appearance and a small size, remains more open. most earlier, molecular studies did not include more than five tenrec species [\nto cite this page: gorog, a. 1999 .\ntenrec ecaudatus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 09, 2018 at urltoken\nasher rj, hofreiter m: tenrec phylogeny and the noninvasive extraction of nuclear dna. syst biol. 2006, 55: 181 - 194. 10. 1080 / 10635150500433649 .\nour results provide as yet the best resolved gene tree comprising all malagasy tenrec genera, and may lead to a revision of tenrec taxonomy. a timeframe of tenrec evolution built on the basis of this solid phylogenetic framework showed that morphological specializations of the tenrecs may have been affected by environmental changes caused by climatic and / or subsequent colonization events. analyses including various taxon sampling and data partitions allow us to point out some possible pitfalls that may lead to biased results in molecular dating; however, further analyses are needed to corroborate these observations .\nthe common tenrec has been an important food source for the human inhabitants of madagascar for thousands of years. in addition, as an insectivore it undoubtedly reduces the numbers of insect pests .\nasher rj, hofreiter m: tenrec phylogeny and the noninvasive extraction of nuclear dna. syst biol. 2006, 55 (2): 181 - 194. 10. 1080 / 10635150500433649 .\n] in order to compare results inferred from similar datasets and methods). these dates are quite close to the periods of appearance of extant tenrec genera: the radiation of tenrecinae and the split between\n]. the tenrec family (tenrecidae) comprises four subfamilies, the potamogalinae from continental africa, and the tenrecinae, geogalinae and oryzorictinae from madagascar. the malagasy tenrecs are divided into eight genera and 30 species [\n“i have now been through the processes of creating a new website, as well as completely overhauling an existing website, with tenrec. they have been my go - to web and internet resource for seven years and have been extremely helpful. customer service is a top priority for the tenrec team and they excel at client care. i highly recommend them if you are looking for a partner in your project – as opposed to just a vendor. ”\nis nested within the malagasy tenrec clade, and therefore plays no role when estimating the period of colonization. consequently, the window of colonization of madagascar by tenrecs could not be narrowed. as previously concluded in poux et al. [\n“tenrec is an invaluable business partner. our website is engaging with streamlined content and audience - focused design. our experience database and proposal generator are user - friendly technologies that allow me to respond to rfps and pitches quickly and effectively. ”\n). consequently, the results of the latter three studies are, as can be expected, rather similar. the present study, with the broadest taxon and gene sampling, estimates the tenrecs / golden mole split at 69 ± 4 mya, followed by the divergence between african and malagasy tenrecs at 47 ± 4 mya. the malagasy tenrec radiation began 29 ± 3 mya, and several diversification events spread over time gave rise to the totality of malagasy tenrec genera around between 20 ± 1 mya and 7 ± 1 mya (table\n]. furthermore, ka (i. e. , number of nonsynonymous substitutions per nonsynonymous site) and ks (i. e. , number of synonymous substitutions per synonymous site) of pairwise tenrec sequences were calculated using the program codeml from the paml package [\nyou could bring in several different kinds of animals to live in the trees, and the water, and burrow in the ground. or you could bring in the ancestor of the tenrec and wait for it to develop into different kinds of animals that can live in all of those different places .\n“the tenrec team has been doing an amazing job for many years helping us create and maintain our website. the level of knowledge and support is second to none no matter the nature of the issue or project, and it definitely makes my job easier knowing our website is in such good hands. ”\ntenrec has developed and managed numerous fenwick web applications over a 10 year span. they are deeply knowledgeable about online marketing for law firms, so go beyond “mere” coding and work with us to define and meet business goals for their projects. we couldn' t be happier with the results .\ntenrecs are a group of mammals that lives on the island of madagascar off the coast of east africa. there are also a few tenrec species in the forests of central and west africa. people have been very confused about what kind of animals tenrecs are, and even about what groups of animals are tenrecs. this confusion is because there are species of tenrecs that look like many different kinds of animals. some tenrecs have small round bodies with spikes all over them. they look almost exactly like hedgehogs. the fossorial tenrec with the scientific name oryzorictes hova digs in the ground and looks like a mole. there are several tenrec species that look like shrews. along rivers in the rain forests of africa there are three species of tenrecs with body shapes and lifestyles similar to otters. they are called otter - shrews, although they are neither otters nor shrews! for a long time people weren’t even sure that otter - shrews were tenrecs .\nmalagasy tenrecs belong to the afrotherian clade of placental mammals and comprise three subfamilies divided in eight genera (tenrecinae: tenrec, echinops, setifer and hemicentetes; oryzorictinae: oryzorictes, limnogale and microgale; geogalinae: geogale). the diversity of their morphology and incomplete taxon sampling made it difficult until now to resolve phylogenies based on either morphology or molecular data for this group. therefore, in order to delineate the evolutionary history of this family, phylogenetic and dating analyses were performed on a four nuclear genes dataset (adra2b, ar, ghr and vwf) including all malagasy tenrec genera. moreover, the influence of both taxon sampling and data partitioning on the accuracy of the estimated ages were assessed .\nwho are tenrecs related to? because the body shapes of several of the tenrec species resemble hedgehogs and shrews, people thought that tenrecs were related to these groups. scientists now think that this is wrong. by building family trees of mammal groups using genetic material, scientists now think that some of the closest relatives of tenrecs are elephants, aardvarks, and manatees !\nthis species is reported to be common on madagascar, and is not generally believed to be in need of special conservation efforts. introduced rats (genus rattus) may compete with the common tenrec in some circumstances. the iucn rates the species as being of\nleast concern ,\nit' s lowest category, and the species is not listed in the cites treaty .\nhow did this weird group of animals evolve into so many different body shapes and lifestyles? part of what explains the many different kinds of tenrecs is where they live. most tenrec species live on the island of madagascar where they have been for millions of years. dr. p. j. stephenson is a tenrec expert. he explains what happened once the tenrecs arrived in madagascar: “when tenrecs arrived (probably by rafting on logs or floating vegetation) there were no mammals so they evolved to fill many of the available niches. rodents don’t compete directly as they don’t feed on the same things. ” a niche is the way of life of an animal, what it eats and where it lives. in most habitats there are many different kinds of animals that compete for the same kind of niche. when the ancestor of the tenrec arrived on madagascar millions of years ago though there were few mammals to compete with the tenrecs. the tenrecs evolved to take over many different niches that they probably could not have if they had to compete with rodents, moles, shrews, hedgehogs, and other species .\nit is found in all natural forest formations and plantations, farmlands, secondary open wooded grasslands, and has even been recorded from urban centres. the largest tenrec species weighing up to 2 kg. it is omnivorous and enters seasonal torpor. this species has the highest reproductive potential of any mammal; the female gives birth to up to 32 young and may breed twice per year .\nis generally found near water sources in areas with ample brush and undergrowth for cover. it seems to be equally common in inland plateaus and coastal humid forests throughout madagascar, but it is absent in the arid southwestern districts. generally, the common tenrec is found in the eastern rainforests and in the gallery forests that border the river systems of the west. these animals are very common near paddy fields .\n]. these two studies found two different results concerning its phylogenetic position. the first study, comprising three mitochondrial genes (nd2, 12s rrna and trnavaline) and one nuclear marker (vwf exon 28), displayed, in a parsimony framework, the large - eared tenrec as the most basal of all malagasy tenrecs. this result was not influenced by the inclusion of morphological characters in the analyses. asher and hofreiter [\nwithin afrotheria the vast majority of the nodes received a high support, including the grouping of hyrax with sea cow and the monophyly of both afroinsectivora (macroscelidea + afrosoricida) and afroinsectiphillia (tubulidentata + afroinsectivora). strongly supported relationships were also recovered among all tenrec genera, allowing us to firmly establish the grouping of geogale with oryzorictinae, and to confirm the previously hypothesized nesting of limnogale within the genus microgale. the timeline of malagasy tenrec diversification does not reflect a fast adaptive radiation after the arrival on madagascar, indicating that morphological specializations have appeared over the whole evolutionary history of the family, and not just in a short period after colonization. in our analysis, age estimates at the root of a clade became older with increased taxon sampling of that clade. moreover an augmentation of data partitions resulted in older age estimates as well, whereas standard deviations increased when more extreme partition schemes were used .\nthe burrows of the common tenrec are usually near streams and are of two distict types. a hibernating burrow is between one and two meters long. the single entrance is plugged with soil during the period of torpor. the burrows of active common tenrecs are quite different; a y - shaped opening provides two open exit routes. the burrows serve the animals as buffers to extreme temperatures. tenrecs hibernate during the dry autumn months of may through september, when resources are limited. during this period of torpor, their bodies are cold to the touch .\nis one of the largest living insectivores. head and body length ranges from 265 to 390 mm. the coloration of the common tenrec varies geographically from grey - brown to red - brown. pelage is not dense and is a combination of hairs and blunt spines. the young have rows of white spines in longitudinal rows along their backs; these are replaced in the adult by a mane of stiff long hairs. the forelimbs are longer than the hindlimbs. the skull is cylindrical and the snout elongated. females generally have 12 nipples, but up to 29 have been recorded .\nks (i. e. , number of synonymous substitutions per synonymous site) are given in the lower left part of the table and ka (i. e. , number of nonsynonymous substitutions per nonsynonymous site) in the upper right part. the divergence between the two geogale ghr sequences (underligned) is greater than or equal to that between some other tenrec species (bold). geogale a is the sequence from the database (acc. nr. : dq202287), geogale b is our sequence. hemicent. stands for hemicentetes, and m. brevi. for microgale brevicaudata .\nwhen threatened or angered the common tenrec erects the ridge of long hairs on its back and vocalizes with hisses, squeaks, squeals, and\npiff\nsounds. if an animal is surprised in its nest it will display its truly enormous gape. if startled in the open it can run quickly to cover. disturbed young tenrecs produce an audible alarm signal through a process called stridulation, in which bristles on the midback are rubbed together. hearing this sound may cause littermates to scatter and run. stridulation may also help the young to locate one another or the mother to locate her young .\ntiming of tenrec speciation events and madagascar colonization. tree topology as in figure 1. divergence times were estimated from the concatenated dataset by a bayesian relaxed molecular clock method, with six time constraints from fossil calibrations (see material and methods). one of them, the paenungulate radiation is represented on the chronogram. black circles indicate the divergence from the non - malagasy sister group (node 2) and the initial divergence of malagasy tenrecs (node 3). standard deviations are indicated by grey bars, and 95% credibility intervals by open bars. the period of a putative land bridge between madagascar and africa at 45–26 mya [ 53 ] is shaded .\nthe complete phylogeny of the malagasy tenrec genera has now been resolved with strong support. these results should lead to a revision of the taxonomy with regard to the genus geogale (if it comprises more than one species) and the limnogale / microgale clade (if this last genus is truly paraphyletic). this solid phylogenetic and dating framework shows that the major morphological specializations of the tenrecs are not the result of fast adaptive radiations just after colonization, but would as well have been affected by ecological changes caused by climatic and / or subsequent colonization events; however, more work is still needed to understand the role of possible biotic interactions on the speciation processes of malagasy tenrecs .\njaws of tenrec ecaudatus in lateral view. these images demonstrate how adult size in an afrotherian may be reached in the absence of many permanent cheek tooth loci. the old individual above has its complete permanent dentition erupted, showing p4 - m2 worn down to their roots (umzc h5431j, image reversed). the individual below is larger, but retains its deciduous canine through dp4; their permanent successors plus m3 are still unerupted within the dentary (bmnh 70. 3. 10. 4). scale bar (in millimeters) applies to both specimens. the dotted line from the condyle to symphysis on the top specimen represents measure taken of maximum jaw length, quantified in figure 2 .\n]. our data also support these results, as the afrosoricida / macroscelidea clade (= afroinsectivora) is displayed with high confidence (pp = 1. 00 and bp = 93), and tubulidentata is found to be the sister group of this clade (pp = 1. 00 and bp = 95). with a smaller dataset (only one tenrec) the support for the afrosoricida / macroscelidea clade slightly increased (pp = 1. 00 and bp = 96). hence, enlarged taxon sampling cannot explain our strong phylogenetic results within the afrotherian clade. all four genes separately displayed afroinsectiphillia either as paraphyletic or weakly supported therefore the present results are not due to gene sampling biases. the retroposon analyses of nishihara et al. [\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ndepartment of zoology, university of cambridge, downing st, , cambridge cb2 3ej, uk .\nafrotheria comprises a newly recognized clade of mammals with strong molecular evidence for its monophyly. in contrast, morphological data uniting its diverse constituents, including elephants, sea cows, hyraxes, aardvarks, sengis, tenrecs and golden moles, have been difficult to identify. here, we suggest relatively late eruption of the permanent dentition as a shared characteristic of afrotherian mammals. this characteristic and other features (such as vertebral anomalies and testicondy) recall the phenotype of a human genetic pathology (cleidocranial dysplasia), correlations with which have not been explored previously in the context of character evolution within the recently established phylogeny of living mammalian clades .\nalthough data on the absolute timing of eruption in sengis, golden moles and tenrecs are still unknown, craniometric comparisons for ontogenetic series of these taxa show that considerable skull growth takes place prior to the complete eruption of the permanent cheek teeth. specimens showing less than half (sengis, golden moles) or two - thirds (tenrecs, hyraxes) of their permanent cheek teeth reach or exceed the median jaw length of conspecifics with a complete dentition. with few exceptions, afrotherians are closer to median adult jaw length with fewer erupted, permanent cheek teeth than comparable stages of non - afrotherians. manatees (but not dugongs), elephants and hyraxes with known age data show eruption of permanent teeth late in ontogeny relative to other mammals. while the occurrence of delayed eruption, vertebral anomalies and other potential afrotherian synapomorphies resemble some symptoms of a human genetic pathology, these characteristics do not appear to covary significantly among mammalian clades .\nmorphological characteristics shared by such physically disparate animals such as elephants and golden moles are not easy to recognize, but are now known to include late eruption of permanent teeth, in addition to vertebral anomalies, testicondy and other features. awareness of their possible genetic correlates promises insight into the developmental basis of shared morphological features of afrotherians and other vertebrates .\npmid: 18366669 pmcid: pmc2292681 doi: 10. 1186 / 1741 - 7007 - 6 - 14\nanalyses of character correlation. (a) principal coordinate analysis based on morphological characters from [ 48 ], plus those identified in figure 3. coordinates 1, 2 and 3 explain 35. 5% , 9. 4% and 6. 5% of variation, respectively (other axes do not exceed 5. 2 %). ccd - relevant characters are shown with polygons using abbreviations from figure 3. (b) correlation of number of thoracolumbar vertebrae with ratio of age at female sexual maturity to age at complete dental eruption. line represents least squares fit and does not comprise a significant correlation, remaining insignificant with outliers (petrogale, trichechus, procavia) removed. as in figure 3, dental eruption for the macropodid petrogale is based on p. concinna; vertebral number is based on p. penicillata .\ntraditionally included in the lipotyphla (= insectivora sensu stricto). various molecular studies (madsen et al. , 2001; murphy et al. , 2001 a, b; springer et al. , 1999) and syntheses of morphological and molecular data (asher et al. , 2003; liu et al. , 2001) support a clade containing tenrecs and golden moles, which stanhope et al. (1998) named afrosoricida. this name is inappropriate since this clade does not include soricids, and could lead to confusion with the soricid subgenus afrosorex hutterer, 1986. noting that tenrecomorpha butler, 1972 may be a prior, and more explicit name for this clade following simpson’s (1945) guidelines for naming superfamial taxa, bronner et al. (2003) nevertheless accepted afrosoricida because this name is entrenched in the recent literature .\nfollowing simpson (1931), the term\ntenrecoid\nhas also been widely misused as a general name for a vaguely defined grouping of (extinct and extant) taxa characterized by zalambdodonty, even though it has become clear that some of these were not technically zalambdodont, and that zalambdodonty may have arisen independently several times (e. g. broom, 1916). this further militates against its stricter nomenclatorial use, even at taxonomic ranks below order .\nthe supraordinal affiliation of the afrosoricida remains controversial. molecular data strongly support an affinity within the afrotheria, whereas morphological data suggest a closer relationship to lipotyphlans. lipotyphlan monophyly, however, is only weakly supported by cladistic analyses of morphological data (asher, 1999) and phylogenetic analyses of combined anatomical and molecular data strongly support the inclusion of afrosoricids within afrotheria (asher et al. , 2003) .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nthe placental mammalian clade afrotheria is now supported by diverse forms of genomic data, but interordinal relationships within, and morphological support for, the group remains elusive. as a means for addressing these outstanding problems, competing hypotheses of afrotherian interordinal relationships were tested through simultaneous parsimony analysis of a large data set (> 4, 590 parsimony informative characters) containing genomic data (> 17 kb of nucleotide data, chromosomal associations, and retroposons) and 400 morphological characters scored across 16 extant and 35 extinct afrotherians .\nparsimony analysis of extant taxa alone recovered the interordinal topology (afrosoricida, (( macroscelidea, tubulidentata), (hyracoidea, (proboscidea, sirenia) )) ). analysis following addition of extinct taxa instead supported afroinsectivora (afrosoricida + macroscelidea) and pseudoungulata (tubulidentata + paenungulata), as well as tethytheria (proboscidea + sirenia). this latter topology is, however, sensitive to taxon deletion and different placements of the placental root, and numerous alternative interordinal arrangements within afrotheria could not be statistically rejected. relationships among extinct stem members of each afrotherian clade were more stable, but one alleged stem macroscelidean (herodotius) never grouped with that clade and instead consistently joined pseudoungulates or paenungulates. when character transformations were optimized onto a less resolved afrotherian tree that reflects uncertainty about the group' s interordinal phylogeny, a total of 21 morphological features were identified as possible synapomorphies of crown afrotheria, 9 of which optimized unambiguously across all character treatments and optimization methods .\ninstability in afrotherian interordinal phylogeny presumably reflects rapid divergences during two pulses of cladogenesis – the first in the late cretaceous, at and just after the origin of crown afrotheria, and the second in the early cenozoic, with the origin of crown paenungulata. morphological evidence for divergences during these two pulses either never existed or has largely been\nerased\nby subsequent evolution along long ordinal branches. there may, nevertheless, be more morphological character support for crown afrotheria than is currently assumed; the features identified here as possible afrotherian synapomorphies can be further scrutinized through future phylogenetic analyses with broader taxon sampling, as well as recovery of primitive fossil afrotherians from the afro - arabian landmass, where the group is likely to have first diversified .\n], but morphological phylogenetic analyses of the placental mammal radiation continue to favor afrotherian polyphyly [ e. g. , [\n], whereas afrosoricids – which were formerly placed in the order lipotyphla alongside hedgehogs, shrews, moles, and solenodons (now eulipotyphla) – share a number of seemingly primitive morphological features with eulipotyphlans and cretaceous stem placentals. phylogenetic analyses of the longest available concatenation of afrotherian dna sequences [\nanother outstanding problem in afrotherian phylogenetics is the branching order among hyracoidea, proboscidea and sirenia within paenungulata. various types of genomic data have been collected in an effort to resolve paenungulate relationships [\n] that suggest an early preference for semi - aquatic habitus. if tethytheria is monophyletic, this adaptive pattern is best explained as having been due to common ancestry, whereas if the group is paraphyletic, semi - aquatic habitus either evolved convergently in early proboscideans and sirenians, or was an ancestral feature of paenungulata as a whole .\n] that otherwise might attract due to homoplasy rather than homology. the only recent phylogenetic analysis to have scored members of all extant afrotherian orders included only two undoubted fossil afrotherians, however, both of which were extinct paenungulates [\n], and which recovered a macroscelidean - paenungulate clade to the exclusion of perissodactyls and artiodactyls, did not sample aardvarks, tenrecs and golden moles, which lack some or all of the features that support the macroscelidean - paenungulate clade recovered in that study .\n] to create the single largest phylogenetic data set (at least 4, 590 parsimony informative characters) that has yet been brought to bear on the interrelationships of living and extinct afrotherians. included in the morphological partition are new data on recently published afrotherian fossil material from the paleogene of north africa [\n] as well as undescribed late eocene hyracoids, macroscelideans, and afrosoricids from egypt. parsimony analysis of these data reveals a new hypothesis of relationships within afrotheria, and highlights a central role for paleogene\nelephant - shrews\nin afrotherian phylogenetics .\nregardless of how morphological characters were treated [ i. e. , with selected multistate characters either unordered (= ua, unordered analysis), or ordered and scaled (= osa, ordered and scaled analysis) ], simultaneous analysis of extant taxa alone recovered paenungulata, tethytheria, a macroscelidea - tubulidentata clade, and a macroscelidea - tubulidentata - paenungulata clade to the exclusion of afrosoricida (fig .\n). aside from monophyly of paenungulata, these results are at odds with the relationships recovered by amrine - madsen et al. [\n], although among these supraordinal clades only paenungulata had high bootstrap support (fig .\n). with afrosoricida placed as the sister group of all other afrotherians, there was only one unambiguously optimized morphological synapomorphy of afrotheria in the osa (placement of the root of the zygomatic lateral to m3), none in the ua, but 24 (ua) to 30 (osa) ambiguous morphological synapomorphies of that clade. the macroscelidea - tubulidentata - paenungulata clade was supported by 69 (osa) to 71 (ua) ambiguously and 22 (ua) to 26 (osa) unambiguously optimized morphological synapomorphies .\nestimate of afrotherian interordinal phylogeny based on data from extant taxa alone. strict consensus of results from parsimony analyses of extant taxa only with all characters unordered (1 most parsimonious tree (mpt), tree length (tl) = 18428, consistency index (ci) = 0. 52, retention index (ri) = 0. 39, rescaled consistency index (rci) = 0. 26) and with some multistate characters ordered and scaled (1 mpt, tl = 18068, ci = 0. 52, ri = 0. 39, rci = 0. 26). intraordinal relationships are not shown, but in both trees are as in fig. 2. numbers above and below branches are bootstrap support values (1000 replicates) from analysis of the matrix with some multistate characters ordered and scaled (above) and with all multistate characters unordered (below) .\nphylogenetic relationships of living and extinct afrotherians. adams consensus tree summarizing results from parsimony analyses with all characters unordered (12 mpts, tl = 19478, ci = 0. 50, ri = 0. 44, rci = 0. 28) and with some morphological characters ordered and scaled (1 mpt, tl = 18689. 54, ci = 0. 50, ri = 0. 44, rci = 0. 28). branches depicted with dashes break down in the strict consensus of all 13 trees. values above and below branches are bootstrap support (1000 replicates) from analysis of the matrix with some multistate characters ordered and scaled (above) and with all multistate characters unordered (below). herodotiine taxa (alleged stem macroscelideans) are in bold face; asterisks identify\nwild card\ntaxa whose variable positions given different character treatments lead to decreased resolution in the strict consensus tree .\nparsimony analysis following addition of 35 extinct afrotherian species recovered a supraordinal branching pattern that is more consistent with amrine - madsen et al.' s [\n] tree based solely on molecular data. the macroscelidea - tubulidentata clade recovered in the analysis of extant taxa alone breaks down, and macroscelidea joined afrosoricida, forming a weakly supported afroinsectivora. the primary differences from amrine - madsen et al.' s [\n], and of hyracoidea as the sister group of tethytheria rather than of proboscidea alone. outside of paenungulata, the branching order among afrotherians was the same as in amrine - madsen et al.' s [\n] tree, but the root was placed between afroinsectivora and pseudoungulata rather than between afroinsectiphillia and paenungulata. inclusion of fossil taxa led to reduced bootstrap support for both paenungulata and tethytheria, in the former case due in part to the variable placement of the alleged stem macroscelidean\n, which in different equally parsimonious trees emerged as the sister taxon of either pseudoungulata, tubulidentata, paenungulata, or hyracoidea, but never as a sister group of crown macroscelidea. the lower support for tethytheria can be explained by the inclusion of primitive fossil proboscideans and sirenians, which reveal that a number of the apomorphies that were unambiguously optimized as tethytherian synapomorphies in the analysis of extant taxa alone are in fact more parsimoniously explained as homoplasies rather than homologies [ e. g. , [\nalthough it is interesting that the addition of fossil taxa led to an improved fit with the tree derived from maximum likelihood and bayesian analysis of the molecular data alone, closer examination reveals that this most parsimonious topology is not particularly stable. for instance, trees derived from analyses that were constrained to recover the interordinal arrangement (afrosoricida, (paenungulata, (macroscelidea - tubulidentata) )) were only two steps longer than the unconstrained tree, and could not be statistically rejected; nor could the alternative arrangement of a monophyletic afroinsectiphillia containing afroinsectivora (table\n). none of the three possible arrangements of the paenungulate orders were either well supported or rejected by statistical tests, and even afrosoricid diphyly (e. g. , with either tenrecoidea or chrysochloridae placed as the sister taxon of macroscelidea) could not be rejected (table\n' s placement as a stem sirenian in the present analysis. deletion of basal eocene taxa, such as the herodotiines\nstatistics for most parsimonious trees derived from analyses that were constrained to agree with alternative phylogenetic hypotheses. consistency index excludes uninformative characters. value for templeton test (p, calculated in paup 4. 0b10) is the probability of finding a more extreme t - value under the null hypothesis of no difference between the two trees (two - tailed test), arbitrarily calculated by comparing the first tree in each of the two alternative tree lists. results in bold are those that are present in the adams consensus of all equally parsimonious trees. os = ordered and scaled analysis; u = unordered analysis; na = not applicable .\ninterordinal relationships within afrotheria from (above) analyses constrained to agree with the alternative hypotheses exafroplacentalia (afrotheria, (boreoeutheria, xenarthra) ) and atlantogenata (boreoeutheria, (afrotheria, xenarthra) ), and (below) analyses run following deletion or addition of various extinct taxa. results followed by an asterisk are those that occur in the adams consensus of all equally parsimonious trees (the strict consensus of which was less resolved than the optimal topologies based on analyses including all taxa). os = ordered and scaled analysis; u = unordered analysis .\nthe phylogeny of the diverse paleogene paenungulate radiation has never been analyzed within the context of afrotherian monophyly. one of the novel results of this analysis is the placement of enigmatic\n], was placed as the sister group of elephantiforms to the exclusion of all other eocene taxa .\n] as the sister group of all younger hyracoids. in contrast to previous studies that positioned\n, including cranial remains, helps to place that genus as the sister taxon of crown macroscelidea with strong bootstrap support (fig .\nwas consistently placed alongside\npseudoungulates\nrather than macroscelideans (see discussion below). a placement of both herodotiines as stem macroscelideans could not be statistically rejected, however (table\n– does not alter the scheme of interordinal relationships supported by the full taxon set. regardless of how characters are treated ,\ndespite the placement of afrosoricids with macroscelideans in the analysis of living and extinct taxa, under this arrangement afrotherian monophyly is not unambiguously supported by any of the\nproto - ungulate\nfeatures that macroscelideans share with aardvarks and paenungulates. in fact the existence of any unambiguous morphological character support for afrotheria given this tree is dependent on whether delayed or accelerated optimization is used; under delayed transformation, there are four unambiguous synapomorphies of afrotheria regardless of how multistate characters are treated (presence of a naviculocalcaneal facet, scattered vomeronasal organ blood vessels [\n]). an additional four features [ presence of a small p3 protocone, presence of well - developed buccal cingula rather than stylar shelves, increase in lumbar vertebra number from 6 to 8, and testicondy (intrabdominal testes) ] emerge as unambiguous synapomorphies depending on treatment of certain multistate characters. under accelerated transformation, there are no unambiguous afrotherian synapomorphies, but there are 31 (osa) and 33 (ua) ambiguous synapomorphies of that clade .\ngiven that there can be little confidence in any of the proposed arrangements of afrosoricida, macroscelidea, or tubulidentata within afrotheria, an alternative, and perhaps more conservative, approach is to optimize characters onto an afrotherian phylogeny that is less resolved at the supraordinal level. with macroscelidea, tubulidentata, afrosoricida, and\n). of these characters, nine are congruently optimized as afrotherian synapomorphies regardless of how transformations are optimized (accelerated or delayed) or how multistate characters are treated (ordered and scaled or unordered) .\ncharacter state changes identified as unambiguous morphological synapomorphies of afrotheria when relationships among afrosoricida, macroscelidea, paenungulata, and tubulidentata are depicted as unresolved. osa _ at = ordered and scaled analysis, accelerated transformation; osa _ dt = ordered and scaled analysis, delayed transformation; ua _ at = unordered analysis, accelerated transformation; ua _ dt = unordered analysis, delayed transformation .\nthe instability of afrotherian interordinal relationships is remarkable given that all of the analyses performed here included at least 4, 590 parsimony informative molecular and morphological characters. molecular divergence estimates clearly indicate that cladogenesis among the stem lineages of tubulidentata, macroscelidea, afrosoricida, and paenungulata occurred rapidly, and probably in the latest cretaceous; according to the recent estimates provided by murphy et al. [\n], these clades had all diverged within the first 5 million years of crown afrotherian evolution. morphological evidence for these supraordinal divergences either did not accumulate along these short internal branches, or was subsequently\nerased\nby evolution along the much longer branches leading to ordinal crown clades .\nconsiderable ambiguity is introduced by missing data and different methods for optimizing character states onto slightly different afrotherian phylogenies, but it remains distinctly possible that there are a number of morphological synapomorphies of crown afrotheria, and that the ancestral crown afrotherian more closely resembled a\nproto - ungulate\nthan an\ninsectivore\n. for instance, some of the only character transformations that consistently optimized unambiguously onto the afrotherian stem on the less resolved tree (table\n. with characters unordered, the ancestral afrotherian is also reconstructed as having no parastyles and well - developed buccal cingula rather than stylar shelves, which again suggests that afrosoricids (which do have parastyles and stylar shelves) have undergone reversals to the dental character states observable in more primitive cretaceous placentals .\n) is placed in afroinsectivora with macroscelideans. herodotiine diphyly is probably an artifact of missing data, but the distribution of herodotiines on both sides of the afrotherian tree again lends some support to the idea that the paenungulate - like dental morphology of herodotiines may be primitive within afrotheria. the most likely explanation for herodotiine diphyly is that, in known parts ,\nhas somewhat paenungulate - like anterior premolars and incisors (personal observation). if some uniformity of herodotiine morphology is assumed and\nare assigned the character states of the herodotiine taxon that preserves those parts, then these taxa together join tubulidentata (osa) or pseudoungulata (ua adams consensus), but never macroscelidea, in parsimony analyses of the data set presented here. additional cranial or postcranial morphology of herodotiines should play a key role in future efforts to tease apart homology and homoplasy among early afrotherians: if herodotiines are in fact stem macroscelideans within afroinsectivora, then their detailed dental resemblances to paenungulates will either not be present in older and more primitive stem macroscelideans, or these features will emerge as plesiomorphic within afroinsectivora and afrotheria and will support a proto - ungulate origin for both clades .\nof the remaining morphological features that support afrotherian monophyly on the less resolved tree, none clearly point to either a\nproto - ungulate\nor\ninsectivore\norigin for the clade. under delayed transformation, at least one morphological feature that was previously thought to be a synapomorphy of paenungulata (loss of lunar - unciform contact) [\n] instead appears as a synapomorphy of afrotheria as a whole. other features that have already been identified as probable afrotherian synapomorphies, such as increased lumbar vertebral number [\n] also optimize unambiguously as afrotherian synapomorphies across all or most assumption sets. presence of a contact between the navicular and calcaneus, which occurs in proboscideans ,\n, and aardvarks as well as some macroscelideans, tenrecs, golden moles, and fossil hyracoids, is here identified for the first time as another possible morphological synapomorphy of crown afrotheria .\nthere are a few obvious deficiencies of the present study, some of which should be improved upon in future analyses. one obvious improvement that can be made is greater taxon sampling within placentalia (and mammalia more broadly), including a greater diversity of cretaceous mammals, as all such taxa should help to clarify ancestral character states for crown placentalia. one obvious criticism of the equally - weighted total evidence approach taken here is that\nrare genomic changes\n( rgcs) such as retroposons and chromosomal syntenies have been given equal weight to point mutations in dna sequences, the latter of which are surely much more prone to homoplasy [\n]. unfortunately there is no clear solution to this practical problem aside from arbitrary weighting of rgcs – which, in the absence of a strong theoretical framework for predicting the relative likelihood of, for instance, chromosomal rearrangements relative to point mutations, is here considered to be an untenable approach. the same criticism can certainly also be raised regarding delimitation and treatment of morphological characters (many of which may be of low phylogenetic utility), however the same problem holds [\n]; thus far, however, bayesian analyses of the current data set have failed to achieve convergence despite considerable computational effort, presumably due in large part to the numerous genomic and morphological characters missing in fossil taxa .\nsimultaneous analysis of ≤ 4, 590 parsimony informative genomic and morphological characters scored across 16 extant and 35 extinct afrotherians recovers a monophyletic afroinsectivora (afrosoricida + macroscelidea), pseudoungulata (tubulidentata + paenungulata), and tethytheria (proboscidea + sirenia) within paenungulata. none of these supraordinal clades are well - supported, however, and phylogenetic alternatives such as afroinsectiphillia, a (paenungulata, (macroscelidea, tubulidentata) ) clade, an afrosoricida - tubulidentata clade, afrosoricid diphyly, a hyracoidea - proboscidea clade, and a hyracoidea - sirenia could not be statistically rejected .\ndivergences among afrosoricida, macroscelidea, paenungulata, and tubulidentata must have occurred very rapidly in the late cretaceous, and unambiguous morphological evidence for afrotherian supraordinal clades aside from paenungulata either does not exist or has been overwritten by subsequent evolution through the cenozoic. on the optimal topologies derived from these analyses, identification of unambiguous morphological support for afrotherian monophyly is dependent on optimization method, but on a less resolved interordinal phylogeny a total of 21 unambiguous afrotherian synapomorphies are identified, 9 of which appear as such across all character treatments and optimization methods." ]

{ "text": [ "a tenrec is any species of mammal within the family tenrecidae , found on madagascar and in parts of the african mainland .", "tenrecs are widely diverse ; as a result of convergent evolution they resemble hedgehogs , shrews , opossums , mice and even otters .", "they occupy aquatic , arboreal , terrestrial and fossorial environments .", "some of these species , including the greater hedgehog tenrec , can be found in the madagascar dry deciduous forests . " ], "topic": [ 20, 4, 13, 20 ] }

[ "a tenrec is any species of mammal within the family tenrecidae, found on madagascar and in parts of the african mainland. tenrecs are widely diverse; as a result of convergent evolution they resemble hedgehogs, shrews, opossums, mice and even otters. they occupy aquatic, arboreal, terrestrial and fossorial environments. some of these species, including the greater hedgehog tenrec, can be found in the madagascar dry deciduous forests." ]

[ "black grass - veneer - hodges # 5381 (neodactria caliginosella) - neodactria caliginosellus - bugguide. net\nspecies neodactria caliginosellus - black grass - veneer - hodges # 5381 - bugguide. net\nlandry, b. and r. l. brown. 2005. two new species of neodactria landry (lepidoptera: pyralidae: crambinae) from the united states of america. zootaxa 1080: 1 - 16\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\npresence in north carolina 19 pinned specimens (listed under crambus), including locally collected specimens (north carolina state u. )\npresence in south dakota; key to species (b. mcdaniel et al, journal of the lepidopterists' society, 1984, courtesy of yale u. , connecticut )\npresence in alberta list of collected specimens, localities, and collection dates (strickland entomological museum, u. of alberta )\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nfound at outside cf lights in a wooded, suburban yard. id confirmed by hugh mcguinness .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges, r. w. et al. , eds. 1983. check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico. e. w. classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation, london. 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nlandry, b. 1995. a phylogenetic analysis of the major lineages of the crambinae and of the genera of crambini of north america (lepidoptera: pyralidae). memoirs on entomology, international 1: 1 - 245 .\npoole, r. w. , and p. gentili (eds .). 1996. nomina insecta nearctica: a checklist of the insects of north america. volume 3 (diptera, lepidoptera, siphonaptera). entomological information services, rockville, md .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness, completeness, or accuracy of any specific data. natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility, fitness for a particular purpose, and non - infringement. natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server. in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special, indirect, incidental, consequential damages, or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, under any theory of liability used. natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice; however, natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein. since the data in the central databases are continually being updated, it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt. the data provided is for planning, assessment, and informational purposes. site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies. if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site, the appropriate state natural heritage program (s) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area (see visit local programs) .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\na corn root webworm moth in anne arundel co. , maryland (7 / 8 / 2016). identification verified by hugh mcguinness / inaturalist and roger downer / bamona. photo by timothy reichard. (mbp list )\na corn root webworm moth in anne arundel co. , maryland (6 / 30 / 2016). identification verified by roger downer / bamona. photo by timothy reichard. (mbp list )\na corn root webworm moth in prince george' s co. , maryland (6 / 17 / 2010). photo by bob patterson. (mbp list )\na corn root webworm moth collected by john glaser. photo by larry line. (mbp list )\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer." ]

{ "text": [ "neodactria caliginosellus , the corn root webworm or black grass-veneer , is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by clemens in 1860 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alabama , alberta , california , florida , georgia , illinois , indiana , maine , maryland , mississippi , north carolina , ohio , oklahoma , ontario , south carolina and tennessee .", "the habitat consists of grassy areas and fields .", "the wingspan is about 17 mm .", "the forewings are dark brown to blackish with black postmedian and subterminal lines .", "the hindwings are dark greyish brown .", "there is one generation per year with adults on wing in june and july in the northern part of the range .", "in florida , adults have been recorded on wing from february to november .", "the larvae feed on turf grasses and corn stalks .", "they have a pale white to grey body . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 24, 9, 1, 1, 8, 8, 8, 23 ] }

[ "neodactria caliginosellus, the corn root webworm or black grass-veneer, is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by clemens in 1860. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from alabama, alberta, california, florida, georgia, illinois, indiana, maine, maryland, mississippi, north carolina, ohio, oklahoma, ontario, south carolina and tennessee. the habitat consists of grassy areas and fields. the wingspan is about 17 mm. the forewings are dark brown to blackish with black postmedian and subterminal lines. the hindwings are dark greyish brown. there is one generation per year with adults on wing in june and july in the northern part of the range. in florida, adults have been recorded on wing from february to november. the larvae feed on turf grasses and corn stalks. they have a pale white to grey body." ]

[ "species cerithiopsilla antarctica (smith, 1907) accepted as cerithiella antarctica (e. a. smith, 1907 )\nspecies cerithiopsilla cincta thiele, 1912 accepted as cerithiella cincta (thiele, 1912) accepted as cerithiella antarctica (e. a. smith, 1907) (original combination )\ncerithiopsilla cincta thiele, 1912 accepted as cerithiella cincta (thiele, 1912) accepted as cerithiella antarctica (e. a. smith, 1907) (type by original designation )\nfor full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe scientific data on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution 3. 0 unported license .\ngriffiths, h. j. ; linse, k. ; crame, j. a. (2003). sombase - southern ocean mollusc database: a tool for biogeographic analysis in diversity and evolution. organisms diversity and evolution. 3: 207 - 213. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission (ioc) of unesco. the ocean biogeographic information system (obis), available online at urltoken [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by, 30. 11. 04, , php script by, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by kbanasihan, 06 / 28 / 2010\n( a. gittenberger & goud in a. gittenberger, goud & e. gittenberger, 2000) [" ]

{ "text": [ "cerithiopsilla antarctica is a species of very small sea snails , marine gastropod molluscs in the family cerithiopsidae .", "it was described by smith in 1907 . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5 ] }

[ "cerithiopsilla antarctica is a species of very small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family cerithiopsidae. it was described by smith in 1907." ]

[ "peristernia - pulchella _ 01. jpg taken by reeve 1847: plate fig. 65 image page with metadata full resolution image\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species: peristernia pulchella (l. a. reeve, 1847) - id: 1972653970\nreeve, l. a. 1847. conchologia iconica: or, illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals. vol. iv. - pp. [ unpaginated ], with many plates. london. (reeve) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nsri lanka, 1 / 2 mi. w wellawalta, 3 mi. s colombo hbr .\n. each record tells when. see dataset links for citations & terms of use .\nthe prices for is valid in all major cities of india including bangalore, delhi, hyderabad, chennai, mumbai, kolkata and pune. please check instructions at the specific stores for any deviation .\nhenri frankfort, h. a. frankfort, john a. wilson, thorkild jacobsen" ]

{ "text": [ "peristernia pulchella is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "peristernia pulchella is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies." ]

[ "nick hope marked the creole, english common name\ngowana\nfrom\ncaesio caerulaurea lacepède, 1801\nas untrusted .\nnick hope marked the creole, english common name\nkibiri\nfrom\ncaesio caerulaurea lacepède, 1801\nas untrusted .\nnick hope marked the creole, english common name\nvaber - vaber\nfrom\ncaesio caerulaurea lacepède, 1801\nas untrusted .\na goldband fusilier, caesio caerulaurea, at mios kon island, raja ampat, indonesia. source: dennis polack / fishwise professional. license: cc by attribution - noncommercial - sharealike\n( of caesio azuraureus rüppell, 1830) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caesio caerulaureus lacepède, 1801) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caesio maculatus cuvier, 1830) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caesio nori montrouzier, 1857) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caesio coerulaureus lacepède, 1801) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caesio cearulaurea lacepède, 1801) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caesio caerulaureus lacepède, 1801) liu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nlatin, caesius, bluish - grey, 1835; it is the same name given to the silvery metal (cs) (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; reef - associated; non - migratory; depth range 1 - 50 m (ref. 30874). tropical; 34°n - 31°s, 30°e - 116°w (ref. 94071 )\nindo - west pacific: red sea and east africa to samoa, north to southern japan, south to new caledonia. absent in the arabian (persian) gulf .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 35. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 402); common length: 23. 5 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 37816 )\ninhabits coastal areas, primarily around coral reefs. found in schools in deep lagoons and along seaward reefs (ref. 9710), mixing with other species of fusiliers (ref. 48636). juveniles used as tuna bait fish. oviparous, with small pelagic eggs (ref. 402) .\nmating behavior is marked by six distinguishable patterns, namely: 1) nuzzling; 2) several males joining in courtship; 3) spiraling towards the surface; 4) pair spawning; 5) sperm release by sneakers; and 6) post spawning. nuzzling is done about 1 - 1. 5 hours before spawning. for most of the day the fish swam slowly in school. at nearly spawning time, one or two males approach a selected female and begin pecking and pushing her swollen abdomen with their snouts. interruption happens at this stage resulting in spawners returning to the school. with less than an hour until spawning, 2 - 6 males may attempt to get their abdomen as close to the female' s abdomen as possible. for the pair that completes this position, a spiraling ascent to the surface occurs followed by a release of both eggs and sperm while other males come in pursuit. these sneakers release sperm at the same spot where the initial pair had released their gametes. some spawnings may occur without sneakers getting involved in the process (ref. 37498) .\ncarpenter, k. e. , 1987. revision of the indo - pacific fish family caesionidae (lutjanoidea), with descriptions of five new species. indo - pac. fish. (15): 56 p. (ref. 1723 )\n): 24. 7 - 29, mean 28 (based on 814 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5020 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01349 (0. 00817 - 0. 02226), b = 3. 07 (2. 93 - 3. 21), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & (sub) family - body (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 4 ±0. 45 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (26 of 100) .\ninhabits coastal areas, primarily around coral reefs. found in schools in deep lagoons and along seaward reefs (ref. 9710), mixing with other species of fusiliers (ref. 48636). juveniles used as tuna bait fish. oviparous, with small pelagic eggs (ref. 402) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of smaris mauritianus quoy & gaimard, 1824) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhong kong marine fish database. afcd. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe goldband fusilier is of a blue - green colour with a single yellow stripe on its sides, inbetween two blue stripes. it has a black pectoral - fin axil, and a dark streak on each lobe of its forked caudal fin .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information, no. 1, vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnamed after the prominent golden stripe on its side, this small fusilier can be seen at many of our dive sites .\nsave my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nchaloklum diving, 25 / 29 - 30 moo 7, chaloklum village, koh phangan, suratthani 84280. thailand .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018." ]

{ "text": [ "caesio caerulaurea , the blue and gold fusilier , blue fusilier , gold-band fusilier or scissor-tailed fusilier , is a species of marine fish in the family caesionidae .", "it is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the indo-pacific area , including the red sea .", "this fish can reach a maximum size of 35 cm in length , but its common length is 23.5 cm . " ], "topic": [ 14, 13, 0 ] }

[ "caesio caerulaurea, the blue and gold fusilier, blue fusilier, gold-band fusilier or scissor-tailed fusilier, is a species of marine fish in the family caesionidae. it is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the indo-pacific area, including the red sea. this fish can reach a maximum size of 35 cm in length, but its common length is 23.5 cm." ]

[ "“it’s kind of sad. i would have liked to have had a lot of i’ll have anothers. ”\nabove / below: i' ll have another wins the 2012 kentucky derby .\nabove: i' ll have another and lava man in the post parade .\ni’ll have another’s dam archs gal edith showed talent in winning her only start .\ni’ll have another has a fluid gait with good extension and no wasted motion .\ni' ll have another wins the kentucky derby with mario gutierrez atop on saturday .\ni’ll have another is a product of the mr. prospector sire line through his son\nolder comments about i' ll have another - stud or dud? ...\ni’ll have another is currently based at trainer doug o’neill’s stable at betfair hollywood park .\nlouisville, ky. - - i' ll have another looked like just another horse at the kentucky derby .\ni' ll have another is scheduled to return home to california on sunday or monday .\ni' ll have another dropped to third on the backstretch as longview drive took second and creative cause started a move on the far turn, passing i' ll have another .\nwhen i’ll have another arrived, kimura’s impressions were confirmed, he said. i’ll have another can be easily distracted, so kimura tries to keep a distance from him to build trust .\nkentucky derby and preakness winner i' ll have another is headed to stud duty in japan .\ni’ll have another' s name appears in translation on a sign in front of his paddock .\nabove: preakness day at pimlico. below, i' ll have another before the race .\nabove: i' ll have another june 6... gotta love that odd cloud .\nall four of those wins for i’ll have another came with the unheralded jockey mario gutierrez aboard .\nwhen asked what i’ll have another meant to him, gutierrez said, “he’s my hero. ”\no' neill called i' ll have another' s injury a\nfreakish thing .\nit' s kind of sad. i would have liked to have had a lot of i' ll have anothers .\nelmont, n. y. – someday there may be another triple crown winner, but it won’t be i’ll have another .\nlouisville, ky. — canadian - owned i’ll have another didn’t seem to have the goods to win the kentucky derby .\ni' ll have another surprised a competitive field to win the 138th running of the kentucky derby .\njockey mario gutierrez, making his derby debut, called i' ll have another a steady competitor .\nlater, it was announced that i’ll have another would lead the post parade for saturday’s belmont stakes .\nlet' s take a look a some facts and race recaps from i' ll have another .\ni’ll have another’s offspring overall won’t be precocious. they’ll prefer to run at least a mile and should do well over all surfaces .\nowner j. paul reddam named i’ll have another for what he replies when his wife, zillah, asks him if he would like to have another cookie .\no’neill didn’t waste any time vowing that i’ll have another will go on to the preakness in two weeks .\nabove: heading down the homestretch, i' ll have another as he approached front - running bodemeister .\nabove / below: dual classic winner i' ll have another leaves pimlico to head to belmont park .\nthe main question was can i’ll have another win again? the answer proved to be a resounding yes .\ni’ll have another’s withdrawal is a devastating blow for america’s struggling race industry, which has been waiting 34 years for another triple crown winner .\nasked if i' ll have another has raced his last race, he said:' if i had to wager. i would say yes.'\nlike i' ll have another, both fillies have inherited their sire' s pace - stalking style but they have not won beyond 8. 5 furlongs .\nabove: the first time i photographed i' ll have another and lava man together was april 29 - the first morning they stepped out at churchill downs. jonny garcia was aboard i' ll have another and sabas rivera rode lava man .\nafter a rough start, i’ll have another is showing promise as a stud horse at japan’s big red farm .\nabove: after the winner' s circle celebration, i' ll have another was cooled down by friends .\nabove / below: buddies. . sort of... i' ll have another and lava man .\nabove: i' ll have another training at belmont park, a. k. a. big sandy .\nsb nation' s horse racing expert matt gardner reacts to i' ll have another' s preakness triumph .\nif so, i' ll have another will join an elite group of horses, including secretariat and whirlaway .\nthis was all known prior to i' ll have another' s injury. the degree is just different .\ni' ll have another became the first horse to win the derby starting from post position no. 19 .\ni' ll have another has retired, per nbc sports. his triple crown dreams have evaporated almost just 34 days after they arrived .\nabove / below: the newly retired i' ll have another with team o' neill, still politely posing. shortly thereafter, i' ll have another headed back to his regular barn (mark hennig' s) .\ni' ll have another becomes the 12th horse to have claimed the first two legs of the triple crown since 1978, but i' ll have another will try to become the only one to go on to win the belmont for the triple crown .\ni’ll have another is tentatively scheduled to leave for japan in august, after completing quarantine requirements, reddam said. there have been discussions with hollywood park officials about parading i’ll have another on a race day before the conclusion of the summer meeting july 15 .\nfootage of i' ll have another selling at the 2010 september yearling sale as part of the brookdale sales consignment .\nabove: bodemeister set the early pace in the preakness, as i' ll have another settled in behind him .\nabove / below: i' ll have another drove past a game bodemeister to add the preakness to his resume .\nwe have to go back to i’ll have another’s fifth dam patelin, a blue hen, to find a direct link to stakes winning quality .\nabove: i' ll have another, mario gutierrez up, and lava man, in the kentucky derby post parade .\nabove / below: cranky lava man with i' ll have another, who almost always looked surprised by that crankiness .\nalthough i’ll have another didn’t contest the belmont stakes, he certainly had the pedigree and running style to win the race .\ni’ll have another’s 2010 half - sister gloria s (by tapit) has yet to make her appearance on the track .\ni’ll have another, winner of the kentucky derby and preakness stakes last month, is bound for stud duty in japan .\ni' ll have another is the son of flower alley, out of the arch mare arch' s gal edith .\ni' ll have another is one of those nice case stories that slipped by and became the cinderella of the crop .\nbodemeister was on the lead by three lengths as they entered the stretch; i' ll have another would have to find second gear to catch him .\nshigeyuki okada, the farm’s owner, paid $ 10 million for i’ll have another after the horse’s career ended abruptly in 2012 .\nabove: heading for home, bodemeister was still in the lead, but i' ll have another loomed on the left .\nabove / below: ... doug o' neill removed i' ll have another' s saddle... .\nthere was nothing in o’neill’s handling of i’ll have another or his comportment throughout the triple crown series that would confirm this caricature .\ni’ll have another follows sunday silence and empire maker as outstanding american 3 - year - olds to stand at stud in japan .\ni' ll have another won the race, but creative cause was still considered by most the best on the west coast .\nbut on paper and on most fans' minds, it will be i' ll have another' s race to lose .\no’neill noticed swelling in i’ll have another’s left foreleg thursday afternoon, but with treatment the swelling subsided. o’neill sent i’ll have another to the track at 5: 30 a. m. friday – three hours earlier than usual – where he jogged and galloped .\ni’ll have another, ridden by mario gutierrez, edging bodemeister and mike smith at the finish of the 137th preakness stakes on saturday .\nabove / below: once settled in at pimlico, i' ll have another looked grand... and raring to go .\ni' ll have another settled in nicely in fourth place early and started his move slowly from the three - quarter mile pole .\nbode and another break well. bode, pretension, creative cause, then another. mario gutierrez asks another to go as they head into the stretch. i’ll have another catches bodemeister to win! !! !! the triple crown is alive !\nmario gutierrez celebrates after riding canadian - owned i' ll have another to victory in the 138th running of the kentucky derby on saturday .\no' neill didn' t waste any time vowing that i' ll have another will go on to the preakness in two weeks .\ngutierrez and i' ll have another will lead the post parade for the belmont stakes on saturday, the new york racing association said .\nwith i’ll have another out of the triple crown, there will be less controversy and maybe more clarity at belmont, dan packel writes .\ni' ll have another defeated bodemeister by more than one length at the 1¼ - mile classic, attended by a record churchill downs crowd .\ninstead of union rags and dullahan being i' ll have another' s most dangerous challengers, they are now the belmont' s favorites .\nsilver charm, real quiet, charismatic, war emblem, funny cide (gelding), smarty jones, big brown and i’ll have another .\ni’ll have another carries linebreeding to mr. prospector, northern dancer and way back in his seventh generation is some cross - breeding (through sire and dam) to bold ruler. i’ll have another also carries the blood of hail to reason through two of his top turf descendants, sadlers’ wells and roberto. i’ll have another’s pedigree is inclusive of the most popular modern bloodlines and should mix will with a wide variety of mares .\nin a thrilling stretch run, i' ll have another got to bodemeister in the red zone and edged him to win by a neck .\ni remember roy he told everyone to bet gem and how hes the best blah, blah. and i remember saying i will stick with i' ll have another. i never gave up on him after his saratoga flop and i wasn' t going to stop in the triple crown .\nhe' ll be my hero forever ,\ngutierrez said .\nwhat i' ll have another did for me is so amazing. he brought happiness to my life .\npurchased for $ 35, 000 as a 2 - year - old in training, i’ll have another is by flower alley, winner of the 2005 travers stakes. i’ll have another is the first stakes winner out of arch’s gal edith, a 10 - year - old mare by arch .\nsince then, 11 very talented colts have come to belmont with the same hopes as i' ll have another. but they all have fallen short of the challenge from the\ntest of the champion .\ni' ll have another was physically capable of competing on saturday, reddam and o' neill said, but it would not have been in the horse' s best interest .\no' neill said i' ll have another was being retired because he developed swelling in his left front tendon that was the beginning of tendinitis .\nabove: the next morning, i' ll have another was a bit tired... or maybe a bit bored with the surrounding hubbub .\npaul reddam and doug o' neill (right) console each other after announcing i' ll have another will not run in the belmont stakes .\no’neill said i’ll have another would return to his base at hollywood park on monday. his connections will sort out stallion plans at a later date .\nthough confident his horse could beat i’ll have another, dale romans, trainer of dullahan, said it was “devastating” that he’s not in the field .\nthings began unraveling for triple crown hopeful i' ll have another a day after the colt' s thrilling win in the preakness three weeks ago .\noverall, the quality of i’ll have another’s distaff line is solid, but not spectacular. the runners they produce are sound claiming / allowance types .\nat post time bettors made bodemeister the $ 1. 70 - 1 favorite over i' ll have another at $ 3. 20 - 1 .\ni’ll have another pulled off another win in dramatic come - from - behind fashion. the three - year - old colt overtook bodemeister in the final inches of the preakness on saturday afternoon .\nas far as i' m concerned i have confidence in enda kenny' s leadership .\ni’ll have another joins burgoo king (1932) and bold venture (1936) as the only horses to have won the kentucky derby and preakness, but not compete in the belmont .\ni' ll have another will be going for the elusive triple crown, but he will have to tame 10 throughout 1. 5 miles around the long belmont oval to achieve this .\nhe' ll be my hero forever ,\na somber gutierrez said .\nwhat i' ll have another did for me is so amazing. he brought happiness to my life .\ni' ll have another, winner of the kentucky derby and the preakness, came up with tendinitis in his left front leg and will not race .\nabove: marco carrillo, jonny garcia, beto gomez, davey meah, jack sisterson and tyler cerin follow i' ll have another around the paddock .\ni' ll have another cut loose on the home stretch to run down bodemeister and earn the first kentucky derby wins for his rider and trainer saturday .\nkentucky derby winner i' ll have another embarks on a journey to become the first triple crown winner in 34 years. up next: the preakness .\nthe scratch of i’ll have another will likely leave dullahan, the third - place finisher from the kentucky derby, as the probable favorite for the belmont .\no' neill declared i' ll have another\nfit and ready to go ,\nwhich obviously wasn' t the case as the day unfolded .\nsports fans were shocked today as i' ll have another was scratched from the belmont stakes on the eve of his historic run for the triple crown .\nowner j. paul reddam bought i' ll have another for just $ 35k at the 2010 september yearling sale as part of the brookdale sales consignment .\ntheir task was to ensure that shigeyuki okada, the farm’s owner, got the most out of i’ll have another, whom he bought for $ 10 million after the horse’s racing career ended in 2012. i’ll have another started only seven races, five of them wins, and earned $ 2. 7 million .\nproblems: i' ll have another is tended to after a bath at belmont park in elmont, n. y on june 7. i' ll have another' s bid for a triple crown ended with the shocking news that the colt was out of the belmont stakes due to a swollen left front tendon\nthey didn' t believe (i' ll have another) could have made it this far ,\ngutierrez said .\nbut even if they wanted me to pick (any horse in the field), i would have stayed with him .\ni’ll have another has been a steady stud who may ultimately justify the price okada paid for him. but his early exit from racing is a reminder of the fickle nature of the sport and the difficulty of winning three top races in five weeks. if i’ll have another had won the triple crown, he probably would not have ended up here .\nas a result, we were able to fully record i' ll have another' s historic run. that fate would not allow i' ll have another a chance at the last jewel of the triple crown was a frustrating footnote, to be certain - but, when he shone, no one was brighter .\nabove / below: doug o' neill, too, watched i' ll have another' s bath... and snapped a shot or two .\nbelow: by early afternoon, this was the scene at the barn when - in a shocker - i' ll have another' s retirement was announced .\ni' ll have another' s trainer will begin his 45 - day suspension, handed down by the california horse - racing authorities, on july 1 .\nlarry bramlage, the on - call veterinarian for the american association of equine practitioners, said by running in the belmont i’ll have another would exacerbate the injury .\nin an incredibly close final stretch between the three horses, i' ll have another prevailed by a nose over creative cause and half - length over blueskiesnrainbows .\nit was validation time for i' ll have another as he was able to win yet again, answering the challenge with everything going bodemeister' s way .\n“i’m afraid history is going to have to wait for another day, ” j. paul reddam, owner of i’ll have another, said at a somber press conference on the belmont backstretch. “we tried to be quiet, but i really thought he was going to run off and really show something. ”\n“the japanese have been big fans of flower alley really throughout his career, ” said case clay, president of three chimneys farm, where i’ll have another’s sire, flower alley, stands. “in the last two years, japanese breeders have been buying some very nice mares from america, and i’m guessing that he’ll get some very good mares. i think he’ll fit in quite nicely there. ”\no' neill said i' ll have another would return to his home base at betfair hollywood park in inglewood, calif. , in the next few days .\nmario gutierrez celebrates atop i' ll have another after winning the 138th running of the kentucky derby at churchill downs on may 5, 2012 in louisville, kentucky .\nabove: a near - collision between a loose horse, isleta, and i' ll have another on may 31 prompted a change in morning routines ...\ni' ll have another came out of a losing effort in the hopeful stakes at saratoga last september with shin problems and took the rest of the year off .\nscratched: triple crown hopeful i' ll have another at barn 2 following workouts at belmont park on friday, june 8, 2012 in elmont, n. y\ni’ll have another won his debut at hollywood park on july 3, before finishing second to creative cause in the grade 2 best pal at del mar in august .\nedwards told abc news that last minute injuries were not uncommon in horse racing, and after observing i' ll have another during training runs she is not surprised .\nlike their sire counterparts, certain distaff families produce more classic victors than others. i’ll have another is a member of family 23 - b (turk mare) .\ni' ll have another had won the robert b. lewis (g2) and was a far second betting choice ($ 4. 80 - 1) .\nthis year, six foals have been born to i’ll have another, including one with pisa no sunday, a descendant of sunday silence, who also won the first two legs of the triple crown .\ndullahan, union rags, paynter and street life will most likely have a say in this before the race is over. they are the top four challengers that i' ll have another will face .\ni' ll have another suffers a leg injury and won' t race in saturday' s belmont stakes, meaning the kentucky derby and preakness stakes winner will not have a shot at the triple crown .\ni' ll have another, with a finish of 2: 01: 83, earned nearly $ 1. 5 million of the $ 2. 2 million purse .\nretired racehorse those wer the days, a half - brother to i' ll have another shown winning at saratoga in 2011, is set to be offered for adoption .\nthere’s no doubt the major stud farms are courting i’ll have another’s owner paul redam and we’ll read the announcement within the next few months as to which stud farm will receive the honor of standing the son of flower alley .\njockey mario gutierrez rides i' ll have another to victory in the 138th kentucky derby horse race at churchill downs saturday, may 5, 2012, in louisville, ky .\nafter the news of i' ll have another' s scratch, new york racing association chairman steven duncker said he was disappointed for fans and the sport of thoroughbred racing .\nas friday’s press conference began, i’ll have another was led out of the barn by o’neill to be seen by the press. he later grazed as o’neill and reddam spoke .\n“when he first arrived, there were days that i couldn’t sleep and my stomach was upset, ” said kimura, one of five people dedicated to i’ll have another. “there was a lot of pressure. ”\ni kept telling everybody, from the first time i met him, i knew he was the one. i knew he was good .\nabove: but the mood was much more subdued friday morning. here, i' ll have another is hosed at 6: 30 a. m. , after a gallop .\ni' ll have another' s bid for a triple crown ended with the shocking news that the colt was out of the belmont stakes because of a swollen left front tendon .\nthe decision to scratch i' ll have another came after doug o' neill had called an audible and sent the horse out for a final gallop in secrecy early friday morning .\nby flower alley—arch' s gal edith (arch), i' ll have another entered stud in japan after being sold by owner j. paul reddam for $ 10 million .\nin the spring of 2012, half - brothers i’ll have another and those wer the days were riding high. i’ll have another was a dual classic winner on the brink of becoming the first triple crown winner since affirmed in 1978. meanwhile, those wer the days was riding a five - race winning streak of his own. but the story soon unraveled .\ni' ll have another has taken on his sire' s ability to stalk the pace and run with a target upfront. he has made it to 10 furlongs just fine .\nmario gutierrez comes down the front stretch atop i' ll have another to win the 138th running of the kentucky derby at churchill downs on may 5, 2012 in louisville, kentucky .\n“none of this yelling and screaming bothered him, ” said reddam, who has not visited i’ll have another in japan. “one of the great things about him was his temperament. ”\nwe prayed he kind of hit himself and that it was a little bit of skin irritation ,\nhe said as i' ll have another grazed in the grass behind him .\ni’ll have another was the odds - on favorite to win the grueling 1 - 1 / 2 mile (2, 414 meter) belmont stakes and end the 34 - year drought .\nnow optimizer and my adonis are this year' s middling horses. they face the same situation i' ll have another faced entering the kentucky derby a little over a month ago .\nconformation wise, i’ll have another is an average sized, yet powerfully built stallion who resembles his sire. his pasterns are a little long, but overall, he has good bone .\nnot many believed that the santa anita derby winner i’ll have another could become the first horse to win the kentucky derby from the no. 19 post, yet he went off at odds of 15 - 1, mainly because of bettors’ attraction to his name. after the victory, enthusiastic requests of “i’ll have another! ” were heard at bars from kentucky to new york .\ni' ll have another was trained by doug o' neill, who had a history of violations in california and was suspended 45 days in may after one of his horses was found to have an excessive level of carbon dioxide .\ni' ll have another is set to return to hollywood park on sunday or monday. the next step will be to plan for his stud career, o' neill and reddam said .\nabove: one team drf shooter, emily shields, was an i' ll have another fan from the get - go. she keyed in on him as he rounded the first turn .\n' i’ll have another is officially out of the belmont,' o' neill said on the dan patrick show this morning.' it’s not tragic, but it’s a huge disappointment.'\non his first trip to new york, i’ll have another finished sixth in the grade 1 hopeful run over a sloppy track at saratoga, a race from which he emerged with bucked shins .\ndoug o’neill went on the dan patrick show and said he’d likely rest i’ll have another for three months, and there was a chance the 3 - year - old will never race again .\ni’ll have another had a perfect record this year with four wins, all in stakes, including the grade 2 robert lewis stakes in february and the grade 1 santa anita derby in april .\n“i don’t blame you for everything—i blame dad for some things, too. ”\nthe last horse to come close was big brown in 2008, who had a dismal showing at the belmont after capturing the first two legs of the triple crown. can i' ll have another succeed where so many others have failed ?\nwhen i' ll have another returned to the barn after his friday gallop, he had inflammation in the same area, but again seemed to respond well in treatment, o' neill said .\ni’ll have another with hiroshi kimura, a handler at big red farm, which is hoping the horse will rival northern taste and sunday silence, two of the most productive sires in japanese history .\nabove: ... and a special window of time was allotted for belmont trainees only. here, i' ll have another gallops past the throng of media members as atigun stands out .\ni' ll have another – the winner of both the kentucky derby and the preakness stakes – will not race in the 2012 belmont stakes, according to his trainer, doug o' neill .\ni' ll have another was scheduled to break from the no. 11 post saturday and had been made the 4 - 5 morning - line favorite for the 144th running of the belmont stakes .\nin the same 2007 crop as sharp humor and any given saturday, i’ll have another’s sire flower alley got off to a slower start at stud. he has only six stakes winners from 126 runners. i’ll have another is a typical example of flower alley’s offspring, improving with age and racing. currently, his oldest crop are three year olds, so we should see more stakes winners as they grow into four and five year olds. only time will tell if flower alley will become a solid sire of older horses or if i’ll have another will be his only home run hit .\nat the top of the stretch creative cause was leading i' ll have another by a head and both had aim at a feisty blueskiesnrainbows, who didn' t want to surrender the lead .\no' neill said the horse could have rested for several months and got started again. but he said i' ll have another has\ndone so much that it was unanimous\namong the owners and trainers\nto retire him .\nand while i’m not entirely convinced, i suspect the right winner—like smarty jones—would have given the sport a much - needed bump .\ni’ll have another now has a chance to become the first triple crown winner since affirmed in 1978. his rival bodemeister will not race in the belmont stakes, set for june 9 at belmont park .\ndoug o' neill and owner j. paul reddam immediately gave i' ll have another two months off leading up to the santa anita derby, which he won by a nose on april 12 .\nfriday’s stunning announcement that i’ll have another was sidelined with tendinitis and not only would not be running in saturday’s belmont stakes but would also be retiring sent shockwaves through the racing community and the general public .\nbut gutiérrez did more than keep i’ll have another’s triple crown hopes alive with saturday’s win. the victory also gives the sport the much - needed hook it needs to maintain the interest of the masses .\nif you' re going to get a pet, get a winner. literally, you can probably afford a thoroughbred racehorse like i' ll have another, which reportedly sold for $ 10 million .\nunder a strong urging during the stretch, i' ll have another was able to catch bodemeister just after the final half - furlong pole and drew away to win clear by 1. 5 lengths .\ni' ll have another will face 10 contenders at the long distance of 1. 5 miles. it is an unknown distance for all of them, so what is equal is not an advantage .\nthen, track stewards said that for the belmont, i' ll have another would have to go without the nasal strip he wore in races this year, and exercise rider jonny garcia had visa problems and had to be replaced for several days .\nspectacular bid, alysheba, sunday silence, silver charm, smarty jones and big brown, as good as they were, didn' t win the triple crown. the question is, what chance does i' ll have another have, then ?\ni’ll have another’s scratch from the belmont also means that thoroughbred racing’s triple crown will go unclaimed for a 34th consecutive year. affirmed, in 1978, was the sport’s 11th and most recent triple crown champion .\ni' ll have another' s injury eliminated this year' s most prominent storyline and adjusted the odds at the last second. other than that, things are status quo in the horse racing world .\nbeside his big wins with i' ll have another, his other big wins are the g3 wilshire handicap in hollywood park this year and the 2009 g3 ballerina and 2007 g3 premiers, both at hastings .\ni' ll have another, under the thoroughbred radar all week, rallied to win the 138th kentucky derby going away in front of a record crowd of 165, 307 on a humid day in bluegrass country .\ni’ll have another is the most popular and valuable of the 240 horses at big red farm, too. the staff members, many of whom never saw him race, know they are caring for a champion .\ni' ll have another was\nlightly raced\nand competed in only two prep races leading up to the derby. he competed in the shadow of bodemeister, who was predicted to win the kentucky derby .\ni’ll have another’s trainer doug o’neill said the three - year - old looked fine after a final workout early friday but his leg started to swell after he cooled down and scans revealed the early onset of tendonitis .\ni' ll have another, who trains at hollywood park, was given his name by owner j. paul reddam, but not for the reason you would think. reddam doesn' t drink but does have an affection for his wife' s cookies .\ndespite his years away from the track, i’ll have another continues to have a strong following. a stream of fans, including some from the united states, visit him at the farm. he has more than 14, 000 likes on his facebook page .\nhis jockey is mario gutierrez, 25, who is certainly young and inexperienced but calm, cool and collected like the top veteran money riders. you wouldn' t know if you have only seen him on all four wins with i' ll have another .\nabout two hours before the press conference, o’neill, in a brief phone interview with daily racing form, called the injury to i’ll have another “a huge disappointment. at the same time what a horse, what a run. though it’s heartbreaking, it’s not tragic. we’ll be back with another one, hopefully next year. ”\ni' ll have another won the derby on may 5 and the preakness two weeks later - both with stirring stretch drives - to set up the highly anticipated belmont stakes and a triple try. only 11 horses have won the triple crown and the wait for another now stretches to 35 years - the longest drought ever .\ni' m afraid history is going to have to wait for another day ,\nsaid j. paul reddam, the colt' s owner .\ni’ll have another overhauled a tiring bodemeister to win by 1 ½ lengths. he paid $ 32. 60, $ 13. 80 and $ 9. he ran 1 ¼ miles in 2: 01. 83 .\nmaking his derby debut at 25, gutierrez got his chance to ride i' ll have another after trainer doug o' neill and owner j. paul reddam happened to see him at santa anita in southern california .\ni' ll have another overhauled a tiring bodemeister to win by 1½ lengths. he paid $ 32. 60, $ 13. 80 and $ 9. he ran 1¼ miles in 2: 01. 83 .\ni' ll have another' s bid for the first triple crown in 34 years ended stunningly friday when the chestnut colt was retired on the eve of the belmont stakes with an injury to his left front tendon .\nwhen i' ll have another powered his way into the national spotlight at churchill downs may 5, 2012, he also powered his way into my - and countless other - hearts. the preakness cemented the deal .\nabove: mario gutierrez hopped aboard i' ll have another in the winner' s circle. team o' neill gave a' tip of the hat' to their home track by donning yellow santa anita caps .\ntoday: i' ll have another, left, with exercise rider jonny garcia, accompanied by stablemate lava man, trains at belmont park, on friday, june 8, 2012, in elmont, n. y\nmay 5, 2012; louisville, ky usa; mario gutierrez aboard i' ll have another crosses the finish line to win the kentucky derby at churchill downs race track. mandatory credit: mark zerof - us presswire\ni' ll have another, the 12th horse to take the derby and preakness since 1978, will seek to avoid their fates. history may smile on i' ll have another' s duel with bodemeister, second in both triple crown races this year, as it recalls affirmed' s famed clash with alydar. bodemeister is the first horse since alydar to place second to a horse that took both the kentucky derby and preakness stakes .\ni' ll have another, seen here in the kentucky derby, also won the preakness and was seeking to becoming only the 12th triple crown einner before being retired prior to the belmont stakes due to a tendon injury .\nmeanwhile, i’ll have another was comfortably galloping along behind the blazing speed. gutierrez angled his colt clear on the final turn and took dead aim at bodemeister, who was clearly in front at the top of the stretch .\ni' ll have another' s grooms will lead him to the paddock about an hour before the running of the belmont, then to the winner' s circle where trainer doug o' neill will remove his saddle .\njockey mario gutierrez reacts after riding i' ll have another to victory in the 138th kentucky derby horse race at churchill downs saturday, may 5, 2012, in louisville, ky. (ap photo / mark humphrey )\nbut he was never accused of doing anything illegal to i' ll have another, and the colt, along with the other 11 belmont stakes entries, all came back negative in testing done wednesday by the state board .\ni’ll have another was retired with a tendon injury on the eve of the belmont stakes and was subsequently sold to japan for stud duty. those wer the days lost his final start before a knee injury ended his career .\nowner paul reddam said friday that a deal has been reached with shigeyuki okada’s big red farm on the island of hokkaido to stand i’ll have another beginning with the 2013 breeding season. financial terms were confidential, reddam said .\ntrainer doug o' neill leads i' ll have another out of his stable to announce the triple crown hopeful' s sudden retirement at belmont park on june 8. (kevin hagen / for new york daily news )\neleven horses were entered wednesday to take on i' ll have another in his bid to win the triple crown for the first time since affirmed swept the derby, preakness and belmont in 1978. only 11 horses have accomplished the feat, while 19 have been tripped up in the belmont after winning the first two legs .\nnow saturday' s race is largely irrelevant to casual viewers who would have watched in the hopes of seeing history in the making. dullahan, who ran third in the derby, was installed as the new 9 - 5 favorite after i' ll have another was scratched .\n“i never really dreamed i would be in a position to own racehorses, but i got very lucky in my life and it happened, ” said reddam, president and founder of cashcall inc. “i guess i’m still lucky. ”\n“i think he’ll be okay, ” she said. “time will tell. he’s super - sound now. ”\ni’ll have another made his way to the starting gate accompanied by his stable pony, lava man, another cheap purchase turned into a career winner of more than $ 5 million by o’neill. the trainer has made his name predominantly in southern california, although he’s won three breeders’ cup races .\nthe preakness horses are on the track and warming up. nothing out of the ordinary. the derby winner, i’ll have another, looks calm. bode baffert looks nervous. bodemeister is still the favorite at 2 - 1 .\nit typically takes a horse three to six months to recover from such an injury, but o' neill and j. paul reddam, i' ll have another' s owner, they will retire the horse to stud .\ni' ll have another, the winner of this year' s kentucky derby and preakness stakes, is out of saturday' s belmont stakes because of a leg injury and has been retired from racing, his team said .\ni’ll have another proved that at churchill downs. he backed it up at pimlico. now, everyone will be watching – and wagering - - to see if he and gutiérrez can cross the finish line first one more time .\nmoments after i' ll have another registered a rousing, come - from - behind victory in the 138th running of the kentucky derby, the horse' s trainer doug o' neill was already talking about the triple crown .\nreddam and trainer doug o’neill said that i’ll have another would need three to six months off before he could resume training. further, there was no guarantee that he would be able to return to the top level of competition .\nnew york (reuters) - i’ll have another was retired from racing after suffering a freak injury on the eve of saturday’s $ 1 million belmont stakes, ending his bid to win the elusive triple crown of american thoroughbred racing .\ninstead, i' ll have another now becomes only the third horse to win both the derby and the preakness and not compete at belmont. bold venture did not particpate in 1936 and burgoo king skipped the race in 1932 .\nboth wickedly perfect and i’ll have another were purchased as a result of the way dennis o’neill shops for horses and why the obs april sale fits his program. “i guess you could say i approach buying horses backwards, ” said dennis. “the [ under tack ] preview is number one, followed by conformation and finally i worry about pedigree. i was attracted to i’ll have another by his long, smooth stride and his pedigree was good enough. he breezed with that same stride you saw in the kentucky derby. to tell the truth, he was such a nice mover i thought he’d sell for more money. for me, a nice way of going is the most important part. ”\nwe' ll be there and we' ll be rooting ,\no' neill said .\ni won' t tell you who we will be rooting for .\nmeanwhile, i' ll have another was comfortably galloping along behind the speedsters. gutierrez angled his colt clear on the final turn and took dead - aim at bodemeister, who was clearly in front at the top of the stretch .\nhe also said i’ll have another communicated well with his jockey — “he would go when it was time to go” — and had a will to win. reddam said he hoped that the horse would pass that on to his progeny .\na series of minor setbacks for the horse and his handlers culminated with the biggest shocker of all: i' ll have another' s sudden retirement on the eve of the belmont stakes with an injury to his left front tendon .\nbefore i’ll have another was injured and withdrawn from the belmont stakes, people who care about horse racing hoped he could win the triple crown and give the sport an exciting and positive story. it hasn’t had many of those lately .\ni' ll have another, who captured the imagination of the horse racing world after winning the first two legs of the triple crown this year then abruptly pulling out of the belmont stakes, has found a new home in japan .\ni’ll have another stormed out of post no. 19 — the first winner from there in 138 runnings of the derby — and bided his time back in mid - pack while bodemeister set a blistering pace on a hot, muggy afternoon .\ni' ll have another, who won the kentucky derby and the preakness stakes with stirring stretch drives, was the 4 - 5 early favorite to win the belmont and become the 12th triple crown winner and first since affirmed in 1978 .\nreddam said he spoke to i' ll have another' s young jockey, mario gutierrez, to tell him and said\nhe reacted with sadness about the horse' s condition. then he asked if he could go home .\nvictor davila, now an exercise rider for eisaman equine in williston, sold i' ll have another in 2011 for $ 35, 000 at the ocala breeders' sales co. after breaking and training him at his bosses' farm .\ndoug o' neill said the decision to bring i' ll have another to the track shortly after 5: 30 a. m. on friday was to avoid congestion around the detention barn housing the 12 horses entered for the belmont .\ntriple crown hopeful i' ll have another is walked into barn 9 after a press conference announcing that he will be scratched from the belmont stakes at belmont park in elmont, new york, june 8, 2012. reuters / shannon stapleton\nfor the second straight race, the kentucky derby winner i’ll have another ran down the pace - setter bodemeister in deep stretch, winning the preakness stakes, the second leg of the triple crown, on saturday at pimlico race course in baltimore .\nridden by derby rookie mario gutierrez, i' ll have another caught front - runner bodemeister with a sixteenth of a mile left in the 1 1 / 4 - mile race and drew off to a win by a length and a half .\nmario gutierrez (l) comes down the final stretch atop i' ll have another ahead of bodemeister ridden by mike smith during the 138th running of the kentucky derby ahead of at churchill downs on may 5, 2012 in... more\nit looks like half of the field is talented enough to challenge i' ll have another on saturday. the unknown distance and the mere history of the triple crown suggests he would surely suffer an upset, and it could very likely happen .\n“i’m not asking for your hand in marriage—i’m asking you to pull me up off the floor. ”\nwith the two - year - old season winding down, what are his plans for the “offseason? ” i’m going to play a lot of golf, ” he said with a laugh. “i bought 15 or 16 horses this year, and i’ll spend the summer watching them develop with doug. he’s got about 60 horses in training at hollywood and i’ll have the babies at santa anita. ”\nwhile i’ll have another was getting ready for his date with destiny at churchill downs, dennis o’neill was back in ocala at the april sale, buying seven two - year - olds at prices ranging from $ 25, 000 to $ 100, 000, and true to his theory only the hundred grander worked as fast as: 10 flat. we caught up to him a day before he would catch a plane to baltimore and reunite with team i’ll have another for the preakness on saturday .\ni' ll have another' s improbable run has now come to an unexpected end. the horse was sold as a yearling in 2010 for $ 11, 000 and faced 15 - to - 1 odds in the derby before becaming the first winner ever to have started from post no. 19 .\nbut the tendon injury that prompted the immediate retirement of i’ll have another underscored the more banal truth: thoroughbred racehorses are fragile and injuries to them are commonplace. they have been bred for three centuries to produce maximum speed and stamina by carrying a powerful body on spindly, delicate underpinnings. their ankles, knees and legs are always vulnerable. i’ll have another was a different case only because his injury made front - page headlines and because it made more sense to retire a colt with future stud value than to bring him back to competition next year .\nobviously we' ll be having a parliamentary party meeting next week where i would assume this issue would be discussed .\nmario gutierrez (l) comes down the final stretch atop i' ll have another ahead of bodemeister ridden by mike smith during the 138th running of the kentucky derby ahead of at churchill downs on may 5, 2012 in louisville, kentucky. less\nniikappu - gun, japan — it was just after noon on a recent day at big red farm, one of japan’s largest horse breeders, time for hiroshi kimura to take the 5 - year - old stallion i’ll have another for a walk .\nat least for now, i’ll have another seems off to a good start in his new life. in the corner stall of the nicest stable on the 670 - acre farm, he welcomes visitors with a curiosity and playfulness befitting his relative youth." ]

{ "text": [ "i 'll have another ( foaled april 1 , 2009 ) is a north american thoroughbred race horse , bred in kentucky , owned by canadian businessman j. paul reddam and trained by doug o'neill .", "in may 2012 , ridden by mario gutierrez , he won the first two legs of the triple crown by taking the kentucky derby with a time of 2:01.83 .", "and the preakness stakes in 1:55.94 .", "on the day before the belmont stakes , he was scratched due to tendonitis , ending his chances of winning the triple crown , and retired from racing . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 0, 14 ] }

[ "i'll have another (foaled april 1, 2009) is a north american thoroughbred race horse, bred in kentucky, owned by canadian businessman j. paul reddam and trained by doug o'neill. in may 2012, ridden by mario gutierrez, he won the first two legs of the triple crown by taking the kentucky derby with a time of 2:01.83. and the preakness stakes in 1:55.94. on the day before the belmont stakes, he was scratched due to tendonitis, ending his chances of winning the triple crown, and retired from racing." ]

[ "ptocheuusa paupella (larvae) walking on seadhead' s petals. faro, algarve\nptocheuusa paupella (light fleabane neb) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance. meanwhile, please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na new species of fish, pseudoliparis swirei, published in zootaxa (4358: 161 - 177) by gerringer, m. e et al. was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .\na new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa ünal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story. well done mustafa and george !\na new species of wolf spider, lycosa aragogi, is named after aragog—the famous fictional spider from “harry potter” book series by j. k. rowling. the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film “harry potter and the chamber of secrets”, which is actually based on a wolf spider. the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .\nmariah o. pfleger, r. dean grubbs, charles f. cotton, toby s. daly - engel\nidentification of nipaecoccus (hemiptera: coccomorpha: pseudococcidae) species in the united states, with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp. n. and the male of n. floridensis beardsley\na small but rather attractive species, having a buff ground colour streaked whitish and with darker speckling .\nits distribution covers the southern half of england, with the odd record further north. it frequents generally damper habitats, and flies during june and again in august and september .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 07 - 09 04: 17: 18 page render time: 0. 2647s total w / procache: 0. 3319s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\noccurs on damp grassland, ditches, woodland rides and at the edges of salt - marshes .\nrecorded in 4 (6 %) of 69 10k squares. first recorded in 1874. last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\nlocal to locally common in southern england south of a line from the wash to the severn, very local further north and west with a few records from nottinghamshire, yorkshire, north wales and south - east ireland. a historic record from lancashire (1887) has not been repeated despite searches for the larvae in this area .\npulicaria dysenterica (common fleabane), see plant distribution map, inula crithmoides (golden - samphire), occasionally on mentha sp. (mint) and centaurea nigra * (common knapweed) .\n* this foodplant by e. s. bradford from two sites in kent .\nin europe also found on inula conyza (ploughman' s - spikenard) and i. montana .\nlarval feeding in common fleabane causes a small number of discoloured raised florets in the seedhead .\ndamp grassland, ditches, damp woodland rides, the edges of salt - marshes, rivers, canals and damp bases of muddy coastal cliffs .\ndouble brooded, from late may to early july and late july to early september. variable, according to the season, sometimes present in mid - july .\nlatest: 5th october 2003 (vc12), an exceptionally late date with the next earliest on 23rd september .\nlarva: feeding in the seedheads during july and again from mid september, overwintering fully fed through to the following may. a patch of raised and discoloured florets indicates its presence .\nadult: can be found resting on the flowerheads of the larval foodplant, flies at dusk and comes readily to mercury vapour light .\nalthough slightly variable in the extent of its ochreous - yellow markings on the white base colour, fresh specimens should not be confused with any other species in the british isles .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes: local in damp grassland, ditches, woodland rides and saltmarshes throughout much of southern england, southern wales and southern ireland. in hampshire still reasonably common in the south - east of the county, but it has become scarce in recent years in north hampshire and on the isle of wight. wingspan 10 - 12 mm. comes readily to light, and is fairly distinctive. larva feeds within seedheads of common fleabane and golden - samphire, over - wintering as a pupa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3. 2 / / en\na local and rare species in belgium, hitherto known only from two provinces. its a species of damp habitats .\nthe adults fly in two generations: from may till june and again from end of june till september. they come to light .\nbelgium, antwerpen, kapellen, 15 june 2005. (photo © chris steeman )\nresident. occurring singly, occasionally sparingly at mv light, in a very few places in both vice - counties, although often common at walberton. double - brooded, flying mainly in june, and again from early august to early september. the species has been associated with common fleabane in sussex. (pratt, 2011) .\na maximum of five species may be selected. the data for each species can be then viewed on the same page. tick the box below to select this species .\nws: 10 - 12mm; bivoltine jun, aug - sep; common fleabane (pulicaria dysenterica), golden samphire (inula crithmoides); common in damp grasslands, ditches, woodland rides and saltmarsh in s. england, mostly s of the wash - severn line .\n§1 foulness, essex, 14 / 07 / 2013; male; fw 5. 1mm §2 foulness, essex, 26 / 08 / 2017; male; fw 4. 9mm all images © chris lewis\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools." ]

{ "text": [ "ptocheuusa paupella , the light fleabane neb , is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "it is found from central and southern europe to the ural mountains .", "it is also found in turkey and india .", "the wingspan is 10 – 12 mm .", "the ground colour is buff , streaked with whitish and with darker speckling .", "adults are on wing in june and again from august to september .", "the larvae feed in the seedheads of pulicaria dysenterica , centaurea nigra and inula crithmoides . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 20, 9, 1, 8, 8 ] }

[ "ptocheuusa paupella, the light fleabane neb, is a moth of the gelechiidae family. it is found from central and southern europe to the ural mountains. it is also found in turkey and india. the wingspan is 10 – 12 mm. the ground colour is buff, streaked with whitish and with darker speckling. adults are on wing in june and again from august to september. the larvae feed in the seedheads of pulicaria dysenterica, centaurea nigra and inula crithmoides." ]

[ "neobarbara is a genus of moths belonging to the tortricidae family. it contains only one species, neobarbara olivacea, which is found in china (qinghai) .\ngenus: neobarbara liu & nasu, 1993. tinea 13 (21 - 29): 245 .\ntype - species: neobarbara olivacea liu & nasu, 1993. reports on the collections made by the bou 2: 95 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nby t. m. gilligan 1, j. baixeras 2, j. w. brown 3, and k. r. tuck 4\nurltoken is pleased to offer the complete world catalogue of the tortricidae (t @ rts)! this is a complete list of all world species, utilizing the world catalogue published in 2005 as the foundation for the database. version 3. 0 of the online catalogue contains 15, 099 records representing 10, 883 species. more than 1, 600 records have been updated from ver 2. 0 (jul, 2012), and more than 3, 000 records have been updated from the original catalogue. the database is completely searchable and contains photos of over 1, 200 type specimens .\nt @ rts will be updated regularly both with corrections from the original world catalogue and with additions since its publication. as such, these pages will serve as the most up to date information on current tortricid nomenclature. if you find any errors in the data presented here or have any questions / comments, please use the contact form to send the authors an email .\nwe are indebted to all of the original authors of the world catalogue (j. w. brown, j. baixeras, r. brown, m. horak, f. komai, e. metzler, j. razowski, and k. tuck) for providing the basis for this project. we would also like to thank the dozens of individuals who have provided corrections or updates to the database since it was first placed online in 2007 .\ngilligan, t. m. , j. baixeras, j. w. brown & k. r. tuck. 2014. t @ rts: online world catalogue of the tortricidae (ver. 3. 0). urltoken\n1 colorado state university, bioagricultural sciences and pest management, 1177 campus delivery, fort collins, co 80523, usa 2 institut cavanilles de biodiversitat i biologia evolutiva, universitat de valencia, apartat oficial 2085, 46071 valencia, spain 3 systematic entomology laboratory - usda [ retired ], smithsonian institution, p. o. box 37012, national museum of natural history, washington, dc 20013, usa 4 curator - microlepidoptera [ retired ], entomology department (dc2 - 2n), natural history museum, cromwell road, london sw7 5bd, uk\nunless noted, all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan. please do not download, copy, print, or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author. contact form .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype specimens: type (s) china: qinghai, (? depository). .\nt @ rts: online world catalogue of the tortricidae (ver. 2. 0 )\nby gilligan, t. m. , j. baixeras, j. w. brown & k. r. tuck. 2012 .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nthe wingspan is about 10 mm. the forewings are olive - green with cream white tips of the scales. the hindwings are light greyish - brown .\nthe larvae feed on picea asperata, picea purpurea and picea wilsonii. the larvae have a cream - yellow body and dark brown head .\nneobisnius is a genus of large rove beetles in the family staphylinidae. there are at least 20 described species in neobisnius .\nneobike (龍通關) is a company and brand of folding bicycles, made in taiwan. the company manufactures copies of folding bicycle designs, including those originally created by brompton bicycle and dahon .\nneobernaya spadicea, common name the chestnut cowrie, is a species of sea snail in the cowrie family, cypraeidae .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "neobarbara is a genus of moths belonging to the tortricidae family .", "it contains only one species , neobarbara olivacea , which is found in china ( qinghai ) .", "the wingspan is about 10 mm .", "the forewings are olive-green with cream white tips of the scales .", "the hindwings are light greyish brown .", "the larvae feed on picea asperata , picea purpurea and picea wilsonii .", "the larvae have a cream-yellow body and dark brown head . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 9, 1, 1, 3, 23 ] }

[ "neobarbara is a genus of moths belonging to the tortricidae family. it contains only one species, neobarbara olivacea, which is found in china (qinghai). the wingspan is about 10 mm. the forewings are olive-green with cream white tips of the scales. the hindwings are light greyish brown. the larvae feed on picea asperata, picea purpurea and picea wilsonii. the larvae have a cream-yellow body and dark brown head." ]

[ "agama lionotus var. mwanzae loveridge 1923 agama agama mwanzae — mertens 1955: 53 agama planiceps mwanzae — loveridge 1957: 195 agama planiceps mwanzae kluge 1984 agama planiceps mwanzae — wermuth 1967: 21 agama mwanzae — broadley & howell 1991: 11 agama mwanzae — wagner et al. 2008 agama mwanzae — spawls et al. 2018: 232\ncyndy parr set\nimage of agama planiceps\nas an exemplar on\nagama\n.\nthe diet of the namibian rock agama (agama planiceps) consists mainly of insects – predominantly ants and termites .\nagama planiceps adult female, kunene river lodge, namibia. [ photo trevor hardaker © ]\nagama planiceps adult male, kunene river lodge, namibia. [ photo trevor hardaker © ]\nagama planiceps adult male, daan viljoen game reserve, namibia. [ photo trevor hardaker © ]\nagama planiceps immature male, daan viljoen game reserve, namibia. [ photo trevor hardaker © ]\nstudies on african agama vi. taxonomic status of the west african agama (sauria: agamidae) with prominent tail crests: agama boulengeri lataste 1886, agama insularis chabanaud, 1918 and agama cristata mocquard, 1905\nheideman, n. j. l. 1993. social organization and behaviour of agama aculeata aculeata and agama planiceps planiceps during the breeding season. j. herp. assoc. africa (42): 29 - 31 - get paper here\nstudies on african agama vii. a new species of the agama agama - group (linnaeus, 1758) (sauria: agamidae) from cameroon & gabon, with comments on agama mehelyi tornier, 1902\nagama aculeata merrem 1820: 53 agama aculeata duméril & bibron 1837: 499 (non merrem ?) trapelus (psammorrhoa) bibronii fitzinger 1843 (nom. subst .) saura spinalis wagler 1866 (nom. subst. , partim) agama infralineata peters 1877 agama aculeata — boulenger 1885: 351 agama pulchella bocage 1896 agama hispida aculeata — loveridge 1936: 52 agama hispida aculeata — fitzsimons & brain 1958 agama aculeata aculeata — auerbach 1987: 98 agama aculeata — pianka & vitt 2003: 123 agama aculeata aculeata — bates et al. 2014: 303 agama aculeata distanti (boulenger 1902) agama distanti boulenger 1902: 339 agama hispida var. distanti — loveridge 1923: 942 agama aculeata distanti — boycott 1992 agama aculeata distanti — bates et al. 2014: 30\nstudies on africa agama v. on the origin of lacerta agama linnaeus, 1758 (squamata: agamidae )\ncunningham, p. 2011. agama planiceps (peters, 1862) diet. african herp news (55): 19 - 20\nbillawer, w. h. ; heidemann, n. j. l. 1996. a comparative analysis of diurnal behavioural activities in males of agama aculeata aculeata and agama planiceps planiceps in windhoek, namibia. j. herpet. assoc. africa 45 (2): 68 - 73 - get paper here\nheideman, n. j. l. (1993): social organization and behaviour of agama aculeata aculeata and agama planiceps (reptilia: agamidae) during the breeding season. the journal of the herpetological association of africa 42 (1): 28–31 .\ncowley, t. & cunningham, p. 2004. agama planiceps peters, 1862 as prey item for black mongoose galerella (sanguinea) nigrata [ short note ]. herpetozoa 17: - get paper here\na. mwanzae was previously regarded as a subspecies of a. planiceps peters, 1862 (spawls et al. 2002) .\nwagner, p. ; barej, m. f. & schmitz, a. 2009. studies on african agama vii. a new species of the agama agama - group (linnaeus, 1758) (sauria: agamidae) from cameroon & gabon, with comments on agama mehelyi tornier, 1902. bonner zoologische beiträge 56 (4): 285–297 - get paper here\nwagner, p. ; krause, p. & böhme, w. 2008. studies on african agama iii. resurrection of agama agama turuensis loveridge, 1932 (squamata: agamidae) from synonymy and elevation to species rank. salamandra 44 (1): 35 - 42 - get paper here\nthis single small agama was perched on this little boulder in central etosha np, and was photo' d out the car window. etosha agama has a tiny range: it is essentially endemic to etosha park. ground agama has a much wider range throughout the interior of s. w. africa. we wanted it to be the etosha agama but the photo in branch (1998) looks better for ground agama — the etosha agama doesn' t seem to be this patterned. further, the 5th toe may be as long as the 1st toe (good for ground) instead of very short (as in etosha). this is probably ground agama but, either way, it is a lifer .\nadditions to the lizard diversity of the horn of africa – two new species of the agama spinosa group .\nwagner, p. , a. burmann & w. böhme 2008. studies on african agama ii - resurrection of agama agama kaimosae loveridge, 1935 (squamata: agamidae) from synonymy and its elevation to species rank. russ. j. herpetol. 15 (1): 1 - 7 - get paper here\nagama aculeata armata is treated here as a full species. synonymy: wermuth 1965, wagner et al. 2012 .\nsubspecies: agama planiceps mwanzae is now considered a separate species, a. mwanzae. distribution: see map in kissling et al. 2016: fig. 1. not in cameroon (p. wagner, pers. comm .) a. planiceps exhibits a striking sexual dimorphism: males have bright red head and a dark blue body while females have a head with light spots on dark base color (see back cover of iguana - rundschreiben 1 / 2006) .\nalthough i photographed this albino - like agama in a tree, it’s colouring is a mystery to me and i’m not sure whether it is a rock or tree agama. it could be a juvenile still getting its colours, or an adult doing its chameleon camouflage trick !\nmclachlan g r 1981. taxonomy of agama hispida (sauria: agamidae) in southern africa. cimbebasia ser. a 5 (6): 219 - 227\nkowalski, t. & barts, m. 2007. bildung eines gabelschwanzes bei agama lionotus lionotus boulenger 1896. sauria 29 (1): 54 - get paper here\nharlan, r. 1825. description of a new species of agama. j. acad. nat. sci. philadelphia 4: 296 - 305 - get paper here\ncarter aj, goldizen a, heinsohn r (2012) personality and plasticity: temporal behavioural reaction norms in a lizard, the namibian rock agama. animal behaviour 84: 471–477 .\nyarnell, richard w. and bethan haf jones 2001. notes on the behaviour and morphology of agama mwanzae in northern tanzania. african herp news (33): 4 - 9\nagama cornuta harlan 1825: 299 lacerta cornuta — cuvier 1819: 37 (fide gentry 1885) tapaya cornuta — cuvier 1829: 37 phrynosoma cornutum — gray in griffith 1831: 9 phrynosoma bufonium wiegmann 1828: 367 phrynosoma harlanii wiegmann 1834: 54 phrynosoma harlanii — duméril & bibron 1837: 314 tropidogaster cornutus — fitzinger 1843: 79 (fide gentry 1885) phrynosoma harlani — neill 1846: 99 phrynosoma planiceps hallowell 1852: 178 phrynosoma harlesii — brühl 1886 (in error) phrynosoma cornutum planiceps — boulenger 1885: 246 phrynosoma brevicornis e. g. boulenger 1916 phrynosoma cornutum — smith & taylor 1950: 99 phrynosoma cornutum — stebbins 1985: 139 phrynosoma cornutum — conant & collins 1991: 112 phrynosoma cornutum — liner 1994 phrynosoma cornutum — liner 2007\njustification: agama mwanzae has been assessed as least concern due to its large distribution and tolerance of anthropogenic environments. no specific threats have been reported and this species is not undegoing significant population declines .\nyarnell, r. w. and jones, b. h. 2001. notes on the behaviour and morphology of agama mwanzae in northern tanzania. african herp news 33: 4 - 9 .\nwagner, p. 2014. a new cryptic species of the agama lionotus complex from south of the ngong hills in kenya. salamandra 50 (4): 187 - 200 - get paper here\nholotype: zmb 750 ,\nin promontorio bonae spei\n, leg. v. borcke (actually a paralectotypus fide tillack, pers. comm. 22 jan 2014, wagner et al. 2012) lectotype: fig. 7 of seba (1735, ii, tomus 8) holotype: mnhn [ agama aculeata duméril & bibron 1837 ] syntypes: zmb 4217, 4218, 4219 [ agama infralineata peters 1877 ]\nboulenger, g. a. 1902. a new name for the common agama of the transvaal. ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 9: 339 - 339 - get paper here\nbarts, m. & trapp, b. 2003. agama mwanzae loveridge 1923 - ostafrikanische selsenagame oder mwanzae - flachkopfagame. reptilia (münster) 8 (42): 51 - 54 - get paper here\nloveridge, a. 1923. notes of east african lizards collected 1920 - 1923 with the description of two new races of agama lionotus blgr. proceedings of the zoological society of london 1923: 935 - 969 .\nloveridge, a. 1923. notes on east african lizards collected 1920 - 1923 with the description of two new races of agama lionotus blgr. proc. zool. soc. london 1923: 935 - 969 - get paper here\nthis species is locally very abundant, but is strictly reliant on the presence of sheet rock outcrops (s. spawls pers. comm. 2014). this is the most common agama observed in the serengeti and masaai mara (s. spawls pers. comm. 2014) .\nleaché, adam d. ; rebecca a. chong, theodore j. papenfuss, philipp wagner, wolfgang böhme, andreas schmitz, mark - oliver rödel, matthew lebreton, ivan ineich, laurent chirio, aaron < br / > bauer, edem a. eniang, & sherif baha el din 2009. phylogeny of the genus agama based on mitochondrial dna sequence data. bonner zoologische beiträge 56 (4): 273–278 - get paper here\nwe asked several questions about the nature and consequences of the iiv of boldness in wild namibian rock agamas across two seasons. we found evidence that intraindividual variability in flight initiation distances differed significantly among individuals both within seasons and overall. additionally, though iiv increased slightly between seasons, iiv was highly repeatable, suggesting that iiv could be considered a ‘trait’ in this species. further, we found strong correlations between iiv and boldness. overall and in both the dry and the wet seasons, shyer individuals—those with higher mean fids—were less variable—had lower iivs. however, there was no effect of iiv on the mass of the agama. below we discuss iiv in the existing framework of personality and plasticity and its implications for this framework before considering our findings in more detail .\nthe study was undertaken at hobatere campsite (lat 70°53′37. 74′′s, long 19°28′31. 35′′e), 70 km north of kamanjab in northwestern namibia. a population of the namibian rock agama occupied the area (ca. 1. 0 × 0. 7 km) immediately around the campsite. we identified (see below) and studied 30 individuals; however, males were observed in 3 blocks of 10 each. the first block of 10 individuals was observed during february 2009, the second block during march 2009, and the third block during april 2009. the first block of males was observed at the end of the breeding season; males were observed courting females during this time (running in circles around females and head - bobbing). during the second and third blocks no courting behavior was observed. thus we call february “breeding season” and march and april “nonbreeding season. ”\nthe boldness of individual male agamas was repeatedly assessed by measuring flight initiation distances. a single observer (ajc) approached each male on foot at a constant speed (4 km / h; measured using a gps unit [ etrex, garmin, olathe, ks, usa ]) after a 10 min observation period (performed as part of another study: [ 16 ]) from a distance of approx. 20 m (range 10–35 m) depending on the position of the agama in relation to the observer at the end of the observation period. males were approached to test their fid when an observation period ended with the male basking prominently within his home range [ 17 ], or had been watched for at least 3 min in the case of those individuals (n = 2) that did not form part of the observational study (for details, see [ 16 ], [ 20 ]). the distance from the observer when the male fled was measured to the nearest 5 cm using a measuring tape. smaller fids are indicative of higher boldness [ 17 ] .\nschacki: angola. type locality: cubal (900 m. elevation), province benguella, angola .\ntype locality: neu - barmen, im hererolande, an der westküste von afrika, im 21. ° südlicher breite [ = otjimbingue, namibia ]\nnote: tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well. we are working on it .\nsyntypes: zmb 4200 - 1 syntype. zisp 1140, 1 specimen, “otjimbingue” [ otjimbingwe, erongo region, namibia ]. received from zmb in 1868 .\nangel, fernand 1925. résultats scientifiques. vertebrata. reptiles et batraciens. [ mabuia (mabuiopsis) jeanneli, lygosoma graueri quinquedigitata, ablepharus massaiensis ]. in: voyage de ch. alluaud et r. jeannel en afrique orientale (1911 - 1912). - paris, 2: 1 - 63 .\nbarts, m. 2003. die agamen des südlichen afrikas. draco 4 (14): 70 - 79 - get paper here\nbarts, m. & wilms, t. 2003. die agamen der welt. draco 4 (14): 4 - 23 - get paper here\nbauer, aaron m. ; branch, william r. & haacke, wulf d. 1993. the herpetofauna of the kamanjab area and adjacent damaraland, namibia. madoqua (windhoek) 18 (2): 117 - 145 .\nboulenger, g. a. 1885. catalogue of the lizards in the british museum (nat. hist .) i. geckonidae, eublepharidae, uroplatidae, pygopodidae, agamidae. london: 450 pp. - get paper here\nboulenger, g. a. 1888. on new or little known south african reptiles. ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 2: 136 - 141 - get paper here\ncimatti, e. 2007. namibia - introduction to a vast territory. reptilia (gb) (50): 58 - 67 - get paper here\nconradie w, bills r, and branch wr. 2016. the herpetofauna of the cubango, cuito, and lower cuando river catchments of south - eastern angola. amphibian & reptile conservation 10 (2) [ special section ]: 6–36 - get paper here\ncooper jr. , w. e. 2005. duration of movement as a lizard foraging movement variable. herpetologica 61 (4): 363 - 372 - get paper here\ngrubermann, m. 2013. einige fotografische beobachtungen an agamen in kenia, tansania, malawi, südafrika und namibia. iguana 26 (1): 23 - 33\nhellmich, w. 1957. herpetologische ergebnisse einer forschungsreise in angola. veröff. zool. staatssammlung münchen 5: 1 - 91 - get paper here\nherrmann, h. - w. ; w. r. branch 2013. fifty years of herpetological research in the namib desert and namibia with an updated and annotated species checklist. journal of arid environments 93: 94–115 - get paper here\nkissling, w. daniel; anne blach - overgaard, roelof e. zwaan & philipp wagner 2016. historical colonization and dispersal limitation supplement climate and topography in shaping species richness of african lizards (reptilia: agaminae). scientific reports 6: 34014, doi: 10. 1038 / srep34014 - get paper here\nlebreton, matthew 1999. a working checklist of the herpetofauna of cameroon. netherlands committee for iucn, 160 pp .\nloveridge, a. 1936. african reptiles and amphibians in the field museum of natural history. zool. ser. field mus. nat. hist. , chicago, 22 (1): 1 - 122 - get paper here\nmertens, r. 1938. amphibien und reptilien aus angola, gesammelt von w. schack. senckenbergiana, 20: 425 - 443\nmertens, r. 1955. die amphibien und reptilien südwestafrikas. aus den ergebnissen einer im jahre 1952 ausgeführten reise. abh. senckenb. naturf. ges. (frankfurt) 490: 1 - 172 - get paper here\nmonard, a. 1951. résultants de la mission zoologique suisse au cameroun. reptiles. mém. ifan, dakkar, ser. sci. nat. 1: 123 - 170 .\nmonard, albert 1937. contribution à l' herpétologie d' angola. arq. mus. bocage, lisbon 8: 19 - 153 .\npeters, w. c. h. 1862. übersicht einiger von dem, durch seine afrikanische sprachforschungen, rühmlichst bekannten, hrn. missionär c. h. hahn bei neu - barmen, im hererolande, and der westküste von afrika, im 21˚ südl. br. gesammelten amphibien, nebst beschreibungen der neue monatsber. akad. wiss. berlin 1862: 15 - 26 - get paper here\nschleicher, alfred 2015. reptilien namibias. namibia scientific society, 276 pp .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz (database content) and jakob hallermann, zoological museum hamburg (new species and updates) .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nalecia j. carter, anne w. goldizen, sara a. tromp; agamas exhibit behavioral syndromes: bolder males bask and feed more but may suffer higher predation, behavioral ecology, volume 21, issue 3, 1 may 2010, pages 655–661, urltoken\nindividuals within a population should adapt their behavior to suit their current physical and social environment (elgar 1989; childress and lung 2003). however, there is now evidence from diverse taxa such as birds (carere et al. 2005; quinn and cresswell 2005; de azevedo and young 2006), mammals (gosling 1998; reale et al. 2000; bremner - harrison et al. 2004), reptiles (lopez et al. 2005), fish (wilson et al. 1993; wilson and godin 2009), and invertebrates (mather and anderson 1993) that this is not always the case. indeed, it has been shown that some aspects of individual behavior are instead constrained within broad behavioral syndromes or “personalities” that can cause the maintenance of suboptimal correlations in behavior (after sih et al. 2004, reviewed in gosling and vazire 2002; dall et al. 2004; dingemanse and reale 2005), which can have a heritable component (drent et al. 2003) .\nduring focal observations, we also recorded the frequencies of a number of behavioral events. we recorded the number of times that males either head bobbed or did push - ups. as we were interested in the rate of signaling and both head - bobs and push - ups should be conspicuous movements to predators, we did not distinguish between the 2 types of signals; we refer to these behaviors collectively as signaling. we defined signaling as any movement of the head and / or torso along a vertical plane. a signaling event was recorded when such movement resulted in no net change in position of the head (i. e. , head moved up and down completely) .\nhome range estimation. although agamas do defend territories, we were unable to confidently define all boundaries; consequently, we refer to all spatial patterns measured as “home ranges. ” we quantified the sizes of the home ranges of the 30 observed males by taking gps positions of males. to get the most accurate estimations of the home ranges of the males, an observer moved through the study site at least daily to find the study individuals. if a male was observed in a new position, the observer returned to gps that position at a later time when the male was not there, to reduce disturbance. we also observed males for up to an hour at a time from a distance of more than 20 m away to observe any new positions that the males occupied during that time. new positions noted in this manner were recorded as mentioned above. positions of males were taken when the accuracy of the gps readings were 3 m or less .\nfeeding rates. we recorded feeding events of males during focal observations. a feeding event was recorded when the observer saw a male bite and masticate an object. males generally ate lepidopteran larvae, small orthopterans, and other insects, but we also observed males eating flowers and other soft plant material .\nwe used the average of the fids of the focal males as a measure of boldness. bolder males will have a shorter fid than shy males by our definition of boldness (risk taking). average male fids did not vary significantly with proximity to the campsite (bordering campsite [ n = 12 ] = 2. 60 ± 0. 55 m, within 50 m of campsite [ n = 8 ] = 4. 25 ± 0. 69, > 50 m from campsite [ n = 10 ] = 3. 78 ± 0. 73 m; analysis of variance, f 2, 29 = 1. 76, p = 0. 19), thus we did not include “campsite proximity” as a variable in the following model. repeatability (r) was calculated following the protocol described in lessells and boag (1987), and the standard error (se) was calculated following becker (1984) .\nwe investigated whether there were relationships between fids and the recorded behaviors using linear mixed effects (lmes) models with “month” as a random factor and fid as the response variable. as we were interested in risk - taking behavior, and both basking and moving presumably attract the attention of predators, we analyzed conspicuous behavior as the sum of time spent basking and time spent moving. proportions of time spent in each behavior were square root arcsine - transformed to break the bounds set by proportions. time spent in thigmothermy was log - transformed, and the exponential of the time spent in conspicuous behavior was used to satisfy normality assumptions. times spent sitting in shade and in other behaviors were overdispersed on analysis, thus we analyzed these data using spearman rank correlations. signaling was converted to a rate / time spent conspicuous, which was log - transformed to satisfy normality assumptions and analyzed as above. data were checked for overdispersion. data were analyzed using r (version 2. 7. 1 using the package “nlme”; r development core team 2008) .\nhome range size. we used minimum convex polygons (mcps) to estimate the home ranges of the observed males. we considered mcp estimation to be appropriate for this system as males are thought to be territorial and thus should not leave the boundaries of their home ranges once they have been established; we did not wish to overestimate their home range sizes by using other methods of analysis. mcps were calculated using r (version 2. 7. 1 using the package “adehabitat”; r development core team 2008). we investigated whether home range sizes of identified males related to their fids using a lmes model in r (version 2. 8. 1 using the package nlme, r development core team 2008) with month as a random factor; mcps were log - transformed to satisfy normality assumptions .\nfrequency of tail loss. for each pair of males, we assessed whether the whole - or half - tail male had the longer fid. we then used a χ 2 - test to compare the number of pairs in which half - tail males had longer fids than whole - tail males with the number of pairs showing the opposite pattern .\nfeeding rates. numbers of feeding events were converted to rates / 10 min and compared with males’ fids using a spearman correlation test .\nwe assessed each male' s fid on average 8 ± 0. 73 times (range = 4–18 times). male fid averaged 3. 14 ± 0. 39 m (range 0. 53–8. 75 m; average of each male' s average). fid did not vary significantly with time since last test within a day; thus, we believe there are no learning effects or habituation to the stimulus (lme; β ± se = −0. 0001 ± 0. 0004, degrees of freedom [ df ] = 129, t = −0. 30, p = 0. 76). ten males were tested during 2 periods (in february and in april) to investigate long - term repeatability of boldness. males increased their fid in april by an average of 0. 41 ± 0. 11 m (range 0. 04–1. 14 m); however, male fid was repeatable during the 2 time periods (r = 0. 95 ± 0. 033; figure 1). because of the difference in fids during the breeding and nonbreeding seasons for these males, data presented below were analyzed using the average of the february fids for all males observed during that time .\nthe relationship between the averages of individual males’ fids during february and april. the line represents the line of best fit for the regression .\nwe observed each of the 30 individual male agamas on average 10. 5 ± 0. 15 times (for a total of 3350 min, range = 9–15 times). we found that males spent, on average, 56. 6 ± 2. 1% of the time observed basking, 5. 9 ± 0. 4% moving, 28. 5 ± 2. 3% in thigmothermy, 3. 3 ± 0. 4% hiding, and 5. 7 ± 0. 7% doing other behaviors. there was a negative correlation between fid and time spent in conspicuous behaviors (β ± se = 16. 63 ± 4. 29, df = 26, t = −3. 87, p = 0. 006; figure 2). as expected given that males that spent more time being conspicuous spend less time hiding, there was a positive correlation between fid and time spent hiding (β ± se = −3. 28 ± 1. 12, df = 26, t = −2. 94, p < 0. 007). we did not find relationships between fid and any of the other behavioral categories tested (time spent in thigmothermy: β ± se = 2. 42 ± 1. 52, df = 26, t = 1. 60, p = 0. 12; time spent sitting in shade: r ± se = 0. 16 ± 0. 19, z = 0. 87, p = 0. 39; time spent in other behaviors: r ± se = −0. 17 ± 0. 19, z = −0. 93, p = 0. 35). male' s rates of signaling while conspicuous did not vary with fid (β ± se = −0. 73 ± 0. 66, df = 26, t = 1. 11, p = 0. 28) .\nthe relationship between male fids and the proportion of time spent in conspicuous behaviors (basking and moving) (averaged across all 10 - min focal observations of each male' s behavior). the line represents the line of best fit for the regression .\nmale home ranges averaged 457 ± 81 m 2 (range 21–1896 m 2). home range sizes decreased with increasing fids (lme; β ± se = −62. 3 ± 27. 1, df = 26, t = 2. 30, p < 0. 03; figure 3), suggesting that bolder males had larger home ranges .\nthe relationships between male fids and home range sizes. the line represents the line of best fit for the regression .\nwe recorded fids of 18 pairs of half - and whole - tail nearest neighbors. in 14 of the 18 nearest - neighbor pairs of males, the half - tail male had a shorter fid than the whole - tail male. these 14 pairs were significantly more than the 4 pairs showing the opposite pattern (χ 2 = 5. 56, df = 1, p = 0. 02), supporting our hypothesis that individuals with a shorter fid were at a higher predation risk\nmales ate at an average rate of 0. 35 ± 0. 07 events / 10 min. we found that fid and feeding rates were correlated using a spearman correlation test (r ± se = −0. 36 ± 0. 18, z = 1. 96, p = 0. 05; figure 4) .\nthe relationship between male fid and feeding rate / 10 min. the line represents the line of best fit, however, data were analyzed with a spearman correlation test (p = 0. 05) .\nbolder males were found to have larger home ranges than shyer males, suggesting a possible benefit to being bold. having a larger home range may give a male greater access to female agamas and / or resources such as insects or plant material (melville and swain 1999; vanpé et al. 2009). we are quite confident that we accurately estimated the home ranges of the observed males, but there is a chance that shyer males were unwilling to enter all parts of their home ranges when being observed, even from great distances. we hypothesize that shyer males suffer costs from having smaller home ranges; this should be tested in future studies. we predict that bolder males have larger home ranges because they are more aggressive and consequently fight more than shyer males and / or because they spend more time surveying their home range and can respond faster and more effectively to any invasion of the home range .\nwe also found that bolder males fed more than shyer males while being observed, which suggests another possible benefit to being bold. bolder males may find more to eat because they have larger / better home ranges or they may eat more because they are out foraging more; this also warrants further research. boldness is often correlated with levels of aggressiveness (verbeek et al. 1996), and aggressive males may be able to defend home ranges that produce better / more resources. alternatively, both shyer and bolder male agamas may have had the same opportunities to gain food but shyer males may have been unwilling to take those opportunities in the presence of a predator (the researcher). this kind of risk - taking behavior on the part of the bolder males may represent a significant benefit to bolder males if it causes them to gain more resources .\nwe predicted that shyer males would signal less than bolder males as signaling can be a risk - taking behavior (zuk and kolluru 1998) but found no correlation between boldness and signaling behavior. the majority of our study was undertaken during the nonbreeding season during which time signaling may not have been as important to males. bolder males may signal more during the breeding season and mitigate the cost of signaling during the nonbreeding season by decreasing their rate of signaling at that time. we suggest future studies should investigate this aspect of signaling behavior .\nour results demonstrate the importance of empirical research in the field of personality research. however, without long - term studies on this and other systems, we will not be able to accurately estimate the fitness of bolder and shyer individuals, which would require data on survival and reproductive success. we were not able to measure the repeatability of individual differences in the behaviors of our agamas, except for fid; this would require observations to be carried out over a longer time frame and should be the subject of further work. empirical data should thus form the basis of experimental studies in future research. we suggest that future studies should work to the following theoretical framework to determine the evolutionary and ecological significance of consistent individual differences in behavior in wild animals: 1) estimate the repeatability of behavioral variations, 2) test for behavioral syndromes, and 3) estimate the fitness consequences of these behavioral syndromes, preferably over the lifetime of the species under study .\nthe authors would like to thank ben barth, katherine forsythe, and claudia sick for their neon awesome help in the field, the braine family at hobatere lodge for logistical support and interesting discussions, and harry marshall for his help with creating figures .\nhome - range characteristics of an alpine lizard, niveoscincus microlepidotus (scincidae), on mt. wellington, southern tasmania\n© the author 2010. published by oxford university press on behalf of the international society for behavioral ecology. all rights reserved. for permissions, please e - mail: journals. permissions @ urltoken\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\ncontinent: africa distribution: namibia (damaraland, kaokoveld) schacki: angola. type locality: cubal (900 m. elevation), province benguella, angola. type locality: neu - barmen, im hererolande, an der westküste von afrika, im 21. ° südlicher breite [ = otjimbingue, namibia ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ni’m always excited to come across agamas and lizards on our travels. they are usually such colourful subjects to photograph, but even those that lack colour are still fascinating because of their beautiful scales, spines and armoury, which the camera captures so well! we are lucky in southern africa to have such a huge variety of these little reptiles so my delight is bound to be ongoing as we come across more and more on our journeys around the country .\nagamas are quite common in namibia, especially in the rocky areas, although there are arboreal and terrestrial agamas as well. in southern africa there are eleven species, all quite similar in appearance but with different colours and marking. they tend to camouflage themselves by picking up the colour of the substrate they inhabit, however when they are breeding they are brightly coloured and it is easy to distinguish between the males and females. did you know that agamas can change their colours much like a chameleon does, with males being able to change themselves to resemble females when they are in danger ?\nfemales lay between 5 and 18 eggs in the middle of summer and these take about two months to hatch. don’t you love the ferocious mock teeth markings on her lips? very scary! !\ntree agamas (acanthocercus atricollis) usually have large blue heads and their diet consists of flying insects like grasshoppers, beetles and other goggas that inhabit the bark of trees .\nin central namibia we came across this attractive jordans girdled lizard. girdled lizards need the warmth of the sun to raise their body temperature, so they are known as heliotherms and as a result they are diurnal. they tend to eat anything that they can catch which means that their diet is wide and varied, even including vegetation if no insects or small invertebrates can be found. note how well he blends into his environment .\nthis black girdled lizard (cordylus niger) was basking in the sun at langebaan in the western cape. its dark colour serves the purpose of allowing it to absorb heat more effectively because it lives in an environment that has a lot of rain and mist .\nfinally, i’ll end off with a magnificent specimen of an augrabies flat lizard (platysaurus broadleyi), which, as its name suggests, was found in the augrabies falls area in the northern cape .\nunlike their girdled cousins, flat lizards have smooth skin that has an almost velvet finish. they also need the sun to initiate activity and then they spend their day searching for food, basking or interacting with other lizards. flat lizards tend to live on rocks as these quickly heat up bringing the lizards to their preferred temperature .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser. please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos, or try our html specimensearch option .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nde silva, r. , milligan, h. t. , wearn, o. r. , wren, s. , zamin, t. , sears, j. , wilson, p. , lewis, s. , lintott, p. & powney, g .\nthis species is regularly found in the international pet trade (p. wagner pers. comm. 2014), with an export quota of 2, 000 animals per year set by the tanzanian government (j. beraduccii pers. comm. 2014). due to taxonomic changes that have not been reflected in quota documentation, other species are likely to be included in the trade under this name, including the similar a. dodomae (j. beraduccii pers. comm. 2014) .\nthis species is known to occur in the masai mara game reserve, serengeti and arusha national park (razzetti and msuya 2002, spawls et al. 2002). no conservation measures are required. export quota documentation needs to be updated to reflect modern agamid taxonomy. breeding studies in the field are needed to better - understand population demographics (p. wagner pers. comm. 2014) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthank you for visiting nature. com. you are using a browser version with limited support for css. to obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer). in the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\nnature is part of springer nature. © 2018 springer nature limited. all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncolouring: blue - purple back with an orange - red head, neck and throat. the tail is olive - yellow at the base, which changes to olive - red at the tip .\nbreeding: females lay small clutches of between 5 to 10 eggs, laid in soil beneath a slab of rock or in the cracks and crevices of rocks .\nsituated in the tiny town of uis, this lodge acts as a gateway to the brandberg mountain and other parts of the erongo region. the owner, basil, is a bastion of the local community and a font of knowledge on the area\nsmall private lodge consisting of thatched domed bungalows scattered amongst large granite boulders. it is well situated near twyfelfontein and several other major damaraland attractions\nthis camp was started by wilderness safaris and is now managed by the local community. expect luxury, desert elephants and rhino\nnamed after the abundant mopane trees found in the area, damara mopane lodge is part of a well established lodge group, known for quality lodges at reasonable prices. only 20km from khorixas and within driving distance of the highlights of the area\na good quality lodge located close to the rock engravings at twyfelfontein. excursions to the engravings and in search of desert adapted elephant are available\none of the most luxurious lodges in the area - accommodation is in luxury tents or more' solid' suites .\nas the name implies this is situated close to the rock engravings at twyfelfontein. a good quality lodge with reasonable rates .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nwinter is not a good time for herps in southern africa. most of them are in hibernation or rarely active in this colder part of the year. we did not see any amphibians at all, and the vast majority of lizards were a few out in the desert areas that were warm at mid - day. we also did not search very much for herps. rather, if we saw one, we were interested and tried to i. d. it (and usually tried to photograph it as well). so this is a very short listing of the herps of southern africa .\nthere is a great new field guide: branch (1998). it has distribution maps, lucid text, and color photos of all species. the revised edition i acquired over there had 83 new species added since the previous edition, so there has been a fair amount of recent taxonomic work on reptiles in southern africa. [ those marked with an asterisk (*) were lifers for us; this was most of them! ]\nthis was a common tortoise of the scrubby sand dunes in west coast np, a half - day' s drive up the coast from cape town. we saw something like 30 (!) during our few hours; many smaller ones were crossing the road or seen at the road' s edge. unfortunately this was the only species we saw alive, a dead tent tortoise psammobates tentorius was on the road enroute to brandvlei. about 30% of the world' s tortoises occur in southern africa, and 12 species are endemic to this region .\nthis thin small snake (about a foot long) was active at mid - day around our bungalow at augrabies falls np. it was' in - and - out' of little nooks in the outside of the chalet; it is a very fast diurnal predator on small lizards. sand snakes of this genus have venom that works on lizards, but is usually harmless to humans. there are 23 species of sand snakes in africa. this one was a cute little guy. although we were alert throughout the trip, this was the only snake we saw alive [ a mole snake pseudaspis cana was found dead on the road near brandvlei ]\na mid - sized stripey skink in etosha np and at nkwasa camp near rundu (below left) was thought to be this widespread species on the basis of range and overall appearance. there are other' striped' skinks but they seem to be more local and elusive. this species inhabits a wide range of habitats and is common around human habitation. it is possible that the lizard (below right) at the entrance to mahango game reserve in the caprivi strip is also this species. breeding males are said to have an orange - brown head with yellow - orange throat .\nthis medium - sized black skink (left) was photographed at canyon lodge in south namibia. another was seen at anib lodge in central namibia. it is the males that can get all - black (although they are suffused with bronze in some populations). females and young are dull olive .\nthese small (4 - 6 inch long) fast lizards were under very small bits of desert scrub at spitzkoppe, and ran ahead of me as i chased down the herero chat. branch (1998) says\nthese amazingly fast lizards can be seen in the heat of the day, dashing over open, sparsely vegetated sand and gravel flats .\nalthough also said to be dormant in winter, this photo matches the species well .\nthis lizard is endemic to a very short stretch of the orange river in westernmost south africa. fortunately, this stretch of river include augrabies falls. as branch (1990) says :\nthese beautiful lizards are common on the smooth granite walls of the augrabies falls .\nmales are colorful with dark blue throats, black bellies, and orange forelimbs. alas, the only ones i got close to were the stripey females or young (left). note the long toes for hanging on to vertical cliffs .\nseveral slunk along the muddy banks of the okavango river but dropped into the water when we got too close .\nthese colorful and very fast lizards were clinging to huge boulders around the base of spitzkoppe. females (below left) and youngsters were by far the majority of the 20 + seen; full males (below right) were scarce. the dominant male defends a territory that has a harem of females, and will not tolerate another male in its territory during the breeding season (branch 1998). these are comparatively large lizards (two feet long in males) but also quite shy. it took significant effort to get these shots .\nthis tiny gecko was on the woven shutters that fringed the sides of our individual bungalow at xaro camp in the okavango delta. branch (1998) says they typically forage high in trees for ants and termites but are known to forage on houses. this i. d. is primary on range, behavior, and size .\na few were seen daily on the okavango river. at this high water stage there were not many sandbars, and thus the few we saw were hugging the river banks, tucked under cover, and not very large. but you don' t want to swim in the okavango ...\nwe also encountered a variety of other interesting plants and animals; shown below is an active paper - wasp nest at spitzkoppe. richard was very interested in wildflowers, and took a good selection of photos. i find i have enough trying to i. d. the birds, mammals, herps, and sharks we saw. but southwestern africa is a spectacular part of this planet .\n: all photos on this page are © 2005 don roberson; all rights reserved. many other shots from this trip are scattered about this web site. check particularly bird families, mammals, and herps listings .\nbranch, b. 1998. field guide to snakes and other reptiles of southern africa. rev. ed. struik publ. , cape town\nit looks like your browser does not have javascript enabled. please turn on javascript and try again .\ntop searches rector & vice - chancellor water restriction articles apply bursaries and loans study fees student accommodation almanac 2017 my. sun term dates parking 2018 faculty yearbooks / calendar news and events convocation su staff list graduation ceremonies campus maps ethics hotline\ntwo stellenbosch university (su) scientists, prof bert klumperman and prof guy midgley, are the ...\n' orphan crops' and the impact of an invasive weed on subsistence farmers in nigeria are two of the topics ...\nforest - dwelling bird species are disappearing from some of south africa' s indigenous forests, with forest ...\nall rights reserved © 2013 stellenbosch university private bag x1, matieland, 7602, stellenbosch, south africa tel. : + 27 21 808 9111" ]

{ "text": [ "the namib rock agama ( agama planiceps ) is a species of agamid lizard that is native to granite rocky outcrops in northwestern namibia and southwestern angola . " ], "topic": [ 29 ] }

[ "the namib rock agama (agama planiceps) is a species of agamid lizard that is native to granite rocky outcrops in northwestern namibia and southwestern angola." ]

[ "sphaeroma terebrans: a threat to the mangroves of southwestern florida. - pubmed - ncbi\nassociated species: in addition to the close association of sphaeroma terebrans and its preferred host habitat, the red mangrove rhizophora mangle in the indian river lagoon, thiel (2000) reports that juveniles of the sphaeroma congener s. quadridentatum may be found living within family burrows of reproductive female s. terebrans .\nwood with bore holes made by s. terebrans. photo singapore science centre .\nthe aim of the present study was to provide a reliable and valid way to delimit s. terebrans. in this study, the validity of the mitochondrial coi gene as a dna barcode marker for the identification of three species of sphaeroma, namely, s. terebrans, s. retrolaeve, and s. serratum, was examined. to detect if there was any cryptic species in s. terebrans, the coi gene sequences of individuals with morphological differences were analysed. our study should be useful in the identification of the genus sphaeroma and for further research on s. terebrans .\nintraspecific genetic distances (kimura 2 - parameter) of s. terebrans with morphological differences based on coi sequences\nsystematics and ecology of sphaeroma (crustacea: isopoda) in the mangrove habitats of florida. in: proceedings of the international symposium on biology and management of mangroves\nthe rapid and effective identification of closely related wood - borer sphaeroma species is important for the research and restoration of eroded mangroves. identification of s. terebrans based on morphological characteristics alone is weak and, to some extent, ambiguous. based on morphological characteristics, some individuals of s. terebrans were previously named s. vastator (bate, 1866) and s. destructor (richardson, 1897). in this study, clear evidence was provided for the identification of s. terebrans individuals, which exhibited differences in morphological characteristics. the validity of using the mitochondrial coi gene sequence as a dna barcode for the identification of genus sphaeroma was examined, and included three sphaeroma species, namely, s. terebrans, s. retrolaeve and s. serratum, with c. fuscina voucher (sphaeromatidae) used as an outgroup. a distinct barcoding gap was found between the intraspecific and interspecific distances in each species. the nj phylogenetic tree consisted of four distinct clusters, each containing individuals from one species only. these results indicate that the partial mitochondrial coi gene is an effective dna barcode for the identification of the genus sphaeroma .\nspecies description: unlike many marine isopods, the mangrove boring isopod sphaeroma terebrans and other members of family sphaeromatidae have compact, convex bodies giving them an appearance similar to terrestrial isopods (pillbugs). also similar to terrestrial species, s. terebrans and most members of the family can roll into a ball (conglobulation). this represents a convergent evolution of form (species exhibit similarities in form and function but are not closely related). sphaeromatids to not represent a secondary marine invasion by a terrestrial isopod line (brusca et al. 2001). sphaeroma terebrans is reddish - brown in color and the pleotelson (the terminal body segment) is rough - surfaced and slightly pointed .\nsphaeroma terebrans, a wood - boring isopoda, is distributed worldwide in tropical and subtropical mangroves. the taxonomy of s. terebrans is usually based on morphological characteristics, with its molecular identification still poorly understood. the number of teeth on the uropodal exopod and the length of the propodus of the seventh pereopod are considered as the major morphological characteristics in s. terebrans, which can cause difficulty in regards to accurate identification. in this study, we identified s. terebrans via molecular and morphological data. furthermore, the validity of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coi) gene as a dna barcode for the identification of genus sphaeroma, including species s. terebrans, s. retrolaeve, and s. serratum, was examined. the mitochondrial coi gene sequences of all specimens were sequenced and analysed. the interspecific kimura 2 - parameter distances were higher than intraspecific distances and no intraspecific - interspecific distance overlaps were observed. in addition, genetic distance and nucleotide diversity (π) exhibited no differences within s. terebrans. our results revealed that the mitochondrial coi gene can serve as a valid dna barcode for the identification of s. terebrans. furthermore, the number of teeth on the uropodal exopod and the length of the propodus of the seventh pereopod were found to be unreliable taxonomic characteristics for s. terebrans .\nsphaeroma terebrans, a wood - boring isopod, is destroying the prop roots of red mangroves along the southwestern coast of florida to such an extent that the ten thousand islands and mangrove fringes of the mainland are steadily shrinking. mangroves of the florida keys apparently are free of this wood borer .\npossible economic consequences of invasion: negative ecological impacts of sphaeroma terebrans boring on mangrove health would likely carry economic consequences as well, owing to the importance of mangroves both as nursery and refuge habitat as well as their role in preventing shoreline erosion. in addition to natural wood habitats, s. terebrans burrows in wooden boats, piers, pilings, and bridges which can result in negative economic consequences (poirrier et al. 1998) .\nirl distribution: in the irl, sphaeroma terebrans is found primarily in burrows excavated from the aerial roots of the red mangrove (rhizophora mangle) although it can also make burrows in fallen trees and in the roots of other species [ animal encyclopedia ]. the species likely occurs wherever red mangroves occurr within the irl .\nregional occurrence: the individuals from which sphaeroma terebrans was first described were collected in india, although the species now occurs in several mangrove forest systems worldwide including australia, sri lanka, east africa, south africa, costa rica, brazil, the eastern (north to south carolina) and gulf regions of the united states, and elsewhere (animal encyclopedia: sphaeroma terebrans). in addition to burrowing into living and dead wood, s. terebrans can burrow into other hard substrata such as hard packed sand (ray 2005). carlton and ruckelshaus (1997) indicate that the species has occurred in florida at least as far back as 1897. collection information for elsewhere in the u. s. is incomplete, but reports indicate s. terebrans also occurs in chesapeake bay (serc) and in lake pontchartrain, louisiana, where it is found in littoral cypress trees (poirrier et al. 1998, wilkinson 2004) .\ntemperature: as an inhabitant of intertidal mangrove aerial roots, sphaeroma terebrans appears capable of enduring reasonably wide daily and seasonal variations in temperature. individuals may occasionally experience lethal winter low temperatures, as reported in 1996 in lake pontchartrain la, for example (poirrier et al. 1998). since the distributional ranges of the tropical - subtropical mangrove tree species that serve as the primary hosts of this isopod are themselves temperature - limited, s. terebrans are probably only exposed to lethal low temperatures at their latitudinal distribution limits .\nsalinity: poirrier et al. (1998) relate work of authors from india indicating sphaeroma terebrans is extremely euryhaline. lethal salinities occurred below 0. 5 ppt and above 50 ppt, although a somewhat more narrow range between 4 ppt and 28 ppt was reported as optimum for growth and reproduction. boring activity was shown to decrease with sudden salinity increase. poirrier et al. (1998) indicated that s. terebrans was abundant in littoral cypress trees and other wooden structures in low salinity (0. 5 - 5 ppt) lake pontchartrain waters .\ntrophic mode: despite their wood boring habits sphaeroma terebrans has long been assumed to be a filter feeder or a grazer of the epiphytic material that grows on burrow walls (poirrier et al. 1998). recent morphological studies of the mouthparts and gut support the contention that s. terebrans is primarily a filter feeder (si et al. 2002). this is in contrast to wood boring isopods of genus limnoria who consume the wood they excavate as their principle food source. a laboratory feeding study by benson et al. (1999) complicates the established view somewhat by indicating that juvenile s. terebrans survive on a diet of pure cellulose significantly longer than individuals given no food. the authors also present enzyme assay analyses and electron microscopy findings further indicating that s. terebrans can use wood as a food source. the relative importance of wood in the natural diet of the species remains unknown .\nin this study, the mitochondrial coi gene was found to be an effective dna barcode for the identification of sphaeroma species, whereas the number of teeth on the uropodal exopod and the length of the propodus of the seventh pereopod were found to be invalid taxonomic characteristics. the phylogenetic relationships determined in this study will be of use for studying the species composition of sphaeroma in eroded mangroves in china and for establishing a good foundation for the restoration of mangrove ecosystems .\ninvasion history: sphaeroma terebrans was introduced to the united states more than a century ago. carlton and ruckelshaus (1997) cite an 1897 description by h. richardson as the first evidence of this species occurring in florida coastal waters. the early date of introduction and the wood - boring habit of the species suggest the species arrived on or in the hulls of wooden sailing ships (erdc 2005). carlton and ruckelshaus (1997) report that in the western atlantic, s. terebrans now occurs from brazil north into south carolina and from liberia to the congo in the eastern atlantic .\nh1 - h15: haplotype 1 - 15, sr: s. retrolaeve, st: s. terebrans, ss: s. serratum, cf: c. fuscina voucher .\nmangroves are biologically and globally important ecosystems (giri et al. , 2011). their aerial roots provide an important substrate in which many species of animals live and reproduce (nagelkerken et al. , 2008). sphaeroma terebrans, a wood - boring isopoda, is found worldwide in tropical and subtropical mangroves (estevez, 1978), where it preferentially burrows into the aerial roots for shelter and reproductive habitat (harrison & holdich, 1984; john, 1970). in recent years, substantial s. terebrans outbreaks have seriously affected mangrove stands in china, especially in hainan island (fan et al. , 2014) .\nthe effects of s. terebrans on mangroves have been studied by many researchers (estevez & simon, 1975; estevez, 1978; jones & icely 1981; kensley & schotte, 1999; perry, 1988; rehm & humm, 1973); however, the taxonomic standards of s. terebrans remain poorly understood. due to some minor morphological differences, including the number and arrangement of the tubercles on the pereonite, the structure of the pereopod, and the presence of tubercles furnished with bristle - like hairs on the abdomen, s. terebrans was previously named as s. vastator (bate, 1866) and s. destructor (richardson, 1897). based on morphological identification, estevez & simon (1975) concluded that s. vastator and s. destructor were synonyms of s. terebrans .\nthe numbers of teeth on the left and right exopod of s. terebrans are 3 and 3, respectively, for ss; 3 and 4 for sw; 4 and 4 for ww; 4 and 5 for wl; and 5 and 5 for ll. pl means that the propodus of the seventh pereopod of s. terebrans is long, whereas ps is short. the same in the following table .\nindividuals of s. terebrans had different numbers of teeth on the uropodal exopod and different lengths of the propodus of the seventh pereopod. these individuals were sorted into seven groups, with each group containing 10 individuals. the genetic distance and nucleotide divergence showed no variation among the different groups. therefore, these results revealed that the coi gene sequences of individuals with morphological differences were almost no difference. although harrison & holdich (1984) determined that the propodus of the seventh pereopod of subadult males is relatively short, our investigations showed that the length of the pereopodal propodus in s. terebrans was not necessarily linked with gender. previous research concluded that cosmopolitan s. terebrans was comprised of more than one species (baratti et al. , 2011, 2005), but morphological taxonomic details of s. terebrans were not mentioned. in our research, specimens in china were carefully checked according to morphological characteristics and were assigned into different groups, with molecular methods used for further identification. this combination of morphological taxonomy and molecular divergence should provide results of greater reliable .\nage, size, lifespan: the average size of female s. terebrans in the indian river lagoon is reported to be 8 - 10 mm for females and 6. 5 - 8. 5 mm for males and the lifespan is approximately 10 months (thiel 1999) .\npotentially misidentified species: at least two additional sphaeroma species also occur in florida, s. walkeri (also a florida non - native) and s. quadridentatum. distinguishing these species based only on appearance is beyond the abilities of non - experts, although habitat preference information may provide a partial remedy. nelson and dematriades (1992) indicate that sabellariid phragmatopoma lapidosa wormrock reefs are a preferred habitat for s. walkeri in the irl region of florida. s. quadridentatum reportedly does not burrow, instead opportunistically inhabiting crevices it finds (thiel 2000). florida is also home to related wood - boring isopods known as mangrove gribbles belonging to genus limnoria. limnoria species tend to be slightly smaller than s. terebrans .\nembryology: embryonic development occurs within the mother and early juveniles emerge fully formed. there is a degree of parental care in the species (short compared to other peracarid crustaceans), with female s. terebrans commonly hosting their offspring for a period of time in family burrows within mangrove aerial roots (thiel 1999, 2000). reproductive females in the irl typically hosted 5 - 20 juveniles in their burrows during this stage (thiel 1999) .\nabundance: mangrove boring isopods can be extremely abundant within their wood burrow habitats. poirrier et al. (1998) recorded densities of greater than 500 individuals per cubic decimeter of infested cypress wood in lake pontchartrain. where they occur in florida, s. terebrans can also be widespread. a survey conducted in tampa bay by brooks and bell (2005) indicated that 25% - 86% of the r. mangle aerial roots examined were occupied by the isopods .\nthe classic use of morphological characteristics for species delimitation can result in under - or over - estimation of biodiversity due to factors such as phenotypic plasticity (knowlton, 1993). dna barcode, which can supplement taxonomic datasets in the process of species delimitation (schindel & miller, 2005), is a practical tool that can be used for the identification of various species within a known taxonomic framework and for linking different biological life stages of the same species (feng et al. , 2011; puillandre et al. , 2009; schindel & miller, 2005). the mitochondrial coi gene has been proposed as a universal barcode, and has been successfully applied in the identification of portunidae, fish, bivalve molluscs, and hoverflies (blair et al. , 2006; hebert et al. , 2003; ma et al. , 2012; persis et al. , 2009; ståhls et al. , 2009). the coi gene sequences of s. terebrans have been analysed in america and africa (baratti et al. , 2005, 2011), with results suggesting that cosmopolitan s. terebrans is comprised of more than one species. therefore, its taxonomic status needs to be revaluated .\nthe genomic dna of s. terebrans and s. retrolaeve were obtained from the pereopods. dna extractions were performed using a takara minibest universal genomic dna extraction kit ver. 5. 0 following the manufacturer’s protocols. the primers mtd10 5' - ttgattttttggtcatccagaagt - 3' (roehrdan. 1993) and florence 5' - cctaaaaaatgttgagggaa - 3' were used for amplification of the mitochondrial coi gene (baratti et al. , 2005). we followed pcr protocols as per baratti et al. (2005). the pcr products were electrophoresed using 1% agarose gel and sequenced by shanghai majorbio bio - pharm technology co. , ltd .\nspence bate, c. , 1866. carcinological gleanings. . no. ii. — the annals and magazine of natural history (3) 17: 24 - 31. [ details ]\nboyko, c. b; bruce, n. l. ; hadfield, k. a. ; merrin, k. l. ; ota, y. ; poore, g. c. b. ; taiti, s. ; schotte, m. & wilson, g. d. f. (eds) (2008 onwards). world marine, freshwater and terrestrial isopod crustaceans database .\nschotte, m. , b. f. kensley, and s. shilling. (1995 - 2017). world list of marine, freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda. national museum of natural history smithsonian institution: washington d. c. , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ]. [ details ]\nschotte, m. , j. c. markham, and g. d. f. wilson. 2009. isopoda (crustacea) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 973–986 in felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. biodiversity. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndepartment of biology, university of south florida, 4202 e. fowler avenue, tampa, florida 33620 - 5200, usa\npublished in meps vol. 231. online publication date: april 23, 2002 print issn: 0171 - 8630; online issn: 1616 - 1599 copyright © 2002 inter - research .\nreproduction is sexual and occurs within the aerial root burrows excavated by the animals (thiel 1999) .\nthiel (1999) found reproductive individuals year - round in the indian river lagoon but noted twin reproductive peaks occurring in the fall and again in the late spring / early summer. reproduction occurs in a manner that is unlike that known from other isopods. mating in most isopods involves internal fertilization by means of a specialized male reproductive structure known as the appendix masculina. male\nlack this organ, however, and instead release sperm external to the female during mating and rely on water currents set up by the beating of the female pleopods to carry sperm into the genital opening (messana 2004) .\nmales typically abandon females after copulation and do not participate in extended care (see below) of the offspring (thiel 1999) .\nreport by: j. masterson, smithsonian marine station submit additional information, photos or comments to: irl _ webmaster @ urltoken page last updated: september 10, 2008\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\n* corresponding author, e - mail: nc. ude. usys. liam @ rjhssl\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nindividuals were sorted according to the following morphological characteristics: the number and arrangement of tubercles on the pereonite, number of teeth on the uropodal exopod, shape of the pleotelson, setae distribution, and length of the second and seventh pereopods. these are considered to be major characteristics for the diagnosis of\nspecimens were collected from hainan and beihai mangroves. all samples were preserved in 95% alcohol .\n). interspecific and intraspecific sequence divergences were calculated using the kimura 2 - parameter (k2p) model with the pairwise deletion option in mega 5. 0 (\n). haplotypes were identified and analysed using dna sp version 4. 1 (\n). based on the k2p model, neighbor joining (nj) and maximum likelihood (ml) trees were constructed using mega 5. 0 (\n) used as an outgroup. node supports for the two approaches (nj and ml) were inferred with bootstrap analysis (1 000 replicates) .\na1 - a5 are uropodal exopods with different numbers of teeth. b is the seventh pereopod with different propodus length .\nall haplotype sequences were aligned and edited, and no insertion or deletion sites were found in any of the sequences. the intraspecific distances in\n. no overlaps between interspecific and intraspecific distances were found, suggesting the existence of a distinct barcoding gap. the nj phylogenetic tree is shown in\nwere aligned and compiled. the intraspecific distances ranged from 0. 001 to 0. 003 within the ss, sw, ww, wl, and ll groups. the intraspecific distance between pl and ps was 0. 001 (\n) was 0. 555% , and ranged from 0. 200% (pl group) to 0. 866% (ww group) (\n) was found in the ww group (0. 004), while the lowest was found in the pl group (0. 000) (\nwas performed using nj and ml methods, which yielded similar results. the nj tree revealed that the three species of\nblair d, waycott m, byrne l, dunshea g, smith - keune c, neil km. 2006 .\ngiri c, ochieng e, tieszen ll, zhu z, singh a, loveland t, masek j, duke n. 2011 .\nnagelkerken i, blaber sjm, bouillon s, green p, haywood m, kirton lg, meynecke jo, pawlik j, penrose hm, sasekumar a, somerfield pj. 2008 .\npersis m, reddy acs, rao lm, khedkar gd, ravinder k, nasruddin k. 2009 .\npuillandre n, strong ee, bouchet p, boisselier mc, couloux a, samadi s. 2009 .\nståhls g, vujic a, pérez - bañon c, radenkovic s, rojo s, petanidou t. 2009 .\ntamura k, peterson d, peterson n, stecher g, nei m, kumar s. 2011 .\nthompson jd, gibson tj, plewniak f, jeanmougin f, higgins dg. 1997 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 1d8687bc - b672 - 4614 - af92 - b4a1e9184366\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: c1c8debf - 5f88 - 4c8c - a23c - 6e9378aad2f1\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: d1d45af6 - bb17 - 4cad - b465 - 9497afbba351\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: b69f53b2 - c968 - 4919 - b798 - 97c216aff92e\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 370120\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nu. s. department of the interior | u. s. geological survey url: urltoken page contact information: pubs warehouse contact page page last modified: march 12, 2012 17: 20: 47\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves." ]

{ "text": [ "sphaeroma terebrans is a mangrove-boring isopod that was first documented in the united states as early as 1897 .", "it is 8 – 10 millimetres ( 0.31 – 0.39 in ) long , and is thought to have been introduced by wooden-hulled ships .", "the isopod is found throughout the gulf of mexico mainly in mangrove swamps of louisiana and florida .", "s. terebrans will also bore into boats , wooden pilings and other wooden structures .", "the burrowing activities of sphaeroma terebrans hinder the growth of mangroves , and its wood boring activities limits mangroves to the upper limits of the intertidal zone . " ], "topic": [ 24, 17, 24, 6, 18 ] }

[ "sphaeroma terebrans is a mangrove-boring isopod that was first documented in the united states as early as 1897. it is 8 – 10 millimetres (0.31 – 0.39 in) long, and is thought to have been introduced by wooden-hulled ships. the isopod is found throughout the gulf of mexico mainly in mangrove swamps of louisiana and florida. s. terebrans will also bore into boats, wooden pilings and other wooden structures. the burrowing activities of sphaeroma terebrans hinder the growth of mangroves, and its wood boring activities limits mangroves to the upper limits of the intertidal zone." ]

[ "pycnosteus cf. tuberculatus: mark, 1956, lk. 81, joon. 5\npycnosteus tuberculatus rohon: mark - kurik, 2000, lk. 316, joon .\npycnosteus tuberculatus: märss et al. , 2008, lk. 221, joon .\npycnosteus palaeformis preobrajenski: obruchev, 1947, lk. 196, joon. l 4\npycnosteus imperfectus (preobr): mark, 1956, lk. 33, joon. 3a\npycnosteus palaeformis preobr. : mark - kurik, 2000, lk. 314, joon .\npycnosteus palaeformis preobrazhensky, 1911: novitskaya, 2004, lk. 178, joon. 104\npycnosteus tuberculatus (rohon, 1901): obruchev, 1940, lk. 768, joon .\npycnosteus tuberculatus (rohon): obruchev, 1947, lk. 196, joon. 1: 6\npsammolepis (pycnosteus) imperfecta preobr. : gross, 1933, lk. 12 - 13, joon .\npycnosteus palaeformis (pars): gross, 1935, lk. 12 - 16, joon. ii 1\npycnosteus palaeformis preobrazhensky, 1911: novitskaya, 1965, lk. 260, joon. text fig. 202\npycnosteus tuberculatus (rohon, 1901): novitskaya, 2004, lk. 179, joon. 106, 107\npycnosteus palaeformis preobrazhensky, 1911: obruchev, 1940, lk. 768, joon. text fig. 1d and3\npycnosteus imperfectus (obruchev): mark, 1956, lk. 74 - 76, joon. 1a, 2a\npycnosteus palaeformis preobrazhensky, 1911: obruchev, 1964, lk. , joon. text fig. 48, 49\npycnosteus palaeformis preobr. (pars): gross, 1930, lk. 5, 11, 13, joon .\npycnosteus palaeformis preobrazhensky, 1911: moloshnikov, 2001, lk. 73, joon. text fig. 1 - 6\npycnosteus palaeformis preobrazhensky, 1911: ivanov & lebedev, 2011, lk. , joon. text fig 10b, 10c\npycnosteus tuberculatus (rohon, 1901): halstead tarlo, 1965, lk. 73, joon. text fig. 18\npycnosteus palaeformis preobr. (pars): gross, 1933, lk. 13, joon. ii fig 22, 23\npycnosteus palaeformis preobrazhensky, 1911: halstead tarlo, 1965, lk. 69, joon. xviii 2, text fig. 16\npycnosteus palaeformis preobrazhensky, 1911: halstead tarlo, 1964, lk. , joon. iii 1, 3, text fig. 7\npycnosteus palaeformis preobrazhensky, 1911: obruchev & mark - kurik, 1965, lk. 135, joon. xxv 1 - 3 ;\npycnosteus palaeformis preobrazhensky, 1911: obruchev & mark - kurik, 1968, lk. , joon. text fig. 1, 2b\npycnosteus palaeformis preobrazhensky, 1911: glinskiy, 2014, lk. 981, joon. 2: 1 - 4; 3: 1 - 3\npycnosteus palaeformis preobr. : mark, 1956, lk. 76 - 77, joon. i 1; ii 1, text fig. 1b, 2b, 3a\npycnosteus tuberculatus (rohon): mark, 1956, lk. 77 - 81, joon. i 2 - 6; ii 2, 3; iii 1 - 3\npycnosteus tuberculatus (rohon, 1901): obruchev & mark - kurik, 1965, lk. 140, joon. xxvi 3; xxviii 1 - 3; xxix 1, 2; xxx 1 - 4 ;\nnote: [ 1 ] [ h73 ] suggests that pycnosteus cruised through vegetation, knocking small invertebrates loose and filtering them. [ 2 ] this evidence comes from tartuosteus as stated in [ t64 ]. tartuosteus may actually be a species of psammolepis; but, then again, psammolepis may turn out to be a pycnosteid... . atw020111 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nphylogeny: psammosteida: : (pycnosteidae + psammolepis) + psammosteidae) + * .\ncharacters: oral plates narrow relative to drepanaspis [ t64 ]; postorbital plate tapers gradually posteriorly [ t64 ]; branchial plates wider than drepanaspis ,\nand their lateral parts are solid and free\n[ t64 ]; branchial plates drawn out as sheets laterally and downturned [ t64 ]; cornual plates rectangular [ t64 ]; branchial opening at or medial to posterolateral corner [ t64 ]; ventral median plate convex [ t64 ]; median ventral plate with wide, open posterior notch [ t64 ]; very clear concentric lines of growth in median plates [ t64 ]; development of small, accessory dentine tubercles between main dentine tubercles [ t64 ]; fresh water [ h73 ] .\nreferences: halstead 1973) [ h73 ]; tarlo (1964) [ t64 ] .\ncharacters: postorbital elongated [ t64 ]; branchial plates enlarged by successive lines of growth [ h73 ]; branchial plates shortened and extended laterally to form large, thin down - turned\nwings\n[ h73 ] [ t64 ]; branchial plates show wear on anterior surface, as well as equally on dorsal and ventral surfaces [ h73 ] [ t64 ]; anterior marginal of branchial plate wings anteriorly concave (as in image) in some species [ t64 ]; ventral median plates, long, thin and elaborated ventrally as sled - like runners [ h73 ]; ventral plates show wear in middle region (suggesting horizontal position - - mouth well above substrate) [ h73 ]; deep median ventral plate with long shallow groove forming almost flat ventral surface with very steep sides laterally and anteriorly [ t64 ]; notch behind branchial plates filled in, in some forms (tartuosteus) by more tesserae [ h73 ] (? [ t64 ] says groove in median ventral plate is filled in - - which makes more sense); major plates show continuing concentric growth [ h73 ]; major plates also show some growth by accretion of tesserae [ 2 ] [ t64 ] .\nrange: middle devonian to late devonian of europe, russia & north america .\ncharacters: growth by addition of tesserae, with growth lines (rings of ornament) on major plates progressively smaller [ h73 ]; subsequent growth by progressive enlargement of component units (tesserae ?) of major plates, rather than concentric growth of whole plate (i. e. , growth by accretion of tesserae begins to dominate over concentric growth of plates) [ h73 ] [ t64 ]; median plates become covered with tesserae [ h73 ] [ t64 ] .\nimage: psammolepis venyukovi from [ t64 ]. see psammosteida for plate nomenclature. 020111 .\ncharacters: major median plates covered with superficial tesserae (probably ontogenetic process as in psammolepis) [ h73 ]; dorsal median plate highly variable, i. e. flat to concave, but usually with gently curving lateral margin and relatively broad flat keel [ t64 ]; very long postorbitals [ t64 ]; branchial plates extremely short and wide to become\njust solid arcuate plates forming the posterolateral corners of the carapace\n[ t64 ]; psammosteus may have been sexually dimorphic in width of dorsal median plate [ h73 ]; in psammosteus, branchial plates may have been moveable [ h73 ]; branchial plates with elongated tesserae covering proximoventral surface [ t64 ]; branchial plate distal end with distinct wear facets (suggesting it was moveable) [ t64 ]; growth largely by progressive enlargement of component units (tesserae ?) of major plates, rather than concentric growth of whole plate [ h73 ] .\nnote: [ 1 ] document gallica is a complete, indexed. pdf of eichwald' s (1860) treatise on russian fossils, with an extraordinary amount of detail on psammosteus. notwithstanding halstead' s [ t64 ] high opinion of this work, the information is omitted because (a) the author evidently thought psammosteus was a placoderm (b) the genus has been reorganized and redescribed a number of times since, so that the continuing validity of the material referred to psammosteus by eichwald is unclear; and, mostly, (c) my french is not up to accurate translation of 19th century anatomical or histological terms. 020111 .\n. karksilepis parva gen. et sp. nov. (chondrichthyes) from the burtnieki regional stage, middle devonian of estonia\n. psammosteiformes (agnatha) - a review with descriptions of new material from the lower devonian of poland. 2. systematic part\nganosteus tuberculatus: rohon, 1901, lk. 12 - 13, joon. 1: 2; 2: 23\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under cc by - nc licence .\ntrionyx spinosus: kutorga, 1837, lk. 12, joon. iv 11\npsammosteus arenatus: woodward, 1895: goodrich, 1908, lk. 774, joon. 43: 4\nschizosteus (?) imperfectus preobrazhensky, 1911: obruchev, 1940, lk. 767, joon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nwe' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser. would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup. try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets, such as your city or precise location, from the web and via third - party applications. you always have the option to delete your tweet location history. learn more\nhere' s the url for this tweet. copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app, you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter? sign up, tune into the things you care about, and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you’ll spend most of your time, getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love, tap the heart — it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else’s tweet with your followers is with a retweet. tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply. find a topic you’re passionate about, and jump right in." ]

{ "text": [ "pycnosteus is an extinct genus of jawless fish from the devonian .", "it is thought to have cruised through vegetation , eating small invertebrates which it knocked loose . " ], "topic": [ 26, 12 ] }

[ "pycnosteus is an extinct genus of jawless fish from the devonian. it is thought to have cruised through vegetation, eating small invertebrates which it knocked loose." ]

[ "species dichomeris heriguronis - black - edged dichomeris - hodges # 2309 - bugguide. net\ndichomeris heriguronis (matsumura, 1931) replaces 2309 dichomeris picrocarpa. formerly a synonymy of dichomeris oceanis meyrick, 1920, this species has been elevated back to full species status and includes as a synonym 2309 dichomeris picrocarpa of authors (not meyrick, 1913) .\nmicrolepidoptera of hong kong: taxonomic study on the genus dichomeris hübner, 1818, with descriptions of three new... li, h. h. , h. zhen, r. c. kendrick & m. j. sterling. 2010. shilap revista de lepidopterología. 38 (149): 67 - 89 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nadult - forewing narrow, light orangish - brown with 4 or 5 black spots or short streaks in median area, and outer margin bordered by broad black band; fringe orange or yellowish; labial palps dark gray or black, long and sickle - shaped, curving over head .\ninternationally the larvae feed on prunus yedoensis, p. persica, p. pseudocerasus, p. mume (ponomarenko, 1997) .\nmeyrick, e. 1913. descriptions of indian micro - lepidoptera 16. journal of the bombay natural history society, 22 (1): 182\nchecklist of gelechiidae (lepidoptera) in america north of mexico lee s. , hodges r. w. , brown r. l. 2009. zootaxa 2231: 1–39 .\npeterson field guide to moths of northeastern north america david beadle and seabrooke leckie. 2012. houghton mifflin .\nthe moths of america north of mexico: fascicle 7. 1, revision of north american gelechiidae family and... hodges, r. w. 1986. the wedge entomological research foundation .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhodges, r. w. , 1986. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 7. 1, p. 119; pl. 3. 23. order\nlee, s. , r. w. hodges, & r. l. brown, 2009, . checklist of gelechiidae (lepidoptera) in america north of mexico. zootaxa, 2231: 1 - 39 .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nin a study of material of microlepidoptera in north korea that was collected during the zoological expeditions (1970s–1980s) conducted under a scientific agreement between polish and north korean academies of science, 17 species belonging to the superfamily gelechioidea are recognized. of the total, 11 species of gelechiidae, two species of oecophoridae, and two species of coleophoridae are newly reported from north korea. scrobipalpa atriplicella (fisher von rölslerstamm, 1841) of gelechiidae is reported for the first time from the korean peninsula. images of adults and genitalia of all species are given .\npeer review under responsibility of national science museum of korea (nsmk) and korea national arboretum (kna) .\n© 2016, national science museum of korea (nsmk) and korea national arboretum (kna). production and hosting by elsevier .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v." ]

{ "text": [ "the black-edged dichomeris or black-edged carbatina ( dichomeris heriguronis ) is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "it is found in the north-eastern united states , korea , japan , china , taiwan and india .", "it has also been recorded in the netherlands , where it is an exotic species .", "the length of the forewings is 7.5-8.5 mm .", "the larvae feed on prunus species in korea . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 8, 9, 8 ] }

[ "the black-edged dichomeris or black-edged carbatina (dichomeris heriguronis) is a moth of the gelechiidae family. it is found in the north-eastern united states, korea, japan, china, taiwan and india. it has also been recorded in the netherlands, where it is an exotic species. the length of the forewings is 7.5-8.5 mm. the larvae feed on prunus species in korea." ]

[ "parasitica of the family ichneumonidae of the ussr and adjacent countries. part 4. ophioninae\nhost ranges of parasitoids (hymenoptera: braconidae and ichneumonidae) reared from epermenia chaerophyllella (goeze) (lepidoptera: epermeniidae) in britain, with description of a new species of triclistus (ichneumonidae) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nsend mail to wvdvorst @ urltoken with questions or comments about this web site. copyright © 2015 urltoken lepidoptera of the world last modified: 01 - 03 - 15\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nniquette bay state park, colchester, chittenden county, massachusetts, usa july 14, 2011 size: 3. 5 mm\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\na new parasitoid of bazaria turensis (lepidoptera, pyralidae): campoplex bazariae sp. n. (hymenoptera, ichneumonidae )\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\na new parasitoid of bazaria turensis (lepidoptera, pyralidae): campoplex bazariae sp. n. (hymenoptera, ichneumonidae )\n1 the key laboratory for silviculture and conservation of ministry of education, beijing forestry university, beijing 100083, p. r. china\n2 general station of forest pest management, state forestry administration, shenyang 110034, p. r. china\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\na new solitary endoparasitoid of the larva of bazaria turensis ragonot, 1887 (lepidoptera, pyralidae) in qinghai province, china, campoplex bazariae sheng, sp. n. , belonging to the subfamily campopleginae (hymenoptera, ichneumonidae), is reported. illustrations of the new species are provided .\ncampoplex gravenhorst, 1829, belonging to the subfamily campopleginae (hymenoptera: ichneumonidae), comprises 209 species (yu et al. 2012), of which 15 are from the eastern palaearctic region (momoi 1977, uchida 1932, 1936, 1956, yu et al. 2012), 123 from the western palaearctic (six of them are found across the palaearctic) (horstmann 1985, 1993, 2008, meyer 1935, yu et al. 2012), 33 are from the nearctic region (yu et al. 2012), 30 from the oriental (gupta and maheshwary 1977), 11 from the neotropical, two from the afrotropical (townes and townes 1973). eleven species of campoplex gravenhorst have been known from china (gupta and maheshwary 1977, kokujev 1915, sheng and sun 2014, sonan 1930, uchida 1932). the diagnostic characters of the genus were elucidated by townes (1970) and expanded upon by gupta and maheshwary (1977) .\nthe hosts of campoplex gravenhorst mainly belong to coleophoridae, gelechiidae, pyralidae, tortricidae, yponomeutidae, etc. (aubert 1983, horstmann 1980, 1985, kusigemati 1987, shaw and aeschlimann 1994, yu et al. 2012) .\nin the last five years the authors have been exploring qinghai province, ningxia hui autonomous region and inner mongolia autonomous region, situated in northwestern china, and have collected large numbers of ichneumonids. in this article, one new species of campoplex is reported, reared from the larva of bazaria turensis ragonot, 1887 (lepidoptera, pyralidae), from qinghai province, p. r. china .\nmature larvae of the host, bazaria turensis, were collected on 28 august 2013 by mao - ling sheng. cocoons of the host were collected on 21 may 2014 by yan - ling zhang, from a forest where there had been an outbreak lasting at least three years, and brought to the laboratory. the forest is located in dulan county, qinghai province. the forest is a shrubbery composed of nitraria tangutorum bobrov, lycium chinense miller var. potaninii (pojarkova) a. m. lu and kalidium foliatum (pallas) moquin - tandon. mature larvae were maintained in a nylon cage at room temperature. the pupae were stored individually in glass tubes with a piece of filter paper dipped in distilled water to maintain moisture and plugged tightly with absorbent cotton. glass tubes are 60 mm long and 6 mm diameter. after the emergence of moths and parasitoids was complete, all remaining pupae were dissected to record their condition (i. e. status of moths, and parasitism) .\nspecimens were compared with material from the natural history museum (nhm), london, uk. morphological terminology is mostly based on gauld (1991) .\nimages of whole insects were taken using a canon power shot a650 is. other images were taken using a cool snap mps color attached to a zeiss discovery v8 stereomicroscope and captured with qcapture pro 7 .\ntype specimens are deposited in the insect museum, general station of forest pest management (gsfpm), state forestry administration, people’s republic of china .\ncampoplex gravenhorst, 1829. ichneumonologia europaea, 3: 453. type - species: ichneumon difformis gmelin, 1790. designated by westwood 1840 .\neye slightly or not at all emarginate opposite antennal socket. occipital carina joining hypostomal carina above base of mandible, or reaching directly to base of mandible. area superomedia and area petiolaris confluent, junction between them usually discernible, combined area moderately wide. area dentipara completely bordered by carinae. apex of propodeum usually not reaching middle of hind coxa. areolet usually present. 2m - cu inclivous. basal portion of first tergite subcylindric and less than 3. 0× as long as deep, suture between tergite and sternite approximately at or a little below mid - height. apex of male gonosquama rounded above or with a very shallow emargination. ovipositor sheath about 3–4× as long as apical depth of metasoma .\ncampoplex bazariae sp. n. holotype. female 1 habitus, lateral view 2 head, anterior view 3 head, dorsal view 4 mesoscutum 5 mesopleuron .\ncampoplex bazariae sheng, sp. n. holotype. female 6 areolet and pterostigma 7 propodeum 8 first tergite, lateral view 9 tergites 2–3 10 a, b cocoon .\nholotype, female emerged from cocoon of bazaria turensis on 20 july 2014 reared by yan - ling zhang, china: balong, 2860m, dulan county, qinghai province. paratypes: 2 females, same data as holotype. 1 male, same data as holotype except 15 september 2014. 1 female, 1 male, china: nuomuhong, 2690m, dulan county, qinghai province, 28 august 2013, mao - ling sheng .\nface finely coriaceous, with dense punctures. interocellar area with distinct punctures. postocellar line 1. 6–1. 7× as long as ocular - ocellar line. postscutellum with fine dense distinct punctures. first tergite from base to apex strongly evenly convex, smooth, shiny. second and subsequent tergites finely coriaceous. apical margins of tergites 6 and 7 with deep median triangular emarginations. ovipositor slightly, evenly curved upwards. head except mandibles and maxillary and labial palpi, mesosoma and all tergites entirely black .\nfemale. body length 7. 5–8. 0 mm. fore wing length 5. 5–5. 8 mm. ovipositor sheath length 2. 7–2. 9 mm .\ninner margins of eyes slightly convergent ventrally. narrowest width of face (fig .\n) approximately 0. 9× height of face plus clypeus, slightly convex, finely coriaceous, with dense punctures. clypeus shiny, with sparse punctures; apical margin slightly elevated and arched forwards. mandible short, with large punctures, upper tooth as long as lower tooth. malar area slightly concave, indistinctly granulose. malar space approximately 0. 30–0. 34× as long as basal width of mandible. gena in dorsal view approximately 0. 6× as long as width of eye, almost smooth, with sparse, fine punctures, posterior portion obviously convergent posteriorly. vertex (fig .\n) finely granulose, with indistinct, fine, shallow punctures. interocellar area with distinct punctures. postocellar line 1. 6–1. 7× as long as ocular - ocellar line. ocular - ocellar line 1. 0–1. 2× diameter of posterior ocellus. frons almost flat, rough, with dense, indistinct punctures. antenna with 37 flagellomeres. ratio of length from first to fifth flagellomeres: 4. 0: 3. 0: 2. 9: 2. 8: 2. 6. occipital carina complete, upper median portion evenly up - curved, lower end reaching base of mandible .\nlateral concavity of pronotum with dense oblique wrinkles, upper - posterior portion with dense coarse irregular punctures, distance between punctures 0. 2–0. 5× diameter of puncture, upper posterior margin with dense fine punctures. epomia distinct. mesoscutum (fig .\n) evenly convex, with distinct punctures, distance between punctures 0. 2–2. 5× diameter of puncture. notaulus vestigial. scutellum evenly, strongly convex, with dense distinct punctures, distance between punctures 0. 2–0. 5× diameter of puncture. postscutellum trapezoidally convex, with fine, dense, distinct punctures, anteriorly transversely concave. mesopleuron (fig .\n) with distinct punctures, distance between punctures approximately 0. 2–2. 5× diameter of puncture, in lower - front portion of speculum with dense oblique wrinkles. speculum approximately transverse - quadrate, smooth, shiny. upper end of epicnemial carina reaching about 0. 5 level of posterior margin of pronotum. mesopleural fovea consisting of short, shallow horizontal groove. mesosternum with punctures as that of mesopleuron, posterior transverse carina complete, strong. metapleuron slightly convex, with punctures as, or slightly denser than that of mesopleuron. submetapleural carina complete, strong. wings slightly brownish, hyaline. fore wing with vein 1cu - a distinctly distal of 1 - m. areolet (fig .\n) obliquely quadrangular, its petiole 0. 7–0. 9× as long as 2rs - m, receiving vein 2m - cu approximately 0. 7× distance from vein 2rs - m to 3rs - m. 2m - cu slightly inclivous. 2 - cu approximately as long as 2cu - a. hind wing vein 1 - cu almost vertical, about 3. 0× as long as cu - a. ratio of lengths of hind femur, tibia and tarsus 7. 5: 10: 12. 5. ratio of length of hind tarsomeres 1: 2: 3: 4: 5 is 10. 0: 4. 0: 2. 6: 1. 7: 2. 0. claws thin. base of fore claw with sparse pectination. base of hind claw with dense pectination. area spiracularis of propodeum (fig .\n) combined with area lateralis. areas basalis small, strongly convergent posteriorly, longer than its maximum width, smooth, shiny. area superomedia and area petiolaris confluent, junction point between them discernible. area superomedia smooth, shiny, costula connecting approximately at its middle or slightly behind middle. area petiolaris almost flat (indistinctly longitudinally concave), with dense distinct transverse wrinkles. area externa smooth, distinctly punctate. area dentipara slightly coarse, with indistinct, irregular wrinkles. area posteroexterna with oblique transverse wrinkles. areas spiracularis and lateralis with dense indistinct fine punctures. propodeal spiracle small, elongate - oval, connecting with pleural carina by a distinct carina, space between them shorter than its longest diameter, distance to lateral longitudinal carina longer than its longest diameter. apex of propodeum reaching 0. 25 of hind coxa .\n) approximately 2. 9 times as long as apical width, basal portion subcylindric, suture separating from sternite lying at mid height of segment; from base to apex strongly, evenly convex; smooth, shiny. spiracle located about at apical 0. 4 of first tergite. second and subsequent tergites finely coriaceous. second tergite (fig .\n) 1. 25–1. 43× as long as apical width. third and following tergites compressed. apical margins of tergites 6 and 7 with deep median triangular emarginations. ovipositor sheath approximately 1. 25× as long as hind tibia, 0. 65–0. 75× as long as total length of posterior seven tergites. ovipositor slightly curved upwards, with distinct subapical dorsal notch .\n). black, except the following. maxillary and labial palpi blackish brown. median portions of mandibles dark brown, or upper - median margins yellowish brown. tegula stramineous. all coxae and trochanters, except brownish apical margins of fore trochanter, black. fore femur, dorsal profiles and ventral apical portions of mid and hind femora reddish brown. basal ventral halves or more of mid and hind femora, apical portion of hind femur black. fore and mid tibiae, except outsides slightly yellowish, and tarsi brown to dark brown. ventral side of hind tibia reddish brown, dorsal side and tarsus dark brown. second, lateral margin of third and apical margins of fourth to sixth sternites grayish yellow to off - white. median portion of pterostigma dark brown. veins brownish black .\nmale. body length 8. 0–8. 2 mm. fore wing length approximately 6. 0 mm. median portion of frons with dense transverse wrinkles. apex of gonosquama more or less horny. median portion of mandible reddish brown. tegula yellow, median portion asymmetrically blackish brown. mid and hind tarsi dark brown .\nnitraria tangutorum bobrov (zygophyllaceae), kalidium foliatum (pallas) moquin - tandon (amaranthaceae) .\n, collected and reared by the local colleague, yan - ling zhang (director of forestry pest control and quarantine station of dulan, qinghai, china) .\n( brischke, 1880) and can be distinguished from the latter by the following combination of characters: petiole of areolet (fig .\n) 0. 7–0. 9× as long as 2rs - m; area superomedia smooth, shiny, flat, costula connecting at its middle; area petiolaris almost flat; second tergite approximately 1. 25–1. 43× as long as apical width; posterior portions of tergites 6 and 7 with deep median triangular emarginations; apical portions and basal ventral halves or more of hind femora black; ventral profiles of hind tibiae reddish brown, dorsal profiles darkish brown; median portion of pterostigma darkish brown .\n) (nhm): petiole of areolet approximately 0. 5× as long as 2rs - m; area superomedia rough, costula connecting at its anterior 0. 3; confluent areas superomedia and petiolaris distinctly longitudinally concave; second tergite as long as or slightly longer than apical width; posterior margins of tergites 6 and 7 truncate; hind femora and tibiae entirely reddish brown; pterostigma brown .\ncampoplex ovatus (brischke, 1880) (nhm) female 11 tergites 2–3 12 areolet and pterostigma .\nthe authors are deeply grateful to dr gavin broad (nhm) for providing specimens of other species for comparison and reviewing this manuscript. the authors also wish to thank yan - ling zhang (director of forestry pest control and quarantine station of dulan, qinghai, china) for her help in the course of exploration in qinghai province. this research was supported by the “twelfth five - year” national science and technology support program of china (grant no. 2012bad19b0701) and the national natural science foundation of china (nsfc, no. 31070585, no. 31310103033) .\nzhao y - x, sheng m - l (2014) a new parasitoid of bazaria turensis (lepidoptera, pyralidae): campoplex bazariae sp. n. (hymenoptera, ichneumonidae). zookeys 466: 43–51. doi: 10. 3897 / zookeys. 466. 8618\nthe ichneumonidae of costa rica, 1. introduction, keys to subfamilies, and keys to the species of the lower pimpliform subfamilies rhyssinae, poemeniinae, acaenitinae and cylloceriinae .\nichneumonologia orientalis, part iv. the tribe porozontini (= campoplegini) (hymenoptera: ichneumonidae) .\nrevision der mit difformis (gmelin, 1790) verwandten westpaläarktischen arten der gattung campoplex gravenhorst, 1829 (hymenoptera, ichneumonidae) .\nneue taxa der campopleginae aus den gattungen campoplex gravenhorst, diadegma förster und nemeritis holmgren (hymenoptera, ichneumonidae) .\nichneumonidea (hym .) a clarissimis v. j. roborowski et p. k. kozlov annis 1894–1895 et 1900–1901 in china, mongolia et tibetia lecti 2 .\nichneumonid parasites of pine tip borers in japan, with description of a new species (hymenoptera: ichneumonidae) .\na few host - known ichneumonidae found in formosa (hym .) (2) .\ndrei neue gattungen sowie acht neue und fuenf unbeschriebene arten der ichneumoniden aus japan .\nüber den fichtenwickler in hokkaido und seine parasiten, mit der beschreibung neuer arten .\ntaxapad 2012 – world ichneumonoidea 2011. taxonomy, biology, morphology and distribution .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about epernon? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for epernon? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation." ]

{ "text": [ "epermenia parasitica is a moth in the family epermeniidae .", "it was described by meyrick in 1930 .", "it is found on java .", "the wingspan is 8 – 9 mm .", "the forewings are grey-whitish , with the apex of scales dark grey , forming a close rather irregular striolation , more or less largely suffused ochreous-brown except anteriorly .", "there are three small black dots in a longitudinal row in the disc from one-fourth to three-fourths and several dark grey transverse spots from the costa , as well as a black apical dot .", "the hindwings are grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "epermenia parasitica is a moth in the family epermeniidae. it was described by meyrick in 1930. it is found on java. the wingspan is 8 – 9 mm. the forewings are grey-whitish, with the apex of scales dark grey, forming a close rather irregular striolation, more or less largely suffused ochreous-brown except anteriorly. there are three small black dots in a longitudinal row in the disc from one-fourth to three-fourths and several dark grey transverse spots from the costa, as well as a black apical dot. the hindwings are grey." ]

[ "antaeotricha suffumigata walsingham, 1897; 98; tl: mount gay est. , grenada\nantaeotricha malachita meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 404; tl: british guiana\nantaeotricha parastis van gyen, 1913; bol. mus. nac. chile 5: 339; tl: collipulli\nantaeotricha platydesma meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 405; tl: british guiana\nantaeotricha praerupta meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 394; tl: british guiana\nantaeotricha brochota meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 396; tl: peru, yquitos\nantaeotricha carabophanes meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (10): 289; tl: colombia, san antonio\nantaeotricha epignampta meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 395; tl: peru, pacaya\nantaeotricha gravescens meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (8): 237; tl: colombia, minero\nantaeotricha iras meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (8): 237; tl: peru, 12000ft\nantaeotricha isotona meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (10): 291; tl: panama, trinidad river\nantaeotricha lysimeris meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 391; tl: peru, pacaya\nantaeotricha nerteropa meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 395; tl: peru, pacaya\nantaeotricha neurographa meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 614; tl: brazil, novo friburgo\nantaeotricha serangodes meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 400; tl: panama, chiriqui\nantaeotricha arystis meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 402; tl: british guiana, bartica\nantaeotricha camarina meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 401; tl: british guiana, mallali\nantaeotricha deltopis meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 390; tl: british guiana, bartica\nantaeotricha hapsicora meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 399; tl: brazil, sao paulo\nantaeotricha lecithaula meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 401; tl: british guiana, bartica\nantaeotricha monocolona meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (10): 293; tl: bolivia, cochabamba, incachaca\nantaeotricha pactota meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 391; tl: british guiana, bartica\nantaeotricha paracrypta meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 405; tl: british guiana, bartica\nantaeotricha phaeosaris meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 394; tl: british guiana, mallali\nantaeotricha protosaris meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 406; tl: british guiana, bartica\nantaeotricha pseudochyta meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 393; tl: bartica, british guiana\nantaeotricha sparganota meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 389; tl: british guiana, bartica\nantaeotricha thesmophora meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 392; tl: british guiana, bartica\nantaeotricha trochoscia meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 396; tl: british guiana, mallali\nantaeotricha aglypta meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 174; tl: brazil, teffé\nantaeotricha amicula zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 317, pl. 4, f. 96\nantaeotricha capsulata meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 199; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha cleopatra meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 166; tl: brazil, teffé\nantaeotricha congelata meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (8): 236; tl: peru, cocapata, 12000ft\nantaeotricha cryeropis meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 167; tl: mexico, guerrero\nantaeotricha eucoma meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 168; tl: brazil, manaos\nantaeotricha hydrophora meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 171; tl: peru, iquitos\nantaeotricha manceps meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 172; tl: peru, jurimaguas\nantaeotricha milictis meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 163; tl: brazil, teffé\nantaeotricha nimbata meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 175; tl: peru, iquitos\nantaeotricha nitescens meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 171; tl: brazil, para\nantaeotricha orthriopa meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 166; tl: brazil, parintins\nantaeotricha percnogona meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 170; tl: peru, iquitos\nantaeotricha plerotis meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 165; tl: peru, pacaya\nantaeotricha resiliens meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 173; tl: brazil, parintins\nantaeotricha sana meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (8): 235; tl: colombia, sosomoko, 2650ft\nantaeotricha sarcinata meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 200; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha serarcha meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 556; tl: brazil, caraca\nantaeotricha sortifera meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 557; tl: bolivia, cochabamba\nantaeotricha stringens meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 164; tl: brazil, teffé\nantaeotricha suffumigata; duckworth, 1969, smithson. contr. zool. 4: 4; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha superciliosa meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 198; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha synercta meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 173; tl: brazil, parintins\nantaeotricha tornogramma meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 171; tl: brazil, parintins\nantaeotricha tractrix meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 172; tl: brazil, obidos\nantaeotricha xuthosaris meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 175; tl: brazil, teffé\nantaeotricha acronephela meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 392; tl: british guiana, bartica; mallali\nantaeotricha brachysaris meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 504; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha campylodes meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 494; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha coriodes meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 397; tl: british guiana, mallali; bartica\nantaeotricha encyclia meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 403; tl: colombia, san antonio, 5800ft\nantaeotricha euthrinca meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 399; tl: colombia, san antonio, 5800ft\nantaeotricha exusta meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 492; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha glycerostoma meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 399; tl: colombia, san antonio, 5800ft\nantaeotricha helicias meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 502; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha himaea meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 505; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha incrassata meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 504; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha insimulata meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (8): 237; tl: colombia, san antonio, 6600ft\nantaeotricha staurota meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 493; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha substricta meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 200; tl: : french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha xylocosma meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 491; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha (depressariidae); urra, 2014, bol. mus. nac. hist. nat. chile 63: 102 (note )\nantaeotricha celidotis meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 169; tl: peru, r. napo\nantaeotricha cycnomorpha meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 169; tl: brazil, r. trombetas\nantaeotricha fulta meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (8): 234; tl: colombia, monte del eden, 9550\nantaeotricha gubernatrix meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 173; tl: peru, r. napo\nantaeotricha gymnolopha meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 174; tl: brazil, parintins, manaos\nantaeotricha haplocentra meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 170; tl: brazil, obidos, parintins\nantaeotricha melanopis meyrick, 1909; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1909 (1): 31; tl: peru, huancabamba\nantaeotricha mesostrota meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 708; tl: venezulea, carupano\nantaeotricha nuclearis meyrick, 1913; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1913 (1): 181; tl: peru, chanchamayo\nantaeotricha phryactis meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 167; tl: peru, r. napo\nantaeotricha sardania meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 168; tl: brazil, para, teffé\nantaeotricha sellifera meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 163; tl: brazil, parintins, manaos\nantaeotricha semiovata meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (8): 234; tl: colombia, monte del eden, 9550ft\nantaeotricha teleosema meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 165; tl: brazil, parintins, teffé\nantaeotricha tritogramma meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 176; tl: brazil, parintins, teffé\nantaeotricha deridens meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 162; tl: bolivia, del sara, 1500ft\nantaeotricha nitrota meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 497; tl: french guiana, godebert, r. maroni\nantaeotricha ophrysta meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 708; tl: dutch guiana, onoribo\nantaeotricha albovenosa zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 321, pl. 4, f. 99; tl: chanchamayo\nantaeotricha arizonensis ferris, 2010; zookeys 57: 60; tl: arizona, cochise co. , hauchuca mts. , carr canyon, 5300'\nantaeotricha assecta zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 313, pl. 3, f. 94; tl: chanchamayo\nantaeotricha cathagnista meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 165; tl: brazil, r. trombetas, teffé\nantaeotricha christocoma meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 398; tl: peru, pacaya; conamano, r. ucuyali\nantaeotricha generatrix meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (8): 239; tl: brazil, santa cruz, rio grande do sul\nantaeotricha thammii zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 306, pl. 3, f. 89; tl: chanchamayo\nantaeotricha vacata meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 170; tl: st. george' s, grenada\nantaeotricha albifrons zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 323, pl. 4, f. 100; tl: brazil ?\nantaeotricha amphilyta meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 503; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nantaeotricha anaclintris meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 499; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nantaeotricha axena meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 501; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nantaeotricha compsographa meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 491; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nantaeotricha diffracta meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 500; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nantaeotricha excisa meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 496; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nantaeotricha manzanitae keifer, 1937; calif. dept. agric. bull. 26: 334; tl: shingle springs, el dorado co. , california\nantaeotricha melanarma meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 500; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nantaeotricha oxycentra meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 497; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nantaeotricha palaestrias meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 502; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nantaeotricha pseudochyta; duckworth, 1969, smithson. contr. zool. 4: 4; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha purulenta zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 318, pl. 4, f. 97; tl: brazil ?\nantaeotricha tibialis zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 307, pl. 3, f. 90; tl: brazil ?\nantaeotricha vacata; duckworth, 1969, smithson. contr. zool. 4: 5; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha venatum; duckworth, 1962, proc. ent. soc. wash. 64 (2): 111; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha amphizyga meyrick, 1930; ann. naturhist. mus. wien 44: 234, pl. 2, f. 12; tl: pará, belem\nantaeotricha enodata meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 493; tl: french guiana, godebert; nouveau chantier, r. maroni\nantaeotricha immota meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 502; tl: french guiana, r. maroni; british guiana, mallali\nantaeotricha orthotona meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 495; tl: british guiana, bartica; french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha ribbei zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 309, pl. 3, f. 91; tl: chiriqui - vulcan\nantaeotricha smileuta meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 397; tl: british guiana, bartica; french guiana, s. laurient\nantaeotricha trichonota meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (8): 235; tl: brazil, santa cruz, rio grande do sul; paraguay\nantaeotricha corvigera meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 390; tl: british guiana, mallali; peru, contamano, r. ucuyali\nantaeotricha diplophaea meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 494; tl: french guiana, godebert; st. jean, r. maroni\nantaeotricha laudata meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 496; tl: french guiana, st. jean and godebert, r. maroni\nantaeotricha praecisa meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 709; tl: brazil, rio de janeiro, são paulo\nantaeotricha demas; duckworth, 1962, proc. ent. soc. wash. 64 (2): 111; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha illepida; duckworth, 1966, proc. ent. soc. wash. 68 (3): 196; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha lampyridella; duckworth, 1962, proc. ent. soc. wash. 64 (2): 111; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha cyprodeta meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 556; tl: brazil, santa cruz, rio grande do sul; organ mtns, nova friburge\nantaeotricha floridella hayden & dickel, 2015; zookeys 533: 135; tl: usa, florida, marion co. , ocala national forest, fr 88, 3. 9mi se of sr 316, longleaf pine sandhills\nantaeotricha fuscorectangulata duckworth, 1964; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 41, pl. 3 a; tl: south fork of cave creek, chiricahua mts. , arizona\nantaeotricha utahensis ferris, 2012; j. lep. soc. 66 (3): 168; tl: utah, san juan co. , 37°44. 90' n, 109°24. 75' w (2220m )\nantaeotricha humilis; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 37; [ nacl ], # 1019; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha decorosella; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 35, pl. 1 f; [ nacl ], # 1016; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha furcata; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 36, pl. 2 a; [ nacl ], # 1017; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha haesitans; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 40, pl. 2 f; [ nacl ], # 1022; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha irene; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 36, pl. 2 b; [ nacl ], # 1018; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha leucillana; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 32, pl. 1 d; [ nacl ], # 1014; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha lindseyi; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 30, pl. 1 b; [ nacl ], # 1012; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha manzanitae; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 43, pl. 3 c; [ nacl ], # 1025; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha osseella; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 34, pl. 1 e; [ nacl ], # 1015; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha schlaegeri; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 29, pl. 1 a; [ nacl ], # 1011; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha thomasi; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 39, pl. 2 e; [ nacl ], # 1021; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha unipunctella; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 31, pl. 1 e; [ nacl ], # 1013; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha vestalis; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 42, pl. 3 b; [ nacl ], # 1024; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\naphanoxena acrograpta meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 387; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma actista meyrick, 1913; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1913 (1): 186; tl: venezuela, palma sola; british guiana, r. demerata\nstenoma admixta walsingham, 1913; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 170, pl. 6, f. 3; tl: mexico, guerrero, dos arroyos, 1000ft\nstenoma adornata meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 442; tl: peru, pacaya\nstenoma aequabilis meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 513; tl: french guiana, st. jean; godebert, r. maroni\nstenoma aggravata meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 514; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nstenoma agrioschista meyrick, 1927; exot. microlep. 3 (12): 365; tl: texas, alpine, 5000 - 8000ft\nstenoma ammodes walsingham, 1913; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 176, pl. 6, f. 18; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\nstenoma arachnia meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 429; tl: british guiana, bartica\ncryptolechia aratella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 724; tl: ega\nargocorys (meyrick, 1931) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 34\naphanoxena astynoma meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 388; tl: british guiana, mallali\nstenoma atmospora meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 209; tl: colombia, minero and sosomoco, 2650ft\naphanoxena balanocentra meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 387; tl: british guiana, bartica; mallali\nstenoma ballista meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 516; tl: french guiana, . maroni\ncryptolechia basiferella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 744; tl: ega\nstenoma basilaris busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 45; tl: alphajuela, porto bello; trinidad r. , panama\ncryptolechia basirubrella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 719; tl: ega\nstenoma bathrotoma meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 189; tl: brazil, obidos\nstenoma bilinguis meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 202; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nbracatingae (köhler, 1943) (stenoma); rev. soc. ent. arg. 12: 28\nstenoma caenochytis meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 415; tl: british guiana, bartica and mallali\nalphanoxena cantharitis meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 490; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nstenoma caprimulga walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 165, pl. 5, f. 33; tl: mexico, vera cruz, atoyae\ncapsiformis (meyrick, 1930) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (1): 25\nstenoma carabodes meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 435; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma carbasea meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 426; tl: brazil, novo friburgo\ncaryograpta (meyrick, 1930) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (1): 26\nstenoma ceratistes walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 159; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\nstenoma chalastis meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 413; tl: british guiana, bartica\nchalinophanes (meyrick, 1931) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 42\nstenoma chilosema meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 208; tl: french guiana, godebert, r. maroni\nphalaena (tinea) cicadella sepp, [ 1830 ]; surinaam. vlinders 2 (20): 183, pl. 80\nstenoma cirrhoxantha meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (15): 477; tl: french guiana, godebert, r. maroni\nstenoma cnemosaris meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 181; tl: brazil, para\nstenoma colposaris meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 185; tl: brazil, teffé\nstenoma comosa walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 161, pl. 5, f. 30; tl: mexico, vera cruz, atoyac\nstenoma compsoneura meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 217; tl: brazil, para; french guiana, r. maroni\ncryptolechia confixella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 731; tl: ega\nstenopa coniopa meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 184; tl: brazil, obidos\nstenoma constituta meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 191; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nstenoma constricta meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (8): 226; tl: colombia, mt. socorro, 12500ft\ncryptoleciha costatella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 737; tl: ega\nstenoma cremastis meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 194; tl: peru, jurimaguas; brazil, manaos\nstenoma crypsiphaea meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (6): 190; tl: brazil, para\nstenoma cycnolopha meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 186; tl: peru, r. napo\nstenopa cymogramma meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 193; tl: peru, r. napo, iquitos\nbrachyloma decorosella busck, 1908; proc. ent. soc. wash. 10 (1 - 2): 111; tl: montclair, n. j\nlarva on quercus ilicifolia, quercus marilandia duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 35\nstenoma demas busck, 1911; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 40 (1815): 223; tl: st. jean, maroni r. , french guiana\nstenoma demotica walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 159; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\nstenoma desecta meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 203; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\ncryptolechia destillata zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 283; tl: chiriqui\nstenoma diacta meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 513; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nstenoma diplosaris meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 418; tl: british guiana, bartica\ndirempta (zeller, 1855) (cryptolechia); linn. ent. 10: 154, pl. 1, f. 4\nstenoma discalis busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 46; tl: trinidad river, panama\nstenoma discolor walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 164; tl: guatemala, baja vera paz, san gerónimo\ndisjecta (zeller, 1854) (cryptolechia); linn. ent. 9: 368\nstenoma dissona meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 191; tl: brazil, manaos\nstenoma doleropis meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 421; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma dromica meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 185; tl: brazil, parintins\nstenoma elaeodes walsingham, 1913; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 178, pl. 6, f. 22; tl: mexico, vera cruz, atoyac\ncryptolechia elatior felder & rogenhofer, 1875; reise fregatte novara, bd 2 (abth. 2) (5): pl. 138, f. 67; tl: amazonas\nepicrossa (meyrick, 1932) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (10): 294\naphanoxena episimbla meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 389; tl: british guiana, bartica; mallali\nstenoma ergates walsingham, 1913; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 185, pl. 6, f. 30; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\nstenoma erotica meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 534; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nstenoma exasperata meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 533; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nstenoma falsidica meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 426; tl: dutch guiana, berg - en - daal\nstenoma fasciatum busck, 1911; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 40 (1815): 217; tl: cayenne, french guiana\nbritish guiana, french guiana, brazil (amazonas). see [ maps ]\nstenoma forreri walsingham, 1913; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 172, pl. 6, f. 2; tl: mexico, durango, presidio\nstenoma fractilinea walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 166; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\nstenoma fractinubes walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 165, pl. 5, f. 32; tl: panama, chiriqui, volcan de chiriqui, 2000 - 3000ft\ncryptolechia frontalis zeller, 1855; linn. ent. 10: 159, pl. 1, f. 7\nstenoma fumifica walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 162, pl. 5, f. 31; tl: mexico, vera cruz, atoyac\nstenoma glaphyrodes meyrick, 1913; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1913 (1): 186; tl: french guiana, st. laurient; brazil [? ], iquitos\nstenoma glaucescens meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 537; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nstenoma gypsoterma meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 424; tl: british guiana, mallali\nstenoma habilis meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 427; tl: british guiana, bartica\naedemoses haesitans walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 154, pl. 5, f. 21; tl: presidio, durango, mexico\nlarva on pithecellobium flexicaule duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 41\nstenoma hemiscia walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 163; tl: guatemala, san gerónimo\nstenoma heterosaris meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 418; tl: british guiana, bartica\naphanoxena homologa meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 388; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma horizontias meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 188; tl: brazil, teffé\nnorth carolina, south carolina, missouri, tennessee, virginia, illinois, maryland, texas, indiana, new jersey, louisiana. see [ maps ]\nlarva on quercus sp. duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 38\nhyalophanta (meyrick, 1932) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (10): 294\nstenoma ianthina walsingham, 1913; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 178; tl: panama, chiriqui, volcan de chiriqui, 2000 - 3000ft\nstenoma imminens meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 431; tl: dutch guiana, onoribo\ncryptolechia impactella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 742; tl: ega\nstenoma impedita meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 422; tl: peru, pacaya\ncryptolechia indicatella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 732; tl: ega\nstenoma infecta meyrick, 1930; ann. naturhist. mus. wien 44: 254, pl. 2, f. 20; tl: taperinha, para, brazil\nstenoma infrenata meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 202; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nstenoma innexa meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 190; tl: peru, jurimaguas, iquitos\nstenoma insidiana meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 512; tl: french guiana, , r. maroni\n= stenoma disjecta; meyrick, 1925, exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 192; [ nhm card ]\niopetra (meyrick, 1932) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (10): 295\nstenoma ioptila meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 433; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma irene barnes & busck, 1920; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (3): 239, pl. 28, f. 7, 9, pl. 30, f. 1; tl: brownsville, texas\nlarva on sida sp. duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 37\nstenoma irenias meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 537; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nstenoma isochyta meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 420; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma isomeris meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 711; tl: brazil, tijuco\nstenopa isoplintha meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 193; tl: brazil, parintins\nisoporphyra (meyrick, 1932) (asapharca); exotic microlep. 4 (8 - 9): 286\nisosticta (meyrick, 1932) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (10): 299\nithytona meyrick, 1929; trans. ent. soc. lond. 76: 514\nstenoma juvenalis meyrick, 1930; ann. naturhist. mus. wien 44: 240, pl. 2, f. 13; tl: taperinha, para, brazil\nauxocrossa lacera zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 328, pl. 4, f. 103\nstenoma lampyridella busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 41; tl: cabima, panama\nstenoma lathiptila meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 425; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma laxa meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 428; tl: venezuela, ciudad bolivar\nstenoma lebetias meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 433; tl: french guiana, s. laurent\nstenoma lepidocarpa meyrick, 1930; ann. naturhist. mus. wien 44: 239, pl. 1, f. 9; tl: taperinha, para, brazil\npsephomeres leptogramma meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 506\nnew hampshire, massachusetts, new york, pennsylvania, district of columbia, virginia, north carolina, na. georgia, alabama, arkansas, missouri, kansas, illinois, iowa, texas, oregon, louisiana, manitoba, nova scotia. see [ maps ]\nlarva on pyracantha crenulata, malus sp. , vaccinium corymbosum, acer sp. duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 32\nleucocryptis (meyrick, 1932) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (10): 295\nstenoma lindseyi barnes & busck, 1920; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (3): 239, pl. 29, f. 2; tl: paradise; white mts. , arizona; fort wingate, new mexico\nstenoma lophoptycha meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 188; tl: brazil, parintins\nstenoma lophosaris meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 186; tl: brazil, r. trombetas\nloxogrammos (zeller, 1854) (cryptolechia); linn. ent. 9: 367, pl. 3, f. 17\nstenoma lucrosa meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 184; tl: brazil, obidos, parintins\nstenoma lunimaculata dognin, 1913; ann. soc. ent. belg. 57: 417; tl: san antonio, colombia, 2000m\nstenoma machetes walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 162; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\nstenoma macronota meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 716; tl: colombia, naranjito, r. dagua, 3900ft; dutch guiana, paramaribo\nstenoma mesosaris meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 178; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nstenoma microtypa meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 422; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma mitratella busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 46; tl: porto bello, panama\nstenoma modulata meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 436; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma monosaris meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 419; tl: british guiana, bartica and mallali\ncryptolechia murinella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 743; tl: ega\nstenoma mustela walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 167, pl. 6, f. 1; tl: panama, chiriqui, volcan de chiriqui, 2000 - 3000ft\nnavicularis (meyrick, 1930) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (1): 24\nstenopa neocrossa meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 193; tl: peru, r. napo\nnephelocyma (meyrick, 1930) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (1): 27\nbritish guiana, dutch guiana, french guiana, paraguay. see [ maps ]\n: british guiana, r. demerana; dutch guiana, paramaribo; french guiana, st. laurient; paraguay\ncryptolechia nitidorella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 729; tl: ega\nstenoma notogramma meyrick, 1930; ann. naturhist. mus. wien 44: 243, pl. 1, f. 13; tl: breves, amazon delta\nstenoma notosaris meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 181; tl: brazil, para\ncryptolechia notosemia zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 298, pl. 3, f. 86; tl: cundai\nstenoma obtusa meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 513; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nstenoma ocellifer walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 162; tl: mexico, durango; costa rica, volcan de irazu, 6000 - 7000ft, guatemala, san gerónimo, 2800ft\nstenoma ogmolopha meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 557; tl: brazil, santarem\nstenoma ogmosaris meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 415; tl: british guiana, mallali\nstenoma orgadopa meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 182; tl: brazil, para, parintins\nnew york, new jersey, north carolina, south carolina, west virginia, maryland, district of columbia, massachusetts, pennsylvania, illinois, arkansas, missouri, texas, california. see [ maps ]\nlarva on quercus alba, q. muehlenbergii duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 34\nstenoma ostodes walsingham, 1913; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 174; tl: guatemala, alta vera paz, panima, 1800ft\nstenoma ovulifera meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 182; tl: peru, jurimaguas\nstenoma oxydecta meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 426; tl: british guiana, bartica; mallali\ncryptolechia pallicosta felder & rogenhofer, 1875; reise fregatte novara, bd 2 (abth. 2) (5): pl. 138, f. 41; tl: amazonas\nstenoma paracta meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 425; tl: peru, chanchamayo and el porvenir; colombia, san antonio, 5800ft\ncryptolechia particularis zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 293, pl. 3, f. 82; tl: chiriqui\naphanoxena pellocoma meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 387; tl: british guiana, mallali\nstenoma percnocarpa meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 181; tl: brazil, teffé\nstenoma periphrictis meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (15): 451; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma phaeoneura meyrick, 1913; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1913 (1): 187; tl: british guiana\nstenoma phaeoplintha meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 424; tl: british guiana, bartica\nphaselodes (meyrick, 1931) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 39\nstenoma phaula walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 160, pl. 5, f. 26; tl: guatemala, alta vera paz, panima, 1800ft\nstenoma phollicodes meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 533; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nstenoma planicoma meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 189; tl: brazil, santarem\nstenoma plumosa busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 47; tl: trinidad river, panama\nstenoma polyglypta meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 427; tl: british guiana, mallali\nstenoma pratifera meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 222; tl: costa rica\nstenoma prosora walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 161, pl. 5, f. 29; tl: panama, chiriqui, volcan de chiriqui, 2000 - 3000ft\nguatemala, panama, ecuador, west indies, british guiana. see [ maps ]\ncatarata pumilis busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 36; tl: trinidad, panam\npyrgota (meyrick, 1930) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (1): 25\npyrobathra (meyrick, 1931) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 33\nstenoma quiescens meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 514; tl: french guiana, godebert, r. maroni\ncryptolechia radicalis zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 286; tl: chiriqui\ncryptolechia reciprocella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 731; tl: santarem\npanama, surinam, french guiana, brazil (amazonas, para, bahia), peru. see [ maps ]\nstenoma rhipidaula meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 431; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma rostriformis meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 532; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nstenoma scapularis meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 209; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nquebec, new york, massachusetts, pennsylvania, delaware, maryland, district of columbia, virgina, north carolina, arkansas, missouri, illinois, iowa, texas, arizona. see [ maps ]\ncryptolechia schlaegeri zeller, 1854; linn. ent. 9: 372; tl: new york\nlarva on quercus alba duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 30\nsciospila (meyrick, 1930) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 47\nstenoma segmentata meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 423; tl: british guiana, mallali\nstenoma similis busck, 1911; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 40 (1815): 222; tl: st. jean, maroni r. , french guiana\nstenoma spermolitha meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 432; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma sterrhomitra meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 178; tl: brazil, teffé\nstenoma stigmatias walsingham, 1913; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 184, pl. 6, f. 29; tl: guatemala, alta vera paz, sabo\nstenoma stygeropa meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 187; tl: brazil, manaos\nstenoma tectoria meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 429; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma tempestiva meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 529; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nstenoma tephrodesma meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 511; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nstenoma tetrapetra meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 194; tl: brazil, teffé\nstenoma thylacosaris meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 419; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma thomasi barnes & busck, 1920; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (3): 240, pl. 30, f. 5; tl: palmerlee, arizona\nstenoma tinactis meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 414; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma tribomias meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 417; tl: british guiana, bartica\ntricapsis (meyrick, 1930) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (1): 26\nstenoma triplectra meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 423; tl: british guiana, bartica\nalphanoxena triplintha meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 490; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\ncryptolechia tripustulella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 733; tl: ega\nathleta trisecta walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 155, pl. 5, f. 24\nstenoma tumens meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 511; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nbrazil (amazonas), panama, costa rica, british guiana, french guiana. see [ maps ]\ncryptolechia umbriferella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 740; tl: ega\nlarva on quercus sp. duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 32\nunisecta (meyrick, 1930) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (1): 26\nstenoma venatum busck, 1911; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 40 (1815): 217; tl: st. jean, maroni river, french guiana\nvenezuelensis amsel, 1956; boletin ent. venezolana 10 (1 - 2): 303\ntexas, florida, mississippi, south carolina, new jersey. see [ maps ]\nvenezuela, panama, trinidad, colombia, french guiana, brazil (para, santa catharina), bolivia, peru. see [ maps ]\nxanthopetala (meyrick, 1931) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 41\nstenoma xylurga meyrick, 1913; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1913 (1): 188; tl: peru, chanchamayo\nstenoma zanclogramma meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 417; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma zelotes walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 159; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\nergebnisse einer zoologischen sammelreise nach brasilien, insbesonderer in das amazonasgebiet, ausgeführt von dr. h. zerny. v. theil. micro - lepidoptera\ndelectus animalium articulatorum que in itinere per brasilian collegerunt dr. j. b. de spix et dr. c. f. ph. de martius\nnatuurlijke historie van surinaamsche vlinders, naar het leven geteekend. papillons de surinam dessinés d' après nature\n( 13): i - viii, 105 - 108, pl. 49 - 50 ([ 1843 ]) ,\n( 25): i - iv, 217 - 224, pl. 97 - 100 ([ 1847 ]) ,\n( 38): i - viii, 321 - 328, pl. 149 - 152 ([ 1852 ] )\nzeller, 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 3 - 493, pl. 1 - 6\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative. it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education, university of michigan museum of zoology, and the detroit public schools. this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151. copyright © 2002 - 2018, the regents of the university of michigan. all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nagonoxeninae amblytenes meyrick, 1930 lunatica meyrick, 1930 anchimompha clarke, 1965 melaleuca clarke, 1965 auxotricha meyrick, 1931 ochrogypsa meyrick, 1931 homoeoprepes walsingham, 1909 homeoprepes hodges, 1978, missp. felisae clarke, 1962 sympatrica clarke, 1962 trochiloides walsingham, 1909 microcolona meyrick, 1897 transennata meyrick, 1922 nanodacna clarke, 1964 ancora clarke, 1964 indiscriminata clarke, 1965 logística (meyrick, 1931) (colonophora) vinacea (meyrick, 1922) (homaledra) nicanthes meyrick, 1928 rhodoclea meyrick, 1928 pammeces zeller, 1863 albivitella zeller, 1863 citraula meyrick, 1922 crocoxysta meyrick, 1922 lithochroma walsingham, 1897 pallida walsingham, 1897 phlogophora walsingham, 1909 problema walsingham, 1915 panclintis meyrick, 1929 socia meyrick, 1929 prochola meyrick, 1915 aedilis meyrick, 1915 agypsota meyrick, 1922 basichlora meyrick, 1922 catacentra meyrick, 1917 chloropis meyrick, 1922 euclina meyrick, 1922 fuscula forbes, 1931 holomorpha meyrick, 1931 obstructa meyrick, 1915 ochromicta meyrick, 1922 oppidana meyrick, 1915 orphnopa meyrick, 1922 orthobasis meyrick, 1922 pervallata meyrick, 1922 prasophanes meyrick, 1922 revecta meyrick, 1922 semiabata meyrick, 1922 sollers meyrick, 1917 subtincta (meyrick, 1922) (syntetrernis) syntentrernis meyrick, 1922 neocompsa meyrick, 1933 xiphodes meyrick, 1922 tocasta busck, 1912 priscella busck, 1912 zaratha walker, 1864 macrocera r. felder & rogenhofer, 1875 mesonyctia meyrick, 1909 pterodactylella walker, 1864 nivelventris r. felder & rogenhofer, 1875" ]

{ "text": [ "antaeotricha binubila is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "it was described by philipp christoph zeller in 1854 .", "it is found in brazil ( amazonas ) and surinam .", "the wingspan is 24-25 mm .", "the forewings are white , the dorsal half suffused with whitish-fuscous .", "there are two suffused transverse dark fuscous blotches on the dorsum in the middle and towards the tornus , reaching nearly half across the wing , the apex of the second giving rise to a short inwardly oblique streak of faint fuscous suffusion .", "a faint curved inwardly oblique fuscous shade from the tornus is more or less indicated for about half the breadth of the wing , in males continued by two or throe faint dots directed towards three-fourths of the costa .", "two or three fuscous marginal dots are found around the apex .", "the hindwings in males are whitish tinged with grey on the posterior half , in females light grey or whitish .", "the costal margin in males is somewhat expanded to beyond the middle , with moderate projection of hairscales suffused with grey beneath , and a long whitish subcostal hairpencil lying beneath the forewings . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "antaeotricha binubila is a moth in the depressariidae family. it was described by philipp christoph zeller in 1854. it is found in brazil (amazonas) and surinam. the wingspan is 24-25 mm. the forewings are white, the dorsal half suffused with whitish-fuscous. there are two suffused transverse dark fuscous blotches on the dorsum in the middle and towards the tornus, reaching nearly half across the wing, the apex of the second giving rise to a short inwardly oblique streak of faint fuscous suffusion. a faint curved inwardly oblique fuscous shade from the tornus is more or less indicated for about half the breadth of the wing, in males continued by two or throe faint dots directed towards three-fourths of the costa. two or three fuscous marginal dots are found around the apex. the hindwings in males are whitish tinged with grey on the posterior half, in females light grey or whitish. the costal margin in males is somewhat expanded to beyond the middle, with moderate projection of hairscales suffused with grey beneath, and a long whitish subcostal hairpencil lying beneath the forewings." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for muticaria brancatoi yet. learn how to contribute .\nfurther information: the door snail species found on the maltese isands is endemic and protected. it is often found in rock cavities and cracks near damp areas or valleys. it is categorised in the family clausiliidae. there were 4 subspecies described but they were later found through genetical study to be the same and do not merit any taxonomical importance (except perhaps of forms). these 4 mentioned subspecies were muticaria macrostoma macrostoma (cantraine, 1835); muticaria macrostoma scalaris (pfeiffer, 1848); muticaria macrostoma oscitans (charpentier, 1852); muticaria macrostoma mamotica (gulia, 1861). the specimens photographed here were from wied ta' zieta, limits of victoria, gozo (2009) .\nbeckmann, k. - h. 1990. beiträge zur kenntnis der landmolluskenfauna siziliens mit der beschreibung von muticaria neuteboomi spec. nov. (gastropoda pulmonata: clausiliidae). - basteria 54 (1 / 3): 75 - 85. leiden .\noriginal spelling was clausilia macrosoma, the spelling macrostoma is an unjustified emendation. but the spelling macrosoma has never been used, in 2007 there were about 100 google hits for muticaria - macrostoma and none for muticaria - macrosoma. the spelling macrosoma should be officially suppressed. code art. 33. 3. 1 allows us preliminarily to use the spelling macrostoma. no subspecies recognized by giusti et al. 1995 after their detailed study. references: westerlund 1884: 166 (considered as a snyonym of cl. syracusana), giusti et al. 1995: 348, sammut [ 2006 ]: urltoken (12 / 2006), welter - schultes 2012: 333 (range map) .\ncolomba, m. s. , reitano, a. , liberto, f. , giglio, s. , gregorini, a. & sparacio, i. , 2012. additional data on the genus muticaria lindholm, 1925 with description of a new species (gastropoda pulmonata clausiliidae). biodiversity journal, 3: 251 - 258. accessible here\nfor muticaria macrostoma a number of subspecific taxa have been described: m. m. oscitans, m. m. scalaris and m. m. mamotica (beckmann 1987). giusti et al. (1995) did not follow any subspecific ranking while bank (2013) again considered the subspecific taxa in his checklist. for a complete review of the m. macrostom a subspecies see giusti et al. (1995: 356 and following) .\nphilippi, r. a. 1836. enumeratio molluscorum siciliæ cum viventium tum in tellure tertiaria fossilium, quae in itinere suo observavit. [ vol. 1 ]. - pp. i - xiv [ = 1 - 14 ], 1 - 267, [ 1 ], tab. i - xii [ = 1 - 12 ]. berolini. (schropp) .\nshell usually decollated with 5 - 7 whorls remaining in adult shells, grey with brownish hue and white ribs, cervix with prominent basal keel, apertural margin detached and slightly protruded, columellaris weak, oblique and s - shaped, 3 short palatal folds present between suture and lunula, instead of a principalis, the lowest one connected to frontal upper palatalis, parallelaris prominent, lunula strong, dorsal and not connected to subcolumellaris. shells near siracusa are more slender, less densely ribbed and have a small gap between frontal upper palatalis and lowest principalis .\ncantraine, f. 1835. les diagnoses ou descriptions succintes de quelques espèces nouvelles de mollusques. - bulletins de l' académie royale des sciences et belles - lettres de bruxelles (1) 2 (11): 380 - 401 .\n12 - 19 (decollate down to 8 mm) x 3. 5 - 6 mm\non limestone rocks and rdum. usually in crevices or in vegetation near rocks, sometimes also under stones, in rick rubble and in rubble walls surrounding cultivated and abandoned fields .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nbeckmann k. h. 1987. land - und süßwassermollusken maltesische inseln. heldia 1 (sonderheft 1): 1 - 38 .\nthis species is endemic to the maltese islands. the currently known extent of occurrence (eoo = 300 km²) is restricted, however the species is known from many localities and it is common and widespread all over its distributional range. population, habitat, eoo or aoo trends are known to be stable. only local\nsubspecies\nor morphs could be threatened by human activities or stochastic events but the species as a whole is not globally threatened. it is therefore assessed as least concern. the morph scalaris has a distribution of less than 1 km², and forma mamotica has a distribution of a few hundred square meters. form scalaris is not currently seriously threatened while forma mamotica could be threatened by building works in xlendi valley. subpopulations belonging to formae oscitans and macrostoma are abundant and not threatened .\nthe species is endemic to the maltese islands except for the island of fifla. it is common and widespread along its distribution range .\nthe present species is common and widespread all over the maltese islands. the populations consist of large numbers of mature individuals. the population trend is considered to be stable .\nthis species is found in rocky areas with garigue or steppe vegetation, coralline limestone karstland, drum edges and sides and the boulders screes at their bases. it is also found at the edges and sides of the steeper valleys cut in coralline rocks .\nonly local subspecies or morphs could be threatened by human activities or stochastic events, but the species as a whole is not globally threatened. some morphs have very restricted distributions, such as scalaris, (eoo; 1 km 2) and mamotica (eoo of a few hundred square metres). form scalaris is not currently seriously threatened while forma mamotica could be threatened by building works in xlendi valley. subpopulations belonging to formae oscitans and macrostoma are abundant and not threatened .\nsome population are in protected areas but there is not a global conservation project currently implemented. research upon the biology, ecology, distribution and threats to this species is suggested .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nbank, r. (2017). classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world. last update: july 16th, 2017. [ details ]\n( of lamellifera monterosato, 1892) bank, r. (2017). classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world. last update: july 16th, 2017. [ details ]\nsp. nov. from south sumatra is described in this paper. it is compared with its closest congeners, from which it is geographically and reproductively isolated .\ncilia, d. p. & abbas, j. , 2012. a new species of hemiplecta albers, 1850 (gastropoda, pulmonata, ariophantidae) from sumatra, indonesia. biodiversity journal, 3 (2): 137 - 144. accessible here\na cluster of brachidontes pharaonis (fischer, 1870) from a globigerina limestone location on the ta' xbiex shore. barnacles, patellids, chitons and coralline algae are also visible .\ncilia, d. p. & deidun, a. , 2012. branching out: mapping the spatial expansion of the lessepsian invader mytilid brachidontes pharaonis around the maltese islands. marine biodiversity records, 5 (e28): 1 - 8. doi link\nthe invasive melanoides tuberculata (müller, 1774), a freshwater and brackish water snail, is reported from mosta and baħrija in malta. shells from these populations are morphologically distinct from a population at salini first recorded in 1981 .\nshells of melanoides tuberculata from malta - specimens from baħrija, mosta and salini .\ncilia, d. p. , sciberras a. & sciberras j. , 2012. two non - indigenous populations of melanoides tuberculata (müller, 1774) (gastropoda, cerithioidea) in malta. malaco, 9: 4 pp. accessible here\na new species of olivid neogastropod from west java, agaronia johnabbasi sp. nov. , is described according to conchological characters. it is distinguished from congeners by means of its distinctive morphology and colouration .\nagaronia johnabbasi cilia, 2012 (left specimen). for comparison - agaronia johnkochi voskuil, 1990 (middle specimen) and agaronia nebulosa (lamarck, 1811) (right specimen). all specimens are from west java (pangandaran bay) .\ncilia, d. p. , 2012. a new javan species of agaronia gray, 1839 (neogastropoda, olividae). novapex, 13 (1): 33 - 36 .\nthe second species is a slug, tandonia marinellii liberto, colomba, giglio & sparacio, 2012. the description is included in a paper which also mentions the first finds of rumina saharica pallary, 1901 from sicily, for which specimens collected by myself from the island of marettimo were examined .\nliberto, f. , giglio, s. , colomba, m. s. & sparacio i. , 2012. new and little known land snails from sicily (mollusca gastropoda). biodiversity journal, 3: 199 - 226. accessible here\nphalaenopsis is a very popular orchid genus originating from southeast asia, with several horticultural varieties. the fine specimen above was photographed in puerto de la cruz, in tenerife .\nlast friday saw the launch of the 4th volume of esm' s excellent series of papers dealing with, as the name of the society implies, the entomology of the maltese islands and their biogeographic context. the event was held under the patronage of his excellency dr. george abela, and three society members (including its chairman) delivered short speeches on the importance of scientific research, peer reviews, funding and the maintenance of high publication standards .\nthe scope of the talks ranged from the general, all - encompassing importance of works by luminaries such as max planck and thomas kuhn, to the specialized methodologies employed by scientists dealing in what the public may perceive as the\ndinja stramba ta' dud, nemel u nsetti oħra\n( lit. strange world of bugs, ants and other insects) .\non to the main issue at hand - and its contents. this collection contains :\ndr. david mifsud entomological society of malta p. o. box 9 marsa, mrs1000 malta\ninvariably translates to the drab affair shown below, copied and pasted from my own blog .\non the other hand, custom - built generators such as urltoken allow users to tweak fonts and designs according to personal taste (or lack thereof) to achieve far more interesting, attention - grabbing layouts. here' s one i finished earlier, in true pop - art abandon (click on image for a larger view) .\npalms are a common sight in malta, with the warm temperatures affecting the islands throughout most of the year being a perfect catalyst for their growth and proliferation. this said, indigenous species amount to just one - the low - growing, bushy chamaerops humilis l. , now practically extinct in the wild .\nnorth african species that may be distinguished by leaves arranged in wide silvery fronds. the picture beneath shows this species of palm affected by the\nchabaud is a canarian endemic which is frequently planted around the mediterranean, not least in malta. unfortunately it is also affected by the weevil in question and several stately specimens from around the island have been destroyed .\nthe 374th anniversary of birth of the' father of geology' nicolaus stensen, better known by his latinized name nicolas steno, is commemorated today on google with a doodle showing a stylized stratigraphic section similar to what he may have encountered to come up with his conclusions .\nsteno was featured on this blog together with his contemporary agostino scilla in a post from 2010 .\njuniper, yew, spruce and other specimens with textbook shown below, for observation during a lesson. photos taken at the základní škola lesní (an elementary school in liberec, the czech republic) .\na group of 27 biology teachers from church schools recently attended a week - long course in field biology jointly organised by the university’s department of biology and the curia’s secretariat for education at the university .\nit is widely recognised that the teaching of biology is most enriching and interesting for students when the learning process takes place ‘outside the classroom’ and in a ‘real world’ setting .\nthe course consisted of lectures, fieldwork and laboratory sessions, with a focus on the maltese environment. during the week, participants had the opportunity to put theoretical knowledge into practice through planning and preparation for fieldwork, surveying, sampling and data collection, and processing of the data collected .\nduring the shore ecology fieldwork, held on the għallis coast, participants identified flora and fauna that inhabit rocky shores, and collected data on the abundance of selected fauna. during the terrestrial ecology fieldwork, held at clapham junction and buskett, participants observed typical mediterranean vegetation communi­ties: garigue, steppe, maquis, and woodland .\nthe knowledge and applications learnt during the marine and terrestrial fieldwork sessions was synthesised during a site visit to għajn tuffieħa .\na variety of habitats was explored there, ranging from banquettes of posidonia oceanica wrack deposited on the sandy beach, to the terrestrial boulder scree that constitutes the typical maltese rdum habitat .\nthe lectures, field and laboratory sessions were led by joseph borg, patrick schembri and sandro lanfranco from the university’s biology department .\nl .), both of which have been traditionally used for food and medicine by settlers all over europe. further into the forest, as shade and shelter become predominant, ferns and mosses cover most of the clearing and make use of the abundant leaf litter .\nconifers of the area include pines (pinus sylvestris l .) and spruce (picea abies (l .) h. karst), sometimes bearing evidence of food - seeking woodpeckers on their old trunks. angiosperms such as beech (fagus sylvatica l .) are also common, with their deceased offering an excellent resource for several fungal specimens .\n( linnaeus, 1758) are two beautiful and conspicuous butterflies found within the forest and elsewhere .\nlinnaeus, 1758 was a surprising find, and one of the very few vertebrates making an appearance on the day .\nthis is just what you need to kill sinister sinistrals and restore your snail population to one made up of normal, dextral pests .\n, but what should have been a casual glance inside an antiques shop in santa cruz necessitated some brushing up on the matter. i could not resist leaving this singular item to gather dust on a shelf unless that shelf was mine .\na defunct (?) match factory in las palmas (capital city of gran canaria), fosforera canariense, produced this nice set of 24 matchboxes sometime last century after its foundation in 1935. information regarding such items is hard to come by, on - and - offline, therefore not much more is known at this stage .\n( marine snails) and features 24 species of molluscs (inexplicably consisting of one bivalve and 23 predominantly tropical, not - all - marine, gastropods) heavily inked onto a pale blue background. the way they are packaged makes it impossible to see what is on the hidden side of each matchbox, and where, presumably, the species identifications are printed .\nnow, i am sorely tempted to tear open the polythene covering holding the set together in order to read them; on the other hand, doing so will detract from the neatness and value of the boxed set. i' m a stickler for' accurate' identification (as opposed to mere\netc .) but these cardboard versions will have to remain a mystery, at least until curiosity gets the upper hand .\nthe 12th century legend goes that a turkish pirate by the name of ħassan, madly in love with a beautiful maltese girl, abducted her and to ...\nthis blog has been featured in a post on the nature blog network. the site features several interesting links and is strongly recommended ...\na cantareus aspersus (müller, 1774) going about its daily business. photo taken in mqabba .\nthe vast majority of sharks and rays frequenting maltese waters are innocuous to humans, and even the largest of them is a timid filter - feed ...\ninsular gigantism is an evolutionary process that leads to individuals in a population becoming progressively larger in size than their anc ...\ndorothea bate (1878 - 1951) was a british explorer and palaeontologist whose main interests were mediterranean pleistocene mammals. the first ...\nthe picture above shows a fossil skull of the miocene crocodilian tomistoma gaudensis (hulke, 1871) from the globigerina limestone of gozo ...\nthe highest cliffs in the volcanic island of tenerife, in the atlantic ocean, are found on its western side. these majestic geological featu ...\nthis beautiful reptile, from the qbajjar area in western gozo, is a juvenile specimen of the western whip snake, hierophis viridiflavu ...\nthe ariophantid hemiplecta belerang sp. nov. from south sumatra is described in this paper. it is compared with its closest congeners, from ...\nrescue operations to free 12 boys together with their soccer coach from the tham luang cave in thailand are underway but could take days to complete. the g ...\nlast wednesday i received an email from mike cole of cole ecological, forwarded by our good buddy tim pearce. attached to mike’s message was the jpeg bel ...\ni have set this posting for exactly 10 years from the first posting on blogger at 9: 18 am eastern time july 9, 2008. my motivation was to learn more about ...\nin an earlier post, i introduced you all to the fusulinids, a group of complex foraminiferans that were abundant during the later palaeozoic. in that post, ...\nthe lancet fluke (* dicroceolium dendriticum *) is one of the most well - known and oft - cited example of parasite host manipulation. but in most people' s mind, ...\nphoto by karen osborn so, every july 1st is the, now posthumous, birthday of nmnh curator kristian fauchald, who was one of the most prolific taxonomists p ...\non the heals of being inspired at # scifoo at googlex, i’m a little fired up. monday morning at the american library association meeting–after flight delay ...\n* female double - eyed fig - parrot * opopsitta diophthalma *, copyright aviceda. * * belongs within: * loriinae. * opopsitta *, the fig - parrots, is a genus of small, ...\nthere are a lot of cases where you may need the help of a committed locksmith so it is of utmost importance that you have the contact number of a reliable ...\nred - legged pademelons (* thylogale stigmatica *) are not sociable animals, but they put up with each other. but every now and then, especially towards the en ...\nmichaux, françois - andré. * the north american sylva *. v. 1 (1853). digitized by smithsonian libraries. urltoken * the north american sylva * i ...\nat 10: 15 this morning i deactivated my facebook account. i’ve had the account for over a decade. no more. i can no longer in good conscience participate in ...\nwe' ve switched over to a wordpress site! litc 2. 0 can be found at chasmosaurs. com. please update your rss feeds accordingly. this site will stay as - is fo ...\nthis list will be updated as regularly as possible. cricket radio: tuning in the nightsinging insects bug music\nla cochinilla ciega de la palma (* halophiloscia microphthalma *) procede de un ancestro extinto recientemente se acaba de publicar un excelente trabajo sobr ...\nsciberras, a. & sciberras, j. (2014) conservation of maltese landraces the times, december 13th: 6 .\nit' s been quite the academic year. the spring semester is now finished and final grades are just about finished. summer research is gearing up and i' ve got ...\ni don' t know if anybody out there is still following, but i am now writing at the lord geekington (wordpress) and biological marginalia (tumblr). some of t ...\nas part of the european heritage days, which this year will carry the theme “heritage built in stone”, heritage malta will be holding an open day of the ne ...\ngiant fanged death maggots that spit glowing green snot, plus epically bad 1970s couture .\nthe 15th meeting of the mid - atlantic malacologists took place yesterday at the delaware museum of natural history (dmnh) in wilmington, delaware. i counted ...\n[ image: the times logo ] thursday, january 31, 2013 by matthew xuereb, juan ameen both leaders pledge to solve armier problem [ image: the boathouses on publi ...\n* on fishermen and the charcoal factory * * a small trawler boat crusing by the mangroves of matang. * * a view of kuala sepetang fishing village. * afternoon s ...\ni haven' t posted in a while. this is for two reasons, one of which is very exciting: 1) getting adjusted to graduate school has been very consuming and... ...\nthought of sharing this funny picture with you this week. here' s a cat who decided to have a nap in one of the kids' play castles .\n( c) david p. cilia 2007 - 2011. awesome inc. theme. powered by blogger .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nall material and data on this webpage is under the copyright of the author of this site - stephen mifsud / urltoken / malta. (2002 - 2010 )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nto receive our reports (print and / or electronic) and quarterly e - newsletter .\ncookies are not enabled. you must enable cookies before you can log in .\nthe main focus of the eunis species component is to provide relevant information about the european species protected by directives, conventions and agreements. the species assessed in the european red lists prepared by the iucn for the european commission are also included .\nthe distribution map is currently disabled. a new map solution will soon become available. in the meantime, please consult other species distribution map providers listed in the other resources panel below .\ntemplate updated on 09 may 2018 14: 41 from version 18. 4. 26\nthe european environment agency (eea) is an agency of the european union. legal notice\nwe use cookies to record some preference settings and to analyse how visitors use our web site. cookies do not contain any personal information about you. if you wish, see how to delete / disable cookies in your web browser. see also our privacy policy .\nsorry, preview is currently unavailable. you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we' ll email you a reset link .\nthe family hydrobiidae is a large group of small snails with gills (not lungs) living in aquatic habitats, predominantly fresh and brackish. four representatives are found in the maltese islands, the largest of which is the freshwater\nis rare in malta but rather more frequent in gozo. colonies graze microscopic algae growing on submerged or perennially wet overhangs, and seem to prefer running, clear water. the blue - greyish shell, large shell size and habitat distinguishes it from a similar species ,\n( calcara, 1841), which will be discussed in a future post .\n* in taxonomy, a' cf.' indicates uncertainty in assigning a specific epithet to a specimen. the uncertainty in this case derives from anatomical differences between maltese\n( sowerby, 1847) is the only snail with an operculum (' door') which is native to the maltese islands. under a' biological species definition' it may be considered to be a local variety of\n( draparnaud, 1805), which also occurs in sicily; pfenninger et al. (2010) *, in their work on the dna of\nthe shell is very variable, and may be orange, white or purple, with or without bands .\n* pfenninger, m. , véla, e. , jesse, r. , arantzazu elejalde, m. , liberto, f. , magnin, f. , martínez - ortí, a. , 2010. temporal speciation pattern in the western mediterranean genus\np. fischer, 1885 (gastropoda, pomatiidae) supports the tyrrhenian vicariance hypothesis .\ndiffers from m. syracusana only in its shell shape (less slender), denser ribs and relationship between principalis and frontal upper palatalis. m. syracusana has 3 folds between lunula and suture (frontal upper palatalis and 2 sutural folds, the frontal upper palatalis running in a curve towards the apertural magin), in neuteboomi there are 3 sutural folds above the upper end of the lunula, the frontal upper palatalis begins as a 4th fold slightly in front of the upper end of the lunula (close to the lowest sutural fold) and runs straightly towards the aperture .\nin a rocky area with caved carved into the walls, 250 m altitude .\nthe encyclopedia of world problems and human potential is a collaboration between uia and mankind 2000, started in 1972. it is the result of an ambitious effort to collect and present information on the problems with which humanity is confronted, as well as the challenges such problems pose to concept formation, values and development strategies. problems included are those identified in international periodicals but especially in the documents of some 60, 000 international non - profit organizations, profiled in the yearbook of international organizations .\nthe encyclopedia includes problems which such groups choose to perceive and act upon, whether or not their existence is denied by others claiming greater expertise. indeed such claims and counter - claims figure in many of the problem descriptions in order to reflect the often paralyzing dynamics of international debate. in the light of the interdependence demonstrated among world problems in every sector, emphasis is placed on the need for approaches which are sufficiently complex to encompass the factions, conflicts and rival worldviews that undermine collective initiative towards a promising future .\nthe union of international associations (uia) is a research institute and documentation centre, based in brussels. it was established in 1907, by henri la fontaine (nobel peace prize laureate of 1913), and paul otlet, a founding father of what is now called information science .\nnon - profit, apolitical, independent, and non - governmental in nature, the uia has been a pioneer in the research, monitoring and provision of information on international organizations, international associations and their global challenges since 1907." ]

{ "text": [ "muticaria is a genus of small , air-breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family clausiliidae , the door snails , all of which have a clausilium . " ], "topic": [ 11 ] }

[ "muticaria is a genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family clausiliidae, the door snails, all of which have a clausilium." ]

[ "explore what eol knows about xiphopenaeus kroyeri (c. heller, 1862) .\natlantic seabob - xiphopenaeus kroyeri (c. heller, 1862) - overview - encyclopedia of life\ngusmão j, lazoski c, monteiro fa and solé - cava am. 2006. cryptic species and population structuring of the atlantic and pacific seabob shrimp species, xiphopenaeus kroyeri and xiphopenaeus riveti. mar biol 149: 491 - 502. [ links ]\nxiphopenaeus kroyeri (c. heller, 1862) – atlantic seabob, seabob, camarón siete barbas, crevette seabob (de l' atlantique )\nxiphopenaeus kroyeri. average growth curve (middle) estimated for males from ubatuba region sampled from january 2000 to june 2003, based on von bertalanffy’s growth model. outer curves: 95% confidence interval .\nxiphopenaeus kroyeri. average growth curve (middle) estimated for females from ubatuba region sampled from january 2000 to june 2003, based on von bertalanffy’s growth model. outer curves: 95% confidence interval .\nxiphopenaeus kroyeri. carapace length (cl) frequency histograms of males and females in the ubatuba bay from january 2000 and june 2003. lines represent the cohorts followed during the study period to describe individual growth .\nxiphopenaeus kroyeri. spatial variation of the abiotic factors (temperature, salinity and phi) and mean number (individuals per trawl set) of reproductive females and recruits from each bay sampled, from january 1998 to june 2003 .\ncastro rh, costa rc, fransozo a and mante - latto flm. 2005. population structure of the seabob shrimp xiphopenaeus kroyeri (heller, 1862) (crustacea: penaeoidea) in the littoral of são paulo, brazil. sci mar 69 (4): 105 - 112. [ links ]\n( of xiphopenaeus hartii smith, 1869) pérez farfante, i. ; kensley, b. (1997). penaeoid and sergestoid shrimps and prawns of the world. keys and diagnoses for the families and genera. mémoires du muséum national d’histoire naturelle. 175: 1 - 233. [ details ]\nfransozo a, costa rc, pinheiro maa, santos s and mantelatto flm. 2000. juvenile recruitment of the seabob xiphopenaeus kroyeri (heller, 1862) (de - capoda, penaeidea) in the fortaleza bay, ubatuba, sp, brazil. nauplius 8 (2): 179 - 184. [ links ]\ncosta rc, fransozo a, freire fam and castilho al. 2007. bundance and ecological distribution of the\nsete - barbas\nshrimp xiphopenaeus kroyeri (heller, 1862) (decapoda: penaeoidea) in three bays of the ubatuba region, south - eastern brazil. gulf caribbean res 19: 33 - 41. [ links ]\nxiphopenaeus kroyeri (heller, 1862) is widely distributed in the western atlantic (virginia, usa, to rio grande do sul, brazil) and the eastern pacific (mexico to peru) (pérez - farfante and kensley 1997). however, recently, gusmão et al. (2006) demonstrated through molecular data that x. kroyeri is distributed only in the atlantic, while xiphopenaeus riveti occurs in the pacific. x. kroyeri is the second most important fishery resource in abundance in the southeastern brazil, and is the most heavily exploited benthic shrimp species on the coast of the state of são paulo (d' incao et al. 2002, castro et al. 2005) .\nxiphopenaeus kroyeri. temporal variation in mean abundance (catch per unit effort) of reproductive females (unfilled bars), recruits, (dashed line) and means of bottom water temperature (solid line) during january 1998 to june 2003. error bars represent standard errors of means abundance (reproductive females and recruits) and standard deviation of mean temperature .\nantonio l. castilho, raymond t. bauer, fúlvio a. m. freire, vivian fransozo, rogério c. costa, raphael c. grabowski, adilson fransozo; lifespan and reproductive dynamics of the commercially important sea bob shrimp xiphopenaeus kroyeri (penaeoidea): synthesis of a 5 - year study, journal of crustacean biology, volume 35, issue 1, 1 january 2015, pages 30–40, urltoken\nxiphopenaeus kroyeri is a benthic species that ranges from the continental shelf of the western atlantic from north carolina (usa) to the state of rio grande do sul (brazil) and is most abundant at depths up to 30 m (boschi, 1963; iwai, 1973; holthuis, 1980; santos and ivo, 2000). the species spends its entire life cycle in the same environment, and it does not depend on estuaries for the development of juveniles (holthuis, 1980; castro et al. , 2005) .\nxiphopenaeus kroyeri (heller, 1862) has a wide geographical range throughout the western atlantic ocean, from cape hatteras, nc, usa to southern brazil (state of rio grande do sul) (costa et al. , 2007). of the various species targeted by southern brazilian fisheries, the sea bob shrimp is among the most important, and by weight is one of the top ten penaeoid - shrimp species taken worldwide in the commercial shrimp fisheries (d’incao et al. , 2002; silva et al. , 2013) .\nin brazil, x. kroyeri is one of the most important resources for the fishing industry and for the community structure of coastal marine species. the species was the primary crustacean caught in 2010 and represented 26. 7% of the total commercial catch of crustaceans reported in the country (mpa, 2012). xiphopenaeus kroyeri is caught throughout the coastal region, particularly along the subtropical shelves (ibama, 1993; dias neto and dornelles, 1996; paiva, 1997; ibama, 2008). furthermore, x. kroyeri represents the lowest trophic level among the commercially exploited species in this region (vasconcelos and gasalla, 2001) .\npenaeid shrimp are of great importance for coastal fisheries worldwide. the high commercial value of these shrimp and their distribution along continental shelves make them highly vulnerable to fishing, which has led to the overexploitation of most of these resources. currently, penaeid shrimp are considered to be the most valuable fishing commodity in the global market (gillett, 2008). fishing of the atlantic seabob, xiphopenaeus kroyeri (heller, 1862), warrants special attention because, among the top ten exploited shrimp species, x. kroyeri had the highest percentage catch increase between 1995 (18 802 t) and 2005 (52 411 t) (gillett, 2008) .\nfor xiphopenaeus kroyeri, it is difficult to propose a single pattern in conformity with these three models. our results showed that, the sediment type of the study area, the size of individuals also affected the catch pattern. at 20 m depth, the shrimps were only found at night, the individuals presented largest sizes, and the sediment was composed of sand and, consequently, at this depth, the shrimps would be considered of the type 1. in contrast, for the shallower depths, the type 3 pattern could be proposed because there was no great numerical change in catch rate between day and night. silt and clay predominated at those locations, suggesting that the water there may be more turbid. in this respect, both the juveniles and adults of x. kroyeri showed the same behavior .\no objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a variação diuturna na abundância e no tamanho do camarão sete - barbas xiphopenaeus kroyeri na região de ubatuba / são paulo, durante o ano 2000. em cada estação do ano, as coletas foram realizadas no período diurno e noturno, em 9 transectos localizados nas profundidades de 2 a 40 m. um total de 28. 878 camarões foi obtido e apesar da maior taxa de captura observada durante o dia (15. 853 camarões), não houve diferença significativa em relação ao período noturno (13. 025). na maioria dos tran - sectos houve também uma maior taxa de captura de camarões durante o dia, no entanto, verificou - se que em locais com sedimentos com predominância de areia fina e muito fina, houve uma captura no período noturno. já em relação aos juvenis, a maioria dos indivíduos foi amostrada durante o dia. em consideração ao tamanho (cc) médio, obteve - se o valor de 14, 43 ± 4, 02 mm durante o dia e 14, 82 ± 4, 28 mm durante a noite, com significativa diferença (student' s t - test, df = 2. 429, t = 2, 27, p = 0, 02). verificou - se também que os maiores indivíduos foram capturados no período noturno. um único modelo dos três propostos na literatura para as espécies de peneídeos quanto ao padrão de captura diuturna não pode ser aplicado ao x. kroyeri. nossos resultados evidenciaram que tipo de sedimento não somente influenciou na taxa de captura entre os períodos analisados como determinou os modelos em que esta pode ser incluída .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsabrina m. simões i, ii; rogerio c. costa i, ii; adilson fransozo ii; antonio l. castilho ii, iii\ni labcam (laboratório de biologia de camarões marinhos e de água doce) departamento de ciências biológicas, faculdade de ciências, unesp, campus bauru av. luis edmundo carrijo coube, 14 - 01, vargem limpa, 17033 - 360 bauru, sp, brasil ii nebecc (núcleo de estudos em biologia, ecologia e cultivo de crustáceos), departamento de zoologia instituto de biociências, unesp, campus botucatu, distrito de rubião jr, s / n, 18618 - 970 botucatu, sp, brasil iii departamento de biologia, faculdade estadual de filosofia, ciências e letras de união da vitória praça coronel amazonas, s / n, centro, 84600 - 000 união da vitória, pr, brasil\npalavras - chave: abundância, distribuição, penaeidae, xipho - penaeus kroyeri .\nthe tropical marine shrimp fishery, mainly for penaeid shrimps, is a very old activity. in recent decades, the mechanization of fishing boats and the growth of shrimp fleets have intensified exploitation, which has caused declines and even collapse of these fisheries. in brazil, with the significant decline of the shrimp farfantepenaeus spp. since the 1980s (paiva 1997), the population of x. kroyeri, commonly called as\nsete - barbas\n, became the most important target and is already impacted because of continuous indiscriinate harvesting, especially in the state of são paulo (costa et al. 2007) .\nsediment type and depth have been emphasized as major variables affecting the distribution of the penaeid shrimps (dall et al. 1990). several studies have demonstrated the substrate influence on some shrimp biological processes, since shrimps live on the substrate or buried in it (fuss jr and ogren 1966). the majority of species remains buried during the day and emerge at dusk, i. e. , are most active in the period when they are least vulnerable to potential predators (minello et al. 1987, laprise and blader 1992, sogard and able 1994, dall et al. 1990, negreiros - fransozo et al. 1999). moctezuma and blake (1981) noted that juveniles remain unburied for a longer period than adults do, because they need more food as a result of their high growth rate. in addition, penn (1984) noted that the type of substrat can affect burying behavior: in locations with silt and clay sediments, the turbidity of the water may be higher, and here the catch does not differ among the periods. in sandy locations, turbidity is lower and the shrimps are more abundant at night .\nthus, the objective of the present study was to analyze the diel variation in abundance and size of individuals of x. kroyeri that were caught down to a depth of 40 m in the ubatuba region, on the northern coast of the state of são paulo. we also investigated whether a change in sediment type might alter the catch rate between the day and night periods. the present study also provided information on the periods and regions that juveniles are more vulnerable to the fishing, therefore serving as framework for the determination and implantation of management plans that propitiate a sustainable fishing .\nlocated along the northern coastline of the state of são paulo, the ubatuba region is an important area for crustacean research (mantelatto and fransozo 2000). the region is unique when compared to other areas along the brazilian southern coast. this coastal area is enclosed be within a system of inlets, bays, canals, bayous, and rivers bordered by mangroves that together form estuaries rich in nutrients that are favorable for the establishment and development of the marine fauna. in addition, ubatuba bay is fairly pristine and used as a standard for comparison with other marine habitats that are strongly influenced by humans (mantelatto and fransozo 1999) .\nthe collections were carried out in all four seasons of the year (summer, autumn, winter and spring) in day and night periods, in the ubatuba region (fig. 1), during the year 2000. the samples were taken along 9 bottom transects, at depths of 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 m. we used a commercial fishing boat equipped with two mexican - type\ndouble rig\nnets. the mesh size of the nets was 20 mm knot - to - knot in the body, and 15 mm in the cod end. trawls were conducted along each transect for 30 minutes, over a distance of approximately 2 kilometers. specifics nets for the capture of the shrimp - white were used to prevent the capture of the animals buried in the substratum, i. e. , with lighter materials and a high number of floats. the boat speed was also changed from 1. 5 to 2 knots .\nwe obtained the total wet weight (in grams) of the x. kroyeri caught in each trawl. we, then, took a random 250 - g subsample, and the number of individuals was counted on each transect of each season. based on the data from the subsample and from the total biomass, it was possible to estimate the number of individuals for each transect, season, and period .\nall the individuals in the subsample were measured for carapace length (cl mm) in millimeters and were sexed. carapace length, means the distance from the orbital angle to the posterior margin ofthe carapace. the reproductive condition ofthe females was determined by the macroscopic observation of the gonads, adapted from bauer and lin (1994) and costa and fransozo (2004), with four stages of development: im = immature, ru = rudimentary (adults with undeveloped gonads), ed = developing, and de = developed. the reproductive status of males was assessed by examining the shape of the petasma, which is fused in adult individuals (castro et al. 2005) .\nthe sediment was measured on each transect of each season. details of the methodology are found in bertinietal. (2001). the abundance of shrimp was compared among the seasons of the year and the transects, by means of analysis of variance (one - way anova, p < 0. 05), complemented by tukey' s multiple - comparisons test, at the 5% probability level. for each transect and season, the chi - square test (x 2) was used to compare the abundance of juveniles and adults between the sampled periods (day and night). the carapace size of individuals in each season and on each transect was compared between the day and night periods, by means of student' s t - test. data were log - transformed prior to the analysis, to improve their normality (zar 1999) .\nthe highest mean values of sediment diameter (phi φ) were found in the transects of 5 to 15 - m depth in all seasons (table i) .\nthe estimated shrimp amount was of 28, 878 individuals: 22, 993 (80 %) in winter, 3, 042 (11 %) in summer, 2, 562 (8 %) in autumn, and only 281 (1 %) in spring. the largest number of specimens (24, 678) was obtained on the 2 and 10 - m transects; a total of 4, 200 individuals were found on the 15 to 25 - m transects. no shrimp were collected on the 30, 35 or 40 - m transects. the number of individuals differed between spring and winter (one - way anova, p = 0. 01, ms = 4. 16 and f = 3. 53). the results for the transect comparisons are given in table ii .\noverall, in spite of the higher catch rate during the day (15, 853 shrimp), there was a significant difference from the night samples (13, 025) (x 2 p = 3. 48 e - 62) .\nthe number of individuals increased at night in spring (205 ind. at night and 76 ind. in daytime - x 2: p = 1. 40 e - 14) and in summer (1, 711 ind. at night and 1, 331 ind. in daytime - x 2, p = 5. 58 e - 12). in the other seasons, the contrary was observed: in autumn, 977 shrimps were collected at night, and 1, 585 during the day (x 2, p = 3. 07 e - 33); and in winter, 10, 132 shrimps were caught at night, and 12, 861 in daytime (x 2, p = 2. 04 e - 72) (fig. 2) .\nthe number of individuals differed significantly on most transects (x 2 (1 - m) p = 7. 22 e - 30; (5 - m) p = 8. 02 e - 30; (10 - m) p = 8. 11 e - 25; (20 - m) p = 1. 22 e - 24; (25 - m) p = 3. 48 e - 10). on nearly all the transects, the abundance was greater during the day. however, this occurred only at the locations with muddier sediments (phi > 4). in contrast, at the 20 - m depth, shrimps were caught only at night. at this point, the values of (phi) decreased to close to 3, that is, very fine sand predominated (fig. 3). the same pattern was observed for juveniles, although the catches at the 10 (x 2, p = 0. 001), 15 (x 2, p = 0. 02) and 20 - m (x 2, p = 0. 07 e - 10) depths differed significantly (fig. 4) .\nthe overall mean size (cl) of individuals was 14. 43 mm in day samples and 14. 82 mm in night samples, which is a significant difference (student' s t - test, df = 2429, t = 2. 27, p = 0. 02). the largest individuals, including all those with a carapace length above 28 mm, were caught at night (fig. 5) .\ncomparing the seasons of the year, the mean size of the individuals was larger in night samples, but a statistical difference was apparent only in autumn (student' s t - test, df = 541, t = 2. 08, p = 0. 03) (fig. 6). in terms of spatial relationships, except for the 15 - m depth, the mean carapace size of adults collected at night was larger than the carapace size found in the day samples. the largest individuals were collected at the deeper localities, 15 and 20 m (fig. 7) .\nthe catch rate of individuals of x. kroyeri was slightly higher in daytime. this result contrasts with the majority of studies on marine shrimps, mainly of the super - family penaeoidea (see, fuss jr and ogren 1966, pérez - farfante 1971, cobb et al. 1973, bauer 1985, scelzo 2003). in the same region of this study, lopes et al. (unpublished data) found that for two species of pink shrimp, farfantepenaeus brasiliensis and f. paulensis, larger numbers of them were caught at night .\ndiurnal burying activity is common in the majority of penaeids (bishop et al. 2008). the burrowing behavior of penaeids is a strategy for energy conservation, as well as a means of defense against potential predators (kutty and murugopoopathy 1968, dall et al. 1990). shrimps that bury themselves in the substrate during the day are protected against predators that feed in this period, and are less active than those that do not bury .\npenn (1984) developed three models for burying behavior, based on studies with penaeids caught in the gulf of mexico: type 1 - strongly nocturnal, but often inactive or buried at night, although always buried during the day. the species included here are generally fished for in sandy substrates with relatively clear water; type 2 - generally nocturnal and continually active at night, and buried during the day but with a tendency to emerge occasionally. these species differ from type 1 in being generally associated with muddier substrates. such areas generally have more turbid water; type 3 - rarely bury themselves and almost continually active. these are almost exclusively found in areas of river discharge, which are characterized by high turbidity .\nlaboratory experiments with x. kroyeri corroborate our proposal, since the shrimps buried themselves during the day and emerged at night in sediments composed of fine and very fine sand. when the shrimps were placed on muddy substrates, they began to burrow, but stopped immediately when the water became turbid. they did not cover themselves completely with sediment, and remained with only their body inside the small hole that they had dug (f. a. m. freire et al. , unpublished data). according to penn (1984), other penaeid species such as penaeus indicus h. milne edwards, 1837, p. merguiensis de maan, 1888, and p. setiferus (linnaeus, 1767) do not burrow in very soft sediments because they are not capable of reversing the water flux that passes through their branchial chamber in order to avoid clogging (penn 1984) .\nseasonally, the wind action in the study region can also modify the pattern of capture of the individuals .\nthe suspension of the substratum is caused many times because the wind action (pedersen et al. 1995) and, consequently, increasing the turbidity of the water. in accordance with castro - filho et al. (1987), the strongest winds in the winter induces the penetration of tropical water straight to the direction to the coast, destroying the seasonal thermocline formed by the action of the south atlantic central water and directing these masses to the continental slope. although we did not analyze the wind action in the present study, this fact could have favored the increase of the water turbidity in the autumn and winter months and, consequently, allowing the increase of the individuals captured during the day .\nwith respect to size, our results agree with the findings of negreiros - fransozo et al. (1999), who collected the largest individuals at dusk. according to dall et al. (1990), juvenile penaeid shrimps do not show a strong response of burying behavior in relation to light as the adults do, which are more caught during the night. in part, this hypothesis can be supported here, in that the smaller individuals of x. kroyeri were caught in about the same numbers in both periods, and the larger individuals were collected more often during the night. however, the adults, even smaller - sized ones, when in shallower areas, showed the same behavior as the juveniles. experimental studies involving these demographic classes in different types of sediment between the day and night periods might elucidate this question .\nthe abundance of juveniles and adults varies seasonally in the study region (costa et al. 2007), mainly due to the changes of the monthly temperatures values. the present study corroborates the results above. moreover, beyond autumn and winter present values of bottom temperatures higher than spring and summer ones (costa et al. 2007), we also suggest that the highest number of individuals in this period could be the result of the offseason period (march to may) for all the shrimps. in this way, the unification of the closure period as presently proposed for the pink and seabob shrimps is supported by this study .\nin general, we can conclude that, for x. kroyeri, the sediment type is the main factor that affects the catch rate during the day and night periods. nevertheless, other studies involving the comparison of diel catch rates of this shrimp for different demographic classes (juveniles, adult males, and ripe and spent females) in relation to lunar phases and the tidal cycle may contribute to a greater understanding of its behavior .\nwe are grateful to the\nfundação de amparo à pesquisa do estado de são paulo\n( fapesp) for providing financial support (# 94 / 4878 - 8, # 97 / 12108 - 6, # 97 / 121063, # 97 / 12107 / 0, and # 04 / 07309 - 8). we are also thankful to the nebecc co - workers for their help during field work and to dr. janet reid for her great help with the english language. all experiments conducted in this study comply with current applicable state and federal laws .\nbauer rt. 1985. penaeoid shrimp fauna from tropical seagrass meadows: species composition, diurnal, and seasonal variation in abundance. proc biol soc wash 98: 177 - 190. 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(eds), gulf of mexico - origins, waters, and biota. vol. 1. biodiversity. pp. 1019–1104 (texas a & m; university press: college station, texas). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nde grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of penaeus kroyeri heller, 1862) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of xiphopeneus hartii smith, 1869) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nen - atlantic seabob, fr - crevette seabob atlantique, sp - camarón siete barbas .\npenaeus kroyeri heller, 1862, s. b. akad. wiss. wien, 45 (1): 425 .\nwestern atlantic: north carolina (u. s. a .) to estado de santa catarina (brazil) .\ndepth 1 to 70 m, usually less than 27 m. bottom mud or sand. marine, brackish, exceptionally fresh; most plentiful in areas near river estuaries .\ntotal length of adult specimens 70 to 140 mm; maximum total length of males 115 mm .\nin the united states it is by far the most important commercial species from pensacola (n. w. florida) to texas. the annual catch in the united states (in metric tons) amounted to 2 100 (in 1973), 2 994 (in 1974), 3 182 (in 1975) and 514 (in 1976). in mexico it is\nalso taken at times near ciudad del carmen, but is not of commercial significance\n( lindner, 1957: 83). longhurst (1970: 275) reports commercial concentrations also off nicaragua, off eastern venezuela and off trinidad. mistakidis (1972) cited the following fishing grounds for this species: honduras, nicaragua, costa rica, colombia. in venezuela it\nis of commercial importance but its capture is not done intensively except locally\n( davant, 1963: 95). in the guianas it is the most common commercial shrimp in local fisheries. it is caught by local fishermen, sold fresh, dried, or frozen and is exported (holthuis, 1959: 72, 73). also in brazil the species forms the subject of an important fishery, especially in n. brazil but also as far south as santa catarina (see fao, 1964 and mistakidis, 1972); it is used mostly locally. the total catch reported for this species to fao for 1999 was 28 222 t. the countries with the largest catches were brazil (14 200 t) and guyana (10 396 t) .\nfao catalogue vol. 1 - shrimps and prawns of the world. an annotated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries. l. b. holthuis 1980. fao fisheries synopsis no. 125, volume 1 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al. 2005. common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: crustaceans. american fisheries society special publication 31\nproceedings of the biological society of washington, vol. 116, no. 1\nwilliams, austin b. , lawrence g. abele, d. l. felder, h. h. hobbs, jr. , r. b. manning, et al .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ninstituto de pesca – centro apta pescado marinho, av. bartolomeu de gusmão, 192, santos, sp, 11030–906, brasil\ndetermining the degree to which the physical and operational characteristics of vessels and environmental factors influence catch yield is important for the evaluation of variations observed in fishery yields. this analysis also benefits fisheries management by allowing more effective conservation of the resource and the fishing activity itself (maunder and punt, 2004) .\nthe capture of x. kroyeri is typically performed by artisanal fleets with vessels < 15 m in length that operate with one or two trawlnets and specifically target this species. this shrimp fishery is important economically and socially to many coastal communities (perez et al. , 2001; graça - lopes et al. , 2007; kolling et al. , 2008) .\nthe x. kroyeri fishery and the biology of the species have been well studied in brazil, with several studies conducted in the northeastern (coelho and santos, 1993; santos and coelho, 1998; santos and ivo, 2000; santos et al. , 2001; santos and freitas, 2006; silva and santos, 2006, 2007; santos and silva, 2008), southeastern (nakagaki and negreiros - fransozo, 1998; castro et al. , 2005; graça - lopes et al. , 2007; simões et al. , 2010) and southern (branco et al. , 1999; branco and moritz, 2001; branco, 2005; pezzuto et al. , 2008; campos et al. , 2009) parts of the country .\nfisheries are primarily managed using time area closures in waters along southeastern and southern brazil (18°20′s to 33°45′s). initiated in 1984, the designated period has already undergone several changes. the closure was initially implemented to manage the fishing of the shrimp species farfantepenaeus brasiliensis and f. paulensis, but it also prohibited the fishing of other shrimp species, including x. kroyeri, in the same area. only in the years 2006 and 2007 was the period of closure directed specifically at managing the fishing of x. kroyeri (franco et al. , 2009) .\nseveral biological characteristics of x. kroyeri, including its reproductive capacity, lack of dependence on estuaries and short life cycle, allow the species to efficiently recover from fishing mortality. despite this potential for recovery, however, there has been considerable concern since the 1970s about the stress on the population caused by commercial fisheries of the species (santos et al. , 1973; graça - lopes et al. , 2007; pezzuto et al. , 2008). variations in x. kroyeri catch rates over the years and a decrease in population size observed in stock assessments led to its inclusion in the national list of species of aquatic invertebrates and fish overexploited or threatened with overexploitation (“lista nacional das espécies de invertebrados aquáticos e peixes sobreexplotadas ou ameaçadas de sobreexplotação”) (d' incao et al. , 2002; mma, 2004; graça - lopes et al. , 2007) .\ncatch and effort data from commercial and recreational fishing are commonly used as an index of population trend when reported as cpue. this represents one of the most easily accessed sources of information for analysing fisheries stocks in exploitation (gulland, 1956; gavaris, 1980; nrc, 2000). however, the use of these data as an index of abundance necessitates methods for filtering out variations caused by factors other than abundance, such as technological changes in the fleet, season and area. this process has been widely performed in fishery studies using multiplicative models for the standardization of catch rates (large, 1992; goni et al. , 1999; punt, 2000; maynou et al. , 2003; battaile and quinn, 2004; tascheri et al. , 2010) .\nthe coefficients of multiplicative models are typically estimated by fitting generalized linear models (glms), which allows for the identification of factors that influence catch rates as well as the calculation of standardized indices of abundance (maunder and punt, 2004; venables and dichmont, 2004; xiao et al. , 2004) .\nalthough x. kroyeri fisheries and the biology of the species are well studied, no attention has been given to the standardization of x. kroyeri catch rates along the brazilian coast. this step is of the utmost importance for the development of indices of relative abundance, which can be used as a basis for management of the fishery and adjustment of the models for stock evaluation (maunder and punt, 2004) .\nto better understand the fishing dynamics of x. kroyeri, the present study aimed to (i) identify the factors that influenced the catch rates of x. kroyeri by double - rig trawling in the state of são paulo from 1990–2009, (ii) estimate a time - series with standardized indices of abundance for the species, (iii) identify patterns of x. kroyeri cpue, and (iv) assess whether the variation in species abundance in different fishing areas was associated .\ndata from the landings of double - rig trawlers in the fishing ports of cananéia, santos and ubatuba in são paulo state (figure 1) were used. a lengthy time - series of data is available for these ports. the information was collected using the census method, which involves interviews with fishermen at the time of landing as part of the fishing activity monitoring program of the são paulo fisheries institute (fao, 1999; ávila - da - silva et al. , 2007) .\ngeographic location of the fishing sectors and main fishing ports where x. kroyeri is landed in the state of são paulo (ubatuba, santos and cananéia) .\nfor the present analysis, we considered vessel (length and engine power) and travel data along with complete data for catch, effort and fishing area. the brazilian rule for seabob trawlnets limits the buoy line to maximum 12 m length and the mesh to at least 24 mm (sudepe, 1984). possible variations in the sizes of fishing nets per boat or trip were not taken into account .\nthe fishing area was divided into three sectors, defined by the radius of activity of the fleets based in each of the ports: (a) the northern sector, the area of operation of ubatuba fleets, bounded by latitudes 23°00′s and 23°50′s; (b) the central sector, the primary area of operation of santos fleets, extending from parallel 23°50′s to 24°30′s; and (c) the southern sector, with trips recorded in cananéia, between latitudes 24°30′s and 25°35′s. the latitudinal limits designate the area from the coastline with a perpendicular extension until the 50 m isobath (figure 1) .\nanalysis of the northern sector included data from 31 522 trips made by 172 vessels, which captured 2034. 3 t of x. kroyeri between 1990 and 2009. for the central sector, the analysis included data from 3242 trips made by 96 vessels, which captured 5842. 3 t of the species. for the southern sector, the analysis included data from 3651 trips made by 121 vessels, which captured 3442. 1 t of the species during the period. total effort was 50 738, 19 699 and 11 304 fishing days for northern, central and southern regions, respectively .\nthe fishing boats were categorized according to vessel length and engine power. the length categories were as follows: (i) small scale 1 (s - 1) for vessels < 10 m; (ii) small scale 2 (s - 2) for vessels between 10 and 12 m; (iii) intermediate scale 1 (i - 1) for boats between 12 and 15 m; and (iv) intermediate scale 2 (i - 2) for vessels > 15 m in length. these categories were determined using the fisheries legislation regulating the trawler fleets catching shrimp in the region as a reference. vessels that are 10 m or longer are legally required to complete and submit catch maps for all fishing trips, while boats that are 12 m or longer are not designated as artisanal for fishing licences. vessels that are 15 m or longer are included in the fishery vessel satellite tracking program (“programa de rastreamento de embarcações pesqueiras por satélite” – preps) (seap / pr et al. , 2006; mpa and mma, 2010; mpa and mma, 2011). the horsepower classes were (i) < 18 hp, (ii) 18–99 hp, (iii) 100–179 hp and (iv) ≥180 hp .\nfor the years 1990–2009, the months during which a fishing ban was enforced were identified. the months immediately following these periods were classified as opening months for fishing (table 1) .\nclosed periods (temporary bans on trawling) in the southeastern and southern regions of brazil from 1990–2009 .\nestimation of the magnitude of influence of year, month (january–december), length class (s - 1, s - 2, i - 1, i - 2), hp class (< 18, 18–99, 100–179, ≥180) and opening - month status (variable indicating whether the month was one open to fishing following a period of closure) on fishing cpue was carried out for each sector using analysis of deviance for glm fit (mccullagh and nelder, 1989; lindsey, 1997; venables and ripley, 1997; quinn and deriso, 1999). catch rate, or cpue, was measured as the landed catch (kg) per effective fishing days of each trip .\nthe cpue distribution for all sectors showed asymmetry, with lower values being the most frequent, mainly in the northern and southern sectors. for these sectors a log - normal distribution was the best fit for the cpue, while a gamma distribution was assumed for the central sector. thus, the glm technique was used to identify the magnitude of influence of the explanatory factors on the cpue of the species. the gaussian family and the identity link function on log transformed cpue were used for the northern and southern sectors, while a gamma distribution and a logarithmic link function on raw cpue data were used for the central sector .\nfirst the models were fitted considering all variables, without concern for their order and with no interactions. the effect of dropping terms from the models was explored by examining the akaike information criterion (aic) (akaike, 1974) of each single term. in a second step, variables were ordered based on their aic value. the definition of the final model terms with first - order interactions was performed using the stepwise method (backward and forward) based on aic values (venables and ripley, 1997). previous estimates were not fixed when one more effect was added .\nin the above equation, μ ymhlc is the expected cpue for month m of year y for a vessel of hp class h and length class l and takes into consideration whether the month was an opening month for fishing or not. α is the observed cpue of a vessel belonging to hp class < 18 and length class s - 1 in january 1990 for the northern and central sectors and from 1995 for the southern sector. β y is the abundance in year y relative to 1990 for the northern and central sectors and relative to 1995 for the southern sector. θ m is the abundance during month m relative to january. ϵ h is the efficiency of a vessel of class h with respect to the hp class < 18. ρ l is the efficiency of a vessel of class l relative to length class s - 1. γ c is the change in the capture rate in the case of an opening month for fishing .\nthe adjustment of the final model for each of the areas is exemplified by means of graphs for the type of vessel with greater temporal coverage by area." ]

{ "text": [ "xiphopenaeus is a genus of crustaceans in the suborder dendrobranchiata , the shrimps and prawns .", "two species are in this genus : xiphopenaeus kroyeri xiphopenaeus riveti likely , more species have not yet been described and named .", "these were previously considered to be two names for the same species , but genetic analysis confirms they are two distinct species .", "x. kroyeri occurs in the atlantic ocean , while x. riveti lives in the pacific .", "x. kroyeri , the seabob shrimp , is a very important food species fished off the coast of brazil . " ], "topic": [ 7, 11, 6, 13, 17 ] }

[ "xiphopenaeus is a genus of crustaceans in the suborder dendrobranchiata, the shrimps and prawns. two species are in this genus: xiphopenaeus kroyeri xiphopenaeus riveti likely, more species have not yet been described and named. these were previously considered to be two names for the same species, but genetic analysis confirms they are two distinct species. x. kroyeri occurs in the atlantic ocean, while x. riveti lives in the pacific. x. kroyeri, the seabob shrimp, is a very important food species fished off the coast of brazil." ]

[ "right but surely the parktown prawn is named after the common prawn. crickets / wetas look a like weird prawns .\ni’m brave only in certain areas. the parktown prawn is not one of them .\nthe parktown prawn is capable of large jumps when threatened, often ejecting an offensive black fecal liquid .\na member of the king cricket family, aka the parktown prawn, is found across the southern hemisphere .\nparktown prawn - libanasidus vittatus - not actually a prawn, this species of king cricket is of the family anostostomatidae. it is not a true cric… | pinteres…\nthe parktown prawn (libanasidus vittatus) is – of course – not a prawn at all, but actually a six - legged insect belonging to the king cricket family, anastostomatidae. today, the first discovered parktown prawn is housed in the natural history museum of london .\nso there you have it. parktown prawns in a nutshell. or rather, parktown prawns in an exoskeleton .\n, three birds in the urban habitat that are able to take on the considerable size of the parktown prawn .\nparktown prawn - relationship with humans... parktown prawns seem to be more active at night... the parktown prawn is capable of large jumps when threatened, often ejecting an offensive black fecal liquid... by the johannesburg newspaper the star, tells that the parktown prawn was actually the result of an escaped genetic experiment by students from the university of the witwatersrand in the 1960s (thus ...\nmadam & eve on twitter :\nfor those unfamiliar with the\nparktown prawn\n... urltoken # doom…\ndie antwoord' s video fatty boom boom, featuring a\nprawn star\n, was released in october 2012. artwork for the video features a parktown prawn covered in vaginal mucus .\njohannesburg newcomers often ask me about parktown prawns, joburg’s most legendary insect. what do parktown prawns look like, people want to know. how big are they? do parktown prawns really exist ?\na fancied resemblance to a prawn accounts for its name. the parktown prawn is held in low regard by some, while gardeners value them for controlling garden snail populations and attracting the hadeda ibis .\na fancied resemblance to a prawn accounts for its name. the parktown prawn is held in low regard by some, while gardeners value them for controlling garden snail populations and attracting the hadeda ibis .\nthis post is dedicated to martina in jozi. martina, you will always be the queen of the parktown prawn blog. i miss you .\nthe purpose of this story is to convey just how petrifying a parktown prawn can be, even to a person like me who is relatively “brave” .\nthis time it includes pulling a parktown prawn from lady gaga’s vagina before the poor unfortunate superstar gets mauled and killed by a lion in downtown jozi .\nbrave enough to box in hillbrow, too craven to photograph a prawn… interesting .\ndie antwoord' s video for\nfatty boom boom\nfeatures a semen - coated parktown prawn living in lady gaga' s vagina. [ 8 ]\ntil that the prawns in the movie district 9 are not called that because of shrimp but are in reference to the parktown prawn which is a cricket native to south africa .\ndiscovered by william forsell kirby in 1899 in baberton, mpumalanga, parktown prawns became synonymous with the suburb (parktown in johannesburg) after the 1960’s, when they expanded rapidly in ‘prawn count’. this insect has a preference for the lush, leafy region of johannesburg .\nparktown prawns divide the people of joburg into two distinct groups: 1) prawn - lovers, who are fond of parktown prawns and praise their talent for controlling the population of snails in the garden; and 2) prawn - haters, who fear and loathe partown prawns more than any other animal on earth. i obviously fall into the second group .\nyep, definitely one thing in jozi i could do without. parktown prawns and traffic .\nused parktown prawns as part of an extended parody of south african politics of the time .\nso we’re thinking of opening an “old johannesburg” styled (think converted home, pressed ceilings, gas stoves, colonial decor) seafood restaurant in trendy parktown north, you guessed it “the parktown prawn”. call me if you’re interested in the franchise, we’re talking pp’s nationwide !\nas eminently depicted in district 9, and much to the fear of local residents, johannesburg is home to the loathsome and most terrifying insect of them all – the parktown prawn .\ntil that the prawns in the movie district 9 are not called that because of shrimp, but are in reference to the parktown prawn which is a cricket native to south africa .\nat face value the play tells the story of the encounter of a man called hennie with an insect — the notorious parktown prawn that terrorises the wealthy residents of this johannesburg suburb .\nthe enemy he was describing as something out of a true - life horror flick was the so - called parktown prawn, a giant insect that plagues johannesburg residents this time of year .\nunfortunately we don’t have a recording of the sound that a parktown prawn makes – perhaps you can try looking for videos on the matter? what i can tell you though is that when parktown prawns are distressed, they produce hissing sounds by rubbing their hind legs against their abdomen .\ndon’t squish the parktown prawn. don’t spray it with insecticide – you are wasting your money anyway. it is so many thousands times bigger than a mosquito that the poison will take ages to act – that is, if the prawn doesn’t metabolise it to a harmless compound first .\nthe parktown prawn aka parkmore prawn aka parkhurst prawn, libanasidus vittatus, is a monotypic species of king cricket found in southern africa. although a member of the cricket order orthoptera, it is placed in the family anostostomatidae, separate from that of the true crickets, gryllidae. the insect gets its english name from the suburbs of parktown, parkmore and parkhurst in johannesburg, south africa where they are frequently found. in angola, it is found in the southern savanna and semi - arid regions, whereas in namibia it is found throughout the territory. the parktown prawn is also related to the new zealand tree weta which is also in the family anostostomatidae .\nthe parktown prawn has a number of features which generally intimidate the average householder. on closer examination it’s clear that these features are evolutionary adaptations to its lifestyle as a big, solitary invertebrate .\ntil that the prawns in the movie district 9 are not called that because of shrimp, but are in reference to the parktown prawn which is a cricket native to south africa. : todayilearned\nneill blomkamp' s film district 9 features an alien race some humans disparagingly refer to as prawns. some film critics have speculated that the appearance of the aliens was inspired by the parktown prawn .\nneill blomkamp' s film district 9 features an alien race some humans disparagingly refer to as prawns. some film critics have speculated that the appearance of the aliens was inspired by the parktown prawn .\non a related note, i have a recent prawn shot from my bathroom, if you would like it. i used a looooooong zoom, and made stuart dispose of the prawn. yuk .\nthe parktown prawn, when burrowing a home, burrows head first and uses its spined hind legs to kick out the debris. the spined hind legs are also used to fend off competitors and predators .\nalthough the parktown prawn has been known for over 100 years, not much is known about these creatures. little is known about their act of courtship, except that it takes place in their burrows .\nmy childhood in johannesburg included diving under my bed while playing hide and go seek to find myself face to face with the biggest mole cricket (parktown prawn) i had ever seen. still have ptsd .\nlucky returned a few minutes later, prawn wrapped safely in the bag. and he brought me this .\na small boy is terrorised by a cooked prawn in suburbian australia whilst his sister laughs at his misfortune .\ni’m not scared of parktown prawns. i won’t handle them, but i find them interesting to look at .\nwe live in parktown, and now that the rains are here, these buggers are springing up everywhere. cheers\nthe parktown prawn is thought to have originated in the forests north and east of johannesburg, making it to the big city a few decades ago, perhaps clinging to the roots of a plant destined for a suburban garden .\nparktown prawn - libanasidus vittatus - not actually a prawn, this species of king cricket is of the family anostostomatidae. it is not a true cricket as true crickets are of the family gryllidae. this insect is endemic to southern africa and can reach a length of almost 3\n( 7. 62 cm) - image: © paul venter\n, has a dry climate, which was unsuitable habitat for the parktown prawn. with the arrival of suburban dwellers, cultivation provided lush, forest - like gardens, an environment more suited to the crickets which helped the insect thrive .\nthe parktown prawn' s jumping ability is not surprising, since it is actually a cricket. its scientific name is libanasidus vittatus, and it is one of 300 species of king crickets found in south africa, australia and new zealand .\nthe parktown prawn is south africa’s most famous king cricket. however, the ‘monstrous cricket’, described 200 years ago is an even more spectacular animal. to find out more about these exciting and unusual animals and the controversies surrounding them read on. did parktown prawns come from space or barberton – which is scarier? do king crickets sing love songs at night ?\nwow. you have really done a lot of research on parktown prawns. this post is unbelievably awesome. well done .\nthe parktown prawn, libanasidus vittatus', is a monotypic species of king cricket found in southern africa. although a member of the cricket order orthoptera, it is placed in the family anostostomatidae, separate from that of the true crickets, gryllidae. the insect gets its english name from the suburb of parktown in johannesburg, south africa where they are frequently found. in angola, it is found in the southern savanna and semi - arid regions, whereas in namibia it is found throughout the territory. the parktown prawn is also related to the new zealand tree weta which is also in the family anostostomatidae .\nalthough parktown prawns are depicted as menacing creatures they definitely play an important role in natural pest control as mentioned in the blog .\npeople that live closer and closer to me have been telling me their prawn stories, until someone that lives just two doors down said that their cat had caught one. nooooo! now the final straw – my friend just sent me a photo of a dead parktown prawn that she saw outside my house. i think i am going to faint / puke / run away screaming\nshe finds herself in a doctor’s surgery, where the doctor, played by comedian kagiso lediga, examines her and pulls a parktown prawn from her vagina. a healed lady gaga then leaves the surgery, only to be attacked by a lion and killed .\nif a prawn gets into your house, you must either find a prawn - lover who knows how to safely remove it, or run screaming from the room and just hope it’s gone when you come back. (i use the latter option. )\nnicely penned, when i was around 16 i woke up to discover a huge parktown prawn ensnared in my long curly hair and spent 20 horrifying minutes trying to pull \\ cut it out. i haven’t had long hair or slept under an open window since .\ni’ve been wanting to write a prawn post for years. even though they are not actually indigenous to this area, parktown prawns have become a part of joburg’s culture and folklore. part cricket - on - steroids, part giant cockroach, park prehistoric monster, parktown prawns — much like this massive city that they have adapted to so well — are one - of - a - kind .\nthe problem is, i don’t like to write blog posts without pictures and i don’t like to download pictures from the internet. but there is no way in hell that i will ever get close enough to a parktown prawn to properly photograph it. and even if i were brave enough to try, parktown prawns normally show up in my house at night, when good photography is impossible .\nparktown prawn is the familiar term south africans use for libanasidus vittatus, a monotypic king cricket species found in south africa, belonging to the anostostomatidae family. it is not considered a true cricket. adults are usually around 4 to 5 centimeters in length, with an antennae of 2 cm. parktown is an affluent suburb in johannesburg, where these crickets are commonly found, hence the name .\nin truth, libanasidus vittatus is no prawn, nor is it confined to parktown, a section of northern johannesburg. it is a king cricket. but it does avoid poorer neighborhoods, which tend to be dry, preferring the wet, leafy gardens of elegant old mansions .\ninsect of the year for the year 2000 may be the millennium bug. but here in the shady gardens (and sometimes the quiet bedrooms) of the northern suburbs, 1999 belongs to the real chitinous - skeletoned thing, the tiny scourge of johannesburg known as the parktown prawn .\nthe first parktown prawn was officially discovered in south africa in 1899 in a small mining town called barberton, east of johannesburg. their spread and rise to fame has in some ways mirrored that of johannesburg, which seems to have become their adopted home, over the intervening years .\ni noted above that parktown prawn is a misnomer. in fact, the original name was parkmore prawn, after a suburb in sandton. because parktown is so much better known than parkmore, that name came to be substituted, but that was definitely not the original name. i can confirm this both through a sunday times press cutting from 1980 that i came across and because i myself once lived in parkmore and can assure you that the place was swarming with the buggers. it was ill - advised to walk at night without shoes, even inside the house .\ni’ll never forget the first time i encountered a parktown prawn. it was a rainy night and i was sitting on the sofa. i turned slightly to my left and saw a prawn standing in the middle of the living room floor. i jumped up, shrieked, ran past the prawn and into the kitchen, and leapt onto the counter. i sat up there, shaking with terror, for about 30 minutes. i texted lucky, who wasn’t home. “throw a towel over it, ” he responded. “i’ll take it out when i come home. ”\ni went outside and found lucky, who came in to remove the prawn. i told lucky how i’d tried and failed to photograph it .\nas if the idea of a super - sized fighter cricket is not enough, i know of a grown man who, trembling under the watch of a parktown prawn is able to travel from a standing to a sitting - on - the - table position in under 0. 2 seconds !\nparktown prawn pub company limited was founded on 07 aug 2014 and has its registered office in cardiff. the organisation' s status is listed as\ndissolved\n. it had one director at the time it closed. the company' s first directors were lee david woolls, nicholas leith .\nthe answer to the last question is a definitive yes. you can read all about parktown prawns on wikipedia. definitely check it out because it’s a particularly entertaining wiki entry. my favorite line is: “accordingly they [ parktown prawns ] frighten nervous persons and they may chew carpets and fabrics. ”\nthey are named as such because parktown prawns are a hated large cricket which at times seem unkillable. and of course the aliens look like them .\nduring the 19th century and early 20th century henicus monstrosus was probably south africa’s best known king cricket, and was the only species discussed by skaife in the 1953 version of african insect life. this species has now undoubtedly lost its position as the best known species in southern africa to the “parktown prawn” .\nadult parktown prawns don’t sing to each other in the same way that the males of true crickets call to the females to advertise their availability and gene quality. instead, parktown prawns leave smellograms, scent marking their burrows to advertise their sex and maturity. so, the foul smelling goo that the agitated creature leaves on your sofa as you try to swat it with your newspaper doubles up as chanel no. 5 in the intimate world of prawn sex .\nmale and female parktown prawns live retiring lives in shallow spherical burrows, which they leave only to wander around our gardens in search of food and fellowship .\ni raced to the bedroom, slammed the door, pushed the towel under it, and quickly scanned the room for the prawn. the room seemed clear. but just in case, i grabbed my wooden club and held it aloft, standing in the middle of the room for several minutes. when i finally felt confident the prawn was not in the room with me, i settled in for a fitful night’s sleep. i never saw that prawn again .\ni, for one, have never heard of anything called a parktown prawn. when you google about moving to south africa, you get all kinds of results about crime – rape, murder, car jacking, home invasion etc. there are lots of articles about corruption and politics. i even googled about snakes and scorpions as a friend had written on her blog that she had almost trodden on a scorpion here. what i didn’t know about were these parktown prawns .\nthe “parktown prawn” has captured the imagination of the general public living in johannesburg and surrounding areas to such an extent that it has stimulated numerous articles in the local and international media, and has featured in publications such as time and the economist and has appeared on bbc and cnn international news broadcasts. they are also popular subjects for school projects. this species already has its own website, and two rampant parktown prawns have featured on a billboard advertising a local radio station .\n3) don’t ever try to squash a prawn. as explained on wikipedia: “the insects can jump actively and often eject offensive black fecal liquids when threatened” .\nbut this prawn is actually doing its level best to convince the terrified man that he needs to join the creatures communalist congress, which is trying to do battle with a prawn called hennie monster who is hell - bent on world domination. unfortunately all hennie the man wants to do is kill the messenger, literally .\nsouth africa’s notorious parktown prawn gets its name from the leafy johannesburg suburb where it has flourished and spread since migrating to the city from the moist eastern forests of the country’s lowveld escarpment. it is a large insect with a reddish colour and bristling legs, mouthparts and antennae, which might have been responsible for its nickname .\nin the 1980s, andrew buckland' s acclaimed play the ugly noo noo used parktown prawns as part of an extended parody of south african politics of the time .\nalthough doom and gloom surrounds the parktown prawn, they feed on garden snails, vegetable matter, and fallen fruit, thus implementing their own form of pest control. unfortunately for us, they also like to feed on rugs and textiles, wooden elements such as floor boards and furniture as well as pet food and dry oatmeal .\nprawn are apparently interested in a vicious faunal battle ring that functions in a manner similar to cockfights, which they produce using a species apparently indigenous to their homeworld .\nthe resilience and strength of the parktown prawn allowed two cartoon versions to become objects of humour in the well known south african cartoon strip madam & eve, inspiring fear in gwen anderson and eve sisulu. in the cartoons, the parktown prawns get' high' on insecticide (in reference to their size and how much poison is required to kill them), and produce two cricket - shaped indentations on the bottom of a frying pan with which they are swatted, in reference to their hard exoskeletons .\nthe resilience and strength of the parktown prawn allowed two cartoon versions to become objects of humour in the well known south african cartoon strip madam & eve, inspiring fear in gwen anderson and eve sisulu. in the cartoons, the parktown prawns get' high' on insecticide (in reference to their size and how much poison is required to kill them), and produce two cricket - shaped indentations on the bottom of a frying pan with which they are swatted, in reference to their hard exoskeletons .\nprawn is the south african name for shrimp that are caught off the coast of mozambique and famed for their large size. parktown is a suburb of johannesburg that gave its name to these creatures when they began appearing there a few years ago, though nearby neighborhoods - - parkhust, parkmore - - also claim it as an alliterative appendage .\ni thought\nprawn\nwas a racial slur name for a group of people irl. the\nnews footage\nat the beginning are real people talking about them ?\nthe parktown prawn is a cold - blooded insect, and therefore is very much a dozy creature on a cold day. it has a soft, but brittle exoskeleton or shell and opposed to popular belief can be killed when trodden on. (although entomologists would prefer to have them donated alive for public display or for their habitual studies) .\nit is basically a large cricket, hence it’s called the king cricket (common name parktown prawn). they can grow larger then 10cm with a red head and thorax, orange and black striped abdomen and large spiky orange legs. they have large mandibles which are capable of devouring just about everything. they are found in northern south africa and in angola .\n- they jump unpredictably and squirt nasty stuff all over the place! this is usually accompanied by equal amounts of' eeking' and jumping of the person trying to catch the prawn .\nmy name is pipa, i am a portuguese expat living in jhb for 1 month an a half. i have seen the parktown prawn when i went to view a house to let with my husband and daughter. the prawn was in the pool and i asked the real estate agent what that was. she said it was a garden keeper, it eats the snails and other insects. we ended up renting the house and we are moving in 2 weeks time. i just hope i don’t find one inside the house since they are attracted to light !\nto be honest, i always thought they were an introduced species, but according to wiki (yes there actually is a wiki entry for parktown prawns !) they’re actually from the barberton area .\nparktown prawns possess similar “ears” – located on their front legs – to those of crickets and long - horned grasshoppers. parktown prawns are orange to brown in colour, with darker brown to black stripes across their abdomen and are around 6 - 7 cm’s in size (or in some cases – even larger !) with antennae the size of their body. male parktown prawns have large tusk - like mandibles with which they grip and throw their prey over their shoulders! females on the other hand, possess a finely honed ovipositor of around 19mm, with which they lay around 80 to 200 eggs .\nextinction can' t come too soon for some people. jenny crwys - williams, a talk show host on radio 702, occasionally encourages listeners to call in and describe their worst prawn days .\nthis morning though, i walked into my spare bedroom and found myself face to face with a large prawn. as per usual, i screamed like a little girl and ran from the room .\ni hear that they are from madagascar and came over to the northern suburbs via cartons of bananas. they thrived as a result of the abundance of well watered gardens in joburg. but then hadedas came on to the scene in bigger numbers around 1995. they have a great liking for the parktown prawn. i used to shoot parktown prawns with my bsa air rifle, the rest of my family taking cover behind me. the best method to take care of them if you don’t want them excreting the smelly stuff. i know live in cape town and do not miss the hiss in the night .\nnow, i’m a bit of a bad - ass when it comes to looking after myself. i have prided myself on it for years, and it often frustrates rob that i just do certain things for myself that apparently a man is meant to do for me. well i can promise you one thing rob, you can sort out the parktown prawn when our paths cross. i’m being a huge girl about this thing\nthe basic parktown prawn nightmare is to wake up in the middle of the night with a 3 - inch insect gripped firmly to your bedclothes, refusing to let go and run away like any other self - respecting bug when confronted with an enormous human being. then, as your flailing grows more desperate, it lets loose its load of stinking goo. there goes one good night' s sleep and maybe several more .\nunfortunately parktown prawns do possess several distressing attributes, which cause many householders to think of them as disgusting creatures. they are frequently attracted to light and wander into houses, where they have even been discovered in beds .\na popular urban legend, fuelled by april fools' day articles published by the johannesburg newspaper the star, tells that the parktown prawn was actually the result of an escaped genetic experiment by students from the university of the witwatersrand in the 1960s (thus explaining the insects' sudden arrival in johannesburg at that time). the insect' s unusual strength, vivid orange colouring and size are seen to' confirm' this urban legend .\na popular urban legend, fuelled by april fools' day articles published by the johannesburg newspaper the star, tells that the parktown prawn was actually the result of an escaped genetic experiment by students from the university of the witwatersrand in the 1960s (thus explaining the insects' sudden arrival in johannesburg at that time). the insect' s unusual strength, vivid orange colouring and size are seen to' confirm' this urban legend .\nsince their diet includes both animal and plant material they can be described as omnivorous. in most gardens where these insects are now found, the garden snail has ceased to be a pest, so interestingly enough, the prawn\nthe pharmacist' s recollection of a hiss from his fearless prawn was not just a product of his overworked imagination. they make such a noise by rubbing their hind legs against their abdomens when disturbed or seeking a mate .\non youtube, fatty boom boom is described as “a bright and colourful african adventure, complete with wild animals, zef savages singing and dancing in the streets, and a special guest appearance by a sneaky little prawn star” .\nsince there is great interest in these insects there is also a great opportunity for public education by making appropriate information available. one opportunity for public awareness was the centenary of the description of l. vittatus in 1999. when the idea of celebrating the centenary of the parktown prawn was first suggested, some people thought this was a joke, but even this was part of the process of attracting attention. once one has an audience, the opportunity exists to provide information about crucial issues in museology and biodiversity. issues such as the biodiversity crisis, the age of collections and the need to collect and care for specimens, declining funding and even repatriation can be addressed (the holotype or primary specimen of the parktown prawn is an adult female collected in barberton and housed in the british museum - natural history). it is thought that this is the first time that the centenary of any insect has been celebrated .\ni just want to know about parktown prawns that are they dangerous. is it containing poison like snake or scorpion or it contains lightly poision. also i want to know is this creature can bite u or can effect u some how. i have lots of questions on my mind abt this ugly bt god creation prawn. well i will be waiting for ur answer althoug i can go to librery nd search nice book abt this prawn bt its nt my nature hehehe i mean i hate to read long storry and waist my time in short cut the long story short. please let me know as soon as possible for u. u can send me mail always with kind of knowledge. thanks\n2003 was the bicentenary of the description of the “monstrous cricket” henicus monstrosus (herbst), from the western cape province of south africa by herbst back in 1803. this was also the first king cricket (anostostomatidae) ever described. king crickets are best known in south africa as relatives of the “ parktown prawn “, libanasidus vittatus. forty four species of king cricket have already been described from south africa and there are many more that need to be described .\nprawns\nis the derogatory term that humans use for a sapient species of extraterrestrial insectoids that, for unknown reasons, stopped running upon the arrival on the planet earth. the term\nprawn\nhas led to a bit of confusion for some, as they are in fact not called this due to a resemblance to prawns, but instead this name was given to them by the local people of johannesburg, south africa, due to their resemblance to a species of pest from that area, known as the parktown prawn, a species of king cricket as opposed to a crustacean. their homeworld has seven moons. it is also possible that the species' true name is\npoleepkwa\n.\nthe prawn' s tough hide makes it newspaper - and slipper - resistant. at up to three inches long, it has enough body mass to shake off most household insecticides - - the first shot just makes it more jumpy .\nin truth, professor crump said, parktown residents should be grateful that it migrated here. given their druthers, prawns will eat garden snails all night long rather than hop into the dog dishes where they are often found on wet summer mornings .\nstories of their\nnight of the living dead\n- like resilience abound. one television report claimed that a prawn survived being flushed down a toilet, reappearing at a most delicate moment, much to the shock of a seated homeowner .\ni jump out of the window and run across the road to the neighbors house until my family returns. when i see the car pull in we all go inside. but the demon - hell - prawn is nowhere to be found .\nunfortunately we didn’t think to put anything next to the prawn for scale. but wiki says prawns grow to 7 - 8 centimeters (2. 8 inches), which is approximately the length of a man’s thumb. i’d say that’s about right .\nas much as the film’s message is about difference and tolerance, it is also about the aliens’ attempts – as e. t. (1982) might put it –' to go home'. at best, the prawns are viewed as ‘pests’ by the humans as they have inhabited their world. this, of course, is why wikus’ is tasked with overseeing the mass eviction of the alien prawns from the town to a huge camp out - of - town. unlike the parktown prawn though they do more than infest the home, they overrun the structures of social order and social categorisation as well. it is only when wikus begins metamorphosing into a prawn himself does he begin to understand these beings and begin to understand that social categories of place, space, home and alien are malleable, constantly shifting and, most importantly, socially generated. during his metamorphosis, and of possible interest to douglas, wikus also begins to see the humans with their powerful weaponry and interest in acquiring the alien weaponry as more dangerous than the prawns. just as the parktown prawn is mischaracterised as a prawn (they are actually king crickets), wikus, realises he has mischaracterised the district 9 aliens. they are more than bottomfeeders - they too have a society, and they too have families. most importantly, they too have homes, and the slums they are forced to inhabit on earth are not brought under control enough for the prawns' liking so as to appropriately function as a new' home' .\nthey are considered pests by some south africans, and held in high regard by others. they are most visibly prevalent after rain during summer, which is when they are most likely to be found indoors. parktown prawns seem to be more active at night .\nthen i reconsidered. i fetched my phone and crept back into the room. i got within four feet of the prawn. he moved one of his long tentacles, slightly. that hint of a movement was enough to send me screaming away again .\nfemale parktown prawns on the other hand can be easily identified by the long spear - shaped tip of their abdomen. this is not a sting, but rather an ovipositor, the device she uses to insert her eggs into the soil where they hatch into nymphs .\nthey are also known to chew on wooden floor boards and wooden furniture. gardens that have a high population of parktown prawns will have almost no snails, thus, they can be considered an effective and natural form of pest control. among their natural predators are the\nhi! nice post, great read. and i am also enjoying your blog a lot. 🙂 just a biologist’s note: they are not tentacles, but antennas! and yeah, i admit i would fit right into the prawn lovers’ group. 😛 nuno\nhi bili, no, parktown prawns are not poisonous and i don’t think they bite. they will, however, spray you with smelly fecal liquid. i’ve only heard about this – it’s never actually happened to me. otherwise they are totally harmless – just really disgusting .\nsomething that reminds me very much of parktown prawns, and which i’ve come across often in the klaserie (hoedspruit / kruger park) area are red romans… urltoken equally freaky and panic - inducing. something to check out with the locals, if you’re ever in that area .\nparktown prawn has strongly developed mandibles which are present in the final juvenile stage, and reach their growth peak in the adult stage. one of the largest males collected measures 53 millimetres (just over two inches) from the tip of the mandibles to the rear of the abdomen and 157 millimetres from the tip of the antennae to the hindfeet. the actual function of the mandibles of the males is at present unknown, although it has been noted that the males defend themselves by gripping and throwing the offender over its shoulder with the use of these strong mandibles .\nmy mom used to live in parktown in the 70s. she still recounts stories of the fokken prawns in the alleys after a night out, massive bloody things. she hates going back to jhb now, but i think that' s more to do with the crims in the alleys .\ntiny little parktown prawns are born which look just like mum and dad but without the spear or tusks. they will moult and grow, avoiding predators such as birds and rodents. that is until they reach maturity and go through the gamut of sex to get their genes into the next generation .\nbut, say the prawn' s defenders, why kill them? they are $ h harmless and, if you get them back out into your garden, will go about their useful job of getting rid of pesky snails and generally cleaning the place up like some small - scale vulture .\ni visited south africa once and the owner of the bed and breakfast i was staying in owned two baby meerkats. he allowed me to play with them for a few hours and i saw them eat a fair number of parktown prawns; it wasn' t pretty but it sure as hell was cute .\nnicole maritz is an online marketing executive at rentokil initial in johannesburg. although she is in love with nature and its elements, the creepy crawlies do sometimes get to her - especially jo' burg' s repulsively large, hissing parktown prawns! follow nicole on twitter for updates on the weird and the wonderful .\nhi pipa, welcome to joburg! i can’t believe you saw a prawn as soon as you arrived! it took me months to finally see one in real life. i think it is just something that we have to get used to…hopefully not too frequently though! good luck settling into your new home 🙂\nby far the best known king cricket species in south africa is libanasidus vittatus, otherwise known as the parktown prawn, a reference to the fact that they often stumble into swimming pools in the affluent suburbs of johannesburg, south africa. the natural habitat for this genus is in and around forests in mpumalanga, northern province and probably also zimbabwe. during the day they can be found in burrows or under logs. specimens have also been collected in gardens in johannesburg, randburg and pretoria. a few articles have been written on the biology these insects, but very little is known about any other species of african king crickets .\nsome years ago, i proposed that “proteas” was a namby - pamby name for our national cricket team and that we should simply call our team the king crickets affectionately known as the parktown prawns. think about it — they’re nimble, they’re quick, they’re scary, they will look great on tee shirts and bumper stickers…\nyou know what grossed me out even more? our cat brought a caterpillar type thing, half dead, but alas not all dead, to our doorstep. i think it might have been the embryo form of that prawn, it was so fat and green and ugly. now that really freaked me out !\nparktown prawns are actually king crickets – a large family of flightless insects found across the southern hemisphere including south america, australia and new zealand. in new zealand, they are known as wetas and fill a variety of ecological niches – possibly including that of mice, which were absent from the local fauna before humans arrived .\ni pop my head out of the shower again. try to see what could be causing it and start to climb out of the shower to get a better angle. as i put out my left leg i see the mother of all parktown prawns shoving the door open in arrogance, strutting into the bathroom like an angry bulldog .\nthese disgusting pests – featured as alien prawns in the movie, district 9 –are known to jump up to a distance of around a meter into the air when they are cornered, and also tend to excrete revolting black faecal liquids when threatened. furthermore, parktown prawns produce hissing sounds by rubbing their hind legs against their abdomen when they are distressed (\nshe worries that they may be threatened. another south africa native that has adapted to urban gardens, the hadeda ibis, enjoys prawn dinners. fat gray hadedas, named for their raucous'' hah - dee - dah'' cries, are on the increase and prawns'' are getting harder to find each year,'' professor crump said sadly .\nthe parktown prawn is one of the larger insects found in johannesburg homes. a large specimen may grow to be 10 cm (3. 9 in) or more, with long whip - like antennae extending to 10 cm (3. 9 in), but are usually around 4 cm (1. 6 in) to 5 cm (2. 0 in) in length, with 2 cm (0. 79 in) antennae. the exoskeleton is orange to light brown, with darker brown or black stripes along the thorax and abdomen, which gives it a toxic look to would - be aggressors. the legs have downward - facing hooked barbs, which allow it climb up walls and trees. a large specimen can jump more than a metre high .\na couple of years ago, i saw a star billboard with the legend, “where have all the parktown prawns gone? ” or something to that effect. well, so far as i can see, they’re still with us. in rainy weather, they emerge quite frequently around my fairmount home. even then, though, they are not nearly as numerous as they were in parkmore .\nif there are any current parkmore residents reading this, i’d be interested to learn whether the suburb is still prawn city. also a point of interest — are these creatures unique to south africa? i read somewhere that they mutated in the eastern cape and somehow found their way up to jo’burg. maybe there is someone out there who can go beyond the urban myth and tell us .\nfemale parktown prawns, on the other hand, possess a well - developed ovipositor, through which they lay their eggs (between 80 to 200 eggs). one of the largest females researched measures 64 millimetres from the front of its head to the tip of its ovipositor. the ovipositor is 19 millimetres long and the total length of the insect, including legs and antennae, is an astonishing 166 millimetres (six and a half inches) .\nwondering how to get rid of parktown prawns? as humans find these crawling insects (or should we say – ‘jumping insects! ’) to be hideously scary, hadidas seem to think they make the perfect mid - morning snack. these unsung heroes may help the casual intruder from entering your home but if you do encounter a more serious infestation of the third kind, contact the pest control experts for a solution to eliminate these critters from your home .\ni think that they [ the prawn ] do have a home planet, it' s pretty far away probably in the andromeda galaxy, but what i like is that they' ll live on the ship for thousands of years. obviously, there' s much more of a population on the main planet, but the ships will go out and get the minerals and the ore and whatever resources they need and then bring them all back home .\nfew americans - - even few new yorkers, who can keep their cool around cockroaches the size of the villain of'' men in black'' - - have heard of parkies. they are lucky. johannesburg is rife with stories of locals who have leapt shrieking from their beds, flung shoes out windows and nearly crashed their cars, all because they found themselves mandible to mandible with a big orange wiggly - antennaed, barbed - leg prawn .\nkorinkriek, once when i was in namibia i was approached by a huge yellow and black korinkriek. i was busy shovelling coals into the braai fire. i chopped the cricket in half with the spade upon which the front part of the beast turned around and started to eat the back half. self cannibalism was something i had never thought of before but here it was. sadly i did not photograph it for the scientists to comment on. about snails though, we still have plenty of snails in the garden so that is why i think that pp’s prefer themselves to snails? ? i don’t know if hadedas eat snails? ? one evening when i was out on a business visit, i received a desperate cry for help from my wife via cell phone. there was a prawn in the passage and she could not get from the bedroom into the kitchen. i was to come home immediately and save her. i agreed and two and a half hours later i arrived back at home to find her sitting on a stool, with her feet up in the air, waiting to be rescued whilst the prawn was sitting quietly in a corner. i figured that the prawn would just wonder off so i did not rush home. have never been forgiven. this is turning into an interesting topic. perhaps we should get 702 to have a session on pp’s ?\nuntil about 1965 the “prawn” was almost unknown in johannesburg, but then the populations increased for some unknown reason, and they started to become notorious. in 1985 it was suggested that they could have been introduced into johannesburg from somewhere near barberton, but we now know that these insects were already present in pretoria in january 1955, because there is a specimen in the transvaal museum, collected by george van son, who was curator of entomology at the time." ]

{ "text": [ "\" parktown prawn \" is a common name for libanasidus vittatus , a species of king cricket endemic to southern africa .", "it is unrelated to prawns , libanasidus being insects in the order orthoptera – crickets , locusts and similar insects .", "the king crickets are not really crickets either : they belong to the family anostostomatidae , whereas true crickets are in the gryllidae .", "the insect gets its english name from the suburb of parktown in johannesburg , south africa where they are common .", "in angola , it is found in the southern savanna and semi-arid regions , whereas in namibia it is found throughout the territory .", "the parktown prawn is related to the new zealand tree weta , which is also in the family anostostomatidae .", "the parktown prawn is held in low regard by many householders , but gardeners value them for controlling garden snail populations and attracting the hadeda ibis .", "the animal is omnivorous , with a diet that includes snails , other invertebrates , and vegetable matter .", "in urban environments , they will readily take food made available by suburban dwellers , including cat food and dog food and their droppings . " ], "topic": [ 25, 12, 28, 25, 20, 26, 23, 8, 15 ] }

[ "\" parktown prawn \" is a common name for libanasidus vittatus, a species of king cricket endemic to southern africa. it is unrelated to prawns, libanasidus being insects in the order orthoptera – crickets, locusts and similar insects. the king crickets are not really crickets either: they belong to the family anostostomatidae, whereas true crickets are in the gryllidae. the insect gets its english name from the suburb of parktown in johannesburg, south africa where they are common. in angola, it is found in the southern savanna and semi-arid regions, whereas in namibia it is found throughout the territory. the parktown prawn is related to the new zealand tree weta, which is also in the family anostostomatidae. the parktown prawn is held in low regard by many householders, but gardeners value them for controlling garden snail populations and attracting the hadeda ibis. the animal is omnivorous, with a diet that includes snails, other invertebrates, and vegetable matter. in urban environments, they will readily take food made available by suburban dwellers, including cat food and dog food and their droppings." ]

[ "native to round island, a tiny island off the coast of mauritius, the round island burrowing boa preferred to live on the topsoil layers of ...\nthe round island burrowing boa (bolyeria multocarinata) is a species of snake that went extinct in 1975. the boa was native to a small island off the coast of mauritius called round island .\njones, c. g. (1988). round island boa eats serpent island gecko .\ncousin, the round island burrowing boa has not been seen since 1996 and is believed to be extinct. more\nthe round island burrowing boa is classified as extinct (ex), there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died .\nwikipedia article copyright notice: this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia article\nround island burrowing boa\n.\nnative to round island, a tiny island off the coast of mauritius, the round island burrowing boa preferred to live on the topsoil layers of volcanic slopes. it was once found on several other islands around mauritius, but its population had dwindled by the 1940s, and it could only be found on round island after 1949. it was last seen in 1975 .\nkorsós z, trócsányi b, 2006. the enigmatic round island burrowing boa (bolyeria multocarinata): survival in the wild remains unconfirmed. african herp news 40: 2 - 7 .\nglenn, c. r. 2006 .\nearth' s endangered creatures - round island burrowing boa facts\n( online) - licensed article from wikipedia: the free encyclopedia. accessed\nfacts summary: the round island burrowing boa (bolyeria multocarinata) is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nreptiles\nand found in the following area (s): indian ocean (mauritius). this species is also known by the following name (s): round island bolyeria boa .\nin the mascarene islands with a description of the distinctive population on round island .\ndaszak, p. (1995). prevalence of endoparasites in round island reptiles .\nthe round island burrowing boa, or bolyeria, was a reptile native to the round island in mauritius. the reptile endemic to hardwood forest and palm savanna had a small habitat, ranging about 1. 5 to 2 square km. limited distribution had already made it vulnerable to extinction. more\nvinson, j. - m. (1975). notes on reptiles of round island .\ne) measure tail length, body length, weight and contemplate its essence, its zen, its remarkable burrowing boa - ness .\nfound only on round island off the north coast of mauritius in the indian ocean (5) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - round island keel - scaled boa (casarea dussumieri )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - round island keel - scaled boa (casarea dussumieri )\ntitle =\narkive species - round island keel - scaled boa (casarea dussumieri )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nalthough originally placed in the genus boa, this species differs so greatly from seemingly - related snakes that is now classified in its own genus and family (bolyeridae). the family’s only other member, the round island burrowing boa (bolyeria multacarinata), has not been seen since 1975 and is presumed extinct .\ncundall d, irish fj, 1989. the function of the intramaxillary joint in the round island boa, casarea dussumieri. journal of zoology 217: 569 - 598 .\nthe introduction of rabbits and goats to the island in 1840 resulted in damage to the vegetation, consequently causing soil erosion on the volcanic slopes and deterioration of palm forest habitat. this decline in habitat quality is thought to have been the main reason for the extinction of the round island burrowing boa .\nanother group of reptiles, the snakes, are so secretive that countless species have probably gone extinct without our even knowing that they existed in the first place. others that we were aware of have disappeared. a snake known as the round island burrowing boa was last reported from the island in the indian ocean in the 1970s. goats and rabbits brought to the small island by settlers are the presumed cause of its disappearance. like that of the dodo and the giant tortoise, the fate of the round island burrowing boa adds another mournful note to the sad ballad of human - caused extinction .\nd) ban all further travel to the island so that other burrowing boas, if they exist, can live in peace; whether it thrives will be a new mystery for the island .\nbolyeria multocarinata was formerly restricted to round island, a 151 ha volcanic islet approximately 0. 25 ha nne of mauritius .\nthe round island boa is now confined to round island, a tiny speck of habitat where perhaps 500 - 1, 000 individuals survive. a single wild population and limited number of captives place it at continued risk of extinction. the new population to be established on another mauritian island (where the snake formerly lived) is a vital step towards ensuring the species’ survival .\njustification: formerly restricted to round island, mauritius, this species has not been recorded since 1975. soil erosion and a general decline in habitat quality have been blamed for the extinction of this boa .\nthe island selected for the new round island boa population has been cleared of the introduced black rats, goats and rabbits that previously destroyed the habitat and prey base. the snake’s primary food, the telfair’s skink (leiolopisma telfairi), was released on the island in 2007 and is now well - established. like other mauritian reptiles, telfair’s skink has been eliminated from much of its range, but survives on round island and at the durrell wildlife trust .\nthe round island burrowing boa reached a length of about 1 m (39 in). preserved specimens have reported total lengths of 54 - 140 cm (boullenger 1893; vinson 1949; vinson 1975; bullock 1977). vinson (1949) even claimed that its maximum size was 1, 8 m. more\nmaisano ja, rieppel o, 2007. the skull of the round island boa, casarea dussumieri schlegel, based on high - resolution x - ray computed tomography. journal of morphology 268: 371 - 384 .\ncause of extinction: the introduction of non - native species of rabbits and goats to the island destroyed vegetation and upset the boa’s habitat .\nbullock, d. j. (1986). the ecology and conservation of reptiles on round - island and gunner quoin, mauritius .\nfor my present project of writing stories about extinct species, my challenge has been to figure out how to tell the story in such a way that the reader appreciates what has been lost. like a eulogy, the intention is to celebrate the species. round island is 22 kilometers north of mauritius, the former home of the dodo, and suffered from the introduction of rabbits and goats in the 19 th century, which destroyed the burrowing boa’s habitat. there is a recovery plan for the burrowing boa and it contains a poignant line that i used in the preamble: “staff on round island cherish the hope that the burrowing boa is not extinct, and it will be encountered some day. ” i was so touched by that dedication and love that i thought the rest of the recovery plan should reflect it, so i modified the plan into the present piece .\nthe boas to be reintroduced were collected from round island, and will first be monitored to assure that they are genetically diverse and disease - free .\nthe round island boa’s preferred habitat – forest and palm - dotted savannah – has been largely reduced to brushy scrub by agricultural development, introduced rabbits and goats. rat predation on young snakes and skinks has contributed to the species’ drastic decline .\nthe round island boa is oviparous, and changes in color from bright orange to grayish - brown as it matures. there are some indications that females remain with their eggs for a time. unique scalation lends the alternative common name of keel - scaled boa. juveniles and some adults (especially females) appear to be largely arboreal .\na) pay proper respects. its ancestors have lived on round island since it first boiled out of the ocean off the north coast of mauritius thousands of years ago .\nbloxam, q. m. c. b. and tonge, s. j. (1986) the round island boa casarea dussumieri breeding programme at the jersey wildlife preservation trust. dodo. j. jersey wildl. preserv. trust, 23: 101 - 107 .\nthis fossorial boa was found in the palm groves of mid - altitude top - soil layers on volcanic slopes .\nthe emptiness gapes at us. once there was a mystery barely glimpsed in a century and now there is a void that expands by the day. time is a labyrinth with myriad secret passages and what we wouldn’t give to find the one that undoes the sins of our fathers. that being what it is, the staff on round island cherish the hope that the burrowing boa is not extinct, and it will be encountered one day .\nd) note time, place, weather, any other animals present near resight. tune in to the boa’s zeitgeist .\nvinson, j. (1953). some recent data on the fauna and flora of round and serpent islands .\nhabitat loss has been rife throughout the mascarene islands. vast tracts of native forest (over 90 %) have been cleared to make way for agriculture and on round island the introduction of rabbits and goats has further damaged native flora (7); however, these were removed during the 1980’s. perhaps 500 adults remain (with a total population of approximately 1000 individuals) on the 159 - hectare round island (1) .\n]) and endangered (e. g. , the balearic island lilford’s wall lizard, [\nnorth, s. g. , bullock, d. j. , & dulloo, m. e. (1994). changes in the vegetation and reptile populations on round - island, mauritius, following eradication of rabbits .\nthe round island keel - scaled boa is one of the world' s rarest snakes (2). this slender snake may reach up to 1. 5 metres in length, the upper surface is generally dark brown whilst the underside is lighter with very dark spots. the body is covered in small, keeled scales that give rise to the species' common name (2) .\nhistorically inhabited tropical hardwood forest and palm savannah, but since the introduction of goats and rabbits to the island much of this habitat has been destroyed. as a result of habitat degradation the boa currently persists in degraded palm savannah and shrub layer vegetation (1) .\n) on barro colorado island. panama conserv genet. 2009, 10 (2): 347 - 358 .\nmcalpine df, 1983. correlated physiological color change and activity patterns in an indian ocean boa (casarea dussumeri). journal of herpetology 17: 198 - 201 .\nhallermann j, glaw f, 2005. evidence for oviparity in the extinct bolyeriid snake bolyeria multocarinata (boie, 1827). herpetozoa 19: 82 - 85. korsós z, trócsányi b, 2002. herpetofauna of round island, mauritius. biota 3: 77 - 84 .\nsmith bj: boa: an r package for mcmc output convergence assessment and posterior inference. j stat softw. 2007, 21 (11): 1 - 37 .\nthe durrell wildlife trust became the first institution to breed the round island boa, and maintains most of the captive population. founded by legendary conservationist and author gerard durrell, this unique organization focuses on critically endangered animals and plants, especially those overshadowed by pandas, rhinos and other “charismatic mega - vertebrates”. the trust was the first to breed the giant jumping rat, lesser antilles iguana, flat - tailed tortoise and scores of others (please see article below) .\nmac arthur rh, wilson eo: the theory of island biogeography. 1967, princeton university press, princeton, n. j\nbiber e: patterns of endemic extinctions among island bird species. ecography. 2002, 25 (6): 661 - 676 .\na) rejoice that for now, the burrowing boa has avoided slipping into legend like the many other mascarene species, including the dodo, giant tortoise, night - heron, rail, red rail, solitaire, gallinule, hoopoe starling, gray parrot, owl, kestrel, blue pigeon, giant skink, day gecko, shelduck, and flightless ibis. announce it to the wind, write a message in a cloud, commission a cantata for the prodigal serpent, so oblivious to its precarious fate .\ngroombridge j: genetics and extinction of island endemics: the importance of historical perspectives. anim conserv. 2007, 10 (2): 147 - 148 .\njamieson ig: has the debate over genetics and extinction of island endemics truly been resolved? . anim conserv. 2007, 10 (2): 139 - 144 .\njamieson ig: role of genetic factors in extinction of island endemics: complementary or competing explanations? . anim conserv. 2007, 10 (2): 151 - 153 .\n]) that are considered as least concern. moreover, the values are also lower to those reported for island squamate species described as vulnerable (e. g. , the komodo dragon, [\ngillespie rg, claridge em, roderick gk: biodiversity dynamics in isolated island communities: interaction between natural and human - mediated processes. mol ecol. 2008, 17 (1): 45 - 57 .\nbloor p, de laguna ihb, kemp sj: highly polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for the eastern canary island lizard, gallotia atlantica. mol ecol notes. 2006, 6 (3): 737 - 739 .\nmauritius, an island nation off the coast of southeast africa, is best known to naturalists as the site of the dodo bird’s extinction (mauritius also is, in a sense, the reason i was hired by the bronx zoo and spared life as a lawyer – see article below for the story !). herp enthusiasts, however, know it as the habitat of several unique reptiles, all of which are now very rare or extinct. but we can delight in some news just released by the durrell wildlife trust – a new population of the round island or keel - scaled boas, casarea dussumieri, will soon be established in the wild. this unusual snake disappeared from nearly all of its range in the 1860’s, and its return is the culmination of 40 years’ worth of captive breeding and habitat restoration efforts .\nb) suggests that the species inhabited most of the island of la gomera from the coast throughout the xerophilic region (except in the laurisilva subtropical forest area at high altitudes) prior to the arrival of humans (ca. 2, 500 years ago) [\n. each of these three species of giant lizards is endemic to a single island, el hierro, tenerife, and la gomera, respectively. because of their restricted distribution, these three giant lizards are highly threatened and for many years they were thought to be extinct (figure\nmourer - chauviré, c. , r. bour, s. ribes, and f. moutou. 1999. the avifauna of réunion island (mascarene islands) at the time of the arrival of the first europeans. smithsonian contributions to paleobiology 89: 1 - 38 .\n]. yet, the extraordinary biodiversity of islands is relatively fragile. because island endemics have evolved in an environment protected by isolation, they are particularly susceptible to ecological threats (e. g. , predation by or competition with invasive species, habitat loss, and human pressure) [\none group of reptiles that clearly seem to have gone extinct are some of the giant tortoises that once lived on oceanic islands visited by early european adventurers. take, for example, the island of mauritius. less than a century after it was discovered by european explorers, one of its avian denizens, the dodo bird, had completely disappeared, and by the early 1700s the mauritian tortoise that inhabited the island had also been driven to extinction. the demise of the tortoises on mauritius and other islands is believed to have been the result of overexploitation by the first human visitors to the region .\n]. genetic data could allow discriminating between either alternative hypotheses by estimating whether population decline predated or not the arrival of humans to the island. moreover, the combination of ancient natural processes and more recent anthropogenic activities may have had a synergetic effect that could best explain the current threatened status of the species .\nlist of all endangered animals. list of all endangered plants. list of all endangered species (animals & plants). by species group (mammal, birds, etc)... united states endangered species list. browse by country, island, us state... search for an endangered species profile .\nin a family of their own. other lizard - eating snakes have analogous adaptations for grasping their hard - bodied prey, but no group takes this adaptation to such extremes as the bolyeriids. but think - on an island with no mammals and few birds, with little else but lizards to eat, selection is stronger than anywhere else for adaptations to saurophagy .\njustification of ecoregion delineation the mascarene islands are composed of three main islands: réunion, mauritius, and rodrigues, and some islets. although each island contains distinct flora and fauna, they were included in a single ecoregion due to their possession of some shared endemic species, their similar volcanic history and geophysical characteristics, and their wide separation by sea from other land masses .\ndescription location and general description this ecoregion covers the three main islands, réunion, mauritius, and rodrigues, and a number of smaller islets of the mascarene islands. the largest islands are the french dependent territory of réunion (2, 500 km2), and the island of mauritius (1, 900 km2), which together with rodrigues (110 km2) forms the single independent nation of mauritius. the nearest landmass is madagascar, 680 km northwest of réunion .\nthe giant lizard of la gomera (gallotia bravoana), is an endemic lacertid of this canary island that lives confined to a very restricted area of occupancy in a steep cliff, and is catalogued as critically endangered by iucn. we present the first population genetic analysis of the wild population as well as of captive - born individuals (for which paternity data are available) from a recovery center. current genetic variability, and inferred past demographic changes were determined in order to discern the relative contribution of natural versus human - mediated effects on the observed decline in population size .\nclearly, dinosaurs are not the only reptiles that have gone extinct; extinction in modern times has occurred. of course, the likelihood of people discovering a new island and subsequently causing the extinction of its native wildlife is close to nil. but a far greater threat exists: environmental complacency - - the mistaken belief that the world' s animals and plants are doing fine. they are not. and the time to protect the environment and preserve natural habitats is not when a specific plant or animal is endangered or borders on extinction. the time to act is now .\nafter its rediscovery, a conservation programme (within the framework of two eu life projects) was established on the island, focused mainly on captive breeding and on census monitoring of the natural population. for the captive breeding programme, nine founders (five females and four males) were captured in the wild between 1999 and 2000, and used to found the captive population. the founders reproduced successfully for the first time in 2001 at the recovery centre of la gomera giant lizard, resulting in about 40 captive - born offspring by 2005, and 121 captive - born individuals by 2010 [\npopulations since at least 13, 000 years ago, which could be related to environmental disturbances such as past climatic changes or volcanic eruptions. however, shorter generation time priors supported instead that the onset of the decline would be related to the human arrival to the islands about 2, 500 years ago. in fact, the 95% high posterior densities associated to the estimates were relatively large and thus, it is not possible to fully discriminate among competing scenarios, as well as to discard a synergetic effect of human activities and lon - term environmental or genetic factors in the decline of the giant lizard populations on the island .\nthe vegetation of the islands was originally quite diverse, ranging from coastal wetlands and swamp forests, through lowland dry forest, rain forest, and palm savanna to montane deciduous forests and finally (on réunion) to heathland vegetation types on the highest mountains. most of the original vegetation is now destroyed. moreover, almost all remaining native plant communities are badly degraded by introduced species (wwf and iucn 1994). major plant families include sapotaceae, ebenaceae, rubiaceae, myrtaceae, clusiaceae, lauraceae, burseraceae, euphorbiaceae, sterculiaceae, pittoscoraceae, and celastracea. on réunion much of the island has been reforested and now contains almost 40 percent forest cover (henkel and schmidt 2000) .\nlizards are another group of reptiles in which some species have disappeared in modern times. as if extinction of the dodo and the tortoise were not enough to lay at the feet of mauritius' s discoverers, a lizard known as the mauritianus giant skink disappeared during the 1600s. virtually all lizard species confirmed to have gone extinct have not been seen in at least a half century and most not since the 1800s. some were once found on caribbean islands, including jamaica and navassa island near haiti. the introduction of mongooses to jamaica is considered by some authorities to be a contributing factor in the demise of several lizard species. specimens of the now - extinct lizards were preserved in museums long ago thus confirming that they once existed .\ncurrent status mauritius has one of the highest human population densities in the world, 634 persons / km2 (cia 2000). on all of the mascarene islands, there has been a vast loss of the original forest habitat (stuart et al. 1990). on réunion, it is estimated that less than 40 percent of the island is covered with natural vegetation; on mauritius, only about 5 percent of the natural vegetation survives; and on rodrigues, the natural vegetation covers around 1 percent of the total land area. different agents have caused this loss of habitat. on réunion, forest and other habitat is cleared for agriculture and degraded through the introduction of alien plants. on mauritius, sugar cane, tea, and conifer plantations have replaced the natural vegetation. on rodrigues, the effects of feral animals and shifting cultivation have changed the forest habitats to a savanna with scattered trees, and introduced plants have then taken over the remaining habitats .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmcdiarmid, roy w. , jonathan a. campbell, and t' shaka a. touré\nsnake species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, vol. 1\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nbaillie, j. and groombridge, b. (eds). 1996. 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals. pp. 378. international union for conservation of nature, gland, switzerland and cambridge, uk .\ngroombridge, b. 1992. global biodiversity: status of the earth’s living resources. report compiled by the world conservation monitoring centre. chapman and hall, london .\ngroombridge, b. (ed .). 1994. 1994 iucn red list of threatened animals. iucn, gland, switzerland and cambridge, uk .\niucn. 1979. red data book vol 3: amphibia and reptilia. international union for the conservation of nature and natural resources, switzerland .\niucn. 1990. iucn red list of threatened animals. iucn, gland, switzerland and cambridge, uk .\niucn conservation monitoring centre. 1986. 1986 iucn red list of threatened animals. iucn, gland, switzerland and cambridge, uk .\niucn conservation monitoring centre. 1988. iucn red list of threatened animals. iucn, gland, switzerland and cambridge, uk .\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\ndaniel hudon, originally from canada, is an adjunct lecturer in astronomy, physics, math, and writing in boston. he is the author of a nonfiction book, the bluffer’s guide to the cosmos (oval books, uk) and a chapbook of prose and poetry ,\nevidence for rainfall\n( pen and anvil). he has recent work appearing in written river, the chattahoochee review, { ex } tinguished and { ex } tinct: an anthology of things that no longer { ex } ist, clarion, riprap, paragraphiti, toad, and canary. some of his writing links can be found at urltoken he lives in boston, ma .\nb) preserve in pure ethyl alcohol for the curious to see that somewhere in the world, a single specimen of the species, not seen since 22. 08. 1975 and representing a lineage that is 150 million years old, exists .\nc) notify the international union for conservation of nature about the specimen, and that, contrary to our greatest fears, the species may not be extinct .\nb) capture in a cloth bag. lure with words from emily dickinson or elizabeth bishop. boas are suckers for short, sinuous lines .\nc) take photographs of complete body, head, scale, and cloacal pattern. make sure to get its best side .\nf) release animal and follow from a distance to observe behavior and movement. note its stealthy silence, its rapid sidewinding and concertina motions. once they are free, boas never look back .\nin the event of non - rediscovery, notify the wailing women and the griots. add a stone to the life cairn. the world we know is disappearing but try to cope as best you can .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis dutch butterfly a subspecies of the alcon blue was found mainly in the grasslands of the netherlands. while closely related species (pi ...\nthe stunning madeiran large white butterfly was found in the valleys of the laurisilva forests on portugal’s madeira islands. the butterfly & ...\nthe reintroduced population will be closely monitored by durrell wildlife trust staffers and other conservation organizations. in addition to establishing a new population, the project may serve as a template for future herp recovery efforts. i’ll post updates as they become available .\nthere are many other success stories, as well as failures. please post your own thoughts and examples below so that i can share them with readers and researchers. thanks .\nbeing born with a deep interest in animals might seem unfortunate for a native bronxite, but my family encouraged my interest and the menagerie that sprung from it. jobs with pet stores and importers had me caring for a fantastic assortment of reptiles and amphibians. after a detour as a lawyer, i was hired as a bronx zoo animal keeper and was soon caring for gharials, goliath frogs, king cobras and everything in - between. research has taken me in pursuit of anacondas, orinoco crocodiles and other animals in locales ranging from venezuela’s llanos to tortuguero’s beaches. now, after 20 + years with the bronx zoo, i am a consultant for several zoos and museums. i have spent time in japan, and often exchange ideas with zoologists there. i have written books on salamanders, geckos and other “herps”, discussed reptile - keeping on television and presented papers at conferences. a master’s degree in biology has led to teaching opportunities. my work puts me in contact with thousands of hobbyists keeping an array of pets. without fail, i have learned much from them and hope, dear readers, that you will be generous in sharing your thoughts on this blog and web site. for a complete biography of my experience click here .\nthatpetblog: hi snakie mom! i hope to answer some of your questions, and ...\nsnakiemommie: i have been told a few conflicting things that i want to kno ...\npms214: hi, i' ve thoroughly enjoyed reading this blog. very informat ...\nwildathart: neat article! !! i' m mostly commenting because callisoma scru ...\neyeballkid: for anyone having difficulty keeping an uromastyx healthy, i ...\nthat reptile blog is designed to help promote knowledge of the pet hobby. if you wish to reference or cite specific information from a blog post, we ask that you provide a link back to the original. the content on that reptile blog is copyright protected and may not be duplicated without written permission. if you have any questions on this policy, feel free to send us an email at blogs @ thatpetplace. com. © copyright 2013, all rights reserved .\neryx multocarinata boie 1827: 513 tortrix pseudo - eryx schlegel 1837: 19 bolyeria pseudo - eryx — gray 1842: 46 platygaster multicarinatus — duméril & bibron 1844: 497 (emendation) bolyeria multicarinata — gray 1849: 106 platygaster multicarinatus — jan 1861 platygaster multicarinatus — jan 1862: 247 bolieria multicarinata — boulenger 1893: 122 bolyeria multocarinata — stimson 1969: 4 bolyeria multocarinata — mcdiarmid, campbell & touré 1999: 213 bolyeria multocarinata — wallach et al. 2014: 108 bolyeria multomaculata — bauer 2017 (in error )\nconservation: may be extinct now (fide glaw, pers. comm .) type species: tortrix pseudoeryx schlegel 1837 is the type species of the genus bolyeria gray 1842 .\nbauer, a. m. 2017. book review: los anfibios y reptiles extinguidos. herpetofauna desaparecida desde el año 1500. herpetological review 48 (2): 467 - 468\nbauer, a. m. and r. günther 2004. on a newly identified specimen of the extinct bolyeriid snake bolyeria multocarinata (boie, 1827). herpetozoa 17 (3 / 4): 179 - 181 - get paper here\nboie, f. 1827. bemerkungen über merrem' s versuch eines systems der amphibien, 1. lieferung: ophidier. isis van oken 20: 508 - 566. - get paper here\nboulenger, g. a. 1893. catalogue of the snakes in the british museum (nat. hist .) i. london (taylor & francis), 448 pp. - get paper here\nduméril, a. m. c. and g. bibron. 1844. erpetologie générale ou histoire naturelle complete des reptiles. vol. 6. libr. encyclopédique roret, paris, 609 pp. - get paper here\ngoin, c. j. , goin, o. b. & zug, g. r. 1978. introduction to herpetology, 3rd ed. w. h. freeman & co. , san francisco\ngray, j. e. 1849. catalogue of the specimens of snakes in the collection of the british museum. edward newman, london, i - xv; 1 - 125. - get paper here\nguibé, j. & roux - estève, r. 1972. les types de schlegel (ophidiens) présents dans les collections du muséum national d' histoire naturelle de paris. zoologische mededelingen 47: 129 - 134 - get paper here\nhallermann, j. & glaw, f. 2006. evidence for oviparity in the extinct bolyeriid snake bolyeria multocarinata (boie, 1827) [ short note ]. herpetozoa 19: - get paper here\njan, g. 1862. ueber die familien der eryciden und tortriciden. archiv für naturgeschichte 28 (1): 238 - 252 - get paper here\njan, g. 1864. iconographie générale des ophidiens. 3. livraison. j. b. bailière et fils, paris - get paper here\nmcdiarmid, r. w. ; campbell, j. a. & touré, t. a. 1999. snake species of the world. vol. 1. herpetologists’ league, 511 pp .\nschlegel, h. 1837. essai sur la physionomie des serpens. partie descriptive. la haye (j. kips, j. hz. et w. p. van stockum), 606 s. + xvi - get paper here\nseung hoon, cha 2012. snake, the world most beautifull curve [ in korean ]. hownext, 304 pp. [ isbn 978 - 89 - 965656 - 7 - 3 ] - get paper here\nwallach, van; kenneth l. williams, jeff boundy 2014. snakes of the world: a catalogue of living and extinct species. taylor and francis, crc press, 1237 pp .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz (database content) and jakob hallermann, zoological museum hamburg (new species and updates) .\noops. a firewall is blocking access to prezi content. check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nstand out and be remembered with prezi, the secret weapon of great presenters .\nneither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links (coeditors shown below are not affected) .\nclassified as endangered (en - d) on the iucn red list 2002 (3), and listed on appendix i of cites (4) .\ninformation authenticated (12 / 6 / 03) by richard gibson, curator of herpetology, zoological society of london. urltoken\narboreal living in trees. endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area. keel a structure that resembles the keel of a ship either in function or in shape. an example is the breastbone of flying birds, which have deep keels onto which the large breastbones attach .\nrichard gibson curator of herpetology zoological society of london regents park london nw1 4ry united kingdom richard. gibson @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\ngenetic analyses indicate that the only known natural population of the species shows low genetic diversity and acts as a single evolutionary unit. demographic analyses inferred a prolonged decline of the species for at least 230 generations. depending on the assumed generation time, the onset of the decline was dated between 1200 - 13000 years ago. pedigree analyses of captive individuals suggest that reproductive behavior of the giant lizard of la gomera may include polyandry, multiple paternity and female long - term sperm retention .\nthe current low genetic diversity of g. bravoana is the result of a long - term gradual decline. because generation time is unknown in this lizard and estimates had large credibility intervals, it is not possible to determine the relative contribution of humans in the collapse of the population. shorter generation times would favor a stronger influence of human pressure whereas longer generation times would favor a climate - induced origin of the decline. in any case, our analyses show that the wild population has survived for a long period of time with low levels of genetic diversity and a small effective population size. reproductive behavior may have acted as an important inbreeding avoidance mechanism allowing the species to elude extinction. overall, our results suggest that the species retains its adaptive potential and could restore its ancient genetic diversity under favorable conditions. therefore, management of the giant lizard of la gomera should concentrate efforts on enhancing population growth rates through captive breeding of the species as well as on restoring the carrying capacity of its natural habitat .\n] have shown that, after severe bottlenecks, some species have been able to persist for long periods of time with depleted heterozygosity levels. ecological factors, such as the quality of the habitat, environmental stability, the purging effect of selection, and specific life history traits (e. g. , mating systems and generation lengths) could counteract the impact of declines on population genetic variation [\n( arnold 1973) (subfamily gallotiinae) includes seven living lacertid species endemic to the canary islands that diversified upon colonization from the continent back in the early miocene, ca. 20 million years ago (mya) [\n] that is found in france, the iberian peninsula and maghreb. a recent phylogeny based on mitochondrial (mt) dna sequence data [\n, which inhabits eastern canary islands (fuerteventura and lanzarote), and a clade that includes all species living in western canary islands. this latter clade is divided into two monophyletic groups, one of small - bodied lizards ,\ndistribution of the small - bodied (sb) and the giant (g) lizards. the species classified as “critically endangered” by the iucn (2012) are also indicated with asterisks .\n]. field surveys in 2009 revealed that the whole population included ca. 160 individuals that inhabited isolated patches of < 20 km\n), and yet very little is known about the genetics and demography of its only known population .\nand it’s currently restricted geographical distribution. however, the possibility that decline could be the result of environmental stochastic processes such as ancient climate changes or geological (volcanic) events producing long - term fragmentation and isolation cannot be discarded [\ngiven the critical conservation status of the species, the study of its genetic variation was necessary to establish the best management strategy. in particular, it was important to determine whether observed reduction in population size was accompanied by depletion in levels of genetic diversity as well as to detect genetic signatures of past demographic changes (e. g. , bottlenecks) and date them. moreover, genetic data could help clarifying how historical processes (e. g. , sustained population isolation and genetic drift) and more recent events (e. g. , human pressure), coupled with the effect of life - history traits (e. g. , mating behavior), contributed to the evolutionary history of the species .\nhere, we analyze microsatellite data of g. bravoana for a total of 99 individuals (covering more than half of the total wild population and all 2001 - 2005 captive - born individuals) to estimate the overall amount of genetic variability of the species, and the allele frequency distribution between wild and captive individuals. different coalescence - based methods were applied to examine major population demographic changes and to estimate their timing. in addition, we combined information on pedigree and genetic data of captive animals from the breeding program to perform paternity analyses and gain insights on the mating system of the species. altogether, results presented here provide the genetic background needed for understanding the recent evolutionary history of g. bravoana and for implementing successful management and conservation plans for the species .\nwere monomorphic in wild samples. allele frequency homogeneity tests indicated that the probability of detecting population structure with the eight polymorphic microsatellites was relatively high (the overall power estimate from all runs was 0. 714 and 0. 628 for the chi - square and fisher exact tests, respectively), and statistically significant (data not shown). when\nwas set to zero (simulating no divergence among samples), the proportion of false significances (α error of type i) was in all cases lower than the intended value of 5% . only one (\n< 0. 05, results not shown), and therefore all loci were consequently regarded as independent from each other. the majority of loci showed an overall departure from hwe due to significant heterozygote deficiency when all 99 samples were analyzed together (table\n= allelic richness standardized to the smallest sample size using the rarefaction method of fstat 2. 9. 3 [\n1 bold f is values are significant probability estimates after q - value correction (* p < 0. 05) .\n= - 0. 039 ± 0. 024). the number of wild populations (and the assignment of individuals to each population) was estimated using bayesian inferences. our results indicate that in all cases the highest posterior probability value was found at\nthe wilcoxon test failed to detect recent bottlenecks under any kind of mutation model (iam, tpm and smm) of microsatellite evolution (p = 0. 156, p = 0. 156 and p = 0. 109, respectively). moreover, the allele frequency distribution obtained from the mode - shift indicator test followed a normal l - shape, indicating a larger proportion of low frequency allele classes in g. bravoana, and thus also supporting the absence of a recent genetic bottleneck .\nwere 70, 794 and 13, respectively. this corresponds to a reduction in effective population size (\n) of around 5, 400 times and that only 0. 02% of the original effective population survives at present. the decline was estimated to have occurred around 221 - 246 generations before present, and the time estimation of the onset of the decline varies depending on the generation time prior but not on the four time periods analyzed. for a\n) effective population size represented on a log10 scale. the colors of posterior densities represent three different assumed generation times in years for the prior set analyzed, which is represented by a gray dotted line .\n), calculated using msvar v1. 3, for the four prior sets analyzed. the colors of posterior densities represent the three different assumed generation times in years for the four prior sets analyzed, which are represented by gray dotted lines. the black vertical dashed line represents the four time periods tested (from left to right): 100; 500; 2, 500 and 10, 000 years (y) .\n). multiple paternity cases never involved more than two males. interestingly, in genetically monogamous pairings, a relatively high number of parental mismatches were detected i. e. , in five cases the assigned male did not correspond with the putative father. in two out of these five cases, the obtained genotype coincided with that of the male of the previous year’s crossing, in another two cases the genotype was of one of the founder males not involved in the breeding experiment, and in another case the proposed genotype did not match any of the males used for breeding (table\nm: monogamous, p: polygynous, ?: unknown. f is = wright’s statistics .\n, which shows an extremely reduced population number (ca. 160 individuals in the wild) and a severely reduced geographical distribution (< 20 km\n]. some of the methodological limitations related to the natural small population size were overcome by maximizing sampling effort in order to cover more than half of the wild population diversity of the species, and by using powerful statistical tools based on coalescence .\noverall, the eight polymorphic species - specific microsatellite loci used in this study showed no significant linkage disequilibrium, but otherwise very low levels of genetic diversity. the observed overall departure from hwe could be explained in terms of admixture of genetically distinct cohorts (whalund effect) given that the pattern of hwe departures changed completely when only the samples from the wild were analysed (only the\nb). levels of heterozygosity in the wild and captive populations were similar indicating that the captive population could be considered a sound representation of the genetic variability found in the wild. heterozygosity values herein reported are lower than those previously estimated for\n]). they are also lower to the values reported for critically endangered species such as e. g. , the reunion cuckoo shrike [\n]. however, given the large values of variance obtained, interpretation of the results should be taken cautiously, and a larger number of individuals need to be included in further analyses .\nwe failed to detect any population structure based on the bayesian clustering analysis, which suggests that individuals intermix freely in the single population of la mérica cliff. in fact, we observed that the wild population was in hwe suggesting random mating and gene flow between individuals. altogether, results indicate that g. bravoana is capable of actively dispersing across the different altitudinal patches despite the orographic difficulties of the steep terrain of la mérica cliff .\n]). the results of the coalescent analysis showed a long - term decline and estimated a strong reduction to a current effective population size of 13, what is congruent with the present day effective size of the population (as estimated through census monitoring campaigns). although the different coalescent analyses agreed on the number of generations since the decline of the population (around 230), dating the onset of the decline was more difficult and strongly dependent on what generation time was used as a prior. the longest generation time prior favored the hypothesis of a continuous decline of\nthe canary islands giant lizards are characterized by their larger body size, longer life span, and lower reproductive rates compared to small - bodied lizards. these are all life - history traits that contribute to genetic drift in small populations and eventually may lead to extinction. for instance, the longer generation times of the giant lizards would contribute to the overlapping of generations, and following the moran model [\n] for genetic drift, this would accelerate the genetic drift process in small populations. it would also contribute to a reduction in the fixation of mutations that could lead to higher fitness and adaptation and as well as a reduction in genetic diversity, the effective population size and allele frequencies. deleterious mutations under inbreeding could become fixed to a load untenable for the population and lead to extinction such as in the case of the giant skink of cape verde [\n]. however, genetic drift is stochastic in nature, and the process does not necessarily need to end in extinction, as is the case of the giant lizard of la gomera. the combined input of both genetic and ecological factors on population viability may explain long - term persistence of\n], evidence is accumulating for the capacity of many species (e. g. , the raso lark [\n,) to pass through historical bottlenecks and persist with small population sizes and low genetic diversity. moreover, it has been shown that minimal management and conservation actions for these threatened species were enough to enhance population growth rates [" ]

{ "text": [ "the round island burrowing boa ( bolyeria multocarinata ) is an extinct species of snake in the family bolyeriidae , in the monotypic genus bolyeria , which was endemic to mauritius .", "the species was last seen on round island in 1975 .", "no subspecies are currently recognized . " ], "topic": [ 26, 12, 5 ] }

[ "the round island burrowing boa (bolyeria multocarinata) is an extinct species of snake in the family bolyeriidae, in the monotypic genus bolyeria, which was endemic to mauritius. the species was last seen on round island in 1975. no subspecies are currently recognized." ]

[ "its texture can also be found on brachycephalus fuscolineatus, which has yellow skin and a green - and - brown stripe on its back .\nbrachycephalus fuscolineatus. santa catarina: morro do baú, municipality of ilhota dzup 159 (holotype), dzup 158, 160, 401–5 (all paratypes) .\nbrachycephalus olivaceus is a greenish - brown, while brachycephalus auroguttatus has a bright - yellow head a colour that fades to brown on its limbs .\nbrachycephalus olivaceus is a greenish - brown colour (left), while brachycephalus leopardus sports yellow skin and dark spots (right). the first species of brachycephalus was described in 1842 by the famous german naturalist johann baptist von spix\neach of the frogs come in a variety of flashy, bright colours, likely meant to warn predators of the neurotoxins in the frogs' skin. on the right, the tiny frog brachycephalus fuscolineatus has yellow skin and a dark green - and - brown stripe running down its back\nbrachycephalus leopardus, as its name suggests, has yellow skin covered with dark spots .\nrecords of brachycephalus spp. altitude is provided in meters (above sea level) .\npie et al. (2013; as “ brachycephalus sp. nov. 1” )\nsiqueira et al. (2011; as “ brachycephalus sp. ”), (siqueira, vrcibradic & rocha, 2013; as “ brachycephalus sp. nov. ” )\nthe warty brachycephalus verrucosus is orange with brownish - green bumps, and shares its uneven complexion with brachycephalus fuscolineatus, which has yellow skin and a dark green - and - brown stripe down its back. brachycephalus leopardus gets its name from its yellow skin covered with dark spots; researchers observed one of these frogs piggybacking on another as part of the mating process called amplexus in which the male climbs onto the female' s back so he can fertilize her eggs as she releases them into the water .\nbrachycephalus nodoterga. são paulo: reserva biológica tamboré, municipality of santana de parnaíba mzusp 147711–6 .\nbrachycephalus pitanga. são paulo: sp 125, municipality of são luís do paraitinga dzup 407–9 .\nbrachycephalus ferruginus. paraná: olimpo, serra do marumbi, municipality of morretes mhnci 125, 128 .\nbrachycephalus hermogenesi. são paulo: ubatuba zuec 9715 (holotype), zuec 9716–25 (paratypes) .\nthis study, mhnci, pie et al. (2013; as “ brachycephalus sp. 3” )\nsilva, campos & sebben (2007; as “ brachycephalus cf. vertebralis ”), campos, silva & sebben (2010; as “ brachycephalus cf. vertebralis ”), campos (2011 )\nthe new brachycephalus mariaeterezae, for example, is bright orange with light - blue splotches along its backbone .\nthat isolation has produced 21 known species of brachycephalus frog - and the new arrivals push that count to 28 .\nas a group, brachycephalus, have been known to inhabit the cloud forests of southern brazil since the 1880s .\nhow small can a frog get? a new species of brachycephalus from brazil is dwarfed by a human fingertip .\nthis study, dzup, pie et al. (2013; as “ brachycephalus sp. nov. 1” )\nthe new brachycephalus mariaeterezae, for example, is bright orange with light - blue splotches along its backbone. brachycephalus olivaceus, true to its name, is the color of a greenish - brown olive. brachycephalus auroguttatus sports a bright - yellow head and coloration that fades to brown limbs (\naurogattatus\ntranslate to\ngold drop\nin latin) .\nbrachycephalus coloratus: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: d45d8c67 - 0f74 - 459e - 8fc6 - 048748ed254b .\npie et al. (2013; as “ brachycephalus sp. nov. 5”), pie & ribeiro (2015 )\ncunha, oliveira & hartmann (2010; as “ brachycephalus aff. hermogenesi ”), oliveira et al. (2011; as “ b. hermogenesi ”), pie et al. (2013; as “ brachycephalus sp. nov. 1” )\npie et al. (2013; as “ brachycephalus sp. nov. 7”), ribeiro et al. (2015 )\ncampos, silva & sebben (2010; as “ brachycephalus sp. 3”), campos (2011; as “bcu sp2” )\nbrachycephalus tridactylus. paraná: serra do morato, reserva natural salto morato, municipality of guaraqueçaba dzup 493–7, mhnci 10294, 10729–30 .\nfirkowski (2013; without species identification), pie et al. (2013; as “ brachycephalus sp. nov. 1” )\nfirkowski (2013; without species identification), pie et al. (2013; as “ brachycephalus sp. nov. 2” )\nfirkowski (2013; without species identification), pie et al. (2013; as “ brachycephalus sp. nov. 4” )\nfirkowski (2013; without species identification), pie et al. (2013; as “ brachycephalus sp. nov. 3” )\nbrachycephalus brunneus. paraná: caratuva, serra dos órgãos, municipality of campina grande do sul mhnci 1919–20, mnrj 40289–91 (paratypes) .\nresearchers found a pair of brachycephalus leopardus during part of their mating process called amlexus (right). the left image shows their habitat in brazil\nfinally, brachycephalus boticario is orange with darker, bumpy flanks. all of the frogs were found living in leaf litter on the forest floor .\nbrachycephalus “not identified” from “serra do salto, malhada district, municipality of são josé dos pinhais, pr” (firkowski et al. , 2016 )\nbrachycephalus pombali. paraná: morro dos padres, pico da igreja, municipality of guaratuba cfbh 8042 (holotype), 8043–53 (paratypes) .\npereira m dos s, candaten a, milani d, oliveira fb de, gardelin j, rocha cfd, vrcibradic d. brachycephalus hermogenesi .\nbrachycephalus mariaeterezae. the intensity of the light of the flash during photography led the light - blue coloration along their vertebral column to become less apparent .\nthis study, dzup, firkowski (2013; without species identification), pie et al. (2013; as “ brachycephalus sp. 2” )\nsuch high success in uncovering new species might indicate that the total number of brachycephalus is still underestimated ,\npie and his colleagues write in peerj .\npombal jr & izecksohn (2011; as “ b. ephippium ”), pie et al. (2013; as “ brachycephalus sp. 1” )\nover the course of five years of fieldwork, the team of researchers has provided the largest addition to the known diversity of brachycephalus, with seven new species .\nbrachycephalus auroguttatus. santa catarina: pedra da tartaruga, municipality of garuva dzup 375 (holotype), dzup 373–4, 376–85, 387–89 (all paratypes) .\nbrachycephalus ephippium. rio de janeiro: parque nacional serra dos órgãos mzusp 104140–7; vale de revolta mcz a–108655. são paulo: municipality of cotia mhnci 2611–16 .\nbrachycephalus quiririensis. santa catarina: serra do quiriri, municipality of campo alegre dzup 172 (holotype), dzup 171, 173–6, 524–30 (all paratypes) .\nbrachycephalus verrucosus. santa catarina: morro da tromba, municipality of joinville mhnci 9819 (holotype), mhnci 9820 (paratype), dzup 464–78 (paratypes) .\nvegetation at the type locality of brachycephalus coloratus, at 1, 144 m a. s. l. characterized by high - elevation forest (floresta ombrófila altomontana) .\nfirkowski (2013; without species identification), pie et al. (2013; as “ brachycephalus sp. nov. 5”), pie & ribeiro (2015 )\nbrachycephalus fuscolineatus pie, bornschein, firkowski, belmonte - lopes, and ribeiro in ribeiro, bornschein, belmonte - lopes, firkowski, morato, and pie, 2015, peerj, 3 (e1011): 18. holotype :\ndzup 159, by original designation. type locality :\nmorro do baú (26° 47′ 58″ s, 48° 55′ 47″ w; 680ma. s. l .), municipality of ilhota, state of santa catarina, southern brazil\n. urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 037b088c - aaa2 - 4bd4 - b6e9 - dfff7b753d8e\n, titled\nseven new microendemic species of brachycephalus (anura: brachycephalidae) from southern brazil ,\nwas published today in peerj, a peer - reviewed open access journal .\nfirkowski (2013; without species identification), pie et al. (2013; as “ brachycephalus sp. nov. 9”), ribeiro et al. (2015 )\nfirkowski (2013; without species identification), pie et al. (2013; as “ brachycephalus sp. nov. 4”), ribeiro et al. (2015 )\nfirkowski (2013; without species identification), pie et al. (2013; as “ brachycephalus sp. nov. 6”), ribeiro et al. (2015 )\nfirkowski (2013; without species identification), pie et al. (2013; as “ brachycephalus sp. nov. 7”), ribeiro et al. (2015 )\nfirkowski (2013; without species identification), pie et al. (2013; as “ brachycephalus sp. nov. 8”), ribeiro et al. (2015 )\npart of the brachycephalus family, these tiny frogs are among the smallest terrestrial vertebrates on earth, with adults usually no bigger than 1cm (0. 3 inches) in length .\nthe first species of brachycephalus was described in 1842 by the famous german naturalist johann baptist von spix, yet most species in the genus have been discovered only in the past decade .\npombal jr jp, izecksohn e 2011 uma nova especie de brachycephalus (anura, brachycephalidae) do estado do rio de janeiro. papeis avulsos de zoologia (sao paulo) 51 :\nbrachycephalus verrucosus has orange - hued skin covered with brownish - green bumps. it was found in morro da tromba, municipality of joinville, in the state of santa catarina, southern brazil\nbrachycephalus izecksohni. paraná: torre da prata, serra da prata, on the border between the municipalities of morretes, paranaguá, and guaratuba cfbh 7381–2, 7384 (all paratypes) .\nribeiro et al. (2015), seven new microendemic species of brachycephalus (anura: brachycephalidae) from southern brazil. peerj 3: e1011; doi 10. 7717 / peerj. 1011\nalves et al. (2009), campos, silva & sebben (2010; as “ brachycephalus sp. 2”), campos (2011), pie et al. (2013 )\nbrachycephalus mariaeterezae. santa catarina: reserva particular do patrimônio natural caetezal, top of the serra queimada, municipality of joinville mhnci 9811 (holotype), dzup 372, 393–9 (all paratypes) .\ngarey mv, lima amx, hartmann mr, haddad cfb 2012 a new species of miniaturized toadlet, genus brachycephalus (anura: brachycephalidae), from southern brazil. herpetologica 68: 266 - 271 .\nbrachycephalus albolineatus. santa catarina: morro boa vista, on the border between the municipalities of jaraguá do sul and massaranduba mhnci 10290 (holotype), mhnci 10295–10300, mnrj 90349 (all paratypes) .\npie mr, ribeiro le 2015 a new species of brachycephalus (anura: brachycephalidae) from the quiriri mountain range of southern brazil. peerj 3: e1179; doi 10. 7717 / peerj. 1179 .\npombal j, gasparini 2006 a new brachycephalus (anura: brachycephalidae) from the atlantic rainforest of espitrito santo, southeastern brazil. south american journal of herpetology. 1 (2): 87 - 93 .\nbrachycephalus leopardus. paraná: serra do araçatuba, municipality of tijucas do sul dzup 490 (holotype), dzup 478–89, 491–2 (all paratypes); morro dos perdidos, municipality of guaratuba dzup 274–83 .\nbrachycephalus didactylus. rio de janeiro: municipality of engenheiro paulo de frontin zuec 10825, mzusp 94621; sacra família do tinguá, municipality of engenheiro paulo de frontin zuec 1132–3, mzusp 13613–20, 64810–1, 94621 .\nsilva, campos & sebben (2007; as “ b. nodoterga ”), campos, silva & sebben (2010; as “ brachycephalus sp. 1”), campos (2011; as “bbm sp1” )\nunderstanding the ecological limits, geographical distributions, and altitudinal ranges of brachycephalus species is of considerable importance, particularly to direct more effective conservation actions. in the present study, we address the aforementioned aspects by reviewing the geographical and altitudinal distribution of brachycephalus based on records compiled from literature and museum specimens. in particular, expanding a previous effort by pie et al. (2013), we now include the entire literature on brachycephalus, which nearly tripled the number of sources in relation to that study. we analyze the geographical distribution and altitudinal amplitude of occurrence of the genus as a whole, as well as separately based on their species groups .\npie et al. (2013; as “ brachycephalus nodoterga ”), abbeg et al. (2015; as “clearly refers to another species (than b. nodoterga of pie et al. 2013) ” )\nfor animals like the brachycephalus frogs that are particularly sensitive to their environment, even the temperature change from mountain to valley forms a barrier. that leaves the population on each mountain top to slowly develop into a separate species .\ncondez th, clemente - carvalho rbg, haddad cfb, dos reis sf 2014 a new species of brachycephalus (anura: bracheycephalidae) from the highlands of the atlantic forest, southeastern brazil. herpetologica 70: 89 - 99 .\nbrachycephalus boticario. santa catarina: morro do cachorro, on the border between the municipalities of blumenau, gaspar, and luiz alves dzup 440 (holotype), dzup 414–5, 438–9, 444–5, 459 (all paratypes) .\nalves acr, sawaya rj, dos reis sf, haddad cfb 2009 new species of brachycephalus (anura: brachycephalidae) from the atlantic rain forest in sao paulo state, southeastern brazil. j. herpetology 43: 212 - 219 .\nclemente - carvalho rbg, giaretta aa, condez th, cfb haddad, dos reis sf 2012 a new species of miniaturized toadlet genus brachycephalus (anura: brachycephalidae) from the atlantic forest of southeastern brazil. herpetologica 68: 365 - 374 .\nafter nearly 5 years of exploration in mountainous areas of the southern brazilian atlantic rainforest, a team of researchers has uncovered seven new species of very tiny, brightly colored frogs from the genus known as brachycephalus. none are bigger than an adult thumbnail .\nhaddad cfb, alves acr, clemente - carvalho rbg, dos reis sf 2010. a new species of brachycephalus from the atlantic rain forest in sao paulo state, southeastern brazil (amphibia: anura: brachycephalidae). copeia 2010: 410 - 420 .\nbrachycephalus pernix. paraná: anhangava, serra da baitaca, municipality of quatro barras mnrj 17349 (holotype), cfbh 2597–8 (paratypes), mhnci 1818–9, 3000–4 (all paratypes), mhnci 1820, zuec 9433–7 (paratypes), dzup 539–55 .\nizecksohn (1971; as “ b. ephippium ”), pombal jr (2001; as “ brachycephalus cf. ephippium ”), pombal jr & izecksohn (2011), pie et al. (2013; as “ b. ephippium ” )\nribeiro (2006; as “ brachycephalus sp. aff. nodoterga ”), pombal jr & izecksohn (2011), pie et al. (2013), abegg et al. (2015), clemente - carvalho et al. (2016 )\nthe geographical distribution of brachycephalus coloratus is a new example among the few known cases of distinct species occurring in a single mountain range (“ serras ”). in this case, b. coloratus occurs in the serra da baitaca together with b. pernix .\nbrachycephalus olivaceus. santa catarina: base of the serra queimada, municipality of joinville mhnci 9813 (holotype), dzup 371 (paratype); castelo dos bugres, municipality of joinville mhnci 9814–8 (paratypes); morro do boi, municipality of corupá mhnci 10288–9 .\nbrachycephalus curupira (a, dorsal view and b, ventral view, from the left: mhnci 10292, mhnci 10287, holotype, mhnci 10286 paratypes) in contrast with the most morphologically similar congener, b. brunneus (c, dorsal view and d, ventral view, from the left: mhnci 10729 - 32). specimens were chosen to represent the most extreme variation in our sample of preserved specimens. inset: comparison between eye color in brachycephalus curupira (e, holotype) and b. brunneus (f, mhnci 10733) .\nseven adorable species of frog - each smaller than a thumbnail - have been discovered in the brazilian atlantic rainforest. part of the brachycephalus family, these tiny frogs are among the smallest terrestrial vertebrates, with adults usually no bigger than 1cm (0. 3 inches) in length\nspecies description: pie, bornschein, firkowski, belmonte - lopes & ribeiro in: ribeiro et al. (2015), seven new microendemic species of brachycephalus (anura: brachycephalidae) from southern brazil. peerj 3: e1011; doi 10. 7717 / peerj. 1011\nthe most obvious differences between brachycephalus species, including the seven new ones, is their skin. this can vary quite a lot in how bumpy and rough it is, and quite dramatically in its colour - with more vibrant tones normally reflecting higher levels of the deadly chemical tetrodotoxin .\nthis frog has warts: brachycephalus verrucosus has orange - hued skin covered with brownish - green bumps. an adult female of the species was collected on jan. 25, 2011, at morro da tromba, municipality of joinville, in the state of santa catarina, southern brazil .\n( 1) b. tridactylus, (2) b. brunneus, (3) b. pernix, (4) b. ferruginus, (5) b. coloratus, (6) b. pombali, (7) b. izecksohni, (8) b. curupira, (9) b. leopardus, (10) b. auroguttatus, (11) b. quiririensis, (12) b. olivaceus, (13) b. mariaeterezae, (14) b. verrucosus, (15) b. albolineatus, (16) b. boticario, and (17) b. fuscolineatus. the geographical locations of the new species are indicated in red .\nin the brachycephalus pernix group according to the original publication. condez, monteiro, and haddad, 2017, zootaxa, 4290: 395–400, suggested that this form requires taxonomic reassessment due to problems in the original diagnosis and description; see response from pie, ribeiro, and bornschein, 2017, zootaxa, 4350: 587–589 .\nalves, a. c. r. , l. f. ribeiro, c. f. b. haddad, and s. f. dos reis. 2006. two new species of brachycephalus (anura: brachycephalidae) from the atlantic forest in parana state, southern brazil. herpetologica v. 62: 221 - 233 .\nthe brightly colored little frogs are all part of the genus brachycephalus, a group known since the 1800s to inhabit the cloud forests of southern brazil. suspecting that more of these frogs might be hiding in the southern part of the atlantic forest, researchers led by marcio pie of the universidade federal do paraná hiked into the remote, misty rainforest in the states of parana and santa catarina. [ see photos of the tiny, colorful frogs from brazil ]\nbrachycephalus coloratus (( a) dorsal view, (b) ventral view, from the left: mhnci 10276, holotype, mhnci 10275 and mhnci 10277 paratypes) in contrast with the nearest congener, b. pernix (( c) dorsal view, (d) ventral view, from the left: mhnci 9806 - 07, mhnci 10157, mhnci 10160). specimens were chosen to represent the most extreme variation in our sample of preserved specimens .\nremarks. the type locality of brachycephalus coloratus is 7. 3 km distant in a straight line from the type locality of b. pernix (both species occur in the serra da baitaca). this geographical proximity between them could indicate that they represent sister species. indeed, preliminary genetic data seems to confirm this hypothesis (mj nadaline, pers. comm. , 2016). more detailed mapping of their distributions are still necessary to determine the extent to which these species are allopatric .\nbrachycephalus sulfuratus. são paulo: base of the serra água limpa, municipality of apiaí dzup 362. paraná: caratuval, near the parque estadual das lauráceas, municipality of adrianópolis dzup 139; corvo, municipality of quatro barras dzup 150–7; fazenda thalia, municipality of balsa nova dzup 221–4; mananciais da serra, municipality of piraquara mhnci 10302; recanto das hortências, municipality of são josé dos pinhais dzup 463; salto do inferno, rio capivari, municipality of bocaiúva do sul mhnci 9800 .\nbrachycephalus fitzinger is a genus of miniaturized diurnal toadlets (usually < 2. 5 cm in snout - vent length) that inhabit the forest floor of montane regions along the atlantic rainforest of southeastern and southern brazil (izecksohn, 1971; giaretta & sawaya, 1998; pombal jr, wistuba & bornschein, 1998; napoli et al. , 2011; pie et al. , 2013; see rocha et al. (2000) and pombal jr & izecksohn (2011) for reports of nocturnal activity). brachycephalus presents direct development and a reduction in the number and size of digits (hanken & wake, 1993; pombal jr, 1999; yeh, 2002). some species are aposematic (yellow, orange or yellow with light red), of which some were confirmed as harboring neurotoxins (tetrodotoxin and analogues; sebben et al. , 1986; pires jr et al. , 2002; pires jr et al. , 2003; schwartz et al. , 2007) .\nbrachycephalus curupira had a patchy distribution throughout approximately 700 m of transect along trails and within the forest in the type locality. it is possible that the abundance of the species is regulated by the quality of the leaf litter, which in turn is partly affected by vegetation and slope. we found higher abundance (one individual per ∼2–3 m 2) in areas dominated by chusquea sp. , whereas lower abundances (one individual each ∼6–7 m 2 and ∼15–16 m 2) were estimated in sites where chusquea sp. was less common .\nis the color of a greenish - brown olive. the first species of brachycephalus was described in 1842 by the german naturalist johann baptist von spix. but most species in the genus have been discovered only in the past decade. that' s due to their extremely remote habitats, which are difficult to reach .\nalthough getting to many of the field sites is exhausting, there was always the feeling of anticipation and curiosity about what new species could look like ,\nsaid marcio pie, a professor at the universidade federal do paraná, who led the project .\nin the present study, we describe two new species of brachycephalus from the state of paraná, southern brazil and assign them to the b. pernix group. this discovery is part of a continuing effort to investigate montane anurans of southern brazil (see bornschein et al. , 2015; pie & ribeiro, 2015; ribeiro et al. , 2015; bornschein et al. , 2016a; bornschein et al. , 2016b). these species are diagnosed through a combination of coloration patterns, morphological traits, genetic distances, and genealogical information from phylogenetic analyses (firkowski et al. , 2016) .\nthe area of occurrence of brachycephalus coloratus is within a land development (estância hidroclimática recreio da serra), more specifically in a region where a road is planned to be constructed, which raises severe concerns regarding the preservation of the species. on the other hand, contacts with a local resident indicated that areas above 1, 000 m a. s. l. will not be occupied, despite the original plans when the enterprise was approved by the municipality. furthermore, we obtained record of the new species at 130 m from the border of a state park—the parque estadual da serra da baitaca—and the potential occurrence of the species in this park should be a priority to design a conservation initiative. we suggest that the species should be considered as data deficient (sensu iucn, 2012) given the limited available information .\nseven new species of tiny frog have been discovered on seven different mountains in south - eastern brazil .\nthe cool\ncloud forests\nof this region have a unique climate, separated by warmer valleys that isolate the peaks like islands .\nthey are all less than 1cm long and many have colourful, poisonous skin to help them avoid becoming tiny meals .\nthe newly discovered species, reported in the open - access journal peerj, are the fruit of five years of expeditions into the wilderness .\nmarcio pie, a professor at the federal university of parana in nearby curitiba, said he had climbed more mountains than he can remember .\nit' s really exhausting ,\nhe told the bbc .\nthe mountains are not that high - most of them are 1, 000m to 1, 500m - it' s just that the trails are not particularly well marked .\nthese high forests near brazil' s southern atlantic coast are a fertile place for ecologists to explore, prof pie said, yielding more different species per square km than the amazon .\nthe little creatures are rather restricted in terms of just how different they can become. as some of the very smallest land - dwelling vertebrates, much of their anatomy is optimised to this tiny scale. for example, they typically have three toes and two fingers, instead of the five toes and four fingers found in most frogs .\npredicting what a new species might look like became a bit of a game for prof pie and his colleagues .\nit' s a really exciting experience, because we have a good expectation that each mountain top will have a new species, but we don' t know what it' s going to look like ,\nhe said .\nso we play around while we plan each trip, and try to anticipate what the species is going to look like .\nafter catching enough specimens, which usually involved rifling through leaf litter with their bare hands, prof pie' s team also did genetic tests to describe each new species .\nfinding them in the first place was probably the biggest challenge, he said .\nit takes a lot of practice and sometimes it' s very frustrating, to go up the mountain for many hours and come back empty - handed .\none of the frogs, b. olivaceus, was rather less colourful, making it even harder to find in the forest\noften the researchers would hear the frogs long before they saw them, but the creatures, whose principal predators are probably snakes, tend not to give away their location easily .\nyou can hear them singing and there' s probably hundreds of them, but you simply can' t catch them! because once you get closer, just from the vibration in the ground, they keep silent for, say, 20 minutes or half an hour. and then you have to go through the leaf litter very carefully with your hands ,\nprof pie said .\ntiptoeing scientists are the least of the frogs' worries, however. the unique climatic pockets of the cloud forests are vulnerable .\nthe researchers even spotted b. leopardus in the act of mating or\namplexus\nthe presence of these frogs with such small geographical ranges suggests to us that this particular area has been pretty stable for last the past 500, 000 years, in terms of the climate .\nif it had got warmer, probably the environment that characterises the cloud forests would have disappeared and would have led these species to extinction. whereas if it had changed in the other direction, probably they would have moved across the valleys and we would find these species together .\nbut at this point we' ve never found more than one species at each site .\nprof pie and his colleagues warn that keeping this remarkable variety of species alive may require captive breeding, as well as efforts to protect their habitat from invasive plant and animal species, logging, and other threats .\nmeanwhile, the effort to catalogue the frogs' diversity goes on. the team has already come across another four species, whose details they are yet to publish, and more mountain expeditions are planned .\nwe are very confident that we' re going to find even more species ,\nprof pie said .\nthere are many other locations where you tend to find a very similar climate and so probably the frogs are going to be there as well .\nben tapley, the team leader of herpetology at zsl london zoo, said the discovery was noteworthy .\nthe description of one, let alone seven species, is always extremely exciting ,\nmr tapley said .\namphibians are facing catastrophic and global decline and it is likely that many species have become extinct before they have even been described by science. species descriptions can inform conservation management and help prioritise much needed conservation action .\nthe president' s nomination, if confirmed by congress, could shape the us legal system for a generation .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda; use basic search (above) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl ...\nanywhere in a record: e. g. , hylarana, hyla, hylidae, hylinae, hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n... hyla\nanywhere in a record: e. g. , hyla, hylidae, plectrohyla, ptychadena hylaea, adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla: e. g. , hyla, hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e. g. , lithobates omiltemanus, hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record: e. g. , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nknown only from the type locality (morro do baú, municipality of ilhota, state of santa catarina, southern brazil, 640 to 790 m elevation) .\nplease note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history. we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to vertnet .\ncopyright © 1998 - 2018, darrel frost and the american museum of natural history. all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\n/ / urltoken\nadults are usually no bigger than 1cm (0. 3 inches) in length\nseven adorable species of frog - each smaller than a thumbnail - have been discovered in the brazilian atlantic rainforest .\nthe miniature frogs live on cloudy mountaintops in the isolated forests, making them vulnerable to threats such as climate change and deforestation .\nhas yellow skin and a green - and - brown stripe on its back .\nthey each come in a variety of flashy, bright colours, likely meant to warn predators of the neurotoxins in the frogs' skin .\nhoping that more of these frogs live in the southern part of the atlantic forest, researchers led by marcio pie of the universidade federal do paraná visited the rainforest in the states of parana and santa catarina .\n' although getting to many of the field sites is exhausting, there was always the feeling of anticipation and curiosity about what new species could look like', said professor pie .\nmeet' hellboy', the long - lost relative of triceratops with a ...\nwhat' s remarkable is not just their tiny size, but also their stunning markings .\nduring the course of their studies, researchers spotted one of these frogs piggybacking on another as part of the mating process, according to a report in livescience .\nthe frogs' are so diverse in their appearance because of their isolated, mountainous habitat. separated from other species, the frogs end up interbreeding in their own community, creating distinct markings that make them stand out from other frogs in the same genus\nthe frogs' are so diverse in their appearance because of their isolated, mountainous habitat .\nseparated from other species, the frogs end up interbreeding in their own community, creating distinct markings that make them stand out from other frogs in the same genus .\nluiz ribeiro, a research associate to the mater natura institute for environmental studies, is optimistic about the prospects for future studies .\n' this is only the beginning, especially given the fact that we have already found additional species that we are in the process of formally describing.'\ngunman blasts car driven by woman, 51, three times as she ...\n' this is what we call a miracle': baby boy is found alive ...\n' go back to your country': mexican grandfather, 92, is ...\n' this is the brexit that is in our national interest': ...\n# where' sboris? boris johnson' s stunning resignation as ...\nbeauty queen who was gang - raped as a teen gives back her ...\n' you wouldn' t look so good with your b * * * * * * s in your ...\nnew hair, don' t care! roseanne barr smiles as she debuts ...\nbody of canadian man, 62, is found half - eaten by his ...\n' it is made of rocket parts & named wild boar after kids' soccer team': elon musk shares footage of the ...\nchinese government start - up expands its plans to use powerful facial recognition technology to spy on ...\nbritain' s broadband speeds are so poor they are down to 35th in the world, lagging behind the likes of ...\nstarbucks will charge all uk customers a 5p paper cup levy in a bid to reduce waste as it reveals it will ...\nopen - plan offices make people chat less because employees stare at their screens in an effort to look busy ...\nfrom a lizardfish with male and female sex organs to the' deep sea dumpling', noaa reveals the weirdest ...\ngroundbreaking study using dna from 8, 000 - year - old skeletons reveals modern southeast asians descend from ...\ntwitter shares plunge after report says it has suspended 70 million fake accounts, fueling concerns around ...\napple launches ios 11. 4. 1 with' usb restricted mode' that prevents cops from cracking suspect' s iphones\nworld' s first floating nation begins selling its own' vayron' cryptocurrency ahead of 2022 launch in the ...\nbeing rich and successful really is in your dna: being dealt the right genes determines whether you get on ...\nthe pink planet: world' s oldest color pigments extracted from 1. 1 billion - year - old rocks deep beneath the ...\nrihanna has very tense exchange with hassan jameel on holiday in mexico... one month after singer' dumped saudi businessman'\nkristin cavallari and husband jay cutler list magnificent seven - bed nashville mansion for $ 7. 9m\nthe 19, 000 - square - foot home sits on 8. 5 acres\nkylie jenner flaunts new smaller pout... before making her lips bigger again with lipstick\nhailey baldwin confirms engagement to' incredible person' justin bieber... but has a condition for their highly - anticipated wedding\nkim kardashian shares cute video of daughter chicago... after the game said that she should run for president in 2020\nbritish boxer amir khan baffles fans as he points out' white stuff' on his nose while posing with 50 cent in la nightclub... before deleting the caption\ng - eazy turned away at canadian border and forced to cancel headlining gig... after cocaine arrest in sweden\n' you' re the love of my life... i' ll lead our family with honor': justin bieber confirms engagement and hints at baby fever while hailey flashes new band\nkylie jenner flashes underboob and her derriere in sheer orange ensemble... one day after revealing she took her lip filler out\nhailey baldwin' s ring from justin bieber is similar to blake lively' s $ 2m rock... and that may be because the model tweeted in 2012 she liked it\ntyra banks confirms life size 2 movie sequel starring francia raisa... as it appears lindsay lohan won' t return\nlucy hale flashes her toned midriff in a sports bra... as she remembers her grandma with new tattoo\nhailey baldwin and justin bieber passionately kiss in the bahamas... as news of engagement spreads\nselena gomez is seen with same mystery man she was with in may... after news her ex justin bieber is engaged to hailey baldwin\nkhloe kardashian reveals she stopped breast - feeding daughter true... three months after giving birth\ngiuliana rancic takes a hike with bill... as the couple vacation with friends ahead of her return to e! news\nkhloe kardashian shows off neon sign in true' s nursery... as she reveals it' s kris jenner' s handwriting\nciara and husband russell wilson dance as they head to south africa for their honeymoon... two years after wedding\nrapper del the funky homosapian falls off stage during gorillaz set... but he reassures fans he' s' alright' as he recovers in hospital\nmakeup artist joyce bonelli reaches out to the kardashian clan on instagram... after the famous family' fire' and unfollow her on social media\ndaddy daycare! jared kushner takes kids back to d. c. after weekend in new jersey - as ivanka dons a short dress for visit to a nyc asphalt company\nsofia richie, 19 poses in a bikini top just after scott disick' s ex kourtney kardashian, 39, did the same... and fans call her out for it\nnaomi campbell wows in flamboyant feathered gown... while ashley graham sizzles in plunging lace dress as they walk in dolce & gabbana show in italy\nnaya rivera sells her five - bedroom la home for a cool $ 3. 55 million after finalizing her divorce from ryan dorsey\nmel b' is unable to pay her back taxes amid ongoing divorce battle with stephen belafonte... as it' s estimated the pair owe up to $ 650k' to the irs\nkylie jenner rocks curve - clinging attire as she shows off body... and considers going back to blonde\ndakota johnson dons striped wrap dress in la... after calling co - star chris hemsworth' spectacular'\ncardi b hits back at troll who mocked her baby shower... as she shows off naked baby bump for photoshoot\nbuy your own celebrity hideaway! castle adored by michael douglas and jack nicholson goes on sale for $ 5. 2m (and even comes with treehouse )\nant - man and the wasp soars to $ 76 million on opening weekend... beating its prequel by $ 19 million\nliam payne and cheryl split: carefree 1d star returns to stage for first time since break - up... as he poses happily with his backing dancers in france\ntristan thompson goes house hunting alone as he checks out $ 2m property in la with its own basketball court... just minutes from khloe' s mansion\nchris hemsworth kicks off filming for the star - studded men in black spin - off as he cuts a sharp figure in london... 21 years after the first film hit screens\njill zarin admits she' s ready to date again after being spotted with handsome businessman... following beloved husband bobby' s death\ndj khaled cancels wireless performance due to' travel issues' just hours before his slot... as fans rage over his' vacation' snap\n13 reasons why villain justin prentice says he' s not bothered by social media trolls... and that getting attacked online means he' s doing his job as an actor\nfarm heroes saga, the # 4 game on itunes. play it now !\nit' s eye - wateringly expensive at $ 2, 999, but naim' s uniti atom is a revelation, an integrated amplifier than makes it easy to stream music at a quality you' ve probably never heard before .\nafter a day with the iphone x, while face id isn' t perfect, and the' notch' is an annoyance, the iphone x is a glimpse into the future of phones and the best handset of the market by a long way .\nthey aren' t cheap, but shinola' s $ 595 foray into headphones are the perfect accessory for design obsessives looking to upgrade their listening habits .\nwith the pixel xl, google has created a handset that is not only the best android device out there, but arguably matches the iphone 8 in terms of design and feel .\napple' s watch will free you from your phone - while making sure you don' t suffer the fear of missing out. it' s a huge step forward, and a compelling reason for the average user to buy a smartwatch .\nwhile the iphone x may have stolen the headlines, in fact the iphone 8 could be the sleeper hit of apple' s new range, offering the same power as the x but with features and a design users trust .\nwhile the design is impressive and easy to use, the game line up is disappointing .\nnaim' s incredible mu - so qb takes you back to the good old days - where the music captivates and enthralls, rather that simply being something in the background .\nit might not be a name familiar to the us market, but naim is a legendary british brand hoping to make a splash with the american launch of its $ 1499 mu: so speaker .\npeloton' s hi - tech bike lets you stream live and on demand rides to your home - and it' s one of the best examples of fitness technology out there - at a price .\nseven new species of miniature frogs, each fitting onto the tip of a thumb, have come out of hiding in the brazilian atlantic rainforest, scientists report in the journal peerj. the teeny - tiny frogs live on isolated mountaintops in cloud forests. here' s a look at the colorful cuties. [ read full story on the tiny frogs from brazil ]\nhas yellow skin and a dark green - and - brown stripe running down its back. it was discovered in october 2010 in the municipality of ilhota, state of santa catarina, southern brazil .\nsports yellow skin covered with dark spots (hence it' s\nleopardus\nspecies name) .\nduring part of their mating process called amlexus. the male climbs onto the female' s back and while piggybacking he fertilizes the eggs she releases into the water .\nwas found living in the leaf litter on the floor of patches of the cloud forest. the researchers spotted an adult male on oct. 29, 2012, at morro do cachorro, on the border between the municipalities of blumenau, gaspar, and luiz alves, state of santa catarina, southern brazil. this species is orange with darker, bumpy flanks .\nis the color of a greenish - brown olive. researchers collected an adult female of this species at the base of the serra queimada mountain in santa catarina' s municipality of joinville, on jan. 23, 2011 .\nsky islands\nin the southern brazilian atlantic forest. species evolve in isolation on these mountaintops, meaning most can be found only on one or two peaks .\nbefore becoming managing editor, jeanna served as a reporter for live science and urltoken for about three years. previously she was an assistant editor at scholastic' s science world magazine. jeanna has an english degree from salisbury university, a master' s degree in biogeochemistry and environmental sciences from the university of maryland, and a science journalism degree from new york university. follow jeanna on google + .\ndon' t sneeze - - you might blow away a newly discovered species .\nscientists have uncovered seven new species of teeny - tiny frogs, each smaller than a thumbnail, in the brazilian atlantic rainforest. the miniature frogs live on isolated mountaintops in the cloud forests .\nthe mountaintop habitats are like isolated islands, making the frogs vulnerable to threats such as climate change. illegal deforestation and cattle ranching also threaten the frogs' habitat, researchers report thursday in the journal peerj .\nthere, they discovered multiple new frog species, including the seven reported in their new paper. all of the frogs are less than 0. 4 inches (1 centimeter) long, and they come in a jellybeanlike array of bright colors. (the flashy hues are likely meant to warn predators of the neurotoxins in the frogs' skin, the researchers note. )\nthe frogs' mountainous habitat is key to their diversity. separated by valleys that the frogs cannot traverse, the pipsqueaks end up living in isolated communities, interbreeding until they evolve into completely separate species from the frogs a mountaintop over .\nthis is only the beginning ,\nstudy researcher luiz ribeiro of the mater natura institute for environmental studies said in a statement ,\nespecially given the fact that we have already found additional species that we are in the process of formally describing .\na group of\ntorrent frogs\nhas been documented using higher - pitched calls than most other frogs in the world .\nphoto: the frog huia cavitympanum, from the island of borneo, has evolved calls to be heard over the noise of rushing water. credit: professor t. ulmar grafe / university of brunei darussalam some frogs have evolved ultrasonic mating calls so they can be heard above the background rumble of the fast - flowing streams they depend on, say researchers .\nbiologist dr sandra goutte of sorbonne university in paris and her and colleagues studied the calls of a group of\ntorrent frogs\nin borneo, indonesia, malaysia, china and cambodia .\nthey discovered the frogs all had higher pitched calls than most other frogs in the world, and a few species even had ultrasonic calls .\nyou can see the frog calling but you cannot hear it ,\nsaid dr goutte, who carried out the research for her phd research .\nthe call of torrent frogs has most probably been constrained by the environment they live in - which is the torrents - that are really noisy .\nmale torrent frogs generally put out mating calls while sitting in vegetation next to fast - flowing streams. females lay their eggs on rocks and then the tadpoles thrive in the oxygen - rich waters nearby .\nthe problem is falling water makes a low pitched rumble of about 2 kilohertz that would mask the pitch of most frog mating calls, which are generally under 5 kilohertz .\ndr goutte and colleagues measured the call pitch of 70 species of torrent frogs, that range in size from 2 to 15 centimeters in body length .\nthey found that, on average, most of the frogs had calls that ranged between 4 and 10 kilohertz .\na few species had calls that consisted of frequency above 20 kilohertz, which is in the ultrasonic range, above the human range of hearing .\nfor example, the hole - in - the - head frog (huia cavitympanum), which is found in borneo, has purely ultrasonic calls .\nas a result we don' t hear anything, but the frogs do ,\nsaid dr goutte .\nwhile the large odorous frog (odorrana graminea), a species found in china, had partially ultrasonic calls .\nwe hear only a part of the call ,\nsaid dr goutte .\nco - author dr jodi rowley of the australian museum research institute said the calls of the large odorous frog vary in frequency from very low to extremely high - up to 44 kilohertz .\nthey' re much more like bird songs than most frog songs in their complexity and frequency modulation ,\nshe said .\nthere' s only a few other frogs known to call ultrasonically and they are all torrent dwelling .\nthe tiny amphibians live in mountain top regions in the southern brazilian atlantic rainforest that are extremely isolated. since their habitat is so limited they are extremely vulnerable to extinction. shown is the species\nfrogs in this genus have been known since the 1800s, but these seven species hadn' t previously been identified. these tiny frogs generally have three toes and two fingers, instead of the five toes and four fingers found in most frogs. all of the frogs are less than 0. 4 inches in length. they vary mostly in their skin color and texture. shown is the rough - skinned species\nthe frogs were all found living among leaves on the forest floor. their home - - cloud forests - - are highly sensitive to climatic changes .\nhas yellow skin with a greenish - brown stripe running down its back. the researchers believe there may be even more species of the frogs in the remote regions .\nthis is only the beginning, especially given the fact that we have already found additional species that we are in the process of formally describing ,\nsaid luiz ribeiro, a research associate to the mater natura institute for environmental studies, in a press release." ]

{ "text": [ "brachycephalus fuscolineatus is a species of frogs in the brachycephalidae family .", "it is very tiny and was one of seven new species described by lf ribeiro and a team of scientists from the mater natura - instituto de estudos ambientais in brazil .", "like all species in its genus , it is found in a very small strip of atlantic forest in the southeastern coast of the country , and has a vibrant colour pattern .", "the speciation seen in this genus is thought to be a byproduct of the rift between the valley versus mountain terrain and its particular microclimates , to which they are adapted .", "it might be in population decline due to habitat loss .", "its name is derived from the latin fuscus , meaning \" dark \" or \" swarthy \" , and lineatus , meaning \" of a line \" , alluding to the characteristic dark stripe across the dorsum of this species . " ], "topic": [ 29, 5, 23, 13, 17, 25 ] }

[ "brachycephalus fuscolineatus is a species of frogs in the brachycephalidae family. it is very tiny and was one of seven new species described by lf ribeiro and a team of scientists from the mater natura - instituto de estudos ambientais in brazil. like all species in its genus, it is found in a very small strip of atlantic forest in the southeastern coast of the country, and has a vibrant colour pattern. the speciation seen in this genus is thought to be a byproduct of the rift between the valley versus mountain terrain and its particular microclimates, to which they are adapted. it might be in population decline due to habitat loss. its name is derived from the latin fuscus, meaning \" dark \" or \" swarthy \", and lineatus, meaning \" of a line \", alluding to the characteristic dark stripe across the dorsum of this species." ]

[ "sara eckert added text to\nmylossoma duriventre\non\nmylossoma duriventre (cuvier, 1818 )\n.\nfernando jerep marked\npacu - peva (mylossoma duriventre )\nas trusted on the\nmylossoma duriventre\npage .\nkatja schulz marked\nmylossoma duriventre - credit sandra j. raredon, division of fishes, nmnh\nas trusted on the\nmylossoma duriventre\npage .\nspecies name: mylossoma duriventre synonym: mylossoma duriventre common name: silver mylossoma family: characidae order: characins class: actinopterygii maximum size: 20 cm / 8 inches environment: freshwater origin: amazon basin of peru and brazil temperament: peaceful company: mylossoma duriventre (silver mylossoma) is suitable for community aquariums with other species with similar size and demands. water parameters: temperature 24 - 27˚c / 75 - 80˚f; ph 5. 0 – 7. 8 aquarium setup: mylossoma duriventre (silver mylossoma) needs and aquarium with plenty of space to swim on. they prefer a planted aquarium but will often eat most plants. you might try to use hardier plants such as java fern and anubias or just use plastic plants. feeding: mylossoma duriventre (silver mylossoma) will accept most food. vegetables should be a part of their diet. breeding: we have no information about any successful breeding of mylossoma duriventre (silver mylossoma) in aquarium .\nhaff disease associated rhabdomyolysis is correlated with the ingestion of certain freshwater fish and shellfish and is caused by an unidentified toxin. we report the case of a patient who experienced rhabdomyolysis approximately 2 hours after ingestion of the freshwater fish mylossoma duriventre (pacu - manteiga) approximately 3 years after an outbreak had been reported in manaus, brazilian amazon .\na rabdomiólise associada à doença de haff é correlacionada com a ingestão de certos peixes e crustáceos de água doce, sendo causada por uma toxina não identificada. relatamos o caso de um paciente que apresentou rabdomiólise cerca de 2 horas após ingerir o peixe de água doce mylossoma duriventre (pacu - manteiga) cerca de 3 anos após o relato de um surto de doença de haff em manaus .\nthe first report of an outbreak of haff disease in brazil was in 2009, and one of the species associated with this 2008 outbreak was mylossoma duriventre. (11) further studies are necessary to identify the toxin involved and what induces its expression because the species of fresh water fish and crawfish in all the reports are eaten daily by many people in all the countries where outbreaks were described, without developing the disease .\nin october 2008, an outbreak of 27 cases of haff disease that were associated with the consumption of mylossoma duriventre (pacu - manteiga), colossoma macropomum (tambaqui) and piaractus brachypomus (pirapitinga) fish from the brazilian north amazon region was reported. (11) haff disease is considered an emerging disease, whose importance will increase as population growth leads to increasing consumption of freshwater fish, particularly in the brazilian amazon region .\nmonthly fishery production by species in the amazon river near the fishery grounds of óbidos, santarém and monte alegre, from january 1993 to december 2004. (brv) brachyplatystoma vaillanti, (bra) brachyplatystoma rousseauxii, (sem) semaprochiloduns taeniurus and s. insignis, (bfi) brachyplatystoma filamentosum, (hyp) hypophthalmus marginatus and h. edentatus, (myl) mylossoma duriventre, myleus schomburgki and metynnis argenteus, (lip) liposarcus pardalis, (pro) prochilodus nigricans, (pse) pseudoplatystoma fasciatum and p. tigrinum .\na 48 - year - old male patient who was taking finasteride for androgenic alopecia presented to the emergency room. he was returning from a 15 - day trip to the city of belém (pa) in the northern region of brazil. he reported that approximately 2 hours after ingesting a meal containing the fish mylossoma duriventre, he experienced sudden, progressive, diffuse and lancing abdominal pain, accompanied by two episodes of vomiting, progressive polymyalgia (predominantly in the lower limbs), asthenia and progressively disabling muscular weakness. the patient was completely lucid; he reported drinking a small amount of coffee a few seconds before the onset of symptoms, he denied experiencing fever, diarrhea, ingestion of alcohol or other medications and / or use of illicit drugs .\nhaff disease must be considered a cause of rhabdomyolysis in every patient with a history of ingestion of fresh water fish in the 24 hours preceding the onset of symptoms, or in those with changes in the laboratory values of muscle necrosis markers. haff disease must be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute abdomen if there is an epidemiologic history (ingestion of fresh water fish or crawfish 24 hours preceding the symptoms in the case of haff disease) and when other explanations for the causes of the acute abdomen have been excluded. the toxin and all fish species associated with the development of haff disease are still to be identified, but it seems that mylossoma duriventre is one of the species associated with haff disease in brazil and this is the second report linking its ingestion with haff disease .\nas expected, our results show that the fisheries production in the lotic environment of the lower amazon river was cyclic in nature. the annual peak production happened in the period from august to october (drought - flood season), with less expressive values from december to february (wet season). the years 1995, 1999, 2001 and 2002 stood out for having higher catches, while the years 1997, 2000 and 2003 presented the lower catch values (fig 3). out of all the species caught in the lotic environment, the most expressive ones during the studied period were: brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (28. 0 %), prochilodus nigricans (11. 1 %), semaprochiloduns taeniurus and s. insignis (8. 7 %), brachyplatystoma vaillanti (7. 6 %), brachyplatystoma filamentosum (7. 0 %), pseudoplatystoma fasciatum and p. tigrinum (5. 6 %), hypophthalmus marginatus and h. edentatus (5. 5 %), mylossoma duriventre, myleus schomburgki and metynnis argenteus (4. 2 %) and liposarcus pardalis (3. 8 %). these species accounted for 81. 4% of the catches in the analyzed period, accounting for a total of 4, 700 t with a monthly mean of 33 t (std = 28 t) .\ngreek, mylo = mill + greek, soma = body (ref. 45335 )\nfreshwater; benthopelagic; ph range: 5. 0 - 7. 8; dh range: ? - 20; potamodromous (ref. 51243). tropical; 22°c - 28°c (ref. 1672 )\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 25. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 39031); max. published weight: 1. 0 kg (ref. )\noccurs over mud and silt in streams and lakes. feeds on fish, insects, and plants (ref. 9133) .\njégu, m. , 2003. serrasalminae (pacus and piranhas). p. 182 - 196. in r. e. reis, s. o. kullander and c. j. ferraris, jr. (eds .) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america. porto alegre: edipucrs, brasil. (ref. 39031 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 6250 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01862 (0. 01045 - 0. 03318), b = 3. 12 (2. 97 - 3. 27), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & (sub) family - body (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 8 ±0. 36 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (21 of 100) .\nthis south american freshwater fish, a species of pacu, is a ...\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\njust added to the 125g. they were in this tank previously when they were smaller than a nickel and the oscar ate one so they' ve been growing out in a 100g for a while. they' re almost at a silver dollar size. i' m pretty sure at this size rocky won' t eat them. time will tell .\nthe most beautiful school of silver dollars on the planet. (4. 5 - 7. 5 inches )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information, no. 1, vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthis article is a stub. we cannot complete the encyclopaedia without your help. you can contribute to the aquarium wiki by expanding this article. dont be shy! .\nthis page was last edited on 13 december 2017, at 03: 03 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3. 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of salmo trigintaradiatus larrañaga, 1923) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of metynnis unimaculatus steindachner, 1908) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of myletes albiscopus cope, 1872) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of myletes orbignyanus valenciennes, 1850) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of myletes duriventris cuvier, 1818) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ncorresponding author: oswaldo tolesani júnior, travessa frederico pamplona, 32 - copacabana, zip code: 22061 - 080 - rio de janeiro (rj), brasil. e - mail: rb. moc. girepus @ inaselotodlawso\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution non - commercial license which permits unrestricted non - commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited .\nin the summer of 1924, physicians near the königsberg haff shores along the baltic coast first recognized an outbreak of an illness characterized by sudden, severe muscular stiffness that was often accompanied by dark - colored urine. (1) no neurologic abnormalities, fever, splenomegaly, or hepatomegaly were observed. (1) the clinical spectrum of the disease varied, while most patients recovered quickly, a few patients died .\nin the following 9 years, similar outbreaks affecting an estimated 1, 000 individuals occurred seasonally in the summer and fall along the coast of the königsberg lagoon. the ingestion of fish, usually cooked, was common among those who became ill, and the species of fish associated with the sickness included burbot (lota lota), eel (anguilla anguilla), and pike (esox sp .). there were also reports of seabirds and cats dying after eating fish in the wild .\ndue to the absence of fever and because of the fairly rapid onset of symptoms after eating cooked fish, a toxin is believed to be the cause of haff disease. (2) several toxic etiologies have been proposed for the disease, (3) but none have been confirmed. they include arsenic poisoning, (3) which is still cited in modern medical dictionaries as the cause of haff disease. the toxin does not have an unusual smell or taste, and it might be thermostable because it is not destroyed upon cooking. (4 )\nfrom 1934 to 1984, other outbreaks similar to haff disease were described in sweden (5) and the former soviet union. (6, 7) the first two cases reported in the united states occurred in texas in june 1984. from 1984 to 1996, only four other cases were reported in the united states, two in los angeles and two in san francisco (both cities in california). in 1997 five cases of haff disease were reported in the united states (in california and missouri) during a 5 - month period (march to august), all of the cases were associated with the ingestion of buffalo fish (ictiobus sp .). (8) in 2001, more cases were reported in the united states that involved the ingestion of freshwater crayfish (cambaridae family) (9) in missouri and salmon in north carolina. (2) in september 2010, some cases of haff disease that were associated with the consumption of freshwater crayfish (parastacidae family) were reported in china. (10 )\nhis vital signs were within the normal range, except for his heart rate, which was elevated (at approximately 120 bpm). on physical examination, there was diffuse abdominal pain on palpation, and none of the following symptoms: pain localization, guarding, visceromegaly, palpable masses or peritoneal irritation signs .\nthe patient received intravenous analgesics and antispasmodic drugs, while diagnostic investigation was started. his initial laboratory tests revealed leukocytosis with neutrophilia and no elevation of c - reactive protein. abdominal computed tomography showed no significant abnormality. his abdominal pain was refractory to intravenous analgesia, including opioids, a fact that stood out to the physicians on duty .\nin the brazilian northern region, his total cpk and myoglobin were measured. they were both extremely elevated (total cpk: 4, 456u / l and myoglobin 37, 868. 5ng / ml). a diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis was made as the ratio of total cpk / cpk - mb was greater than 5 (\n). the patient was hospitalized, intravenous hydration was initiated, and the analgesic treatment was intensified .\nafter his admission to the intensive care unit (icu), intravenous bicarbonate was administered to promote urine alkalization and renal protection. the patient’s myoglobin (acute phase muscle injury marker) level reduced gradually, there was a sudden and transient elevation in the total cpk level followed by a gradual decrease in the level, as expected in cases of rhabdomyolysis with a benign course (\nthe patient maintained good hourly diuresis and his nitrogen waste was within the normal range. he was discharged from the icu on the 5 th day after admission, at which time he did not require further urine alkalization and the muscle injury markers continued to decrease. no fluid and electrolyte imbalance was observed during this period .\nthe patient was discharged from the hospital on the 8 th day after admission. he was asymptomatic, and his muscle injury markers were within the normal range .\nhaff disease is an emerging disease that was first described less than one century ago. it is characterized by symptoms of rhabdomyolysis associated with ingestion of fresh water fish. (1) a toxin is believed to be inducing the rhabdomyolysis and causing this disease, (2) but no toxin has been identified .\nsome fresh water fish species, (1 - 8, 11) and even crawfish species, (9, 10) seem to be implicated in the development of haff disease, and the disease seems to occur in outbreaks .\nin the case report, we describe an unusual presentation of haff disease, the patient who presented to the emergency room with an acute abdomen, suggesting that rhabdomyolysis should be considered a differential diagnosis for the acute abdomen when an epidemiologic history and other potential explanations for the abdominal pain have been excluded .\nthe diagnosis of haff disease is based on clinical suspicion, epidemiologic history (ingestion of freshwater fish in the 24 hours preceding the event), and the levels of muscle necrosis markers, particularly myoglobin and creatine kinase. it is worth emphasizing the importance of notifying the cases and obtaining samples of the meal ingested for toxin identification. differential diagnosis should include other toxidromes in which rhabdomyolysis is present (e. g. , arsenic, mercury, organophosphate poisoning) .\nhaff disease and all cases rhabdomyolysis should be treated aggressively to prevent severe metabolic and renal effects, which can lead to acute renal failure and other causes of morbidity and mortality .\nbuchholz u, mouzin e, dickey r, moolenaar r, sass n, mascola l. haff disease: from the baltic sea to the u. s. shore .\nleshchenko pd, khoroshilova nv, slipchenko lm, kaznacheĭ ria. observation of haff - uchs disease cases .\ncenters for disease control and prevention (cdc) haff disease associated with eating buffalo fish - - united states, 1997 .\nkrishna n, wood j. it looked like a myocardial infarction after eating crawfish... ever heard of haff disease ?\nzhang b, yang g, yu x, mao h, xing c, liu j. haff disease after eating crayfish in east china .\ndos santos mc, de albuquerque bc, pinto rc, aguiar gp, lescano ag, santos jh, et al. outbreak of haff disease in the brazilian amazon .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nlanguages of hunter - gatherers and their neighbors: a collection of lexical, grammatical, and other information about languages spoken by hunter - gatherers and their neighbors .\nfreshwater; benthopelagic; ph range: 5. 0 - 7. 8; dh range: ? - 20; potamodromous (ref. 51243). tropical; 22°c - 28°c (ref. 1672), preferred ?\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\noccurs over mud and silt in streams and lakes. feeds on fish, insects, and plants (ref. 9133) .\nplants / detritus + animals (troph. 2. 2 - 2. 79 )\ntrophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine .\namazon, orinoco and paraguay - paraná river basins: argentina, bolovia, brazil, colombia, ecuador, paraguay, peru and venezuela .\n25. 0 cm sl (male / unsexed; (ref. 39031) ); max. published weight: 1, 000 g (ref. )\nbenthopelagic; potamodromous (ref. 51243); freshwater; ph range: 5. 0 - 7. 8; dh range: 20\npotamodromous. migrating within streams, migratory in rivers, e. g. saliminus, moxostoma, labeo. migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. no available public dna sequences. download fasta file\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthis paper aims to describe the spatial - temporal variability in catch of the main fishery resources of the amazon river and floodplain lakes of the lower amazon, as well as relating the catch per unit of effort with anomalies of some of the amazon river, atmosphere and atlantic ocean system variables, determining the influence of the environment on the amazonian fishery resources. finfish landings data from the towns and villages of the lower amazon for the fisheries of three sites (óbidos, santarém and monte alegre), were obtained for the period between january 1993 and december 2004. analysis of variance, detrended correspondence analysis, redundancy analysis and multiple regression techniques were used for the statistical analysis of the distinct time series. fisheries production in the lower amazon presents differences between the amazon river and the floodplain lakes. production in the amazon river is approximately half of the one of the floodplain lakes. this variability occurs both along the lower amazon river region (longitudinal gradient) and laterally (latitudinal gradient) for every fishing ground studied here. the distinct environmental variables alone or in association act differently on the fishery stocks and the success of catches in each fishery group studied here. important variables are the flooding events; the soil the sea surface temperatures; the humidity; the wind and the occurence of el niño - southern oscillation events. fishery productivity presents a large difference in quantity and distribution patterns between the river and floodplain lakes. this variability occurs in the region of the lower amazon as well as laterally for each fishery group studied, being dependent on the ecological characteristics and life strategies of each fish group considered here .\ncitation: pinaya whd, lobon - cervia fj, pita p, buss de souza r, freire j, isaac vj (2016) multispecies fisheries in the lower amazon river and its relationship with the regional and global climate variability. plos one 11 (6): e0157050. urltoken\ncopyright: © 2016 pinaya et al. this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\ndata availability: the environmental data and climate indexes are available in public repositories as follows: meteorological data are available in the website: urltoken. the sea surface temperature data are available in the website: urltoken. the hydrological data are available in the website: urltoken. climate indexes are available in the website: urltoken. the set of raw fishing data are obtained through the brazilian ministry of fisheries and the chico mendes institute for biodiversity conservation. the fishing data used here were processed by the authors of this paper as cpue (catch per unit effort) and were made available for plos one readers in the supplementary file (s2 cpue river and s3 cpue lake) .\nfunding: funding for translation and publishing was provided by the pro - reitoria de pesquisa e pos - graduacao (urltoken) and fundacao de amparo e desenvolvimento da pesquisa (urltoken) from universidade federal do para (urltoken). whdp was supported by brazilian ph. d. scholarships from the coordenacao de aperfeicoamento de pessoal de nivel superior of brazil (urltoken). rbs was supported by scholarship in research productivity pq cnpq 308646 / 2013 - 4 from the brazilian national council for scientific and technological development (urltoken). the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. the specific role of this author is articulated in the' author contributions' section .\nfishing is a major activity in the amazon river since the origins of the earliest native communities in the region [ 1 ]. in the lower amazon, this activity is different from other regions due to the large amount of species explored, their production and their different impacts on each of the human communities present in the region [ 2 ]. the fishery in this region is essentially artisanal and based on a diversity of fishing methods, with different degrees of technological development. different fishing tactics are frequently applied, depending on the target species and the local environment [ 3 ], contributing to increase the uncertainties of our understanding of the fisheries in the amazon .\nthe estimated number of fish species in the amazon ranges from 1500–2000 to 8, 000 species according to different authors [ 4 – 5 ]. however, the commercially exploited species varies within a narrow range of six to twelve species that correspond to about 80% of the total fish biomass landed [ 2 ]. the composition of the catch is related to the specific environment that predominates where the fishery is made as well to the nature and costumes of the regional communities. this is well exemplified by the predominance of scale fishes relative to catfish in the central amazon region which is echoed in the fish supply of the local markets [ 2 ] .\nfish species exhibit adaptative tactics to cope with the seasonal changes in the hydrological cycle in the regions where they occur: either the floodplain lakes and / or in the main course of the amazon river [ 2 ]. in order to understand the dynamics and composition of these fish species, it is critical to document their adaptative tactics and, therefore, new research is needed to better understand the biological cycles, feeding strategies, metabolism, individual growth and development and migration behaviour of the amazonian fish. [ 6 – 14 ] .\nthe distribution and ecology of fishery resources in the amazon region are determined by the natural surroundings, availability of environments, meteorological characteristics and variability of the hydrological cycle. with a higher discharge, the amazon river floods its banks and expand itself over the surrounding floodplains [ 2 ]. thus, the flooding dynamics is expected to act over the fishery dynamics. early works show that there is a strong relationship between the amazonian hydrological cycle and the local fish catches throughout the year [ 15 ]. floodplains and wetland forests are extremely valuable in ensuring the success of amazonian commercial fisheries, which leads to the consequent need for their conservation [ 16 – 19 ] .\nto ensure a sustainable fishery and its long - term conservation, the concept of managing landscape units should be considered: we ought to understand the resources within the environment as a whole and their variability within the river - flooding plains system. likewise, when considering the climate variability and changes, the ecological approach taken to understand the fisheries should consider the meso to macro spatial scales. this is paramount if we aim to strengthen our public conservation policies and improve the management of the fisheries resources in the amazon river basin region. these aspects indicate the importance of understanding the direct interactions between the living resources and their environment [ 2 ] .\nsome authors have studied the variability of the hydrological cycle and its relationship with the dynamics, recruitment and catch of commercial species in inland waters, in diverse places in the world [ 20 – 32 ], but not in the amazon river basin. to contribute to this lack of knowledge, this paper aims to study the spatial - temporal variability in catch of the main fisheries resources in the lower amazon, considering the different aquatic environments, i. e. , the amazon river and the floodplain lakes. this paper also aims to describe the relationship between fishery productivity using the variable cpue (catch per unit effort) and anomalies of some environmental variables of the river - atmosphere - ocean system, determining the influence of the environment on the the success of the local fisheries .\nthe study area covers the fisheries grounds of óbidos, santarém and monte alegre, in the region of the lower amazon, between latitudes 1° 43’s– 2° 37’s and longitudes 55°55’w– 53°46’w (fig 1) .\nthe lower amazon and the subdivision in three areas: óbidos, santarém and monte alegre .\ninformation on catch per species and fishing effort from january 1993 to december 2004 was collected on a daily basis for each fishing trip by means of interviews with the skippers or those responsible on the vessels that dock in the major catch landing ports of the study area [ 15 ]. the time series of fisheries data included 163, 546 identification records of fishing units, where each record corresponds to a single fishing trip. with the selection of attributes–fishing boat and gill net–the series were reduced to 19, 484 records for the river environment and 37, 624 records for the floodplain lakes, only considering here the fisheries in the lower amazon. this selection is justified since it is known that gill net is the main fishing method in the lower amazon, and the fishing boats (boats with their own crew for catching fish) are the most representative units of this artisanal fleet, accounting for over 80% of all the fisheries production in the region [ 33 ]. a criteria for reducing the number of species studied here from all species caught in the lower amazon region included the use of a multivariate analysis (discussed later on this text). the analysis was performed over a number of fish families that represented about 80% of the local fish production in each of the two environments studied here: river and floodplain lakes .\ndue to the low abundances and small importance on the regional fisheries, some fish families were not considered here. they are: anostomidae, serrasalmidae and loricariidae at óbidos (for the river environment); loricariidae and doradidae at óbidos and clupeidae at monte alegre (for the floodplain lakes). the most representative fish families of our study area were the pimelodidae (in the amazon rover and especially during the dry season) and the hypophthalmidae (in the lakes and especially during the wet season) .\nthe hydrological data of the amazon river used here were the discharge (ard) for óbidos, water level (wl) for santarém and a spatial average of rainfall (rf) for the lower amazon region were obtained from the brazilian water management agency (ana, agência nacional de águas– urltoken). time series at the monthly temporal resolution were obtained for the same period of the fishery data, covering january 1993 to december 2004. the time series were used for calculating the climatology means of discharge, water level and rainfall for the lower amazon river region during the period analysed here .\nother meteorological data apart from rainfall were obtained from the ncep / ncar (national centers for environmental prediction / national center for atmospheric research) reanalysis project. we used data from both n / n reanalysis [ 34 ] and reanalysis 2 [ 35 ] databanks. monthly averages were used, distributed in a gaussian grid with a spatial resolution of 1. 8758 km x 1. 9058 km (latitude / longitude). the variables studied here were zonal (u) and meridional (v) wind surface (10 m) anomalies, surface (2 m) specific humidity (spfh), minimum air temperature (tmp), soil temperature (tmpsfc), potential evaporation (pevpr), latent heat flux (lhf) and runoff (runof). the meteorological data is publicly available on - line (urltoken) .\nmonthly sea surface temperature (sst) data were also obtained in a 4 × 4 km grid along the coast of pará and amapá states in the brazilian amazonia, as well as for the mouth of the amazon river. this oceanographic variable was obtained from the “optimum interpolation sea surface temperature version 2—first guess sst field” dataset, processed with the nlsst (non linear sea surface temperature) algorithm, available on the database of the pathfinder project v. 5. (pv5) developed by the nodc (national oceanographic data center - urltoken) and rsmas (rosenstiel school of marine and atmospheric science, —university of miami )\nin order to time correlate the oscillations found in the fisheries time series with climatological events possibly affecting the study region, we used time series of some known climatic indices. owing to known linkages of climatic events such as the el niño - southern oscillation (enso) and the variability of the sst fields in the atlantic ocean [ 36 – 40 ], we used the multivariate enso index (mei), the north atlantic oscillation index (nao) and the inter - hemispheric sst gradient of the atlantic (gita). the time series of mei and nao indexes were obtained from urltoken. the gita index was calculated by the diference between sst anomalies in the north and the south atlantic ocean [ 41 ] .\nin order to measure productivity, catch per unit of effort (cpue) was estimated here for each fishery and species. cpue is defined as the amount of fisheries resource caught by an effort unit employed. the cpue was estimated by using catch in tonnes divided by the effort (number of fishermen x fishing days). the cpue estimate was made by using the jackknife method, described as [\nis the effort for the same month and fishery. the jackknife method was selected since it is recommended for situations in which there is a lack of knowledge on the behaviour of the choosen variables, as is the case in the majority of fisheries studies [\nthe cpue, on the other hand, will be considered as being related not only to catching the resource, but also to the availability of the fishery environment, i. e. , both its catchability (q) and its abundance (a), as shown below :\nour amazonian fisheries data were grouped according to the taxonomic family and the monthly value of the cpue was estimated for each fishery site (óbidos, santarém and monte alegre) and fishery environment (river and floodplain lakes) .\nthere are two different fish markets in our study region. industrial fish processing companies are located in óbidos and santarém while local consumption markets are mainly located in santarém and monte alegre. this fact contributes for the fisheries dynamics in the lower amazon region. in order to improve our future multivariate statistical analysis, we took into account the fish market as well as the different fish sites and the environmental variables. a fish market index was produced here in order to account for the fisheries destination, aiming to take into consideration the economical drivers of the lower amazon fisheries. the market index is set to be 1 (one) when the monthly fish production was destined toward the industrial processing companies and 0 (zero) when it was destined toward the local consumption markets. the estimate of the market index was made using the following equations :\nis the marked index for the lake environment; pi is the catch of pimelodidae and hy is the catch of hypophthalmidae, the two more representative families in the two studied environments. market indexes were computed for the two different environments and also for the different fishery locals .\nin order to avoid possible distortions on our inferences as well as weak conclusions all our biological and environmental data were subject to a robust statistical method to test for the collinearity among all variables studied here. the method is described in [ 44 ]. when some of our variables are highly correlated we can opt on despise one or some of them aiming to not repeat our interpretations. following [ 45 ], we used here the pearson correlation method and used dispersion diagrams to analize the collinearity among our data .\nthe results from the pearson correlation analysis are seen in table 1 and fig 2. as expected, the analysis indicates that the flooding pulse of the amazon river floodplains is very correlated with the river' s discharge (correlation coeficient, cc = 0. 79). at the same time, the surface (soil) temperature is correlated to the air temperature (cc = 0. 80) and with enso events (cc = 0. 59). the sst anomalies of the continental shelf of amapá, amazon river mouth and pará are highly correlated among them (cc > 0. 90) .\n( ard) amazon river discharge, (wl) water level, (rf) rainfall, (u) zonal wind component, (v) meridional wind component, (tmpsfc) surface temperature, (tmin2m) air temperature, (spfh2m) specific humidity at 2 m height, (swsoilm) water content of the soil, (pevpr) potential evaporation, (runof) runoff, (lhf) latent heat flux, (ssta) sea surface temperature, (mei) multivariate enso index, (gita) atlantic i nter - hemispheric sea surface temperature gradient, (nao) north atlantic oscillation, (ap) continental shelf of amapá, (az) continental shelf of the amazon, (pa) continental shelf of pará .\npearson’s correlation coeficients between environmental variables. (p < 0. 05) .\nafter the collinearity tests, the environmental variables used here were reduced to the following: discharge anomaly of the amazon river (ard); rainfall (rf); water level (wl); zonal (u) and meridional (v) components of the wind; surface temperature (temp); air humidity (spfh); runoff (runof); latent heat flux (lhf); sea surface temperature (ssta); climatic indexes mei, gita and nao .\nmany distinct mathematical and statistical models have been applied into fisheries data. among them, the multivariate regression analysis like the autoregressive integrated moving average (arima) and the general linear model (glm) are highly recommended [ 46 – 53 ]. some authors also employ efficiency models relating fish production with some environmental variables [ 54 – 56 ]. the redundancy analysis (rda) is also a model largely employed in ecological studies to analyse data time series. this method when applyed to fisheries studies empirically assums that the several environmental variables regulate the fishery resources' dinamics as much as the fishery effort do [ 45 ]. this kind of analysis assumes a linear behavior for the variables studied allowing that the unkown variables fit into a linear regression model .\nfor all the variables analysed here, tests for normality were conducted and the data homocedasticity was analysed using the shapiro - wilk and bartlett tests, respectively, accepted for the significant level of p < 0. 05. the analysis of variance (anova) test was applied aiming to test the variance in the monthly average cpue according to the taxonomic family of the most abundant fish species in the lower amazon region. for the anova, the factors established were the taxonomic families, the fisheries region, the months and the years of the fisheries .\nordination was made for the three fishing grounds studies here (óbidos, santarém and monte alegre) as well as for their respective fishery environments (river and floodplain lakes) using the detrended correspondence analysis (dca) of the monthly averaged cpue [ 57 ]. the cpue values analysed here were logarithmically transformed before proceeding with the analysis [ 58 ]. dca is a statistical tool mainly used to explore the data and show initial relationships in one source of data, although it can also be used to choose between linear or unimodal ordination methods [ 59 ]. this analysis made possible to graphically visualize the variation in the associations between our variables .\nthe relationships between the monthly averaged cpue related to the taxonomic family and the environmental variables were analyzed using the rda and the multiple regression. rda was also employed using a matrix of explanatory variables (environmental variables) to quantify the variation in a matrix of response variables (cpue), assuming linear relationships between all variables [ 60 ]. rda is a tool that has been extensively used to analyze ecological relationships, e. g. between abundance data and environment variables. environmental data are used to extract patterns from the explained variation only. rda was he linear gradient analysis method. the focus scaling was on inter - species correlations and species score was divided by standard deviation. we also applied a fourth root transformation into our species data which were previously normalized and standardized. the forward selection of environment variables was made by manual selection with the best k of 24 variables and using monte carlo permutation tests with 9999 unrestrict permutations. the data set was then randomized and each variable was analyzed on its own .\nthe multiple regression method used here was the backward stepwise method applied to a confidence level of 2 (f fisher - snedecor value). the dependent variables were the cpue while the independent variables were the environmental variables and the market index. the fisheries data were transformed through the fourth root transformation. all regressions significant to p < 0. 05 were considered here for future analysis. all the statistical analysis from the anova and the multiple regression tests were made using the statistica7. 0 ® software resulting in several statistical models which relate cpue with the environmental variables and the market index. when performing the dca we used the pcord software run at the natural sciences museum in madrid, spain. the rda was run using the canoco program for windows 4. 54 [ 60 ] .\nfor the period 1993–2004, the estimated total fisheries production in the lower amazon region was 17, 482 t, with a monthly mean of 122 t (std = 49 t). august and september of 1994, 1995, 2001 and 2002 were the months with the highest catches. these months were part of interannual periods of ebb - drought in the amazon river basin. december 2002 and 2003, january and february 2000 and 2004 were the months with the lowest catches in the study region. these periods coincide with the wet period of the study region. the most caught species (81. 4% of total) were hypophthalmus marginatus and h. edentatus (26. 9 %), brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (11. 6 %), prochilodus nigricans (8. 6 %), plagioscion sp. and pachypops sp. (5. 4 %), pseudoplatystoma fasciatum and p. tigrinum (5. 3 %), liposarcus pardalis (5. 0 %), semaprochiloduns taeniurus and s. insignis (4. 5 %), pimelodina flavipinnis (3. 8 %), schizodon fasciatum and leporinus trifasciatus (3. 4 %) and brachyplatystoma vaillanti (3. 2 %). each fishing trip presented a mean fishing effort of 6 fishermen (std = 2 fishermen) and 4 fishing days (std = 1 day) .\nin the lentic environment associated to the amazon river, a rising trend was noted in total fish production, contrary to what commonly occurs in rivers. the years from 2001 to 2003 had the highest fish production, while the lowest productions were recorded in 1993 and from 1997 to 1999 (fig 4). the wet period between february and march presented the highest values while the lowest values were related to the amazonian drought - flood period, from october to december. the target species most caught in floodplain lakes during the study period were hypophthalmus marginatus and h. edentatus (50. 1 %), plagioscion spp. and pachypops spp. (7. 3 %), pimelodina flavipinnis (7. 1 %), liposarcus pardalis (6. 1 %) and prochilodus nigricans (4. 7 %), colossoma macropomum (3. 5 %) and pseudoplatystoma fasciatum and p. tigrinum (3. 2 %). these species accounted for 82. 2% of the total production of 12, 782 t in the study period. the fish production monthly mean was 89 t (std = 43 t) .\nmonthly fishery production by species in floodplain lakes near the fishery grounds of óbidos, santarém and monte alegre, from january 1993 to december 2004. (hyp) hypophthalmus marginatus and h. edentatus, (lip) liposarcus pardalis, (pro) prochilodus nigricans, (pif) pimelodina flavipinnis, (pac) plagioscion spp. and pachypops spp. (pse), pseudoplatystoma fasciatum and p. tigrinum, (col) colossoma macropomum .\nwhen we group the species caught into their taxonomic families, the presence of 20 families of five orders are noted. the most important families are the hypophthalmidae, pimelodidae, sciaenidae, prochilodontidae, loricariidae, anostomidae, cichlidae, clupeidae and doradidae. the evolution of the cpue by taxonomic family caught in the lower amazon indicates an interannual variation and specificities that vary according to the fishery environment. the families pimelodidae are mostly caught in the river (fig 5a) while hypophthalmidae are mostly caught in floodplain lakes (fig 5b). these two taxonomic groups account for a higher cpue observed in 1996 and 1999 .\ndiagram showing temporal variation in the average cpue by taxonomic family in the catches in the (a) amazon river, and in (b) floodplain lakes in the lower amazon, from january 1993 to december 2004. (hy) hypophthalmidae, (pi) pimelodidae, (sc) sciaenidae, (pc) prochilodontidae, (lr) loricariidae, (sr) serrasalmidae, (an) anostomidae, (ci) cichlidae, (cl) clupeidae, (dr) doradidae .\nduring the period of this study, the catch and cpue varied according to the environment and the fishing area not always being directly proportional (table 2). to illustrate this, in the river environment of santarém, the most caught family was pimelodidae with a monthly average of 12. 16 t, while the family with the highest cpue was hypophthalmidae, with, 10. 44 kg·fisherman - 1 ·day - 1 and a catch mean of only 787 kg per month. in the case of floodplain lakes, the highest catch was of hypophthalmidae in óbidos (18. 15 t per month) which coincides with the highest cpue (16. 40 kg·fisherman - 1 ·day - 1). cpue for the same hypophthalmidae family was also very high in monte alegre and santarém (16. 33 kg·fisherman - 1 ·day - 1 and 15. 10 kg·fisherman - 1 ·day - 1 respectively). in the lake environment, the loricaridae family presented a high cpue (10. 83 kg·fisherman - 1 ·day - 1), but ranks in low position among the most caught families in lakes (2. 06 t per month). we conclude that the fishing effort was not always directly related to the total catch .\nmonthly averaged fish production (kg) and cpue (kg·fisherman - 1 ·day - 1) per taxonomic family and fish caught and by artisanal driftnet fishery environment in the lower amazon .\nthe anova results for the correlations between the monthly averaged cpue and four spatial - temporal variables (year, month, fishing ground and taxonomic family, table 3) show that all the variables considered were found significant (p < 0. 5) except for the correlation between month and fishing ground in floodplain lakes (table 3, correlation lake 2 * 3). fig 6 presents a visual illustration of the anova results for the cpue correlations with the taxonomic family and the year for both the river and lake environments. fig 6a indicates that in the river, the family pimelodidae presents the highest cpue followed by the hypophthalmidae and prochilodontidae families. in the floodplain lakes, hypophthalmidae' s cpue stands out followed by loricariidae' s. the interannual variability can be accessed through the anova graphics seen in fig 6b where the year of 2001 (2004) is the one when the maximum (minimum) cpue was produced for the river environment. in the floodplain lakes, maximum (minimum) cpue was produced in 1994 (1995). the big discrepancies in cpue between one year to the other will be discussed later on this text .\ngraphic illustration of the results of the anova test for the average cpue for fisheries in the river (above) and floodplain lakes (below) in the lower amazon, by taxonomic family and year. (xa) level of the factor, (a) family and (b) year." ]

{ "text": [ "mylossoma duriventre , the silver mylossoma , is a species of freshwater serrasalmid fish endemic to tropical and subtropical south america .", "it grows to a maximum length of about 25 cm ( 10 in ) and a weight of 1 kg ( 2.2 lb ) .", "it is the subject of a local fishery , being known as palu in brazil and palometa in venezuela ( names it shares with several relatives ) . " ], "topic": [ 22, 0, 15 ] }

[ "mylossoma duriventre, the silver mylossoma, is a species of freshwater serrasalmid fish endemic to tropical and subtropical south america. it grows to a maximum length of about 25 cm (10 in) and a weight of 1 kg (2.2 lb). it is the subject of a local fishery, being known as palu in brazil and palometa in venezuela (names it shares with several relatives)." ]

[ "bicyclus ephorus weymer, 1892; stettin ent. ztg 53 (4 - 6): 79\nbicyclus auricruda; [ bow ]: pl. 115, f. 2; [ nhm card ]\nbicyclus anynana; [ bk ]: 271, pl. 29, f. 419; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus vansoni condamin, 1965; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 27: 1101\nbicyclus similis condamin, 1963; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 25: 902\nbicyclus sylvicolus condamin, 1961; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 23: 788\nbicyclus nachtetis condamin, 1965; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 27: 1104\nbicyclus maesseni condamin, 1970; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 32: 1071\nbicyclus xeneoides condamin, 1961; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 23: 791\nbicyclus howarthi condamin, 1963; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 25: 908\nbicyclus sambulos cyaneus condamin, 1961; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 23: 783\nbicyclus sambulos unicolor condamin, 1970; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 32: 1068\nbicyclus campina; [ bow ]: pl. 115, f. 3; [ nhm card ]; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus campinus carcassoni condamin, 1963; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 25: 1164\nbicyclus matuta idjwiensis condamin, 1965; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 27: 1440\nbicyclus sanaos melas condamin, 1965; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 27: 1442\nbicyclus sophrosyne overlaeti condamin, 1965; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 27: 1103\nbicyclus smithi eurypterus condamin, 1965; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 27: 1445\nbicyclus ignobilis acutus condamin, 1965; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 27: 1447\nbicyclus xeneas occidentalis condamin, 1965; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 27: 1108\nbicyclus trilophus jacksoni condamin, 1961; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 23: 796\nbicyclus saussurei angustus condamin, 1970; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 32: 1073\nbicyclus suffusa ituriensis condamin, 1970; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 32: 1076\n= bicyclus denina; lamas, 2010, shilap revta. lepid. 38 (150): (197 - 204 )\nbicyclus is a butterfly genus from the subfamily satyrinae in the family nymphalidae. the species are found in the afrotropical ecozone .\nbicyclus moyses condamin & fox, 1964; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 26: 629\nbicyclus ignobilis eurini condamin & fox, 1963; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 25: 1166\nbicyclus kenia; [ bafr ], 169; [ bk ]: 266, pl. 28, f. 403; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus mandanes; [ bafr ], 169; [ bk ]: 267, pl. 28, f. 404; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus vulgaris; [ bafr ], 170; [ bk ]: 267, pl. 28, f. 406; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus sandace; [ bafr ], 170; [ bk ]: 267, pl. 28, f. 407; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus ena; [ bafr ], 170; [ bk ]: 268, pl. 29, f. 409; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus buea; [ bafr ], 172; [ bk ]: 269, pl. 29, f. 411; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus golo; [ bafr ], 174; [ bk ]: 270, pl. 29, f. 416; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus safitza; [ afrl ]; larsen & vane - wright, 2012, shilap revta. lepid. 40 (157): 85\nbicyclus campus; [ bafr ], 178; [ bk ]: 271, pl. 29, f. 421; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus milyas; [ bafr ], 179; [ bk ]: 272, pl. 30, f. 423a; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus pavonis; [ bafr ], 179; [ bk ]: 272, pl. 30, f. 423; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus funebris; [ bafr ], 179; [ bk ]: 273, pl. 30, f. 424; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus sophrosyne sophrosyne; [ bafr ], 173; [ bk ]: 269, pl. 29, f. 413; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus smithi smithi; [ bafr ], 174; [ bk ]: 270, pl. 29, f. 415; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus xeneas; [ afrl ]; [ bow ]: pl. 117, f. 6 (text only); [ nhm card ]\nbicyclus safitza safitza; [ bafr ], 178; [ bk ]: 271, pl. 29, f. 420; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus mesogena mesogena; [ bafr ], 168 (text); [ bk ]: 266, pl. 28, f. 402; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus rileyi condamin, 1961; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 23: 792; tl: cameroun, bitje - ja\nbicyclus jefferyi; [ bk ]: 268, pl. 28, f. 408; [ nhm card ]; [ bafr ], 170; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus istaris; [ bk ]: 269, pl. 29, f. 412; [ nhm card ]; [ bafr ], 172; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus mollitia; [ nhm card ]; [ bafr ], 173; [ bk ]: 269, pl. 29, f. 414; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus saussurei angustus; [ nhm card ]; [ bafr ], 177; [ bk ]: 270, pl. 29, f. 418; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus taenias; [ bow ]: pl. 118, f. 2 (text only); [ nhm card ]; [ bafr ], 179; [ afrl ]\ndicothyris karsch, 1893; berl. ent. z. 38 (1 / 2): 203; ts: mycalesis sambulos hewitson\nw. nigeria, cameroun, gabon, congo republic, zaire, equatorial guinea. see [ maps ]\nhewitsonii nyongensis (birket - smith, 1960) (mycalesis); bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 22: 550\nephorus bergeri condamin, 1965; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 27: 1099\nmycalesis graueri rebel, 1914; ann. mus. wien. 28: 256\ns. nigeria - cameroun, gabon, fernando póo (macías nguema i .). see [ maps ]\nidiomorphus zinebi butler, 1869; ann. mag. nat. hist. (4) 3 (13): 19, pl. 9, f. 4; tl: gold coast\nkenya, e. zaire, uganda (toro). see [ maps ]\nmesogena mesogenina grünberg, 1912 ²; ergeb. dt. z. - afr. exped. 3 (zool. 1): 509\nmycalesis sambulos hewitson, 1877; ill. exot. butts [ 4 ] (mycalesis & idiomorphus): [ 65 ], pl. [ 34 ], f. 63 - 64; tl: gaboon\nc. kenya (highlands), loita, mau hills, n. tanzania, n. lake victoria, s. sudan. see [ maps ]\nmycalesis (?) kenia rogenhofer, 1891; ann. mus. wien 6 (3): 462, pl. 15, f. 8\nsenegal - w. kenya, tanzania (forests), uganda, zaire, gabon, angola. see [ maps ]\ngambia - angola, uganda, tanzania, w. kenya. see [ maps ]\nmycalesis tolosa plötz, 1880; stettin ent. ztg 41 (4 - 6): 197; tl: abo, aburi und victoria\nburundi, rwanda, tanzania, zaire, uganda, w. kenya. see [ maps ]\nmycalesis sandace hewitson, 1877; ill. exot. butts [ 4 ] (mycalesis & idiomorphus): [ 65 ], pl. [ 34 ], f. 65; tl: fernando po\nzululand - swaziland, e. transvaal, rhodesia - kenya, uganda. see [ maps ]\nmoçambique, rhodesia, zambia, zimbabwe - zaire, e. kenya. see [ maps ]\nrhodesia, mozambique, malawi, zambia, s. tanzania, s. zaire (shaba )\ne. tanzania (usambara mts. - iringa). see [ maps ]\nmycalesis albocincta rebel, 1914; ann. mus. wien. 28: 260, pl. 21, f. 33 - 34\nmycalesis neustetteri rebel, 1914; ann. mus. wien. 28: 257, pl. 21, f. 29 - 32\nmycalesis matuta karsch, 1894; ent. nachr. 20 (14 / 15): 228\nmycalesis persimilis joicey & talbot, 1921; bull. hill mus. 1 (1): 76, pl. 13, f. 38 - 40; tl: ruwenzori, western slopes\nw. tanzania (kungwe - mahale mts .). see [ maps ]\nmycalesis (monotrichtis) buea strand, 1912; archiv naturg. 77 (suppl. 4): 109; tl: buea; musake\nbrunnea (jackson, 1951) (monotrichtis); proc. r. ent. soc. lond. (b) 20: 97\nw. kenya, uganda, e. zaire, s. zaire. see [ maps ]\nmycalesis abnormis dudgeon, 1909; bull. ent. soc. lond. 1909: lii\nmycalesis fernandina schultze, 1914; ent. rundsch. 31 (9): 49; tl: fernando po\nsmithi poensis condamin, 1963; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 25: 906\nmycalesis technatis hewitson, 1877; ill. exot. butts [ 4 ] (mycalesis & idiomorphus): [ 66 ], pl. [ 34 ], f. 67; tl: gaboon\ne. nigeria - cameroun, gabon, congo republic. see [ maps ]\nmycalesis nobilis aurivillius, 1893; ent. tidskr. 14: 269, pl. 6, f. 1 - 2\nmycalesis ignobilis butler, 1870; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1870 (1): 124; tl: gold coast\nmycalesis alboplaga rebel, 1914; ann. mus. wien. 28: 257, pl. 21, f. 27 - 28\nmycalesis elionas hewitson, 1866; ill. exot. butts [ 4 ] (mycalesis vii - viii): [ 59 ], pl. [ 31 ], f. 41 - 42; tl: old calabar\nmycalesis dekeyseri condamin, 1958; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 20: 1348\nghana - cameroun, s. zaire (shaba), uganda. see [ maps ]\nmycalesis dubia aurivillius, 1893; ent. tidskr. 14: 270, f. 4\nzaire, uganda, rwanda, burundi, w. tanzania, kenya (montane). see [ maps ]\nburundi, rwanda, e. zaire (kivu), uganda, nw. tanzania, w. kenya (mt. elgon )\nmycalesis saussurei suffusa riley, 1921; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1921 (1 - 2): 240; tl: nw. rhodesia, solwezi\nrhodesia, moçambique, natal, swaziland - ethiopia, s. somalia, kenya, uganda, e. zaire, comoros, socotra. see [ maps ]\nmycalesis anynana var. neglecta thurau, 1903; berl. ent. z. 48: 119 [ dry - season ]\nkenya - tanzania, zambia, malawi, mozambique, rhodesia, botswana, s. africa, comoro is .\nanynana centralis condamin, 1968; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 30: 603\nmycalesis safitza ab. semicoeca strand, 1910; soc. ent. 25 (2): 6; tl: usambara\nsw. tanzania (mpanda), zambia, malawi, n. rhodesia. see [ maps ]\nn. zambia, s. zaire (shaba), s. tanzania, w. tanzania. see [ maps ]\nsenegal - ethiopia, w. kenya - mozambique, zimbabwe. see [ maps ]\nw. africa, cameroun, c. a. r. , n. zaire, sudan, uganda, ethiopia\nmycalesis milyas hewitson, 1864; ill. exot. butts [ 4 ] (mycalesis v - vi): [ 57 ], pl. [ 30 ], f. 34; tl: white nile\nmycalesis pavonis butler, 1876; ann. mag. nat. hist. (4) 18: 481; tl: abyssinia\nfunebris orientalis (ungemach, 1932) (mycalesis); mém. soc. sci. nat. phys. maroc 32: 50\nguinea, sierra leone - gabon, c. zaire (kasai). see [ maps ]\nmycalesis uniformis bethune - baker, 1908; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 2 (12): 470; tl: makala - beni\nmycalesis hyperanthus bethune - baker, 1908; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 2 (12): 469; tl: makala; beni - mawambe\nnigeria, cameroun - gabon, congo republic, c. zaire. see [ maps ]\nmycalesis sciathis hewitson, 1866; ill. exot. butts [ 4 ] (mycalesis vii - viii): [ 62 ], pl. [ 32 ], f. 55 - 56; tl: old calabar\nguinea - nigeria, zaire, w. uganda (bwamba). see [ maps ]\nmycalesis feae aurivillius, 1910; ann. mus. stor. nat. genova (3) 4 / 44: 516; tl: moca, 1400m\nmycalesis analis aurivillius, 1895; ent. tidskr. 16: 113, f. 1; tl: camerun, yaunde\nmycalesis mildbraedi gaede, 1915; int. ent. zs. 9 (13): 71; tl: bezirk jaunde, cameroons\nmycalesis kenia var. inocellata gaede, 1915; ent. rundsch. 32: 50; tl: kitumu, s. kenya\nmycalesis (monotrichtis) hintzi strand, 1912; archiv naturg. 77 (suppl. 4): 110; tl: musake\nmycalesis campides strand, 1912; archiv naturg. 77 (suppl. 4): 110\nmycalesis owassae schultze, 1914; ent. rundsch. 31 (9): 49; tl: o - wassa, fernando - poo\nmycalesis noblemairei janet, 1894; bull. soc. ent. fr. 1894: cclvi; tl: french congo, niari\nmycalesis langi holland, 1920; bull. am. mus. nat. hist. 43 (6): 139, pl. 10, f. 10 (preocc. mycalesis langi de nicéville, 1883); tl: congo\nmycalesis erysichton ehrmann, 1894; j. n. y. ent. soc. 2: 77; tl: piquinini sess, liberia, west africa\nmycalesis eleutheria rebel, 1911; ann. mus. wien. 24: 412, pl. 14, f. 7 - 8\nmycalesis completa gaede, 1915; int. ent. zs. 9 (13): 71; tl: bezirk jaunde, cameroon\nmycalesis chapini holland, 1920; bull. am. mus. nat. hist. 43 (6): 140, pl. 7, f. 9; tl: congo\nmycalesis benitonis strand, 1913; archiv naturg. 79 a (7): 147; tl: alen\nmycalesis bibundensis strand, 1913; archiv naturg. 79 a (7): 148; tl: w. africa, bibundi in kamerun\nmycalesis subignobilis strand, 1913; archiv naturg. 79 a (7): 149; tl: spanish guinea, alen\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea; compiled by mark c. williams, 7th ed. (2008) (april 2007) ;\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nverzeichniss einer von dem herren missionären e. laman und w. sjöholm bei mukinbungu am unteren congo zu sammengebrachten schmetterlings sammlung\nzoological results of the swedish expedition to central africa 1921. insecta 12. lepidoptera 1\nresults from the danish expedition to the french cameroons (1949 - 1950) xxvii. - lepidoptera\non lepidoptera recently collected in british east africa by mr. g. f. scott elliot\ndescription d' une espèce nouvelle de mycalesis (lep satyridae) (mission p. l. dekeyser et b. holas au libéria, 1948 )\nthe genera of diurnal lepidoptera, comprising their generic characters, a notice of their habitats and transformations, and a catalogue of the species of each genus; illustrated with 86 plates by w. c. hewitson\ndescriptions of some new species of diurnal lepidoptera, collected by mr. harold cookson, in northern rhodesia, in 1903 and 1904\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\na list of the butterflies collected by mr. william bonny on the journey with mr. stanley from yambuya on the aruwimi river through the great forest of central africa; with descriptions of nine new species\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w. wilson saunders and william c. hewitson\na list of butterflies taken on the march to coomassie by lieutenant alwin s. bell, of the 2nd west - india regiment, between mansu and the river prah, with description of new species\nlepidoptera of the congo. being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species\nnotes on some new or rare rhopalocera from eastern africa. revisional notes and descriptions of some new east african rhopalocera .\nnew lepidoptera collected by mr. t. a. barns, in east central africa. new forms of rhopalocera\ninsekten von baliburg (deutch - westafrika) gesammelt von herrn dr. eugen zintgraff\ndie insecten der berglandschaft adeli im hinterlande von togo (westafrika). 1. abtheilung: apterygota, odonata, orthoptera saltatoria, lepidoptera rhopalocera\nverzeichniss der von professor dr. r. bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r. grauernach. zentralafrika. 1909 - 1911. lepidoptera\ndescriptions of two new species of lepidoptera collected by dr. w. j. ansorge in east africa\na list of the lepidoptera collected by mr. arthur h. neumann, in neumann, a. h. , elephant hungting in east equatorial africa in neumann ,\nneue tagfalter - formen aus usambara, gesammelt von herrn prof. dr. j. vosseler\nzoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn g. tessmann nach sud - kamerun und spanisch - guinea. lepidoptera\nneue rhopaloceren aus ost afrika. ergebnisse der nyassa - see - un kenya - gebirgs - expedition der hermann und elise geb. heckmann - wentzel - stiftung\ncontribution à l' étude des lépidoptères d' abyssinie (pt. 1, rhopalocères )\nweymer, 1892 exotische lepidopteren vi stettin ent. ztg 53 (4 - 6): 79 - 125\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n© 2016, butterfly conservation society, ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nformat summary genbank genbank (full) fasta asn. 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nopens the highlight feature bar and highlights feature annotations from the features table of the record. the highlight feature bar can be used to navigate to and highlight other features and provides links to display the highlighted region separately. links in the features table will also highlight the corresponding region of the sequence. more ...\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions. the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences. more ...\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region. the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences. more ...\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 7 / 18 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files." ]

{ "text": [ "bicyclus dentata , the dentate bush brown , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "it is found in western and central kenya , western uganda , tanzania , rwanda , burundi and the democratic republic of the congo .", "the habitat consists of semi-montane and montane forests .", "adults are attracted to fermenting fruit . " ], "topic": [ 21, 20, 24, 8 ] }

[ "bicyclus dentata, the dentate bush brown, is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family. it is found in western and central kenya, western uganda, tanzania, rwanda, burundi and the democratic republic of the congo. the habitat consists of semi-montane and montane forests. adults are attracted to fermenting fruit." ]

[ "sea cucumber in desserts, soaps move over konnyaku jelly as the famed sea cucumber from noto sea worms in .\nthe scale worm arctonoe pulchra may occur as a commensal on the red sea cucumber .\nwhitehouse mw, fairlie dp. anti - inflammatory activity of a holothurian (sea cucumber) food supplement in rats .\nthe enhancements will enable the company to increase the capacity of its cucumber - drying operation as well and undergo the canadian food inspection agency accreditation process .\nadditional information about sea cucumber management can be found on our commercial sea cucumber dive fisheries webpage .\nsome believe that the white sea cucumber possesses healing powers that can cure diseases such as cancer .\na caesar salad has layers of saltiness, from anchovies and cheese, as well as salt .\nsaito m, kunisaki n, urano n. collagen as the major edible component of sea cucumber .\nevaluating rotational harvest strategies for sea cucumber fisheries. an mse of the qld east coast sea cucumber fishery .\nsea cucumbers are not only rich in vitamins and minerals, but can also be a great food source .\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations; rome, italy: 2004. advances in sea cucumber aquaculture and management; p. 425 .\nif you' re mad about japanese food or in the food and beverage business, you are likely to be captivated by this exhibition showcasing products from nearly every corner of japan .\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations; rome: 2004. pp. 163–171 .\nchen j. overview of sea cucumber farming and sea ranching practices in china .\noverfishing of sea cucumbers may be a modern problem, though the fishery itself is more than 1, 200 years old. sea cucumbers have been harvested since as early as 800 ce. in the 1700s, indonesians traveled as far as australia to harvest sea cucumbers for trade with chinese merchants .\nfrom the modern medical viewpoint, sea cucumber is a valuable source of several kinds of substances that can serve as natural health products, and, perhaps, be developed as drugs. since sea cucumber is consumed as a food by a very small segment of the population outside east asia, most people do not have access to its beneficial components. thus, extracts of desired sea cucumber materials are put into easy - to - consume formats, such as capsules (hard and soft gelatin) and tablets .\nyaacob hb, kim kh, shahimi m, aziz ns, sahil sm. malaysian sea cucumber (gamat): a prospect in health food and therapeutic. proceeding of asian food technology seminar; kuala lumpur, malaysia. 6–7 october 1997; p. 6 .\nfrom the nutritional viewpoint, sea cucumber is an ideal tonic food. it is higher in protein (at 55 %) than most any other food except egg whites (at 99 %) and it has 10 - 16% mucopolysaccharides, substances that are used to build the cartilage. sea cucumber is lower in fat than most other foods .\nit can grow up to 7 feet long and has small tentacles around its mouth that bring in food .\ngreen tea is not only a popular tea but also a popular ingredient used in many food items nowadays .\na fruit jam made with white fungus (l) and milk pudding and porridge, both made with sea cucumber, are among the dazzling array of items in japan food 2016 .\nchosen as a symbol of the united states in 1782, the bald eagle represents virtues such as strength, courage, and freedom .\nwhich have many applications in pharmaceutical industry and also the cosmetics [ and food industry ] ,\nhe said .\nthe sea cucumber is an oblong shaped, gelatinous creature that is distantly related to starfish and sea urchins. the sea cucumber comes by its name honestly: it is indeed shaped like a cucumber. in fact, you could say it has a distinctly phallic appearance, which may account for its reputation as an aphrodisiac. another distinguishing feature is the tentacles around its mouth, which it uses to take in food .\n. the newly studied molecules were able to stimulate nerve cell growth in rat cells in the laboratory. the researchers revealed that similar molecules are also present in nine other species of the sea cucumber, as well as the eggs of sea urchins [\nif sea cucumber fishing resumes, you can say goodbye to the fish, the penguins and the flightless cormorants ,\nwarned dr. blanton, director of the charles darwin research station here, referring to the sea cucumber' s essential position in local food chains .\nas sea cucumbers are important for the health of lagoons, several south pacific countries have closed sea cucumber fisheries to protect stocks in recent years. (photo by jeff yonover )\ndescribed below are the important biological attributes and medicinal benefits of sea cucumbers as given in the literature .\nfisheries experts say that as far as they know, there has been no sustainable harvesting of sea cucumbers for at least 50 years. citing experiences on other pacific islands, conservationists predict that the sea cucumber population here would not recuperate after intensive harvesting .\nin japan, the insides of sea cucumbers are treated as separate food items called konowata. they are served on gunkan, which is a type of sushi. others prefer to pickle it. the naamako chaburi is a sea cucumber that has been marinated in tea and then served with vinegar on it .\nas far as we know, previously no comprehensive review article as such has ever been published covering the detailed nutritional, medicinal and pharmacological aspects of sea cucumbers. this review is an attempt to mainly compile an inclusive report covering the description of high - value components and bioactives as well as biological and medicinal properties of these multipurpose marine invertebrates, as one of the potential sources for functional foods and nutraceuticals. an updated overview of the distribution, fishery and trade of sea cucumbers is also presented, worldwide .\nthe chinese name for sea cucumber - hai shen - translates roughly into\nsea ginseng .\nit & apos; s unclear whether this is in recognition of the sea cucumber & apos; s reputation as an aphrodisiac, or because it is considered to be quite healthful. it may also have something to do with its slippery feel, as the texture of food weights more heavily in chinese cooking than other cuisines. in any event, the chinese have been harvesting sea cucumbers for centuries .\nthe color of a sea cucumber will depend on which species it belongs to .\n“the export market for wild sea cucumber species is expected to grow, ” said david moore, president of the canada sea cucumber processors association in a statement .\nfindlay ja, daljeet a, moharir ye. some constituents of the sea cucumber\nsea cucumbers are animals that live on the ocean floor and is a popular japanese food. the japanese and chinese people tend to like them because of their unique texture, but most westerners have a hard time eating this type of sea creatures. the same goes for the sea urchin, they are both considered the strangest food to eat for many .\nthere are various sub - species of sea cucumbers. some of them are harvested for food while others for medicinal purposes. also sea cucumbers have many health benefits, click here to read more .\nsea cucumber, having a cartilagenous body, serves as a rich source of mucopolysaccharides, mainly chondroitin sulfate, which is well - known for its ability to reduce arthritis pain, especially that of osteoarthritis as little as 3 grams per day of the dried sea cucumber has been helpful in significantly reducing arthralgia. chondroitin' s action is similar to that of glucosamine sulfate, the main building block of chondroitin .\n1st ed. blackwell publishing; oxford, uk: 2006. an overview of dietary supplements and functional food; pp. 1–35 .\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations; rome, italy: 1990. p. 143. fao fisheries technical paper 2722 .\nuthicke s, purcell s. preservation of genetic diversity in restocking of the sea cucumber\nmojica ere, merca fe. lectin from the body walls of black sea cucumber (\nyamana y, hamano t, goshima s. seasonal distribution pattern of adult sea cucumber\nzhang s, yi y, tang h. bioactive triterpene glycosides from the sea cucumber\nwhat they can’t do is flee. all fishers need to start plucking them from the seafloor is a bucket. at the same time, they have a powerful incentive to harvest as many as they can. dried sea cucumber can sell for as much as us $ 100 per kilogram, koike notes. “it’s a highly lucrative fishery, ” she says. “it’s equivalent to abalone or shark fin. ”\nsilchenko as, avilov sa, kalinin vi, kalinovsky ai, dmitrenok ps, fedorov sn, stepanov vg, dong z, stonik va. constituents of the sea cucumber\nhawa i, zulaikah m, jamaludin m, zainal abidin aa, kaswandi ma, ridzwan bh. the potential of the coelomic fluid of sea cucumber as an antioxidant .\none of the sea cucumber saponins, representative of the structures commonly found in these organisms .\nliu hh, ko wc, hu ml. hypolipidemic effect of glycosaminoglycans from the sea cucumber\ncollin pd. inhibition of angiogenesis by sea cucumber fractions. 5, 985, 330 .\nyang said they could not precisely estimate the white sea cucumber' s market price in future, due to the uncertainty of the animals' nutrition and health as they develop .\nlawrence aj, afifi r, ahmed m, khalifa s, paget t. bioactivity as an options value of sea cucumbers in the egyptian red sea .\na question - and - answer sheet provided by atlantic sea cucumber ltd. says the resource has an enormous market in eastern and southeast asia where it is viewed as a delicacy .\n“innovative canadian processors are developing and positioning sea cucumber products for wholesale and retail customers globally. ”\nconand c, byrne m. a review of recent developments in the world sea cucumber fisheries .\njian j, bao - ling y. studies on resources and bioactive substances of sea cucumber .\n) report that there has been no recovery in catch levels or catch rates of commercial fisheries since that time, but their analysis does not include collection fisheries, such as sea cucumber .\nrepresented at the annual food japan show at suntec city convention centre are 300 exhibitors offering a collective guide to the wide - ranging specialties from 40 prefectures .\nfollow nyt food on facebook, instagram, twitter and pinterest. get regular updates from nyt cooking, with recipe suggestions, cooking tips and shopping advice .\nthe asian demand for sea cucumber has been so high that these have been collected from the u. s. and other countries (e. g. , australia, philipines) to get an adequate supply. the atlantic sea cucumber, cucumaria frondosa, has been collected primarily for food, but has recently been researched as a source of medicinal components, thanks to the efforts of coastside bio resources in maine, headed by peter collin .\nsome defend themselves by excreting a chemical known as holothurin. this chemical is not harmful to humans but it’s toxic to other sea - life creatures within the area. one particular predator of the sea cucumber is the haddock fish .\nthese marine invertebrates play many roles, from bottom - dwelling filter feeders to illicit delicacies. sea cucumbers are farmed and imported in large numbers in asia, where their demand as food has fueled a thriving black market. (find out why smuggling of this ocean creature may skyrocket. )\ncollin pd. process for obtaining medically active fractions from sea cucumber. 5, 876, 762 .\nfu x, cui z. anti - fatigue effects of lower polypeptide from sea cucumber on mice .\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations; rome, italy: 2007. [ accessed on 18 may 2011 ]. capture production 1950–2005. available online :\nalthough there are many cultured and harvestable sea cucumber species, but around 20 species are reported with relatively high economic and food value. sea cucumbers, usually processed into a dried product know as “bêche - de - mer”, are valued as an important seafood, particularly in asian countries. commercially, the product “bêche - de - mer” can be graded into low, medium or high economic value depending upon several aspects such as species, appearance, abudance, color, odor, thickness of the body wall, and market trends and demands [ 23 ]. they are widely consumed by people in china, japan and south asia [ 70 ]. as a food commodity and medicinal cure, sea cucumbers are famous as bêche - de - mer or trepang over many centuries. they are valued as a nutritious dish among the aboriginal people of south east aisa [ 7, 20 ]. from nutritional view - point, sea cucumbers are ideal tonic and have an impressive profile of high - value nutrients such as vitamin a, vitamin b1 (thiamine), vitamin b2 (riboflavin), vitamin b3 (niacin), and minerals, especially calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc [ 22, 53 ] .\nas well as being able to load content faster than ever before, you' ll now find it' s much easier to find all the content you need about the asian business world .\nthe pacific sea cucumber (stichopus species and other members of the family holothurioidea) has been revered by chinese cooks since ancient times. in particular, sea cucumber meals have been offered on special occasions, especially new year celebrations. an ancient confucian recipe, translated roughly as\nthe eight immortals crossing the sea\nand made with sea cucumber, shark' s fin, and 5 kinds of fish and shellfish, is one of the classic banquet dishes. the sea cucumber is valued - along with several other delicacies, such as shark' s fin, ginseng, cordyceps, and tremella - as a disease preventive and longevity tonic. it was listed as a medicinal agent in the bencao congxin (new compilation of materia medica) by wu yiluo in 1757. the popular chinese name for sea cucumber is haishen, which means, roughly, ginseng of the sea. it is often known in medical literature as fangcishen (fang = four - sided, ci = thorny; referring to the spiky protrusions that emanate from four sides) or, in abbreviated form, fangshen .\nfield guide to the echinoderms (sea cucumbers and sea stars) of malaysia .\nusage of by - products in food to improve their health promoting properties is a potential field. in this case, isolation and production of compounds from sea cucumber, in high class purity, could lead to develop functional foods. it has been proven that by - products from echinoderms as well as sea cucumbers contain considerable amounts of different nutritiously important components. therefore, efforts should be devoted to explore the potential uses of sea cucumber - based biological wastes for value - addition. the magnitude / volume of sea cucumbers currently in use for medicinal, pharmaceutical, cosmoceutical and nutraceutical purposes is still not reflected in the literature and needs to be documented .\nsea cucumber harvested in the wild off nova scotia have a higher value than product farmed in asia as it is said to have more flavour, better texture, and a higher protein and nutrient content .\nsea cucumbers are one of the marine animals which are important as human food source, particularly in some parts of asia [ 7 ]. they are usually soft - bodied echinoderms comprising a diverse group of flexible, elongated, worm - like organisms, with a leathery skin and gelatinous body, looking like a cucumber. habitually, they tend to live on the sea floor in deep seas [ 8 ] .\nsoaring demand for the sea cucumber, a seabed dwelling invertebrate also known as beche - de - mer and trepang, is driving record prices in china' s luxury food market. one species, the pacific sandfish, was selling recently in hong kong for $ 1, 668 a kilo, while the japanese spiky sea cucumber can go for $ 2, 950 a kilo. other species sell for between $ 15 and $ 385 a kilo, depending on size and condition .\ntremblay, , sylvie .\nthe benefits of sea cucumber\nlast modified june 26, 2018. urltoken\ncollin pd. tissue fraction of sea cucumber for the treatment of inflammation. 5, 770, 205 .\nhamel jf, mercier a. early development, settlement, growth, and spatial distribution of the sea cucumber\nsun p, yi yh, li l, tang hf. studies on chemical constituents from the sea cucumber\nwu p, chen y, fang j, su w. studies on the chemical constituents from sea cucumber\ndolmatova ls, eliseikina mg, romashina vv. antioxidant enzymatic activity of coelomocytes of the far east sea cucumber\nin addition to being caught for food, sea cucumbers are prized for medicinal purposes. one study found that a protein extracted from a sea cucumber slowed the growth of the malaria parasite. it is also said that the animals can help cure impotence and increase longevity, but there is little evidence to support these claims .\nmany asian stores also carry dried sea cucumber, which resembles a piece of dried cement (fortunately it & apos; s not as heavy !) it also needs to be soaked for several hours before cooking .\nmost cultures in east and southeast asia consider the cucumbers as a delicacy. quite a number of dishes can be prepared with sea cucumbers. some of the most common ingredients that go with sea cucumber dishes include dried scallop, shitake mushroom and chinese cabbage .\n) is widely used in fisheries as a decision support tool for evaluating the consequences of a range of management strategies, while acknowledging system uncertainty. briefly, it involves developing a model to describe the fishery, with a focus on identification and modeling of uncertainties as well as portraying different representations of resource dynamics (\nprofessor mair was part of a recent south australian government trip to china where he visited huge sea cucumber farms .\nkumar r, chaturvedi ak, shuklab pk, lakshmia v. antifungal activity in triterpene glycosides from the sea cucumber\nrodriguez j, castro r, riguera r. holothurinosides: new antitumor non sulphated triterpenoid glycosides from the sea cucumber\nthere are a series of other bioactive and antiagent substances in sea cucumbers, such as triterpene glycosides, enzymes, amyloses, fatty acids, cytotoxins, etc. with potential capabilities to increase immunity, resist tumor and cruor, protect nerve tissue, ease pain and resist epiphyte as well as contribute to immunopotentiation, anticancer and anticoagulation [ 71, 76 ] .\nthere are several other studies being conducted with the sea cucumber. a patent has been submitted for the process of centrifuging collagen from sea - cucumber flesh into layers to be used in artificial corneal transplants, and the connective tissue of sea cucumbers might be perfect as replacements for torn tendons in humans. even certain cells, believed to be responsible for the regenerative healing process of the sea cucumber, are being isolated and tested to see if they can help speed up our own healing .\nit is a common species distributed from mexico to southeast alaska and has been observed at least as far west and north as the alaska peninsula, aleutian islands, and bering sea. the abundance of sea cucumbers in southeast alaska is greatest in the southern and western portions in protected bays and inlets .\nsylvie tremblay holds a master of science in molecular and cellular biology and has years of experience as a cancer researcher and neuroscientist. based in ontario, canada, tremblay is an experienced journalist and blogger specializing in nutrition, fitness, lifestyle, health and biotechnology, as well as real estate, agriculture and clean tech .\n“with the opening of our new plant in hackett’s cove, we’re pleased to be contributing to the vitality and growth of the sea cucumber processing industry in nova scotia. sea cucumbers from cold atlantic waters are a high - calibre export and we’re committed to educating asian consumers on their many merits as we grow these markets, ” said sam gao, ceo of atlantic sea cucumber ltd .\nwhen first caught, sea cucumber requires an extensive amount of preparation before making the transition from the ocean floor to your dinner plate. the complicated procedure takes place over several days and involves slitting open the belly and removing the guts, as well as washing and boiling the animal several times. fresh sea cucumber that has already been cleaned and soaked is sometimes available in asian markets, usually in the cold foods section or in containers of water .\nsea cucumber can be tricky to prepare. it' s mild flavor and fishy scent mean you' ll need to work with other ingredients to balance its flavors. start small by including some rehydrated and thoroughly cleaned sea cucumber in noodle soup, adding shiitake mushrooms, bok choi and chili oil for well - rounded flavor. as you get more experienced cooking with sea cucumber, try using it to make sushi, or braising it with your favorite vegetables .\npurcell sw, et al. sea cucumber fisheries: global analysis of stocks, management measures and drivers of overfishing .\nafter a yearlong moratorium on sea cucumber fishing, the controversy flared anew in september, when trade ministry officials recommended that ecuador' s president, sixto duran ballen, allow a six - month annual harvesting season for the sea cucumber .\nmojica ere, merca fe. isolation and partial characterization of a lectin from the internal organs of the sea cucumber (\nchludil hd, muniain cc, seldes am, maier ms. cytotoxic and antifungal triterpene glycosides from the patagonian sea cucumber\nzhong y, ahmad khan m, shahidi f. compositional characteristics and antioxidant properties of fresh and processed sea cucumber (\nkalinin vi, silchenko as, avilov sa, stonik va, smirnov av. sea cucumbers triterpene glycosides, the recent progress in structural elucidation and chemotaxonomy .\nthere are hundreds of varieties of sea cucumber found in oceans throughout the world. depending on where you travel, you & apos; ll find it called everything from the romantic sounding beche de mer to the somewhat less attractive sea rat. it is also sometimes referred to as a sea slug, somewhat confusing since the real sea slug is another animal entirely .\naccording to analysis by principles of traditional chinese medicine, the sea cucumber nourishes the blood and vital essence (jing), tonifies kidney qi (treats disorders of the kidney system, including reproductive organs), and moistens dryness (especially of the intestines). it has a salty quality and warming nature. common medicinal uses of sea cucumber in china include treating: weakness, impotence, debility of the aged, constipation due to intestinal dryness, and frequent urination. the sea cucumber properties may be compared with certain other common chinese tonics that are used in food therapy, such as cordyceps (dongchong xiacao; which tonifies yang and is less moistening) and tremella (yiner; which nourishes yin and is moistening, but is less effective as a blood tonic). for yin and blood deficiency, especially manifesting as intestinal dryness, sea cucumber is combined with tremella to make a soup. for impotence, frequent urination, and other signs of kidney deficiency, sea cucumber is cooked with mutton. for nourishing essence and blood in persons who suffer from emaciation, it is combined in soup with pork .\nmarukome, a popular miso paste brand, has revealed the secrets of restaurants to the public with two food marinades made with fermented rice and / or soy beans called' koji' .\nbesides, the main trade for the food purposes, there are perhaps hundreds of thousands of sea cucumbers that are marketed for aquarium industry; however information on species, their exact quantities and source countries are rarely available [ 12 ] .\nantonov as, avilov sa, kalinovsky ai, anastyuk sd, dmitrenok ps, kalinin vi, taboada s, bosh a, avila c, stonik va. triterpene glycosides from antarctic sea cucumbers. 2. structure of achlioniceosides a1, a2, and a3 from the sea cucumber\ngelcich s, et al. territorial user rights for fisheries as ancillary instruments for marine coastal conservation in chile .\nkaswandi ma, hing hl, sahalan az, farah f, ridzwan bh, samsudin mw, yasin msm, ali am. saponin from sea cucumber stichopus badionotus sluiter as potential cytotoxic agent on cem - ss t - lymphoblastic cell .\ndrazen jc, phleger cf, guest ma, nichols pd. lipid, sterols and fatty acid composition of abyssal holothurians and ophiuroids from the north - east pacific ocean: food web implications .\nmuniai c, centurion r, careaga vp, maier ms. chemical ecology and bioactivity of triterpene glycosides from the sea cucumber\nkalinin vi, aminin dl, avilov sa, silchenko as, stonik va. triterpene glycosides from sea cucucmbers (holothurioidea, echinodermata). biological activities and functions .\nboris johnson has resigned as british foreign minister. look back on his outlandish stunts and undiplomatic moments with our quiz .\nhamaguchi p, geirsdottir m, vrac a, kristinsson hg, sveinsdottir h, fridjonsson oh, hreggvidsson go. in vitro antioxidant and antihypertensive properties of icelandic sea cucumber (cucumaria frondosa). presented at ift 10 annual meeting & food expo; chicago, il, usa. 17–20 july 2010; presentation no. 282–04 .\nmost of the currently available functional foods and therapeutic agents are derived either directly or indirectly from naturally occurring sources, especially, the terrestrial food plants and marine species [ 2 – 4 ]. due to the rich oceanic biodiversity, marine organisms are valuable sources of nutritious foods as well as represent novel reservoirs of biologically active components, in particular bioactive peptides, and antimicrobial, anti - inflammatory and anticancer agents [ 4 – 6 ] .\nalthough it is mainly a trade exhibition (oct 27 - 28), it is open to the public on saturday (oct 29 - till 4. 30pm). just like in big japanese food fairs for consumers, you' re likely to chance upon surprising products such as common foods with a quirky twist .\nto prepare the sea cucumber after it is collected, the internal organs are removed, and dirt and sand are washed out of the cavity. it is then boiled in salty water and dried in the air to preserve it. when readied for use in making food, the hard, dried sea cucumber is softened. the process is quite lengthy, which is why this food tends to appear at special dinners and banquets more so than in day - to - day cuisine. to soften the dried sea cucumbers, the instructions are: place the sea cucumbers in a pot and add cold water to cover; soak for at least 12 hours; then cook over low heat for 1 to 2 hours; add more water, as necessary, to make sure that the water always covers the cucumbers; remove from heat and let cool to room temperature, then drain .\ntremblay, , sylvie .\nthe benefits of sea cucumber .\nhealthy eating | sf gate, urltoken 26 june 2018 .\na new processing plant at hackett’s cove will allow nova scotia to grab a bigger share of the lucrative asian sea cucumber market .\nhan h, yi y, xu q, la m, zhang h. two new cytotoxic triterpene glycosides from the sea cucumber\nwu m, xu s, zhao j, kang h, ding h. free - radical depolymerization of glycosaminoglycan from sea cucumber\nsu y, liu s, wu c. optimization of the preparation procedure and the antioxidant activity of polypeptide from sea cucumber .\nas officials and conservationists soon found out, hawai‘i was only the latest in a long string of coastal communities hit hard by a global sea cucumber fishery that has grown into a voracious, fast - moving, highly organized—and, at times, devastating—industry .\naside from the sea cucumbers themselves, the fishers may be the most vulnerable actors in the supply chain. while harvesting sea cucumbers may start out as an easy and lucrative operation, it doesn’t stay that way for long .\nan earlier version of this article mischaracterized maldon sea salt. it is not a solar sea salt .\nshe said globally, cucumaria frondosa — the main species of sea cucumber harvested off nova scotia — has been serially depleted through overfishing .\npurcell sw. managing sea cucumber fisheries with an ecosystem approach. in: lovatelli a, vasconcellos m, yimin y, editors .\nthe california sea cucumber, found from alaska to california, is one of 66 species harvested worldwide. photo by stuart westmorland / corbis\nsan miguel - ruiz je, garcía - arrarás je. common cellular events occur during wound healing and organ regeneration in the sea cucumber\nmurray ap, muniaín c, seldes am, maier ms. patagonicoside a: a novel antifungal disulfated triterpene glycoside from the sea cucumber\nhan h, xu q, tang h, yi y, gong w. cytotoxic holostane - type triterpene glycosides from the sea cucumber\nglobally, sea cucumber trade specifically intended for the food market has been mostly controlled by china hong kong sar (special administrative region), singapore and taiwan province of china. china hong kong sar have the largest entrepot controlling with contribution of 80 percent of the global import - export sea cucumber trade which might be attributed to the ability of the regions to serve as a corridor for goods to the hinterland of mainland china [ 68, 69 ]. traditionally, the lower value products have often been shipped to china hong kong sar for their re - export to china [ 11, 68 ] .\n“we didn’t have a good, solid baseline prior to this, ” sparks says. “it’s not like sea cucumbers were on our radar screen as an imminent fisheries concern. ”\nin this recently shot video, vitaly bazarov filmed what seems like an interminably long sea cucumber seen while he was diving in the red sea in egypt. the species is likely synapta maculata —a snake - like type of sea cucumber that is among the world’s longest, known to reach lengths of seven to 10 feet .\nthe total number of presently existing sea cucumber species is about 1250; however, recently, some new species have also been studied from the indo - pacific ocean, being popular as a center for rich biodiversity of holothuroidea. besides, there are several undescribed larger sea cucumber species living in shallow water which have not yet been systematically identified because there are rather a small number of holothurian taxonomists [\nwhile most people probably aren' t that interested in eatching one, humanity as a whole is certainly ready to benefit from the potentially live - saving technology currently being derived from the lowly sea cucumber. even if it does mean sticking them in your brain .\neriksson h, byrne m. the sea cucumber fishery in australia' s great barrier reef marine park follows global patterns of serial exploitation .\nhan h, yi y, li l, liu b, pan m, yan b, wang x. triterpene glycosides from sea cucumber\nogushi m, yoshie - stark m, suzuki t. cytostatic activity of hot water extracts from the sea cucumber in caco - 2 .\nwang h, yin h, jin h, ha j. the study of anti - fatigue effects of sea cucumber polypeptide on mice .\nchenghui l, beiwei z, xiuping d, liguo c. study on the separation and antioxidant activity of enzymatic hydrolysates from sea cucumber .\nthe sustainable management of natural resources is a fundamental challenge in the face of increasing human population and related demand for food, limited research and management capacity, and the drive for short - term economic development. benthic organisms that are shallow and have limited motility can be particularly susceptible to overharvesting, especially, such as in the case of sea cucumbers, when they are comparatively valuable and easy to harvest and store and where communities rely on these resources for food and income (1, 2). the value and demand for sessile marine resources, such as sea cucumber, are rising (3), resulting in the general overexploitation and even high extinction risk for some sea cucumber populations globally (3, 4), even in seemingly well - managed fisheries, such as in the great barrier reef marine park (gbrmp) (5, 6). globally, there is a need to assess fishery sustainability to meet increasingly stringent requirements for ecological sustainability, particularly in regions with high conservation value. however, gathering and analyzing suitable fishery - dependent and - independent data are often beyond the financial and logistical capacities of the fishery, particularly for multispecies fisheries .\nit is revealed that certain chemical compounds namely chondroitin, mucopolysaccharides and glucosamine, occurring in sea cucumbers, have beneficial effects in arthritis disorders. researchers have shown that usage of sea cucumber is beneficial in maintaining prostaglandins balance thus helping out in the treatment of musculo - skeletal inflammatory disorders such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and spinal arthritis [ 85 – 87 ]. two types of fucan sulfates have been isolated from sea cucumber (stichopus japonicus) body wall using chloroform / methanol solvent system. both types of fucan sulfates tested inhibited the osteoclastogenesis in an in vitro assay. this suggests that these compounds derived from sea cucumber are strong inhibitors of osteoclastogenesis [ 85 ]. therefore, sea cucumber - derived chondroitin sulfate and other related marine compounds can be a useful folk remedy for curing joint - pain and arthritis. the intake of dried sea cucumber is medicinally effective in suppressing arthralgia [ 85 – 87 ] .\nmat jam, mcculloch r, croft k. fatty acid and amino acid composition in haruan as a potential role in wound healing .\nthere are several research groups engaged in conducting preliminary studies on anti - angiogenic, anticoagulant, anticancer, ace inhibitory, anti - inflammatory and antitumor, etc. , activities of the sea cucumber. it is important to identify, isolate and elucidate the structure of related bioactives and the mechanisms involved for all such medicinal effects using more spectrochemical evidences and activity directed protocols as well as clinical human models. the antinutritional factors, if any, related to the underutilized or unexplored sea cucumber species should be appraised. there is also prompt need for authentication of nomenclature of many such underutilized or newer sea cucumber species. most importantly, sea cucumbers dietary intake and nutraceutical / medicinal dosages should be standardized on human clinical basis for attaining optimum functionality and physiological benefits .\nanother class of compounds is saponins, commonly identified as holothurins, from sea cucumber. the structural features of these compounds are quite comparable to those of the bioactives from ganoderma, ginseng, and other medicinally popular tonic herbs [ 22 ]. they have displayed a wide spectrum of biological effects such as hemolytic, cytostatic, antineoplastic, anticancer and antitumor activities [ 24, 90 – 93 ]. also, one recent study revealed that sea cucumber dietary saponins have shown preventive effect in alleviating the orotic acid - induced fatty liver in rats [ 94 ] .\ntremblay, , sylvie. (2018, june 26). the benefits of sea cucumber. healthy eating | sf gate. retrieved from urltoken\nduring the past three to four decades many efforts have been devoted to isolating numerous biologically active novel compounds from marine sources. many of such naturally occurring compounds are of great interest for potential drug development as well as an ingredient of new leads and commercially successful products for various industrial applications, especially, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, functional foods and nutraceuticals [ 4 ]. sea cucumbers are one of the potential marine animals with high food and medicinal value. the medicinal properties of these animals are ascribed to the presence of functional components with promising multiple biological activities .\nin summary, we use a quantitative modeling approach to show the advantages of a spatial rotational harvest strategy to improve management of australia’s gbr sea cucumber fishery. we find an improvement in biological and economic performance when implementing an rzs compared with no rzs as well as with increasing time between harvests up to 6 y. this result is robust across a suite of different species with different life history characteristics and fishing pressures, and it is supported by empirical observations of increases in average catches of most species and an increase in the average catch rate of white teatfish and prickly redfish over the 8 - y period since implementation of an rzs as well as the results from other systems on species, such as scallops and abalone. these findings suggest that the benefits of an rzs might apply to marine benthic resources globally. the greatest improvement was obtained for slow - growing species and species under higher fishing intensity. moreover, we show that these results are robust to a number of uncertainties in model parameterization and important structural assumptions, such as uncertain recruitment patterns, as well as under stochastic variability. our results support the use of rotational harvests to better manage sessile marine resources that are often severely overexploited but highly important to many communities worldwide .\ncomparison of risk performance statistics (defined as the probability of biomass being reduced below 40% of the comparable no fishing scenario) for nine major species targeted in the absence of an rzs compared with different cycle times of rzs implementations as indicated and for the same catch .\nin addition, the sea cucumber oil contains two anti - inflammatory fractions. one fraction has fatty acids characteristic of those found in fish; they can be used as a substitute for fish oil in reducing inflammatory byproducts of fat metabolism, and to nourish the brain and heart. the main compounds of interest in fish oil are epa (eicosapentaenoic acid also found in sea cucumber, and dha (docosahaenoic acid), unique to fish :\natlantic sea cucumber ltd. celebrated the grand opening of the facility on thursday, thanks in part to a $ 500, 000 loan from acoa .\nplaganyi ee, skewes td, dowling na, haddon m. risk management tools for sustainable fisheries management under changing climate: a sea cucumber example .\nvieira rp, mulloy b, mourão pa. structure of a fucose - branched chondroitin sulphate from sea cucumber. evidence for the presence of 3 -\nzeng m, xiao f, li b, zhao y, liu z, dong s. study on free radical scavenging activity of sea cucumber (\nmost of the sea cucumber exports from the latin america and the caribbean regions are from peru (26. 1 %) followed by ecuador (25. 9 %), chile (14. 1 %) and cuba (10. 1 %). about 14. 0% of sea cucumber exports are derived from countries where either this fishery is banned such as panama and costa rica or have no proper record (colombia) [\nthere are around 1, 700 species of sea cucumber, of which 66 are used for food. boiled and dried, the animal becomes known by its french name, beche - de - mer - - a dish rich in protein, minerals and fatty acids. in china the animal is a traditional remedy for hypertension, asthma, rheumatism, cuts and burns, impotence and constipation .\ndr steven purcell - urltoken aciar sea cucumber post harvest processing project for best methods to process sea cucumbers into high quality beche - de - mer that will attract the best prices from exporters. training, videos and village placed workshops have been developed for managing sea cucumbers\nsuggesting the uses of these multipurpose marine invertebrates as platform for the development of antileishmanial drugs from some other potential marine resources. some important pharmacological and medicinal properties of sea cucumbers - derived bioactives are presented in\ncite this article: ilima loomis “the sea cucumber’s vanishing act, ” hakai magazine, mar 30, 2016, accessed july 10th, 2018, urltoken .\nsteven purcell, a sea cucumber expert at australia' s southern cross university, said pacific stocks had\nall declined considerably\nover a decade. purcell and six other scientists said in a recent article in the academic journal fish and fisheries that sea cucumber stocks may have\nsuccumbed to pandemic overfishing .\nzhao y, li b, zeng m, dong s, liu z. study on antihypertensive activity of a lower - value sea cucumber protein hydrolysate .\nogushi m, yoshie - stark m, suzuki t. apoptosis - inducing activity of hot water extracts from the sea cucumber in human colon tumor cells .\nwu j, yi yh, tang hf, wu hm, zou zr, lin hw. nobilisides a–c, three new triterpene glycosides from the sea cucumber\nwu j, yi yh, tang hf, wu hm, zhou zr. hillasides a and b, two new cytotoxic triterpene glycosides from the sea cucumber\nthough it' s one of the most perfectly named living things on this planet, the sea cucumber, on first glance, isn' t among the most exciting aquatic species. distantly related to starfish and sea urchins, the sea cucumber in appearance lacks the brio and allure of its cousins, and except for a few variations among subspecies, the general body plan of the cucumber basically resembles a large, leathery sausage crawling along the ocean floor. yum .\njames beard, the father of modern american cookery, once asked, “where would we be without salt? ” i know the answer: adrift in a sea of blandness. salt has a greater impact on flavor than any other ingredient. learn to use it well, and food will taste good .\nas they move into deeper and deeper water, the collectors need a mask and fins and then, eventually, scuba gear—often rented from the traders they sell to. “on good days, they’ll earn a lot of money, but on bad days they can’t pay off the rent, ” erikkson says. “they get trapped in this credit arrangement with the traders. ” the work becomes increasingly dangerous, with some fishers diving as deep as 50 meters in pursuit of the increasingly scarce sea cucumbers .\nwhile much of the western world forgets about them or regards them with disgust because of their slimy, squishy texture, sea cucumbers are a delicacy in many parts of asia, often known as bêche - de - mer. they exist all over the world—from the poles to the tropics and from coastal shallows to the deep ocean floor—in a spectrum of sizes, textures, and colors. of roughly 1, 700 species, 66 are targeted for food .\ngold candy sprinkling real gold flakes onto food is nothing new, but this old - school candy drop from the ancient city of nara makes you wonder how maker ogontoh managed to produce such a resplendent - looking confection with only sugar and sugar syrup .\nanother group of functional substances namely, mucopolysaccharides and chondroitins, have also been identified in sea cucumbers. it has been seen that people suffering from arthritis and connective tissue disorders, are often devoid of these compounds. as such, sea cucumber - derived chondroitin sulfate can be exploited as a nutraceutical to ease joint - pain and arthritis like disorders [ 84 ]. it is for this reason that about 3 g / day serving of the dried sea cucumbers is medicinally effective in reducing arthralgia to a significant level [ 22 ]. the mechanism of action of chondroitin sulfate is considered to be similar to that of glucosamine sulfate; the latter compound is currently in use as therapeutic agent for easing osteoarthritis [ 85 – 87 ] .\nmany of these are gathered for human consumption and some species are cultivated in aquaculture systems. the harvested product is variously referred to as trepang, bêche - de - mer or balate. sea cucumbers serve a useful purpose in the marine ecosystem as they help recycle nutrients, breaking down detritus and other organic matter after which bacteria can continue the degradation process .\nthe crude extracts and pure fractions isolated from holothuria polii (a mediterranean sea cucumber), have shown concentration - dependent antifungal activity against some molds and yeasts as described by ismail et al. (2008) [ 150 ]. according to the data generated, the strains of aspergillus fumigatus were more sensitive to the tested fractions and extracts, whereas those from trichophyton rubrum were less responsive. besides the extracts, different bioactive compounds, most of them known as triterpene glycosides, have been isolated from sea cucumber offering antimicrobial activity. one of these bioactives, namely patagonicoside a, isolated from sea cucumber (psolus patagonicus) [ 118 ], is identified as disulfated tetrasaccharide using 1d and 2d nmr spectral information. furthermore, it is reported that patagonicoside a has good antifungal activity against pathogenic fungus (cladosporium cucumerinum). two newly identified sulfated triterpene glycosides, hemoiedemosides a and b, from the patagonian sea cucumber (hemoiedema spectabilis) exhibited considerable antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungus (cladosporium cucumerinum), while the semi - synthetic desulfated derivative hemoiedemosides a was relatively less active [ 151 ] .\nzou z, yi y, wu h, wu j, liaw c, lee k. intercedensides a–c, three new cytotoxic triterpene glycosides from the sea cucumber\nmamelona j, pelletier em, lalancette kg, legault j, karboune s, kermasha s. quantification of phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity of atlantic sea cucumber ,\nkariya y, watabe s, kyogashima m, ishihara m, ishii t. structure of fucose branches in the glycosaminoglycan from the body wall of the sea cucumber\nli z, wang h, li j, zhang g, gao c. basic and clinical study on the antithrombotic mechanism of glycosaminoglycan extracted from sea cucumber .\ntradeoff curve between median risk performance (defined as probability of biomass being reduced below 40% of the comparable no fishing scenario; + 1 sd encompasses variation across nine species) and total revenue (million dollars) for rzss with the different cycle times (year) as indicated on the symbols .\na multitude of harvestable sea cucumbers species have been exploited with growing global demand due to their food and pharmaceutical uses [ 9 – 13 ]. the dehydrated sea cucumber is commercially sold, especially in asian markets with main business in china, followed by korea and indonesia and then japan. on the other hand, these are also exported in appreciable quantities to parts of the united states and northern australia [ 14, 15 ]. according to food and agriculture organization of the united nations (fao) report beche - de - mer production and apostichopus japonicas (selenka, 1867) catches by various countries for the period 1992–2001 was estimated to be 12, 331 t (metric ton) (dry weight) [ 16 ] .\n1 faculty of food science and technology, universiti putra malaysia, serdang, selangor 43400, malaysia; e - mails: moc. liamy @ rabdrob _ aras (s. b .); moc. oohay @ rawnaqf (f. a. )" ]

{ "text": [ "sea cucumbers are marine animals of the class holothuroidea .", "they are used in fresh or dried form in various cuisines .", "in some cultural contexts the sea cucumber is thought to have medicinal value .", "the creature and the food product are commonly known as bêche-de-mer in french , from portuguese \" bicho do mar \" ( literally \" sea worm \" ) , trepang ( or trīpang ) in indonesian , namako in japanese , balatan in tagalog and loli in hawaiian .", "in malay , it is known as the gamat .", "most cultures in east and southeast asia regard sea cucumbers as a delicacy .", "a number of dishes are made with sea cucumber , and in most dishes it has a slippery texture .", "common ingredients that go with sea cucumber dishes include winter melon , conpoy , kai-lan , shiitake mushroom , and chinese cabbage . " ], "topic": [ 2, 13, 2, 29, 27, 2, 17, 14 ] }

[ "sea cucumbers are marine animals of the class holothuroidea. they are used in fresh or dried form in various cuisines. in some cultural contexts the sea cucumber is thought to have medicinal value. the creature and the food product are commonly known as bêche-de-mer in french, from portuguese \" bicho do mar \" (literally \" sea worm \"), trepang (or trīpang) in indonesian, namako in japanese, balatan in tagalog and loli in hawaiian. in malay, it is known as the gamat. most cultures in east and southeast asia regard sea cucumbers as a delicacy. a number of dishes are made with sea cucumber, and in most dishes it has a slippery texture. common ingredients that go with sea cucumber dishes include winter melon, conpoy, kai-lan, shiitake mushroom, and chinese cabbage." ]

[ "pilot w, manager at pilot whale cafe'. , responded to this review\npilot w, owner at pilot whale cafe'. , responded to this review\nnoaa. 2014. long - finned pilot whale (globicephala melas). urltoken\n3. the pilot whale hunted in the faroe islands is an endangered species .\n, pilot whale steaks are marinated, cut into small chunks, and grilled .\nshort - finned pilot whale (globicephala macrorhynchus )\n. noaa fisheries .\nfemale mortality rates as a function of the age of three matrilineal whale species, killer whale (triangles), long - finned pilot whale (diamonds) and short - finned pilot whale (squares), based on life tables from, and .\nmarsh h, kasuya t. ovarian changes in the short - finned pilot whale ,\nbreeding system and social structure in the faeroese pilot whale as revealed by dna fingerprinting .\nan analysis of pilot whale vocalization activity using hidden markov models. - pubmed - ncbi\na man tries to sever the spinal cord of a pilot whale during a grind .\n6. eating pilot whale is no longer necessary — there is plenty of food .\nname\npilot whale\nis believed to originate from the idea that the pods or herds were piloted by a leader whale .\ncontaminants in pilot whales appear to increase the risk of developing parkinson' s disease in those who often eat pilot whale (11) .\nthe effects of whale - watching on long - finned pilot whales have not been well studied .\nmarsh h, kasuya t. changes in the ovaries of the short - finned pilot whale ,\nannual pilot whale killings in the faroe islands – an ongoing debate. | icenews - daily news\nmercury from pilot whale meat adversely affects the foetal development of the nervous system (3) .\npilot whale cafe'. , hangnaameedhoo island - restaurant reviews, phone number & photos - tripadvisor\nheri joensen - today i had pilot whale meat for dinner. if... | facebook\n( cnn) seaworld' s beloved pilot whale has died after decades of performances in san diego .\nkasuya t, marsh h. life history and reproductive biology of the short - finned pilot whale ,\nwhilst the pilot whale may not be endangered, the level of brutality and depraved violence is shocking .\nbucket wielding locals were unable to save an old, sick pilot whale after it beached in canterbury .\nseaworld san diego announced the death of one of the park' s attractions, bubbles the pilot whale .\ntaruski ag (1976) sounds and behavior of the pilot whale. phd thesis, university of rhode island\nan adult male pilot whale with an attached / u. s. navy photo by ari s. friedlaender\nfolio, chapter 6, sulfur bottom the blue whale, never chased by whale men of nantucket .\nthe long - finned pilot whale (globicephala melas) is a large species of oceanic dolphin. it shares the genus globicephala with the short - finned pilot whale (globicephala macrorhynchus). long - finned pilot whales are known as such because of their unusually long pectoral fins .\nin 2012 the faroese killed 713 pilot whales. over 1, 000 pilot whales were killed in the 2013 season .\ngenus. the genus consists of 2 extant species, the short finned pilot whale and the long finned pilot whale. between these two species, the animals are found in marine waters all over the world. they are closely related to the extinct blunt - snouted dolphins. extant relatives of the whale include the risso’s dolphin, false killer whale, melon - headed whale and the\nand farewell spit is located on the north end of golden bay, a known hotspot for pilot whale strandings .\nlesley heal and a group of up to 30 others tended to a stranded pilot whale in akaroa on sunday .\nbubbles, believed to be the oldest pilot whale in a zoological park, has died at seaworld san diego .\nthe restaurant serves every part of the whale, often raw. she serves fine strips of carpaccio of whale, little strips of raw blubber, raw liver, raw heart, deep fried intestine, whale burgers and whale steak. elsewhere in japan you can get whale crackling - deep fried strips of whale skin - and even whale ice - cream made from the blubber .\nseaworld' s oldest pilot whale, bubbles, has died after performing to nearly 100 million visitors for five decades .\nthis whale was more loved than our own families, has brought more smiles to people then any pilot whale in the wild !\njenny thompson said in a post .\nfemale mortality rates as a function of the age of three matrilineal whale species, killer whale (triangles), long - finned pilot whale (diamonds) and short - finned pilot whale (squares), based on life tables from kasuya & marsh (1984), olesiuk et al. (1990) and bloch et al. (1993) .\nfor centuries the people of the faroes, an isolated archipelago halfway between scotland and iceland, have hunted the pilot whale .\noctavo, chapter 2, black fish fine oil for a smaller whale. he approaches as a pilot over the shoals .\njens mortan rasmussen, one such whaler, believes that pilot whale is still an important and sustainable food source for the islands .\nanother whale has died at seaworld, bringing the tally to six over the last year. this one, a short - finned pilot whale named bubbles, spent 50 years in a tank .\nthe long - finned pilot whale is one of two species of pilot whales that form relatively large pods in the open ocean. these species get their common name from their behavior of following a leader or “pilot” when transiting long distances. the two species of pilot whales are actually dolphins, not whales, and they are two of the largest species of dolphin, with only the killer whale growing larger .\n5 minutes video documenting parts of the pilot whale hunt having taken place in sandur, faroes islands, on june 5th 2012, with about 120 pilot whales killed. filmed and edited by hans peter roth\nclick... here... to see a large pilot whale group (. mov file with 18. 2 mb )\nclick... here... to see a pilot whale defecating (. mov file with 1. 7 mb) .\nall the hunted whales are used for their food, with pilot whale meat and flubber being the main products used by the faroese .\npilot whale population numbers are unknown, however they are not considered endangered. there are an estimated 1 million long - finned pilot whales and approximately 200, 000 short - finned pilot whales worldwide. pilot whales have been hunted for their meat, bone, oil, and for fertilizer, a practice which continues in some areas. because they easily adapt to captivity, pilot whales are also exhibited in many aquariums and zoos .\nbritannica, 2011 .\npilot whale\n( on - line). encyclopædia britannica online. accessed august 23, 2011 at urltoken .\nthe faroese have for centuries killed long - finned pilot whales (globicephala melas), and the pilot whale has in many ways been an important part of faroese life – both in regard to food and culture .\nwhale watchers were pleasantly surprised by a sighting of pilot whales off the orange county coast friday, a rare occurrence within the past few decades .\nthe short - finned pilot whale is the name of the second largest species of dolphin, only surpassed by the orca (orcinus orca) .\nbloch d, lockyer c. h, zachariassen m. age and growth parameters of the long - finned pilot whale off the faroe islands .\nclick... here... to see sequences of human - pilot whale research encounters (. mov file with 20 mb) .\nthe main threats that the species faces are marine traffic, pollution and nets. mass strandings also threaten long - finned pilot whale populations. .\n“it is with great sadness that this recommendation is provided, ” they said. “the pilot whale has kept many faroese alive through the centuries. ”\nclick... here... to see a human swimmer approaching a pilot whale underwater (. mov file with 9. 9 mb )\nclick... here... to see a pilot whale breaching 3 times in row (. mov file with 1. 8 mb )\nclick... here... to see a pilot whale frontally approaching a human swimmer (. mov file with 1. 9 mb )\nmillions of people are really angry with us, and they believe we are barbarians because of the pilot whale killing ,\nsaid mr sørensen .\nin japan, they eat several dishes prepared with short - finned pilot whales .\nthe long - finned pilot whale is a cetacean member of the delphinidae family, and one of the largest members of this group. although it is commonly called “whale, ” it is not a whale of the suborder mysticeti. however, this colloquial name comes from its size and behavior .\nanother theory points to pilot whales' highly sociable behaviour – when one whale loses its way and strands, its pod mates may swim to its aid .\nclick... here... to see human snorkelers swimming with a large pilot whale group (. mov file with 10. 4 mb )\nthere are two species of pilot whales – long finned and short finned. if you have sighted one in new zealand’s waters it is almost certainly a long finned pilot whale. they roam throughout the cold temperate waters of the southern ocean .\nclick... here... to see a spectacular in - water interaction with a single pilot whale (. mov file with 6. 3 mb). the whale emits unusual vocalizations and seems to be very excited .\nthe long - finned pilot whale has more neocortical neurons than any mammal studied to date, in fact having almost twice as many as humans. [ 14 ]\nmarsh h, kasuya t. changes in the role of a female pilot whale with age. in: pryor k, norris k. s, editors .\nclick... here... to see a pilot whale duo resting at the water surface (. mov file with 5. 3 mb) .\nclick... here... to see a swim encounter with a resting pilot whale group (. mov file with 5. 7 mb) .\nclick... here... to see a pilot whale subgroup slowly traveling along the coastline (. mov file with 6. 7 mb) .\ngrover said it was not uncommon for a whale to surface on its own, but in the case of pilot whales there was a danger of mass stranding .\npilot whales are in fact one of the largest members of the dolphin family, but they are treated as whales for the marine mammals protection regulations 1992. they were named pilot whales because it was thought that each pod followed a ‘pilot’ in the group .\nsongs of long - finned pilot whales. the cracking noise is caused by echolocation .\nmartin a, rothery p. reproductive parameters of female long - finned pilot whales (\nthey also formed a human chain to prevent refloated pilot whales returning to the beach .\npopulation trend data is insufficient to determine conservation status for short - finned pilot whales .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - long - finned pilot whale (globicephala melas )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - long - finned pilot whale (globicephala melas )\ntitle =\narkive species - long - finned pilot whale (globicephala melas )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - short - finned pilot whale (globicephala macrorhynchus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - short - finned pilot whale (globicephala macrorhynchus )\ntitle =\narkive species - short - finned pilot whale (globicephala macrorhynchus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nclick... here... to see a pilot whale group - vessel interaction from the underwater perspective (. mov file with 3. 6 mb )\nbubbles, a female pilot whale at seaworld in san diego that was believed to have been the oldest animal of her species in a zoological park, has died .\n“seaworld san diego is saddened to announce the passing of one of the world’s most beloved animals, bubbles the pilot whale, ” the company said on its website .\nthe strength of selection to increase the span of a life stage is dependent upon individuals at that stage being able to contribute towards individual fitness and the probability of their surviving to that stage. complete reproductive cessation and a long post - reproductive female lifespan as found in humans are also found in killer whale (orcinus orca) and short - finned pilot whale (globicephala macrorhynchus), but not in the long - finned pilot whale (globicephala melaena). each species forms kin - based, stable matrilineal groups and exhibits kin - directed behaviours that could increase inclusive fitness. here, the initial mortality rate and mortality rate - doubling time of females of these three closely related whale species are compared. the initial mortality rate shows little variation among pilot whale species; however mortality rate accelerates almost twice as fast in the long - finned pilot whale as it does in killer whale and short - finned pilot whale. selection for a long post - reproductive female lifespan in matrilineal whales may therefore be determined by the proportion of females surviving past the point of reproductive cessation .\nthe strength of selection to increase the span of a life stage is dependent upon individuals at that stage being able to contribute towards individual fitness and the probability of their surviving to that stage. complete reproductive cessation and a long post - reproductive female lifespan as found in humans are also found in killer whale (orcinus orca) and short - finned pilot whale (globicephala macrorhynchus), but not in the long - finned pilot whale (globicephala melaena). each species forms kin - based, stable matrilineal groups and exhibits kin - directed behaviours that could increase inclusive fitness. here, the initial mortality rate and mortality rate - doubling time of females of these three closely related whale species are compared. the initial mortality rate shows little variation among pilot whale species; however mortality rate accelerates almost twice as fast in the long - finned pilot whale as it does in killer whale and short - finned pilot whale. selection for a long post - reproductive female lifespan in matrilineal whales may therefore be determined by the proportion of females surviving past the point of reproductive cessation .\nthere are around 1 million long - finned pilot whales and 200, 000 short - finned pilot whales. although they are not endangered species, campaigners say a lack of regulation around such traditions in the faroe islands could see significant reductions in whale populations .\nthe center for whale research is a 501c3 nonprofit organization registered in washington state .\nkiller whale vision is well developed (white et al. , 1971) .\nfaroe islanders watch as men inspect whale carcasses taken during a grind in 1947 .\nthe observed upper limit through which a pilot whale may remained submerged without surfacing to breath is 15 minutes. typical submersion periods are generally several minutes below this upper threshold .\nvolunteers look after a pod of stranded pilot whales as they prepare to refloat them after one of the country’s largest recorded mass whale strandings. photograph: anthony phelps / reuters\nopinion: if ever there was a classic misnomer, it came when someone in their wisdom decided to name a particular species of cetacean, a\npilot whale\n.\nshort - finned pilot whales can be confused with their relatives the long - finned pilot whales, but there are various differences. as their names indicate, their flippers are shorter than those of the long - finned pilot whale, with a gentler curve on the edge. they have fewer teeth than the long - finned pilot whale, with 14 to 18 on each jaw. short - finned pilot whales are black or dark grey with a grey or white cape. they have grey or almost white patches on their bellies and throats and a grey or white stripe which goes diagonally upwards from behind each eye .\nover 230 beached pilot whales were massacred in consecutive grinds in the faroe islands in 1212 .\nthe echolocation ability of pilot whales is equal to that of bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus). vocalizations or short - finned pilot whales are in a higher frequency and wider frequency range than those of long - finned pilot whales. they also exhibit group - specific calls .\nideally, researchers could fly over the area to look for other pilot whales in distress .\nsince late thursday, nearly 700 pilot whales stranded on, or near, the area .\npilot whales are social animals, which makes them more likely to beach in large numbers .\nhumans hunt short - finned pilot whales in varying capacities. no other known predators exist .\nthe southern hemisphere long finned pilot whale ranges throughout the southern ocean, but the abundance of the population is not well understood. a second sub species inhabits the north atlantic .\nclick... here... to hear underwater sound disturbance produced by a single vessel masking pilot whale click vocalizations (. mp3 file with 1. 6 mb )\nin a photograph taken saturday, volunteers prop up a pilot whale at farewell spit in new zealand. overnight, more than 200 of the stranded whales returned to the sea .\ncurrently, studies are underway to examine the fertility of the population since suspicion has been raised that reproductive functions may be decreased because of contaminants in pilot whale meat and blubber .\nthe debate about the pilot whale hunt in the faroe islands is unlikely to be solved this summer. many faroese consider the whale meat an important part of their food culture and history. animal rights groups and protesters condemn the harvest as being cruel and unnecessary .\nlong - finned pilot whales are active predators that eat mostly squid, including relatively large - bodied species. they will also eat bony fishes when they are common. in some areas, the long - finned pilot whale can be observed forming mixed species groups with sperm whales (another toothed whale that feeds preferentially on squid) and also with smaller dolphins .\naside from the faroe islands, a few pilot whales are taken opportunistically in greenland each year .\nmartin a. r, rothery p. reproductive parameters of female long - finned pilot whales (\neight pilot whales have stranded at taupata point south of farewell spit in golden bay this afternoon .\n25 dead short - finned pilot whales were discovered on kice island in the rookery bay reserve .\npilot whales are considered to be one of the most social marine mammals and while their herding instinct can help them survive in other circumstances, when a pilot whale beaches its cry of distress prompts other members of the group to come to its aid, often with fatal consequences .\nthe short - finned pilot whale is classified as data deficient (dd) on the iucn red list (1) and is listed on appendix ii of cites (3) .\nit’s possible that one of the ‘killer whales’ could have been the false killer whale .\nolesiuk, p. f. 2012. population biology of the resident ecotype of killer whale in british columbia. materials of the killer whale workshop, suzdal, russia .\nthe rescuers referred to the whale as “she” but said they didn' t know the gender. they said the whale had a healthy body weight and no visible injuries .\nthere was some confusion about the whale numbers during the strandings due to the large numbers involved but we have since reassessed the whale numbers and revised them to those figures .\nofficials believe a whale that washed ashore in new jersey died due to human interaction .\nthe whale was later shot by a department of conservation (doc) staff member .\npilot whale chalets is located on the main street, close to all amenities including restaurants; museums; gift shops and more. cheticamp sits in the shadow of the cape breton highlands national park and offers something for everyone. enjoy outdoor adventures like whale watching; swimming ;\non the wall is a plaque with a picture of a smiling cartoon whale and a caption:' authorised whale dealer'. shitoshi ito, who has been selling whale meat for 32 years, buys it from the government in 15kg blocks, cuts them down and sells them to sushi restaurants and supermarkets. particularly popular are his packs of' whale bacon' - little strips of whale meat and fat. before the ban, there used to be a daily auction of whale meat - but now his is the only stall.' i used to deal in grey whale, minke, blue whale, fin whale. after the ban, i can only deal in minke,' he said.' minke don' t have as much oil and don' t taste as good.' in the fish supermarket down the road, two whole chilled cabinets are dedicated to whale. you can buy 245g vacuum - packed blocks of blubber for about £20, packs of dried whale meat, or packs of boiled whale fat looking like maggots .\ndue to its highly social nature, the short - finned pilot whale is particularly susceptible to stranding in large groups, although the reasons for this are not always clear (7) .\nthe government says that the pilot whale population in the eastern north atlantic is approximately 778, 000, of which around 100, 000 are around the faroes. the faroese catch around 800 whales a year on average, it says. the long - term annual average catch of pilot whales in the faroe islands represents less than 1 percent of the total eastern north atlantic whale population, according to the spokesman for the faroe islands government. “it has long since been internationally recognised that pilot whale catches in the faroe islands are fully sustainable, ” he said .\nfrom the latest research results, the authors consider that the conclusion from a human health perspective must be to recommend that pilot whale is no longer used for human consumption (16) .\nthe imr was similar for the long - finned pilot whale (0. 015) and short - finned pilot whale (0. 017) and may reflect the level of intrinsic mortality, while the mrdt may reflect variation between the two species in susceptibility to age - dependent sources of extrinsic mortality such as disease, starvation or predation. however the cause of the observed differences in mortality rate acceleration between the two pilot whale species is unknown. both the studied populations are subject to exploitation by drive fisheries, and the level of exploitation by the faroese long - finned pilot whale fishery is historically higher than that by the japanese short - finned pilot whale fishery (bloch et al. 1993). however, drive fisheries result in the removal of entire family groups (amos et al. 1993) and remove all age classes equally; therefore the level of exploitation should not change the age distribution or the age - dependent selection gradient .\ndespite their name, pilot whales are in fact one of the largest members of the dolphin family .\npilot whales grow to about 7. 5m (25ft) and are common around new zealand’s waters .\nall those involved in the epic rescue of the stranded pilot whales can feel proud of what was together achieved by project jonah, whale rescue and hundreds of other volunteers working with doc staff .\nclick... here... to see a realtime sonogram of pilot whale call vocalizations recorded on 31. 08. 1996 (. mov file with 3. 1 mb) .\nclick... here... to see a realtime sonogram of pilot whale call vocalizations recorded on 23. 06. 2001 (. mov file with 4. 5 mb) .\nthe pilot whale catch in the faroe islands is a community - based activity, as it has always been, and the meat and blubber is divided fairly according to local and traditional customs .\nmortality rate acceleration and post - reproductive lifespan in matrilineal whale species. - pubmed - ncbi\nwhale meat is never sold... it is divided out amongst people in the community\nthe size and shape of a killer whale’s white areas and gray saddle vary among ecotypes .\ndoc staff are ready to respond should there be any further whale strandings in the area .\ndeb and simon ward invented a whale lifting machine, which volunteers trialled over the weekend .\nin the remote faroe islands, whale has traditionally comprised a large part of the diet .\ndoc operations manager andy thompson said the whale was an older female in very poor health .\nmemorandum of understanding concerning the conservation of the manatee and small cetaceans of western africa and macaronesia, convention on migratory species page on the long - finned pilot whale. unep / convention on migratory species\nkasuya t, matsui s. age determination and growth of the short - finned pilot whale off the pacific coast of japan. sci rep whales res inst tokyo. 1984; 35: 57–91 .\nclick... here... to see boat - based whale watching excursions with short - finned pilot whales from a helicopter perspective (. mov file with 11. 7 mb) .\nthe pilot whale population in the eastern north atlantic is approximately 778, 000, of which 100, 000 are around the faroe islands. the faroese catch around 800 whales a year on average .\nthe results of the above mentioned studies together with studies on the adult populations have revealed an even gloomier picture of the adverse health effects that are caused by contaminants in pilot whale meat and blubber .\nq: what are pilot whales? pilot whales are marine mammals that reach lengths up to 20 feet. they live in deep waters including the gulf of mexico and swim in large groups (called pods) of 10 – 100' s of individuals. pilot whales are protected under the marine mammal protection act .\na santa monica, calif. , sushi restaurant has been charged with serving endangered whale meat to its customers. two activists initiated the investigation by ordering kujira, japanese for whale meat, then stuffing some into their napkins for transport to an oregon laboratory. (the restaurant obligingly listed the order as\nwhale\non their receipt .) what does whale taste like ?\nthe japanese tend to savor the meat from the pilot whale so it often fall victim of their whaling efforts. since pilot whales travel in large groups the easily fall victim to whaling. there are complex set ups that move an entire group of them towards the beach so that they can be killed .\nthe gulf in the big bend region is extremely shallow. pilot whales travel in pods in water at least 30 feet deep, which would be 20 to 30 miles offshore. walsh said another pilot whale was found in nearshore waters near sarasota last week, raising concern that something may be affecting them .\namos b, schlötterer c, tautz d. social structure of pilot whales revealed by analytical dna profiling .\npilot whales are not listed as endangered, but little is known about their population in new zealand waters .\npeople turned out in their hundreds to help save the pilot whales after pods were stranded at farewell spit .\nbubbles was the oldest pilot whale in a zoological park, and performed at the aquarium' s san diego location for almost three decades, seaworld said. she was estimated to be in her 50s .\nthey had no doubts. with 800, 000 pilot whales in the north atlantic and with rarely more than 2, 000 a year taken in the faroes, the whale population was not under threat .\nthe short - finned pilot whale is in danger as a result of bycatch with gillnets, trawls and longlines, collisions with boats of any type, massive strandings and loud sounds that disturb their environment .\nnemiroff, l. (2009). structural variation and communicative functions of long - finned pilot whale (globicephala melas) pulsed calls and complex whistles. m. sc. thesis. dalhousie university .\nbloch d, lockyer c, zachariassen m. age and growth parameters of the long - finned pilot whale off the faroe islands. rep int whaling comm. 1993; special issue 14: 163–207 .\ntemperate and tropical oceans worldwide. there is little overlap with the long - finned pilot whale except in temperate waters of north and south atlantic as well as pacific waters off of peru and south africa .\nwith an average of around 1, 000 animals killed each year in the faroe islands, the practice is internationally considered sustainable. this represents less than 1% of the total estimated pilot whale stock .\nin 2012, pál weihe and høgni debes joensen of the faroese department of occupational medicine and public health formally recommended that from a human health perspective, pilot whale should no longer used for human consumption .\nthe growing scientific documentation has, during recent years, given rise to the anticipation that the time was approaching when it would be appropriate to recommend against any human consumption of pilot whale meat and blubber .\nin a statement posted online, the marine park said :\nseaworld san diego is saddened to announce the passing of one of the world' s most beloved animals, bubbles the pilot whale .\nwe drove on down to the shore where the sea was already bright pink with whale blood .\nactivists recently urged the european union to take action against denmark over the faroe islands’ whale hunt .\nthere is nowhere you won’t find the pilot whale. in fact, they are believed to be the most distributed whale in the world. they enjoy both the tropic and the temperate waters. generally you will find those with the shorter fins in the warmer waters. the two types of physical characteristic pilot whales tend to stay separate from each other. sometimes they do cross paths though during the migration process .\nthe main threat to the short - finned pilot whale is bycatch, or incidental take in fisheries, with the whales often becoming caught in fishing equipment such as gillnets, longlines and trawls (9) .\ndistinctive characteristics. it is very similar to the long - finned pilot whale and is often confused. the difference between them lies in the length of the pectoral flippers, which in this case are smaller .\njankowski, m. (2005). long - finned pilot whale movement and social structure: residency, population mixing and identification of social units. m. sc. thesis, biology, dalhousie university .\nwhale rescuers in new zealand have linked arms in neck - deep water to try and prevent about 200 pilot whales from stranding themselves again in a remote bay, where 300 of the animals died this week .\nbubbles, a short - finned pilot whale who lived at seaworld san diego, has passed away, the company announced on friday. she was the sixth animal to die at the marine parks since july .\nsp .). short - finned pilot whales show the tooth reduction typical of other squid - eating cetaceans .\nthe pilot whales are separated from the orcas at shamu stadium but can see them, jeansonne - becka said .\nto identify individual orcas. the whale' s dorsal fin varies in shape and size, often with distinctive nicks and scars. the saddle patch also differs from whale to whale in shape, size, color, and scarring. in the case of the southern resident orcas, individual identification allows cwr staff to maintain a precise census of the population; accounting for every whale on an annual basis .\nthe recent discovery of high levels of mercury, insecticides and other toxins in pilot whales means that whale meat consumption may have to be reduced. pregnant mothers on the islands have been counselled not to eat it .\nwhile humans keep destroying nature, species like the long - finned pilot whale fear for their survival on earth. since the nineteenth century, this and other cetaceans were hunted in the waters of newfoundland, greenland, denmark, iceland, norway, scotland and other countries for their meat, fat, and oil. over time, overfishing led to the gradual disappearance of the long - finned pilot whale in the north atlantic .\nheimlich - boran, j. r. 1993 social organization of the short - finned pilot whale, globicephala macrorhynchus, with special reference to the social ecology of delphinids. phd thesis, cambridge university, cambridge .\nbased on the demonstrated effects of mercury exposure and on a general assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), the following diet recommendations were issued in 1998 (4): “high pcb contents in blubber leads us to recommend that adults at the maximum eat pilot whale blubber once to twice a month. however, the best way to protect foetuses against the potential harmful effects of pcbs, is if girls and women do not eat blubber until they have given birth to their children. the mercury content of pilot whale meat is high and is one of our main mercury sources. therefore we recommend that adults eat no more than one to two meals a month. women who plan to become pregnant within three months, pregnant women, and nursing women should abstain from eating pilot whale meat. pilot whale liver and kidneys should not be eaten at all” .\nwhile many of seaworld' s animals die young, bubbles, who was estimated to be in her early - to mid - 50s, was the oldest pilot whale in a zoological park, according to seaworld .\npygmy right whale (single species); only in southern hemisphere, least known of baleen whales .\nparasites–including roundworms, tapeworms and flukes–may affect a killer whale’s health (heyning and dahlheim, 1988) .\nnoaa killer whale (orcinus orca) fact sheet: urltoken erwhale. htm (accessed april 2015 )\nwhale drives are not an annual festival or ritual, as is often wrongly claimed. whale drives in the faroe islands take place to provide food, and can happen at any time of the year .\npilot whales are dark black in color most of the time. some of them are a dark gray. there are two species of the pilot whale, but it is often very hard to tell them apart. they generally both get lumped into this basic category. one has a short fin while the other features one that is long. these whales are very large, and only the killer whale is bigger than they are .\nthe latin name is orcinus orca. common names are orca or killer whale, while other names include blackfish, grampus, and killer. most english - speaking scientists use the name killer whale, although orca is increasingly used, in particular by the general public. the name killer whale originated from the spanish whaler’s term “whale killer, ” based on their observations of orcas hunting other types of whales. i\nbut today in a statement to the islanders, chief medical officers pál weihe and høgni debes joensen announced that pilot whale meat and blubber contains too much mercury, pcbs and ddt derivatives to be safe for human consumption .\na theory that parasites affecting the nervous systems of pilot whales may be responsible for mass strandings is not well supported .\n. pilot whales are often referred to as “blackfish” along with a number of other species belonging to the dolphin family .\npilot whales are social animals, forming large pods containing 40 to 100 individuals. the pods exhibit close matrilineal relationships .\n“it’s just awful, this one will certainly make a dent in the new zealand pilot whale population, ” says liz slooten, a professor at the university of otago in new zealand who studies marine mammal biology and conservation .\nin a photograph taken saturday, volunteers prop up a pilot whale at farewell spit in new zealand. overnight, more than 200 of the stranded whales returned to the sea. marty melville / afp / getty images hide caption\nclick... here... to see a pilot whale subgroup with a newborn (. mov file with 2. 6 mb). this newborn still has fetal folds and is closely related with its mother .\nwhale watching expeditions bring people close to wild whales and help people learn about them, but the steady growth of recreational whale watching has raised some concerns with killer whale researchers (hoyt, 2001). in british columbia and the state of washington, killer whales are the most popular cetacean of commercial whale watching companies (hoyt, 2001). higher concentrations and closer proximity of boats can force whales away from their traditional habitats and reduce a killer whale’s echolocation abilities when hunting for prey (national marine fisheries service, 2008) .\nwe tested 6 long - finned pilot whale groups (1 tagged whale per group) encountered inside the vestfjord basin, norway. three whales were tested with kw, 2 whales with both ctrl and kw, and one whale was tested only with ctrl because of premature tag detachment. each stimulus lasted 15 min and was played back twice. the average duration of the killer whale sounds within each 15 min kw stimulus was 11 min 2 sec ±35 sec (mean ± sd, n = 3). a recovery period of 10 min separated the different playback trials performed to a tested whale. at the start of playbacks, the sound source was positioned to the side of the tagged whale’s path, at a distance of 2400±943 m (mean ± sem) .\npilot whale is considered as “data deficient” species in the red list of threatened species. they seem to do extremely well in captivity which can be a huge benefit if some severe forms of conservation need to take place later on .\nphysical characteristics. it is a little difficult to distinguish this species from the short - finned pilot whale (globicephala macrorhynchus) except for the length of the pectoral flippers which are larger in globicephala melas than those of its relative .\ndoc staff are keeping a watch on the shore around the taupata point area of golden bay for any pilot whales stranding .\npeople from a faroe island community kill pilot whales driven into a bay during a drive hunt, or\ngrind .\nmild - mannered, diminutive and smiling, mrs ohnishi makes an unlikely global agent provocateur. but while whale campaigners are demanding that the ban on hunting remains in force, she is quietly promoting the exact opposite. she helped set up the whale cuisine preservation association with 30 other whale restaurants in japan, and each year they organise food festivals.' our aim is to pass on whale cuisine to future generations,' she said .\nage - dependent survivorship and fertility of (a) the long - finned pilot whale; the dotted line indicates the proportion of females surviving () and the solid line indicates the proportion of females that were pregnant (); (b) the short - finned pilot whale; the dotted line indicates the proportion of females surviving and the solid line indicates the proportion of females that were pregnant (); (c) killer whale; the dotted line indicates the proportion of females surviving and the solid line indicates the number of viable calves produced per female () .\npilot whales are prolific stranders, and this behaviour is not well understood. there are recordings of individual strandings all over new zealand, and there are a few mass stranding\nhotspots\nat golden bay, stewart island, and the chatham islands. the biggest recorded pilot whale stranding was an estimated 1, 000 whales at the chatham islands in 1918 .\nfaroe islanders have been hunting for pilot whales for centuries, giving them valuable food stocks for the winter. but to animal rights activists, the kill is cruel and unnecessary. the bbc' s nick haslam witnessed a whale hunt .\nthe body of the short - finned pilot whale is dark grey or black, with a light grey patch on the chin and underside, in the shape of an anchor (4) (5) (6). this patch is lighter in younger animals (5). the short - finned pilot whale also has a light grey to white chevron just behind its head and another white patch underneath and behind its dorsal fin (4) (6) .\nin addition, the short - finned pilot whale is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species (cites), which means that any international trade in this species should be carefully controlled (3). further research is needed into the impacts of various threats on the short - finned pilot whale, and its taxonomy also needs to be investigated, as it is possible that it may comprise more than one distinct species (1) .\n], there is considerable evidence that corpora albicantia persist throughout life in at least some cetaceans, as a record of ovulation events. the most comprehensive evidence of persistence comes from the short - finned pilot whale. marsh and kasuya [\nthe faroese have hunted the long - finned pilot whales in a tradition known as the grindadrap for as long as anyone can remember. the earliest mention of grindardrap is in a faroese book of law from 1298. it’s a non - commercial whale hunt organized by the community, it starts in spring, usually in may and occurs occasionally over the summer months, when the pods of pilot whale pass the islands. the hunt provides a source of local traditional food .\nhere, the attraction of long - finned pilot whales towards local herring - feeding killer whale sounds source is consistent with visual observations reported from the norwegian sea and from the strait of gibraltar where long - finned pilot whales have been seen approaching and chasing respectively herring - and tuna - feeding killer whales [ 26 ], [ 32 ], [ 33 ]. killer whales have been observed fleeing away from pilot whales which represent a unique case of killer whales avoiding another cetacean species .\nmost short - finned pilot whales have between seven and nine short, tough teeth on each side of the jaw, at the front of the mouth (4). the male short - finned pilot whale is longer and heavier than the female (2) (6) (7), and also has a much larger dorsal fin (6) .\none of the most highly publicised incidents was the case of lisa costello, whose 1992 run - in with a wild pilot whale (technically a dolphin species) was captured on film and can easily be found online. in the video, you can see lisa swimming with a large wild pilot whale near kealakekua bay in hawai’i. she gently caresses the animal while it is resting at the surface. the next moment, the pilot whale clamps down on her leg and drags her under water. over the following minutes, the animal repeatedly grabs her and lets her go, at one point diving down 30 or 40ft with her grasped firmly in his jaws. lisa barely survived the encounter. whether this was serious aggression, mild annoyance, or just a form of play behaviour on the part of the pilot whale is up for debate. there are no other reports of pilot whales attacking swimmers in areas where in - water interaction is known to occur. in fact, when you set aside lone sociable dolphins, attacks such as these on human swimmers are extremely rare .\nthe dorsal fin of the short - finned pilot whale is sickle - shaped or curved, and is broad and thick. it measures around 30 centimetres in height and sits far forward on the body, usually lining up with the pectoral fins. the pectoral fins, or flippers, are also curved like a sickle and are narrow and tapering, measuring about one - fifth to one - sixth of the body length (2) (6) (7) (8). this measurement is used to distinguish the short - finned pilot whale from the long - finned pilot whale, globicephala melas (2), although the two species can still be difficult to tell apart at sea (6) .\ncontributing to a killer whale’s streamlined shape, which helps increase swimming efficiency (reynolds & rommel, 1999) .\ntarpy, cliff. 1979. killer whale attack! national geographic, april: pp. 542 - 545 .\nwhale stranding volunteers learning a waiata about tohora / whales after this morning' s successful refloat. @ projectjonah urltoken\nfile photo - a faroe islands whale hunt on july 2015. (photo: sea shepherd / mayk wendt )\nwhale hunting in the faroe islands has received a bad reputation. but here’s what social media is getting wrong .\nwhale hunting in the faroe islands has received a bad reputation. but here’s what social media is getting wrong :\nit always travels from one place to another, but there is no information about the migration patterns that follows. the short - finned pilot whale goes to other locations depending on the movements of its prey or the changes in water temperature .\nit is necessary to emphasize that humans have much responsibility for the deaths of these cetaceans. in japan, the large number of catches are because the short - finned pilot whale, like other cetaceans, is consumed in various asian dishes .\nbaraff, l. s. and asmutis - silvia, r. a. 1998. long - term association of an individual long - finned pilot whale and atlantic white - sided dolphins. marine mammal science, 14: 155 - 161\nan anti - hunting campaign called sea shepherd claims that up to 1, 000 pilot whales are killed every year in the summer months and although whale meat is eaten by the local people, some of the meat is left to rot .\nfemale short - finned pilot whales reach sexual maturity at about 8 years of age, while males reach maturity later, at about 13 years. a typical male short - finned pilot whale will live for approximately 45 years and a typical female for about 55 years (2), although the female will usually stop reproducing after about 40 years old (7) .\npilot whales live in stable family groups, and offspring of both sexes stay in their mother' s pod throughout their lives .\nhundreds of pilot whales stranded on farewell spit on the south island of new zealand today (feb. 10, 2017) .\nthe situation has changed rapidly since the mass stranding yesterday of more than 400 pilot whales and the loss of many of them .\nseaworld orlando ’s four pilot whales have a new home in shamu stadium, where guests should soon be able to see them .\none of them being that the pilot whale is an endangered species, the hunt is illegal and the animal is gauchely hacked to death. the hunt is legal and the pilot whale is not an endangered species. looking at the imagery of the killings it really looks like a bloodbath. when the pods of pilot whale pass by the faroe islands they are herded toward a certified shore by boats. they are then gatherd in shallow waters and killed with a spinal lance, which should sever the spinal cord of the animal and cut off blood supply to the brain, so the animal looses consciousness and dies within seconds, if its done right – the hunters need a special license to be a part of the hunt." ]

{ "text": [ "pilot whales are cetaceans belonging to the genus globicephala .", "the two extant species are the long-finned pilot whale ( g. melas ) and the short-finned pilot whale ( g. macrorhynchus ) .", "the two are not readily distinguishable at sea , and analysis of the skulls is the best way to distinguish between the species .", "between the two species , they range nearly worldwide , with long-finned pilot whales living in colder waters and short-finned pilot whales living in tropical and subtropical waters .", "pilot whales are among the largest of the oceanic dolphins , exceeded in size only by the killer whale .", "they and other large members of the dolphin family are also known as blackfish .", "pilot whales eat squid primarily , and also fish .", "they are highly social , and studies suggest that both males and females remain in their mother 's pod , an unusual trait among mammals , also found in certain killer whale communities .", "short-finned pilot whales are one of the few mammal species in which females go through menopause , and post-reproductive females may contribute to the survival of younger members of their pods .", "pilot whales are notorious for stranding themselves on beaches , and are among the most common cetacean stranders .", "several theories have been proposed to account for this behavior .", "the conservation status of neither species has been determined , but they are subject to both direct and indirect bycatch in fisheries .", "whalers in a few countries continue to hunt pilot whales . " ], "topic": [ 26, 19, 10, 13, 19, 26, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 17, 19 ] }

[ "pilot whales are cetaceans belonging to the genus globicephala. the two extant species are the long-finned pilot whale (g. melas) and the short-finned pilot whale (g. macrorhynchus). the two are not readily distinguishable at sea, and analysis of the skulls is the best way to distinguish between the species. between the two species, they range nearly worldwide, with long-finned pilot whales living in colder waters and short-finned pilot whales living in tropical and subtropical waters. pilot whales are among the largest of the oceanic dolphins, exceeded in size only by the killer whale. they and other large members of the dolphin family are also known as blackfish. pilot whales eat squid primarily, and also fish. they are highly social, and studies suggest that both males and females remain in their mother's pod, an unusual trait among mammals, also found in certain killer whale communities. short-finned pilot whales are one of the few mammal species in which females go through menopause, and post-reproductive females may contribute to the survival of younger members of their pods. pilot whales are notorious for stranding themselves on beaches, and are among the most common cetacean stranders. several theories have been proposed to account for this behavior. the conservation status of neither species has been determined, but they are subject to both direct and indirect bycatch in fisheries. whalers in a few countries continue to hunt pilot whales." ]

[ "[ iron - deficiency anemia related to ancylostoma duodenale infection among ethiopian immigrants to israel ] .\npolymerase chain reaction - based differential diagnosis of ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus infections in humans in northern ghana .\nancylostoma duodenale infection: a study of serum immunoglobulin g4 response to the excretory secretory antigen of adult worm .\n[ iron - deficiency anemia related to ancylostoma duodenale infection among ethiopian immigrants to israel ]. - pubmed - ncbi\nadult ancylostoma duodenale worm. anterior end with mouth parts visible. image courtesy of patrick w hickey, md .\nepidemiological evidence for a differential effect of hookworm species, ancylostoma duodenale or necator americanus, on iron status of children .\nparasitic hookworms cause these infections. the two major types of hookworms that cause infection are necator americanus and ancylostoma duodenale .\npolymerase chain reaction - based differential diagnosis of ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus infections in humans in northern ghana. - pubmed - ncbi\nancylostoma duodenale infection: a study of serum immunoglobulin g4 response to the excretory secretory antigen of adult worm. - pubmed - ncbi\nepidemiological evidence for a differential effect of hookworm species, ancylostoma duodenale or necator americanus, on iron status of children. - pubmed - ncbi\nconsidering taking medication to treat hookworm infection caused by ancylostoma duodenale? below is a list of common medications used to treat or reduce the symptoms of hookworm infection caused by ancylostoma duodenale. follow the links to read common uses, side effects, dosage details and read user reviews for the drugs listed below .\nnote: description of ancylostoma caninum (dog hookworm) can be found here .\nthe hookworms, ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus, cause significant gastrointestinal blood loss. in clinical studies, greater blood losses have been reported with a. duodenale. however, there has been no evidence that endemic a. duodenale infection has greater impact than n. americanus infection on the iron status of populations .\n. teeth of ancylostoma on the left and cutting plates of necator on the right .\nhuman hookworm disease is a common helminth infection that is predominantly caused by the nematode parasites necator americanus and ancylostoma duodenale; organisms that play a lesser role include ancylostoma ceylonicum, ancylostoma braziliense, and ancylostoma caninum. hookworm infection is acquired through skin exposure to larvae in soil contaminated by human feces (see the image below). soil becomes infectious about 9 days after contamination and remains so for weeks, depending on conditions .\nto cite this page: fetouh, n. 2003 .\nancylostoma duodenale\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\namong the ethiopian immigrant population, ancylostoma duodenale infection is a common cause of iron deficiency anemia. in young patients it should be ruled out before invasive and expensive investigations are performed .\nhookworm eggs examined on wet mount. eggs of ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus cannot be distinguished morphologically. image courtesy of division of parasitic diseases, centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) .\nhookworm infection in humans is usually caused by one of two species of nematodes (roundworms) - necator americanus or ancylostoma duodenale. n. americanus is most common human - specific hookworm worldwide, distribution of a. duodenale is geographically more restricted. both n. americanus and a. duodenale are found in africa, asia and the americas. necator americanus predominates in the americas and australia, while only a. duodenale is found in the middle east, north africa and southern europe .\n42. 8% infection rate of predominantly n. americanus although with some a. duodenale infection\nsymptoms can take weeks or months to develop depending on the severity of infection, and the amount of iron in an infected person’s diet. ancylostoma duodenale can stay dormant in the body for eight months .\nhookworm is an intestinal parasite of humans. the larvae and adult worms live in the small intestine can cause intestinal disease. the two main species of hookworm infecting humans are ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus .\namong the diseases imported by the ethiopian immigrants to israel are many parasite infections. hookworm infections, caused by the nematodes necator americanus and ancylostoma duodenale, involve the gastrointestinal tract, causing iron - deficiency anemia .\nthe hookworms, ancylostomo duodenale and necator americanus, cause significant gastrointestinal blood loss. in clinical studies, greater blood losses have been reported with a. duodenale. however, there has been no evidence that endemic a. duodenale infection has greater impact than n. americanus infection on the iron status of populations .\na duodenale is more geographically restricted than n americanus and is one of several anthropophilic members of the genus ancylostoma. it primarily infects humans and is responsible for classic hookworm disease. a duodenale resembles n americanus in appearance but is somewhat larger, with adult males measuring 8 - 11 mm and adult females measuring 10 - 13 mm .\nhumans can also become infected with the dog hookworm, ancylostoma caninum. however, this species is infertile in humans .\nthe mcdonnell genome institute and collaborators are sequencing the human hookworm, ancylostoma duodenale. hookworm diseases are extremely common in the tropics and sub - tropics, with a disease burden comparable to measles and exceeding that of diabetes and lung cancer .\ntaxonomic classification: all hookworms infecting humans are class nematoda, order strongylidea, family ancylostomatidae, and genera ancylostoma and necator .\nhsu y, lin j. intestinal infection with ancylostoma ceylanicum. new england journal of medicine 2012; 366: e20 .\nhookworm is a common, chronic, parasitic infection that is caused by the worms necator americanus and ancylostoma duodenale in human being. human beings are the main vectors of n. americanus and a. duodenale, and it is estimated that around 20% of the world population carries this parasite and suffer a huge volume of daily blood loss (approximately seven million liters) .\nanterior: note the ventral teeth in the buccal capsule of a. duodenale. n. americanus has ventral cutting plates .\nthe geographic distributions of the hookworm species that are intestinal parasites in human, ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus, are worldwide in areas with warm, moist climates and are widely overlapping. necator americanus was widespread in the southeastern united states until the early 20th century .\nmonti jr, chilton nb, qian bz, gasser rb. specific amplification of necator americanus or ancylostoma duodenale dna by pcr using markers in its - 1 rdna, and its implications. molecular and cellular probes 1998; 12 (2): 71 - 78 .\nthe species give similar clinical manifestations of the infection, although a. duodenale can lead to a greater blood loss and anemia .\nneither necator nor ancylostoma multiplies within the host. if the host is not reexposed, the infection disappears after the worm dies. the natural life span for an adult a duodenale is about 1 year, and that for an adult n americanus is 3 - 5 years .\nsixty patients (64 %) had evidence of a. duodenale infection. the mean hemoglobin level was 11. 92. 3 g / dl in the ancylostoma group and 13. 81. 6 g / dl in the control group (p = 0. 0001). analyzing the data according to the patient' s sex revealed significant differences in the hemoglobin levels between the ancylostoma group and the control group. patients infected with a. duodenale had significantly lower mean corpuscular volume (mcv) and serum iron, and were likely to have eosinophilia and hypoalbuminemia .\nsignificant microscopic features: species of adult hookworms can be identified by the appearance of their mouths. structures are bilaterally symmetrical (mirror image on each side). ancylostoma duodenale has 2 prominent pointed ventral teeth and rarely a very tiny third tooth (fig. 2) ancylostoma ceylanicum has a cutting plate with a sharp dorsal end that looks like a tooth and a less distinct sharp ventral end (fig. 3). ancylostoma caninum has three prominent pointed ventral teeth (fig. 4) necator americanus is completely different and has a rounded ventral cutting plate (fig. 5) .\nhookworm is a soil - transmitted helminth (sth) and is one of the most common roundworm of humans. infection is caused by the nematode parasites necator americanus and ancylostoma duodenale. hookworm infections often occur in areas where human feces are used as fertilizer or where defecation onto soil happens .\nwalterspiel, j. n. , schad, g. a. , & buchanan, g. r. (1984). direct transfer of adult hookworms (ancylostoma duodenale) from dog to child for therapeutic purposes. journal of parasitology, 70 (2), 217 - 219 .\ninfection with n. americanus can occur only through skin penetration by l3 larvae. a. duodenale can infect humans upon swallowing of the larvae .\nsome a. duodenale larvae, following penetration of the host skin, can become dormant (in the intestine or muscle). in addition, infection by a. duodenale may probably also occur by the oral and transmammary route. n. americanus, however, requires a transpulmonary migration phase .\nfig. 2: apical view of the mouth of a. duodenale showing the 2 prominent pointed ventral teeth on each side. image from urltoken .\nalbonico m, stoltzfus rj, savioli l, tielsch jm, chwaya hm, ercole e, et al. epidemiological evidence for a differential effect of hookworm species, ancylostoma duodenale or necator americanus, on iron status of children. int j epidemiol. 1998 jun. 27 (3): 530 - 7. [ medline ] .\nverweij jj, brienen ea, ziem j, yelifari l, polderman am, van lieshout l. simultaneous detection and quantification of ancylostoma duodenale, necator americanus, and oesophagostomum bifurcum in fecal samples using multiplex real - time pcr. am j trop med hyg. 2007 oct. 77 (4): 685 - 90. [ medline ] .\non microscopy, n americanus can be differentiated from a duodenale on the basis of the cutting plates that it possesses in place of teeth (see the images below). [ 15 ]\n: humans are the only known reservoir of a. duodenale and n. americanus. the majority of infected individuals are asymptomatic due to low worm burden; however, eggs can be passed in feces\nfrom the above it can be seen that n. americanus is primarily a parasite of the tropical regions of the world, whereas a. duodenale is usually the lone species in temperate climates and has a spotty distribution in the tropics. the variations in distribution of these parasites are in large part due to the way the tropics were colonized by different groups of people who brought their parasites with them, as well as the fact that necator tolerates higher temperatures better than ancylostoma. it should be noted also that ancylostoma is a natural parasite of carnivores, whereas necator parasitizes herbivores. man has become the unwitting host of both species through his association with both types of animals .\nhookworm is an endemic in many tropical and subtropical areas, especially in areas where human feces are not disposed off in a sanitary manner. ancylostomiasis is the most prevalent hookworm infection and is second only to ascariasis in infections by parasitic worms. necator americanus is most common in the americas, central and south africa, south asia, indonesia, australia and pacific islands. ancylostoma duodenale is the dominant species in the mediterranean region and north asia .\na. duodenale is a human parasite that lives in the intestine. it is difficult to study in a laboratory setting and is particularly harmful to children, causing chronic anemia, stunting growth and imparing intellectual development .\nhuman infection with a duodenale or n americanus is estimated to affect approximately 439 million people worldwide. [ 17 ] these parasites drain the equivalent of all the blood from approximately 1. 5 million people every day .\nin the 492 children with hookworm positive faecal cultures, haemoglobin and ferritin concentrations decreased with increasing proportions of a. duodenale. among children with only n. americanus larvae, the prevalence of anaemia was 60. 5% and the prevalence of ferritin < 12. μ / l was 33. 1% , while in children with ≥50% a. duodenale larvae, the respective prevalences were 80. 6% and 58. 9% . when children were grouped by the prevalence of a. duodenale at the school level, children from high prevalence (≥20 %) schools had signficantly worse iron deficiency and anaemia than children from low prevalence schools .\nhaas, w. , haberl, b. , syafruddin, idris, i. , kallert, d. , kersten, s. , stiegeler, p. , & syafruddin. (2005). behavioural strategies used by the hookworms necator americanus and ancylostoma duodenale to find, recognize and invade the human host. parasitology research, 95 (1), 30 - 39. doi: 10. 1007 / s00436 - 004 - 1257 - 7\nschad, g. a. , murrell, k. d. , fayer, r. , el naggar, h. m. s. , page, m. r. , parrish, p. k. , & stewart, t. b. (1984). paratenesis in ancylostoma duodenale suggests possible meat - borne human infection. transactions of the royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene, 78 (2), 203 - 204 .\nin the 492 children with hookworm positive faecal cultures, haemoglobin and ferritin concentrations decreased with increasing proportions of a. duodenale. among children with only n. americanus larvae, the prevalence of anaemia was 60. 5% and the prevalence of ferritin < 12 microg / l was 33. 1% , while in children with > or = 50% a. duodenale larvae, the respective prevalences were 80. 6% and 58. 9% . when children were grouped by the prevalence of a. duodenale at the school level, children from high prevalence (> or = 20 %) schools had significantly worse iron deficiency and anaemia than children from low prevalence schools .\nsoil - transmitted helminths (sth) refer to intestinal worms that are transmitted to humans through contaminated soil. the three main species that infect humans are ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm), trichuris trichiura (whipworm), and necator americanus and ancylostoma duodenale (two species of hookworm). soil - transmitted helminths live in the intestines, where they produce thousands of eggs a day that are then passed in the feces of infected persons, contaminating the soil in areas where sanitation is poor .\nboth necator and ancylostoma species have worldwide distribution. a duodenale predominates in the mediterranean region, in northern regions of india and china, and in north africa. a ceylonicum is found in focally endemic areas in southern asia. n americanus predominates in southern china, southeast asia, the americas, most of africa, and parts of australia. this differential distribution is not absolute, and mixed infections may occur in individual patients. coinfection with ascaris or trichuris is common in many parts of the world .\nalthough n americanus infects only percutaneously, a duodenale can also infect by means of ingestion; however, in su ancylostoma may also lie dormant in tissues and later be transmitted through breast milk. this ability to enter dormancy in the human host may be an adaptive response evolved to increase the chances of propagation. if all larvae were to mature promptly during dry seasons of the year, females would release eggs onto inhospitable soil. eggs produced and released during the wet season have a much greater chance of encountering optimal soil conditions for further development .\nin addition, because a duodenale consumes more blood per worm than n americanus does, the severity of anemia may differ as a factor of the hookworm species that is causing the infection. severe anemia affects intellectual and physical development in children and cardiovascular performance in adults .\nhookworm eggs are passed in the feces of an infected person. if an infected person defecates outside (near bushes, in a garden, or field) or if the feces from an infected person are used as fertilizer, eggs are deposited on soil. they can then mature and hatch, releasing larvae (immature worms). the larvae mature into a form that can penetrate the skin of humans. hookworm infection is transmitted primarily by walking barefoot on contaminated soil. one kind of hookworm (ancylostoma duodenale) can also be transmitted through the ingestion of larvae .\nfig. 5: apical view of the mouth of n. americanus showing the rounded ventral cutting plate. image from urltoken. (the parasite named\na. duodenale\nat this site has 3 prominent pointed ventral teeth and is more likely to be a. caninum) .\nafter 2 moltings the parasites mature into adults and mate; intestinal blood loss begins just before egg production and continues for the life of the worm (up to 5 years); to ensure blood flow, adults release anticlotting agents (the agents were isolated and applied in therapeutics to block blood coagulation in several diseases); adult females: 10 to 13 mm (a. duodenale), 9 to 11 mm (n. americanus); adult males: 8 to 11 mm (a. duodenale), 7 to 9 mm (n. americanus )\na. duodenale and n. americanus infective larvae (il3) have different morphologies and these species can be identified from the il3 obtained after 7 days from a faecal culture (fig. 7). there appears to be no description of the morphology of the il3 of a. ceylanicum .\nduring this part of the migration, the larvae undergo 2 further molts, developing a buccal capsule and attaining their adult form. the buccal capsule of an adult a duodenale has teeth to facilitate attachment to mucosa, whereas an adult n americanus has cutting plates instead. a muscular esophagus creates suction in the buccal capsule .\nanybody can get hookworm. however, agricultural workers in endemic areas have a higher risk of being infected. the illness can be more serious in babies, children, pregnant women and people with poor diets. people can become infected with hookworm by walking bare foot on soil that contains infective larvae. other infection routes include drinking water or eating food contaminated with larvae. cases of mother to baby transfer of the hookworm ancylostoma duodenale have also been reported. hookworm larvae are capable of penetrating the skin in a few seconds. hence even sunbathing in the beaches or bathing / swimming / wading in pools, reservoirs or contaminated waters in the epidemic areas can quickly contract the larvae .\nin endemic areas, the highest prevalences are reported among school - aged children and adolescents, possibly because of age - related changes in exposure and the acquisition of immunity. [ 20 ] once infected, children are more vulnerable to developing morbidity because dietary intake often fails to compensate for intestinal losses of iron and protein, especially in developing countries. a fulminant form of acute gi hemorrhage associated with acute ancylostoma infection has been described in newborns .\nthe l3 larvae are 500 - 700 µm long (barely visible to the naked eye) and are capable of rapid penetration into normal skin, most commonly on the hands or feet. transmission occurs after 5 or more minutes of skin contact with soil that contains viable larvae. the skin penetration may cause a local pruritic dermatitis, also known as ground itch. ground itch at the site of penetration is more common with ancylostoma than with necator .\nhookworms ingest and digested some of the blood from the injured mucosa by means of a multienzyme cascade of metallohemoglobinases. each necator worm ingests 0. 03 ml of blood daily, whereas each ancylostoma worm ingests 0. 15 - 0. 2 ml of blood daily. inhibited host coagulation due to a series of anticoagulants directed against factor xa and the factor viia–tissue factor (tf) complex, as well as against platelet aggregation, further exacerbates blood loss .\nthe timing of anemia onset depends on the patient’s preexisting iron stores. in a study involving 492 children, the prevalence of anemia and the prevalence of ferritin levels lower than 12 μg / l were 60. 5% and 33. 1% , respectively, in those with n americanus infection, compared with 80. 6% and 58. 9% , respectively, in those with a duodenale infection. [ 22 ]\neach day in the intestine, a mature female a duodenale worm produces about 10, 000 - 30, 000 eggs, and a mature female n americanus worm produces 5000 - 10, 000 eggs (see the image below). after deposition onto soil and under appropriate conditions, each egg develops into an infective larva. these larvae are developmentally arrested and nonfeeding. if they are unable to infect a new host, they die when their metabolic reserves are exhausted, usually in about 6 weeks .\nin the search for possible vaccine targets, investigators have focused on hookworm molecular inhibitors of coagulation factors xa and viia - tf and metalloproteases that degrade hemoglobin and intestinal mucosal cells. the sabin vaccine institute has developed a 2 antigen human hookworm vaccine comprising recombinant necator antigens na - gst - 1 and na - apr - 1, each of which is required for hookworm use of host blood. [ 11 ] another antigen, ancylostoma - secreted protein 2 (asp - 2), appears necessary for chemokine receptor binding and invasion and has shown some promise in animal vaccine trials. the 3 - dimensional structure of na - asp - 2 has recently been reported and identified as a conserved tandem histidine motif necessary for catalytic or proteolytic activity. [ 12 ] unfortunately, this vaccine produced urticarial reactions among previously infected recipients, and its development was halted. [ 13 ]\nafter the l3 larvae have successfully entered the host, the larvae then travel through the subcutaneous venules and lymphatic vessels of the human host. eventually, the l3 larvae enter the lungs through the pulmonary capillaries and break out into the alveoli. they will then travel up the trachea to be coughed and swallowed by the host. after being swallowed, the l3 larvae are then found in the small intestine where they molt into the l4, or adult worm stage. the entire process from skin penetration to adult development takes about 5 - 9 weeks. the female adult worms will release eggs (n. americanus about 9, 000 - 10, 000 eggs / day and a. duodenale 25, 000 - 30, 000 eggs / day) which are passed in the feces of the human host. these eggs will hatch in the environment within several days and the cycle with start anew [ 15 ] .\naccording to the world health organization, approximately 1. 5 billion people worldwide are infected with soil - transmitted helminths .\nmorbidity resulting from sth infection is directly related to worm burden: light sth infection usually has no symptoms, while heavy infection contributes to anemia, malnutrition, growth stunting and low birth weight. moderate to heavy sth infection also leads to impairment of physical and mental growth, delayed educational advancement, and a negative impact on economic development .\ncurrently, the world health organization (who) estimates that 267. 5 million preschool - aged children and 568. 8 million school - aged children require treatment across 103 countries endemic to sth .\nthe greatest burden of disease for sth occurs among the populations in areas that lack access to clean water and sanitation .\nmoderate to high intensity infections can cause a range of symptoms including diarrhea, abdominal pain, general malaise and weakness, which can then lead to impaired cognitive and physical development .\nthe highest rates of infection occur among pre - school aged children, school - aged children, women of childbearing age, and adults in high - risk occupations such as tea - pickers or miners .\nthe impact of sth infection on women of childbearing age includes maternal anemia, low birth weight and high infant mortality .\ncontrol of soil - transmitted helminth infections can be achieved through regular mass drug administration (mda) with a single dose albendazole or mebendazole .\nthe who recommended strategy for sth control is to conduct regular periodic treatment of all at - risk populations in endemic areas, without previous individual diagnosis .\ncurrently, usaid provides technical and financial support to 19 sth endemic countries in their efforts to control sth infection. control efforts for sth within agency - supported countries have benefited from an integrated mda strategy, which treats multiple ntds simultaneously through the combined distribution of safe and effective donated drugs .\nthis strategy has resulted in significant gains of scaling up mda and reducing prevalence over the last decade of the agency program. looking to the future, the primary focus of agency support will be to continue to assist countries in maintaining these gains with sustainable sth programs .\nthe successes achieved to date in the control of sth could not have been achieved without dynamic public - private partnerships. the agency works closely with a broad range of public and private partners dedicated to the global control of sth. among these partners are the pharmaceutical companies johnson & johnson and glaxosmithkline, who provide mebendazole and albendazole through their global donation program to national ministries of health .\nguideline: preventive chemotherapy to control soil - transmitted helminth infections in at - risk population groups [ pdf, 1. 6mb ]\nhelminth control in school - aged children: a guide for managers (who) [ pdf, 2. 7mb ]\nconducting a school deworming day: a manual for teachers [ pdf, 1. 5mb ]\nhuman hookworms are found in tropical and subtropical regions between 30° north and south of the equator .\nis found in the mediterranean region, southeast asia, and scattered in the southern americas .\n( beigal, et al. , 2000; changhua, et al. , 1999; roberts and janovy jr. , 2000 )\n, where it may remain for intervals of time until it reaches the definitive host. in the paratenic host it may survive in the muscles where it is then transferred to humans via undercooked meat, including rabbit, lamb, beef, and pork. the eggs of\nare still within the muscle and are ingested with the meat, allowing for the adults to develop within the intestinal tract .\njuveniles of the species reside in the warmer regions of the world where the soil is preferably humus and loose with reasonable water drainage and good aeration. oxygen is necessary for the development of the eggs, whose metabolism is aerobic .\nhookworm eggs derive their nutrition from the host feces via absorption. therefore they must live in areas with soils of neutral phs and in shady areas, such as coffee, banana, and sugar plantations where the feces will remain intact long enough for them to develop into juveniles. they are extremely sensitive to sunlight, which can ultimately kill the juveniles. juveniles are also sensitive to high salt concentrations and acidic phs of soils .\nafter penetrating the skin, juveniles attach to blood vessels and begin to feed until reaching the adult stage. adult females remain attached and the males detach to find their mates. continual reinfection is promoted by repeated defecation by infected individuals in the same locals where they were originally infected. this may even lead to epidemics of\n( chilton and gasser, 1999; roberts and janovy jr. , 2000 )\nis an s - shaped worm because of its flexure at the frontal end. the worm is pinkish - white. adult male hookworms range in size from 8 - 11 mm long, whereas adult females range in size from 10 - 13 mm long. this species is dimorphic, with the males having bursa characteristics and needle - like spicules with small tips, which are distally fused. females have a vulva located approximately one - third of the body length from the posterior end. both male and female hookworms have two powerful ventral teeth in the adult forms of the parasite, one along each side of the buccal capsule; smaller pairs of teeth are located deeper in the capsule .\n, large paired sensilla on each side of the mouth, which allow them to locate their host. the larvae are rod - shaped and are about 0. 004 cm long .\n( ashton, et al. , 1999; carson - dewitt, 1999; d. w. , 1980; roberts and janovy jr. , 2000; williams, 1969 )\nthe hookworm life cycle is composed of seven steps, which are as follows. first, the\neggs are passed into the feces of the host. second, the embryo passes via and develops within the feces. the first stage rhabditiform juvenile then hatches once the egg is outside of the host. next, the filariform or infective juvenile develops after two molts. this stage is characterized by an arrest in development until a new host is reached. humans may be infected via the oral cavity by ingestion of undercooked meat. filiform juveniles infect by directly penetrating the skin of the host, usually a human. fifth, the juveniles then migrate through the circulatory system until they reach the lungs. sixth, once they have reached the lungs, the juveniles leave the circulatory system by finding their way into the alveoli and then migrating to the small intestine via the trachea. it takes about 5 - 6 weeks for the hookworm to reach the small intestine from the lungs. finally, the adult worms develop in the small intestine where they mate, and produce eggs that are sent off in the feces of the host to begin the process once more. adults form about 6 weeks after the initial infection .\na possible alternate root of infection may occur if juveniles are swallowed and develop normally without moving into the lungs. however, this is a very rare occurrence .\n( beigal, et al. , 2000; d. w. , 1980; roberts and janovy jr. , 2000 )\nboth males and females attach to the intestinal walls during their life span, but the male leaves at one point to search for a female to mate with. the average female life span is about one year, during which it may lay from 10, 000 - 30, 000 eggs a day during its adult life .\na female with his curved area over the female genital pore. the gubernaculum, made of cuticle tissue, guides spicules which extend through the cloaca and anus. males use spicules to hold the female during copulation .\n( barnes, 1987; beigal, et al. , 2000; d. w. , 1980; roberts and janovy jr. , 2000 )\nthe juvenile stages of the parasite move around in the outside environment prior to locating the host. the adult worms can move from one place to another along the intestine once inside of the host, thus increasing blood loss through the wounds that are left behind in the intestinal linings .\nthe larvae of the infective stage are usually stationary, until they sense vibrations in the soil as heat or carbon dioxide. they use environmental signals to flag their host and prepare for ingestion during their third larval stage. they do so by using neurons with dendritic processes that resemble cilia, which are mechanosensory, thermosensory and chemosensory. adult human hookworms move by flowing within the bloodstream from one local to another and then attach to the intestinal walls where they feed .\n( ashton, et al. , 1999; roberts and janovy jr. , 2000; williams, 1969 )\nthe larvae of the infective stage are usually stationary, until they sense vibrations in the soil as heat or carbon dioxide. they use environmental signals to flag their host and prepare for ingestion during their third larval stage. they do so by using neurons with dendritic processes that resemble cilia, which are mechanosensory, thermosensory and chemosensory .\nthe definitive host is where the parasite reaches sexual maturity. humans are the definitive hosts of\n. recent research shows that other definitive hosts may exist because of the ability to cross - infect different hosts. for example ,\nhookworm eggs gain nutrition via the host feces. after penetrating the skin, juveniles attach to blood vessels and begin to feed .\nthe larval stage is free - living where there is independent existence in the soil. they then penetrate the host' s skin by the secretion of digestive enzymes that dissolve the skin .\nyoung and adult worms feed on blood from the walls of the host' s intestine by attaching to the intestinal lining via their sharp buccal cavity teeth, which they also use to break open small blood vessels so that they can suck the blood from them .\npossess anticoagulant substances that are secreted to prevent blood clotting to the blood flowing from the wound .\n( brinksworth, et al. , 2000; chilton and gasser, 1999; d. w. , 1980; roberts and janovy jr. , 2000 )\nthese parasites are probably not preyed on directly, but are ingested from host to host. larval mortality is high as most of the parasites do not reach appropriate hosts .\n, where it may remain for intervals of time until it reaches the definitive host .\ninfected individuals are susceptible to malnutrition, protein and iron drain from the diet. other effects include stunted growth and below - average intelligence in developing children, lowered antibody response to infectious agents, and anemia due to heavy blood loss and iron - deficiency among other side - effects. in some cases, heavy infestations may lead to fatalities because of infection of other worms or malaria as well as excess blood loss and other types of complications. infants were recently recognized in the field of public health as being vulnerable. hookworm disease is more prevalent in females than males .\ntourists visiting areas where local sanitation is a problem should be careful of infestation, especially in regions with humid climates .\ntreatment is fairly simple with mebendazole, albendazole, and levamisole. the use of dietary supplementation is important to compensate for the loss in nutrients .\n( beigal, et al. , 2000; bennett and guyatt, 2000; changhua, et al. , 1999; roberts and janovy jr. , 2000; sen - hai, et al. , 1995 )\nnagla fetouh (author), university of michigan - ann arbor, teresa friedrich (editor), university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in sub - saharan africa (south of 30 degrees north) and madagascar .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the new world. this includes greenland, the canadian arctic islands, and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nliving in the southern part of the new world. in other words, central and south america .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nan animal which directly causes disease in humans. for example, diseases caused by infection of filarial nematodes (elephantiasis and river blindness) .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\n( as keyword in perception channel section) this animal has a special ability to detect heat from other organisms in its environment .\nfound in the oriental region of the world. in other words, india and southeast asia .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother' s body .\nrainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23. 5 degrees north to 23. 5 degrees south .\na terrestrial biome. savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america, and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (> 23. 5° n or s latitude). vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nliving in cities and large towns, landscapes dominated by human structures and activity .\nashton, f. , g. schad, j. li. 1999. chemo - and thermosensory neurons: structure and function in animal parasitic nematodes .\nbeigal, y. , z. greenburg, i. ostfeld. 2000. letting the patient off the hook .\nbennett, a. , h. guyatt. 2000. reducing intestinal nematode infection: efficacy of albendazole and mebendazole (review) .\nbrinksworth, r. , s. harrop, p. prociv, p. brindley. 2000. host specificity in blood feeding parasties: a defining contribution by haemoglobin - degrading enzymes? .\nchanghua, l. , z. xiaorong, q. dongchuan, x. shuhua, p. hotez. 1999. epidemiology of human hookworm infections among adult villagers in hejiang and santai counties, sichuan province, china .\nchilton, n. , r. gasser. 1999. sequence differences in the internal transcribed spacers of dna among four species of hookworm .\nsen - hai, y. , j. ze - xiao, x. long - qi. 1995. infantile worm disease in china .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nloukas et al. (2006) discussed the need for and prospects of developing a human hookworm vaccine. hotez et al. (2004) provide a broad review of issues related to human hookworm infection .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ntogether, the hookworms infect an estimated 576 - 740 million individuals today of which 80 million are severely infected .\nthe morbidity associated with severe infection includes intestinal blood loss, anemia, and protein malnutrition .\nthe burden of infection is concentrated mostly among the world’s poorest who live on less than $ 2 a day .\na particularly vulnerable population is children in low and middle income countries as infection with hookworm can stunt growth and physical fitness and impair and intellectual and cognitive development .\nthe tragic irony of the situation is that there are readily available and cheap resources for treatment which often cost less than 2 cents per pill .\nthroughout this paper, we will explore the biological, epidemiological, and public health concepts associated with hookworm .\nfor example, it is imperative to understand the lifecycle of hookworm not just for the sake of knowing it but to understand critical points of intervention with treatment, vaccination, and public health campaigns .\ntogether, the sections all build towards the final goal of elimination of hookworm from many parts of the world .\nhookworm infection has numerous synonyms including acanthocheilonemiasis, ancylostomiasis, necatoriasis, and uncinariasis [ 1 ] .\ndocumentation of hookworm dates as early as the third - century b. c. when the authors of the hippocratic corpus referred to a disease characterized by intestinal distress, a yellow - green complexion, and a tendency to eat dirt .\nthe first definitive observations of hookworm, however, were not made until 1838 when angelo dubini discovered hookworm during an autopsy .\nreports of hookworm then began to increase throughout the world, first in egypt in 1846 and then in brazil in 1865 .\nby 1878, giovanni b. grassi and his colleagues had announced a method of diagnosis via microscopic examination of the feces for hookworm eggs .\nin 1880, edoardo perroncito first noted the correlation between hookworms and anemia among miners digging the st. gottard tunnel in the alps .\nsoon thereafter in 1881, the first antihelminthic drug, thymol, was developed and used as the drug of choice until the 1920’s .\nin 1898, arthur looss determined the life cycle of hookworm while charles w. stiles identified\nit was stiles who convinced the rockefeller foundation to initiate its $ 1 million campaign against hookworm in the united states using treatment, education, and latrine - building programs .\nalthough the campaign was unsuccessful in eliminating hookworm from the united states, the campaign has become a significant model in the history of hookworm elimination for its goal and size [ 2 ] .\nhookworm infection is generally considered to be asymptomatic, but as norman stoll described in 1962, hookworm is an extremely dangerous infection because its damage is “silent and insidious” [ 3 ] .\nthere are general symptoms that an individual may experience soon after infection. ground - itch, which is an allergic reaction at the site of parasitic penetration and entry, is common in patients infected with\nadditionally, cough and pneumonitis may result as the larvae begin to break into the alveoli and travel up the trachea. once the larvae reach the small intestine of the host and begin to mature, the infected individual may suffer from diarrhea and other gastrointestinal discomfort [ 5 ] .\nhowever, the “silent and insidious” symptoms referred to by stoll are really only related to chronic, heavy - intensity hookworm infections. major morbidity associated with hookworm is caused by intestinal blood loss, iron deficiency anemia, and protein malnutrition [ 6 ] .\nthey result mainly from adult hookworms in the small intestine ingesting blood, rupturing erythrocytes, and degrading hemoglobin in the host [ 7 ] .\nthis long - term blood loss can manifest itself physically through facial and peripheral edema; eosinophilia and pica caused by iron deficiency anemia are also experienced by some hookworm - infected patients [ 8 ] .\nrecently, more attention has been given to other important outcomes of hookworm infection that play a large role in public health .\nit is now widely accepted that children who suffer from chronic hookworm infection can suffer from growth retardation as well as intellectual and cognitive impairments [ 9 ] .\nadditionally, recent research has focused on the potential of adverse maternal - fetal outcomes when the mother is infected with hookworm during pregnancy .\nis transmitted orally, the early migrations of the larvae cause wakana disease which is characterized by nausea, vomiting, pharyngeal irritation, cough, dyspnea, and hoarseness [ 10 ] .\nprimarily infects dogs, but humans can be dead - end hosts that prevent the larvae from completing their life cycle [ 11 ] .\nthe incubation period can vary between a few weeks to many months and is largely dependent on the number of hookworm parasites with which an individual is infected [ 12 ] .\nworms are grayish white or pinkish with the head slightly bent in relation to the rest of the body .\nthis bend forms a definitive hook shape at the anterior end for which hookworms are named .\nthey possess well developed mouths with two pairs of teeth (figure 1) .\nwhile males measure approximately one centimeter by 0. 5 millimeter, the females are often longer and stouter .\nadditionally, males can be distinguished from females based on the presence of a prominent posterior copulatory bursa [ 13 ] .\nwith males usually 5 to 9 mm long and females about 1 cm long .\npossesses a pair of cutting plates in the buccal capsule (figure 1) .\njohn, david t. and william a. petri, jr. markell and voge’s medical parasitology: ninth edition. st. louis: saunders elsevier, 2006 .\nhotez, peter j. , simon brooker, jeffrey m. bethony, et al. “current concepts: hookworm infection. ” the newengland journal of medicine 351 (2004): 799 - 807 .\nhotez p, bethony j, bottazzi me, brooker s, buss p (2005) hookworm: “the great infection of mankind”. plos med 2 (3): e67\neggs can be found in warm, moist soil where they will eventually hatch into first stage larvae, or l1. l1, the feeding non - infective rhabditoform stage, will feed on soil microbes and eventually molt into second stage larvae, l2. l2, which is also in the rhabditoform stage, will feed for approximately 7 days and then molt into the third stage larvae, or l3. l3 is the filariform stage of the parasite, that is, the non - feeding infective form of the larvae. the l3 larvae are extremely motile and will seek higher ground to increase their chances of penetrating the skin of a human host. the l3 larvae can survive up to 2 weeks without finding a host. it is important to note that while\ndiagnostics of hookworm relies mainly on the recovery of the eggs from the stools .\nthe egg is unsegmented or in an early segmentation stage when passed, but sometimes when specimens have been allowed to stand at room temperature for a long period of time, a larva may be observed within the egg .\nit is rare that eggs hatch and that free larvae are found in the stool .\nrecent research has focused on the development of dna - based tools for diagnosis of infection, specific identification of hookworm, and analysis of genetic variability within hookworm populations [ 17 ] .\nbecause hookworm eggs are often indistinguishable from other parasitic eggs, pcr assays could serve as a molecular approach for accurate diagnosis of hookworm in the feces [ 18, 19 ] .\nthe most common treatment for hookworm are benzimidazoles (bzas), specifically albendazole and mebendazole .\nbzas kill adult worms by binding to the nematode’s beta - tubulin and subsequently inhibiting microtubule polymerization within the parasite [ 20 ] .\nin certain circumstances, levamisole and pyrantel pamoate may be used [ 21 ] .\nthey found that the efficacy of single - dose treatments for hookworm infections were as follows: 72% for albendazole, 15% for mebendazole, and 31% for pyrantel pamoate [ 22 ]. this substantiates prior claims that albendazole is much more effective than mebendazole for hookworm infections. also noteworthy is that the world health organization recommends anthelmintic treatment in pregnant women after the first trimester [ 23 ] .\nit is also recommended that if the patient also suffers from anemia ferrous sulfate (200mg) be administered three times daily at the same time as anthelmintic treatment; this should be continued until hemoglobin values return to normal which could take up to 3 months [ 24 ] .\nother important issues related to the treatment of hookworm are reinfection and drug resistance .\nit has been show that reinfection after treatment can be extremely high. some studies even show that 80% of pretreatment hookworm infection rates can be seen in treated communities within 30 - 36 months [ 25 ]." ]

{ "text": [ "ancylostoma duodenale is a species of the roundworm genus ancylostoma .", "it is a parasitic nematode worm and commonly known as the old world hookworm .", "it lives in the small intestine of hosts such as humans , cats and dogs , where it is able to mate and mature .", "ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus are the two human hookworms that are normally discussed together as the cause of hookworm infection .", "they are dioecious .", "ancylostoma duodenale is abundant throughout the world , including in the following areas : southern europe , north africa , india , china , southeast asia , some areas in the united states , the caribbean , and south america . " ], "topic": [ 3, 3, 4, 3, 0, 14 ] }

[ "ancylostoma duodenale is a species of the roundworm genus ancylostoma. it is a parasitic nematode worm and commonly known as the old world hookworm. it lives in the small intestine of hosts such as humans, cats and dogs, where it is able to mate and mature. ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus are the two human hookworms that are normally discussed together as the cause of hookworm infection. they are dioecious. ancylostoma duodenale is abundant throughout the world, including in the following areas: southern europe, north africa, india, china, southeast asia, some areas in the united states, the caribbean, and south america." ]

[ "worms - world register of marine species - olivella columellaris (g. b. sowerby i, 1825 )\nolivella columellaris - olividae - ecuador seashell - 9. 2mm - lot 3 on ebid united kingdom | 137295364\nwhat can we learn from confusing olivella columellaris and o. semistri\nby allison i. troost, samantha d. rupert et al .\nwhat can we learn from confusing olivella columellaris and o. semistriata (olivellidae, gastropoda), two key species in panamic sandy beach ecosystems ?\nwhat can we learn from confusing olivella columellaris and o. semistriata (olivellidae, gastropoda), two key species in panamic sandy beach ecosystems ?\nwhat can we learn from confusing olivella columellaris and o. semistriata (olivellidae, gastropoda), two key species in panamic sandy beach ecosystems ?\narticle: what can we learn from confusing olivella columellaris and o. semistriata (olivellidae, gastropoda), two key species in panamic sandy beach ecosystems ?\ndetails - what can we learn from confusing olivella columellaris and o. semistriata (olivellidae, gastropoda), two key species in panamic sandy beach ecosystems? - biodiversity heritage library\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species: olivella columellaris (g. b. i sowerby, 1825) - id: 2012000040\nolivella, pachyoliva, panamic faunal province, sandy beach intertidal, shell growth (allometry), suspension feeder .\nresumen: el gasterópodo olivella columellaris habita las playas arenosas del pacífico oriental tropical. estos caracoles suelen realizar migraciones mareales ya que se alimentan de partículas en suspensión en la zona de resaca que se mueve con la marea. aunque este comportamiento posiblemente esté regulado por un reloj endógeno que sigue los ritmos mareales, o. columellaris fácilmente puede modificarlo. por ejemplo, cuando se crean pequeños canales que drenan el agua de las pozas (naturales o artificiales) generadas en marea baja, la alimentación suspensívora continúa mientras el agua esté corriendo, retrasándose así la migración mareal. dicha plasticidad en el comportamiento cuestiona la importancia de los ritmos endógenos en la regulación de las migraciones mareales de o. columellaris .\nallison i. troost, samantha d. rupert, ariel z. cyrus, frank v. paladino, benjamin f. dattilo, and winfried s. peters (2012). what can we learn from confusing olivella columellaris and o. semistriata (olivellidae, gastropoda), two key species in panamic sandy beach ecosystems? . biota neotropica. 12 (2). urltoken\nty - jour ti - what can we learn from confusing olivella columellaris and o. semistriata (olivellidae, gastropoda), two key species in panamic sandy beach ecosystems? t2 - biota neotropica ur - urltoken py - 2012 - 06 - 01 au - troost, alison i. au - rupert, samantha d. au - cyrus, ariel z. au - paladino, frank v. au - dattilo, benjamin f. au - peters, winfried s. kw - olivella kw - pachyoliva kw - panamic faunal province kw - sandy beach intertidal kw - shell growth / allometry kw - suspension feeder er -\n@ article { bhlpart109026, title = { what can we learn from confusing olivella columellaris and o. semistriata (olivellidae, gastropoda), two key species in panamic sandy beach ecosystems? }, journal = { biota neotropica }, url = urltoken publisher = { }, author = { troost, alison i. and rupert, samantha d. and cyrus, ariel z. and paladino, frank v. and dattilo, benjamin f. and peters, winfried s. }, year = { 2012 - 06 - 01 }, keywords = { olivella | pachyoliva | panamic faunal province | sandy beach intertidal | shell growth / allometry | suspension feeder | }, }\ntroost, a. i. ; rupert, s. d. ; cyrus, a. z. ; paladino, f. v. ; dattilo, b. f. ; peters, w. s. (2012). what can we learn from confusing olivella columellaris and o. semistriata (olivellidae, gastropoda), two key species in panamic sandy beach ecosystems? . biota neotropica. 12 (2): 101 - 113. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nafter more than 2 years of preparations, the diatombase portal is now officially launched... .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop. the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete, where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium (isbs). the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae, and adding this data through the amphipoda species database... .\non 23 april 2018, a number of editors of the world register of introduced species (wrims) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute (vliz). these three days were used to evaluate, complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register (tsd)... .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read. congratulations! ...\nin 2018, to celebrate a decade of worms' existence, it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species, both for 2017 and for the previous decade... .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal. this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa ...\nsowerby i, g. b. (1825). a catalogue of the shells contained in the collection of the late earl of tankerville. london, privately published. vii + 92 + xxxiv pp. , available online at urltoken page (s): p. xxxiv [ details ]\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter, please feel free to enter the title and author information. the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request. please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news, content highlights, and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services. help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request. please try again and if the problem persists, please send us feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 001 seconds. )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nallison i. troost, indiana university - purdue university fort wayne samantha d. rupert ariel z. cyrus, indiana university - purdue university fort wayne frank v. paladino, indiana university - purdue university fort wayne follow benjamin f. dattilo, indiana university - purdue university fort wayne follow winfried s. peters, indiana university - purdue university fort wayne follow\n© 2009 indiana university–purdue university fort wayne 2101 e. coliseum blvd. | fort wayne, in 46805 - 1499 | 260 - 481 - ipfw (4739 )\ntroost, alison i. rupert, samantha d. cyrus, ariel z. paladino, frank v. dattilo, benjamin f. peters, winfried s .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. for additional information, see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. if you reside in an eu member state besides uk, import vat on this purchase is not recoverable. for additional information, see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\ndelivery time is estimated using our proprietary method which is based on the buyer' s proximity to the item location, the shipping service selected, the seller' s shipping history, and other factors. delivery times may vary, especially during peak periods .\nany international shipping and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping paid to pitney bowes inc. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international shipping is paid in part to pitney bowes inc. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\n$ 1. 00 shipping for each additional eligible item you buy from shellmama .\nthis item will be shipped through the global shipping program and includes international tracking. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthere are 2 items available. please enter a number less than or equal to 2 .\n* estimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller' s handling time, origin zip code, destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab. delivery times may vary, especially during peak periods .\nqualifying purchases could enjoy no interest if paid in full in 6 months on purchases of $ 99 or more. other offers may also be available .\ninterest will be charged to your account from the purchase date if the balance is not paid in full within 6 months. minimum monthly payments are required. subject to credit approval. see terms - opens in a new window or tab\nif the item differs greatly from the description or photos your money will be happily refunded. none specified\nshell / coral round 12 - 12. 9 mm size jewelry making beads ,\nunbranded shell / coral 12 - 12. 9 mm size jewelry making beads ,\ncopyright © 1995 - 2018 ebay inc. all rights reserved. accessibility, user agreement, privacy, cookies and adchoice\nthe photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock, except when only one specimen is offered. we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted (gamma correction) .\nin order to give you the best experience, we use cookies and similar technologies for performance, analytics, personalisation, advertising, and to help our site function. by using ebid, you agree to our use of cookies to enhance your experience in accordance with our updated privacy policy of 25th may 2018. want to know more? view our privacy policy .\nitem is from australia, bids are aud (a $), gbp (£) prices are estimates .\nmeasure 9. 2mm - with full data except for date f + + / gem... a beautiful and rare shell !\naustralian customers can pay by direct bank deposit (preferred), paypal or cheque. overseas customers please pay by paypal unless other arrangements have been made\nprices quoted below are for regular airmail. please note that we can register and / or insure on larger orders. please enquire .\ncombining items in the one package is the most economical way to buy as postage stays the same up to 500grams .\nas postage figures vary dramatically from state to state and country to country please message us if you need an accurate quote .\nwe offer a money - back guarantee if not happy with the item. money will be refunded once the item has been returned in its original condition. return postage is the buyers responsibility .\nthis is a single item listing. if an auction is running, the winning bidder will be the highest bidder .\nebid has paid for another holiday\n- why? let' s take june 2014 as an example - sales £799. 09, invoice £16. 47... overall my sales on ebid in the last 12 months have given me a total of £99. 36 in fees. on ebay that would have been £496. 80. thats my families holiday accommodation paid for this year in savings .\n45 created tue 10 jul 2018 10: 41: 52 (bst). copyright © 1999 - 2018 ebid ltd\noops. a firewall is blocking access to prezi content. check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nneither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links (coeditors shown below are not affected) .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe intertidal gastropod hydrobia ulvae was subjected experimentally in undisturbed core samples to different combinations of the presence or absence of light and of cover by seawater. as displayed in the field, a greater proportion of snails were active in the dark than in the light, and when covered by water as opposed to being provided only with a damp sediment surface. a slight, but... [ show full abstract ]\ndistribution and migrations of two cerithid snails on a sand flat in bermuda; ii. factors determinin ...\ntwo species of cerithid prosobranchs, baiillaria minima and cerithium lutosum, live on a sand flat in bermuda. the two species execute complex vertical migrations, but they respond differently to light intensity and to water level. this ensures that in the course of tidal and diurnal cycles their maxima of vertical distribution are sometimes in the same, sometimes in different layers of... [ show full abstract ]\nfloating of mud snailshydrobia ulvae in tidal waters of the wadden sea, and its implications in dist ...\njuvenile mud snailshydrobia ulvae disperse by floating at the water surface in summer. the routes of dispersal are determined by the hydrography of the specific area and can be successfully predicted by a hydrographic model. along these routes, juveniles may aggregate in temporary “satellite” sites. turnover of organisms was high at these sites. on average, an individual only stayed for 2 days... [ show full abstract ]\na crepuscular rhythm of locomotor activity in the freshwater prosobranch, melanoides tuberculata (mü ...\nmelanoides tuberculata, entrained to a l: d 12: 12 regimen, exhibits a crepuscular pattern of locomotor activity which persists for 6 to 7 days in both constant light and constant relative darkness at a period which deviates only slightly from 24 h, showing the rhythms to be endogenous. in constant conditions, the activity peaks drift relative to the times of the zeitgebers, but retain the... [ show full abstract ]\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nariel z. cyrus, jennifer swiggs, pilar santidrian tomillo, frank v. paladino, winfried s. peters; cannibalism causes size - dependent intraspecific predation pressure but does not trigger autotomy in the intertidal gastropod agaronia propatula, journal of molluscan studies, volume 81, issue 3, 1 august 2015, pages 388–396, urltoken\nautotomy, the active shedding of a body part, is a dramatic action some animals take to escape a predator' s attack. understanding the balance of benefit and costs of losing a body part in order to survive is a persistent problem in evolutionary ecology (maginnis, 2006). while the widely known shedding of tails in lizards represents the paradigmatic, most thoroughly studied example (bateman & fleming, 2009), autotomy is particularly common in various invertebrate taxa, where a variety of morphological structures are affected (fleming, muller & bateman, 2007) .\nin s. c. caliginosa, the predators against which autotomy is effective are specialized snail - eating snakes that attack the snails through the aperture of their shells. when determinate growth ceases, mature snails develop a constricted shell aperture which restricts the snakes' access to fully withdrawn snails (hoso & hori, 2008). therefore, most mature individuals survive snake attacks without having to shed their ‘tails’, although snake - induced autotomy does occur occasionally in mature snails. immature individuals are more vulnerable as they lack the protective constriction and therefore have relatively wide shell apertures. nonetheless, about half of the attacked young snails survive, mostly because they autotomize more readily than mature ones (hoso, 2012). the other subspecies of s. caliginosa, s. c. picta, lives on an island without snail - eating snakes; it does not develop apertural constrictions (hoso & hori, 2008) and autotomizes rarely (hoso, 2012) .\nwhat triggers autotomy in a. propatula in the wild remains obscure. cannibalistic attacks of larger specimens on smaller ones have been documented (rupert & peters, 2011; cyrus et al. , 2012), but no predation on a. propatula other than intraspecific aggression has yet been reported. this led rupert & peters (2011) to hypothesize that autotomy serves in the defence against cannibalism, although cannibalism - induced autotomy has not been directly observed in the wild. in this study, we further evaluated the effects of cannibalism in our costa rican study population of a. propatula. we estimated the frequency of autotomy and the proportion of cannibalism among all predation events, determined the role of body size for the success of cannibalistic attacks and conducted a direct test of the hypothesis that cannibalism triggers autotomy .\nspecimen was carefully lifted up by the shell without touching the soft body. snails treated in this manner do not retreat into their shell but continue to probe the air around them in what seems to be an attempt to reach solid ground (\n). the behaviour of hunter and bait was recorded (attack or no attack, success of attack, attempt to escape by burrowing or crawling away, etc. ;\n= 116), either until one had completely enclosed the other in its metapodial pouch, or until both moved away in different directions. finally, hunter and bait were photographed next to a ruler with a digital camera (sony cybershot dsc - h20) and shell lengths were measured on the photographs using imagej v. 1. 45s (\n) to establish the dependence of the success rate of predation attempts on the size ratio between hunter and bait .\nmorphological indicators of previous autotomy events and their distribution across the size spectrum of the study population of agaronia propatula. a. living snails viewed from below, showing a normal, uniformly coloured sole (left), a pink ‘tail’ (centre) and an incompletely regenerated white ‘tail’ (right). in bicoloured feet (centre and right), the border between the colours is always sharp and coincides with the darkly pigmented autotomy zone. b. size spectrum (shell length in classes 2 mm wide) and distribution of foot colourations in the active population. the median shell length (30. 4 mm) is indicated by a vertical line. unhatched portions of columns represent uniformly coloured feet, which were grey or pink as colour - coded. hatched portions represent bicoloured feet with white or pink tails as colour - coded. asterisks on top stand for individuals with incompletely regenerated, short and thin white ‘tails’ (as on the right in a) .\nduring the course of this project, we documented 108 successful predation events at our study site. predation events either were directly observed as successful attacks (29% of all cases), or\nsailing down the beach slope in the backwash with filled metapodial pouches were caught and examined (71% of all cases). in the latter case, several hours may have passed since the successful attack took place (\n( 68. 5% of the total); shell lengths of animals captured ranged from 7. 0 to 19. 3 mm, corresponding to predator - to - prey shell length ratios from 1. 47 to 5. 13. in six predation events (5. 6% of the total) victims were smaller\n( 22. 0 to 32. 1 mm shell length) and predator - to - prey shell length ratios ranged from 1. 45 (practically identical to the lower limit for\nprey) to 2. 14. in one of these six instances, about half of the victim was found consumed and, in another, only a small amount of tissue remained in the apex of the victim' s shell. these observations suggested that incompletely consumed prey was kept in the metapodial pouch as a food reserve. the remaining four victims of intraspecific predation were alive and active immediately after their rescue from the metapodial pouches; none had autotomized. intriguingly, two of the live victims had inflated metapodial pouches themselves, but these contained sand only. in no case was the prey' s shell damaged, indicating that\n). in four of these instances, both animals retreated after a more or less violent struggle in which they attempted to wrap their metapodia around the opponent. no animal involved ever withdrew into its shell; it rather seemed that the snails expanded their feet to maximum size, which evidently reduced the danger of being enclosed by the opponent' s foot. on two occasions the animals were submerged when the attack occurred; in both cases, the attacked snail rapidly assumed the sailing posture and moved away with the flow, leaving its opponent behind .\ntaken together, our field observations indicated that ‘tail’ autotomy on one hand, and intraspecific aggression as well as cannibalism on the other, occur at significant rates in a. propatula at our study site. thus, the hypothesis that autotomy serves as a defence mechanism against intraspecific predation appeared plausible. however, the hypothesis was not supported by direct observation of the process in the field .\nsince we had failed to observe cannibalism - induced autotomy in the field, we attempted to trigger it experimentally by ‘hunter - bait’ experiments. in these experiments, one active individual, the ‘bait’, was placed in the path of another, the ‘hunter’ (\n). without exception, the bait snail, irritated by being lifted up from the substrate briefly, started to burrow immediately. in 99 out of 116 trials (i. e. 85 %) the hunter attacked the burrowing bait, trying to seize it from above with the anterior foot and push it into the metapodial pouch. the bait, however, always attempted to escape by rapid burrowing or forceful movement to the side and only 40 attacks (35% of all trials) ended with the successful entrapment of the bait in the hunter' s pouch. most importantly, the bait never autotomized in these tests, even when almost subdued. snails that could not escape by moving rapidly or burrowing expanded their feet maximally in what looked like desperate attempts to exceed the opponent' s metapodial pouch in size (fig .\n) in its metapodium, whereas the ‘bait’ struggles to burrow while keeping its foot expanded .\nplot of 116 trials with hunter and bait sizes (shell lengths) as coordinates; dashed isolines mark equal size ratios. different symbols represent successful captures of the bait, unsuccessful attacks on the bait and no responses, as defined at top left. all attempted captures in which the size ratio was ≥1. 46 were successful, while all attempts with size ratios < 1. 18 were unsuccessful (with one exception); these two critical ratios are highlighted as solid lines. the distribution of hunter / bait size ratios in this experiment is not representative of natural cannibalistic events in the population, as hunters were intentionally selected to cover the widest possible size range more or less homogeneously .\nplotting bait versus hunter shell lengths revealed a clear dependence of the success rate of capturing attempts on the size ratio (fig. 2 b). when the hunter was at least 1. 46 times larger than the bait, the attack never failed (19 cases). this relation was practically identical to the minimum predator - to - prey size ratios that we had found in naturally occurring cannibalism events (1. 45) and in the predation on o. semistriata (1. 47; see above). in contrast, the bait almost always escaped (in 36 of 37 cases) when the hunter was less than 1. 18 times larger than the bait (fig. 2 b). when the size ratio was between these values, attacks were successful or not at about equal rates. it should be emphasized that the size ratio determined the success rate of the attacks, but had little effect on the decision to attack: in 79% of the trials in which the bait actually was larger than the hunter (size ratio < 1), the hunter attacked anyway (fig. 2 b) .\nwe inferred that if autotomy occurred in a. propatula as a response to cannibalistic attack, it would not be triggered during early stages of intraspecific aggressive interactions. moreover, we concluded that hunting a. propatula tend to attack conspecifics they encounter regardless of size, but that the success of intraspecific predation attempts depends on the size ratio between predator and prey. consequently, cannibalism must be common in a. propatula populations. the frequency of successful cannibalistic predation attempts in a population must be a function of population density since encounters are random, and also of the size spectrum of the population because success rates depend on size ratios (fig. 2 b) .\nwe concluded that a. propatula kills its prey in a process that takes several hours, with slow suffocation in the metapodial pouch being the most obvious candidate mechanism. due to enclosed sediment and water, the volume of the closed pouch can be much larger than that of the victim alone, which may explain the prolonged survival of the prey. our results confirmed that a. propatula approaches its shelled gastropod prey through the aperture without damaging the shell. the most important finding, however, was that all victims died without autotomizing, refuting the hypothesis that a. propatula performs autotomy in defence against cannibalistic attack .\nin his review of cannibalism in gastropods, baur (1992) concluded that among marine species, cannibalism occurs in opportunistic but not in specialized predators (compare paine, 1963; hughes, 1985), that the intraspecific predator usually is larger than its prey in shelled snails but not necessarily in shell - less slugs (compare leonard & lukowiak, 1984) and that the occurrence of cannibalism might correlate with environmental constraints such as limited periods for foraging activities. evidently, a. propatula fits this description .\nwhile we have not determined the absolute frequency of cannibalistic events in the study population, a rough estimate of the effects of cannibalism can be derived from the finding that 5. 6% of all predation events observed were cannibalistic. defining t as the average period between two successful hunts, and assuming that t is the same for all kinds of prey, the population will have a cannibalism - induced half - life period of 12 t. if t equals 5 d, for example, the original population will be halved in 2 months due to cannibalism alone. this assumption appears conservative; we have not observed t for cannibalism, but t for predation on o. semistriata probably is about 1 d as consumption was completed in less than 14 to 16 h in our tests. thus, cannibalism is a potentially significant factor in the population dynamics of a. propatula .\nto establish an arbitrary but intuitive unit of intraspecific predation pressure, we set the probability to be cannibalized when meeting a conspecific for a snail of median size (30. 4 mm shell length) to 1. the relationship between size and relative intraspecific predation pressure is given in figure 3 b. the odds for the smallest a. propatula found on our test beach to meet dangerously sized conspecifics are about nine times higher than those for individuals of median size, while the risk for the largest animals in the population approaches zero. the relative predation pressure on snails at the end of the 10th percentile (shell length 21. 3 mm) and the beginning of the 90th percentile (shell length 37. 7 mm) of the study population differs by a factor of 90! this strongly skewed distribution of predation risk confirms that large and small a. propatula play distinct trophic roles in a functionally size - structured population .\nwork in the parque nacional marino las baulas was conducted under research permits act - or - d - 015 and act - or - dr - 064 to w. s. p. from the costa rican ministerio de ambiente y energia. fieldwork in 2013 / 2014 was facilitated by a sabbatical leave granted to w. s. p. by indiana / purdue university fort wayne. we thank lucia delbene for assistance in the production of the\nnatural history observations of prophysaon andersoni (j. g. cooper), with special reference to amputation\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\nerror. page cannot be displayed. please contact your service provider for more details. (32 )" ]

{ "text": [ "olivella columellaris is a species of small sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family olivellidae , the dwarf olives .", "with the very similar olivella semistriata it forms the subgenus pachyoliva .", "both species are suspension feeders .", "they use unique appendages of the propodium ( front part of the foot ) to deploy mucus nets which capture suspended particles from the backwash on sandy beaches of the tropical eastern pacific . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26, 12, 17 ] }

[ "olivella columellaris is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family olivellidae, the dwarf olives. with the very similar olivella semistriata it forms the subgenus pachyoliva. both species are suspension feeders. they use unique appendages of the propodium (front part of the foot) to deploy mucus nets which capture suspended particles from the backwash on sandy beaches of the tropical eastern pacific." ]

[ "yellow - tailed black - cockatoo at... - cockatoo wingtag | facebook\ncarnaby’s black cockatoo, carnaby’s cockatoo, mallee cockatoo, ngoolark, short - billed black cockatoo, short - billed black - cockatoo, slender - billed black - cockatoo, slender - billed cockatoo, white - tailed black cockatoo, white - tailed black - cockatoo, white - tailed cockatoo .\nthe yellow - tailed black cockatoo competes with the palm cockatoo as australia’s largest cockatoo species. yellow - tailed black cockatoos reach a greater length, but palm cockatoos are heavier .\nalthough the yellow - tailed black cockatoo is one of six species of black cockatoo in australia, it is the only black cockatoo found in tasmania .\na yellow - tailed black cockatoo in sydney’s centennial park. photo: peter rae\na yellow - tailed black cockatoo in sydney' s centennial park. photo: peter rae\ncommon names include baudin' s black cockatoo or long - billed black cockatoo .\nmy experience with the yellow - tailed black cockatoos. it all started in 1984 when i purchased a pair of yellow - tailed black cockatoos .\nresearchers john martin and jessica rooke fit a gps tracker to a yellow - tailed black cockatoo .\nthis information is important for the long - term conservation of the yellow - tailed black - cockatoo population .\nthis and carnaby' s black cockatoo were known collectively as the white - tailed black cockatoo until formally classified as separate species .\ndescription of adults: not to be confused with the red tailed black cockatoo .\nthe yellow tailed black cockatoo has a beak adapted for digging into branches and trunks of trees to extract insect larvae .\nresearchers john martin and jessica rooke fit a gps tracker to a yellow - tailed black cockatoo. photo: peter rae\nsaunders, denis a (1979) .\ndistribution and taxonomy of the white - tailed and yellow - tailed black - cockatoos\nthe yellow - tailed black cockatoo is a large black cockatoo with round yellow marking on ear. the tail has pale yellow panels. the male has dark grey upper bill and pink ring round eye. the female has a paler bill and grey ring round eye .\nsaunders, denis a (1974) .\nsubspeciation in the white - tailed black cockatoo ,\nthe yellow - tailed black - cockatoo is a large (to 680mm) cockatoo clearly distinguished by its mostly black plumage, yellow cheek patch and yellow panels on the tail. the body feathers are edged with yellow giving a scalloped appearance. it has a short, mobile crest on the top of its head .\nportrait of a female yellow - tailed black - cockatoo (photo courtesy of b. hensen) [ bruny island, tas, march 2016 ]\nthe yellow - tailed black - cockatoo is found in south - eastern australia, from eyre peninsula, south australia to south and central eastern queensland .\nlateral view of a male yellow - tailed black - cockatoo (photo courtesy of m. eaton) [ ravensbourne np, qld, june 2016 ]\nfrontal view of a preening female yellow - tailed black - cockatoo (photo courtesy of m. eaton) [ cooroy, qld, december 2017 ]\nwildlife ecologist john martin and researcher jessica rooke look for yellow - tailed black cockatoos in sydney' s centennial park .\nthe yellow - tailed black cockatoos have a long breeding season. both sexes construct the nest, which is a large\nuntil recently, the short - billed black - cockatoo, c. latirostris, found in south - western australia, was considered a subspecies of the yellow - tailed black - cockatoo. this species has white, instead of yellow, panels in the tail. another similarly sized black - coloured cockatoo is the red - tailed black - cockatoo, c. magnificus. this species overlaps with the range of the yellow - tailed black - cockatoo in south - eastern queensland. it has red panels in the tail, and spotting on the body and head. the smaller (48 cm) glossy black - cockatoo, c. lathami, also has red panels in the tail .\nuntil recently, the short - billed black - cockatoo, c. latirostris, found in south - western australia, was considered a subspecies of the yellow - tailed black - cockatoo. this species has white, instead of yellow, panels in the tail. another similarly sized black - coloured cockatoo is the red - tailed black - cockatoo, c. magnificus. this species overlaps with the range of the yellow - tailed black - cockatoo in south - eastern queensland. it has red panels in the tail, and spotting on the body and head. the smaller (48 cm) glossy black - cockatoo, c. lathami, also has red panels in the tail .\nwestern australia black cockatoo workshop (2008). proceedings of the western australia black cockatoo workshop, august 2008. perth, western australia .\nthe yellow - tailed black - cockatoo is one of six species of black - cockatoo in australia. in recent years it has been in rapid decline because of native habitat clearance, with a loss of food supply and nest sites .\nfemale yellow - tailed black cockatoo in australia. it is eating banksia integrifolia. . image by tim from ithaca - some rights reserved. (view image details )\nnear - lateral view of a female yellow - tailed black - cockatoo (photo courtesy of b. hensen) [ st. albans, nsw, november 2017 ]\ndorsal view of a female yellow - tailed black - cockatoo (photo courtesy of r. plumtree) [ ensay south, east gippsland, vic, january 2017 ]\nyellow - tailed black cockatoo' s, while not uncommon are no where near as visible as their cousins, the sulphur - crested cockatoo (which are a daily sighting in most major australian cities) .\nthe yellow - tailed black - cockatoo is a large cockatoo. it is easily identified by its mostly black plumage, with most body feathers edged with yellow, not visible at a distance. it has a yellow cheek patch and yellow panels on the tail. the female has a larger yellow cheek patch, pale grey eye - ring (pink in males), white upper bill (grey - black in males) and black marks in the yellow tail panels. young birds resemble the adult female, but young males have a smaller cheek patch .\nthe yellow - tailed black - cockatoo occurs in a variety of habitat types, including eucalypt woodland, heathlands, subalpine areas, pine plantations and occasionally in urban areas .\nthis story rare birds: project tracks wild yellow - tailed black cockatoos for the first time first appeared on the sydney morning herald .\ndamage done by a yellow - tailed black - cockatoo to a young tree; yellow - tailed black - cockatos are known to take grubs, such as e. g. witchety grubs, that may have caused the initial damage to the plant' s core [ jilliby sca, nsw, july 2013 ]\nmale yellow - tailed black - cockatoo pulling seeds out of a cone (photo courtesy of r. plumtree) [ ensay south, east gippsland, vic, december 2013 ]\nfemale yellow - tailed black - cockatoo pulling seeds out of a cone (photo courtesy of r. plumtree) [ ensay south, east gippsland, vic, march 2014 ]\nseed cones of an introduced conifer (left) and one chewed by a yellow - tailed black - cockatoo... [ near glen innes, nsw, may 2014 ]\nsaunders, d. a. (1979) distribution and taxonomy of the white - tailed and yellow - tailed black - cockatoos calyptorhynchus spp. emu, 79: 215 - 227 .\nfig. 3. crypsis in feather lice: the white louse (neopsittaconirums albus) is a parasite ofthe sulfur - crested cockatoo (cacatua galerita), the black louse (n. borgiolii) is a parasite of the yellow - tailed black cockatoo (calyptorhynchus funereus). photos of sulfur - crested cockatoo by fir0002 / flagstaffotos, yellow - tailed black cockatoo by david cook, and lice by s. e. bush. from bush et al. (2010) .\nwildlife ecologist john martin and researcher jessica rooke look for yellow - tailed black cockatoos in sydney' s centennial park. photo: peter rae\nyellow - tailed black - cockatoo\ntlc\n- female, right, grooming male, left (photo courtesy of m. eaton) [ cooroy, qld, december 2017 ]\never the practical joker... male yellow - tailed black - cockatoo having fun chewing on the bark of a eucalypt tree [ bald rock np, nsw, october 2007 ]\nthe yellow - tailed black - cockatoo is found in south - eastern australia, through south australia, with an isolated population on the eyre peninsula, to south and central eastern queensland .\njessica’s project focuses on the well known yellow - tailed black - cockatoo. however, not many people know that this iconic species has been largely understudied, and is in significant decline. the project’s objectives are to investigate the species habitat, foraging and breeding ecology, with an overall aim of creating a management plan to help conserve the yellow - tailed black - cockatoo .\nr. plumtree reports spotting yellow - tailed black - cockatoos, race\nfunereus\n, occasionally at ensay south, east gippsland, vic .\nb. hensen reports spotting yellow - tailed black - cockatoos, race\nxanthanotus\n, on bruny island, tas, in march 2016 .\nsaunders, d. a. (1979). distribution and taxonomy of the white - tailed and yellow - tailed black - cockatoos calyptorhynchus spp. emu. 79: 215 - - 227 .\nthere are six species of black - cockatoo endemic to australia. the yellow - tailed black - cockatoo is one of the largest species, and found from central / south eastern queensland down to the eyre peninsula in south australia. in recent years, there has been a significant decline in yellow - tailed black - cockatoo numbers on the east coast. moreover, birds have begun to inhabit urbanised areas and forage on introduced pines. around sydney, yellow - tailed black - cockatoos forage in bushland, parks and golf courses on pine cones and a range of native plants, including banksia and hakea seeds .\nmaintain the cockatoo care program and use other opportunities to promote the recovery of baudin’s cockatoo .\na large cockatoo, the yellow - tailed black - cockatoo may reach 65 cm in length with mostly black plumage. most body feathers are edged with yellow and it has large yellow cheek patch and yellow tail panels. females have brighter cheek patches, a pale - grey eye - ring and dark spotting in the tail panels. both sexes have a short, erectable crest. in flight, yellow - tailed black cockatoos flap with a distinctive slow, deep wingbeat. the contact call is a high - pitched and distinctive\nkee - ow” but they may utter a raucous screech if alarmed .\nif you hear the distinctive call of the yellow - tailed black cockatoo in the parklands, take heed as you will be in for a feast for the eyes as a flock wheels over you .\nyou may have seen them slowly flapping in small to large flocks, or heard their distinctive, loud call around sydney. but what do we know about the yellow - tailed black - cockatoo ?\nlateral view of a female yellow - tailed black - cockatoo launching itself into the air (photo courtesy of l. scott) [ roseberry creek valley, near toonumbar np, northern nsw, january 2017 ]\nresearch featured in the' state of australia' s birds 2015' headline and regional reports indicates a significant decline for the yellow - tailed black cockatoo (and some other parrot species) in the east coast .\ni was out walking and came across this pair of yellow - tailed black - cockatoos, unfortunately i didn' t have my camera on me out the time .\nthe breeding season of yellow - tailed black - cockatoos depends on geographic latitude. in the se of australia it is restricted to the period from oct to may .\nbohner, f. (1984). first breeding of the white - tailed black cockatoo. bird keeping in australia. 27: 17 - 18 .\nmale yellow - tailed black cockatoo at wamboin, nsw, australia. the red eye - ring indicates that it is a male. image by david cook wildlife photography - some rights reserved. (view image details )\nyellow - tailed black - cockatoos feed in small to large flocks. their favoured foods are wood - boring larvae and seeds of native and introduced trees and ground plants .\nyellow - tailed black - cockatoos, race\nxanthanotus\n, feasting on seeds (photo courtesy of b. hensen) [ bruny island, tas, march 2016 ]\nthe yellow - tailed black - cockatoo inhabits a variety of habitat types, but favours eucalypt woodland and pine plantations. small to large flocks can be seen in these areas, either perched or flying on slowly flapping wings .\nyellow - tailed black - cockatoos are not as common as other cockatoo species west of the great dividing range. the first time we spotted one bird of race\nfunereus\nwas 25 km west of narrabri in 2003 .\nthe yellow - tailed black cockatoo inhabits a variety of habitat types, but prefers eucalypt woodland and pine plantations. they are found in south - eastern australia, from eyre peninsula, south australia to south and central eastern queensland .\nbirds in my backyard / yellow - tailed black cockatoo feeding it’s young the yellow - tailed black cockatoos have arrived in my backyard. (as with the sulphur - crested cockatoos we only get a couple of them turn up to where we live .) this year they have a young one with them which is good to see. i was fortunate enough to catch the male feeding him / her .\nif you are in the southern part of western australia, they would have been one of the white - tailed black cockatoos: either baudin' s black - cockatoo (calyptorhynchus baudinii) or carnaby' s black - cockatoo (c. latirostris). the white - tailed black cockies have white cheek patches and (unsurprisingly) a white panel with little to no black in the tail. these may possibly be mistaken for pale yellow in certain circumstances. we are in the process of adding more fact sheets and images to the site, but unfortunately we don' t have any white - tailed cocky images at this point. try entering\nwhite tailed black cockatoo\ninto a search engine to see some images of these lovely birds. cheers, jaynia\nassociations baudin' s cockatoo sometimes associates with carnaby' s cockatoo and the forest red - tailed black cockatoo (calyptorhynchus banksii naso) at sites where food is abundant (higgins 1999; saunders 1974b), most likely in jarrah - marri forest on the darling plateau. breeding, foraging and roosting areas also overlap on the southern swan coastal plain. carnaby' s cockatoo is listed as endangered and the forest red - tailed black cockatoo is listed as vulnerable under the epbc act 1999 .\n— geltonuodegis kakadu statusas t sritis zoologija | vardynas atitikmenys: lot. calyptorhynchus funereus angl. yellow tailed black cockatoo vok. gelbschwanz rußkakadu, m rus. траурный какаду, m pranc. cacatoès funèbre, m ryšiai: platesnis terminas… …\nwithin the genus, the two western australian white - tailed species, the short - billed and long - billed black cockatoo, together with the yellow - tailed black cockatoo of eastern australia form the subgenus zanda. the red - tailed and glossy black cockatoos form the other subgenus, calyptorhynchus. the two groups are distinguished by differing juvenile food begging calls and the degree of sexual dimorphism. males and females of the latter group have markedly different plumage, whereas those of the former have similar plumage. [ 4 ]\nthe baudin' s black cockatoo is one of two species of white - tailed black cockatoo endemic to south - western australia which were only separated taxonomically in 1948. it is closely associated with moist, heavily forested areas dominated by marri and is threatened by habitat destruction .\nyellow - tailed black - cockatoos can be very determined to [ literally ] get their grub (photo courtesy of m. eaton) [ ravensbourne np, qld, june 2016 ]\nyellow - tailed black - cockatoos large black - cockatoos that usually live in small to medium - sized flocks. their plumage is dimorphic, i. e. males and females are slightly different. both sexes have dull black plumage, with a small crest. grey edge lining of the feathers leads to a slightly scalloped appearance. male yellow - tailed black - cockatoos have small yellow ear patches, pink eye - rings, a dark - grey bill and two solid - yellow undertail panels. females have larger yellow ear patches, grey eye - rings, a light - grey bill and finely barred tail panels. the irises are dark, legs and feet are grey. juvenile and immature yellow - tailed black - cockatoos have a pinkish bill; they can be identified easily, because they are always begging for food with strident begging calls .\nthe forest red - tailed black cockatoo (calyptorhynchus banksii naso) also occurs within the range of baudin' s cockatoo, but baudin' s cockatoo is readily distinguished by the prominent whitish patch over the ear coverts, the white (as opposed to red) panels in the tail, and the distinctive contact call that is said to be very different from the harsh, metallic notes of the forest red - tailed black cockatoo (higgins 1999) .\ncarnaby’s black - cockatoo is often mistaken for the closely related baudin’s black - cockatoo (calyptorhynchus baudinii), and the two were previously considered to be the same species (4) (5). the only noticeable differences between the two species are that carnaby’s black - cockatoo produces a slightly longer contact call and has a shorter upper mandible, giving rise to its alternative common name of short - billed black - cockatoo (2) (3) (4) (5) (8) (9). carnaby’s black - cockatoo and baudin’s black - cockatoo also have slightly different feeding habits and habitat preferences (7) .\na pair of yellow - tailed black cockatoos flying at edithvale wetlands, melbourne, victoria, australia image by frankzed from melbourne, australia - some rights reserved. (view image details )\nthe yellow - tailed black cockatoo is found from central queensland to south australia' s eyre peninsula. it eats the seeds of native trees and pine cones but in urbanised areas is foraging on introduced pine cones in parks and on golf courses .\nnear - lateral view of a female yellow - tailed black - cockatoo - in this view one can clearly see the crossed alignment of the crest feathers (photo courtesy of b. hensen) [ st. albans, nsw, november 2017 ]\nsaunders, d. a. (1974c). the function of displays in the breeding of the white - tailed black cockatoo. emu. 74: 43 - 46 .\na fair number of yellow - tailed black - cockatoos, race\nfunereus\n, were also spotted at coolah tops np, 30 km east of coolah, nsw, in may 2009 .\nhere the cause of the damage: female yellow - tailed black - cockatoo pulling a grub out of the core of a branch of a white cedar tree (photo courtesy of b. hensen) [ st. albans, nsw, november 2017 ]\n55–60 cm; 610–900 g. male body plumage dusky black with upper body and wing - covert feathers finely edged buff; yellow ear - covert patch; broad yellow band in tail ...\ndescription: one of my favourite members of the parrot family would have to be the yellow - tailed black cockatoo. during autumn, these large black cockatoos form flocks that move around sydney in search of food. the males have a blackish bill, a red eye - ring and a dull yellow ear patch. the female has a whitish bill, a grey eye - ring and a bright yellow ear patch. both sexes have large yellow panels in a long tail that can be seen when the bird is in flight .\nnear - dorsal view of a male yellow - tailed black - cockatoo; note the skin - coloured eye ring and dark - grey bill, which distinguish it from females (photo courtesy of b. hensen) [ bruny island, tas, march 2016 ]\nthis species is conventionally accepted (christidis & boles 1994; sibley & monroe 1990). baudin' s cockatoo and carnaby' s cockatoo (calyptorhynchus latirostris) were formerly treated as a single species, the white - tailed black - cockatoo (c. baudinii) (higgins 1999; saunders 1979) .\nsaunders, d. a. (1974b). subspeciation in the white - tailed black cockatoo, calyptorhynchus baudinii, in western australia. australian wildlife research. 1: 55 - 69 .\nyellow - tailed black - cockatoos have been observed by us chomping on tree branches and young trees, apparently feeding on something under the bark, possibly in the (rotten ?) core, see below .\nhi dennis. given your locality and description, it is most likely that the birds you saw are yellow - tailed black - cockatoos. they only other black cockatoo in your area is the glossy black - cockatoo, however as yours were large with yellow on the cheeks and under the tail, it is very unlikely that they were glossies. yellow - tailed black - cockatopos are large, very impressive birds and have a gorgeous call, unlike the harsh screech of a sulphur - crested cockatoo. you can check out their call on the birds in backyards site at urltoken. yellow - tails forage for wood - boring insects by stripping bark and excavating holes in trees, hence the bits of falling branch you saw. they are also known to make a\ngrating\nnoise while they forage, which is probably the sound you heard. best regards, jaynia .\nchapman, t. (2008). forest black cockatoo (baudin' s cockatoo calyptorhynchus baudinii and forest redtailed black cockatoo calyptorhynchus banksii naso) recovery plan. department of environment and conservation, western australia. available from: urltoken. in effect under the epbc act from 21 - apr - 2011 .\nsorry dennis, i posted my last comment before it was finished! there are also red - tailed black - cockatoos in your area, however, it isn' t likely that they are what you saw if all your birds had yellow cheeks and yellow undertail panels. cheers, jaynia\n5th aug, 2010. approx 2 weeks ago i had the pleasure of two large glossy black cockatoos pecking at my tree after borers. i have tried to identify them by picture on the net but cannot find an identical likeness. it sounds like they are yellow tailed black cockatoos but the plumage on these birds was truly beautiful. glossy black but the tails were a soft yellow colour and the yellow was at the end of the tail feathers not mixed in with the black. the division of colour from black to yellow was very definate and almost scalloped across the span of the tail feathers. there was only two and the call was soft and inviting. sadly went for the camera but wasn' t quick enough. all other features seemed same as yellow tailed but cant find that elusive picture to prove it .\nforshaw, joseph m. & cooper, william t. 2002. yellow - tailed black - cockatoo calyptorhynchus funereus (shaw). pp 57 - 70 in: australian parrots / joseph m. forshaw; illustrated by william t. cooper alexander editions, robina, queensland .\nthe yellow - tailed black - cockatoo is found up to 2000m throughout south - eastern australia, from eyre peninsula to south and central eastern queensland. it is declining in numbers in parts of its range due to habitat fragmentation and loss of large trees used for breeding hollows .\nsaunders, d. a. (1974) subspeciation in the white - tailed black cockatoo, calyptorhynchus baudinii, in western australia. australian wildlife research, 1 (1): 55 - 69 .\nhi soraya. the identification depends on which state you saw the birds in. if you are in the eastern states of australia, then the birds were yellow - tailed black - cockatoos. when the tail is folded, sometimes the black in the panel is not visible; also, some birds don' t have a lot of black speckling. there is often a sharp distinction between the black and yellow. my guess is that this is most likely the species you saw .\nshephard, m. (1989). aviculture in australia: keeping and breeding aviary birds. melbourne: black cockatoo press .\nyellow - tailed black cockatoos are a little flighty around humans, which can make it difficult for scientists to capture them. but if you cruise up to one in a car, it won' t be particularly bothered .\nit is unclear whether such responses are adaptive or reflect resilience to habitat alteration. while some data are available, very little is known about the movements of yellow - tailed black - cockatoos and the mechanisms driving their behaviour .\nthis study will investigate yellow - tailed black - cockatoo movements around the sydney region, using gps tracking technology. additionally, diets will be investigated using isotopic analysis, given the probable importance of different types of foraging resources which drive the species’ distribution. overall, we have 4 main objectives :\nsaunders, d. a. (1974a). the occurrence of the white - tailed black cockatoo, calyptorhynchus baudinii, in pinus plantations in western australia. australian wildlife research. 1: 45 - 54 .\nyellow - tailed black - cockatoos feed in small to large, noisy flocks. the favoured food is seeds of native trees and pinecones, but birds also feed on the seeds of ground plants. some insects are also eaten .\nunlike the smaller sulphur - crested cockatoo, whose screech is like the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard, the yellow - tailed black cockatoo has a distinctive, almost mournful, cry. they are beautiful to watch in flight, dr martin said .\nit' s like they' re falling and they catch themselves; they really float along ,\nhe said .\nbyrne, m. , g. barrett, m. blythman, h. finn & m. williams (2015). the 2015 great cocky count: a community - based survey for carnaby' s black - cockatoo (calyptorhynchus latirostris) and forest red - tailed black - cockatoo (calyptorhynchus banksii naso). birdlife australia, floreat, western australia .\ndr martin, who works with the botanic gardens and centennial parklands, is part of the first study to track yellow - tailed black - cockatoos in the wild, which in sydney includes the eastern suburbs and industrial areas such as port botany .\nbirds australia (now birdlife australia) has been leading recovery efforts for the carnaby’s black - cockatoo, and in 2006 introduced the ‘great cocky count’, a survey completed by the community to map carnaby’s black - cockatoo abundance and estimate the population size (7) (15) .\nthere are three races of yellow - tailed black - cockatoos, all of which are endemic to australia. the range of yellow - tailed black - cockatoos extends along the south and east coast of australia, from about the tip of the eyre peninsula, sa, to about the tropic of capricorn in qld. especially in qld, but also in other areas, yellow - tailed black - cockatoos are also found in parts of the great dividing range, up to a few hundred km from the coastline. to the west of melbourne, vic, race\nwhiteae\nis found, whereas east of melbourne and up the east coast nominate race\nfunereus\nis found. race\nxanthanotus\npopulates all of tasmania and the islands along bass strait .\nis there anyone who doesn’t appreciate the sight of a flock of yellow - tailed black cockatoos (ytbc) flying overhead? it seems that very little is really known about them and you can help to change that and potentially influence planning for their conservation .\nlueka is a yellow - tailed black cockatoo. he is a wild - born bird who was donated to australia zoo by queensland parks and wildlife service. yellow - tailed black cockatoos can be found on the sunshine coast, so when you are visiting this beautiful area, keep an eye out for these guys in the sky. lueka is one of the' australian native' stars who appears in the daily crocoseum show. he is fantastic at carving up the sky with his acrobatics and is one of the craziest and most hyperactive birds that we have in the' bird show' .\ncarnaby’s black - cockatoo is legally protected in australia (2) (4), and international trade in this species should be strictly controlled under its listing on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species (cites) (6). a recovery plan has been prepared for carnaby’s black - cockatoo, and in 1999 a carnaby’s black - cockatoo recovery team was appointed to coordinate conservation efforts for this species (8) .\nyellow - tailed black - cockatoos can be found in various types of forest, from open to dense, often with cypress and / or black pine. they also go into areas with human activity (farms, parks) to feed on other seed cones, such as e. g. those of the white cedar tree .\nthe current recovery plan for the forest black cockatoos, which includes baudin’s cockatoo, includes a section on guidance for decision makers (chapman 2008) .\n- margins and patches of pale yellow in the tail. the male bird (illustrated at right) has a black bill, a dull yellow patch behind the eye, and a reddish eye - ring. females and immatures have a grey eye - ring, a light - coloured bill, and a brighter, more clearly - defined yellow cheek - patch .\nthe 2011 great cocky count suggested a worrying decline in the carnaby’s black - cockatoo population between 2010 and 2011. long - term monitoring is needed to better understand the population trends of this large but highly threatened cockatoo (15) .\nin flight, yellow - tailed black cockatoos flap with a distinctive slow, deep wingbeat. they are often seen flying in pairs, or trios comprising a pair and their young, although outside the breeding season they may coalesce into flocks of a hundred birds or more .\nthe clutch consisted of two eggs laid six days apart, which is normal for yellow - tails .\nfor information on surveys, see also the epbc act referral guidelines for three threatened black cockatoo species. note that the information provided below has, in part, been extrapolated from data on carnaby’s cockatoo, given the similarities in some behaviour .\nmore recently, marri and jarrah have experienced declines because of disease (marri canker), drought and extreme heat, leading to further degradation of forest red - tailed black cockatoo habitat (doherty et al. 2016; paap et al. 2012) .\ncarnaby’s black - cockatoo is classified as endangered (en) on the iucn red list (1) and is listed on appendix ii of cites (6) .\ncarnaby’s black - cockatoo (calyptorhynchus latirostris) is a large, black cockatoo endemic to south - western parts of western australia (2) (4) (7). its feathers are mainly black to brownish - black, with off - white edges, and it has a wide white band on the tail (2) (3) (4) (7) (8). carnaby’s black - cockatoo also has a whitish patch on the cheek, a short erectable crest on top of the head (2) (3), and a strong, curved bill, which has a flaky texture (4) (8) .\nbaudin' s black cockatoo (calyptorhynchus baudinii), also known as baudin' s cockatoo or long - billed black cockatoo, [ 2 ] is a large black cockatoo found in southwestern australia. the binomial commemorates the french explorer nicolas baudin. it has a short crest on the top of its head. its plumage is mostly greyish black and it has prominent white cheek patches and a white tail band. the body feathers are edged with white giving a scalloped appearance. adult males have a dark grey beak and pink eye - rings. adult females have a bone coloured beak, grey eye - rings and ear patches that are paler than those of the males .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - carnaby' s black - cockatoo (calyptorhynchus latirostris )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - carnaby' s black - cockatoo (calyptorhynchus latirostris )\ntitle =\narkive species - carnaby' s black - cockatoo (calyptorhynchus latirostris )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n— taxobox | name = red tailed black cockatoo status = lc status system = iucn3. 1 status ref = [ iucn2006 | assessors = birdlife international | year = 2004 | id = 47938 | title = calyptorhynchus banksii | downloaded = 11 may 2006 database entry includes justification… …\nselection for habitat types on a larger scale. black rats in an area of\noutside of the breeding season, carnaby’s black - cockatoo generally moves to wetter coastal areas, where it feeds in heathlands and scrublands (4) (8) (10). plantations of introduced pines (pinus spp .) have also become important feeding and roosting sites for carnaby’s black - cockatoo during the non - breeding season (2) (4) (8). although many populations of carnaby’s black - cockatoo migrate, some may remain close to the breeding areas year - round (4) .\nthere are few records of the natural history of yellow - tailed black - cockatoos. further, locations of populations, particularly in new south wales, remain limited. if you have seen a bird or flock, or have any information relevant to this project, please help us by filling out the survey below :\nthe female has a larger, more defined yellow cheek patch than the male, pale grey eye - ring (pink in males) and a whitish upper bill (grey - black in males) .\nthe breeding habitat of carnaby’s black - cockatoo has also been extensively cleared (2) (4) (13). in addition, carnaby’s black - cockatoo is losing nesting sites as nesting trees are not regenerating, mainly due to grazing by sheep and rabbits (2) (3) (4) (8) (13). carnaby’s black - cockatoo is also facing increasing competition with other birds and with introduced bees for nest hollows. in particular, species such as the galah (cacatua roseicapilla) and the western corella (cacatua pastinator) are invading the range of carnaby’s black - cockatoo and out - competing it for resources (2) (4) (7) (8) (10) .\nyellow - tailed black cockatoos are raucous, noisy birds that are often heard before being seen. the usual call is a an eerie high - pitched wailing contact call ,\nkee - ow, kee - ow, kee - ow\n, made while flying or roosting. birds may also make a harsh screeching alarm call .\nyellow - tailed black - cockatoos have a long breeding season, which varies throughout their range, although in tasmania it is generally from october to february. both sexes build the nest in hollows of tall, mature trees, generally eucalypts. the hollow is lined with wood chips. the same tree may be used for many years .\nrowley, i. & boesman, p. (2018). yellow - tailed black - cockatoo (zanda funerea). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nthere are a number of small differences between the male and female carnaby’s black - cockatoo. the male has a dark greyish - black bill, a pink ring of skin around the eye and greyish - brown legs, whereas the female has a whitish bill, a grey eye ring and light grey to pinkish legs. the female carnaby’s black - cockatoo also has a slightly larger white cheek patch than the male (2) (3) (4) (8) .\nthe three species of the subgenus zanda have been variously considered as two, then as a single species for many years. in a 1979 paper, australian ornithologist denis saunders highlighted the similarity between the short - billed and the southern race xanthanotus of the yellow - tailed and treated them as a single species with the long - billed as a distinct species. he proposed that western australia had been colonised on two separate occasions, once by a common ancestor of all three forms (which became the long - billed black cockatoo), and later by what has become the short - billed black cockatoo. [ 5 ] however, an analysis of protein allozymes published in 1984 revealed the two western australian forms to be more closely related to each other than to the yellow - tailed, [ 6 ] and the consensus since then has been to treat them as three separate species. [ 4 ]\ninformation sheet baudin' s cockatoo calyptorhynchus baudinii (johnstone, r. , 2010b) [ internet ] .\nabk vol 11 issue 2. apr - may 1998 page 72 - 76 (black cockatoos )\nabk vol 9 issue 6. dec - jan 1997 page 267 - 270 (black cockatoos )\nsolar - powered gps tracking devices to 6 male and 6 female yellow - tailed black cockatoos. one of the aims of the project is to study the birds' foraging behaviour, habitat preferences and roosing locations, and examine how well they have adapted to the urban environment. the findings will be used to determine whether there is a need for a conservation program .\nlike basically all cockatoos, yellow - tailed black - cockatoos are primarily seed - eaters, where seeds include those in cones and nut - like fruit. the pair shown above showed a strong interest in the cones of a casuarina tree on which they were found sitting; if that is the case, it indicates that their bills are strong enough to crack those cones .\ndavies, s. j. j. f (1966). the movements of the white - tailed black - cockatoos (calyptorhynchus baudinii) in south - western australia. western australian naturalist. 10: 33 - - 42 .\nbaudin' s cockatoo is gregarious and is usually seen in trios or small groups. it occasionally gathers in flocks during the non - breeding season. it is easily confused with the very similar carnaby' s cockatoo. baudin' s cockatoo can be distinguished from carnaby' s cockatoo by its longer upper mandible and slightly shorter contact calls (higgins 1999; saunders 1974c). although there is some overlap between habitats, especially during the non - breeding season, baudin' s cockatoo occurs in wetter areas than carnaby' s cockatoo and generally avoids pine plantations, a habitat in which carnaby' s cockatoo is seen frequently. in addition, carnaby' s cockatoo mainly occurs in or near the wheatbelt eucalypt woodlands, especially those dominated by wandoo or salmon gum, and is only sometimes reported in forests of marri, jarrah or karri. conversely, baudin' s cockatoo mainly occurs in forests dominated by marri, jarrah and karri, and is only occasionally reported in wandoo woodland (higgins 1999; saunders 1974a, 1974b) .\nwe see yellow - tailed black - cockatoos, race\nfunereus\n, most regularly when going into the hills of the great dividing range, e. g. at bald rock np, northern nsw, in october 2007. also seen regularly between tamworth and gloucester, nsw, and e. g. in jilliby sca and watagans np, south of cessnock, nsw .\nvernes, k. , and mcgrath, k. (2009). are introduced black rats (\nsites identified by birdlife international as being important for baudin' s black cockatoo conservation are araluen - wungong, gidgegannup, jalbarragup, mundaring - kalamunda, north dandalup, the stirling range and the lakes. [ 10 ]\nyellow - tailed black - cockatoos have a long breeding season, which varies throughout their range. both sexes construct the nest, which is a large tree hollow, lined with wood chips. the female alone incubates the eggs, while the male supplies her with food. usually only one chick survives, and this will stay in the care of its parents for about six months .\nthe chick was reared and is now part of the establishment. those of you who have seen my video on breeding yellow - tailed blacks will remember\njackson\n, and yes, he might be older, but he still gets into all the mischief in the world! !\nyellow - tailed black - cockatoos, race\nfunereus\n, are also seen by us regularly along the nsw coastline, e. g. in royal np, 20 km south of sydney, some littoral rainforest and in other locations along the east coast of nsw and qld, including suburbs of major cities, but less frequently than in the major forests in the great dividing range .\ncale, b. (2003) carnaby’s black - cockatoo (calpytorhynchus latirostris) recovery plan 2002 - 2012. department of conservation and land management, western australian threatened species and communities unit, wanneroo. available at: urltoken\nbaudin' s black cockatoo is about 56 cm (22 in) long. it is mostly dark - grey with narrow vague light - grey scalloping, which is produced by narrow pale - grey margins at the tip of dark - grey feathers. it has a crest of short feathers on its head, and it has whitish patches of feathers that cover its ears. its lateral tail feathers are white with black tips, and the central tail feathers are all black. the irises are dark brown and the legs are brown - grey. its beak is longer and narrower than that of the closely related and similar carnaby' s black cockatoo. [ 7 ]\nhi all, i am new to this site and being interested to know the last week or so i came home in the afternoon and my husband signalling of be quiet. then we went under the tree and we saw 5 black yellow tailed bird we thought it must be a parrot or cockatoo who knows. anyway from that day we observed and it is a group of 5 large birds. my husband waited and saw them went to our small pond and the birds were having a drink. so from then on they are coming for morning and everning drinks in our little fish pond. time between 07: 00 to 07: 30 and 18: 00 - 20: 00 everyday. it feels so special to have these 5 birds in our front yard everyday. is this normal to come to a suburb? i would say it is black tailled yellow cockatoo after i have the information from the internet .\nthere has been little research published on yellow - tailed black cockatoos, ms rooke said .\na lot of people are under the false impression that the population is doing quite well ,\nshe said .\nbut some of the recent research has shown they' ve significantly declined along the east coast, so now more than ever we need to find out as much as we can about them .\nat curramore, awc is restoring forest cover to disturbed and cleared areas that have been invaded by lantana. awc’s active fire management program should also reduce the potential impacts of wildfires on rainforest and large hollow - bearing trees utilised by this species as breeding sites. a revegetation program has commenced at dakalanta, which is located on the eyre peninsula, which may eventually provide food and habitat for yellow - tailed black cockatoos .\nbanksia park bushcare volunteers recently observed some yellow - tailed black cockatoos boring into tea trees, apparently to extract wood - boring invertebrates. the group had intentionally planted hakeas and banksias to provide a food source for them so we were pleasantly surprised that the tea trees planted alongside were also providing food for the iconic species! jessica advises that literature suggests that yellow - tailed black cockatoos increase this behaviour during breeding time, and when juveniles are fledging (around june - july, although this is based on limited studies, and is said to change across their range). if your groups has any similar observation, please take the time to record them and upload the data to the easy to use survey. the more we can contribute to these citizen science type projects, the more chances we’ll have to help protect the habitat of the species being studied .\nwell i hope you enjoyed my little experience with yellow - tails. just remember - you could have a jackson waiting in the darkness just ready to pounce !\nhabitat fragmentation and loss is a major issue for this cockatoo, as land clearing contributes to loss of food plants and nesting hollows .\n— taxobox | name = glossy black cockatoo status = lc | status system = iucn3. 1 caption = c. l. halmaturinus on kangaroo island regnum = animalia phylum = chordata classis = aves ordo = psittaciformes familia = cacatuidae subfamilia = … …\ncarnaby’s black - cockatoo is endemic to southwest western australia, where it is mainly found between murchison river and esperance, and inland to coorow, kellerberrin and lake cronin (2) (3) (4) (8) (10) .\naustralian government - department of sustainability, environment, water, population and communities (2004) australian threatened species: carnaby’s black - cockatoo, calyptorhynchus latirostris. department of sustainability, environment, water, population and communities, canberra. available at: urltoken\naustralian government - department of sustainability, environment, water, population and communities (2004) australian threatened species: carnaby’s black - cockatoo, calyptorhynchus latirostris. department of sustainability, environment, water, population and communities, canberra. available at: urltoken\nrose, t. a. , and banks, p. b. (2007). impacts of black rats\nsince then we have seen yellow - tailed black - cockatoos, race\nfunereus\n, in the area a few times, e. g. on the northern edge of jack' s creek state forest, 20 km south of narrabri, following bohena creek into the pilliga scrub, and also 25 km west of narrabri and 20 km south - west of narrabri. the next sighting in the northern pilliga np came years later, in 2013 .\nthe epbc act referral guidelines for three threatened black cockatoo species includes baudin’s cockatoo and provide guidance on whether a proposed action is likely to have a significant impact and should be referred under the epbc act. the guideline includes information concerning surveys, habitat, significance and mitigation options. the referral guidelines should be considered in conjunction with the significant impact guidelines 1. 1 – matters of national environmental significance .\nthe glossy black cockatoo in an aviary situation prefer grey striped sunflower seed along with some fruits and vegetables. other seeds typically in a parrot mix are eaten in far less quantities. casuarina tree seed pod or nut should be offered to aviary birds if available .\na number of conservation measures are already in place for carnaby’s black - cockatoo. for example, a captive breeding programme is underway so that if extinction occurs in the wild, individuals are available for reintroductions. injured wild cockatoos are also rehabilitated and incorporated into the breeding programme. perth zoo is maintaining a stud book for captive carnaby’s black - cockatoos, and microchipping and dna analysis are being used to ensure that all captive birds have been legally obtained (2) (4) (8) (13). captive birds are also used to help educate the public about the threats to the carnaby’s black - cockatoo population (8) .\nthe following season i decided to pull some of her eggs and incubate them myself. this proved successful as after 30 days of incubation my first yellow tail chick hatched .\nto have had a devastating impact on native wildlife, especially in island ecosystems. black rat is likely to have arrived in\nwidespread. yet, its impacts on local wildlife have largely been overlooked. here, we review the potential for black rat\ndickman, c. r. , and watts, c. h. s. (2008). black rat ,\ndisease and competition, not just predation, as drivers of impacts of the black rat (rattus rattus) ...\nthe yellow - tailed black - cockatoo prefers seeds of native trees, ground plants and pine cones. some insects are also eaten. unlike other cockatoos, a significant proportion of the diet is made up of wood - boring grubs. birds place their ear against the surface of dead trees to listen for the sound of grubs beneath. if a grub is detected the bird will use their powerful bill to tear chunks from the tree to reach the grub, often leaving a small pile of woodchips at the base of the tree. such scarred, dead trees are a common sight in tasmanian forests .\n7th june, 2010 3. 30pm ish, canungra, queensland. saw 5 birds together, same description as for this bird, the yellow cheeks, the black coat was shiny black like a crow, the tail feathers showed horizontal blackish stripes across the yellowowish area, but the bird was twice the size of the yellow tail as described on site, well over 600 cm [ 2 ft ] maybe 3 foot in sitting position in heavy vine laden trees about 12 ft up. my home borders a sub tropical block, on canungra creek, the birds were not noisy, no bird sounds or squarks etc, just the opposite, and the noise they made that attracted my attention seems to sound like trees rubbing together and i sighted bits of branch falling from the area where they were perched. not good visual unfortunatly. they eventually dissapeared very quietley, i did not even sight them departing in flight. what were they if not the yellow tailed ?\ncarnaby’s black - cockatoo is very sociable and can often be seen in groups of three or more, and even in large flocks of hundreds or sometimes thousands of birds outside of the breeding season (2) (3) (4) (7) (8) .\nthe young carnaby’s black - cockatoo is initially brooded by the female for the first two weeks of life, after which both adults share in feeding it. after 10 to 12 weeks the young cockatoos fledge, but remain with the adults for up to a year, moving with them to the coast at the end of the breeding season to join larger flocks (4) (7) (8). carnaby’s black - cockatoo is a long - lived species that may potentially live for 40 to 50 years in the wild (4) (10)." ]

{ "text": [ "the yellow-tailed black cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus funereus ) is a large cockatoo native to the south-east of australia measuring 55 – 65 cm ( 22 – 26 in ) in length .", "it has a short crest on the top of its head .", "its plumage is mostly brownish black and it has prominent yellow cheek patches and a yellow tail band .", "the body feathers are edged with yellow giving a scalloped appearance .", "the adult male has a black beak and pinkish-red eye-rings , and the female has a bone-coloured beak and grey eye-rings .", "in flight , yellow-tailed black cockatoos flap deeply and slowly , and with a peculiar heavy fluid motion .", "their loud eerie wailing calls carry for long distances .", "the yellow-tailed black cockatoo is found in forested regions from south and central eastern queensland to southeastern south australia including a very small population persisting in the eyre peninsula .", "two subspecies are recognised , although tasmanian and southern mainland populations of the southern subspecies xanthanotus may be distinct enough from each other to bring the total to three .", "birds of subspecies funereus ( queensland to eastern victoria ) have longer wings and tails and darker plumage overall , while those of xanthanotus ( western victoria , south australia and tasmania ) have more prominent scalloping .", "unlike other cockatoos , a large proportion of the yellow-tailed black cockatoo 's diet is made up of wood-boring grubs , and they also eat seeds .", "they nest in hollows situated high in trees with fairly large diameters , generally eucalyptus .", "although , they remain common throughout much of their range , fragmentation of habitat and loss of large trees suitable for nesting has caused a population decline in victoria and south australia .", "in some places yellow-tailed black cockatoos appear to have adapted to humans and they can often be seen in parts of urban canberra , sydney , adelaide and melbourne .", "it is not commonly seen in aviculture , especially outside australia .", "like most parrots , it is protected by cites , an international agreement , that makes trade , export , and import of listed wild-caught species illegal . " ], "topic": [ 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 28, 23, 5, 23, 12, 28, 17, 23, 17, 17 ] }

[ "the yellow-tailed black cockatoo (calyptorhynchus funereus) is a large cockatoo native to the south-east of australia measuring 55 – 65 cm (22 – 26 in) in length. it has a short crest on the top of its head. its plumage is mostly brownish black and it has prominent yellow cheek patches and a yellow tail band. the body feathers are edged with yellow giving a scalloped appearance. the adult male has a black beak and pinkish-red eye-rings, and the female has a bone-coloured beak and grey eye-rings. in flight, yellow-tailed black cockatoos flap deeply and slowly, and with a peculiar heavy fluid motion. their loud eerie wailing calls carry for long distances. the yellow-tailed black cockatoo is found in forested regions from south and central eastern queensland to southeastern south australia including a very small population persisting in the eyre peninsula. two subspecies are recognised, although tasmanian and southern mainland populations of the southern subspecies xanthanotus may be distinct enough from each other to bring the total to three. birds of subspecies funereus (queensland to eastern victoria) have longer wings and tails and darker plumage overall, while those of xanthanotus (western victoria, south australia and tasmania) have more prominent scalloping. unlike other cockatoos, a large proportion of the yellow-tailed black cockatoo's diet is made up of wood-boring grubs, and they also eat seeds. they nest in hollows situated high in trees with fairly large diameters, generally eucalyptus. although, they remain common throughout much of their range, fragmentation of habitat and loss of large trees suitable for nesting has caused a population decline in victoria and south australia. in some places yellow-tailed black cockatoos appear to have adapted to humans and they can often be seen in parts of urban canberra, sydney, adelaide and melbourne. it is not commonly seen in aviculture, especially outside australia. like most parrots, it is protected by cites, an international agreement, that makes trade, export, and import of listed wild-caught species illegal." ]

[ "i caught a giant cicada! scratch that - - a giant wet cicada .\nthe giant cicada (クマキリ, kumakiri) is an uncommon insect found in animal crossing: new leaf .\nthe\nsong\nof a giant cicada, recorded in boerne, texas on august 30, 2009. the photo is of another giant cicada spotted near the same time, but it is unliky that this cicada made the recorded noise. the ruler image shows the approximate size of the giant cicada. it is one big bug! and it makes one loud noise !\nnote, there are over 40 species of cicadas in texas, but the giant cicada is truly unique in terms of the sound it makes .\nsummer cicada sound # 60 minutes song of cicada. amazing sound # 1080p video\ngiant cicada necklace - insect jewelry - natural history - aged brass. $ 27. 00, via etsy. | cool clothes and related | pinterest | insects\ncicadas are emerging across much of the washington area, surprising locals who weren’t expecting the giant insects for four more years .\nthe wasp will carry the cicada to a burrow, where it will place the cicada .\nbatman cicada — a cicada with an unusual pattern on its back. (kevin ambrose )\ncicada videos and sounds alarm squawks and mating calls is also very helpful for identifying cicada sounds .\nevery now and then someone will email me about “a giant bee attacking a cicada”. these are not bees, these are cicada killer wasps. now is a good time to write about them because prof. chuck holliday is now retired and has shut down his cicada killer wasp website 1 .\nthe first jon & lynn cd was released march 1, 2010 on the jbq media label. this giant cicada ep is their second release. find them on the web at giantcicada. com .\ngiant cicadas range from central texas to central argentina (sanborn &. phillips 2013). this is the widest ranging cicada in the western hemisphere and has almost no variation in its song throughout its range .\na different catchphrase is shown when it is caught in the rain in new leaf. this trait is shared with the robust cicada, walker cicada, and evening cicada .\ngiant cicada is a group that makes music in the cracks. is this jazz, folk, americana, what? some of my favorite music doesn’t fit neatly in any genre, and i will add this to the list... giant cicada’s gift is to take these incongruous elements and have them make sense together. (lynn) stein is an emotional singer who never has to shout, and that really puts this album over the top .\nfeb. 21 - around 4: 00 pm one giant cicada was heard calling in the parking lot area, resaca de la palma state park, brownsville, cameron co. - melissa c jones, phd. , tpwd, habitat conservation coordinator\nin japan, it is known as the bear cicada (熊蝉 or kumazemi). it is the largest cicada in japan .\nthe cicada information on cicada mania is not limited to north america. we have some cicada photos and information for australia, asia, europe, and south america thanks to contributors around the world .\na cicada caught on locust lane in fairfax, va. we know a cicada is not a locust, but the nearest cicada drive is in martinsburg, w. va. (kevin ambrose )\nno one would confuse a horse with a cicada (visually and audibly speaking), but there was a famous horse named cicada .\nthere are many albums named cicada as well, such as cicada by cat scientist. that one comes up a lot in ebay .\nthe group’s bassist jon burr is the leader of the giant cicada. with the addition of violin, guitar, cajon drum, and bowed upright bass, the duo ventured farther down the paths of pop, dance, world and jazz and developed a vibrant new sound .\ndon' t see your cicada? search our database of 190 + cicadas of north america or the 17 / 13 year cicada page .\nthe giant cicada been rehearsing, recording, and performing in the new york area with a focus on material chosen for its appropriateness to their unique sound. their repertoire is drawn from 60’s pop, jazz, the great american songbook of standards, songs from around the world, as well as original tunes .\nevery 17 years, an army of giant bugs rises from the earth in the northeast. cicadas spend most of their lives underground, but eventually they shake off the dirt, come up for a little air and do some mating .\nalthough they prey on cicadas, cicada killers are preyed upon by a wasp called the velvet ant. the female velvet ant sneaks into the cicada killer’s tunnel and lays an egg in a nest cell. the cicada killer larva eats its cicada and grows; when it pupates, the velvet ant larva eats the pupa .\na cicada and rabbit garden statue in herndon, va. (emily clavadetscher )\na cicada nymph emerges in oakton, va. (stephen c. guptill )\nthis is a photo of a t. canicularis (dog day cicada) next to a t. davisi (southern dog day cicada) by by paul krombholz :\ncicadas are slow, clumsy bugs that are easily caught. they will fly directly into a predator — and they will also fly directly into the faces of people who are completely freaked out by giant, ugly locusts getting tangled in their hair .\na close - up of a summer cicada making some noise in franconia, pa .\ni don’t know much about japanese species. i recommend searching the web for a website about japanese wasps and hornets. i do like the suzumebachi (asian giant hornet) and have one in my collection, but i don’t know much more than that .\nas the name might indicate, giant cicadas are one of the largest species of cicada in the world. they used to live mostly in warmer western japan, but they' ve now also moved to urban eastern japan. though they' re now common in these areas, they aren' t well known in other parts of the world .\nif you haven’t seen a cicada killer wasp, they are largely black and pale yellow wasps, and are often found carrying a cicada (see image on this page) .\na cicada in clifton, va. , poses for a photo after molting. the cicada’s shell will harden and turn black within several hours after molting. (mark khosravi )\nbird calls can be mistaken for cicada song. some birds that can mimic sounds, such as lyrebirds, mockingbirds, and psittaciformes (parrots) could conceivably mimic cicada sounds .\nas the name might indicate, giant cicadas are one of the largest species of cicada in the world. they used to live mostly in warmer western japan, but they' ve now also moved to urban eastern japan. though they' re now common in these areas, they aren' t well known in other parts of the world .\ndescription: the second largest north american cicada. black, green and brown camo patterns .\nswamp cicada sings in a meadow in pickaway county, ohio usa. august 23, 2009\na close - up view of a cicada with drops of dew. (kevin ambrose )\nthe wasp will lay an egg under the left or right second leg of the cicada .\n“i dug up a white grub in my back yard. is it a cicada? ”\nthese places show up in twitter, and when i search for cicada photos on flickr .\nmaxwell demille’s cicada club is a vintage - style night club in los angeles, california .\na cicada in herndon, va. , is stuck in its exoskeleton after molting. a video of this cicada can be found at the bottom of this post. (kevin ambrose )\nhomepage: cicadas by genus and species: u. s. a. & canada cicada search\nthe latin root for the word for cicada is cicada. cicadas are called semi in japan, cigale in france, and cigarra in spain. names for cicadas in countries around the world .\n† kriang is the sarawak - malay word for cicada. the usual malay word is bringin .\na cicada is stuck in its exoskeleton after molting in herndon, va. (kevin ambrose )\nno, cicadas are not june bugs. many people confuse june bug larvae for cicada larvae .\ndavis w. t. 1944. the remarkable distribution of an american cicada: a new genus, and other cicada notes. journal of the new york entomological society 52: 213 - 223 .\nthe bug experts at urltoken (which, if you’re interested, has more information about these giant bugs than you’ll be able to consume in one sitting) confirmed our surprise visitors are brood x precursors and not the brood vi cicadas that are emerging in other parts of the country this year .\nthe bear cicada is japan' s largest cicada. the adults can emerge anywhere from july to the end of september. the populations have seen erratic increases and decreases all over japan in recent years .\nfig. 4. cicada killer wasp burrowing activity recorded during kingwood, wv study (1989) .\nmegatibicen resh aka resh cicada aka western dusk singing cicada. found in: ar, ks, la, ms, ne, ok, sc, tn, tx. season: july to fall .\nthe giant cicada is a living, buzzing creature making a new sound of songs you know and songs you will want to know, played by strings and percussion, and sung by the amazing vocalist lynn stein. their sound has been called “chamber punk. ” energetic, danceable, fun, beautiful. throbbing, energetic but gentle. rooted in jazz, bluegrass and baroque. funky and sweet .\nadult cicada killers feed on nectar and other sweet plant juices. to provide food for the young, female cicada killers hunt dog day cicadas (genus tibicen), using their stings to paralyze them, then stock their nests with one or two cicadas per cell. cicada killer larvae feed on the cicadas .\nan illustration of cicada tymbals from c. l. marlatt' s the periodical cicada. c shows the muscles and tendons connected to the tymbals, and d & e show the bending of the tymbal .\ncicada exoskeletons collected from a tree in oakton, va. , on tuesday afternoon. (kevin ambrose )\nsphecius hogardii (latreille, 1809 aka the caribbean cicada killer, is found in florida and caribbean countries .\nthe world' s largest species of cicada is the megapomponia imperatoria, which is native to malaysia. the largest species in north america is megatibicen auletes, aka the northern dusk singing cicada. other notably large cicadas include the bear cicada of japan (cryptotympana facialis), and tacua speciosa of south - east asia .\ndavis w. t. 1944. the remarkable distribution of an american cicada: a new genus, and other cicada notes. journal of the new york entomological society 52: 213 - 223. (full pdf )\nthe world' s loudest cicada is the brevisana brevis, a cicada found in africa that reaches 106. 7 decibels when recorded at a distance of 50cm (~ 20\n), according to researcher john petti .\nthe egg hatches, and the larvae begins to eat the cicada, while taking care to keep it alive .\nthere are about 3, 000 known species of cicada worldwide, according to the smithsonian natural museum of history .\nmeet the cicada killers. as the name implies, these wasps are predators of cicadas. there are four species found in the united states, but only one occurs in north carolina: the eastern cicada killer, sphecius speciosus .\nmegatibicen resonans aka southern resonant / great pine barrens cicada aka southern dusk singing cicada. found in al, fl, ga, la, ms, nc, sc, tn, tx, va. season: july to fall .\nasia: cicadae in japan, phantastic songs of the s. e. asian cicadas! , cicada sounds of borneo\nthese are people (in the form of bands), places and things named cicada. they often show up in flickr, twitter, ebay or amazon, when i’m searching for cicada insects. it is awesome that people name stuff after cicadas (but it can be annoying when you’re searching for cicada insects, and other stuff shows up) .\n© 1996 - 2018 cicada mania - 22 years of providing cicada information and fun on the web! all content on urltoken is owned and copyrighted by the content' s creator. site map | terms & conditions, privacy policy, and help\nthe 13 - or 17 - year life cycle of a periodical cicada begins when an adult female cicada lays her eggs in slits she cuts in the twigs and branches of trees. when the eggs hatch, they nymphs or juveniles drop to the ground and burrow into the soil. the growing cicada then spends the next 13 to 17 years underground as a nymph .\nchi·cha·rra f. (spanish) 1. - cicada 2. colloquial (persona) - chatterbox 3. spain: - nuisance\nholliday, c. , hastings, j. , and coelho, j. 2009. cicada prey of new world cicada killers, sphecius spp. (dahlbom, 1843) (hymenoptera: crabronidae). entomological news. 120: 1 - 17 .\nwonder which annual cicadas are in your area? try our u. s. a. & canada cicada search search tool .\na newly emerged adult cicada walks on the wrist of a boy in great falls, va. (hyungwon kang / reuters )\nbeen here for 13 years and this is first time we' ve heard this sound. starts at dusk and goes all night. was pretty sure it was a bird because i saw a bird in the top of 2 different trees the sound was coming from. (central texas) have learned from a youtuber that it is a giant cicado. thanks to all who researched .\ndescription: the scissor grinder looks a lot like linne' s cicada but their wing doesn' t have bend that linne' s cicada has. the scissor grinder also seems to have more of an orange coloration to the' arches' on its mesonotum .\nsphecius convallis (patton, 1879) aka the pacific cicada killer, is found in the u. s. a. and mexico .\nthe “biology of cicada killer wasps | prof. chuck holliday' s www page at lafayette college” website which is now archived at urltoken .\nno matter how hard she tries mrs. cicada killer can' t seem to fit the cicadas into her burrow @ cicadamania # insanity urltoken\njuly 18 - 20 -\ni am hearing giant cicadas in san antonio. 1 individual heard on 18 july 2017 and three heard on 20 july 2017. all all detected from one / same location in the morning. all quite by late morning. detected about 1 mile north - northwest of intersection of perrin beitel road and loop 410, san antonio, northeast bexar county, tx .\n- chris collins\ni had been thinking of them as the\nfire alarm\nor\nsmoke detector\ncicada because the call is so loud and rather annoying .\na cicada emerges from its exoskeleton during the early morning hours. its shell will harden and turn black within a few hours. (kevin ambrose )\nin contrast, female cicada killers are equipped with rather large stingers and venom adapted to paralyze cicadas (effective only on insects, not people) .\nsometimes the tunneling of this species disfigures lawns; the flip side is that it aerates the soil and helps rainwater to soak in. this species also provides us with drama: a cicada killer gliding with, then dragging, a huge, immobilized cicada to its nest is truly an impressive spectacle .\nannual cicada species are those that arrive every year (annually). each state has at least 4 species of cicadas. california as over 80 .\nbelow is a sampling of the many cicada photos shared with us. your information and feedback have been a great way to document this unusual emergence .\nthere are many bands with\ncicada\nin their name. these show up a lot in ebay and twitter. here is a partial list :\ncicadas are also famous for their penchant for disappearing entirely for many years, only to reappear in force at a regular interval. there are some 3, 000 cicada species, but only some share this behavior (the 17 - year cicada is an example). others are called annuals because, although individuals have multi - year lifecycles, some adults appear every year. the dog day cicada, for example, emerges each year in mid - summer .\ncicada killer wasps, genus sphecius spp. two species are present in texas (only four spp. occur in n. and c. america) :\npageflip cicada is a wireless bluetooth pedal designed to meet the needs of musicians and people with disabilities who struggle with the challenge and inconvenience of page turning .\nsphecius grandis (say, 1824), the western cicada killer, is found in the u. s. a. mexico and parts of central america .\ndo cicada’s use the same hole the next year? i have a video of a wasp digging a hole and appears to pull out a casing of some sort .\nthis pair of cicada killer wasps may be large and look menacing. but they hunt cicadas, are not aggressive toward humans and pose no threat to the public .\nthe megatibicen pronotalis walkeri (formerly known as tibicen walkeri) is the loudest cicada in north america, and can achieve 105. 9 decibels, measured at 50cm .\nare cicada experts still convinced that brood x cicadas are emerging four years early in the washington, d. c. , area and not some other smaller brood ?\nfull song of male cicada (purana sp .) as he sings & sways with the breeze. singapore, 28th december 2015. documented by leong tzi ming .\nproto - periodical: cicada species with proto - periodical life cycles might emerge every year, but every so many years they emerge in heavy numbers, like the okanagana .\nthe new zealand cicada fauna consists of 42 species and subspecies in five genera, although additional species are yet to be formally described. all are unique to new zealand .\nthe current cicada distribution map. cyan represents brood x and pink represents brood vi. brood x stragglers are thought to be emerging in the washington area. (urltoken )\nthe waning of the day, usually a silent hour in temperate climes, is in borneo marked by the commencement of a concert of noisy cicadas, who in legions fill the air with their deafening and varied clamour. one species { pomponia imperatoria; west .), which the malays have named\nkriang pokul anam ,\nor the\nsix o' clock cicada ,\nis a giant; one of the specimens we got measured nearly 7 1 / 2 inches across the wings. it begins at sunset, and the noise it makes is not unlike the braying of an ass in high treble, and can be heard at a distance of many hundred yards .\nyoung, a. m. 1983. on the evolution of cicada x host - tree associations in central america. acta biotheoretica 33 (3): 163 - 198 .\nresearchers and cicada enthusiasts have noted that the life cycles of periodical cicadas are prime numbers, i. e. the figure can' t be evenly divided into smaller integers .\nsphecius speciosus (drury, 1773) aka the eastern cicada killer, is found in ontario, canada, the u. s. a. mexico and parts of central america .\nvery interesting about the cicada killer wasps. the cicada here in our area must be so lucky because i’ve never seen or heard of the wasps in our area. we will get an occasional cicada each year, but the big swarms come out from underground every 17 years. it is pretty loud for the several weeks they are here. they leave holes in the yard where they first burrowed out from, seem to kill the tips of tree branches, then mate, lay eggs that somehow get underground till the next 17 year cycle .\ndescription: if the cicada has a white x on its back, it is a latifasciatus. repetitive, rhythmic, call like someone repeatedly running a scissor over a grinding wheel .\nsmall trees can be covered with a mesh cloth to prevent the females from laying eggs in the twigs. delaying the planting of trees during a cicada year may also be considered .\nif you find yourself outdoors in the eastern half of the u. s. after sunset and hear a cicada call, it is likely one of the following megatibicen or neotibicen species :\nan example of a young cicada nymph unearthed from the ground. note how its body is white, but it doesn’t have the cheetos / worm - like body of a beetle grub :\nsource: cicada researcher john cooley via magicicada. org. . tree photo by bigstock. the washington post. published on may 13, 2013, 7: 13 p. m .\ndr. o. beccari writes of this insect thus: –\none species (pomponia imperatoria, westw .), which the malays have named\nkriang † pokul anam\nor\nthe six o' clock cicada ,\nis a giant; one of the specimens we got measured nearly 7 1 / 2 inches across the wings. it begins at sunset and the noise it makes is not unlike the braying of an ass in high treble, and can be heard at a distance of many hundred yards .\nthe largest specimen, a male, in the sarawak museum is just short of 8 inches; and mr. distant records a female 216 mm. , (or 8 1 / 2 inches) across, from perak .\nvisit the songs of insects site for a nice photo and sound file of the dog day cicada. also by their book songs of insects – is is inexpensive and comes with a cd .\ncicada\ncomes from the latin, meaning\ntree cricket .\nwhile cicadas are often colloquially referred to as a kind of locust, they are not part of the locust family .\nso why would these wasps paralyze cicadas? as it turns out, each female cicada killer is a potential mother, and as nature mandates, these expectant mothers follow the call to secure and provide nourishment for their young, which in this case, happens to come in the form of cicadas. so it’s no wonder the occurrence of cicada killers coincides with the annual arrival of cicadas .\na 17 - year cicada cycle is nearing its end in ohio. a resident of mansfield, ohio, shared social video of her children cleaning up the mess. (richelle smart / facebook )\ninsect singers is a great new site from kathy hill and david marshall featuring dozens of cicada songs of north american cicadas. many of the sound files on this site are courtesy of insect singers .\nonce the cicada hatches from the egg it will begin to feed on the tree fluids. at this point it looks like a termite or small white ant. once the young cicada is ready, it crawls from the groove and falls to the ground where it will dig until it finds roots to feed on. it will typically start with smaller grass roots and work its way up to the roots of its host tree. the cicada will stay underground from 2 to 17 years depending on the species. cicadas are active underground, tunneling and feeding, and not sleeping or hibernating as commonly thought .\ncicada killer wasps (s. speciosus) will prey upon magicicada periodical cicadas 3. there is a bit of a myth that magicicada are able to avoid these wasps but that is not the case .\ndescription: the largest north american cicada. olive green to rusty brown with black, tan and white coloring. heavy white pruinosis. m on mesonotum typically partially ocluded by pruinosis. sings at dusk .\ncicada killers may begin to dig in sandy areas on playgrounds or in golf course sand traps. if practical, keep these areas wet or regularly churn the sand to discourage wasps from establishing their tunnels .\ncicada population densities are inconsistent, generally speaking, even during a normal, “on - schedule” emergence. many of the gaps in their populations are a result of destruction of their habitat by human activity .\nback at the burrow, she deposits the paralyzed cicada in a brood chamber. then she lays an egg and carefully tucks it beneath the cicada' s foreleg, beside the puncture wound from her sting. (the doomed creature looks, creepily, like a wizened old man with a baguette tucked under his arm .) the female then seals the chamber with dirt, the cicada still living and immobilized within it. a few days later the egg hatches and grub begins to eat the cicada alive, using the puncture wood as an entry point. later, the grub spins a cocoon, in which it metamorphoses into an adult wasp, emerging the following year. (footage of these behaviors has been kindly posted online by filmmaker sam orr, who is working on a documentary about the 17 - year cicadas. )\nthe high - pitched humming noise you hear in the video is the mating song of the male cicada. they make this noise by vibrating rib - cage like membranes called tymbals. the cicada’s empty abdomen serves as an echo chamber that amplifies the sound — and it can get pretty loud. cicadas have been known to produce humming as loud as 100 decibels, the equivalent of a power lawn mower or a motorcycle .\nlarge aggregations of cicada killers can build up over time. an estimated 40% of the developing larvae (a dozen or more per tunnel) may emerge as adults the following year so numbers can increase rapidly .\nwill cicada killers every go away? these wasps will stay and thrive where their basic needs are met. even if aggressive control measures kill the inhabitants, the site will remain attractive to new settlers in ensuing years .\nsueur, j. 2002. cicada acoustic communication: potential sound partitioning in a multispecies community from mexico (hemiptera: cicadomorpha: cicadidae). biological journal of the linnean society 75 (3): 379 - 394 .\ncicada killer wasps are often confused with european wasps (vespa crabro). european wasps are a more vibrant yellow color and feature more yellow than black. they also belong to an entirely different family of wasp: vespidae .\nannual: cicada species with annual life cycles emerge every year, for example, swamp cicadas (neotibicen tibicen) emerge every year in the united states, and green grocers (cyclochila australasiae) emerge every year in australia .\nmegatibicen figuratus aka the fall southeastern dusk - singing cicada. found in: al, ar, fl, ga, la, ms, nc, sc, tn, tx, va. season: july to fall .\nit’s tradition going back to the 1800s. legendary periodical cicada researcher c. l. marlatt called them stragglers back in 1898. the name has stuck around, regardless of whether the cicadas emerged before or after their brood .\nmegatibicen auletes aka the northern dusk singing cicada. this cicada can be found in these states: al, ar, ct, de, dc, fl, ga, il, in, ia, ks, ky, la, md, ma, mi, ms, mo, ne, nj, ny, nc, oh, ok, pa, sc, tn, tx, va, wv, wi. season: july to fall .\ni made this page for two reasons: 1) to point out insects and other animals that people commonly confuse with cicadas, and 2) list people, places and things named\ncicada\nthat clearly are not cicadas .\ntop, left to right: cicada egg, freshly hatched nymph, 2nd and 3rd instar nymphs. bottom, left to right: 4th instar nymph, teneral adult, adult. (photos by roy troutman and elias bonaros) .\nmaybe. just about every insect goes through a larval phase, and they pretty much all look alike to the novice. unlike beetle larvae, cicada larvae or nymphs are not long - bodied like grubs. long larvae = beetle larvae .\ncan cicada killer wasps be controlled? control may be desirable in situations where physical damage is occurring or the presence of the insects is causing significant distress. the wasps were controlled in a west virginia study by sprays of the pyrerthroid insecticides (cyfluthrin or cyhalothrin). applications were made directly into the burrows or only to the entrances where the wasps contacted the insecticides as they entered and left. broadcast sprays over the area where cicada killers were nesting were not effective in reducing their numbers .\nu. s. cicada expert john cooley points out on urltoken that because periodical cicadas emerge in such staggering numbers, there are enough cicadas to satisfy its predators, while also leaving plenty of insects to mate and continue to propagate the species .\ndescription: the lyric cicada, like most small neotibicen, has a green, black & brown camouflage look, but the key is lyric cicadas typically have black collars. its sound is like an angle grinder tool steadily grinding a slightly uneven surface .\nmy site gained fans because it was one of the first cicada websites on the web. i have always had an interest in nature, science and the outdoors, but cicadas really did not grab my attention until the brood ii emergence in 1996 .\nmales produce this species - specific noise with vibrating membranes on their abdomens. the sounds vary widely and some species are more musical than others. though cicada noises may sound alike to humans, the insects use different calls to express alarm or attract mates .\nwe humans, happily, have nothing to fear, although we' re very likely to encounter the insects. cicada killers live almost everywhere east of the rockies and south of ontario. moreover, like pigeons, coyotes, and white - tailed deer, they actually benefit from human activity and enjoy suburban living. the soft soil around home foundations, in gardens, and on golf courses and playgrounds is ideal for burrowing. some of the first research into cicada killer behavior was conducted beside two baseball fields in brooklyn .\nthe cicada killer, like other solitary wasps, has the capability to sting, but won' t unless handled or threatened. only female wasps have the ability to sting. stings inflicted by solitary wasps are usually not severe but reaction varies with each individual .\nthe cicada killer ranks most formidable in appearance of any wasp in the state. it is an exceptionally large species, with rusty clear wings and the black and yellow markings common of wasps. in addition to their size and coloration, their behavior identifies them .\nat least 3 different species of wasps construct nests in the ground in iowa. these\ndigger wasps\ninclude the cicada killer wasp, the largest wasp found in iowa. cicada killer wasps may be up to 2 inches long. they are black with yellow markings on the thorax and abdomen and they have rusty colored wings. the great golden digger wasp is slightly smaller. the abdomen is reddish - orange except at the tip which is black. a third species is 1 inch long and completely black with iridescent blue wings .\nfemale cicada killers dig extensive tunnels where their young will be raised, displacing several pounds of soil in the process. occasionally, it can result in some damage, such destabilizing a brick patio laid on sand. this is an instance when control may be needed .\nwhen young cicada nymphs hatch from their eggs, they dig themselves into the ground to suck the liquids of plant roots. they spend several early life stages in these underground burrows before surfacing as adults. the process varies in length but often takes a number of years .\ni love these things, so happy to get info on them. i had ones burrow blocked and she banged against my head a few times, with a cicada under her belly, when i moved she went into her nest. have seen no reason to kill them .\nwill cicada killers harm pets? some dogs and cats may catch cicada killers but usually only once. those that pick females probably will be stung, remember it, and associate the experience with the buzzing sound and warning colors. some may have a severe reaction to the venom, especially if stung in the mouth. if that is suspected, the animal should be taken to a veterinarian immediately. wasp flight begins in early morning and can continue until dusk. wasps remain in their burrows at night so encounters can be avoided by managing the activity of the pet .\ncicada imperatoria, westwood, arcan. ent. vol. i. p. 13, t. 51 (1842). dundubia imperatoria, walk. list hom. i. p. 47, n. 1 (1850). pomponia imperatoria, stål, berl. ent. zeit. x. p. 171 (1866); atkins. j. a. s. beng. vol. liii. p. 229, n. 67 (1885). cicada adusta, walk. list hom. i. p. 102, n. 1 (1850) .\ncicada killer wasps belong to the family crabronidae latreille, 1802; the tribe bembicini latreille, 1802 and the genus sphecius dahlbom, 1843 2. crabronidae comes from the latin word for hornet, bembicini comes from the greek word for buzzing insect, and sphecius is from the greek word for wasp .\nmild mannered female cicada killer wasps are active across kentucky during the summer, intent on their tasks of 1) digging underground burrows and 2) provisioning them with paralyzed cicadas that will be food for their grub - like larvae. the wasps will be very focused on these tasks for several weeks .\ncurrently, the cicada density around the d. c. area is very inconsistent. there are pockets of high concentrations in places such as springfield and herndon, while a few miles away in fairfax and oakton, there are few cicadas. is this common with an accelerated or out - of - cycle emergence ?\nnon - chemical a periodical cicada year is a time of feasting for a surprising array of creatures. birds and fish feed ravenously on the adult stage of these insects. grackles and crows voraciously dine on periodical cicadas. fish will literally gorge themselves on adult cicadas when they are abundant in trees and shrubs along a stream .\nare cicada killers dangerous? females have significant stingers which they plunge into cicadas to inject venom that paralyzes them. without doubt, their stings are painful. however, they are not aggressive and do not have nest - guarding instinct of honey bees and hornets. you can walk through areas where they are active without attracting attention .\ncicada killer females construct burrows that are small wonders of engineering and effort. several feet long, and featuring numerous individual brood chambers at their far end, they require the excavation of hundreds of times the insects' own weight in soil. the female killers manage the feat in just a few hours, using only their jaws and hind legs .\nt. canicularis has a green pronotal collar, green markings on its pronotum, and at least some, if not all, orange colors on its mesonotum (where the m is on the cicada’s back). t. canicularis sounds like (to me at least) a circular saw buzzing through a plank in wood in a neighbor’s garage .\nthe periodical cicada is a native north american species. it is the longest - lived insect in north america. no other insect in north america generates as much interest and curiosity as do periodical cicadas when they make their sudden, springtime emergence. they are widely distributed over the eastern half of the united states and occur nowhere else in the world .\ncicada imperatoria, westwood, arc. ent. ii, p. 14, t. 51, (1843): walker, list hom. b. m. i, p. 47: j. l. s. zool. i, p. 83 (1856): ibid, x, p. 84 (1867) .\nmid - august is approaching, and the “dog days” of summer are almost here. sirius (the dog star) and the constellation canis major will soon begin to appear in the early morning sky. now is also the time that tibicen canicularis, the dog day day cicada, is also making its presence known in the u. s. a .\nsome species of cicada killer wasps show a preference for female cicadas (s. hogardii), and some seem to prefer male cicadas (s. grandis), but it is not clear why. you might think that these wasps will take more males than females because of the loud sound the males cicadas make, but this is not the case 1 .\nperhaps it’s global warming or climate confusion. maybe it’s just really hard for a 17 - year cicada to count down the years while he’s buried underground. why this is happening is a total question mark, but a small fraction of the 17 - year cicadas — the ones we’re supposed to see in 2021 — are creeping out of their zombie caskets this week, four years early .\nthe cicada killer wasp and other digger wasps are solitary wasps; that is, they live independently rather than in colonies and do not depend on other members of a colony to share in the raising of young or the maintaining of a nest. other solitary wasps include the mud daubers and potter wasps. solitary wasps put paralyzed insects or spiders inside the nest as food for their offspring .\ncicada killer tunnels usually have a distinctive u - shaped collar of loose soil around the opening. individual tunnels are can range from 30 - to 70 - inches long and may run 12 - to 15 - inches below the surface. the first chamber is about a foot or so from the entrance. there are an average of 15 egg - shaped side chambers an a tunnel, each containing 1 to 3 paralyzed cicadas and an egg which hatches in 2 to 3 days. the grub - like wasp larva feeds for about 10 days, leaving only the cicada' s outer shell. during the fall, the larva spins a silken case, shrinks, and prepares to overwinter. development will be completed when wasps emerge next summer. there is one generation each year .\nthe invasion of periodical cicadas is over, but a second insect invasion looms. sphecius speciosus, the eastern cicada killers, have begun to emerge. and they make the national media hype over the cicadas look rather misplaced. hunting, warring, patrolling, tunneling, they do more in two months - - the length of their adult lives - - than periodical cicadas do in 17 years .\nbut don’t be afraid: cicada killers are not aggressive. in fact, they might even “appear to be curious, ” often flying up to and around you as though investigating your approach and intentions. unfortunately, this behavior sends many folks into a panic. interestingly, it’s the males who most often engage in this activity. but the males are, in fact, completely harmless: they lack stingers .\nevery new building, road or other construction destroys cicada habitat and divides the brood. their surprising numbers might make people think, “there are so many of them, how could they be endangered? ” but broods have gone extinct in the past (brood xi in connecticut in the 20th century) and have seemingly gone extinct (brood x in long island, n. y .) recently as well .\nas we humans replace more and more vegetation with concrete or shorter grasses, cicadas are finding it harder and harder to find a good place to molt. other issues that can interfere with a cicada’s ability to molt include: wind, rain, cold air, small predators like ants … if you’ve sprayed them with a pesticide that will kill them mid - molt as well (please don’t do that) .\ncicada killers often gather into leks – places where they congregate to breed and dig burrows to rear their young. all too often, as these insects increase in number, so do the incidents of human - wasp encounters. most extension agents, entomologists, pest - control companies and local museums, zoos and nature centers have come to expect a flurry of phone calls and emails from people as they stumble upon these insects .\na large and awesomely detailed cicada charm hangs from a\nmother and child\nstyle long / short aged brass chain with lobster clasp. insect charm is hollow backed and large - approximately 2 1 / 2 inches long on a 22 inch chain. perfect for the bug lover out there! (fyi i kept one of these for myself: d) comes gift boxed and ready to give. handmade in beautiful portland, or ♥\nbut unlike other wasp species that plague human summers, only the females of the cicada killers have stingers, and both their sting and their temperament are very mild. holliday has captured, tagged, clipped the wings of, and in other ways harassed thousands of them in the course of his research .\ni' ve done abominable things to these animals, and i' ve never had one try to sting me ,\nhe says. instead, when threatened, they fly away or, if trapped in a burrow, frantically beat their wings against its walls, producing a loud rattlesnake - like whir. male cicada killers are entirely stingless, and though they do tend to brusquely approach anything that moves inside their territory, including people, they' re simply on the lookout for rivals and potential mates. since humans are neither, they quickly break off their\nattacks .\nit goes back to the 1800s — by c. l. marlatt in his 1898 bulletin “an account of cicada septendecim, its natural enemies and the means of preventing its injury. ” straggling is nothing new — they’ve likely always straggled to some degree, as a way to ease high - density populations, or as a way to expand their population and territory, and perhaps as a hedge against disastrous natural events (great floods, storms) .\ncicadas belong to the order hemiptera, suborder auchenorrhyncha, superfamily cicadoidea and families cicadidae (the vast majority of cicadas) or tettigarctidae (only two species). leafhoppers, spittle bugs and jumping plant lice are close relatives of the cicada. hemiptera are different from other insects in that both the nymph and adult forms have a beak (aka rostrum), which they use to suck fluids called xylem from plants. this is how they both eat and drink .\ncicada imperatoria, w. luteo - fulva, capite et thoracis dorso maculis numerosis (magnitudine et formâ variis) nigris, mesothoraceque figurâ trifidâ notatis: pronoti lateribus in medio emarginatis; abdomine brunneo lateribus pallidioribus, maculâ in singulo segmento utrinque nigrâ; alis flavido - hyalinis venis fulvis; anticarum venis transversis subapicalibus fusco nebulosis, maculisque septem versus marginem fuscis. long. corp. unc. 3 1 / 8. expans. alar. unc. 8 1 / 4 .\nneotibicen pruinosus pruinosus aka scissor (s) grinder. found in al, ar, co, il, in, ia, ks, ky, la, mi, mn, ms, mo, ne, oh, ok, sc, sd, tn, tx, va, wv, wi. season: june – september. neotibicen pruinosus fulvus aka pale scissor (s) grinder cicada. found in: ks, ok. season: june – september .\nnot harmful to humans. only the females possess stingers, and they reserve these for use in subduing prey (cicadas). it is possible that a female cicada killer could sting a person, but only if it is handled roughly. persons allergic to wasp stings should stay away from all wasps. males can look threatening as they jealously patrol their territories, chasing away other males and even other kinds of insects that flutter into the area. but they lack stings and are harmless .\nyoung cicadas, or nymphs, usually live six to 18 inches underground, sucking sap from tree roots and growing to about 1. 5 inches. as they approach 17 years of age, the nymphs dig a tunnel to the surface with their front legs, creating a small mound of mud — a cicada hut — where they will exit. when ground temperatures reach 64 degrees, nymphs emerge from their tunnels and climb onto nearby trees, where they shed their skins, or molt .\nnest tunnels are dug in open areas such as lawns and pastures, usually in aggregations. loose, workable soils are preferred. a mound of excavated soil at the tunnel entrance is often conspicuous. these mounds often have a shallow furrow leading to the tunnel entrance, as if made by dragging a thumb. female cicada killers may live a month and produce tunnels four or more feet long in a single nest. although nests are not particularly deep, nine or ten cells per nest is not unusual .\nfemale cicada killer wasps capture annual cicadas in july and august and place them in cells located at the ends of tunnels they have dug in the ground. each tunnel is about the size of a quarter and extends 24 inches or more into the ground. one or two paralyzed cicadas are placed in each cell, and a single egg deposited before the cell is closed by the female, who flies away, never to return. the wasp grubs feed on the cicadas and develop into wasps that emerge the following summer .\nthe largest is the chorus cicada (amphipsalta zelandica), with a wingspan of 80 millimetres, and the smallest are species of maoricicada, with a wingspan of around 29 millimetres and a body length of 14 millimetres. the most closely related species are found in australia, norfolk island and new caledonia. studies show that the new zealand fauna came about from several invasions across the tasman sea from australia and perhaps new caledonia. they arrived within the last 11 million years, well after new zealand became isolated after separating from australia .\nafter that they hunt, for the so - called dog - day cicadas of genus tibicen. a killer paralyzes a cicada with a single sting, but getting it back to the burrow can be an all - day affair. it may be three times the killer' s own weight - - too heavy to properly fly with. instead she drags it up the nearest tree, then launches herself, prey in claw, and glides as far as possible toward her burrow. she may have to repeat the process half a dozen times." ]

{ "text": [ "the giant cicada ( quesada gigas ) , also known as the chichara grande , coyoyo , or coyuyo , is a species of large cicada native to north , central , and south america .", "one of two species in the genus quesada , it is the widest ranging cicada in the western hemisphere . " ], "topic": [ 27, 26 ] }

[ "the giant cicada (quesada gigas), also known as the chichara grande, coyoyo, or coyuyo, is a species of large cicada native to north, central, and south america. one of two species in the genus quesada, it is the widest ranging cicada in the western hemisphere." ]

[ "barbodes is a genus of small to medium - sized cyprinid fish native to tropical asia. the majority of the species are from southeast asia. many species are threatened and some from the philippines are already extinct. several members of this genus were formerly included in puntius instead .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\neschmeyer, w. n. (ed .). 2015. catalog of fishes. updated 7 january 2015. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 7 january 2015) .\noccurs in lake lanao. mindanao, misamis occident province, mucielagos bay, cascade river (e. capuli pers comm 1996 )\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nlatin, barbus = barbel + greek, oides = similar to (ref. 45335 )\nasia: cascade river, murcielagos bay, misamis occidental province, mindanao island, philippines .\nkottelat, m. , 2013. the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia: a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves and estuaries. the raffles bulletin of zoology 2013 (suppl. 27): 1 - 663. (ref. 94476 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00977 (0. 00375 - 0. 02544), b = 2. 98 (2. 75 - 3. 21), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 8 ±0. 3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\ndescribed from specimens collected from cascade river, murcielagos bay, misamis occidental, mindanao (ref. 280). reported from lake lanao 1986 survey (ref. 13446). also ref. 6376 .\npd 50 = 0. 5000 many relatives (e. g. carps) 0. 5 - 2. 0 few relatives (e. g. lungfishes )\nhigh, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity. )\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences (2003) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. : urltoken\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication .\nhanel, l. and j. novák (2002) české názvy zivočichů v. ryby a ryboviti obratlovci (pisces) 3. , maloústí (gonorhynchiformes) - máloostní (cypriniformes). : národní muzeum (zoologické oddělení), praha .\nkottelat, m. (2013) the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia: a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves and estuaries. : the raffles bulletin of zoology 2013 (suppl. 27): 1 - 663 .\nwu, h. l. , k. - t. shao and c. f. lai (eds .) (1999) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names. : the sueichan press, taiwan. 1028 p .\noccurs in fast flowing streams and rivers with rocky bottom (ref. 41236) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n0 - 0 of 0 records matching your criteria. plants / animals: 0 | systems: 0 | associations: 0 | alliances: 0\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users." ]

{ "text": [ "barbodes cataractae is a species of cyprinid endemic to the philippines where it is known from the cascade river and the brackish waters of murcielagos bay in mindanao .", "this species is commercially important . " ], "topic": [ 6, 3 ] }

[ "barbodes cataractae is a species of cyprinid endemic to the philippines where it is known from the cascade river and the brackish waters of murcielagos bay in mindanao. this species is commercially important." ]

[ "the texas blind salamander lives in water - filled caves of the edwards aquifer near san marcos, texas .\ninformation on the texas blind salamander is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe texas blind salamander is considered an endangered species by the texas parks and wildlife department and is fully protected by the state. additional protection has been afforded to this species as the u. s. fish and wildlife service considers the texas blind salamander to be a federally endangered species .\nthis rare salamander lives in the edwards plateau region, hays county, texas .\na blind salamander stopping for a moment on a rock underwater. these are very difficult to photograph !\ntexas blind salamander .\nbeacham' s guide to the endangered species of north america. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - texas blind salamander (eurycea rathbuni )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - texas blind salamander (eurycea rathbuni )\ntitle =\narkive species - texas blind salamander (eurycea rathbuni )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nlongley, g. 1978 .\nstatus of the texas blind salamander .\nreport no. 2. u. s. fish and wildlife service, albuquerque .\ntexas blind salamander .\nbeacham' s guide to the endangered species of north america. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\na texas blind salamander, eurycea rathbuni, perched on a rock waiting for food. photo courtesy joe n. fries, u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service. 1980. selected vertebrate endangered species of the seacoast of the united states - the texas blind salamander. fws / obs - 80 / 01. 14 .\ncampbell, l. 1995. endangered and threatened animals of texas: their life history and management. texas parks and wildlife department, endangered resources branch, austin, texas .\nthe texas blind salamander is endemic to the underground water system of the limestone caverns of the edwards plateau. it spends its life in complete darkness. it is sensitive to changes of water quality and thus susceptible to groundwater pollutants .\nlongley, g. 1978. status of typhlomolge (= eurycea) rathbuni, the texas blind salamander. endangered species report (2). u. s. fish and wildlife service region 2, albuquerque, new mexico .\nthe texas blind salamander depends on a constant supply of clean, cool water from the edwards aquifer. pollution and overuse of water caused by the growth of cities threaten its survival. you can help by conserving water and preventing water pollution .\nmitchell, r. w. and reddell, j. r. 1965. eurycea tridentifera, a new species of troglobitic salamander from texas and a reclassification of typhlomolge rathbuni. texas journal of science: 12 - 27 .\nbiologists know of only one population of the texas blind salamander, which occurs in the edwards aquifer around san marcos. the current population is apparently stable, although of limited numbers. it is possible that other populations may exist in unexplored underground caverns .\nobservations on captive individuals indicate that the texas blind salamander feed indiscriminately on small aquatic organisms and do not appear to exhibit an appreciable degree of food selectivity. young t. rathbuni feed well on copepods. larger salamanders are documented to eat amphipods, blind shrimp (palaemonetes antrorum), daphnia, small snails, and other invertebrates. cannibalism has also been documented .\nthe texas blind salamander is an obligate troglobitic species that occupies the subterranean waters of the edwards aquifer in hays county, texas. it is neotenic (non - transforming) and aquatic throughout its life and lives in water - filled, cavernous areas in the san marcos area of the edwards aquifer. observations in caves with access to the\nbecause the texas blind salamander is adapted for living in water underground, it has no eyes, only two small black dots under the skin. it has little skin pigment, is white in color, and has red external gills used to get oxygen from the water .\nhillis, d. m. , chamberlain, d. a. , wilcox, t. p. and chippindale, p. t. 2001. a new species of subterranean blind salamander (plethodontidae: hemidactyliini: eurycea: typhlomolge) from austin, texas, and a systematic revision of central texas paedomorphic salamanders. herpetologica: 266 - 280 .\ndelisting is considered unattainable for all five species (including the texas blind salamander) due to the potential for extinction from catastrophic events. consequently, the revised recovery plan calls for the establishment and continued maintenance of refugia capability for all five species in case of a catastrophic event .\nthe texas blind salamander is a sightless, cave - dwelling salamander that reaches a mature length of about 13 centimeters (5 inches). it is a slender, frail - legged amphibian, white or pinkish in color with a fringe of blood - red, external gills. the head and snout are flattened. two small black eyespots mark the location of vestigial eyes .\nthis species is endemic to the caverns of the edwards plateau in hays county, texas. all collections of sightings of the texas blind salamander have occurred there. the species was previously known to occur in wonder cave but searches in 1977 did not locate any specimens. the total distribution for the salamander may be a small as 26 sq mi (67 sq km) in a portion of the edwards aquifer beneath and near the city of san marcos .\nfrom texas and the eastern united states (chippindale 1995; petranka 1998) .\nthe blind salamander is an active predator. it moves its head from side to side as it searches for food on the bottom. it hunts animal food by sensing water pressure waves created by prey in the still underground waters where it lives. tiny snails, shrimp, and other aquatic invertebrates make up its diet. reproduction occurs year round. it is unknown how many texas blind salamanders exist .\nc) temperature of subterranean waters in the edwards aquifer, the texas blind salamander is believed to be adapted to this temperature regime and may be sensitive to changes in water temperatures. however, additional research is necessary to determine critical temperature minima and maxima for different life stages of this species .\nboris then headed back to his resting rock to lie down for another few days. boris is now looking for a roommate to hangout with him back at his rock. unfortunately, there are not very many other salamanders around. this was just another day in the life of this texas blind salamander .\na canoer glides past submerged streamers of texas wild rice in the san marcos river .\nthe texas blind salamander is smooth, unpigmented, and translucent. it has a large and broad head with a strongly flattened snout and tiny eyes under the skin. the limbs are long and slender with four toes on the forefeet and five toes on the hind feet. it retains its juvenile form, including features such as gills, in the adult sexually mature - stage of the life cycle. the texas blind salamander is of considerable scientific interest due to its uniqueness. it is the most advanced troglobitic (living only in caves) salamander known in the world today, displaying many adaptations toward total life in a cave. it may prove to be of considerable value in gauging water quality changes in the edwards aquifer. this species is listed as endangered by usfws and texas parks & wildlife department (tpwd) .\nprotected in texas by virtue of the range falling within the protected san marcos river system .\nbockstanz, l. , d. cannatella. 1999 .\nherps of texas - salamanders\n( on - line). herps of texas. accessed december 10, 1999 at urltoken .\ngo to the school of biological sciences site at the university of texas at austin home page .\nbechler, d. 1988. courtship behavior and spermatophore deposition by the subterranean salamander, typhlomolge rathbuni (caudata, plethodontidae) .\ntoday was just another ordinary day for the boris the texas blind salamander. he got up from bed and swam around his cave. although, boris was not too sure where he was because he is blind because of his adaptation. he knew he was underwater, it was cold, it was rocky and it was very dark. boris is an amphibian with a long tail, and short feet. boris also has very strange skin. boris' skin is almost transparent due to the lack of pigment in the blind salamanders' skin as they live in the dark waters of caves. boris is blind because he has no use for eyes because it is so dark. boris' most obvious feature is his bright red gills that protrude from the sides of his head. boris is a proud four inches long .\nthis species is a member of the typhlomolge clade of central texas eurycea (hillis et al. 2001) .\nthe texas blind salamander, typhlomolge rathbuni, is a smooth, unpigmented, sightless, cave - dwelling salamander that reaches a mature length of about 5 in (13 cm). this slender, frail - legged amphibian is white or pinkish with a fringe of blood - red, external gills. the head is large and broad; eyes are reduced (visible as two small dark spots deep beneath the skin); limbs are slender and long; four toes occur on the fore legs and five on the hind legs; snout is flattened .\ndue to the presence of juveniles throughout the year, the texas blind salamander appears to be sexually active all year, which is expected since there is little seasonal change in the aquifer. gravid females have been observed each month of the year. one gravid female contained 39 eggs. there appears to be a correlation between size (age class), number of testicular lobes, and number of times sperm has been produced .\nafter boris was done with his delicious meal of snail, he went on the prowl to find a mate for the night. unlike most animals, the texas blind salamander is not a cyclic breeder. boris will mate at anytime of the year. boris searched his cave and stumbled onto another salamander. her name was tina. before reproducing tina must engage in foreplay. she did this by rubbing her chin on boris. she also fanned her tail which releases pheromones arounding boris. excitedly, boris then left a packet of sperm, a spermatophore, on a rock for tina to collect .\nthe texas blind salamander reproduced for the first time in captivity at the cincinnati zoo. three different spawning events occurred between december 1979 and january 1980. clutch size ranged from eight to 21 eggs per spawning. the eggs were unpigmented and were attached to pieces of gravel singly or in clusters of two or three eggs. light intensity did not appear to affect embryonic development. however, relatively constant water temperature similar to that within the aquifer (69. 8\n4. conservation. texas blind salamanders are known from several caves, wells, and pipes that intersect the san marcos pool of the edwards aquifer in san marcos and are unlikely to range beyond this region. populations have been lost, and they are listed as endangered by both the state of texas (www. tpwd. state. tx. us) and the federal government (http: / / ecos. fws. gov) .\nkarstic (cavelike) formations of bexar county, texas. seldom found near cave entrances - prefers the dark zone deeper in caves .\nthe 1996 san marcos / comal (revised) recovery plan, which covers the texas blind salamander and four other listed species, notes that recovery goals for the habitat' s species include the survival of these species in their native ecosystems; the development of an ecosystem approach using strategies to address both local, site - specific and broad regional issues related to recovery; and the conservation of the integrity and function of the aquifer and spring - fed ecosystems that these species inhabit .\nthe dallas aquarium has also induced the texas blind salamander to breed in captivity. two individuals were apparently engaged in courtship behavior on may 11, 1994, and repeated this activity on may 15. the first clutch of 13 eggs was deposited singly on the limestone rocks in the aquarium on may 21 and 22. the eggs hatched within 12 - 16 days of oviposition, and the larvae began feeding within one month after hatching. successful reproduction continues to occur at the dallas aquarium .\nlisted as endangered by the state of texas and by the federal government. there is a need for continued close monitoring of this species .\ni’d venture that we don’t know enough about other salamander species to make a fair comparison with the olm. whenever i’ve looked up longevity information about newt or salamander species, the reports are spotty – “maybe 20 or 30 years, but so - and - so zoo had one that lived to 50” kind of stuff. very few data points .\nlittle is known about this species feeding habits and methods. it may feed on snails, shrimp, and amphipods (university of texas) .\nbechler, d. l. 1988. courtship behavior and spermatophore deposition by the subterranean salamander, typhlomolge rathbuni (caudata, plethodontidae). southwestern naturalist: 124 - 126 .\nalthough the population appears relatively stable for the moment, the salamander is threatened by potential degradation or modification of its very limited habitat. increasing residential and agricultural development along with rising demand for water for human and agricultural uses may cause the spring sources become dry intermittently. the key to preserving the san marcos salamander is controlling the amount of water pumped out of the edwards aquifer .\npotter, f. , s. sweet. 1981. generic boundaries in texas cave salamanders, and a redescription of typhlomolge robusta (amphibia: plethodontidae) .\nin the caves of slovenia and croatia lives an animal that’s a cross between peter pan and gollum. it’s the olm, a blind, cave - dwelling salamander, also called the proteus and the “human fish”, for its pale, pinkish skin. it has spent so long adapting to life in caves that it’s mostly blind, hunting instead with various supersenses including the ability to sense electricity. it never grows up, retaining the red, feathery gills of its larval form even when it becomes sexually mature at sweet sixteen. it stays this way for the rest of its remarkably long life, and it can live past 100 .\nindicate that this salamander moves through the aquifer by traveling along submerged ledges and may swim short distances before spreading its legs and settling to the bottom of the pool. due to the relatively constant 69. 8\ntexas wildrice is currently distributed along the upper four miles of the river in and near the city of san marcos. in august of 2011, the texas parks and wildlife department proposed designating this stretch of the river a state scientific area, which is allowable under state law for the purposes of education, research, and preservation of plant and animal life .\nsomething else must be happening in this bizarre creature and for now, it’s a mystery that goes unsolved. voituron thinks that this tiny salamander will open some promising doors into the biology of ageing for years to come .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service. 1987 .\nendangered and threatened species of texas and oklahoma (with 1988 addendum) .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service, albuquerque .\nthis species can be found in san marcos pool of the edwards aquifer, hays county, south - central texas, usa (chippindale et al. 2000). they are unlikely to range beyond this region .\norange counties indicate new county records since previous herps of texas update in 1998; all other colored counties reflect known distribution prior to 1998 for species and / or subspecies. map is based on museum voucher specimens .\npotter, jr, f. e. and sweet, s. s. 1981. generic boundaries in texas cave salamanders, and a redescription of typhlomolge robusta (amphibia: plethodontidae). copeia: 64 - 75 .\n“ far from feeling surprise that some of the cave - animals should be very anomalous…as is the case with blind proteus… i am only surprised that more wrecks of ancient life have not been preserved, owing to the less severe competition to which the scanty inhabitants of these dark abodes will have been exposed. ”\nsurvival of this salamander depends upon the stability and continued purity of the edwards aquifer springflows. as with the other endangered species in the edwards region, threats are from diminished springflows and pollution of groundwater and runoff caused by increasing demand for water and burgeoning development over recharge areas .\nc. larvae / metamorphosis. texas blind salamanders are paedomorphic, and natural metamorphosis is unknown. attempts to artificially induce transformation through use of thyroid hormone resulted in only partial metamorphosis (dundee, 1957). captive - hatched individuals at the dallas aquarium at fair park grew from approximately 10 mm to 80–90 mm tl in about 14–16 mo (l. ables, personal communication). grobman (1957) investigated the thyroid gland of this species, and sever (1985) provided information of sexual dimorphism of the cloacal glands of this species .\nedwards aquifer in the san marcos area. all collections of texas blind salamanders have occurred in hays county, and according to the usfws distribution of this species may be limited to the edwards aquifer beneath and near the city of san marcos and an area as small as 25. 9 square miles (usfws 1996). they have been observed in caves with access to the water table, traveling along submerged ledges within the aquifer. it is likely that they are sensitive to changes in water temperatures, preferring the thermally constant temperatures of the edwards aquifer .\nkarstic (cavelike) formations of bexar county, texas. the species may be occasionally abundant with ten or more individuals seen in a limited area. at other times, however, it appears to be absent or is extremely rare .\nis neotenic and thus bright red gills are present throughout the lifecycle. it has twelve costal grooves as well. adults range in length from 3. 25 to 5. 375 inches (university of texas; potter and sweet 1981) .\nwiens, j. j. , chippindale, p. t. and hillis, d. m. 2003. when are phylogenetic analyses misled by convergence? a case study in texas cave salamanders. systematic biology: 501 - 514 .\nboris is a very difficult salamander to get a hold of because his kind is only found in one place in the entire world along with forty other unique creatures. boris lives in a place called the edwards aquifer, which is a groundwater system, and an artesian aquifer in the state of texas in the united states. he lives in the dark, cold, fast flowing waters of this cave crawling over rocks waiting for food to come its way living without the usual light and cues that are experienced by other creatures on land .\nchippindale, p. t. , price, a. h. , wiens, j. j. and hillis, d. m. 2000. phylogenetic relationships and systematic revision of central texas hemidactyliine plethodontid salamanders. herpetological monographs: 1 - 80 .\nthe san marcos salamander is found in shallow alkaline springs carved out of limestone with sand and gravel substrates. pools and streambeds are often punctuated with large limestone boulders. aquatic vegetation is profuse, and the pool surfaces are covered with moss (amblystegium riparium) and thick mats of coarse, blue - green algae .\na number of the caves where these species are found are located on the texas parks and wildlife department' s government canyon state natural area and the u. s. army' s camp bullis, both of which have developed and implemented protective management plans .\nis only found in subterranean water systems in edwards plateau in texas. the edwards plateau is characterized by springs and caves and lies at an elevation of 600 - 750 meters. it has been found in wells but is usually restricted to caves (duellman 1999) .\nin 1992, several local groups, (the alamo group of the sierra club, the balcones canyonlands conservation coalition, the helotes creek association, the texas cave management association, and texas speleological association) petitioned the us fish and wildlife service to add the nine species of karst invertebrates to the list of threatened and endangered wildlife. the nine species of invertebrates are known only from caves in the northern and northwest parts of bexar county. in december 2000 the fish and wildlife service designated the nine species as endangered under the endangered species act .\nthe slender - bodied san marcos salamander is about 6 centimeters (2. 4 inches) long and displays a prominent gill fringe behind the head. it is light brown above with a row of pale flecks on either side of the midline and yellowish white below. the large eyes have a dark ring around the lens. limbs are short and slender with four toes on the forefeet and five on the hind feet. at first glance, it is similar to a lizard but lacks scales and claws. the specific name nana is from the greek nanos, meaning\ndwarf .\nthis voiceless salamander is also earless. it was listed as endangered on july 14, 1980 .\n). whales, elephants and giant tortoises all top the longevity record books, but the humble olm can reach a century while weighing in at a puny 20 grams. the only other amphibian to even approach its lifespan is the giant salamander, which is a thousand times heavier. you can see how unusual the olm is in the graph\nchippindale, p. t. , hillis, d. m. and price, a. h. 1994. relationships, status, and distribution of central texas hemidactyliine plethodontid salamanders (eurycea and typhlomolge). final section 6 report, july 1994, pp. 21 pp .\nsurvival of this salamander and other endemic cave - dwelling creatures depends upon the stability and continued purity of the edwards aquifer. the nature conservancy purchased ezell' s cave in 1967. in 1972, ezell' s cave was designated as a national natural landmark by the national park service, thus helping to preserve one of the species' historic habitats .\nan aquatic, cave - dwelling salamander. this weird - looking animal is gilled throughout life, has extremely thin limbs, and is virtually pigmentless. the eyes are reduced and non - functional. a tail fin is present. adults are 9 - 13. 5 cm total length, with 12 costal grooves. juveniles have proportionally larger eyes. see petranka (1998) for references .\nalso, even though some animals live longer in captivity, many are hard to keep alive because we just don’t know a whole lot about them. while i’m speculating, i’m going to say that most of our amphibian lifespan data falls into this category – so a salamander can live 50 years in a zoo cage eating crickets. does that really tell us the maximum lifespan of its species ?\ntexas wildrice forms large clones or masses of clones that firmly root in gravel shallows near the middle of the river. this plant is adapted to fast - flowing water of high quality and constant year - round temperatures as provided by adequate spring flows. silting, disturbance of the bottom, or stagnant water will kill off plants .\nchippindale, p. t. 2000. species boundaries and species diversity in the central texas hemidactyliine plethodontid salamanders, genus eurycea. in: bruce, r. , houck, l. and jaeger, r. (eds), the biology of plethodontid salamanders, pp. 149 - 165. kluwer academic / plenum publishing, new york .\nover 40 species of highly adapted, aquatic, subterranean species are known to live in the edwards aquifer. these include amphipod crustaceans, gastropod snails, and interesting vertebrates like blind catfish (longley, 1986). seven aquatic species are listed as endangered in the edwards aquifer system, and one is listed as threatened. the main problems for all the species are reduced springflows caused by increased pumping, elimination of habitat, and degradation of water quality caused by urban expansion .\nsalamanders lay jelly - covered eggs from which tiny fishlike larvae emerge and develop in the manner of tadpoles. the san marcos salamander breeds and lays eggs in standing pools amid thick mats of aquatic vegetation. eggs hatch in about 24 days. this species is carnivorous and feeds on amphipods, midge fly larvae, and aquatic snails. it remains stationary until prey pass closely and then abruptly snaps its head, taking the prey .\nthis species has an extremely restricted range and has been found at a small number of localities near san marcos, hays co. texas. adults and larvae are adapted for dwelling underground and may occur quite deep. pools where this species has been collected have minimal current and nearly constant temperature of 21 - 22º. see petranka (1998) for references .\nthe limited range of the san marcos salamander comprises the san marcos springs, spring lake, and a few hundred feet of the san marcos river. the most recent estimates of population size indicate there are probably around 50, 000 individuals. tupa and davis (1976) estimated there about 23, 000 in algal mats, and nelson (1993) estimated about 25, 000 in rocks in spring lake and about 5, 200 below the lake .\na second specimen was found in august of 2012 during construction of a highway interchange at loop 1605 and texas 151, about five miles from the location of the first specimen. the highway project was placed on hold, while txdot and fish & wildlife officials tried to work out a construction plan that wouldn' t disturb any spiders potentially living in the area or their habitat .\nvery little is known about the biology of this species. courtship has been observed in captivity. this species has a tail - straddling walk similar to what has been observed in other plethodontid salamanders. fertilization is by means of a spermatophore deposited on the substrate by the male and picked up in the cloaca by the female (belcher 1988). small juveniles have been found throughout the year and breeding may be aseasonal. one gravid female contained 39 mature ova. known diet items include blind shrimp, snails, and amphipods (longley 1978) .\nrobber baron cave in alamo heights. the cave is on private property, but the cave entrance has been donated to the texas cave management association, which actively works to protect and improve the cave habitat. the cave is relatively large and the land over and around the cave is heavily urbanized. the cave has also been subject to extensive commercial and recreational use in the past. no known collections since 1993 .\nthe olm was once described as a baby dragon on account of its small, snake - like body. it’s fully aquatic, swimming with a serpentine wriggle, while foraging for insects, snails and crabs. it can’t see its prey for as it grows up, its eyes stop developing and are eventually covered by layers of skin. it’s essentially blind although its hidden eyes and even parts of its skin can still detect the presence of light. it also has an array of supersenses, including heightened smell and hearing and possibly even the ability to sense electric and magnetic fields .\nrobber baron cave in alamo heights. the cave is on private property, but the cave entrance has been donated to the texas cave management association, which actively works to protect and improve the cave habitat. the cave is relatively large and the land over and around the cave is heavily urbanized. the cave has also been subject to extensive commercial and recreational use in the past. last collected in 1983, but has been observed more recently .\nthe major reason for decline of the san marcos river habitat has been increased pumping and diversion of edwards aquifer groundwater. decreased spring outflow lowers the water level of the river and exposes the shallows where texas wildrice typically would grow. river dredging and damming, riverside construction, and bottomland cultivation have destroyed plants, altered stream flows and temperature, or increased siltation. in the past, intensive harvesting of the seed crop inhibited successful reproduction. because most of the remaining population is in the urban area of san marcos, botanists have suggested that transplanting wildrice to some other location is the species only hope of survival. however, the fish and wildlife service stresses that every effort must be made to preserve the species in its native habitat. efforts to grow texas wildrice in cultivation and to transplant it have met with limited success. in the 1970' s, botanists attempted to establish a new population in salado creek with cultivated plants, but recreational activities continually disturbed transplanted clones. from 1976 to 1982, nursery grown plants were transplanted to various sites in central texas. no new populations resulted. the fish and wildlife service recovery plan recommends that a public education program be established, aimed at minimizing recreational disturbance of wildrice in the san marcos river. ultimately, long term protection will require a management program to balance the water needs of the human population with the requirements of a healthy san marcos river ecosystem .\ncave invertebrates typically also have very low metabolisms, an adaptation to the sparse amounts of food found in their environment. some biologists have hypothesized that the stereotypical characteristics of cave - dwelling species, such as the lack of pigment (white color) and reduced or absent eyes (blind), have evolved as a measure to conserve energy and channel their limited resources to more useful features like antennae and chemical and touch receptors, which are typically highly developed in cave species. in fact, because they are adapted to an environment with little food, pollution by the addition of large amounts of nutrients to the cave can actually be harmful to the species, because it allows invertebrates that are not cave adapted, such as cockroaches and a variety of flies to survive in the cave and even out - compete the cave species. the healthy cave ecosystem lies in a delicate balance between too little food and too much .\ntexas wildrice is an aquatic grass with thin, flat, elongated leaves that are typically immersed and long - streaming in river currents. leaves often grow as long as 1. 5 meters (57 inches). flower stalks, when present, extend above the surface of the water, sometimes to a height of 1 meter (40 inches), and produce drooping heads of profuse grain - like seeds. the plant flowers and sets seed at irregular intervals from april to november. seeding plants have become increasingly rare in the wild. it was listed as federally endangered on april 26, 1978 and state endangered on april 29, 1983. it was the first texas plant to be placed on the endangered species list. the leaves are linear, elongate, green, to 45 in. long, 1 / 4 to 1 in. wide. flowers are arranged in a narrow panicle, 6 - 13 in. long, 1 / 2 to 4 in. wide, spreading male branches below, tighter female branches above; pikelet with one flower without glumes; male spikelets 1 / 4 - 1 / 2 in. long. 1 / 16 - 1 / 8 in. wide; female spikelets 5 / 16 - 1 / 2 in. long 1 / 16 - 1 / 8 in. wide, tipped by rough bristles 3 / 8 - 1 3 / 8 in. long; flowering spring and autumn .\nconservation and management of the peck' s cave amphipod, comal springs riffle beetle, and comal springs dryopid beetle are likely to involve protection and conservation of the edwards aquifer and springflow at comal, hueco, san marcos, and fern bank springs. these species' very limited habitat is likely to be lost through drying or decreased volume of springflow during minor or severe drought. it is likely the effect of natural droughts in south central texas will increase in severity because of the large increase in human groundwater withdrawals. many possible effects of reduced springflow exist. these include changes in the chemical composition of the water in the aquifer and at the springs, a decrease in current velocity and corresponding increase in siltation, and an increase in temperature and temperature fluctuations in the aquatic habitat (mckinney & watkins, 1993) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as vulnerable because it is known from only a single location .\nthe total adult population size is unknown. individuals of this species still appear common in outflows of diversion spring, a pipe that carries outflows from the edwards aquifer at san marcos springs. however, numbers collected vary widely from year to year; currently, most individuals recovered are juveniles (chippindale 2005) .\nit can be found in water - filled subterranean caverns, and have been observed climbing rock surfaces or swimming in open water. in some sites it is known only from individuals washed out of artesian wells. this species is completely aquatic and does not metamorphose. breeding habits are unknown in nature; however, this species has bred on several occasions in captivity, at the dallas aquarium at fair park, cincinnati zoo, aquarena centre (san marcos), and san marcos national fish hatchery and technology centre (l. ables pers. comm .) .\nit is sensitive to changes in water quality and thus vulnerable to groundwater pollutants (matthews and moseley 1990). it is potentially threatened by falling groundwater levels that have resulted from increased pumping to support residential and commercial development in the region. over collecting in the past (1960s) might have reduced populations in accessible locations .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nstrict warning: non - static method view: : load () should not be called statically in / home2 / davidcan / public _ html / sites / all / modules / views / views. module on line 906 .\nstrict warning: declaration of views _ handler _ argument: : init () should be compatible with views _ handler: : init (& $ view, $ options) in / home2 / davidcan / public _ html / sites / all / modules / views / handlers / views _ handler _ argument. inc on line 744 .\nstrict warning: declaration of views _ handler _ filter: : options _ validate () should be compatible with views _ handler: : options _ validate ($ form, & $ form _ state) in / home2 / davidcan / public _ html / sites / all / modules / views / handlers / views _ handler _ filter. inc on line 607 .\nstrict warning: declaration of views _ handler _ filter: : options _ submit () should be compatible with views _ handler: : options _ submit ($ form, & $ form _ state) in / home2 / davidcan / public _ html / sites / all / modules / views / handlers / views _ handler _ filter. inc on line 607 .\nstrict warning: declaration of views _ handler _ filter _ node _ status: : operator _ form () should be compatible with views _ handler _ filter: : operator _ form (& $ form, & $ form _ state) in / home2 / davidcan / public _ html / sites / all / modules / views / modules / node / views _ handler _ filter _ node _ status. inc on line 13 .\nthin, elongate limbs; four toes on front feet, five on hind feet .\nadult eurycea rathbuni can measure between 9 - 13. 5 cm (3. 5 - 5. 5 in) total length .\neurycea rathbuni feeds on a variety of invertebrates, including shrimp, snails, and amphipods .\nlittle is known for eurycea rathbuni, except that gravid females can be observed throughout the year .\neurycea rathbuni is found in the subterranean streams of the purgatory creek system, and is only found above ground when water flow brings it to the surface .\neurycea rathbuni is found only in the balcones escarpment near san marcos, hays county .\nyour contact information is used to deliver requested updates or to access your subscriber preferences. children under 13 years of age must have a parent / guardian & apos; s consent before providing any personal information to the agency .\namerica is privileged with a stunning array of animals, plants, and wild destinations—each with its own incredible story. get to know the amazing wildlife in your backyard and beyond .\nchosen as a symbol of the united states in 1782, the bald eagle represents virtues such as strength, courage, and freedom .\ncritical to agricultural crops and ecological services, pollinators are in decline. learn more about these important animals and how to help them thrive .\nfrom the florida everglades to washington' s puget sound, discover more about some of the awe - inspiring landscapes the national wildlife federation is working to protect .\nmore than one - third of our nation' s wildlife species are at risk of extinction in the coming decades, threatened by a host of human activities. find out about the major issues currently putting america' s treasured wildlife at risk .\nwildlife species depend on their habitats, and on one another, to thrive. learn the benefits of healthy and diverse populations, and what needs to be done to protect those at risk .\nthe national wildlife federation welcomes the news that epa administrator scott pruitt has stepped down from his position to allow new leadership for this critical agency .\nfind out what it means to source wood sustainably, and see how your favorite furniture brands rank based on their wood sourcing policies, goals, and practices .\nclimate change is allowing ticks to survive in greater numbers and expand their range—influencing the survival of their hosts and the bacteria that cause the diseases they carry .\ntell your members of congress to save america' s vulnerable wildlife by supporting the recovering america' s wildlife act .\nyou don' t have to travel far to join us for an event. attend an upcoming event with one of our regional centers or affiliates .\nin 4 seconds, you will be redirected to nwfactionfund. org, the site of the national wildlife action fund, a 501 (c) (4) organization .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis (the integrated taxonomic information system) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nboris' stomach was rumbeling because it had been over a month since he had eaten. boris swam over to his favorite feeding rock. he waited patiently for for a shrimp or small snail to come along. these were his favourite foods. boris hunts by sensing water pressure waves created by prey in the still underground waters where he lives. over a month later a small snail came along and boris thought to himself ,\nmmm... here comes some nice french cuisine coming my way. i feel like having some escargot today !\nboris quickly snached the snail and devoured it .\neurycea rathbuni digimorph staff. 2004. digital morphology. accessed september 16, 2008\neurycea rathbuni munger, m. 2000. animal diversity web. accessed september 16, 2008\ntreehouses are authored by students, teachers, science enthusiasts, or professional scientists. anyone can sign up as a treehouse contributor and share their knowledge and enthusiasm about organisms. treehouse contributions are checked for general accuracy and quality by teachers and tol editors, but they are not usually reviewed by expert scientists. if you spot an error, please get in touch with the author or the teacher. for more information about quality control of tree of life content, see status of tree of life pages .\nthis page is a treehouse that is attached to a branch of the tree of life .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\nclassified as vulnerable (vu) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nanimals animals / earth scenes 17 railroad avenue chatham ny 12037 united states of america tel: + 01 (518) 3925500 fax: + 01 (518) 3925550 info @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthe world wildlife fund has produced a must - have, authoritative reference work for anyone interested in endangered species. it describes 540 endangered or threatened species, including their habitat, behavior, and recovery. excerpts from their guide to endangered species and other sources were used to prepare this section. information on the aquatic invertebrates was prepared using the us fish and wildlife' s published final rule on listing the species .\nin addition to the aquatic species that depend on aquifer water itself, nine cave - dwelling invertebrates that live in the aquifer' s karst formations were listed by the us fish & wildlife service as endangered in december 2000. there are three beetles, one daddy long - legs, and five spiders. in may of 2008 the service released a draft recovery plan (download it). for a general discussion on all these creatures see the section below on the cave - dwelling invertebrates .\nthis totally aquatic species feeds on insects and other small invertebrates that live in subterranean waters and are nourished by the droppings of bats in caves. little else of its natural history is known .\nlittle is known, but gravid females have been observed throughout the year. the larvae do not transform .\nthe fountain darter is a reddish brown darter with an average length of 2. 5 centimeters (1 inch). it displays a series of dark, horizontal, stitch - like lines along its sides and three dark spots at the base of the tail. dark bars appear below, behind, and in front of the eyes. breeding males develop black, red, and clear stripes along the dorsal fin .\nthe fountain darter feeds primarily in daylight on aquatic insect larvae and small crustaceans. it is a selective feeder and prefers moving prey, remaining stationary until prey passes within striking distance. the fountain darter spawns year round, with peaks in early spring and august. after attaching eggs to mosses and algae, the female abandons the site, providing no care to eggs or fry .\nthe fountain darter prefers clear, quiet backwaters with a profuse bottom growth of aquatic plants and matted algae. it is found in the san marcos and comal rivers .\nthe historic range of the fountain darter included the sources, headwaters, and sections of the san marcos and comal rivers .\nthe fountain darter is found in spring lake at the headwaters of the san marcos river, in the main channel of the river to the confluence of the blanco river, and in the comal river. the comal river population of fountain darters was completely eliminated when its habitat was reduced to isolated pools by a major drought in the 1950' s, but the river was restocked with 457 darters taken from the san marcos river (usfws, 1984) .\nschenck and whiteside (1976) estimated the population in the san marcos river between spring lake dam and the san marcos wastewater treatment plant outfall to be 102, 966 individuals. until recently, no population estimates had been made for the comal river. linam, mayes, and saunders (1993) conducted a study to determine habitat utilization, the amount of habitat available, and an estimate of population size. fountain darters were found in greatest densities in filamentous algae, and the mean population estimate for the comal river upstream of torrey mill dam was 168, 078 with 95% confidence limits of 114, 178 and 254, 110 .\nthe gambusia has not been seen since 1982 and is believed to be already extinct .\nmost aquatic biologists feel the san marcos gambusia is very likely already extinct. it ranged in length from 2. 5 to 4 centimeters (1 to 1. 6 inches), had lemon yellow median fins and a diffuse midlateral stripe along the length of its body. the dark body displayed a bluish sheen, and scales tended to be strongly cross - hatched .\nthis fish was a livebearer - eggs hatched inside the female' s body and emerge alive. the female was capable of bearing up to 60 young in a single brood. it fed on insect larvae and other invertebrates in slow - moving waters shaded by overhanging trees or bridges .\nthe san marcos gambusia preferred quiet backwaters, adjacent to the main thrust of the river current. its primary habitat requirements appeared to be clean and clear water of a constant temperature. temperatures in the river vary by only a few degrees throughout the year, averaging about 23 degrees c (73 f). the bottom is muddy but generally unsilted. this species was restricted to a limited portion of the san marcos river springrun a few kilometers below the headsprings. it was always rare, and its continued existence has not been documented .\nthe gambusia' s entire known range was restricted to a 1 - kilometer (0. 6 miles) section of the san marcos river near the city of san marcos. most specimens were found between the interstate highway 35 crossing and thompson' s island. this gambusia was always extremely rare as determined by surveys conducted in 1978 and 1979 in the san marcos river. biologists netted more than 20, 000 gambusia specimens but counted only 18 san marcos gambusia among them. san marcos gambusia were captured alive and an artificial culture established in austin and in dexter, new mexico, in 1979 and 1980, respectively. both of these cultures were contaminated by gambusia affinis in the early 1980s and the last individual taken from the wild was captured in 1982. despite considerable efforts to secure this species since then, none have been taken .\nthe species' very restricted known distribution in the river and its absence from the headwaters at spring lake indicate very specific habitat requirements. it was apparently extremely sensitive to any alteration of its habitat. changes in water turbidity caused by runoff from land clearing and construction, an increase in water temperatures caused by lowered water flows, and pumping of groundwater from the edwards aquifer could have easily eliminated the species. even if additional specimens are found, recovery of the san marcos gambusia is considered a remote possibility without the cooperation of all state and local agencies that manage use of the aquifer." ]

{ "text": [ "the texas blind salamander ( eurycea rathbuni ) is a rare cave-dwelling troglobite amphibian native to san marcos , hays county , texas , specifically the san marcos pool of the edwards aquifer .", "the salamander has blood-red external gills for absorbing oxygen from the water .", "the salamander 's mature length is 13 cm ( 5 in ) .", "its diet varies by what flows into its cave , including blind shrimp ( palaemonetes antrorum ) , snails , and amphipods . " ], "topic": [ 3, 4, 0, 21 ] }

[ "the texas blind salamander (eurycea rathbuni) is a rare cave-dwelling troglobite amphibian native to san marcos, hays county, texas, specifically the san marcos pool of the edwards aquifer. the salamander has blood-red external gills for absorbing oxygen from the water. the salamander's mature length is 13 cm (5 in). its diet varies by what flows into its cave, including blind shrimp (palaemonetes antrorum), snails, and amphipods." ]

[ "the\nover\nis somehow similar to\nagain\nin\ntwice over\n.\ndefinition and synonyms of twice over / three times etc over from the online english dictionary from macmillan education .\nif you say that something happened over and over or over and over again, you are emphasizing that it happened many times .\nmy feeling is that even if something increased\ntwice over\nit' s still just twice (and not three times) .\na toddler survives being run over twice in a row on a busy street in china .\nyou use twice in expressions such as twice a day and twice a week to indicate that two events or actions of the same kind happen in each day or week .\nhe plays the same songs over and over... , 'i don' t understand it,' he said, over and over again .\na heavily pregnant woman who twice ran over a neighbour in an argument over children has ​had her sentencing adjourned until after she gives birth .\ntwice over landed a popular fourth win in the coral - eclipse at sandown for former champion trainer henry cecil .\npharmacokinetics of atazanavir / ritonavir once daily and lopinavir / ritonavir twice and once daily over 72 h following drug cessation .\nthe cost of household bills have risen twice as fast as salaries over the last decade, according to a study .\ntwice over is a fabulous horse and we’ll probably freshen him up and go for the champion stakes at ascot .\nhe visited me twice that fall and called me on the telephone often... , thoroughly brush teeth and gums twice daily ...\nwhat does this sentence mean? she was my keeper twice over—as don and as mom’s eyes and ears. thanks: )\n, beating twice over, linngari, russian cross, traffic guard, full of gold, pipedreamer, hebridean, city leader .\nwhen you say something happens twice over, three times over and so on, you are referring to the number of times it happens and emphasizing that it happens more than once .\nthe whole process started all over again... , he had to prove himself all over again .\nthis as it have been reported he told his work crew he owned the home and sent them over twice to burgle the property .\nhealth officials are contacted once or twice a week about snakebites, figures suggest .\nwithout context, i have no idea quite what that means but i think that' s the gist of\ntwice over\nhere .\npharmacokinetics of atazanavir / ritonavir once daily and lopinavir / ritonavir twice and once daily over 72 h following drug cessation. - pubmed - ncbi\nwe investigated the pharmacokinetics of atazanavir / ritonavir once daily and lopinavir / ritonavir twice and once daily over 72 h following drug intake cessation .\nif something happens twice, there are two actions or events of the same kind .\nwith the headline: dollars that turn into bees, and other gifts given twice .\nian somerhalder auditioned twice for the role\ndamon salvatore\nuntil he got it .\ntom queally, in the pink helmet, rides twice over to victory in the al maktoum challenge round three at meydan racecourse on thursday night .\ncigarettes kill over a hundred thousand britons every year... , i met george well over a year ago .\nthat is an alluring explanation for me, but even if it is true, it doesn' t explain the following use of\ntwice over\n: 1. trade between the two countries has increased twice over. does it differ in sense from the second sentence? 2. trade between the two countries has increased twice. i tend to think that in 1) the trade has increased actually three times. there was some level of trade, and then it increased twice over that level, totaling 1 + 2 = 3. here\nover\nmeans\nabove\n.\nwhat made you want to look up twice over? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nsearch twice over and thousands of other words in english cobuild dictionary from reverso. you can complete the definition of twice over given by the english cobuild dictionary with other english dictionaries: wikipedia, lexilogos, oxford, cambridge, chambers harrap, wordreference, collins lexibase dictionaries, merriam webster ...\nthe prince sponsors the race through his juddmonte farms breeding operation and had never previously won it, so twice over’s victory was particularly sweet for him .\nprior to obamacare, there were over 18, 000 tanning salons in america - - now there are just over 8500 .\ni had to read the poem twice before i understood its meaning. i had to read the poem twice over before i understood its meaning. i had to twice read the poem before i understood its meaning. i had to read the poem two times before i understood its meaning. they all have the same meaning to me, mfi !\na jubilant ian mongan celebrates after the biggest success of his career on twice over in the juddmonte international stakes at york. image courtesy of racingfotos. com .\nshe' d better shut her mouth and from now on think twice before saying stupid things .\nfamous solo artists are twice as likely to die prematurely than stars in bands, researchers said .\nthe news that queally, twice over' s jockey for six of his 10 career wins, three of them group 1 contests, feels his mount won his prep in possibly his most scintillating style yet while not yet 100 per cent fit, is likely to convince even more that twice over is the horse to beat .\ncoral - eclipse sandown, 1m 2f 1 twice over (henry cecil) tom queally 13 - 8f 2 sri putra 33 - 1 5 ran. dist: ½\ntwice over exposes the fallacy of putting the cart before the horse. only when the process is reversed can flat racing hope to attract and sustain a regular audience .\nwith cecil’s main jockey, tom queally, on board midday, twice over was ridden by ian mongan, for whom this was by far the biggest victory of his career .\nante - post favourite harry the viking features among a 25 - strong field for the coral scottish grand national. the seven - year - old, part - owned by manchester united manager sir alex ferguson, has won twice over hurdles and twice over fences this season and was last seen finishing a fine second to teaforthree in the national hunt chase at cheltenham .\ni tend to think that in 1) the trade has increased actually three times. there was some level of trade, and then it increased twice over that level, totaling 1 + 2 = 3. here\nover\nmeans\nabove\n.\ntwice over is striking to look at, all the more so because he is top - class and still racing at the age of six. flat racing needs more like of his ilk\ntwice over' s effort in that race has seen him overtake bold silvano, de kock' s grade one durban july winner, as favourite for the meydan racecourse showpiece on march 26 .\ndid you find both 1) and 2) anywhere, tommy, or did you make them up? it' s an interesting question. the\nover\nis somehow similar to\nagain\nin\ntwice over\n. my feeling is that even if something increased\ntwice over\nit' s still just twice (and not three times). for 2), though, it would mean in the history of trade between the two countries, there were two times that trade increased. it says nothing about how much it increased, if that makes sense .\ni just wanted to keep running her over ,\nshe told police .\ntwice over and midday came home first and second for trainer sir henry cecil in this afternoon' s juddmonte international stakes at york, the sixth race in the qipco british champions series middle distance category .\nbut then, the plane dove again – 400 feet in just over 15 seconds .\nthis victory in the penultimate race in the middle distance division was cecil’s sixth series triumph of the season, all registered in the prince’s colours, and it was a fourth career group 1 success for twice over .\nthere is some concern over his fitness as he had been entered twice and was withdrawn. added to that, he now goes up nine pounds on his last effort – two crucial mitigating factors for his chances .\nalthough there is little doubt that bold silvano could have won his prep race by a much greater distance had he been ridden hard to the line, that win came in far less esteemed company than twice over' s .\nindian nurse at beaumont hospital alleges racial discrimination after she was passed over for ...\nif you think twice about doing something, you consider it again and decide not to do it, or decide to do it differently .\nstill one of hollywood' s favourite heartthrobs: brad pitt has won twice, in 1995 and 2000. he is seen right last week\nit is interesting what the word\nover\nserve for. does it provoke the same associations here as in the phrasal verbs\nstart over\nand\ngo over\n, where\nover\nconnotes the sense of seeing things from above, with the meanings of the phrasal verbs are to\nstart again\nand\nthink again\n, maybe from a fresh perspective ?\nshe was also ​bashed by a group of women in late 2014 in an argument over relationships .\ntwice over, a two - time champion stakes winner in england, swept past six group 1 winners to claim the al maktoum challenge round three, the historically significant final dress rehearsal for the us $ 10 million (dh36. 7m) race .\nexpenditure on education has gone up by seven point eight per cent over and above inflation ...\nif you do something over, you do it again or start doing it again from the beginning .\nif i was living my life over again i wouldn' t have attended so many committee meetings .\nuganda dismisses un criticism over rebel hunt ,\nreuters news agency, february 10, 2009 .\nwhile wolver hollow announced that cecil' s career was on its way, twice over has confirmed that, through winning the champion stakes last year and saturday' s race, after a spell in the doldrums the trainer is unquestionably on his way back .\nif you do something over again, you do it again or start doing it again from the beginning .\nif one thing is, for example, twice as big or old as another, the first thing is two times as big or old as the second. people sometimes say that one thing is twice as good or hard as another when they want to emphasize that the first thing is much better or harder than the second .\nsuch was twice over' s domination of the 2, 000m contest that the mike de kock - trained 2010 uae derby victor, musir, also a group 1 winner, was second nearly three lengths behind the winner. grade 1 goodwood stakes winner gitano hernando was third .\nit nosedived twice before pilot kevin sullivan declared a mayday and made an emergency landing at learmonth airport near exmouth, western australia, around 50 minutes after the first descent .\nlarsons pay me well enough, but there' s not much over for luxuries when there' s two of you to live on it... , primrose was given an apple, left over from our picnic lunch .\ntom queally, the jockey of the dubai world cup favourite twice over, is relishing a second chance at the world' s richest race after revealing his mount\nquickened better than he' s ever quickened before\nwhen he ran away from a classy super thursday field last week .\nover and above an amount, especially a normal amount, means more than that amount or in addition to it .\nshe said if she had the chance to do it over, she would have hired a press secretary ...\nancillary workers at an nhs trust are to be balloted for industrial action in a row about consultation over job losses .\non saturday flat racing' s most popular and, in subsequent years, most successful trainer was back in that winner' s enclosure being accorded three cheers following an eclipse after twice over, the 13 - 8 favourite, made all of the running under a positive ride from tom queally .\nthe 13 - 8 favourite, ridden by tom queally, gave 10 - time champion cecil his first success in the 1m 2f race since 1978 winner gunner be. twice over raced clear of his rivals but had to see off the challenge of fast - finishing 33 - 1 shot sri putra .\nseveral aspects to twice over’s group 2 triumph were heartwarming. in contrast to his dubai world cup effort last year, when he was also drawn wide and met with early trouble, the horse found a clear passage under tom queally he was more than comfortable on the tapeta surface and pre - race concerns that meydan’s sharp bends would compromise him proved without foundation. he made a majestic sight. he made an even more majestic sight in the paddock. twice over is a physically imposing six - year - old who has improved with age but, more importantly, he strikes a chord with the public .\ndario saric and joel embiid both score 20 points as the 76ers get the win over the nuggets, 123 - 104 .\nthis was an open - label, three - session, pharmacokinetic trial. healthy volunteers received atazanavir / ritonavir 300 / 100 mg once daily and lopinavir / ritonavir 400 / 100 mg twice daily and 800 / 200 mg once daily separately for 10 days. pharmacokinetic profiles were assessed for each phase on day 10 over 72 h. pharmacokinetic parameters were determined over 12 or 24 h and to the last measurable concentration by non - compartmental methods .\ndemar derozan puts up 15 points and eight assists to help lead the raptors to a 114 - 110 victory over the nuggets .\nin an interview with frontline, delamielleure says that over his 12 - year nfl career, he probably sustained “hundreds” of concussions .\nharry angel’s sourcing came in the spring after he broke haydock’s track record with a scintillating display over the same six furlongs he graced in such devastating fashion over the weekend. he was beaten by blue point at ascot before that, but gained revenge over his new ownership - mate when runner - up to caravaggio in the commonwealth cup at royal ascot and had him well behind on saturday .\ntwice a week, dr. joyce eastlund gromko travels from bowling green state university to weston elementary school to work with kindergarteners, whom she' s helping prepare for their music program may 14 .\nif something is over a particular amount, measurement, or age, it is more than that amount, measurement, or age .\nmale nurse, 24, dies after falling 500ft at grand canyon national park when he climbed over a railing to get ...\n' i didn' t know the man' - robin wright breaks silence over house of cards co - star kevin ...\nsix - year - old siu was struck by the van and run over fully by two of its tyres as it drove past .\ngirl power? seeking to become the first mare to win since nickel coin back in 1951. the grey has twice completed other races over the national fences, though was well beaten on both occasions. you will of course know that la vaticane is italian for the vatican. just don' t expect all your prayers to be answered .\nif you say that you have some food or money over, you mean that it remains after you have used all that you need .\nnikola jokic notches a triple - double scoring 23 points with 12 rebounds and 10 assists to lead denver over detroit, 120 - 113 .\n“by not having those other pressures on us makes it easier and having the funds there now to access and support that we need is amazing. and not just once or twice a week, every day .\nshinko forest (c green desert) 9 wins (6f) at 3 to 6, takamatsunomiya hai (g1), hankyu hai (g3), 3rd takamatsunomiya hai (g1), twice. sire .\n, three times over and so on, you are stating the number of times that it happened and emphasizing that it happened more than once .\ni' v never had a home run that hit the glove and went over the fence ,\nramirez told reporters after the game .\njulie plec and kevin williamson originally wanted the story to end with both brothers dying and watching over elena as she lived a peaceful human life .\nwhen andrea and jesse argue over brock, andrea says :\ni' ll die first\n. this is a foreshadow of her death .\nit was a brave decision of queally' s to take the race by the scruff of the neck but, with no pace and the possibility of it developing into a sprint, he let twice over bowl along in front with dar re mi, attempting to become only the third filly to win the race since it was first run in 1886, for company .\ndj khaled cancels wireless performance due to' travel issues' just hours before his slot... as fans rage over his' vacation' snap\nfamily of boy, 5, who knocked over a glass and mirror statue get their insurance to cover the $ 107, 000 in ...\nhealth minister kim hames today issued a statement following the settlement saying he was please the matter was over and that he wished the button family well .\nwon the national trial at haydock last year, but agonisingly missed the cut for the big race and then unseated his rider in the topham chase over the national fences. trainer, in her second season after successfully taking over from father richard, formerly worked behind the scenes for channel 4 racing .\nseabiscuit came out of retirement on february 9, 1940. there was one more goal to attain—the santa anita, which he had lost twice by a nose. now he prevailed, winning in the record time of 2: 01\nwhile most celebrities indulge in expensive bottles of champagne over the festive period, stephen fry will actively avoid the bubbly - for fear it could kill him .\na win in february' s bobbyjo chase at fairyhouse was one of only six runs over fences. horse and rider will hope each other are pleasant company round the 30 aintree obstacles. jockey is among the best of his generation and has won the race twice, with papillon (2000) and hedgehunter (2005) but missed out through injury four times in the past seven years .\nover at the lab, walter white takes over the weighing of a meth batch .\njust say the words ,\nsays jesse insulted .\nyou think i' m stealing .\nwalt silences jesse, making a slight motion with his finger, implying that, again, the lab might be monitored .\nhowever those living in the south west will spend the largest proportion of their salary on basic household bills at 15 per cent of their earnings over a lifetime .\nthe bowling green state university board of trustees honored the skill and unswerving dedication of dr. christopher dalton over 30 years at the university by naming him trustee professor\nhand over to the international criminal court those lra leaders who surrender or are captured and who are wanted by the icc for war crimes and crimes against humanity .\nany industry losing half its workforce and over half its firms is not only cause for concern - - it' s akin to a single sector great depression .\nsir henry cecil strengthened his grip on the qipco british champions series top trainer title, for which he will win a specially crafted trophy and a cheque for £25, 000 to donate to the charity of his choice, when twice over led home a famous one - two for the veteran newmarket handler and his principal patron, prince khalid abdulla, in the juddmonte international stakes at york this afternoon .\n“we had a closet full of over 100 phones [ that we were developing software for ], and we were building our software pretty much one device at a time, ” he said in his 2012 report to share­holders. in various remarks over the years he has described the experience as both “awful” and “incredibly painful. ”\nthe good, the bad and the ugly! a look back at people' s sexiest man alive winners over the years... as 28th recipient is announced\npalmer​ became enraged, ​ jumped into the driver' s seat of a car​, ​accelerated towards the victim and ​ran over her with the front of the vehicle .\nit' s the race that everybody wants to win ,\nhe said .\ni don' t think anyone would say no to it. you might say that it has eluded henry cecil as well. he' s won a lot of big races and is a man who enjoys a challenge. with twice over he' s got a horse that has been doing everything right in his preparation .\nin pelosi' s home state of california, the number of tanning salons has dropped in half, from 961 to 476, shedding over 4600 jobs along the way .\na high court judge has been asked to decide whether a seven - year - old boy at the centre of a legal dispute over cancer treatment can undergo more surgery .\naroldis chapman has the best fastball in the major leagues, reaching 100 mph on the radar gun on a regular basis and twice touching a record 105 mph, to establish himself as one of baseball' s top closers after defecting from his native cuba .\nmerigo became the first horse for 27 years to win the coral scottish grand national twice with a courageous effort in the marathon handicap chase at ayr. while androma landed back - to - back victories in 1984 and 1985, merigo was reclaiming his crown .\nracing under both codes is no longer seasonal. the point was reiterated in a different way on march 3, when super thursday at meydan saw a number of high - class horses make the journey from britain. none more so than twice over, who bagged a group 2 worth £115, 384, and at the time of writing was all set to contest the $ 10 million world cup. no problems with tariffs in dubai .\nstudents at bowling green state university gave patients at toledo' s st. vincent mercy children' s hospital and their families a little something to smile about over the weekend .\ndangerous to underestimate this one, who seems on the way back after a period in the wilderness, much like his stable. was a comfortable winner of the summer cup at uttoxeter in 2014, making him a national type, and only 6lb higher now than he was that day. this season has been a write - off over fences but last two efforts over hurdles have been encouraging. if he can do something similar over these fences, he’ll have a say in this, although his jumping can let him down .\nlast year twice over came to dubai after winning his first champion stakes at newmarket and then travelling to the united states to run third behind zenyatta and gio ponti in the 2009 breeders' cup classic. conditioned at cecil' s yard in snow - covered england before travelling to the uae barely a week before his world cup effort, the runner could do no better than 10th in a muddling, dawdling contest that also saw him get bumped .\nif you say that something is happening all over again, you are emphasizing that it is happening again, and you are suggesting that it is tiring, boring, or unpleasant .\nmahtook :\nguys gave me a hard time coming into the dugout, but it' s not like i got hit in the head and it bounced over or whatever .\nthe x - men factor: hugh jackman' s role as sexy wolverine in the x - men movies no doubt contributed to his win. he is pictured right over the weekend\n​almost immediately she accelerated again, spinning the car around almost 360 degrees, drove onto the road, up over a curb and onto a footpath before running down the victim again .\nbowling green state university will initiate approximately $ 150 million in capital projects on campus over the next several years that will be funded through private gifts, bonded debt and state funds .\noperation rudia called for the deployment of three congolese army battalions (over 2, 000 troops) and about 200 un peacekeepers in haut - uele district by september 13, 2008 .\nthe parents of a wa girl who has been awarded millions in damages after a defective flu jab left her severely disabled say they it’s a “massive relief” the legal battle is over .\n£50m - rated van dijk has been sidelined with a foot injury since saints' january win over champions leicester, and missed their efl cup final defeat to manchester united at wembley .\ni felt he was staying on really well at the finish at ascot ,\nhe explained .\ni thought william [ buick ] was going to go on [ set a good pace ] on dar re mi but he was dawdling and i was gifted the lead. i am delighted for henry and for the horse. i' ve always been mad about twice over - he has a great character - ever since i first sat on him .\ndavid mueller was fired from two jobs prior to his termination by kygo over an allegation that he groped taylor swift before a denver concert, he testified wednesday under questioning by swift’s lawyer .\nin this context, i think it is to do with the fact that\nshe\nis the writer' s keeper\nin two ways\n, not a specific number of times. she is the writer' s keeper in two ways: 1) as don and 2) as mom' s eyes and ears. without context, i have no idea quite what that means but i think that' s the gist of\ntwice over\nhere .\nhe has become an old friend, a reassuring presence in major races – and all because a breeding prejudice against his sire, observatory, denies him a place at stud. long may that prejudice continue. long may horses of his ilk carry the torch. long may we be regaled by the deeds of horses like twice over. the most striking thing about him at meydan was the fact he was there at all. he was embarking on his fifth season .\nthe 2012 - 13 season also featured a home victory over no. 25 nebraska (66 - 57 on dec. 5) and a 17 - point comeback win over byu at the home of the utah jazz. in addition, creighton claimed a tournament championship in cancun by downing miami (ohio) and south florida and also posted an undefeated home record in mvc play .\njames johnson finishes with 31 points and kelly olynyk adds 30 as the miami heat win the highest scoring game in heat history over the denver nuggets, 149 - 141 in double - overtime .\nthe video showed how the vehicle simply drove away afterwards, oblivious to what had happened. the boy got up immediately after the accident and took a few steps before crouching over in pain .\nit is the day after christmas and the victor chandler stakes and trophy for three - year - olds and older over 1 570 metres appears a wide open affair today at the garrison savannah .\na former british army doctor was today found guilty of serious misconduct by medical watchdogs over the death of iraqi detainee baha mousa and will now face possible sanctions against him working as a medic .\nqueally broke on to the group one scene last year with wins on outsides rides in the golden jubilee and july cup and cemented his association with cecil when midday won at the breeders' cup. he said he did not need to be asked twice to make the running on the winner .\nshould be easy to spot as likely to be among the early front - runners. some decent runs this season including a fourth in the paddy power chase at leopardstown over the festive period. stamina is an unknown - the longest distance the horse has won over is two and a half miles, and this is nearly two miles further. jockey won on debut with rule the world last year .\nshe’s in therapy to work through post - traumatic stress disorder, which started after adrian’s death and intensified after she saw the images of his abuse. she has turned to fitness, biking twice a week on gravel roads and hills and routinely doing yoga and gym workouts to keep her mind focused .\nsome 13 per cent of the average uk adult' s salary is spent paying basic domestic bills, to an average total of £524, 464 over the course of a lifetime, the report said .\nover the past decade, nearly 10 tons of mercury have been removed from the environment through a bowling green state university program. the u. s. environmental protection agency is very pleased about that .\nturning in he let the five year - old lengthen his stride and, having drawn three lengths clear at the final furlong marker, he appeared to have put the race to bed. but it is a long, lonely three furlongs from the bend up sandown' s hill if you are in front and, suddenly, minus a shoe which twice over lost at the two - furlong pole, tiredness, loneliness or the assumption that he had already done a fair day' s work began to show .\nbowling green state university is leading a consortium of universities and urban school districts that will use a $ 2. 6 million federal grant to train 300 new bilingual and special educators over the next five years .\njean, your dog is trying to tell you that the medication is harming her. contact a holistic vet and see what they recommend for your area. one thing some people do is to test for heartworms twice yearly so you can treat any problem early. a vet will have other ideas as well. urltoken\nthe second seasons of netflix originals grace and frankie and bloodline arrive in may as does its first foreign language production, marsellles and adam sandler' s the ridiculous six follow - up, the do - over .\nthe attempts to rescue the women and children at pilipili camp failed, in part due to bad weather and confusion over logistics. despite these setbacks, the united states remains a key player in supporting the operation .\nprior to obamacare, over 164, 000 people worked for tanning salons, including the self - employed proprietors. now that number is down to 83, 000, almost exactly half of what was there before .\nterribly inexperienced as a novice chaser with just four runs over fences behind him. only success over fences came at the expense of four other finishers who are now a collective 0 / 17 in chases. a good jumper so far and looks a stayer, though he got tired at the end of a quality three - mile race last time. needs to take an enormous step forward. younger than any national winner since 1940 .\nmerigo bids to to become the first horse since androma in 1985 to win the coral scottish grand national twice when he lines up for the ayr showpiece. while androma was landing back - to - back triumphs, merigo will attempt to regain the crown he won in 2010, having finished second to beshabar 12 months ago .\nchris desalvo’s reaction to the iphone was immediate and visceral. “as a consumer i was blown away. i wanted one immediately. but as a google engineer, i thought ‘we’re going to have to start over. ’”\n“people have been trying to find ways to both do good and give to others over the past couple years, and it has intensified with the recession, ” says stacy palmer, editor of the chronicle of philanthropy .\nnot everything that clive cox gets his hands on automatically goes over the line in front, and raymond’s first meeting with him the previous day, also at ascot, preceded a last of ten finish for his giant home - bred colt, nelson river. predictably green, he finished a satisfactory 10 lengths or so behind the winner, herculean, one of three sons of frankel that offered great optimism for the future over the long weekend .\nduring most of these attacks there were only a few abductions, unlike the pattern over previous months, possibly because the lra saw abducted persons as likely to hamper rapid movement. however, 160 children were abducted at faradje .\nequally, how do david and emma armstrong react every time ribchester, twice beaten in their colours after a 105k euro purchase from the irish national stud, wins yet another major race, as he did in the group 1 prix du moulin de longchamp (and £220, 000) in the same godolphin colours now sported by harry angel .\neider spectacle brought racing into disrepute by the time you read this the eider chase, run over an extended four miles on a bog in late february, will be a distant memory. but only by the grace of god .\nthree congolese battalions (over 2, 000 troops) and about 200 un peacekeepers were supposed to be deployed in haut - uele district by september 13, 2008, although far fewer than that number had arrived by mid - september .\ncolts safety laron landry leaves a playoff game against the chiefs after taking a knee to the helmet. before realizing landry is injured, teammate kelvin sheppard runs over and smacks him in the head to congratulate him for making the play .\n“i never got the feeling that we should scrap what we were doing—that the iphone meant game over. but a bar had been set, and whatever we decided to launch, we wanted to make sure that it cleared the bar. ”\nnikola jokic records another triple - double, this time with 20 points, 11 rebounds, and 10 assists in the nuggets 130 - 104 win over the kings. buddy hield scored 18 points off the bench for sacramento in the loss .\nover his career, favre was sacked 525 times, more than any other nfl quarterback in history. “god only knows the toll that will be taken as time goes by, ” he says. (listen to the full interview here) .\nin the 2007 pan american games, he pitched one scoreless inning, struck out two for the gold medalists. he was a star in the 2007 baseball world cup, in which cuba won silver. he struck out 9 in 7 innings in a win over south korea and whiffed 11 while allowing only 3 hits and a run in eight innings in the semifinal win over the japanese national team. he was named to the tournament all - star team as the top left - handed pitcher .\nseabiscuit did not race again in 1938, but his victory over war admiral earned him horse of the year honours. he returned to the west coast to rest before running once in 1939, where he was injured and was subsequently retired to stud .\nsure, john riggins did it twice in his mid - 30s, franco harris and walter payton each did it once when they were 32 or older, but that was in the 1980s ,\nexecutive 4? said .\nthis is a different time now. since adrian came into the league, very few backs average 20 carries a game for a season, and very few get over 320 carries. if you noticed, riggins, harris and even ottis anderson averaged less than 4 yards a carry. you do that now getting about 260 carries, and you' re not getting to 1, 000 .\nover the next year, the rest of the force relocated into congo and were said to have completed the process by january 2007. in mid - 2008, the lra were estimated to have 600 combatants plus a further 600 abducted civilians in their ranks .\ntwice a winner around aintree’s conventional course but hasn’t yet taken to the national circuit, falling at the fifth last year and trailing home in the becher chase after a bad mistake. nicely weighted on the best of his form, 8lb below the rating he had last year, and last three runs suggest he’s still good enough to run well here with a bit of luck. seems to have been around forever but still only eight, so quite an achievement to have won seven times over fences. well held by many clouds at kelso last time but meets that rival on 12lb better terms, which ought to make all the difference .\nlra killings have not stopped since the christmas massacres. human rights watch continues to receive regular reports of murders and abductions by the lra, keeping civilians living in terror. according to the united nations, over 140, 000 people have fled their homes since late december 2008 to seek safety elsewhere. new attacks and the flight of civilians are reported weekly. in some areas, people are frightened to gather together believing that the lra may choose such moments to strike, as they did with such devastating efficiency over christmas .\n“even if only 10 percent of retired nfl football players eventually receive a qualifying diagnosis, ” writes brody, “it is difficult to see how the monetary award fund would have the funds available over its lifespan to pay all claimants at these significant award levels. ”\nskomal has been tracking great whites off cape cod for years: he and his colleagues tagged five in 2009 and 17 in 2012. the probable reason for the increase is a resurgence in the seal population, which has been recovering over the past four decades since enactment of the marine mammal protection act, which outlawed a kind of hunting that caused the seals' precipitous decline. the national oceanic and atmospheric administration estimates that the seal population in the western north atlantic has increased by tens of thousands over the past few decades .\nafter 27 years of epa control, colorado is preparing to take over the full financial burden - - a forever bill for $ 2 million a year - - of a high - mountain cyanide gold mine that became one of the west' s worst environmental disasters .\nhe overhauled midday, who had taken it up with over two furlongs to run, well inside the final furlong to win by three - quarters of a length, with five lengths back to the disappointing odds - on favourite, await the dawn, in third place .\na man takes a photo of the sign outside alfred a. arraj courthouse on aug. 7, 2017 in denver. jury selection began in the trial taylor swift against a colorado radio personality, david mueller, over allegations the former disc jockey fondled her four years ago .\ngas and electricity are the biggest drivers of the increase - rising 73 per cent and 72 per cent respectively over the past 10 years, while water bills have increased by 41 per cent - all significantly higher than inflation at 32 per cent, the research from santander shows .\nfederal police wait outside the alfred a. arraj courthouse as media stands under tents on aug. 7, 2017 in denver. jury selection began in the trail taylor swift against a colorado radio personality, david mueller, over allegations the former disc jockey fondled her four years ago .\nwhen they finished i slipped away and went to my home, where i sat trembling all over. that night i heard the lra celebrating. they ate the food the women had prepared and drank the beer. then they slept there among the bodies of those they had killed .\nin a flashback, we find jesse pinkman and jane margolis taking in georgia o' keeffe' s painting ,\nmy last door .\nunimpressed, jesse argues that o' keeffe painted the same door over and over attempting to achieve perfection, and doesn' t understand why she' d bother. to jane, the repetition was about making a good feeling last. her point made, jane extinguishes her cigarette, marked with an impression of her pink lipstick, in the ashtray. (the same butt seen noticed by jesse in the previous episode. )\n2007 - 08 (new york): as a rookie over 35 games (16 starts), averaged 7. 3 points and shot. 438 fg over 19. 6 minutes per game... led knicks in scoring twice, rebounds once... had 11 10 + scoring games (one 20 + game) and one double - double... placed on the inactive list 21 times... dnp - cd 25 times... only game missed due to injury was season finale at indiana on 4 / 16 due to a sprained left knee... after appearing in just seven of knicks first 49 games (nov. 2 - feb. 6), saw action in 28 of campaign' s last 33 contests (2 / 8 - 4 / 16 / 08), responding with 8. 3 points and. 442 (96 - 217) fg over 22. 6 minutes in those 28 games... started 15 of knicks final 21 games... scored a season - high 23 points in season - high 44 minutes vs. orlando on 4 / 6... totaled 19 points (8 - 9 fg) and nine rebounds at detroit on 4 / 8, scoring all 19 points in first half .\nfans line up to go inside the courtroom at alfred a. arraj courthouse on aug. 8, 2017 in denver. it is the second day in the trail of taylor swift against a colorado radio personality, david mueller, over allegations the former disc jockey fondled her four years ago .\ntree paine, taylor swift' s publicist center, walks into alfred a. arraj courthouse on aug. 7, 2017 in denver. jury selection began in the trail taylor swift against a colorado radio personality, david mueller, over allegations the former disc jockey fondled her four years ago .\nchapman' s success in international events did not carry over for the 2007 - 2008 serie nacional. aroldis was 6 - 7 with a 3. 89 era despite a. 200 opponent average and 79 strikeouts in 74 innings. he tied norberto gonzalez for 7th in the league in strikeouts .\ngustavo fring surprises walt with an invitation to his home for dinner. when walter questions why the invite ,\nwe' re working together ,\nsays gus .\nwhy not break bread together ?\ngus then hands walt a large shiny knife and asks walt to chop some garlic for the chilean dish he' s cooking. walt stares at his reflection in the blade, wonders what gus is up to, then complies with the chopping. over dinner gus offers to help walt avoid mistakes that he himself made starting out. he mentions that people know how to be poor, but need to learn how to be rich. but, his first piece of advice :\nnever make the same mistake twice .\nindividuals have also excelled under flanery’s mentoring. in addition to janning and neuvirth’s honors, laura spanheimer earned mvc defensive player of the year honors twice and became the first player in league history to be named to the all - defensive team four times. spanheimer also twice earned wnit all - tournament recognition. christy neneman was tabbed the 2004 wnit most valuable player and the 2003 mvc player of the year under flanery’s watch. in 2010 - 11, tritz became the first mvc freshman of the year for the bluejays since 1994. tritz went on to claim the 2012 mvc tournament mvp honor. the following season, janning became the second mvc freshman of the year and the first bluejay to claim a freshman all - american nod (full - court). in 2013 - 14 janning hauled in the first postseason all - american honor, capturing honorable mention from the wbca .\ntaylor swift' s publicist tree paine, center, walks into the alfred a. arraj courthouse on aug. 7, 2017 in denver. jury selection began in the trial of taylor swift against colorado radio personality, david mueller, over allegations the former disc jockey fondled her four years ago .\nperhaps the most famous oops home run in recent baseball history was when jose canseco had a fly ball bounce directly off his noggin and over the fence in 1993. the play was instantly famous, though almost nobody remembers who actually hit the home run (carlos martinez of the cleveland indians) .\nthe few remaining residents of batande told human rights watch researchers that there were bodies still in the forest that had not been buried due to their state of decomposition and the lack of security to carry out the burials. the smell of corpses still hung over batande nearly three weeks after the massacre .\nthey didn' t teach us their ideology, but they told us their objective was to take over uganda so that kony could become president. they said they needed more soldiers in order to do this. the one commandment they taught us was that anyone who tried to escape would be killed .\nthe sir stanley blanchette memorial handicap (division a) and (division b) for four - year - olds and older horses rated 0 - 70, and going over 1 570 metres, is bound to create interest for fans and punters, as choosing a winner looks like quite a task .\ncreighton finished the 2011 - 12 campaign with a 20 - 13 record, including wins in eight of its final 10 games. the bluejays earned their first ncaa tournament appearance under flanery with a run to the mvc tournament championship featuring wins over northern iowa, missouri state and drake in the final .\nthe joseph brothers - owned uncle jerry (pictured) carries the top weight of 130 pounds in division a. this six year old has very little form to recommend him and would spring a major upset if he were to win. good form stephen kellman’s johnny sad boy takes 128 pounds, and is in good form, winning twice in recent starts. it should be noted, however, that on both those occasions the going was soft." ]

{ "text": [ "twice over ( foaled 16 may 2005 ) is british thoroughbred racehorse .", "he was a top-class middle-distance performer whose wins included the eclipse stakes , the international stakes and two runnings of the champion stakes . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14 ] }

[ "twice over (foaled 16 may 2005) is british thoroughbred racehorse. he was a top-class middle-distance performer whose wins included the eclipse stakes, the international stakes and two runnings of the champion stakes." ]

[ "stomopteryx bathrarcha meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 76; tl: rhodesia, sawmills\nstomopteryx mongolica piskunov, 1975; (? preocc. stomopteryx mongolica povolný, 1975 )\nstomopteryx difficilis janse, 1951; moths s. afr. 5 (3): 247\nstomopteryx flavipalpella jäckh, 1959; boll. soc. ent. ital. 89: 85\nstomopteryx ochrosema meyrick, 1932; trans. ent. soc. lond. 80: 131\nstomopteryx officiosa janse, 1951; moths s. afr. 5 (3): 250\nstomopteryx pallidipes janse, 1951; moths s. afr. 5 (3): 252\nstomopteryx trachyphylla janse, 1960; moths s. afr. 6 (2): 223\nstomopteryx (stomopteryx) mongolica povolný, 1975; ann. hist. - nat. mus. nat. hung. 67: 177; tl: chövsgöl aimak, 4km nw mörön, 1500m\nstomopteryx nugatricella rebel, 1893; stettin ent. ztg 54 (1 - 3): 50\nstomopteryx hungaricella gozmány, 1957; acta zool. hung. 3 (1 - 2): 111\nstomopteryx maledicta meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 162; tl: java, pekalongan\nstomopteryx prolapsa meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 137; tl: ceylon, puttalam\nstomopteryx rastrifera meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 137; tl: ceylon, puttalam\nstomopteryx neftensis; karsholt & rutten, 2005, tijdschr. ent. 148 (1): 80 (note )\nstomopteryx subnigricella; karsholt & rutten, 2005, tijdschr. ent. 148 (1): 80 (note )\nstomopteryx kermella chrétien, 1915; ann. soc. ent. fr. 84: 328; tl: aïn - kerma (constantine )\nstomopteryx quadripunctella chrétien, 1915; ann. soc. ent. fr. 84: 327; tl: aïn - sefra (oran )\nstomopteryx basalis; [ nhm card ]; sumpich & skyva, 2012, nota lepid. 35 (2): 173; [ fe ]\nstomopteryx flavoclavella zerny, 1935; mém. soc. sci. nat. maroc. 42: 139, pl. 2, f. 21\nstomopteryx nigricella; [ nhm card ]; karsholt & rutten, 2005, tijdschr. ent. 148 (1): 80 (note )\nstomopteryx orthogonella; [ nhm card ]; bidzilya & karsholt, 2013, nota lepid. 36 (1): 78; [ fe ]\nstomopteryx frivola meyrick, 1926; ann. s. afr. mus. 23: 330; tl: cape province, sneeuw kop, wellington, 5000ft\nstomopteryx phaeopa meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 136; tl: peru, oroya (12200ft), huancayao (10650ft )\nstomopteryx praecipitata meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 137; tl: kanara, kumbarvada; bombay, belgaum; bengal, pusa\nstomopteryx biangulata meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 77; tl: british s. e. africa, bela vista\nstomopteryx radicalis falkovitsh & bidzilya, 2003; proc. zool. mus. kiev nat. taras shevchenko univ. 1 (1): (113 - 147 )\nparapsectris anxia meyrick, 1917; ann. s. afr. mus. 17 (1): 4; tl: cape colony, prince albert\nargodoris (meyrick, 1936) (gelechia); exotic microlep. 5 (2): 43\nanacampsis bivittella chrétien, 1915; ann. soc. ent. fr. 84: 324; tl: gafsa; tunisia\naristotelia bolschewickiella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 109\nanacampsis circaea meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 67; tl: haenertsburg\nanacampsis cirrhocoma meyrick, 1914; ann. transv. mus. 4 (4): 193; tl: [ s. africa, ] new hanover\nleuronoma credula meyrick, 1927; exot. microlep. 3 (11): 343; tl: s. rhodesia, shangani\nacraeologa delotypa janse, 1963; moths s. afr. 6 (3): 255; tl: transvaal\nacraeologa descarpentriesella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 223\nlarva on deverra scoparia walsingham, 1905, ent. mon. mag. 41: 124\ndiscolorella turati, 1924; atti soc. ital. sci. nat. 63: 164, pl. 6, f. 7\ngelechia elachistella stainton, 1859; ann. mag. nat. hist (3) 3: 213; tl :\nnorthern dezerta\nanacampsis elaeocoma meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 19; tl: transvaal, pretoria\nleuronoma eremopis meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 67; tl: transvaal, pretoria\nfalkovitshi piskunov, 1987; zool. zh. 65 (1): 149\ninotica gaesata meyrick, 1913; exot. microlep. 1 (3): 66; tl: asia minor, taurus mts\nanacampsis geryella chrétien, 1915; ann. soc. ent. fr. 84: 323; tl: géryville, oran\nacraeologa grandidierella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 222\nunipunctella turati, 1924; atti soc. ital. sci. nat. 63: 166, pl. 6, f. 10\nlita lineolella eversmann, 1844; fauna lep. volgo - uralensis... : 584\ngelechia luticoma meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 489; tl: bombay, kaira\nmaculatella (lucas, 1956) (deuterotinea); bull. soc. sci. nat. maroc 35: 258\nanacampsis maraschella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 107; tl: marasch\nsymmoca multilineatella lucas, 1932; bull. soc. ent. fr. 37: 168; tl: aïn - leuch\nbryotropha nigricella chrétien, 1915; ann. soc. ent. fr. 84: 316; tl: biskra\nanacampsis oncodes meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 285; tl: three sisters\ngelechia orthogonella staudinger, 1871; berl. ent. z. 14 (3 / 4): 307\nplurivittella (turati, 1930) (kahelia); atti soc. ital. sci. nat. 69: 81\nyunusemrei koçak, 1986; priamus 4 (1 - 2): 58 (repl. gelechia submissella frey, 1880 )\ntelphusa schizogynae walsingham, [ 1908 ]; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1907: 936, pl. 51, f. 12; tl: tenerife, puerto orotava\nlarva on (in stem galls) schizogyne sericea walsingham, [ 1908 ], proc. zool. soc. lond. 1907: 936\nsphenodoxa meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 63\nanacampsis splendens staudinger, 1881; horae soc. ent. ross. 16: 90\nbryotropha subnigricella dufrane, 1955; mem. soc. ent. belg. 27: 191\nsymplegadopa meyrick, 1936; dt. ent. z. iris 50: 158 [? ]\ntenuisignella turati, 1924; atti soc. ital. sci. nat. 63: 164, pl. 6, f. 8\ntesserapunctella (amsel, 1935) (gelechia); mitt. zool. mus. berl. 20 (2): 300\nanacampsis thoracica meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 67; tl: haenertsburg\nacraeologa xanthobasalis janse, 1963; moths s. afr. 6 (3): 255; tl: transvaal\nacraeologa xerochroa meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 66; tl: transvaal, pretoria\nzanoni turati, 1922; atti soc. ital. sci. nat. 61: 175\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz. 2. abteilung, kleinschmetterlinge. 2. die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa, zugleich als text, revision und supplement zu j. hübner' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge, die schaben und federmotten, (1847 -) 1853 - 1855 )\nnotes on lepidoptera collected in madeira by t. v. wollaston, esq. ; with descriptions of some new species\nzerny, 1935; zerny, 1936 die lepidopterenfauna des grossen atlas in marokko und seiner randgebiete mém. soc. sci. nat. maroc. 42: 1 - 163, pl. 1 - 2\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nvári, l. , kroon, d. m. , & krüger, m. 2002. classification and checklist of the species of lepidoptera recorded in southern africa. simple solutions, chatswood australia .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npovolný d. 1967. ein kritischer beitrag zur taxonomischen klärung einiger paläarktischer arten der gattung scrobipalpa (lep. , gel .). - acta scientiarum naturalium, brno 1: 222 .\npovolný d. 1986. lepidoptera: fam. gelechiidae (part 3). - fauna of saudi arabia 8: 249–255 .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "stomopteryx bathrarcha is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1921 .", "it is found in zimbabwe .", "the wingspan is 14 – 16 mm .", "the forewings are dark fuscous with a faint purplish tinge and with the extreme base pale ochreous , shortly produced along the dorsum .", "the plical and second discal stigmata are obscurely darker and there is a cloudy ochreous-whitish dot on the costa at three-fourths and one or two whitish scales on the tornus opposite .", "the hindwings are grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "stomopteryx bathrarcha is a moth of the gelechiidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1921. it is found in zimbabwe. the wingspan is 14 – 16 mm. the forewings are dark fuscous with a faint purplish tinge and with the extreme base pale ochreous, shortly produced along the dorsum. the plical and second discal stigmata are obscurely darker and there is a cloudy ochreous-whitish dot on the costa at three-fourths and one or two whitish scales on the tornus opposite. the hindwings are grey." ]

[ "the above specimen data are provided by antweb. please see cephalotes basalis for further details\nsenior synonym of cephalotes multispinus: de andrade & baroni urbani, 1999: 269 .\ncryptocerus basalis: holotype, queen, brazil, the natural history museum; see de andrade & baroni urbani (1999) .\nsenior synonym of cephalotes multispinus: de andrade & baroni urbani, 1999 pdf: 269 .\nmore research examining all aspects of the biology of cephalotes is needed. our present understanding of these ants is largely based on species that live in locations other than the forest canopy, which is where cephalotes are most common and diverse .\nde andrade, m. l. ; baroni urbani, c. 1999. diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes, past and present. stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde series b (geolgie and palaontologie). 271: 1 - 889. (page 273, male described, page 269, combination in cephalotes and senior synonym of multispinus )\ncombination in paracryptocerus: kempf, 1951 pdf: 232; in zacryptocerus: hespenheide, 1986: 395; in cephalotes: de andrade & baroni urbani, 1999: 269 .\ncombination in paracryptocerus: kempf, 1951 pdf: 232; in zacryptocerus: hespenheide, 1986: 395; in cephalotes: de andrade & baroni urbani, 1999 pdf: 269 .\na member of the basalis clade characterised, in the worker, by the pronotal lamellae anteriorly and posteriorly obtuse and by the petiolar spines shorter than the basal face of the propodeum, and, in the soldier and gyne, by the vertex with a pair of developed spines. (de andrade and baroni urbani 1999 )\nandrade, m. l. de, and c. baroni urbani. 1999. diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes, past and present (hymenoptera, formicidae). stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde serie b (geologie und palaontologie) 271: 1 - 889 .\nthe proventriculus of the cephalotes is peculiar relative to other ants. the morphology of the structure suggests it serves as a powerful pump and filter. this does not appear to lead these ants to have a highly specialized diet as most species appear to be general scavengers. foragers have been observed feeding on carrion, bird feces, extrafloral nectaries and even tending membracids. pollen feeding has been observed in some species, and this is somewhat specialized for ants, but it is not evident that any species restricts its diet to this resource in any significant way. evidence for pollen feeding in cephalotes has accumulated, in part, via finding digested pollen grains seen in infrabucal pellets. it has been suggested that the morphology of the proventriculus is a specialization for processing pollen .\nthe behavioral repertoire of cephalotes varians has been examined in great detail (ethograms from wilson 1976, cole 1980 and cole 1983). soldiers do little else besides defend the nest. this specialized soldier behavior is presumed to be the norm for most species. an especially interesting behavior occurs when workers are dislodged from trees: they\nfly\ntowards the tree, often grabbing the trunk well above the ground (video) .\nmultispinus. cryptocerus cordatus r. multispinus emery, 1890b: 75, pl. 9, fig. 5 (w .) costa rica. [ also described as new by emery, 1894k: 59. ] emery, 1894c: 202 (s .); forel, 1899c: 49 (q .); wheeler, g. c. & wheeler, j. 1954b: 155 (l .). combination in cryptocerus (paracryptocerus): emery, 1915i: 192; in paracryptocerus: kempf, 1951: 204; in zacryptocerus: brandão, 1991: 387. raised to species: dalla torre, 1893: 143; emery, 1894c: 201. junior synonym of basalis: de andrade & baroni urbani, 1999: 269 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3. 2 final / / en\nthis ant has been collected in a variety of moist forest habitats as well as at the edge of pastures, in canopy fogging samples and from a beach (presumably the beach vegetation). little else is known about its biology .\nworker castes typically include two forms, a worker and soldier, but there are a few species that are monomorphic. the larger soldier caste typically has an enlarged head disk. in some species the head of the soldier is very different from the worker while in others these differences are less pronounced. queens and soldiers tend to share similar head morphology. soldiers use their heads to plug the nest entrance. this can be very effective in excluding potential intruders. other morphological differences between the worker castes are present but these differences have not been studied as well as head moprhology .\nmature nest size varies, by species, from less than a hundred to many thousands of workers. available evidence suggests most species are monogynous. queens may mate with multiple males .\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton' s new general catalogue, a catalogue of the world' s ants .\nsmith, f. 1876d: 608 (q .) brazil. de andrade & baroni urbani, 1999: 273 (m .). combination in\nkempf (1951) of synonymized multispinus - length 7. 1 mm. median head length 1. 75 mm; weber' s length of thorax 2. 34 mm. black .\nhead subopaque, subquadrate. mandibles finely reticulate - punctate, finely reticulate - rugose. sides of head sinuate, conspicuously converging in front, concave in front of, convex and visibly upturned above, the eyes. frontal carinae prolonged behind the scrobe, as a visible carina, which reaches the sharply angulate, subspinose occipital corner. occipital border concave, sharply crested laterad, the middle piece slightly convex. upper surface of head little convex, finely reticulate - punctate, densely foveolate, each foveola containing a broad, appressed, short, canaliculate, silvery scale. checks strongly marginate beneath, densely covered with large silvery scales. lower surface of head more fulgid, sparsely scaled .\nthorax subopaque. sides of lateral pronotal plates converging behind, the anterior angle acute, subspinose, the posterior angle subrectangular. promesonotal suture obsolete. mesonotum with a strong, lateral spine. mesoepinotal suture vestigial. basal face of epinotum with a broad, plate - like, triangular, lateral tooth, with an accessory smaller tooth arising from its anterior border, and a longer, subacuminate, posterior spine, projecting obliquely backward and slightly upward, subequal to the length of the basal face. promesonotum somewhat convex in profile. dorsum of thorax finely reticulate - punctate and foveolate, each foveola containing an appressed canaliculate scale, as on head. laterotergite of pronotum longitudinally striated. sides of thorax densely scaled below, smooth above. declivous face of epinotum finely reticulate, very finely and distantly longitudinally rugulose, its sides marginate. femora slightly less inflated than in femoralis, the posterior side only finely reticulate, and subfulgid. hind basitarsus elongate, broadened and flattened proximad .\npetiole and postpetiole subopaque, sculptured as upper surface of thorax, with a median longitudinal carinule above, arising on the postpetiole distinctly behind the anterior border which is slightly impressed mesad. petiole with very long, slightly raised, lateral spines .\ngaster subopaque, broadly cordiform, very convex above. first gastral tergite slightly emarginate in front mesad, crested antero - iaterad, sculptured as dorsal surface of thorax, foveolae more or less obsolete, but similarly scaled; scales large, canaliculate. first sternites with a few longitudinal rugosities on the sides. erect hair confined to the terminal tergites and the sternites of the gaster, and few erect setulae on the internal curvature of the frontal carinae .\nde andrade and baroni urbani (1999) - measurements (in mm) and indices: tl 5. 96 - 7. 20; hl 1. 42 - 1. 72; hw 1. 72 - 2. 20; el 0. 48 - 0. 56; pw 1. 68 - 2. 12; pew 1. 28 - 1. 68; ppw 1. 08 - 1. 40; hbal 0. 63 - 0. 85; hbaw 0. 22 - 0. 29; ci 121. 1 - 130. 6; pi 101. 9 - 108. 5; ppei 126. 2 - 139. 4; pppi 150. 0 - 170. 4; hbai 31. 8 - 42. 0\nkempf (1951) of synonymized multispinus - length 10 mm. median head length 2. 73 mm; weber' s length of thorax 2. 93 mm. black .\nhead subfulgid, subquadrate. mandibles finely reticulate, almost smooth, sparsely foveolate. frontal carinae rounded anteriorly, slightly raised laterally, continued behind the scrobe as a distinct carina, reaching the occipital corner. upper surface of head little convex, vertex with two short teeth above the truncate occiput, which is submarginate above mesad and laterad. cheeks marginate beneath, with a strong carina extending back to the occipital corner, densely foveolate and scaled. upper and lower surface of head smooth, covered with small foveolae. lower surface of head superficially reticulate, the foveolae sparser containing a distinctly visible hair .\nthorax fulgid. pronotum greatly expanded laterad, the anterior border scarcely arcuate, the lateral borders subparallel, sharply crested, converging mesad, behind the conspicuous, medially interrupted, transverse pronotal crest. promesonotal suture distinct. mesonotum with a strong lateral apically rounded tooth. mesoepinotal suture impressed, greatly arcuate caudad. basal face of epinotum with a strong, broad triangular tooth on each side, and a posterior strongly divergent, somewhat upturned apically, stout spine the posterior border of which is continuous with the marginate posterior border of the basal face. dorsum of thorax and laterotergite of pronotum mostly smooth, vestigially and very finely reticulate, sparsely foveolate, the foveolae larger, rather dense, containing visible scales on epinotum. sides of thorax mostly smooth, with a patch of very dense silvery scales on mesopleura and metapleura. declivous face perpendicular to basal face, smooth and fulgid .\npetiole with smooth anterior truncate face, which is marginate above. lateral spines greatly upturned, upper face densely scaled and foveolate. postpetiole narrower than petiole, lateral spines not upturned. sculpture as on petiole .\ngaster fulgid above, subfulgid below. broadly cordiform, slightly emarginate in front mesad, narrowly crested antero - laterad. first gastral tergite with dense large canaliculate scales on the anterior corners and on the apical third, scales and foveolae more or less obsolete discad. sternites finely reticulate, more sparsely scaled. erect hair confined to apical third of gaster .\nde andrade and baroni urbani (1999) - measurements (in mm) and indices: tl 8. 48 - 9. 52; hl 2. 12 - 2. 642; hw 2. 76 - 3. 16; el 0. 60 - 0. 65; pw 2. 60 - 3. 00; pew 1. 68 - 2. 00; ppw 1. 46 - 1. 60; hbal 0. 79 - 0. 84; hbaw 0. 32 - 0. 35; ci 119. 7 - 130. 2; pi 104. 0 - 108. 8; ppei 142. 8 - 164. 4; pppi 178. 1 - 189. 7; hbal 40. 0 - 43. 7 .\nde andrade and baroni urbani (1999) - head convex. frontal carinae broadly expanded anteriorly, slightly converging before the eyes, slightly upturned over them, and ending in an obtuse tooth on the vertexal angles. vertex with a pair of thick teeth connected by a faint carina. mandibles laterally carinate .\nmesosoma almost flat in profile. humeral angles with a short, obtuse tooth. pronotal carina concave and marked on the sides, convex and faint in the middle. mesonotum and scutellum flat in side view. lower mesopleurae with a lateral tooth. sides of the basal face of the propodeum with two pairs of teeth separate by a concavity, the first pair short, triangular, the second one long and pointed. declivous face of the propodeum with converging sides posteriorly .\npetiole with distinctly differentiated anterior and posterior faces; anterior face oblique with gently convex anterior border; posterior face sloping backwards, with a pair of pointed lateral spines, half of the petiolar length and directed backwards. postpetiole broadly convex in the middle, and bearing a faint, incomplete\nv\nshaped carina; postpetiolar spines arising from the anterior border of the postpetiole and directed laterally .\nlegs. mid and hind femora angulate. mid and hind basitarsi flat and broad at the base .\nsculpture. head dorsum minutely punctate and covered with small, superficial foveae smaller than their interspaces. mesosoma and pedicel superficially punctate, superficially shining, with foveae larger than those on the head dorsum, sparser on the anterior half of the pronotum and mesonotum, denser on the posterior half of the pronotum, on the scutellum, on the propodeum, on the pedicel and on the mesopleurae. ventral face of the head and proplcurae with large foveae and almost shining. metapleurae, declivous face of the propodeum, anterior face of the petiole, gaster and legs superficially reticulate - punctate and slightly shining. small, sparse, superficial foveae on the centre of the anterior fourth of the first gastral tergite, on the first gastral sternite and on the legs, denser on the sides of the anterior fourth of the first gastral tergite and on the remaining gastral segments .\npilosity. each fovea bearing an appressed, canaliculate hair, of thickness proportional to the size of the foveae. gaster, except the centre of the first tergite, distal part of femora, outer face of the tibiae with dense, appressed, thick canaliculate h ai rs. apex of the gaster with long, erect, truncate hairs, rare on the legs .\ncolour. black. anterior third of the first gastral tergite with an orange spot on each side .\nmeasurements (in mm) and indices: tl 11. 72 - 13. 07; hl 2. 64 - 2. 72; hw 2. 72 - 2. 96; el 0. 60 - 0. 65; pw 2. 76 - 3. 00; pew 1. 64 - 1. 76; ppw 1. 56 - 1. 80; hbal 0. 90 - 1. 08; hbaw 0. 35 - 0. 38; ci 107. 8 - 108. 8; pi 95. 9 - 104. 2; ppei 165. 9 - 186. 5; pppi 162. 2 - 182. 9; hbai 35. 2 - 38. 9 .\nde andrade and baroni urbani (1999) - head (eyes included) about 1 / 3 broader than long; vertexal margin superficially carinate, straight in the middle and curved laterally, diverging into two obtuse angles. vertex and ocelli protuberant. eyes broadly convex, in the middle of the sides of the head. frontal carinae not raised and shortly diverging backwards. frons gently convex and separate from the clypeus by a superficial furrow. clypeus convex, its anterior face almost truncate. mandibles with a superficial lateral carina. scapes thick, twice as long as the first funicular joint; remaining funicular joints thickening from the base to the apex .\nmesosoma. pronotum in dorsal view with a slightly marked scapular angle and broadening backwards. mesonotum convex; median mayrian carina and parapsidal furrows weakly impressed .\nscutellum convex, its sides converging posteriorly. propodeum with differentiate basal and declivous faces; basal face with the sides gently convex and converging posteriorly towards the declivous face, the latter converging posteriorly with the lateral carinae .\npetiole slightly narrower than the postpetiole, with truncate and medially concave anterior face and with the posterior face sloping backwards; petiolar sides with a small, obtuse denticle medially. postpetiole convex dorsally; postpetiolar sides with a small, pointed denticle anteriorly and converging posteriorly .\nsculpture. head, propleurae and pedicel reticulate and with small, superficial foveae dense on the vertexal angles, on the frons and on the sides of the pedicel, rare close to the eyes, on the propleurae and on the dorsum of the pedicel. mesosoma reticulate and with deeper and larger foveae than on the frons. propodeum with irregularly longitudinal rugosities. mesopleurae anteriorly superficially reticulate and with dense, superficial, small foveae, this sculpture less impressed posteriorly. metapleurae feebly shining, with longitudinal rugosities on the lower part. gaster and legs reticulate, the reticulation less impressed on the legs and on the first gastral sternite .\npilosity. head, mesosoma and pedicel covered by dense, long, suberect hairs; similar hairs but sparse on the posterior border of the tergites, of the sternites and on the legs. gaster and legs with appressed, thin, short hairs .\ncolour. head and mesosoma black, pedicel lighter. gaster and femora ferrugineous. remaining parts of the legs yellowish .\nmeasurements (in mm) and indices: tl 6. 36 - 7. 10; hl 0. 96 - 1. 04; hw 1. 24 - 1. 36; el 0. 56 - 0. 57; pw 1. 48 - 1. 64; pew 0. 56 - 0. 60; ppw 0. 64 - 0. 68; hbal 0. 72; hbaw 0. 12; ci 130. 8 - 135. 5; pi 82. 9 - 83. 8; ppei 264. 3 - 273. 3; pppi 231. 2 - 241. 2; hbai 16. 7 .\ngyne. type locality: chontales (nicaragua), erroneously given as brazil. type material: holotype gyne in the natural history museum, labelled as type ,\nbraz .\n, with the reference number 70 59, examined .\ncryptocerus cordatus multispinus. worker. type material: one syntype worker in the museo regionale di scienze naturali, torino (casolari & casolari moreno, 1980: 84), not available for the present study; 5 workers from jimenez, alajuela and s. jose (costa rica) in museo civico di storia naturale, genoa, examined. 6 syntype workers and one syntype soldier (costa rica) in museo civico di storia naturale, genoa and musee d' histoire naturelle genève, examined. synonymy suggested by r. r. snelling, personal communication, confirmed by our examination of the type material .\nhespenheide, h. a. 1986. mimicry of ants of the genus zacryptocerus. j. n. y. entomol. soc. 94: 394 - 408 (page 395, combination in zacryptocerus )\nkempf, w. w. 1951. a taxonomic study on the ant tribe cephalotini (hymenoptera: formicidae). rev. entomol. (rio j .) 22: 1 - 244 (page 232, combination in paracryptocerus )\nsmith, f. 1876d. descriptions of new species of cryptoceridae, belonging to the genera cryptocerus, meranoplus, and cataulacus. trans. entomol. soc. lond. 1876: 603 - 612 (page 608, queen described )\nthis page was last modified on 21 june 2015, at 03: 54 .\nyou must log in to access this functionality. you may create an account, or log in anonymously, here .\nmexico to panama, colombia? , ecuador. costa rica: lowland wet and moist forest sites throughout the country .\nthis species is commonly encountered as workers in recent treefalls or canopy fogging samples from mature rainforest. it can nest in either live or dead branches. i have the following nest collections :\n. a nest occurred in a 1 - 5cm diameter dead stick, in a 50cm long chamber .\na 2m section of bare, dead branch had recently fallen from the canopy. i found various ant nests in different parts of the branch, including a\nworkers abundant; an extensive colony occupied the live stems of a bignoniaceous vine tangle; there were many large round entrance holes .\nemery, c. 1890. studii sulle formiche della fauna neotropica. bull. soc. entomol. ital. 22: 38 - 80 .\nkempf, w. w. 1951. a taxonomic study on the ant tribe cephalotini (hymenoptera: formicidae). rev. entomol. (rio j .) 22: 1 - 244 .\nsmith, f. 1876. descriptions of new species of cryptoceridae, belonging to the genera cryptocerus, meranoplus, and cataulacus. trans. entomol. soc. lond. 1876: 603 - 612 .\n17 times found in montane wet forest, 1 times found in pasture edge / primary forest, 3 times found in wet forest, 3 times found in ccl 840m, 2 times found in sura 850m, 2 times found in rainforest edge, 3 times found in sso 350m, 1 times found in str, 2 times found in beach, 2 times found in tropical wet forest, ...\n1 times in cecropia insignis sapling, 4 times beating vegetation, 1 times nest in dead stick in canopy, 3 times in fresh treefall, 1 times in dead branch, 3 times ex sifted leaf litter, 2 times strays, 3 times sobre vegetacion, 1 times on tree, 1 times on calophyllum tree - fall, 2 times malaise trap, ...\n38 times fogging, 18 times search, 14 times malaise, 5 times beating, 3 times sweeping, 2 times foraging on tree, 1 times hand collecting, 2 times miniwinkler, 2 times foggin, 1 times maxiwinkler .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license. we encourage use of antweb images. in print, each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption. for websites, images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken, with a backward link to the respective source page. see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation, deb - 0344731, ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395. c: 1\nde andrade & baroni urbani, 1999 pdf: 273 (m .) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\nthis system is free software released under gnu / gpl 3. 0 - portal version 1. 0\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3. 0 united states license .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "cephalotes basalis is a species of arboreal ant of the genus cephalotes , characterized by an odd shaped head and the ability to \" parachute \" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they 're on .", "giving their name also as gliding ants . " ], "topic": [ 21, 25 ] }

[ "cephalotes basalis is a species of arboreal ant of the genus cephalotes, characterized by an odd shaped head and the ability to \" parachute \" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they're on. giving their name also as gliding ants." ]

[ "dichomeris imbricata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris imbricata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 175; tl: n. coorg, 3500ft\ndichomeris acmodeta; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 12\ndichomeris agorastis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris albula; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris apicispina; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris apludella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris bifurca; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15\ndichomeris bomiensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris bucinaria; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris consertella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris cuprea; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris cuspis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris diffurca; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris fareasta; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris fuscahopa; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris fuscanella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris gansuensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris hodgesi; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris jiangxiensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris lativalvata; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris lespedezae; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris lutilinea; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris manticopodina; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris menglana; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris millotella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 212\ndichomeris minutia; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris mitteri; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 27\ndichomeris molybdoterma meyrick, 1933; exotic microlep. 4 (12): 353\ndichomeris ningshanensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 27\ndichomeris nivalis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 27\ndichomeris paulianella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 213\ndichomeris polygona; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris polypunctata; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris quadratipalpa; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris quadrifurca; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris sexafurca; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31\ndichomeris shenae; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31\ndichomeris spicans; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris spuracuminata; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris stasimopa meyrick, 1937; exotic microlep. 5 (3): 94\ndichomeris strictella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris synergastis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris tersa; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris varifurca; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris violacula; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris wuyiensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris yuebana; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris yunnanensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 35\ndichomeris zymotella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 215\ndichomeris junisonensis matsumura, 1931; 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1082\ndichomeris acritopa meyrick, 1935; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 72\ndichomeris dolichaula meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 67\ndichomeris loxonoma meyrick, 1937; exotic microlep. 5 (4 - 5): 123\ndichomeris nyingchiensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 254\ndichomeris fuscahopa li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 242\ndichomeris fuscusitis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 243\ndichomeris gansuensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 247\ndichomeris hodgesi li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 232\ndichomeris jiangxiensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 244\ndichomeris junisonis [ sic ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris yunnanensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 254\ndichomeris cuspis park, 1994; insecta koreana 11: 19; tl: gangweon prov. , korea\ndichomeris derasella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19; [ fe ]\ndichomeris fareasta park, 1994; insecta koreana 11: 15; tl: gangweon prov. , korea\ndichomeris lamprostoma; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23; [ fe ]\ndichomeris mitteri park, 1994; insecta koreana 11: 17; tl: gangweon prov. , korea\ndichomeris praevacua; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50 :\ndichomeris strictella park, 1994; insecta koreana 11: 11; tl: gangweon prov. , korea\ndichomeris acritopa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 12\ndichomeris adelocentra; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris albiscripta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris allantopa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris amphichlora; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris ampliata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris anisospila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris antiloxa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris antisticta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris asodes; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15\ndichomeris barymochla; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15\ndichomeris brachygrapha; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris brachyptila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris caerulescens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris cellaria; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris centracma; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris ceponoma; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris charonaea; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris chartaria; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris chinganella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris chlanidota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris cinnabarina; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris citharista; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris clarescens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris cocta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris contentella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris corniculata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris crepitatrix; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris deceptella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19\ndichomeris deltoxyla; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19\ndichomeris diacrita; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19\ndichomeris dicausta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19\ndichomeris doxarcha; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris eridantis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris eucomopa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris excoriata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris ferrata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris ferruginosa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris frenigera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris fungifera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris geochrota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris horoglypta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris ignorata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris illicita; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris illucescens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris immerita; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris indiserta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris intensa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris isoclera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris leptosaris; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris leucothicta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris levigata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris lissota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris litoxyla; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris lupata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris macroxyla; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris malachias; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris malacodes; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris melanortha; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris melitura; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris mesoglena; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris metatoxa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris metuens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris microdoxa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris microsphena meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 166; tl: java, buitenzorg\ndichomeris oceanis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 27\ndichomeris olivescens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 28\ndichomeris ostracodes; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 28\ndichomeris pelitis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 28\ndichomeris petalodes; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 28\ndichomeris planata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris polyaema; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris praealbescens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris procrossa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris pseudometra; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris ptychosema; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris sciodora; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31\ndichomeris semnias; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31\ndichomeris siranta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31\ndichomeris summata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris synclepta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris tephroxesta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris testudinata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris tetraschema; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris thyrsicola; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris toxolyca; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris traumatias; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris uranopis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris viridella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris indigna; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 54 (note )\ndichomeris ceratomoxantha; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 63 (note )\ndichomeris adelocentra meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 305; tl: java, butenzorg\ndichomeris albula park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 22; tl: taipei co. , taiwan\ndichomeris baccata meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 621; tl: brazil, teffé\n= dichomeris bisignella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris brachygrapha meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 305; tl: assam, khasis\ndichomeris bucinaria park, 1996; tinea 14 (4): 230; tl: pintung co. , taiwan\ndichomeris chalcophaea meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 434; tl: queensland, brisbane\ndichomeris fida meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 620; tl: brazil, para\ndichomeris fusca park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 49; tl: taichung co. , taiwan\ndichomeris fuscalis park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 16; tl: taipei co. , taiwan\ndichomeris harmonias meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (16): 504; tl: china, shanghai\ndichomeris horiodes meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 620; tl: brazil, parintins\ndichomeris horoglypta meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 202; tl: hasimoto, japan\ndichomeris ingloria meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 621; tl: peru, lima\ndichomeris leptosaris meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 202; tl: hokkaido, japan\ndichomeris leucothicta meyrick, 1919; exotic microlep. 2 (8): 235; tl: bombay, dharwar\ndichomeris lucrifuga meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 620; tl: brazil, para\ndichomeris lutivittata meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 434; tl: queensland, brisbane\ndichomeris mesoctenis meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 434; tl: queensland, brisbane\ndichomeris mesoglena meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 619; tl: coorg, pollibetta\ndichomeris metuens meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 201; tl: seneng, java\ndichomeris ochthophora meyrick, 1936; exotic microlep. 5 (2): 46; tl: taihoku, formosa\ndichomeris orientis park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 36; tl: kaohsiung co. , taiwan\ndichomeris praevacua meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (16): 504; tl: china, shanghai\ndichomeris quercicola meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 433; tl: punjab, kangra\ndichomeris saturata meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 621; tl: brazil, obidos\ndichomeris sciodora meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (16): 504; tl: assam, khasis\ndichomeris symmetrica park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 20; tl: taitung co. , taiwan\ndichomeris syndias [ sic, recte syndyas ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris thermodryas meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 621; tl: peru, iquitos\ndichomeris trilobella park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 42; tl: pingtung co. , taiwan\ndichomeris anisospila meyrick, 1934; dt. ent. z. iris 48: 34; tl: guangdong, china\ndichomeris argentaria meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 304; tl: barberton\ndichomeris cotifera meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 303; tl: barberton\ndichomeris cuprea li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 237; tl: shaanxi\ndichomeris exsecta meyrick, 1927; exot. microlep. 3 (12): 354; tl: rhodesia, mazoe\ndichomeris ignorata meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 165; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\ndichomeris melanortha meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 510; tl: bombay, poona\ndichomeris monorbella viette, 1988; bull. soc. ent. fr. 93 (3 - 4): 104\ndichomeris squalens meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 282; tl: british guiana\nresupina omelko, 1999; keys ins. russian far east 5 (2): 107; ts: dichomeris okadai moriuti\ndichomeris tactica meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 152; tl: ecuador, huigra, 4500ft\ndichomeris acrolychna meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 112; tl: brazil, para\ndichomeris allantopa meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (16 - 17): 512; tl: nilambur, madras\ndichomeris alogista meyrick, 1935; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 72; tl: hunan, china\ndichomeris brachymetra meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 620; tl: peru, chosica, 2800m\ndichomeris brachyptila meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 584; tl: upper burma, myitkyina\ndichomeris ceponoma meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 151; tl: coorg, dibidi, 3500ft\ndichomeris davisi park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 35; tl: taiwan, taipei co. , sirin\ndichomeris ellipsias meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 114; tl: peru, iquitos\ndichomeris lushanae park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 22; tl: taiwan, taipei co. , sozan\ndichomeris moriutii; li, zhen, kendrick & sterling, 2010, shilap revta lepid. 38 (149): 73\ndichomeris physocoma meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 286; tl: sierra leone, mabang\ndichomeris procyphodes meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 115; tl: brazil, parintins\ndichomeris rhodophaea meyrick, 1920; in alluaud & jeannel, voyage afr. orientale, ins. lép. 2: 73\ndichomeris simaoensis; li, zhen, kendrick & sterling, 2010, shilap revta lepid. 38 (149): 74\ndichomeris stratigera meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 111; tl: brazil, parintins\ndichomeris subdentata meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 113; tl: brazil, santarem\ndichomeris testudinata meyrick, , 1934; dt. ent. z. iris 48: 34; tl: guangdong, china\ndichomeris thalamopa meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 112; tl: brail, téffe\ndichomeris xanthodeta meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 305; tl: three sisters\ndichomeris zonata; li, zhen, kendrick & sterling, 2010, shilap revta lepid. 38 (149): 74\ndichomeris liui li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 234; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris qinlingensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 235; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris aequata meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 282; tl: british guiana, bartica\ndichomeris agathopa meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 85; tl: rhodesia, umtali\ndichomeris anisacuminata li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 231; tl: china, jiangxi\ndichomeris antizyga meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 303; tl: barberton, pretoria\ndichomeris aphanopa meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 83; tl: rhodesia, umtali\ndichomeris apicispina li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 241; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris asteropis meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 83; tl: rhodesia, umvuma\ndichomeris attenta meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 84; tl: rhodesia, umvuma\ndichomeris bifurca li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 251; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris bodenheimeri; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris bomiensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 238; tl: china, xizang\ndichomeris cachrydias meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 283; tl: british guiana, mallali\ndichomeris decusella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris diffurca li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 253; tl: fujian, china\ndichomeris eustacta meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 84; tl: rhodesia, umtali\ndichomeris excepta meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (9): 279; tl: nyassaland, mt. mlanje\ndichomeris hylurga meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 83; tl: rhodesia, salisbury\ndichomeris impigra meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 305; tl: barberton, haenertsburg\ndichomeris indiserta meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 285; tl: malay states, kuala lumpur\ndichomeris lativalvata li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 248; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris manticopodina li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 239; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris menglana li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 257; tl: yunnan, china\ndichomeris ningshanensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 245; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris nivalis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 249; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris opsonoma meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 281; tl: british guiana, bartica\ndichomeris pladarota meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 84; tl: rhodesia, umtali\ndichomeris polygona li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 243; tl: sichuan, china\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 245; tl: sichuan, china\ndichomeris quadratipalpa li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 238; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris quadrifurca li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 252; tl: fujian, china\ndichomeris sexafurca li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 249; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris shenae li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 246; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris spicans li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 247; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris spuracuminata li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 230; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris stromatias meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 23; tl: zululand, nkwaleni\ndichomeris tersa li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 241; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris varifurca li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 250; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris violacula li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 237; tl: gansu, china\ndichomeris wuyiensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 255; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris xestobyrsa meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 82; tl: rhodesia, salisbury\ndichomeris yuebana li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 236; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris obscura li & zheng, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 223; tl: fengxian, shaanxi, 1600m\ndichomeris angustiptera li & zheng, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 228; tl: fengxian, shaanxi, 1600m\ndichomeris acrogypsa turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 168; tl: queensland, rosewood\ndichomeris aculata; ponomarenko & ueda, 2004, trans. lepid. soc. japan 55 (3): 147 (note )\ndichomeris ampliata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 175; tl: khasis\ndichomeris cirrhostola turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 169; tl: queensland, adavale\ndichomeris deltaspis; ponomarenko & ueda, 2004, trans. lepid. soc. japan 55 (3): 155 (note )\ndichomeris excoriata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 174; tl: khasis\ndichomeris ferrata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 174; tl: khasis\ndichomeris ferrogra li & wang, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 225; tl: mengla, yunnan, 630m\ndichomeris ferruginosa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 173; tl: khasis\ndichomeris heteracma meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 622; tl: brazil, teffé; peru, iquitos\ndichomeris instans meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 619; tl: peru, iquitos; brazil, teffé\ndichomeris lividula park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 57; tl: taiwan, hualien co. , pianau - col\ndichomeris oleata meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 305; tl: barberton, three sisters\ndichomeris ostracodes meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 583; tl: upper burma, lashio, 3000ft\ndichomeris petalodes meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (16 - 17): 512; tl: nilambur, madras, india\ndichomeris pleuroleuca turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 169; tl: queensland, eidsvold\ndichomeris ptychosema meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 175; tl: khasis\ndichomeris rectifascia li & zheng, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 220; tl: kangxian, gansu, 800m\ndichomeris simaoensis li & wang, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 221; tl: simao, yunnan, 325m\ndichomeris summata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 172; tl: khasis\ndichomeris varronia busck, 1913; ins. inscit. menstr. 1 (7): 89; tl: kitty, british guiana\ndichomeris ventosa meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 304; tl: barberton, three sisters\ndichomeris zonata li & wang, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 222; tl: simao, yunnan, 325m\ndichomeris tostella; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 72 (note); [ nhm card ]\ndichomeris amphicoma meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 695; tl: brazil, santos\ndichomeris antisticha meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 285; tl: costa rica, vulkan irazu, 4000ft\ndichomeris fluitans meyrick, 1920; ann. s. afr. mus. 17 (4): 284; tl: natal, howick\ndichomeris litoxyla meyrick, 1937; exotic microlep. 5 (4 - 5): 123; tl: yakovlevka, primorkii krai, russia\ndichomeris nessica walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 95; tl: panama, la chorrera\ndichomeris taiwana park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 48; tl: taiwan, nantou co. , sunmoon lake, 760m\ndichomeris zomias meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 283; tl: british guiana, bartica and mallali\ndichomeris hirculella busck, 1909; proc. ent. soc. wash. 11 (2): 89; tl: east river, connecticut\ndichomeris clarescens meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 174; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\ndichomeris dysorata turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 170; tl: new south wales, syndey\ndichomeris elegans park, 2001; insecta koreana 18 (4): 308; tl: taiwan, pingtung co. , kenting park, 50m\ndichomeris jugata walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 97; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\ndichomeris mengdana li & zheng, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 227; tl: mengda, xunhua, qinghai, 2240m\ndichomeris miltophragma meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 115; tl: brazil, para, obidos, parintins\ndichomeris ptilocompa meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 113; tl: brazil, teffé; peru, jurimaguas\ndichomeris substratella walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 93; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\ndichomeris vadonella viette, 1955; ann. soc. ent. fr. 123: 108; tl: ne. madagascar, maroantsetra, ambodivoangy\ndichomeris xerodes walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 100; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\n= dichomeris setosella; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 221\ndichomeris glenni clarke, 1947; proc. ent. soc. wash. 49 (7): 187; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris aomoriensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14; ponomarenko, 1998, far east. ent. 67: 12\ndichomeris ardesiella walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 96; tl: mexico, vera cruz, cordova\ndichomeris arotrosema walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 95; tl: mexico, vera cruz, atoyac\ndichomeris asodes meyrick, 1939; trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 89 (4): 54; tl: telawa, java\ndichomeris erixantha; meyrick, 1921, ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 83; [ nhm card ]; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris eucomopa meyrick, 1939; trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 89 (4): 54; tl: telawa, java\ndichomeris loxospila; [ nhm card ]; li, zhen, kendrick & sterling, 2010, shilap revta lepid. 38 (149): 77\ndichomeris lypetica walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 91; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ndichomeris crepitatrix meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 173; tl: n. coorg, 3500ft\ndichomeris dignella walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 91; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ndichomeris excavata busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 18; tl: porto bello, panama\ndichomeris hexasticta walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 94; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ndichomeris lutea park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 59; tl: taiwan, nantou co. , meifeng, 30km s tayuling, 2200m\ndichomeris lutilinea ponomarenko & park, 1996; korean j. appl. ent. 35 (2): 118; tl: chuncheon, kangweon prov .\ndichomeris metrodes meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 172; tl: hambantota, ceylon; bombay\ndichomeris olivescens meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 175; tl: kandy and maskeliya, ceylon\ndichomeris thalpodes meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 111; tl: brazil, para; peru, r. napo\ndichomeris tristicta busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 17; tl: trinidad river, panama\ndichomeris melanophylla; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 114 (note); [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\ndichomeris angulata; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 14; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris bulawskii ponomarenko & park, 1996; korean j. appl. ent. 35 (2): 114; tl: 27km sw slavjanka, primorskii krai\ndichomeris fusca; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 60; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 49\ndichomeris linealis; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 83; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris lividula; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 83; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris lushanae; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 86; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris lutea; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 86; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris ochreata; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 102; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 27\ndichomeris taiwana; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 135; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris trilobella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 141; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris illusio hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 101, pl. 2, f. 38; tl: hastings, florida\ndichomeris imitata hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 104, pl. 3, f. 5; tl: devers, texas\ndichomeris angulata park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 43; tl: taiwan, nantou co. , leinhauchi forest station, 15km sw puli, 750m\ndichomeris aprica; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15; li & sattler, 2012, zootaxa 3373: 57\ndichomeris enoptrias; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris hoplocrates; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris issikii; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris ochreata park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 32; tl: taiwan, nantou co. , mei - feng, 30km s tayuling, 2200m\ndichomeris pyrrhoschista; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris sciritis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31; li & sattler, 2012, zootaxa 3373: 57\ndichomeris synergastis ponomarenko & park, 1996; korean j. appl. ent. 35 (2): 116; tl: yong - in, kyunggi prov .\ndichomeris viridescens; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris offula hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 117, pl. 3, f. 21; tl: ithaca, new york\ndichomeris crepida hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 118, pl. 3, f. 22; tl: mcclellanville, south carolina\ndichomeris santarosensis hodges, 1985; proc. ent. soc. wash. 87 (2): 456; tl: santa rosa national park, guanacaste, costa rica\ndichomeris nenia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 40, pl. 4, f. 2; tl: bandera co. , texas\ndichomeris hypochloa walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 102, pl. 3, f. 23; tl: mexico, sonora\ndichomeris caia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 62, pl. 4, f. 7; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris laetitia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 88, pl. 2, f. 22; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris aleatrix hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 91, pl. 2, f. 27; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris furia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 93, pl. 2, f. 30; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris baxa hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 105, pl. 3, f. 10; tl: presidio of monterey, california\ndichomeris cinnamicostella; walsingham, 1911, biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 103; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris costalis busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 18; tl: tabogilla i. and porto bello, panama\ndichomeris habrochitona walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 102, pl. 3, f. 26; tl: panama, tabernilla\ndichomeris quercicola; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30; ponomarenko, 1998, far east. ent. 67: 13\ndichomeris carycina; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 43 (note); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris caryophragma; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 43 (note); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris diacnista; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 43 (note); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris lypetica; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 54 (note); [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris tactica; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 60 (note); [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris latescens; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 63 (note); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris siren hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 64, pl. 4, f. 9; tl: henson creek, oxon hill, maryland\ndichomeris vindex hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 83, pl. 2, f. 9 - 10; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris gleba hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 87, pl. 2, f. 18 - 20; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris legnotoa hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 101, pl. 4, f. 10; tl: largo, pinellas co. , florida\ndichomeris mimesis hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 101, pl. 2, f. 39; tl: salmon, anderson co. , texas\ndichomeris simulata hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 104, pl. 3, f. 4; tl: canadian, hemphill co. , texas\ndichomeris percnopolis walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 93, pl. 3, f. 11; tl: guatemala, zapote, 2000ft\ndichomeris renascens walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 96, pl. 3, f. 14; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\ndichomeris xuthostola walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 101, pl. 3, f. 18; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\ndichomeris sylphe hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 58, pl. 1, f. 22; tl: archbold biological staion, lake placid, florida\ndichomeris ardelia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 62, pl. 4, f. 8; tl: archbold biological station, lake placid, florida\ndichomeris kimballi hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 71, pl. 1, f. 30; tl: archbold biological staion, lake placid, florida\ndichomeris aglaia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 85, pl. 2, f. 15; tl: lake placid, florida, archbold biological station\ndichomeris anisacuminata; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14; li, zhen, kendrick & sterling, 2010, shilap revta lepid. 38 (149): 74\ndichomeris argigastra walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 99, pl. 3, f. 16; tl: mexico, vera cruz, atoyac\ndichomeris autometra; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101 )\ndichomeris crambaleas; [ nhm card ]; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris melanota walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 94, pl. 3, f. 13; tl: mexico, vera cruz, cordova\ndichomeris okadai; [ nhm card ]; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 28\ndichomeris prensans meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 111; tl: brazil, para, parintins, manaos; peru, iquitos; british guiana, bartica\ndichomeris sciastes walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 90, pl. 3, f. 10; tl: mexico, vera cruz, atoyac\ndichomeris gausapa hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: pl. 1, f. 8; tl: madera canyon, 4880', santa rita mts, arizona\n= dichomeris acuminata; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 34\ndichomeris solatrix hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 48, pl. 1, f. 15; tl: peña blanca canyon, santa cruz co. arizona\n= dichomeris punctidiscella; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 56; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 36\ndichomeris copa hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 92, pl. 2, f. 28; tl: snyder heights 1100', ithaca, new york\ndichomeris achne hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 87, pl. 2, f. 34; tl: parker is. , highlands co. , florida\ndichomeris euprepes hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 110, pl. 4, f. 11; tl: big black mnts, letcher co. , kentucky\ndichomeris carinella walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 99, pl. 3, f. 20; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ndichomeris fuscusitis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21; zhao, park, bae & li, 2017, zootaxa 4273 (2): (216 - 234 )\ndichomeris intensa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 173; tl: maskeliya and puttalam, ceylon; cuddapah, 4000ft, n. coorg\ndichomeris leucostena walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 94, pl. 3, f. 12; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ndichomeris blanchardorum hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 43, pl. 1, f. 10 - 11; tl: laguna atascosa, cameron co. , texas\ndichomeris gnoma hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 106, pl. 3, f. 11; tl: shingle creek road, keremeos, british columbia, canada\ndichomeris mercatrix hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 110, pl. 3, f. 15; tl: mclean bogs reserve, tompkins co. , new york\ndichomeris bulawskii; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16; ponomarenko & ueda, 2004, trans. lepid. soc. japan 55 (3): 151 (note )\ndichomeris diva hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 57, pl. 1, f. 21; tl: 1 mi s patagonia, santa cruz co. , arizona\ndichomeris fistuca hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 68, pl. 1, f. 25; tl: wedge plantation, mccellanville, charleston co. , south carolina\ndichomeris atomogypsa; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 72 (note); [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15\ndichomeris alphito hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 88, pl. 2, f. 21; tl: madera canyon, 4880', santa rita mts, arizona\ndichomeris pelta hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 99, pl. 2, f. 36; tl: wedge plantation, mcclellanville, charleston co. , south carolina\ndichomeris acrochlora; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 112 (note); [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 12\ndichomeris sybilla hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 121, pl. 3, f. 24; tl: madera canyon, 4880', santa rita mts, arizona\ndichomeris evitata walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 99, pl. 3, f. 15; tl: panama, volcan de chiriqui, 2000 - 3000ft\ndichomeris harmonias; [ nhm card ]; park, 1991, ann. hist. - nat. mus. hung. 83: 121; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris xanthoa hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 102, pl. 3, f. 2; tl: ft. niobrara national wildlife refuge, cherry co. , nebraska\ndichomeris bolize hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 100, pl. 2, f. 37; tl: hackberry lake, valentine national wildlife refuge, cherry co. , nebraska\ndichomeris isa hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 103, pl. 3, f. 3; tl: tenkiller lake, 3 mi w blackgum, sequoyah co. , oklahoma\ndichomeris badiolineariella ponomarenko & ueda, 2004; trans. lepid. soc. japan 55 (3): 154, f. 4, 17 - 18; tl: thailand, loei, phu rua, ~ 800m\ndichomeris balioella ponomarenko & ueda, 2004; trans. lepid. soc. japan 55 (3): 149, f. 2, 12 - 13; tl: thailand, loei, phu rua, ~ 800m\ndichomeris matsumurai ponomarenko & ueda, 2004; trans. lepid. soc. japan 55 (3): 151, f. 3, 14 - 16; tl: thailand, loei, phu rua, ~ 800m\ndichomeris metrodes; meyrick, 1913, ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 303; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26; [ afromoths ]" ]

{ "text": [ "dichomeris imbricata is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1913 .", "it is found in southern india and china ( guangdong ) .", "the wingspan is 19 – 20 mm .", "the forewings are brown somewhat mixed with whitish-ochreous and with a whitish-ochreous patch occupying the apical fourth of the costa .", "the anterior two-thirds of the costa is suffused with blackish , obliquely strigulated with pale ochreous .", "the stigmata is blackish , ill-defined , with the discal approximated and the plical near beyond the first discal .", "there is also some blackish suffusion on the dorsum towards the tornus , a blackish dot on the tornus and one on the termen beneath the apex .", "the hindwings are grey , with the veins and termen darker . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 12, 1, 1 ] }

[ "dichomeris imbricata is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1913. it is found in southern india and china (guangdong). the wingspan is 19 – 20 mm. the forewings are brown somewhat mixed with whitish-ochreous and with a whitish-ochreous patch occupying the apical fourth of the costa. the anterior two-thirds of the costa is suffused with blackish, obliquely strigulated with pale ochreous. the stigmata is blackish, ill-defined, with the discal approximated and the plical near beyond the first discal. there is also some blackish suffusion on the dorsum towards the tornus, a blackish dot on the tornus and one on the termen beneath the apex. the hindwings are grey, with the veins and termen darker." ]

[ "unbridled blog – a day in the life of intentionally giftd – unbridled. in\nunbridled secret was sired by unbridled' s song out of the dam not telling unbridled secret was foaled on 07 of september in 1999 .\nunbridled power was sired by snitzel out of the dam ready miss unbridled power was foaled on 15 of september in 2013 .\nunbridled power has a 9% win percentage and 36% place percentage. unbridled power' s last race event was at wyong .\nunbridled secret has a 19% win percentage and 25% place percentage. unbridled secret' s last race event was at sale .\nunbridled secret is a 17 year old chestnut mare. unbridled secret is trained by c w little, at caulfield and owned by c r dellora .\nhis music is honest and inspiring, raw and exciting, hard and unbridled .\nhe did not say a word, knowing my unbridled desire to meet danger .\npeople function in accordance with hedonistic principles, seeking unbridled gratification of all desires .\n‘we live and work in an era of youthful exuberance and unbridled ambition. ’\n‘when the conditions and his unbridled ambition converge - the guy absolutely shines. ’\nunbridled was euthanized at hagyard davidson mcgee at 6 p. m. thursday .\ni have seen devastation, waste of life and misery engendered by unbridled national sovereignty .\nher greatest promises of unbridled exhibitionism can' t quite make the genre feel fresh .\nunbridled competition and the race for profitability are, however, unacceptable in this context .\nunbridled was ridden by future hall of famer mike smith in his first four starts .\nmy poor brain is a scramble of half - truths, astronomical lies and unbridled lunacy .\nstephens college just held our 2018 commencement - an annual ritual of unbridled optimism and familial joy .\nrelive the tale of unbridled determination, boundless ego, and 2018 stunting in the video above .\nthe next pair of officers exhibits unbridled energy, resulting in a great number of new programs .\nchuanyun has been labelled by some as crazed and unbridled because of often eclectic and spontaneous style .\n‘mcclernand' s unbridled ambition is no different from that displayed by some senior officers today. ’\n‘they were an incredibly aggressive people, a people with seeming unbridled ambition to conquer everything. ’\nwe may see further extended that direct form of reaction a reversion from ordered liberty to unbridled license .\nunbridled power is a 4 year old bay or brown mare. unbridled power is trained by k a lees, at newcastle and owned by power thoroughbreds (mgr: w power) & r power .\nunbridled is the broodmare sire of tap your heels, who is the dam of leading sire tapit .\n‘paul' s an independent filmmaker whose unbridled ambition is rivaled only by his equally unchecked obsessive nature. ’\namerican pharoah, out of empire maker’s son pioneerof the nile, is a great - grandson of unbridled .\nand to accomplish all, the venture ceo will need the unbridled support of her or his three corporate patrons .\nunbridled power' s exposed form for its last starts is 2 - 4 - 4 - 1 - 6 .\nunbridled secret' s exposed form for its last starts is 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 .\n‘so parliament offers no forum for considered debate and no brake on the unbridled ambition of an unscrupulous prime minister. ’\nwith binoculars in hand while standing next to genter, nafzger detailed unbridled’s dramatic rally from 12th under rider craig perret .\nkoch said a group including claiborne principal seth hancock, who was present at the clinic, made a unanimous decision to euthanize unbridled. also at the clinic were claiborne stallion foreman jim zajic and unbridled' s stud groom, joe peel .\ntheir most recent encounter came a month ago in the fayette handicap at keeneland. summer squall dusted unbridled by three lengths .\nthe unbridled companies are founding members of the emergent network of businesses that operate on a 20 / 20 / 60 model .\n‘there is a scene in these fantastical travel tales in which humans are turned into grapevines as punishment for unbridled lust. ’\n‘while it might not be the way shakespeare wrote it, ‘maqbool’ too revolves around unbridled ambition and jealousy for murder. ’\n‘it' s the best fun you' ll have with amps, beer, underground rooms and unbridled energetic lust. ’\nunbridled power’s last race event was at 26 / 06 / 2018 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\nunbridled secret’s last race event was at 29 / 06 / 2004 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\nunbridled secret career form is 3 wins, 1 seconds, thirds from 16 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ .\nfew horses have been able to blend the kind of success that unbridled enjoyed both on the racetrack and in the breeding shed .\nin times past employers similarly opposed changes which took away from them the unbridled power that they then had to oppress their fellow men .\nneither the unbridled power of the mighty state nor that of the mighty market must be allowed to dominate and dictate to human society .\n‘while caesar examines the effect of unbridled political ambition on political order, merchant explores the effect of revelatory religion on the polity. ’\n‘when the people of first - century jerusalem looked at saul of tarsus, they saw a man filled with unbridled spiritual ambition. ’\npessimism is prospering in the oil - options market after unbridled investor optimism lifted crude futures to their best january in more than a decade .\n‘in marlowe' s rendition, he is portrayed as a tragic hero in that his unbridled ambitions lead him to an unfortunate end. ’\n‘though smith cautioned against the excesses of unbridled free enterprise, he insisted that society benefited when the state allowed acquisitive individualism full scope. ’\nthe relationship between the two horses, if not one of fireworks, has been an unusual one. they couldn' t be more different. summer squall has his 28 owners; unbridled has 92 - year - old frances genter. summer squall was foaled in kentucky, unbridled in florida. summer squall is a pint - size terror; unbridled is a big brute with an overhanging lip for that extra touch of menace .\nwhat made you want to look up unbridled? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nthe solution does not lie in eliminating or destroying trade unions, and it would not make sense to return to the days of unbridled selfishness .\n‘otherwise, the likely excesses by an unbridled military and the consequent loss of confidence in democratic institutions could well stir up even greater conflict. ’\n‘but the outlaw, formerly known as william bonny, radiated arrogance, and an unbridled lust for blood in every fiber of his being. ’\nundaunted nafzger brought unbridled to churchill downs, where was ultimately sent off at 10 - 1 odds in america’s most famous and popular horse race .\n‘i guess they figure, as the recent blackout demonstrated, that the only thing separating humanity from unbridled, rampant hedonism is the electricity grid. ’\nunbridled power career form is 2 wins, 5 seconds, 1 thirds from 22 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ 63, 715 .\nvoted the champion 3 - year - old male of 1990, unbridled opened his 4 - year - old campaign with arguably his most impressive performance .\nwith unbridled, the breed lost one of its top stallions. currently ranked ninth with 2001 progeny earnings of more than $ 4 million, unbridled to date has sire 24 stakes - winners from seven crops, including 1998 champion 3 - year - old filly banshee breeze, 1999 champion juvenile anees ,\nbut kremer will do more than retrieve bats and foul balls, and bring baseballs to the home plate umpire with his signature gusto and unbridled joy that evening .\nunbridled was purchased on behalf of genter as a weanling along with his in - foal dam, gana facil, at the tartan stable dispersal sale. though he won just two of six starts at 2, nafzger chalked that up to unbridled being, “very green. he was learning every race and getting stronger. ”\nthe cumulative effect of this unbridled innovativeness can be criticised on its own managerialist terms and edicts that has all but overwhelmed the teaching profession was never properly project managed .\n‘i speak, of course, of riverdance, with its scantily clad females dancing in unison with men, in a vulgar display of wantonness and unbridled lust. ’\nhis list of champions and grade 1 winners include halfbridled, banshee breeze, smuggler, exogenous and anees. his son, unbridled’s song, was a breeders’ cup juvenile victor and became a pre - eminent sire with 100 stakes winners and offspring such as will take charge, unrivaled belle, unbridled elaine, midshipman and eight belles .\n‘it became more and more difficult for the whorehouses, thriving as they did in an atmosphere of degradation and unbridled lust, to survive in such a regulatory environment. ’\nlexington, ky. - champion and successful young sire unbridled, winner of the 1990 kentucky derby, was euthanized thursday evening at 14 after a case of severe colic .\n‘albany recoils from the savage ethos in which his wife lives, foreseeing both her own destruction and that of the universe itself as a consequence of unbridled self - interest. ’\n“unbridled truly had a lot of talent, ” nafzger said. “he was honest and gave you everything he had, which is why he was such a good stud. ”\nas nafzger and genter headed to the winner’s circle, abc showed an isolated replay of unbridled’s victorious charge and then aired nafzger’s emotional call of the race to the colt’s owner .\nlittle went right for unbridled after the deputy minister as he battled a sore hoof and lost five of his final six races, winning only an allowance race at arlington park .\nnafzger, won the kentucky derby for a second time in 2007 with street sense. like unbridled, street sense finished second in the preakness but he skipped the belmont stakes .\nunbridled' s song, a son of the 1990 kentucky derby winner unbridled, became the instant favorite for this year' s derby when he won the breeders' cup juvenile last october. he took some giant strides in that direction this year when he won the florida derby and the wood memorial. but that was the last race that he won .\n‘to achieve this end, they wish to dismantle trade barriers, tariffs, and agreements that hinder their vision: the unbridled flow of capital as it suits their best interests. ’\nbased on true to life stories at equine assisted therapy centers including corral riding center in north carolina, unbridled tells a tremendous story of redemption and triumph, with a message of unconditional love, with teenage girls overcoming formidable obstacles and living a fulfilling life in spite of adverse circumstances. unbridled is a story that dives deep in the human heart, and shines a light on the goodness and altruism of authentic people who view life as greater than themselves. unbridled is inspiring heartwarming captivating uplifting refreshing wholesome enjoyable encouraging touching delightful memorable unbridled is a true to life story that exposes the atrocities of abuse, neglect, and trauma and the healing and redemption experienced by girls and horses who have suffered the same types of abuse. unbridled showcases how every life matters, no matter how damaged, and that redemption is just around the corner when lives will be made whole again. an emotionally gripping, ...\namong those most deeply affected by unbridled' s death was hall of famer carl nafzger, who trained the derby and 1990 breeders' cup classic winner for frances a. genter .\nchurchill downs was where unbridled was made famous, and it' s the last place where he was ever able to finish ahead of summer squall. he obviously likes this particular kentucky soil .\nthe foal gana facil carried when she and unbridled were sold turned out to be his full - brother, cahill road, who won the 1991 wood memorial for genter and trainer scotty schulhofer .\nbut summer squall and jockey pat day learned a lesson from that race, campbell said. in the' 90 derby, unbridled came from nowhere to hook up with summer squall at the top of the stretch and blasted past to win by one of those\ndaylight\nmargins. summer squall was caught by surprise when unbridled charged alongside him and didn' t have time to recover .\nin the fayette, pat turned for home with about a two - length lead on unbridled and saw him coming. but this time, he didn' t wait for him, which is what pat would normally do. you got to be rolling yourself against unbridled to bide him off. and that' s what pat was able to do for us in the fayette .\nwe, of course, think in the derby unbridled sort of blindsided us and startled us ,\ncampbell said .\nthat horse came flying, and we couldn' t fight back .\nbased on true to life stories at equine assisted therapy centers including corral riding center in north carolina, unbridled tells a tremendous story of redemption and triumph, with a... see full summary »\nin the mile and a half belmont stakes, which seemed ideally suited for unbridled, the 6 - 5 favorite was a well - beaten fourth, nearly 13 lengths behind european invader go and go .\ntheir music follows suit, a raw, unbridled tribute to the beats that marks lead singer sharon case as a spiritual heir to patti smith’s blend of gritty beat poetry and the reckless abandon of classic punk .\nyet for all of his grade 1 victories and star - studded roster of progeny, unbridled made an equally lasting contribution to his sport through a poignant moment in time that will always be associated with him .\nwhen unbridled ran second in the secretariat and super derby, each time he lost to a horse who was also trained by nafzger – super abound in the secretariat and home at last in the super derby .\nafter unbridled won the derby, summer squall returned the favor against him in the preakness. it was the first time that the first two finishers in the derby flip - flopped their finishing order in the preakness .\namerica’s infatuation with unbridled and his owner and trainer hit a bump in the preakness when the colt’s triple crown bid ended with a runner - up finish to summer squall as the 8 - 5 favorite in baltimore .\nthe movie unbridled was based largely on the real life ministry of corral riding academy that admits about 20 challenged teens per year and has about 500 volunteers and staff mentoring the' herd' girls for restoration and redemption .\nthat convinced genter to make travel plans, though unbridled’s path to churchill downs included a stumble when he finished third behind the victorious summer squall and land rush in the blue grass stakes over a muddy track at keeneland .\n1996 kentucky derby winner grindstone, 2000 preakness winner red bullet, and grade 1 winners exogenous, unbridled' s song, unshaded, and manistique. he has lifetime progeny earnings of $ 25, 475, 841 .\nattending veterinarians dr. doug byars and dr. kim sprayberry later discovered fluid leaking into unbridled' s abdomen and recommended a second surgery that took place on sept. 27. hunt repaired a small hole, roughly the size of a pencil eraser, at the site of the original bowel resection, farm officials reported at the time. unbridled returned to the hancock family' s claiborne farm in paris, ky. , on oct. 8 .\nfinally, as unbridled crossed the wire 3 ½ lengths ahead of summer squall, nafzger hugged genter, kissed her and said, “you won the kentucky derby... oh, mrs. genter, i love you. ”\nfor his final fall from grace, unbridled' s song got a check for $ 5, 000 for appearing in the arlington race, a cracked bone, some bleeding and new questions about his owner' s horse sense .\nthe daughter of scat daddy is the only 3 - year - old in a field of nine fillies and mares set to compete in the five - furlong race over churchill downs’ matt winn turf course. the unbridled sidney is scheduled as the eighth event on saturday’s 10 - race program that opens with its first race at 12: 45 p. m. (all times edt). post time for the unbridled sidney is 4: 13 p. m .\nthese example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word' unbridled.' views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of merriam - webster or its editors. send us feedback .\nmedal count is a classic - placed graded stakes winner by the exceptional sire, dynaformer, out of the graded stakes - performing unbridled’s song mare, brisquette, also dam of the graded stakes - winning juvenile sprinter, garden district .\nlouisville, ky. - - they' ll not look back on the rivalry between unbridled and summer squall and judge it among racing' s greatest. it has not been one of nail - biting finishes or gut - wrenching stretch battles .\nunbridled' s song broke a bone in his right foreleg during a gallop at gulfstream park this morning and was promptly retired from a career that spun a soap - opera' s saga of injuries, delayed decisions and great but unfulfilled expectations .\nunbridled had undergone two abdominal surgeries last month, and when he colicked on thursday afternoon, attending veterinarians at the hagyard davidson mcgee clinic in lexington felt that the horse' s symptoms were inoperable and terminal, according to claiborne spokesperson charles koch .\nunbridled underwent his first abdominal surgery on sept. 21, when dr. robert hunt removed three feet of the stallion' s colon that farm officials described as\ndiseased and thickened .\ntests determined that the stallion did not have cancer .\nunbridled' s death removes a solid cornerstone from claiborne' s stallion roster, which features such popular sires as seeking the gold and danzig as well as a number of young stallions like horse chestnut, pulpit, and coronado' s quest .\nthe reason is that the two horses have contrasting styles. summer squall has what is called\ntactical speed .\nit' s a characteristic that allows him to set the pace or settle near the lead. he is small and maneuverable. unbridled, on the other hand, is large and leggy. he' s the classic stretch runner, a silky sullivan type who drops back among the early stragglers, then kicks in for a furious drive when the front - runners sputter. the disadvantage unbridled has to summer squall is this: unbridled needs a fiery pace ahead of him to make his bold stretch runs; summer squall, by laying close in wait, doesn' t much mind whether the pace is fast or slow .\nit has been a friendly rivalry ,\nsaid cot campbell, who constructed the 28 - member syndicate that owns summer squall .\ncarl [ unbridled trainer carl nafzger ] kids us about our horse, and we kid him about his .\nunbridled stood at claiborne for a private fee, but no - guarantee seasons on the open market brought prices of $ 225, 000 this year. he has been buried in his entirety at claiborne' s marchmont cemetery, next to majestic light .\nthe finale came when unbridled tried to defend his crown in the breeders’ cup classic and finished third against a moderate pace. he was then retired to stud, first at gainesway and then at claiborne farm in 1997, to begin his next success story .\nunbridled, who initially stood at graham beck' s gainesway farm in lexington for a $ 35, 000 fee, joined claiborne' s roster in 1997 after the farm and richard santulli purchased him privately from genter stable for reportedly more than $ 18 million .\nunbridled also stands at the head of another line that came very close to producing four consecutive kentucky derby winners. his son empire maker ran second on a troublesome hoof in the 2003 derby before winning the belmont, and he sired 2009 derby runner - up pioneerof the nile, sire of 2015 triple crown winner american pharoah. since coolmore stud purchased the breeding rights of american pharoah for a reported $ 8 million, he will obviously have an excellent chance of extending the classic reign of the unbridled branch of mr. prospector .\nunbridled is an event management, event production and creative agency delivering intentionally crafted events through our customer - focused approach to creative design, attendee management, program logistics, production, and travel. we’re known by our values - driven culture, creativity, and full - service flexibility .\nin the deputy minister at gulfstream, a stone - cold closer such as unbridled seemed to be at a severe disadvantage in a seven race - furlong that also attracted the champion sprinter housebuster. the conditions appeared to be so far tilted in housebuster’s favor that he was sent off as a 2 - 5 favorite, yet on this day unbridled was at his very best. after spotting housebuster 14 lengths in the early going, the derby winner blew past the feared sprinter in the final furlong and won by three lengths in a time of 1: 21 4. 5 .\na favorite in each of her four career starts, acapulco will break from post one in the unbridled sidney. albarado will return to the saddle aboard ward’s filly, who will carry 116 pounds in her first test against older rivals, all of whom have a 121 - pound impost .\nlike his sire, fappiano had early success which soon attracted kentucky bidders, and he finished his relatively brief stud career at lane’s end. like mr. prospector, though, he had conceived his most important son in florida, 1990 kentucky derby winner unbridled. bred and raced by frances genter, unbridled stands at the head of two remarkable sequences of classic runners. his first - crop son grindstone won the 1996 kentucky derby and sired 2004 belmont stakes winner birdstone. birdstone, in turn, sired 2009 kentucky derby winner mine that bird and 2009 belmont winner summer bird .\nit' s sad, because he was a friend ,\nsaid nafzger, who received word of unbridled' s death thursday evening .\nhow do you feel when you lose a friend? he never did let anybody down. he gave me confidence every time he ran .\nhe won the kentucky derby here on this track in 1990. summer squall was second that may day. yet, it is summer squall who will come out ahead in the rivalry, no matter what the outcome tomorrow. he has finished ahead of unbridled in each of their four other encounters .\nunbridled, a blaze - faced bay by fappiano out of gana facil (le fabuleux), won $ 4, 489, 475 in three seasons. his grade 1 victories all came in his championship season of 1990, in the florida derby, kentucky derby, and breeders' cup classic .\nthe win that will be remembered longest is his kentucky derby, which provided one of the sport' s most sentimental moments. as 92 - year - old genter, her eyesight too weak to see the race, listened intently, an emotional nafzger called the final furlong of unbridled' s win .\nit was another year before the two hooked up again. and in that race, the pimlico special, it was the only time that neither one of them managed to win when they were in the same race together. summer squall finished second to farma way. unbridled bled and finished a distant sixth .\nunbridled (usa) b. h, 1987 { 1 - r } dp = 12 - 15 - 19 - 0 - 12 (58) di = 1. 70 cd = 0. 26 - 24 starts, 8 wins, 6 places, 6 shows career earnings: $ 4, 489, 475\nthey included unbridled' s song, whom he bought for $ 200, 000 and sold for $ 1. 4 million to a japanese business executive, hiroshi fujita. but the new owner discovered a flake or chip in the colt' s left front ankle, so paragallo took him back. for a while, it looked like the buy - back of the century: unbridled' s song, a tall and imposing horse with great natural speed, promptly won his debut by 8 1 / 2 lengths. in his third start, he won the breeders' cup juvenile and became the favorite to win the kentucky derby in 1996 .\nto stan, it was just smart business to pitch the idea of sourcing gifts for our unbridled clients. it was clear to him that we could provide more personalized service and better pricing…and that it would be a good business move. so, he sent out an internal survey to gauge interest and see if it would fly .\nin yet one more misadventure in his troubled career, unbridled' s song suffered a clean crack in the splint bone in his left foreleg saturday while trying to catch cigar in the arlington citation challenge, and he will finally be forced to take the long rest that racing people are convinced he should have taken three months ago .\nthat makes four consecutive generations of classic winners from the unbridled branch of mr. prospector. unfortunately that sequence is likely at an end since mine that bird is a gelding, and summer bird, whose first foals are 3 - year - olds, stood only two seasons in america and died after standing one more season in japan .\nmrs. john magnier, michael tabor and derrick smith ’s acapulco, who enjoyed international success for trainer wesley ward last year with a stakes triumph during britain’s prestigious royal ascot meet, will face older rivals for the first time in her career in saturday’s sixth running of churchill downs racetrack ’s $ 65, 000 - added unbridled sidney overnight stakes .\nso nafzger fielded a question from mckay about the drying - out track, which was labeled good, and then took out his earpiece, put it in his pocket, and figured the mic would be turned off. little did he know, the mic was on and the camera was still following him, just in case unbridled did something special .\nthen as unbridled challenged summer squall for the lead at the top of the stretch and started to edge way, nafzger yelled, “he’s taken the lead. ” an excited genter’s knees bent slightly and she mouthed “oooh” before raising a clinched fist in front of her face and looking out at the track, almost in disbelief at what was taking place .\nunbridled' s song burst into prominence as a 2 - year - old in 1995. he ran fourth in the champagne stakes at belmont park in only his second start and won the breeders' cup juvenile in his third. he won the florida derby the following spring, won the wood memorial and became the instant favorite for the kentucky derby .\nclaiborne' s resident veterinarian, dr. david harris, treated unbridled with banamine to ease the horse' s pain and called on byars and sprayberry, who rushed to the farm. at about 4 p. m. , koch said, claiborne shipped the stallion to hagyard davidson mcgee, where palpation and ultrasound suggested adhesions were the likely problem .\nthe 4 - year - old colt was training for his second appearance of the year, the donn handicap one week from saturday. now he will enter a second and perhaps more serene career as a stallion at the taylor made farm in kentucky, where he will extend the bloodlines of his renowned sire, unbridled, winner of the 1990 kentucky derby and breeders' cup classic .\nolder rivals hoping to knock off ward’s young and emerging star in the unbridled sidney include kmn racing’s lindisfarne, fourth for trainer steve asmussen in the listed giant’s causeway at keeneland, and g. watts humphrey jr. and st. george farm racing ’s late spring, a 4 - year - old speightstown filly coming off a win in sprint allowance on the keeneland grass for trainer vicki oliver .\nunbridled belle – $ 1, 909, 823, beldame s. - g1, delaware h. - g2, obeah s. - g3 twice, turnback the alarm h. - g3, etc. , 2nd beldame s. - g1, personal ensign s. - g1, 3rd personal ensign s. - g1, delaware h. - g2 twice, falls city h. - g2\nthat’s how it happened that karen and karla recognized a shared passion and joined forces to turn that passion into a business endeavor. and with a little help from their fearless leader, the support of an established infrastructure, and the unbridled team cheering them on, they did what all startups do. they started. they took orders. they whipped up a logo. then scrambled to keep up with demand .\nacapulco comes into the unbridled sidney off a feb. 10 victory under over six rivals as the odds - on favorite under jockey irad ortiz jr. in a six - furlong allowance race over the synthetic polytrack surface at turfway park. the 1 ½ - length triumph in her season debut improved her overall record to 2 - 1 - 1 in four races and lifted her career earnings of $ 210, 254 .\nparagallo' s wisest decision on unbridled' s song, in fact, seems to have been made two years ago in his role as pinhooker, a person who buys young horses and sells them later for a profit. in that year, paragallo bought 38 yearlings for $ 2. 6 million; in 1995, he sold 18 of them as 2 - year - olds for $ 3. 5 million .\nit was an unorthodox route, but nafzger used an allowance victory and runner - up finishes in a pair of grade 1 stakes, the secretariat on turf and the super derby, to prepare for the world championships at belmont park. unbridled responded with a brilliant performance when he overcame breaking from the outside post in a field of 14 to win the breeders’ cup classic by a length under pat day at 6 - 1 odds .\nacapulco, a group two winner on turf at royal ascot for trainer wesley ward at two, has not competed on the grass as a 3 - year - old, but has worked over the turf course at lexington' s keeneland race course. the young star will face eight older rivals in saturday' s unbridled sidney overnight stakes at five furlongs on churchill downs' matt winn turf course. (coady photography | keeneland )\n“his inconsistency was very simple, ” unbridled’s trainer carl nafzger said. “he was a big horse and when he got to moving and running, he was like a locomotive. once he stopped, it was hard to get him going again. things had to go his way all the way. yet when he was at his best, he was as good as anybody you’d want to see. he was just a great horse. ”\nit came at the 1990 kentucky derby and it illustrated, in front of millions of viewers on television, how much joy a majestic horse can bring to the people around him. he was the impetus that produced the unforgettable scene when nafzger became the eyes of unbridled’s frail 92 - year - old owner, frances a. genter, and lovingly told her, “you won the kentucky derby … mrs. genter, i love you. ”\n'' he seemed slightly off this week,'' said nick zito, who replaced jim ryerson as trainer of unbridled' s song last summer.'' but x - rays at first did not disclose anything. today, though, mike smith brought him back after a gallop and he seemed off in his right fore. i called dr. mark cheney, and the x - rays disclosed flaking in the cannon bone.''\ni think ernie intends to bring him back sometime this year ,\nsaid jim ryerson, who trains unbridled' s song but does not make any of the colt' s career decisions .\nhe' ll certainly miss the next two races we had on his schedule, the haskell at monmouth on aug. 4 and the travers at saratoga three weeks later. but after a long rest, he should come back and race again .\nas a sire, unbridled was nothing short of spectacular. he stands as the most recent sire (other than american pharoah' s sire pioneerof the nile) to produce the winners of all three legs of the triple crown (grindstone in the kentucky derby, red bullet in the preakness and empire maker in the belmont stakes). in just 10 crops before his death in 2001, he accounted for 49 stakes winners, 10 of them in grade 1 events .\ngenter was at the hallandale, florida, track for her colt’s breakthrough performance, but had trouble seeing the race and told nafzger afterwards that she would watch the kentucky derby at home. nafzger ultimately changed her mind by telling her that unbridled was poised for a huge effort in the run for the roses, and that there would be a television screen in the owner’s boxes so she could watch at the race at churchill downs as easily as she could from her living room .\nthe field for the unbridled sidney, from the inside post out (with jockey, weight): acapulco (albarado, 116), late spring (corey lanerie, 121), fonepferesh (ire) (gary stevens, 121), two wonders (willie martinez, 121), amarachi (sophie doyle, 121), calypso run (brian hernandez jr. , 121), tesalina (chi) (leparoux, 121) and lindisfarne (florent geroux, 121) .\nthat was when zito was signed as trainer. zito, winner of the kentucky derby twice in seven years, commented,'' i feel like an attorney defending him.'' he rested the high - strung colt for four months, then ran him in an allowance at aqueduct last november, where he finished second. then he ran the colt again on jan. 19 at gulfstream in the olympic handicap. unbridled' s song outran his two rivals by nearly four lengths .\nunbridled' s song won 5 of his 12 starts, ran second in four others and earned $ 1, 274, 300 during his relatively brief but clamorous career. but even before he went to the races, he was surrounded by conflict. paragallo, a'' pinhooker'' who buys young horses at auctions and sells them for profit later, bought him for $ 200, 000, sold him to a japanese business executive for $ 1. 4 million and then took him back after complaints that he had been damaged .\naside from winning the kentucky derby, the stretch - running bay colt returned to peak form in the fall and rallied from 13th to capture the breeders’ cup classic, becoming just the second horse to win both grade 1 mile and a quarter races in the same year. as a sign of the greatness wrapped into that accomplishment, sunday silence and unbridled remained the only horses to hold that lofty distinction until last year, when it took no less of a champion than triple crown winner american pharoah to join them and become the third member of an exclusive fraternity .\nward will be looking for his second stakes victory of the churchill downs spring meet. the trainer saddled silverton hill llc ’s silvertoni to the win the $ 100, 000 kentucky juvenile during the track’s kentucky derby week thurby celebration. he also will saddle don alberto stable ’s tesalina (chi), third to miss double d’oro in the march 18 arboretum ii stakes over the 6 ½ - furlong downhill turf course at santa anita, in the unbridled sydney. julien leparoux will ride the 5 - year - old daughter of 2000 kentucky derby winner fusaichi pegasus who will break from post seven .\nryerson said that it was nondisplaced and should heal with rest, and added that unbridled' s song would do his resting for now at saratoga rather than back at belmont park in new york. the colt flew to chicago last thursday on the same plane as cigar, and even shared a van from the airport to arlington park. and they shared the van and plane on the return trip sunday. cigar will stay at saratoga until a day or two before his next appearance: aug. 10 in the $ 1 million pacific classic at del mar, where he will be shooting for his record - breaking 17th straight success .\ngiftd provides the “something extra” clients are looking for: an experience that goes beyond the gift itself and creates a truly defining moment. nothing expresses appreciation and value in business relationships like the right gift – thoughtfully sourced, carefully packaged with an eye for detail, and presented with authentic regard that leaves a lasting impression. leveraging their combined backgrounds in hospitality, design, and marketing, that’s exactly what these two talented and determined women set out to provide. from their experience in the logistics and creative trenches at unbridled — karen, an account manager and karla, a designer — they learned firsthand what clients want and that there was a niche for their knack and love of all things “giftd. ”\nhere is how one historian has summarised the british view of the british empire: for two centuries, possession of empire was justified by british politicians on either authoritarian or libertarian grounds and sometimes on both. those who saw the virtues of empire as authoritarian maintained that it committed the rulers, or' guardians', to service and bound the ruled to obedience; while those who saw the empire as libertarian claimed that it provided subject peoples with freedom from oppression at the hands of lesser breeds without the law, such as their own leaders or foreign adventurers or unbridled british colonialists. witness, for example, the claims that british rule was preferable to that of the french, dutch, germans, or belgians, and that the empire would free asians from oriental despotism, africans from barbaric customs, maoris from settler rapacity, and white settlers from international aggression. this extract comes from' power, authority and freedom' by aj stockwell, professor of imperial and commonwealth history at the university of london. in the rest of this publication professor stockwell argues that we should not accept all these claims about the greatness of british rule. on the other hand, he believes that we should not dismiss all the claims either .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif anything, it has been more of an enduring relationship than a rivalry, an off - and - on affair of five races in 18 months that will end tomorrow when the two meet for the sixth and final time as they race in the breeders' cup classic at churchill downs .\ni' ll have to win this one so i can always say,' he won the little ones, and i won the big ones,'\nnafzger said .\nthey' re the kind of horses who always win by daylight whenever they do win ,\nsaid summer squall trainer neil howard .\nneil' s horse is always in it ,\nnafzger said .\nour horse is the kind of horse who builds momentum, then runs like a freight train .\nplease note the green - lined linked article text has been applied commercially without any involvement from our newsroom editors, reporters or any other editorial staff .\nto remove the bridle from (a horse, mule, etc .) .\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary, © random house, inc. 2018\nnationalism is a menace; it leads to trade wars and, all too often, real wars .\nsupersize me, your honor: liebeck v. mcdonald’s and our era of ambition\ncollins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition © william collins sons & co. ltd. 1979, 1986 © harpercollins publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012\n. literal sense of\nnot fitted with a bridle\n( of horses) is not recorded before 1550s. the verb\nis attested from c. 1400 in the literal sense; mid - 15c. in the figurative sense .\nteddy kremer won our hearts as the reds bat boy. soon, the reds will honor him ,\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\nwe' re an event production and event management agency crafting transformative experiences. we' re known by our values - driven culture, creativity, and full - service flexibility .\nplease enable cookies so that we can give you the best experience on our website .\nlate 14c. , originally in figurative sense of\nunrestrained, ungoverned ,\nfrom un - (1 )\nnot\n+ bridled (see bridle (v .) ). cf. middle dutch ongebreidelt. literal sense of\nnot fitted with a bridle\n( of horses) is not recorded before 1550s. the verb unbridle is attested from c. 1400 in the literal sense; mid - 15c. in the figurative sense .\nranks synonyms and suggests the best matches based on how closely a synonym’s sense matches the sense you selected .\nroget' s 21st century thesaurus, third edition copyright © 2013 by the philip lief group .\nif a football team parks the bus, it defends without trying to attack, with almost all of the players on the team staying deep inside their own half of the pitch .\nbreaking the mould: words and phrases for things that are new or modern .\nadd the power of cambridge dictionary to your website using our free search box widgets .\nbrowse our dictionary apps today and ensure you are never again lost for words .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. this website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website. by clicking ‘continue’ or by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nstay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates, blog posts, and more .\nin this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot - on cv .\narchaic words have a charm that never fades away, from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones .\n2nd super derby - g1, preakness s. - g1, secretariat s. - g1\n3rd blue grass s. - g2, fountain of youth s. - g2\nat 4: won deputy minister h. 2nd fayette h. - g2 3rd breeders' cup classic - g1, pacific classic - g1 1990 eclipse champion three - year - old colt. euthanized after a bout of colic at age 14, oct. 18, 2001. buried at claiborne farm. (close )\nthis page was last edited on 27 may 2018, at 07: 31 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nsome parts of this page won' t work property. please reload or try later .\nlakeith stanfield and his sorry to bother you crew reveal their most soul - crushing jobs in our freewheeling interview .\nwant to share imdb' s rating on your own site? use the html below .\non the night suzanne waters celebrates her retirement, she is faced with a series of crisis she could not have imagined .\nif you' re a fan of groundhog day, then you' ll like this. a man goes on a date with a woman, but it ends in tragedy. he keeps waking up and reliving the whole day over and over again .\nin a forgotten part of town, overrun by a ruthless gang; a community struggles with its faith, as they see their neighborhoods torn - apart and their youth targeted for gang recruitment. but all that is about to change .\na college freshman' s world is rocked when she learns she is the adopted survivor of a failed abortion .\nthe perfect wave is a love story, with four key pillars, a young mans love for surfing, adventure, a mothers love for her son, a young man falling in love for the first time, gods love. the... see full summary »\nthere is a demon possessed serial killer on a rampage. her name is maria cruz and she has an army of the living dead at her disposal. the body count is rising when a heretic, reno peña, is... see full summary »\na true to life story that exposes the atrocities of abuse, neglect and sex trafficking and the healing and redemption experienced by girls and horses who have suffered the same types of abuse .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nif you appreciate the information provided on this site, please consider supporting my work by making a simple and secure donation via paypal. please help to run the website and keep everything free of charge. thank you very much .\n) is a nanosatellite designed to make observations of the diffuse x - ray background and publish the data. it is build on a\nthe project team at msu and their partners tracked the cxbn satellite for 4. 5 months (until the end of january 2013). the team collected some data and telemetry, but the snr (signal - to - noise ratio) was too low on most passes to allow the project to download a significant amount of data. most of the technology demonstration objectives were met, but the team was not able to begin the science mission in earnest because of the weak transmit snr owing to an anomalous low power mode .\nthe science objective of taking a 5% measurement of the diffuse x - ray background will be continued with cxbn - 2. in february 2013, cxbn - 2 was down - selected for a launch opportunity through the nasa elana program. cxbn 2 was deployed on 16 may 2017 from the iss .\n770 km × 480 km, 64° (# 1); 400 km × 406 km, 51. 64° (# 2 )\nwith intruder 10a, intruder 10b, aeneas, smdc - one 2. 1, smdc - one 2. 2, stare a, cinema 1, csswe, aerocube 4a, aerocube 4b, aerocube 4c, cp 5, outsat\nwith cygnus crs - 7, altair 1, susat, unsw - ec0, i - inspire 2, za - aerosat, nsight 1, ex - alta 1, lilacsat 1, njust 1, aoxiang 1, somp 2, qbito, aalto 2, x - cubesat, spacecube, duthsat, upsat, hoopoe, link, snusat 1, snusat 1b, qbee50 - ltu - oc, beeaglesat, havelsat, phoenix, polyitan - 2 - sau, qbus 1, qbus 2, qbus 4, icecube, csunsat 1, kysat 3, sharc, lemur - 2 30, ..., 33" ]

{ "text": [ "unbridled ( march 5 , 1987 – october 18 , 2001 ) was a champion american thoroughbred racehorse .", "unbridled retired with a career record of eight wins , six places and six shows in 24 starts , and $ 4,489,475 in career earnings .", "unbridled had a rivalry with summer squall over their three - and four-year-old seasons .", "summer squall defeated unbridled in four of their six meetings . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 7 ] }

[ "unbridled (march 5, 1987 – october 18, 2001) was a champion american thoroughbred racehorse. unbridled retired with a career record of eight wins, six places and six shows in 24 starts, and $ 4,489,475 in career earnings. unbridled had a rivalry with summer squall over their three - and four-year-old seasons. summer squall defeated unbridled in four of their six meetings." ]

[ "but, always beware of the scientific\nproof\n. i' d still say the koolakamba theory could be valid .\nanother researcher named osman hill gave a rather contradictory description of the koolakamba, saying that it had very small gorilla - like ears and a very prognathous face. there do not appear to be any references to this type of koolakamba being found in zoos .\ncousins, d. , 1980: on the koolakamba - a legendary ape. acta zoologica et pathologica antverpiensia, 75: 79 - 93 .\nanother organization that may be helpful in maintaining records for individuals identified as koolakamba is isis. rick lukens, research associate at isis and formerly network analyst at the holloman afb site, is aware of the koolakamba issue and is careful to note any references to the subspecies in records he handles. we at the coulston foundation are keenly interested in the koolakamba debate and will be pleased to field any inquiries regarding this unique variation of pan .\na fascinating article about the koolakamba - possibly a new primate species or a gorilla / chimpanzee hybrid. from the u of wi, national primate re… | pinteres…\nkoolakamba by elaine jane struthers discusses the folk mythology which surrounds this purported african animal, which may be an unknown great ape, or a variant species of chimpanzee .\nnonhuman primate myths, tales and legends from the primate info net of the wisconsin regional primate center, offers articles on the koolakamba, giant primates of the new world, and links to other related sites .\na number of researchers have also investigated the possible molecular identity of the koolakamba as a true subspecies. contemporary research methodologies can perhaps allow a more definitive explanation of the status of the koolakamba. work done by ferris (et al. , 1981a, b) used testing of serum to identify mitochondrial dna restriction endonuclease polymorphism patterns which indicated distinctions between chimpanzee subspecies. the koolakamba was not identified as unique in the ferris research (perhaps due to not having any designated koolakambas in the sample pool ?). this work was later expanded by other research (davidson, 1986) examining electrophoretic variation in serum esterases. the sample pool in davidson’s work were all derived from the holloman colony and included two designated koolakambas. no discernible differences were noted for the koolakamba subjects. a subsequent research project initiated by gene mccarthy (then of the university of georgia) in 1991 proposed to survey genetic markers, both mitochondrial and protein, in chimpanzees. in particular the project sought to settle, once and for all, the question of whether or not the koolakamba was genetically distinct. due to sampling difficulty, which arises from identification problems and small numbers of accessible subjects, the project has not yet come to culmination .\na number of researchers have also investigated the possible molecular identity of the koolakamba as a true subspecies. contemporary research methodologies can perhaps allow a more definitive explanation of the status of the koolakamba. work done by ferris (et al. , 1981a, b) used testing of serum to identify mitochondrial dna restriction endonuclease polymorphism patterns which indicated distinctions between chimpanzee subspecies. the koolakamba was not identified as unique in the ferris research (perhaps due to not having any designated koolakambas in the sample pool ?). this work was later expanded by other research (davidson, 1986) examining electrophoretic variation in serum esterases. the sample pool in davidson' s work were all derived from the holloman colony and included two designated koolakambas. no discernible differences were noted for the koolakamba subjects. a subsequent research project initiated by gene mccarthy (then of the university of georgia) in 1991 proposed to survey genetic markers, both mitochondrial and protein, in chimpanzees. in particular the project sought to settle, once and for all, the question of whether or not the koolakamba was genetically distinct. due to sampling difficulty, which arises from identification problems and small numbers of accessible subjects, the project has not yet come to culmination .\n“a number of researchers have also investigated the possible molecular identity of the koolakamba as a true subspecies. contemporary research methodologies can perhaps allow a more definitive explanation of the status of the koolakamba. work done by ferris (et al. , 1981a, b) used testing of serum to identify mitochondrial dna restriction endonuclease polymorphism patterns which indicated distinctions between chimpanzee subspecies. the koolakamba was not identified as unique in the ferris research (perhaps due to not having any designated koolakambas in the sample pool ?). this work was later expanded by other research (davidson, 1986) examining electrophoretic variation in serum esterases. the sample pool in davidson' s work were all derived from the holloman colony and included two designated koolakambas. no discernible differences were noted for the koolakamba subjects. a subsequent research project initiated by gene mccarthy (then of the university of georgia) in 1991 proposed to survey genetic markers, both mitochondrial and protein, in chimpanzees. in particular the project sought to settle, once and for all, the question of whether or not the koolakamba was genetically distinct. due to sampling difficulty, which arises from identification problems and small numbers of accessible subjects, the project has not yet come to culmination. ”\nin february 1995, a year before the boy fell into her exhibit, binti jua gave birth to her first baby, koola, named after a mythological creature known as a\nkoolakamba ,\nthought to be half - gorilla, half - chimpanzee .\nkoolakamba illustration via shuckernature there’s scientific debate about whether the koolakamba is a subspecies of chimp, an ape hybrid created by crossbreeding, or its own distinct species. the koolakamba’s combination of features has led scientists to speculate that the creatures could be really, really small gorillas…or really, really big chimpanzees. we think that “monstrous missing link that’s probably plotting to overthrow humanity” has a better ring to it. coelacanth photo via wikipedia giving hope to megalodon believers everywhere, this primeval fish has existed in its current form for 400 million years. thought extinct until a south african fisherman pulled one up in the 1930s, the discovery of the coelacanth hints at the trove of yet to be discovered aquatic life hidden in the world’s oceans (read the above in richard attenborough’s voice) .\nany discussion of the great apes must eventually encompass the mysterious koolakamba. speculation will then ensue as to its importance and even its existence. over the past several years, while i have worked at what is currently the coulston foundation holloman afb site, i have followed this discourse with interest since this facility has been home to a few individuals identified as koolakamba. if we accept the premise of the existence of the koolakamba as a distinct entity then we must ask; is it a subspecies of the chimpanzee, a gorilla - chimp hybrid, or perhaps representative of individual variation? if we do not accept the premise of its existence then we must assign it to its place in the traditional folk mythology of the indigenous peoples of west africa, as well as the more contemporary mythology of the international clan of primatologists .\ni for one would love it if there were a living koolakamba. but as far as i know, the jury is still out. you could try putting pairs in cages. but that would be highly unethical: too much danger of violence. artificial insemination? again, perhaps unethical experimentation .\nthere have been other chimpanzees among our colony that morphologically and behaviorally (re: duchaillu) we hazarded might be of the koolakamba type, but we could not really confirm them as such. it is often difficult to identify the geographical place of origin (based on accession records) for the few remaining wild - caught members of the holloman founder population. often such records were intentionally misleading due to irregularities in customs laws prior to the cites law governing transport of chimpanzees from their native countries. records sometimes indicate which country the animals were shipped from but that is not necessarily synonymous with the country in which they were actually caught. this further obscures our ability to guess if individuals might be members of the koolakamba tribe. when an acquisition record indicates place of origin as gabon or cameroon, it is worth examining the subject in question to assess morphological features, but the designation of “koolakamba” remains subjective .\nduchaillu’s summation employed folk taxonomy in identification of apes in the wild. it has been asserted elsewhere (shea, 1984) that the system of folk differentiation, unlike the extant european system embedded in duchaillu’s worldview, identified individual variation as a type, rather than subspecies variation as a type. classification of the koolakamba as a unique entity, it is suggested (shea, 1984), may be due to duchaillu’s misinterpretation of folk taxonomy. perhaps, then, the koolakamba really only represents the wide range of individual variation found in the lower guinea chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) of gabon and cameroon .\nthere have been other chimpanzees among our colony that morphologically and behaviorally (re: duchaillu) we hazarded might be of the koolakamba type, but we could not really confirm them as such. it is often difficult to identify the geographical place of origin (based on accession records) for the few remaining wild - caught members of the holloman founder population. often such records were intentionally misleading due to irregularities in customs laws prior to the cites law governing transport of chimpanzees from their native countries. records sometimes indicate which country the animals were shipped from but that is not necessarily synonymous with the country in which they were actually caught. this further obscures our ability to guess if individuals might be members of the koolakamba tribe. when an acquisition record indicates place of origin as gabon or cameroon, it is worth examining the subject in question to assess morphological features, but the designation of\nkoolakamba\nremains subjective .\nanother unknown ape (the koolakamba) has been reported in africa and claimed to be a gorilla / chimp hybrid. larger, flatter faced, larger skulled and more bipedal than a chimp, it may also be a mutation, in which case we are witnessing evolution in action. according to von koppenfels in 1881 :\nduchaillu' s summation employed folk taxonomy in identification of apes in the wild. it has been asserted elsewhere (shea, 1984) that the system of folk differentiation, unlike the extant european system embedded in duchaillu' s worldview, identified individual variation as a type, rather than subspecies variation as a type. classification of the koolakamba as a unique entity, it is suggested (shea, 1984), may be due to duchaillu' s misinterpretation of folk taxonomy. perhaps, then, the koolakamba really only represents the wide range of individual variation found in the lower guinea chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) of gabon and cameroon .\nit has been suggested that the koolakamba type represents a hybrid ape, perhaps a cross between gorilla and chimpanzee. the notion of hybridism between apes has been a quintessential topic of debate for numerous years. evidence indicates that at least some ape hybridization (lesser apes) is indeed possible (myers & shafer, 1979; and wolkin & myers, 1980). the atlanta zoo housed two female siamangs with a male gibbon, and in 1975 one of the females gave birth to a hybrid offspring (wolkin & myers, 1980). this “siabon” was later transferred to georgia state university. a second hybrid was later born (in 1976) to the same pair, but it did not survive past the neonatal period. that great apes can produce hybrid offspring, then, is probable. that the koolakamba represents a form of hybridized ape is at least plausible. though we may not be able to confirm the existence of any such hybrids at present, it may be reasonable to reserve a category for such a hybrid and label that category “koolakamba” .\nhas anyone here ever heard about a creature called the koolakamba? i know you are all going to hate me for this but i just recently visited rickys new forum thinking i was going to read a bunch of made up creature storys and ufo sightings but i was pleasantly suprised when i read his oliver thread in his crypto section of his forum .\nthough of course big charlie f taught us to beware of scientific\nproof\n... there was one theory that oliver was a wildman from the area he was found in, or a chimp / wildman cross. i can' t remember the name of the actual wildman legend in that area, so it could well have been koolakamba .\nit has been suggested that the koolakamba type represents a hybrid ape, perhaps a cross between gorilla and chimpanzee. the notion of hybridism between apes has been a quintessential topic of debate for numerous years. evidence indicates that at least some ape hybridization (lesser apes) is indeed possible (myers & shafer, 1979; and wolkin & myers, 1980). the atlanta zoo housed two female siamangs with a male gibbon, and in 1975 one of the females gave birth to a hybrid offspring (wolkin & myers, 1980). this\nsiabon\nwas later transferred to georgia state university. a second hybrid was later born (in 1976) to the same pair, but it did not survive past the neonatal period. that great apes can produce hybrid offspring, then, is probable. that the koolakamba represents a form of hybridized ape is at least plausible. though we may not be able to confirm the existence of any such hybrids at present, it may be reasonable to reserve a category for such a hybrid and label that category\nkoolakamba\n.\nassuming the bipedal trait was exaggerated, this vaguely sounds like it could be another ape along the lines of the bili ape / koolakamba. an illustration of a footprint collected by cordier and illustrated in sanderson and hall' s respective books looks curiously similar to a bili ape footprint in that it seems long and narrow with a rather far set - back thumb .\nthe situation with koolakamba is complicated – some evidence does point to it being possibly a form or subspecies of chimpanzee, other evidence tends to suggest it is just part of the range of variation within one of the accepted chimpanzee subspecies. i tend to favour the latter. while it may be a distinct form of chimpanzee, there seems little justification for viewing it as the result of hybridization .\nduchaillu differentiates between four ape - types in his work, these are the gorilla, the common chimpanzee, the nshiego mbouve (troglodytes calvus), and the koolakamba (duchaillu 1861 and 1969). he provides a detailed physiological description of each variant species as well as illustrations of the important morphological features. the physical characteristics described for koolakamba include a short and broad pelvic structure, large supraorbital ridge, high zygomatic ridges, less prominent “muzzle”, dentition in which the upper and lower incisors meet squarely forming a grinding surface, and a larger cranial capacity than that of the common chimpanzee. much of what duchaillu records is essentially ethnographic. he includes the indigenous names and lore relevant to the ape, and reveals his own cultural foibles in the writing. his works are classic period pieces with wonderfully descriptive text and presumably accurate illustrations, but limited quantitative (mostly anthropometric) data .\nduchaillu differentiates between four ape - types in his work, these are the gorilla, the common chimpanzee, the nshiego mbouve (troglodytes calvus), and the koolakamba (duchaillu 1861 and 1969). he provides a detailed physiological description of each variant species as well as illustrations of the important morphological features. the physical characteristics described for koolakamba include a short and broad pelvic structure, large supraorbital ridge, high zygomatic ridges, less prominent\nmuzzle\n, dentition in which the upper and lower incisors meet squarely forming a grinding surface, and a larger cranial capacity than that of the common chimpanzee. much of what duchaillu records is essentially ethnographic. he includes the indigenous names and lore relevant to the ape, and reveals his own cultural foibles in the writing. his works are classic period pieces with wonderfully descriptive text and presumably accurate illustrations, but limited quantitative (mostly anthropometric) data .\nhe has said that oliver the ape was a koolakamba and has a few pictures of him which isnt new but he has another picture of a different ape which is black where as oliver had a white looking face and his theory is that this ape which is known as the cameroon ape is from the same species. they do look amazingly similar which does give rise to the thought are these apes a new species of unknow ape? could it be the ape recently discovered that is thought to be half chimp half gorilla ?\nsome have criticized duchaillu' s description on the basis that he used folk taxonomy that, unlike linnean taxonomy, could consider individual variation a certain\ntype\n. it is speculated that this koolakamba is a variation of the lower guinea chimpanzee (pan troglodytes troglodytes). du chaillu' s description is, however, considered accurate since many of his other descriptions were quite accurate for the time. for both of these koolakambas, there has been speculation that they are gorilla / chimpanzee hybrids, much like the bondo apes .\nfor many years, the coulston foundation holloman afb site has been alleged to have koolakambas among its chimpanzee population. these references have been based on acquisition records, hill’s inventory (1967), and records of the geographical origin of wild caught subjects. hill published a photo, probably taken around 1964, of what was allegedly a male koolakamba. although i have an excellent reproduction of the photo and have worked within the colony for almost 10 years, and while i have conducted thorough anecdotal interviews with the long term staff, no one recognizes the particular individual in the photo. i am quite certain he either died long ago or was moved to some other facility. the animal in the photo is quite distinctive looking, however, and we do possess a female (jennifer) who was born here in 1970 who looks a great deal like him. jennifer’s dam died in 1979 and was one of the very early acquisitions of the af, but she was not noted to be a koolakamba or otherwise unusual. the sire is unknown because at that time the chimpanzees were still housed in the open free - ranging consortium facility. we have often speculated that it might be possible that the male pictured in the hill article could be jennifer’s sire .\nconsequently, du chaillu stated that he considered his specimen to be totally separate from both chimp and gorilla. so too did the local native people – who claimed that this strange type of ‘intermediate’ ape lived exclusively in the mountains, never inhabiting lowland regions. they even had a special name for it – the koolookamba (‘that which speaks ‘kooloo”), after its distinctive call, ‘kooloo’ (and also spelt variously as koolokamba and koolakamba). accordingly, in 1860 du chaillu formally christened his newly - created species troglodytes koolokamba – the first of several different scientific names, and identities, that would be applied to this ambiguous ape .\nmost of the speculation about the koolakamba comes from the late 19th and early 20th century, about the time that paul du chaillu was “discovering” the gorilla. as late as 1986, however, the coulston foundation was still conducting some research on it. i’m not aware of anything that would keep it from occurring genetically. however, it’s hard to imagine a male chimp succeeding in mating with a female gorilla if the silverback were around. a male gorilla and a female chimp seems to be more likely. depending on the chimp community, their males might all jump the gorilla, if they were present or heard the female chimp screaming .\nfor many years, the coulston foundation holloman afb site has been alleged to have koolakambas among its chimpanzee population. these references have been based on acquisition records, hill' s inventory (1967), and records of the geographical origin of wild caught subjects. hill published a photo, probably taken around 1964, of what was allegedly a male koolakamba. although i have an excellent reproduction of the photo and have worked within the colony for almost 10 years, and while i have conducted thorough anecdotal interviews with the long term staff, no one recognizes the particular individual in the photo. i am quite certain he either died long ago or was moved to some other facility. the animal in the photo is quite distinctive looking, however, and we do possess a female (jennifer) who was born here in 1970 who looks a great deal like him. jennifer' s dam died in 1979 and was one of the very early acquisitions of the af, but she was not noted to be a koolakamba or otherwise unusual. the sire is unknown because at that time the chimpanzees were still housed in the open free - ranging consortium facility. we have often speculated that it might be possible that the male pictured in the hill article could be jennifer' s sire .\nconsequently, du chaillu stated that he considered his specimen to be totally separate from both chimp and gorilla. so too did the local native people - who claimed that this strange type of' intermediate' ape lived exclusively in the mountains, never inhabiting lowland regions. they even had a special name for it - the koolookamba (' that which speaks' kooloo''), after its distinctive call,' kooloo' (and also spelt variously as koolokamba and koolakamba). accordingly, in 1860 du chaillu formally christened his newly - created species troglodytes koolokamba - the first of several different scientific names, and identities, that would be applied to this ambiguous ape .\nanother unknown ape (the koolakamba) has been reported in africa and claimed to be a gorilla / chimp hybrid. larger, flatter faced, larger skulled and more bipedal than a chimp, it may also be a mutation, in which case we are witnessing evolution in action. according to von koppenfels in 1881: “i believe it is proved that there are crosses between the male troglodytes gorilla and the female troglodytes niger, but for reasons easily understood, there are none in the opposite direction. i have in my possession positive proof of this. this settles all the questions about the gorilla, chimpanzee, kooloo kamba, n’schigo, m’bouve, the sokos, baboos, etc”. yerkes reported several\nunclassifiable apes\nwith features intermediate between chimpanzee and gorilla in his 1929 book\na study of anthropoid life\n.\nseveral lemur species have produced hybrid offspring in captivity. hybrids of many lemur species were recorded by gray (1972). the two ruffed lemur species (red and the black & white ruffed lemurs) hybridize fertilely in captivity. among the other lemuridae, the hybrids have not been recorded as being fertile .\nthe black lemur (lemur macaco) and crowned lemur (lemur coronatus) do not hybridize in the wild, but produced a confirmed female hybrid in captivity. s. warter, y. rumpler\ncytogenetic study of a female lemur coronatus × lemur macaco hybrid\nfaculté de médecine, institut d' embryologie, 67085 strasbourg cédex, france\nduring the 19th and 20th centuries, it has been suggested that black - and - white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata) and red ruffed lemurs (varecia rubra) hybridize in nature. although natural hybrid zone has never been documented, this contributed to the two forms being considered subspecies of varecia variegata. recent reseearch indicates there is a hybrid zone, but that hybridization is the exception rather than the rule, hence the black - and - white ruffed lemur and the red ruffed lemur were upgraded from subspecies to full species. n vasey, i tattersall\ndo ruffed lemurs form a hybrid zone? distribution and discovery of varecia, with systematic and conservation implications\na purported red - fronted lemur (eulemur fulvus rufus) x white - collared brown lemur (e. albocollaris) hybrid zone at andringitra, madagascar was examined using dna studies. when the dna markers of putative hybrids were examined, 18 of 21 were found to contain markers from both e. albocollaris and e. f. rufus populations. the remaining three individuals were found to contain only markers for e. albocollaris. the results indicate that the population at andringitra is a hybrid population between the two species. the white collared brown lemur was reclassified as the gray - headed lemur (eulemur cinereiceps) in 2008. the red - fronted lemur is now eulemur rufifrons. wyner yael m; johnson steig e; stumpf rebecca m; desalle rob .\ngenetic assessment of a white - collared x red - fronted lemur hybrid zone at andringitra, madagascar .\namerican journal of primatology 2002; 57 (2): 51 - 66 .\nd. curtis and a. zaramody carried out a 10 - month study on mongoose lemurs at anjamena in northwestern madagascar (curtis 1997). they observed animals with colouration intermediate between the mongoose lemur (e. mongoz) and red - fronted lemur (e. f. rufus). this suggested there was a hybrid zone where the two species interbred. this was substantiated by the existence of a brown lemur that had the mitochondrial (maternal) dna of a mongoose lemur (zaramody & pastorini 2001). curtis dj (1997) the mongoose lemur (eulemur mongoz): a study in behaviour and ecology. dissertation, universität zürich. zaramody a & pastorini j (2001) indications for hybridisation between red - fronted lemurs (eulemur fulvus rufus) and mongoose lemurs (e. mongoz) in northwest madagascar. lemur news 6: 28 - 31 pastorini j, zaramody a, curtis dj, nievergelt cm & mundy ni (2009) genetic analysis of hybridization and introgression between wild mongoose and brown lemurs. bmc evolutionary biology 9: 32\nin\nthe variation of animals and plants under domestication\ncharles darwin noted :\nseveral members of the family of lemurs have produced hybrids in the zoological gardens .\nin the primates, many gibbons are hard to visually identify and are identified by their song. this has led to hybrids in zoos where the gibbons were mis - identified. for example, some collections could not distinguish between javan gibbons, lar gibbons or hoolocks and their supposedly pure breeding pairs were mixed pairs or hybrids from previous mixed pairs. agile gibbons have also interbred with these. the offspring were sent to other gibbon breeders and led to further hybridization in captive gibbons. hybrids also occur in wild gibbons where the ranges overlap. gibbon / siamang hybrids have occurred in captivity - a female siamang produced hybrid\nsiabon\noffspring on 2 occasions when housed with a male gibbon; one hybrid survived, the other didn' t. anubis baboons and hamadryas baboons have hybridized in the wild where their ranges meet. different macaque species can interbreed. in\nthe variation of animals and plants under domestication\ncharles darwin wrote :\na macacus, according to flourens, bred in paris; and more than one species of this genus has produced young in london, especially the macacus rhesus, which everywhere shows a special capacity to breed under confinement. hybrids have been produced both in paris and london from this same genus .\nin addition, the rheboon is a captive - bred rhesus macaque / hamadryas baboon hybrid with a baboon - like body shape and macaque - like tail .\nvarious hybrid monkeys are bred within the pet trade. these include hybrid capuchins e. g. tufted (cebus apella) x wedge - capped / weeper (c olivaceus); liontail macaque x pigtail macaque hybrids and rhesus x stumptail hybrids. the japanese macaque (macaca fuscata) has interbred with the introduced taiwanese macacque (m cyclopis); the latter has escaped into the wild from private zoos. among african monkeys, natural hybridization is not uncommon. there numerous field reports of hybrid monkeys and detailed studies of zones where species overlap and hybrids occur. among the apes, sumatran and bornean orang - utans are separate species with anatomical differences, producing sterile hybrids. hybrid orang utans are genetically weaker lower survival rates pure animals .\n“i believe it is proved that there are crosses between the male troglodytes gorilla and the female troglodytes niger, but for reasons easily understood, there are none in the opposite direction. i have in my possession positive proof of this. this settles all the questions about the gorilla, chimpanzee, kooloo kamba, n’schigo, m’bouve, the sokos, baboos, etc”\n. yerkes reported several\nunclassifiable apes\nwith features intermediate between chimpanzee and gorilla in his 1929 book\na study of anthropoid life\n. in fact most of these are regional races of chimpanzee classified as separate species by over - enthusiastic naturalists .\nabove: images of the koolo - kamba, n' schiego mbouve and soko from cassell' s natural history (1901). these are now considered regional races of chimpanzee .\ngarner (1896) wrote that an ape called mafuca exhibited at dresden zoo in 1875 was sometimes described as a cross between chimpanzee and gorilla. different experts identified her as a chimpanzee or as a young gorilla .\nit would be difficult to believe that two apes of different species in a wild state would cross, but to believe that two that belonged to different genera would do so is even more illogical. yerkes (1929) reported the case of adult female johanna at lisbon, whom duckworth (1899) considered an unclassifiable ape intermediate between gorilla and chimpanzee and similar to the “kulu - kamba” and mafuca. others considered johanna, who had been a performing ape with barnum and bailey' s circus, to be a gorilla .\nhere are two brief reports – press releases really – of a supposed chimp - gorilla hybrid which i suspect was really a large chimpanzee or a small gorilla. at the time there was fierce competition between animal shows to display ever more fabulous beasts to outdo their competitors. the new york times, saturday, may 19th, 1906 proclaimed: “behold the gorampanzee. it' s a new - fangled hybrid beast of bostock' e invention. bostock’s coney island animal show is ready for business again. bears, lions, tigers — every sort of wild beast that ever was heard of — are there in frightening numbers. a gorampanzee, even, is on band. a gorampanzee is half gorilla, half chimpanzee. it is a terrible and interesting beast. ” the daily news democrat of saturday march 23rd, 1907 also briefly mentioned the supposed hybrid ape: “meantime [ bostock ] has a successor in a goripanzee - hybrid producing the crossing a gorilla and a chimpanzee, a result never before obtained. many other animals of hybrid origin will be shown. ” <. p >\na reputed\nhumanzee\n( human / chimp hybrid) called oliver was dna tested and found to be a chimpanzee, albeit one which slightly differed genetically from the more familiar chimps in being bipedal and having a smaller head. oliver may have been a mutant or represent an unknown species of ape. it is currently believed that he represents a geographical subspecies of chimpanzee. he did not associate with other chimps in captivity as was sexually attracted to human women instead. this meant he was never bred. oliver' s habitual bipedal gait is now believed to be a result of early training and habit, although he mastered it to a greater degree than most trained chimps. it' s worth remembering that evolution is a never - ending process and that it' s possible for bipedalism to develop in other apes. in a publicity event, a woman declared her willingness to be inseminated by oliver (and even to have the mating filmed for scientific purposes), but this offended public sensibilities and did not happen. had oliver been a genuine hybrid, then like most male hybrids he would probably have been sterile anyway .\nsoviet professor ilya ivanov attempted to create a human - ape hybrid using female chimps impregnated and human sperm and planned to use women volunteers impregnated with chimp sperm. ivanov' s experiments have been documented by kirill rossiianov (institute for the history of science and technology of the academy of sciences, moscow) ,\nbeyond species: ilya ivanov and his experiments on cross - breeding humans with anthropoid apes ,\nscience in context, 2002, p. 277 - 316 .\nin a presentation to the world congress of zoologists in graz in 1910, he outlined the possibility of using artificial insemination to create a hybrid. in 1924, while working at the pasteur institute in paris, ivanov gained permission from the institute' s directors to use its experimental primate station in kindia, french guinea, for his hybridisation experiments. he requested backing for this project from the soviet government, writing to soviet officials including the people' s commissar on education and science anatoliy vasilievich lunacharsky. in september 1925, nikolai petrovich gorbunov, head of the department of scientific institutions helped allocate us $ 10000 to the academy of sciences for ivanov' s human - ape hybridization experiments in africa .\nin march 1926 ivanov arrived at the kindia facility, but left after a month because the facility had no sexually mature chimpanzees. ivanov attempted to organize the insemination of human females with chimpanzee sperm in guinea, but the french colonial government objected to the proposal. there is no evidence such an experiment was arranged there. back in france he corresponded with french guinea' s colonial governor and arranged to conduct his experiments at the botanical gardens in conakry. ivanov, assisted by his son (also called ilya), went to conakry in november 1926 where he oversaw the capture of adult chimpanzees in the interior of the colony. these were caged at the botanical gardens in conakry. on february 28, 1927, ivanov artificially inseminated 2 female chimps with human sperm (not sourced from him or his son). on june 25, he injected a third chimpanzee with human sperm. the ivanovs left africa in july 1927 with 13 chimps, including the 3 artificially inseminated females. they already knew that the first 2 chimps had not conceived. the third died in france and was also found not to have conceived. the remaining 10 chimps went to the sukhumi primate station .\nivanov returned to the soviet union in 1927 and attempted to organize experiments at sukhumi using ape sperm and human females. in 1929, with the help of gorbunov, he gained the support of the society of materialist biologists (a group associated with the communist academy). in spring 1929 the society set up a commission to plan ivanov' s experiments at sukhumi. they required at least 5 volunteer women for the project. in june 1929, before any inseminations had taken place, the only sexually mature ape remaining at sukhumi (an orangutan) had died. a new set of chimps would not arrive at sukhumi until summer 1930. that year, a political shakeup in the soviet scientific world resulted in gorbunov and several other sukhumi scientists losing their positions. in spring 1930 ivanov came under political criticism and on december 13, 1930 he was arrested and exiled to alma ata, where he died in 1932 .\nthere have been persistent rumours of a chinese humanzee experiment; the rumoured 3 month foetus died when the mother was killed during civil unrest. allegedly scientists impregnated a female chimpanzee with human sperm and she was three months pregnant before people found out; outraged they broke into the lab in a riot, killing the pregnant chimpanzee. this must be treated as urban myth as there is no currently no evidence to support the tale and far to many claims of conspiracy theory cover - ups .\nthere are similar rumours of a humanzee or manpanzee experiment in the usa. in the 1960s there were persistent rumours of a russian experiment to inseminate either a female chimpanzee or a female gorilla with human sperm. bernard grizmek, former frankfurt zoo director, wrote of rumours from the soviet union that the russians had created a human / chimpanzee hybrid (probably a mis - reporting of ilya ivanov' s experiments). more recently, a news story claimed that stalin ordered his scientists to create an army of human / ape hybrids, because they would be less fussy about what they ate. though nothing came of this, it may have been the origin of the rumours .\naccording to a tale by peter damain in the 11th century story “de bono religiosi status et variorum animatium tropolagia, ” count gulielmus had both a pet ape and a wanton wife. the woman was so wanton that she allowed the ape to become her lover. the ape became jealous of the count and when it found him lying with the countess, the ape attacked him. the count died of his grievous injuries. damain had learned of this from pope alexander ii. the pope had shown damain a monster that was supposedly the result of the ape mating with the woman. this apelike boy was called maimo after his simian father. if maimo did exist, he was most likely a physically and mentally handicapped child .\nin the 19th century, a khoisan (hottentot) woman called saartjie baartman was exhibited in europe in a cage. negro women with enlarged labia and enlarged buttocks were sometimes deemed evidence of chimp / human hybridisation; such hybrids being called a\nwomanzee\n. this was based on the supposed resemblance of their genitalia to those of female chimps and fitted with the then prevalent opinion that negroes were inferior, or less evolved, than europeans. enlarged buttocks occur due to a condition called steatopygia (extreme accumulation of fat on the buttocks), while enlarged labia, or\nhottentot apron\ncan be either inherited or induced / enhanced by manual stretching (in some regions they were considered attractive). neither trait is due to hybridisation .\nthe idea of human / ape hybrids has fascinated people and resulted in several films or tv series, some exploring whether such hybrids would have\nhuman rights\nor simply be experimental animals for use in vivisection. it is only a matter of time before curiosity overcomes ethics and an authenticated attempt is made .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis information or bibliography may be out - dated. please see primatelit for current references .\nduchaillu, p. b. , 1860: descriptions of five new species of mammals discovered in western equatorial africa. proceedings boston society natural history, 7: 296 - 304, 358 - 367 .\ndavidson, william s. , 1986: variations in the serum esterases of chimpanzees. comp. biochem. physiol. , vol. 83b, 3: 697 - 699 .\nduchaillu, p. b. , 1861, and 1969: explorations and adventures in equatorial africa. murray, london; reprinted in 1969 by negro universities press, new york .\nduchaillu, p. b. , 1867: a journey to ashango - land and further penetration into equatorial africa. murray, london .\nduchaillu, p. b. , 1899: stories of gorilla country. harper and brothers publishers, n. y. and london .\nferris, s. d. , brown, w. m. , davidson, w. s. , and wilson, a. c. , 1981: extensive polymorphism in the mitochondrial dna of apes. proceedings national academy of sciences, u. s. a. , 78: 6319 - 6323 .\nhill, w. c. osman, 1967: the taxonomy of the genus pan. neu ergebnisse der primatologie, eds. d. starck, r. schneider, and h. j. kuhn, pp. 47 - 54. stuttgart: fischer .\nhill, w. c. osman, 1969: the nomenclature, taxonomy, and distribution of chimpanzees; in the chimpanzee, 1: 22 - 49. karger, basel and n. y .\nmyers, richard h. , and shafer, david a. , 1979: hybrid ape offspring of a mating of gibbon and siamang. science, 205: 308 - 310 .\nshea, b. t. , 1984: between the gorilla and the chimpanzee: a history of debate concerning the existence of the kooloo - kamba or gorilla - like chimpanzee. journal of ethnobiology, 4: 1 - 13 .\ntuttle, r. h. , 1986: apes of the world. noyes publications, park ridge, n. j .\nwolkin, joan r. , and myers, richard h. , 1980: characteristics of a gibbon - siamang hybrid ape. international journal of primatology 1: 203 - 221 .\nprimate info net is maintained by the wisconsin primate research center (wprc) library at the university of wisconsin - madison. wprc programs are and have been supported by grant numbers rr000167 and rr015311, national primate research centers program, office of research infrastructure programs and previously the national center for research resources, the national institutes of health .\ndisclaimer: the wisconsin primate research center provides primate info net as an informational service. we are not responsible for the content of linked sites, nor does inclusion of a link imply endorsement of the views expressed in that content .\nwe’ve had reason now and again to mention the unusual ape photographed at yaounde zoo (in cameroon) a few times. i finally got round to digging out and scanning the only photo of the animal i’ve seen: it was taken by peter jenkins and liza gadsby and first appeared in the november 1996 issue of the newsletter of the internal primate protection league (ippl). it was later published in issue 100 of fortean times .\njenkins and gadsby thought that the animal might be a gorilla - chimp hybrid. i can’t help but get this impression too, mostly because the eyes look gorilla - like while the rest of the animal is obviously chimp - like. apparently little known is that there is a long history of debate over the existence of an alleged gorilla - like chimpanzee, known as the kooloo - kamba (an onomatopoeic reference to its call). w. c. osman hill was supporting the distinction of this form (as a\nsubspecies) as recently as the late 1960s (hill 1967, 1969). supposedly ,\ndu chaillu, 1860; sic: hyphens are not permitted in scientific names ] has a gorilla - like nose, ‘an extremely prognathic face’, an entirely black face, and small, black ears. it also lives singly or in small groups, rather than in large troops. it was thought to inhabit cameroon, gabon and the former french congo, and to live alongside chimps of the nominate subspecies (hill 1967, 1969) [ type specimen of\n( 61. 7. 29. 10 of nhm collection) shown below, from elliot (1913) ] .\nwhile hill regarded the kooloo - kamba as a distinctive chimp subspecies, previous authors regarded it as a distinct species somehow ‘intermediate’ between chimps and gorillas, or as the product of gorilla - chimp hybridisation. supposedly, several individuals were kept in captivity during the late 1800s and ealy 1900s, including ‘mafuca’ of the dresden zoological garden, and ‘johanna’ of barnum and bailey’s circus collection. there’s a substantial literature on these animals. some mammalogists said that they were gorillas, others than they were chimps, and others said that they were hybrids, or intermediates (see shea (1984) and references therein). it has most recently been argued that ‘mafuca’ was a bonobo p. paniscus (see de waal 1997), in which case at least some ‘kooloo - kambas’ were definitely not gorilla - chimp hybrids or intermediates at all .\nit does now seem that the kooloo - kambas of the older literature reflect the fact that both gorillas and (especially) chimps are more variable in facial anatomy, body size and overall appearance than many primatologists were once willing to accept. chimps of some populations, for example, are larger, darker - skinned, and superficially more ‘gorilla - like’ than many of the chimps first brought back to europe, but this doesn’t mean that such animals are hybrids, or intermediates. indeed, shea (1984) concluded that the ‘kooloo - kambas’ present in osteological collections are either large male chimps, or small female gorillas. various other controversial african apes – most notably the pygmy gorilla pseudogorilla mayéma (see groves 1985) [ shown here, photo ©, by b. heuvelmans ] – also tell us more about our poor understanding of variation, and don’t necessarily point to the presence of additional distinct taxa .\nhaving said all that, the possibility that some ‘kooloo - kambas’ or kooloo - kamba - like apes really were or are hybrids, or new taxa, does still exist. could individuals like the yaounde zoo animal shown above really be hybrids? i don’t know: opinions gratefully received. incidentally, if you’re wondering how the ‘bili apes’ of drc fit into all this, see the previous tet zoo comment here .\nde waal, f. 1997. bonobo, the forgotten ape. university of california press, berkeley .\nelliot, d. g. 1913. a review of the primates, volume iii: anthropoidea (miopithecus to pan). american museum of natural history, new york .\ngroves, c. p. 1985. the case of the pygmy gorilla: a cautionary tale for cryptozoology. cryptozoology 4, 37 - 44 .\nhill, w. c. o. 1967. the taxonomy of the genus pan. in starck, d. , schneider, r. & kuhn, h. (eds) neue ergebnisse der primatologie. fisher, stuttgart, pp. 47 - 54 .\n–. 1969. the nomenclature, taxonomy, and distribution of chimpanzees. in bourne, g. h. (ed) the chimpanzee, vol. 1. karger, basel, pp. 22 - 43 .\nshea, b. t. 1984. between the gorilla and the chimpanzee: a history of debate concerning the existence of the kooloo - kamba or gorilla - like chimpanzee. journal of ethnobiology 4, 1 - 13 .\ni think one reason which speaks against kooloo - kamba being hybrids is that such events would probably occur only very rarely, and there would be little chance that such animals could form groups, but would possibly more probably be introduced in the gorilla or chimp families in which they were born (at least males) or live completely solitary. i am always again surprised how variable especially chimps are. it´s not only the shape of their faces and heads, but also the colour of the skin which is extremely variable. the densitiy of hair is also very varying. i´ve seen chimps which had little more hair than (most) humans, whereas other ones were highly covered with hair. i once even saw in a documentation a really strange chimp which had hair and skin which were yellow - brown. i lived together with normal coloured chimps. i have also a book with profile photos of man - apes, including chimps of course. the variability is really enormous, skull shape, nose, ears, skin colour, amount of hair, colour of the eyes, it´s really surprising. btw, i read by chance just yesterday an interesting report of a circus chimp of 75 kg which wrestled with a 110 kg jiu jitsu - champion at japan several decades ago. not surprisingly the chimp named “pinz charlie” won. if anybody is interested in the reference i can write it .\nnice post! i think that these individuals probably display physical variations that are unknown to science. although having them in zoos probably did not help disperse those genes into the natural gene pool .\nfor me, it looks like an average chimp. brow ridges look rather prominent because it is seen from below, the face has crazed look, but nothing unusual for chimps. brown eyes with dark “whites” are something normal in chimp – i see nothing gorilla - like here." ]

{ "text": [ "the koolakamba or kooloo-kamba is a purported hybrid species of chimpanzees and gorillas .", "this alleged hybrid ape species has been reported in africa as early as the mid 19th century though no empirical evidence has been found to substantiate the existence of the creature and it has no entry in the ncbi taxonomical database .", "the koolakamba was referenced in the mid-19th century in french work by franquet ( 1852 , as cited by shea , 1984 ) and in some descriptive work of paul du chaillu from 1860 , 1861 , 1867 , and 1899 ; some of which was republished in 1969 ( explorations and adventures in equatorial africa ) . " ], "topic": [ 4, 25, 17 ] }

[ "the koolakamba or kooloo-kamba is a purported hybrid species of chimpanzees and gorillas. this alleged hybrid ape species has been reported in africa as early as the mid 19th century though no empirical evidence has been found to substantiate the existence of the creature and it has no entry in the ncbi taxonomical database. the koolakamba was referenced in the mid-19th century in french work by franquet (1852, as cited by shea, 1984) and in some descriptive work of paul du chaillu from 1860, 1861, 1867, and 1899; some of which was republished in 1969 (explorations and adventures in equatorial africa)." ]

[ "gnorimoschema paternale povolny, 2003, n. sp. , shilap rev. de lepid. , v. 31, no. 124, p. 285 - 315 .\ngnorimoschema paternale (or thereabouts), det. @ vazricknazari usa: n. mex. : grant co. : gila national forest, elev. ~ 7500ft. 7 july 2017 # lepidoptera # gelechiidae # gelechiinae # gnorimoschemini # gnorimoschema # moth\ngnorimoschema sp. in the gallaesolidaginis group, female. det. vazrick nazari (@ vazricknazari) usa: n. car. : iredell co. : davidson college ecological preserve 11 november 2016 # lepidoptera # gelechiidae # gnorimoschema # moth\nfreshly emerged adult of gnorimoschema shepherdiae priest, 2014 (lepidoptera: gelechiidae). larvae mining leaves of canada buffaloberry (shepherdia canadensis, elaeagnaceae). québec: gatineau park, pink lake trail, 27. xi. 2015; adult emerged 27. iv. 2016 from overwintered mined leaves. # microlepidoptera # lepidoptera # gelechiidae # gelechiinae # moths # motte # polilla # gnorimoschema # shepherdia # buffaloberry # quebec # gatineau # gatineaupark # ottawa # canada # biodiversity # leafminers # leafminer # insects # bugs # photography # macrophotography # entomology\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\ntuta absoluta domates yaprak galeri güvesi mücadele yönteminizi ve zararlı ile ilgili düşüncelerinizi paylaşın. bilgi paylaştıkça çoğalır # tuta # tutaabsoluta # absoluta # domates # yaprak # galeri # güvesi # domatesyaprakgalerigüvesi # bitki # bitkikoruma # zararlı # tomato # gelechiidae # nabis # pseudoferus # tarım # tarim # ziraat # çiftçilik # çiftçi # meyve # sebze # tohum # seed # yesil # yesillik # agriculture # fruit # vegetables\nthis really nice looking phyllonorycter fitchella specimen just had its photo shoot. # lepidoptera # gelechiidae # phyllonorycter # phyllonorycterfitchella\nornativalva erubescens, an introduced species which feeds on tamarisk in the us southwest. i got 10, 000 + specimens of this species in one bucket trap near willcox, arizona. a paper is set to be published on this species very soon. usa: ariz. : cochise co. : willcox playa wildlife area 6 july 2017 # lepidoptera # gelechiidae # ornativalva # moth photo taken with mississippi entomology museum (mem) equipment .\nsophronia sp. usa: n. mex. : grant co. : gila national forest 7 july 2017 elev. 7523ft / 2293m # lepidoptera # gelechiidae # moth photo taken with mississippi entomology museum (mem) equipment .\nprobably an undescribed species of theisoa. they were fairly common at this particular site. usa: n. mex. : grant co. : gila national forest elev. 7523ft / 2293m 7 july 2017 # lepidoptera # gelechiidae # theisoa # moth # undescribedspecies # newspecies\nanacampsis tristrigella usa: ark. : polk co. : ouachita mountains biological station 21 june 2017 # lepidoptera # gelechiidae # anacampsinae # anacampsis # moth\nchrysoesthia drurella (fabricius, 1775) (lepidoptera: gelechiidae). central experimental farm, ottawa, ontario, 24. viii. 1996, cnc. # lepidoptera # microlepidoptera # gelechiidae # tiny # orange # moth # mothsofinstagram # gelechiinae # chrysoesthia # ottawa # canada # museum # specimen # collection # insects # insectsofinstagram # bugs # tinymoth # macrophotography # biodiversity # lepilove\ntwo somewhat similar metallic - blue small gelechiids. strobisia proserpinella (top) and holophysis emblemella (bottom). usa: tennessee: hamilton co. : ooltewah 18 august 2016 and 14 august 2016 respectively # lepidoptera # gelechiidae # anacampsinae # anacampsini # moth\nlast night i added eight new species to my yard checklist. here are four of them. clockwise from top left: dichomeris aglaia, dichomeris punctipennella, pelochrista derelicta, and episimus argutanus. usa: tennessee: hamilton co. : ooltewah 18 august 2016 # lepidoptera # gelechiidae # dichomeris # tortricidae # olethreutinae # moth\ncoleotechnites variiella usa: mississippi: oktibbeha co. : starkville 20 may 2016 # lepidoptera # gelechiidae # moth\nsome more moths from the seemingly infinite backlog of mississippi moths. as always, please message me if you are interested in locality and dates for individual specimens. top row (l - r): ostrinia obumbratalis, frumenta nundinella, celiptera frustulum middle row (l - r): quasisalebria atratella? , anania sp. , metarranthis homuraria bottom row (l - r): aglossa disciferalis, tosale oviplagalis, lygropia rivulalis # lepidoptera # crambidae # gelechiidae # erebidae # pyralidae # geometridae # moth\nisophrictis sp. usa: mississippi: oktibbeha co. : starkville 25 june 2016 # lepidoptera # gelechiidae # moth\nbattaristis nigratomella usa: mississippi: oktibbeha co. : starkville 1 july 2016 # lepidoptera # gelechiidae # moth\npicluck | this product uses the instagram api but is not endorsed or certified by instagram. all instagram™ logos and trademarks displayed on this application are property of instagram .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nmoths • davidson college' 18 • cornell university documenting north america' s incredible moth diversity through photography and collection .\nhydrelia condensata usa: ny: tompkins co. : roy h. park preserve 9 june 2018 # lepidoptera # geometridae # larentiinae # asthenini # hydrelia # moth\nsome of the showier macromoths from this past saturday night. usa: ny: tompkins co. : roy h. park preserve 9 june 2018 1) automeris io, male 2) paonias myops 3) phlogophora iris 4) furcula borealis 5) smerinthus jamaicensis\nlophocampa caryae usa: ny: tompkins co. : roy h. park preserve 9 june 2018 # lepidoptera # erebidae # arctiinae # arctiini # lophocampa # moth\nscythropiodes issikii, a recently introduced species to north america. usa: tenn. : hamilton co. : ooltewah 25 may 2018 # lepidoptera # depressariidae # oditinae # scythropiodes # moth\nilexia intractata usa: n. car. : iredell co. : davidson college ecological preserve 12 may 2018 # lepidoptera # geometridae # ennominae # caberini # ilexia # moth\nretinia gemistrigulana usa: n. car. : iredell co. : davidson college ecological preserve 12 may 2018 # lepidoptera # tortricidae # olethreutinae # retinia # moth\ntoday i graduated from davidson college with a bachelor’s degree in biology. i am so unbelievably thankful for all the people who made my four years here as fun and memorable as it was. now off to cornell in 10 days !\noreta rosea usa: n. car. : iredell co. : davidson college ecological preserve 12 may 2018 # lepidoptera # drepanidae # drepaninae # oreta # moth\nzomaria interruptolineana usa: n. car. : iredell co. : davidson college ecological preserve 4 may 2018 # lepidoptera # tortricidae # olethreutinae # zomaria # moth\ntrigrammia quadrinotaria usa: n. car. : iredell co. : davidson college ecological preserve 4 may 2018 # lepidoptera # geometridae # ennominae # macariini # trigrammia # moth\nplagodis alcoolaria usa: n. car. : iredell co. : davidson college ecological preserve 4 may 2018 # lepidoptera # geometridae # ennominae # anagogini # plagodis # moth\nthis product uses the instagram api but is not endorsed or certified by instagram. all instagramtm logos and trademarks displayed on this application are property of instagram." ]

{ "text": [ "gnorimoschema paternale is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by povolný in 2003 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "gnorimoschema paternale is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by povolný in 2003. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from arizona." ]

[ "justification: acisoma trifidum is listed as least concern because of its wide distribution, as there are no major threats and as it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nmale is set apart from other acisoma species by (1) ranging from n zambia and uganda to w africa; (2) labrum largely black rather than pale; (3) s3 - 10 gradually narrowing rather than strongly swollen; (4) pale markings on abd solid and clean - cut, extend to s6, dorsal carina s4 - 5 (largely) unmarked with black. [ adapted from dijkstra & clausnitzer 2014 ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\namakye, j. s. , ogbogu, s. s. , tchibozo, s. & smith, k. (iucn freshwater unit) .\njustification: this is a widespread species with no known major widespread threats. it is therefore assessed as least concern .\nwestern africa distribution: the species is known from gambia and senegal to nigeria global distribution: the species is known from northern zambia and uganda to gambia; records from west tanzania and west kenya are not confirmed .\nkipping, j. , simaika, j. p. , samways, m. , suhling, f. (odonata red list authority) & pollock, c. m. (iucn red list office )\njustification: although this species has a limited distribution in the southern africa region, it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened or near threatened category. also it is expected to be more widespread than currently known in the southern parts of the region. its global status is also least concern .\nin southern africa, this species occurs in the okavango and zambia basins in south angola and northwest zambia. globally, it has been recorded from angola, zambia and uganda to west africa. records from west tanzania and west kenya are not yet confirmed .\ndrainage and destruction of swampy habitats are inferred threats. however, this species is unlikely to be seriously threatened across its whole range .\nthe species has been recorded from zambia, uganda to west africa, records from west tanzania and west kenya are not confirmed .\nin eastern africa, it has been recorded from kenya, tanzania, uganda, malawi and burundi. it is widespread and common in uganda, and its occurrence in burundi is assumed. records from west tanzania and west kenya are not confirmed .\nin southern africa, this species occurs in the okavango and zambia basins in south angola and northwest zambia .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nstanding and probably often temporary waters in open areas in forest. usually with emergent and often aquatic vegetation, and a soft (like muddy) bottom. from 0 to 1700 m above sea level, but mostly below 1200 .\nmap citation: clausnitzer, v. , k. - d. b. dijkstra, r. koch, j. - p. boudot, w. r. t. darwall, j. kipping, b. samraoui, m. j. samways, j. p. simaika & f. suhling, 2012. focus on african freshwaters: hotspots of dragonfly diversity and conservation concern. frontiers in ecology and the environment 10: 129 - 134 .\nadult, male; angola, uige province, new campus site and environs © clausnitzer, v. & dijkstra, k. - d. b .\nmale; liberia, nimba county, mt tokadeh © dijkstra, k. - d. b .\nkirby, w. f. (1889 .) a revision of the subfamily libellulinae, with descriptions of new genera and species. transactions zoological society london, 12, 249 - 348 .\npinhey, e. c. g. (1971). odonata of fernando po island and of neighbouring cameroons territory. journal entomological society southern africa, 34, 215 - 229. [ pdf file ]\npinhey, e. c. g. (1961). dragonflies (odonata) of central africa. occasional papers rhodes - livingstone museum, 14, 1 - 97. [ pdf file ]\nris, f. (1931). odonata aus süd - angola. revue suisse zoologie, 38, 97 - 112. [ pdf file ]\nschouteden, h. (1934). annales musee congo belge zoologie 3 section 2, 3, 1 - 84. [ pdf file ]\npinhey, e. c. g. (1971). odonata collected in republique centre - africaine by r. pujol. arnoldia, 5, 1 - 16. [ pdf file ]\nschmidt, e. (1951). libellen aus portugiesisch guinea, mit bemerkungen über andere aethiopische odonaten. arquivos museu bocage, 20, 125 - 200. [ pdf file ]\nd' andrea, m. , and carfi, s. (1997). nuove raccolte di odonati del camerun con note su agriocnemis maclachlani selys, 1877 edescrizione di agriocnemis dissimilis sp. nov. e trithemis osvaldae sp. nov. atti societa italiana scienze naturali, 136, 157 - 190. [ pdf file ]\ncitation: dijkstra, k. - d. b (editor). african dragonflies and damselflies online. urltoken [ 2018 - 07 - 10 ] .\nafrican dragonflies and damselflies online is a collaboration between consent (stellenbosch) and adu (cape town) funded by the jrs biodiversity foundation. addo brings all available knowledge together of africa' s 770 known species of odonata. read more ...\nby combining conservation ecology and entomology, our department at stellenbosch university brings together a considerable body of teaching and research expertise in the rapidly growing important field of conservation in agricultural and development landscapes. read more ...\nthe adu aims to contribute to the understanding of biodiversity and its conservation. we achieve this through programmes that involve citizen scientists, long - term monitoring, research and innovative statistical modelling. read more ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "acisoma trifidum is a species of dragonfly in the family libellulidae known commonly as the ivory pintail .", "it is native to africa , where it is widespread .", "it lives near swamps .", "though much of its habitat is declining , it is common and not considered to be a threatened species . " ], "topic": [ 2, 0, 13, 17 ] }

[ "acisoma trifidum is a species of dragonfly in the family libellulidae known commonly as the ivory pintail. it is native to africa, where it is widespread. it lives near swamps. though much of its habitat is declining, it is common and not considered to be a threatened species." ]

[ "species suleima helianthana - sunflower bud moth - hodges # 3212 - bugguide. net\nthe sunflower bud moth (suleima helianthana) is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in central north america, from mexico to canada .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ngilligan, wright & gibson, 2008. olethreutine moths of the midwestern united states: p. 130. 199 .\npowell, j. a. & p. a. opler 2009. moths of western north america. pl. 15. 38; p. 136 .\nriley, c. v. 1881. descriptions of some new tortricidae (leaf - rollers). transactions of the academy of science of st. louis 4: 319. [ cite: 1473847, 319 ]\ncontributed by john f. carr on 21 march, 2010 - 3: 07pm additional contributions by tony - 2, maury heiman, randy hardy, kyhl austin last updated 16 april, 2018 - 3: 46pm\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\ngilligan, wright & gibson, 2008. olethreutine moths of the midwestern united states: p. 130. 199. (out of print )\npowell, j. a. & p. a. opler, moths of western north america, pl. 15. 38f; p. 136. book review and ordering\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos. please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image. use and copyright information, as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location, are available by clicking on the\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide. if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything, but if you' re not, it will only copy the licensed content .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nclick on the thumbnail image to view the details and photo for a specific specimen .\nunless noted, all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan. please do not download, copy, print, or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author. contact form .\nyour browser doesn' t support javascript or you have disabled javascript. please enable javascript, then refresh this page. javascript is required on this site .\neuropean union funding: for a one - year period (2017 - 12 - 16 to 2018 - 12 - 15), eppo has been awarded an eu grant for the further development of the eppo code system (agreement nb: sante / 2017 / gs / eppo / s12. 768842). the eu commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information from this project subsequently included in the eppo global database." ]

{ "text": [ "suleima helianthana , the sunflower bud moth , is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in central north america , from mexico to canada .", "the wingspan is about 17 mm .", "it is a variable species .", "there are two generations per year .", "the larvae feed on helianthus species .", "they tunnel into the stalks and buds of their host plant . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 26, 15, 8, 11 ] }

[ "suleima helianthana, the sunflower bud moth, is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in central north america, from mexico to canada. the wingspan is about 17 mm. it is a variable species. there are two generations per year. the larvae feed on helianthus species. they tunnel into the stalks and buds of their host plant." ]

[ "behavioural evidence of male volatile pheromones in the sex - role reversed wolf spiders allocosa brasiliensis and allocosa alticeps .\nfigure 9. distribution records of allocosa marindia sp. nov. , allocosa brasiliensis (petrunkevitch), allocosa senex (mello - leitão) and allocosa alticeps (mello - leitão) .\nbehavioural evidence of male volatile pheromones in the sex - role reversed wolf spiders allocosa brasiliensis and allocosa alticeps. - pubmed - ncbi\nin a. brasiliensis though, researchers found that the males were unusually dominant .\nthe species in question, allocosa brasiliensis, is a nocturnal wolf spider found in south america' s sand dunes along riverbanks and the atlantic ocean coast .\nmoenkhausiana brasiliensis petrunkevitch, 1910: 223, pl. 22, f. 26 - 29 (d m). araucaniocosa difficilis mello - leitão, 1951: 328, f. 1 (d m). araucaniocosa difficilis casanueva, 1980: 22, f. 17 - 20 (m, d f). allocosa brasiliensis capocasale, 1990: 133 (s of araucaniocosa difficilis). allocosa brasiliensis simó et al. , 2017: 264, f. 2a - f (m f) .\nglieschiella senex mello - leitão, 1945b: 254 (d m). allocosa brasiliensis capocasale, 1990: 133, f. 1 - 5 (m; misidentified per simó et al. , 2017: 267). allocosa brasiliensis capocasale, 2001a: 272, f. 8 - 10 (m; misidentified per simó et al. , 2017: 267). allocosa senex simó et al. , 2017: 267, f. 3a - f, 5c - d, 6c - d, 7a - e, 8b (m, d f; removed from s of a. brasiliensis) .\nalthough sexual cannibalism has been widely documented in spiders, the researchers were surprised to see male a. brasiliensis eating females .\n... allocosa senex (mello - leitão, 1945, synonym of allocosa brasiliensis petrunkevitch 1910 according to simó et al. , 2017) is a nocturnal wolf spider that inhabits the sandy coasts of south america (capocasale, 1990). they dig burrows in the sand where they stay during the day and in the coldest months, becoming active in summer nights (costa, 1995; costa et al. , 2006)... .\nthe habitat of a. brasiliensis can be considered harsh with extreme temperatures, strong winds, scarce refuges and very unpredictable in prey abundance ,\nshe said .\non the taxonomy of southern south american species of the wolf spider genus < i > allocosa < / i > (araneae: lycosidae: allocosinae) .\n... the neotropical sand - dwelling wolf spider allocosa senex (mello - leitão, 1945, synonym of allocosa brasiliensis petrunkevitch 1910 according to simó et al. 2017) is a nocturnal species that constructs burrows along the coasts of rivers, lakes, and along the atlantic ocean at argentina, brazil, and uruguay (capocasale 1990). individuals stay in their burrows during daylight and in winter, and they are most active during summer nights (costa 1995)... .\nthree species of the genus allocosa banks, 1900 from southern south america are redescribed: allocosa alticeps (mello - leitão, 1944), a. brasiliensis (petrunkevitch, 1910) and a. senex (mello - leitão, 1945). the female of a. senex is described for the first time and the species is revalidated. a new species, allocosa marindia sp. nov. from southern uruguay and southern brazil is described. the new species is distinguished by the flattened terminal apophysis of the male bulb and the conspicuous pointed projections on the posterior margin of the female epigynum. the species inhabits in sandy estuarine and oceanic coasts with psammophile vegetation .\nlocated in uruguay, dr. anita aisenberg and the team of biologists from the clemente estable institute of biological research have been studying the allocosa brasiliensis. this nocturnal wolf spider is found on south america' s atlantic ocean coast and within the riverbank sand dunes. the study of these spiders began as they are an indicator of the coastal habitats health .\non the taxonomy of southern south american species of the wolf spider genus < i > allocosa < / i > (araneae: lycosidae: allocosinae). - pubmed - ncbi\nhowever, during this study, they observed a male spider eating a female spider and set out to determine if this behavior was normal for the species as it has never been observed before in any other species. where female spiders are usually larger and the dominant of the two, the researchers have found that with the allocosa brasiliensis, the male has a traditional role reversal .\nthree species of the genus allocosa banks, 1900 from southern south america are redescribed: allocosa alticeps (mello - leitão, 1944), a. brasiliensis (petrunkevitch, 1910) and a. senex (mello - leitão, 1945). the female of a. senex is described for the first time and the species is revalidated. a new species, a. marindia sp. nov. from southern uruguay and southern brazil is described. the new species is distinguished by the flattened terminal apophysis of the male bulb and the conspicuous pointed projections on the posterior margin of the female epigynum. the species inhabits in sandy estuarine and oceanic coasts with psammophile vegetation .\ncapocasale, r. m. (2001a). review of the south american species of the genera aulonia and allocosa (araneae, lycosidae). journal of arachnology 29: 270 - 272. - - show included taxa\nthe use of chemical signals in a sexual context is widespread in the animal kingdom. most studies in spiders report the use of female pheromones that attract potential sexual partners. allocosa brasiliensis and allocosa alticeps are two burrowing wolf spiders that show sex - role reversal. females locate male burrows and initiate courtship before males perform any detectable visual or vibratory signal. so, females of these species would be detecting chemical or mechanical cues left by males. our objective was to explore the potential for male pheromones to play a role in mate detection in a. brasiliensis and a. alticeps. we designed two experiments. in experiment 1, we tested the occurrence of male contact pheromones by evaluating female courtship when exposed to empty burrows constructed by males or females (control). in experiment 2, we tested the existence of male volatile pheromones by evaluating female behaviour when exposed to artificial burrows connected to tubes containing males, females or empty tubes (control). our results suggest the occurrence of male volatile pheromones that trigger female courtship in both allocosa species. the sex - role reversal postulated for these wolf spiders could be driving the consequent reversal in typical pheromone - emitter and detector roles expected for spiders .\nin general pompilid wasps parasitize female spiders due to their larger size and / or higher fat reserves compared to males. we describe parasitoid behavior of the pompilid wasp anoplius bicinctus on allocosa brasiliensis and investigate the frequencies of parasitoidism according to spider developmental stage. we performed field observations and recorded frequency and duration of parasitoidism behaviors, stage and sex of the paralyzed spider (n = 29). we found two distinct behaviors of carrying the spider (forward transport or backward transport), that were dependent of wasp size and were maintained during the transport process. juveniles and females of a. brasiliensis showed higher frequencies of parasitoidism compared to males, although males are larger and have higher fat content, suggesting more efficient defenses against wasp attacks in this sex .\nerratum: miguel simó, arno a. lise, gabriel pompozzi & álvaro laborda (2017) on the taxonomy of southern south american species of the wolf spider genus allocosa (araneae: lycosidae: allocosinae). zootaxa, 4216: 261–278 .\nfigure 2. allocosa brasiliensis (petrunkevitch). a–c, male left palp. a, ventral view. b, prolateral view. c, retrolateral view. d, close up of the bulb, ventral view. e–f, epigynum. e, ventral view. f, dorsal view. scales. a, b, c: 0. 5 mm; d, e: 0. 25 mm. abbreviations: co: copulatory opening; hs: head of the spermatheca; ma: median apophysis; pr: palea region; ta: terminal apophysis; vc: vulval chamber .\n... in this section, we will focus on two cases from the allocosinae subfamily, the neotropical species allocosa senex (mello - leitão, 1945) and allocosa marindia simó, lise, pompozzi and laborda 2017. these are sympatric and synchronic species, distributed across uruguay, argentina, and brazil (capocasale 1990; simó et al. 2017), which are adapted to live in sandy coasts of different water bodies (jorge et al. 2015). they are whitish, a quality that allows them to be camouflaged within the environment they inhabit... .\nmiguel simó, arno a. lise, gabriel pompozzi and álvaro laborda. 2017. on the taxonomy of southern south american species of the wolf spider genus allocosa (araneae: lycosidae: allocosinae). zootaxa. 4216 (3); 261–278. doi: 10. 11646 / zootaxa. 4216. 3. 4\ntraditional studies on sexual communication have focused on the exchange of signals during courtship. however, communication between the sexes can also occur during or after copulation. allocosa brasiliensis is a wolf spider that shows a reversal in typical sex roles and of the usual sexual size dimorphism expected for spiders. females are smaller than males and they are the roving sex that initiates courtship. occasional previous observations suggested that females performed body shaking behaviors during copulation. our objective was to analyze if female body shaking is associated with male copulatory behavior in a. brasiliensis, and determine if this female behavior has a communicatory function in this species. for that purpose, we performed fine - scaled analysis of fifteen copulations under laboratory conditions. we video - recorded all the trials and looked for associations between female and male copulatory behaviors. the significant difference between the time before and after female shaking, in favor of the subsequent ejaculation is analyzed. we discuss if shaking could be acting as a signal to accelerate and motivate palpal insertion and ejaculation, and / or inhibiting male cannibalistic tendencies in this species .\n... studies of this species using different approaches have generated a thorough understanding of their behavior. allocosa senex is a burrowing wolf spider that inhabits the sandy coasts of uruguay, northeastern argentina, and southern brazil (simó et al. 2017). it presents a sex role reversal, an unusual characteristic in spiders (aisenberg and costa 2008)... .\nsummary: this talk will be focused on the outstanding allocosa brasiliensis, a sand - burrowing spider that inhabits the coasts of south america. conversely to what is expected in spiders, males are larger than females, while females are wanderers that look for mating partners and initiate courtship. both sexes are choosy when it is time for mating: females prefer males with long burrows and males prefer virgin females with good body condition. furthermore, males can attack and cannibalize rejected females. this neotropical species gives us the opportunity to study the factors governing their atypical behaviors, while discussing the causes shaping sex roles in spiders. in this talk we will get to know this spider - exception through a journey to experimental and field - work performed on this species, ending with perspectives for future studies .\nsimó, m. , lise, a. a. , pompozzi, g. & laborda, á. (2017). on the taxonomy of southern south american species of the wolf spider genus allocosa (araneae: lycosidae: allocosinae). zootaxa 4216 (3): 261 - 278. [ incl. erratum: 4254 (5): 599 - 600 ] doi: 10. 11646 / zootaxa. 4216. 3. 4 - - show included taxa\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin several species, female spiders are known to eat males, but this is the first time biologists have seen the roles reversed in the wild .\nthe male spiders were observed mating with virgins and eating older, less reproductively successful females .\nthe researchers were studying the species because its status is considered an indicator of the health of coastal habitats .\nafter observing a male spider eating a female in the wild, dr anita aisenberg and her team from the clemente estable institute of biological research, montevideo, set out to find an explanation for the behaviour .\nin spiders in general, females are larger than males and they are the selective sex, while males are small rovers that go out and look for potential sexual partners ,\nexplained dr aisenberg .\nthis is not only the first report for spiders, but also this is extremely rare for the animal kingdom ,\ndr aisenberg told the bbc .\nresearchers observed the male wolf spiders waiting in their burrows for visiting females looking for a mate .\nmales mated more frequently with virgins with high body condition, as a way of ensuring a future successful progeny ,\nsaid dr aisenberg .\nin this species the first egg sac is the most successful in [ terms of the ] number of eggs, so with virgins they ensure this first brood .\nand females with better body condition will provide more eggs and, consequently, more sons and daughters .\nolder females, and those with lower body condition, were in for a nasty surprise as males took advantage of them for other needs .\nin what the researchers described as an\nextreme sexual choice\n, the male spiders selected whether to mate with females or eat them; a choice that appeared to be based on their mating potential .\naccording to dr aisenberg, the environment in which the spiders live may have moulded their unusual sexual behaviour .\n[ males ] cannibalise females of low reproductive value and take advantage of them as prey, and mate only with the females that ensure them high reproductive success .\nthe bbc is not responsible for the content of external sites. read more .\nthis page is best viewed in an up - to - date web browser with style sheets (css) enabled. while you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (css) if you are able to do so .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nworld spider catalog, version 11. 0, website (version 11. 0 )\nplatnick, norman i. 2011. the world spider catalog, v. 11. 0. american museum of natural history. database built by robert j. raven from the files underlying the website at urltoken doi: 10. 5531 / db. iz. 0001\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nlaboratorio de etología, ecología y evolución, instituto de investigaciones biológicas clemente estable, av. italia 3318, cp 11600, montevideo, uruguay. aisenber @ urltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; 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(1990). las especies de la subfamilia hippasinae de america del sur (araneae, lycosidae). journal of arachnology 18 (2): 131 - 141. - - show included taxa\nmello - leitão, c. f. de (1945b). arañas de misiones, corrientes y entre ríos. revista del museo de la plata (n. s. , zool .) 4: 213 - 302. - - show included taxa\nsubscription or article purchase required to access item. to verify subscription, access previous purchase, or purchase article, log in to journal .\nwe are grateful to silvana masciadri for generously lending us the house at perla de rocha. marcelo casacuberta for taking the photograph included in the present study. we thank marcelo cascuberta, tomás casacuberta, matías cogorno, soledad ghione, álvaro laborda, laura montes de oca and rodrigo postiglioni for their assistance during the field trips. arturo roig - alsina provided bibliography on the topics of the present study. we also thank fernando g. costa for providing unpublished data and critically reading the manuscript and maría martinez for the identification of the fly. the editor and two anonymous reviewers made suggestions that improved the final version of the manuscript .\naisenberg a, peretti av (2011a) male burrow digging in a sex - role reversed spider inhabiting water - margin environments. bull br arach soc 15: 201–204\naisenberg a, peretti av (2011b) sexual dimorphism in immune response, fat reserves and muscle mass in a sex role reversed spider. zoology 114 (5): 272–275\naisenberg a, costa fg, gonzález m, postiglioni r, pérez - miles f (2010) sexual dimorphism in chelicerae, forelegs and palpal traits in two burrowing wolf spider (araneae: lycosidae) with sex - role reversal. j nat hist 44: 1189–1202\nsp. 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(1980). los licosidos de chile. estudio biologico y taxonomico por los metodos de sistematica alfa y taxonomica numerica (araneae: lycosidae). gayana (zool .) 42: 1 - 76. - - show included taxa\nmello - leitão, c. f. de (1951). arañas de maullin, colectadas por el ingeniero rafael barros v. revista chilena de historia natural 51 - 53: 327 - 338. - - show included taxa\npetrunkevitch, a. (1910). some new or little known american spiders. annals of the new york academy of science 19: 205 - 224. - - show included taxa\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nalayón, g. , a. brescovit, florez, e. , francke, o. , laborda, a. , montiel, g. , silva, d. , scioscia, c. , simó, m. , víquez, c\nin the present studying: 1) new world theraphosidae, phylogenetic relationships of genera based on morphology; 2) revision of some genera (hapalopus, ami, etc. .) 3) paratropididae of northern south…\n[ more ]\nour goal is to elucidate evolutionary patterns in the sexual behavior and reproductive strategies of mygalmorph spiders. we study sexual signals and communication, courtship, mating systems and beh…\n[ more ]\nthe goal is to make an update of the spider species known for uruguay and its distribution in the country .\nerratum: miguel simó, arno a. lise, gabriel pompozzi & álvaro laborda (2017) on the taxonomy of sout ...\nfirst south american records of holocnemus pluchei (scopoli, 1763) and spermophora senoculata (dugès ...\nholocnemus pluchei y spermophora senoculata fueron halladas en construcciones humanas en cuatro localidades de uruguay y una de argentina. estos son los primeros registros para sudamérica de estas dos especies sinantrópicas .\ndescription of the female of eutichurus ibiuna bonaldo, 1994 (araneae: eutichuridae) with notes on n ...\nthe genus eutichurus was created by simon (1897) on the basis of three species from brazil and ecuador originally placed in the family clubionidae. lehtinen (1967) transferred the genus to miturgidae and created the subfamily eutichurinae, although the limitation of this taxon was not clear. bonaldo (1994) defined this subfamily based on the neotropical genera eutichurus, radulphius... [ show full abstract ]\naddition of a spider family for uruguay: first record of iviraiva pachyura (mello - leitão, 1935) (ara ...\nhersiliidae is reported for the first time for uruguay. data of natural history and distribution of iviraiva pachyura are provided .\nnew & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp. asia, oriental, indomalayan & malesiana region\netymology. the specific epithet is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality, where, for a long time, several studies on uruguayan wolf spiders have been developed .\nwuodendron b. xue, y. h. tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox (hook. f. & thomson) b. xue, y. h. tan & x. l. hou in xue, tan ...\n[ botany • 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | ดาดดารารัศมี • a new species (sect. diploclinium, begoniaceae) from chiang mai, northern thailand\nbegonia fulgurata c. - i peng, c. w. lin & phutthai ดาดดารารัศมี | | doi: 10. 3767 / blumea. 2017. 62. 03. 01 urltoken be ...\nchamaelirium viridiflorum l. wang, z. c. liu & w. b. liao in liu, feng, wang & liao, 2018. doi: 10. 11646 / phytotaxa. 357... .\ngreat - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani (cabanis, 1851) in ubaid, silveira, medolago, et. al. , 2018. doi: 10. 11646 / ...\naristolochia tongbiguanensis j. y. shen, q. b. gong & s. landrein in gong, landrein, xi, et al. , 2018. doi: 10. 6165 / tai... .\nendocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko, 2018. doi: 10. 1080 / 08912963. 2018. 1491565 reconstruction by andre ...\nbagualosaurus agudoensis pretto, langer & schultz, 2018 doi: 10. 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration: jorge blanco c ...\nthe hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies. the main source is from wang et al. (2016 ...\n[ paleontology • 2018 ] zhiwenia coronata • a soft‐bodied euarthropod from the early cambrian xiaoshiba lagerstätte of china supports a new clade, protosutura nov. , of basal artiopodans with dorsal ecdysial sutures\nzhiwenia coronata du, ortega‐hernández, yang & zhang, 2018 doi: 10. 1111 / cla. 12344 urltoken invertebratepal ...\nhemidactylus siva srinivasulu, srinivasulu & kumar, 2018 doi: 10. 11646 / zootaxa. 4444. 1. 2 abstract a new species ...\n[ ichthyology • 2017 ] a revision of the cis - andean ...\n[ botany • 2015 ] cycas andamanica • a new species o ...\n[ botany • 2014 ] allium akirense • a new allium (se ...\npartial solar elipse to be visible from parts of australia, new zealand and antarctica on firday 13 july 2018 .\non this day (july 10th)... ...... ... ...\nthe benefits and costs of academic travel. or\nthere and back again; again and again\ncanon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f: 2. 8 y f: 4\nplants go extinct, but sometimes species are rediscovered. this one after 151 years .\ni' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth ...\nnecps carnivorous plant show: sept. 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden\nthis is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog, cochranella granulosa .\nthe biology of the spider wasp, pepsis thisbe (hymenoptera: pompilidae) from trans pecos, texas. ii. temporal patterns of activity and hunting behavior with special reference to the effects of experience\nto receive news and publication updates for psyche: a journal of entomology, enter your email address in the box below .\nthe following is the list of published articles that have cited the current article .\nfred punzo, “studies on the natural history, ecology, and behavior of pepsis cerberus and p. mexicana (hymenoptera: pompilidae) from big bend national park, texas, ”\nf. punzo, and l. ludwig, “behavioral responses of pepsis thisbe (hymenoptera: pompilidae) to chemosensory cues associated with host spiders, ”\ncarlos restrepo - giraldo, juanita rodriguez, and james p. pitts, “ temporal activity patterns of the spider wasp\na. dor, and y. hénaut, “ importance of body size and hunting strategy during interactions between the mexican red - rump tarantula (\nfrank e. kurczewski, glavis b. edwards, and james p. pitts, “hosts, nesting behavior, and ecology of some north american spider wasps (hymenoptera: pompilidae), ii, ”\n( physorg. com) - - while most people are familiar with the fact that many species of female spiders eat their male counterparts, new research findings published in the biological journal of the linnean society show how biologists have found a species with an apparent role reversal with the male eating the female .\nthe male spiders were observed waiting in their burrows for the females searching for mates. from what was observed by the researchers, the male spiders tended to mate with the younger, more productive virgin female spiders. the older, less productive female spiders were instead eaten by the male spider. it appears that the choice of whether to eat or mate with a female spider is based on the higher reproductive possibility .\nand the prey is unpredictable. in addition to this the area offers extreme temperatures and strong winds. dr. aisenberg believes that this unstable environment may have been a contributing factor to the apparent role reversal and unusual\nmore information: aisenberg, a. , costa, f. g. and gonzález, m. (2011), male sexual cannibalism in a sand - dwelling wolf spider with sex role reversal. biological journal of the linnean society, 102: no. doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1095 - 8312. 2011. 01631. x\nscientists in sydney, australia, say they' ve determined an east african species of jumping spider prefers to prey on blood - engorged female mosquitoes. and that, the macquarie university researchers said, demonstrates a rare ...\nfemale spiders are voracious predators and consume a wide range of prey, which sometimes includes their mates. a number of hypotheses have been proposed for why females eat males before or after mating. researchers shawn ...\nhere' s the good news: you are a male and you are allowed to have sex, at most, twice in your life. if that' s the good news - - you may well ask - - what' s the bad news? it' s this: if you copulate for longer than 10 seconds, ...\n( physorg. com) - - wasp spiders normally live alone. in their mating season, however, they look for a partner. to help them along, the females exude a chemical lure, a pheromone that has an irresistible scent to the males .\n' bridging', an unusual mode of getting around frequently used by vegetation - inhabiting spiders to cross large gaps, may partly explain the tendency for male spiders to be much smaller than females. researchers writing in ...\ninsects using vibration to attract a mate are at risk of being eaten alive by killer spiders, cardiff university scientists have discovered .\ncellular functions rely on several communications networks that allow cells to respond to signals affecting the organism. a new study published in molecular cell has revealed a mechanism that shuts down a major cell - to - cell ...\ndespite its apparent simplicity, a tube - like body topped with tentacles, the sea anemone is actually a highly complex creature. scientists from the institut pasteur, in collaboration with the cnrs, have just discovered over ...\nin one of the older star wars movies, jedi master yoda instructs his apprentice, luke, on the ways of the force in a series of now - iconic scenes. the force, yoda says, is an energy field that penetrates us, that surrounds ...\nit has long been known that the pathogens causing sleeping sickness evade the immune system by exchanging their surface proteins. but now scientists at the german cancer research center (dkfz) have found an additional parasite ...\ntreatments using antibiotics should stop as soon as possible to prevent patients passing the\ntipping point\nof becoming resistant to their effects, new research has shown .\nthe parasitic disease schistosomiasis is one of the developing world' s worst public health scourges, affecting hundreds of millions of people, yet only a single, limited treatment exists to combat the disease .\nnow i' ll know what to scream next time one jumps at me .\nnot a female !\nplease sign in to add a comment. registration is free, and takes less than a minute. read more\nsummary: behavioural ecologists analyse animal behaviour to understand how it is adaptive, and therefore why it persists. in our lab, the focus is slightly different. we want to know how adaptive traits, like animal behaviour, influence the subsequent course of evolution. we address this question by using experimental evolution and we focus in particular on a social trait, namely parental care. our model species is the burying beetle, a remarkable insect that breeds upon the body of a small dead vertebrate. it shows elaborate parental care, which involves preparing the carcass to make an edible nest for its offspring and provisioning larvae after hatching. i will describe experiments that manipulate the provision of parental care and measure the way in which traits then evolve and adapt, in both parents and offspring. the general conclusion is that there are diverse ways in which behaviour can change evolution .\nsummary: the effects of animal signals extend beyond social interactions to shape the way animals look, think, act, and evolve. in the first section of the talk, i will draw examples from multiple taxa to illustrate that communication is a key factor shaping phenotypic and genetic diversity in social animals. the goal is to develop a useful framework for future behavioral and evolutionary research on animal signals. i will show how signals that convey different kinds of information differ in terms of the type of selection acting on signalers, patterns of phenotypic variation, developmental mechanisms, and evolutionary consequences. in the second section of the talk, i will experimentally examine the factors that prevent low - quality individuals from cheating by signaling that they are strong. experiments in paper wasps show that dishonest individuals are aggressively punished, and this punishment has lasting effects on the physiology of the dishonest signaler and those they interact with. therefore, interactions between behavioral and physiological costs of dishonesty could play an important role in maintaining honest communication over evolutionary time .\nsummary: signaling systems are expected to be stable only if signals are to some extent reliable, but the maintenance of reliability is a problem in all systems in which the interests of signalers and receivers are not identical. among the mechanisms proposed to maintain reliability, three seem particularly important: the handicap mechanism, in which reliability is maintained by intrinsic signal costs; conventional signaling, in which reliability is maintained by receiver - dependent costs; and index signaling, in which physical or informational constraints impose honesty. all three of these mechanisms can be found acting on bird song. intrinsic costs imposed during development reliably tie developmental history to learned aspect of song, explaining female preferences for better - learned songs. receiver dependent costs act on aggressive signals, explaining the otherwise puzzling reliability of specific song signals as predictors of aggression. recent findings have shown that informational constraints make duet codes and duet coordination reliable signals of pair stability .\nsummary: variation within a species has long been appreciated by evolutionary biologists, given that genetically influenced variation is necessary for evolution. however, the presence of discrete differences in morphology, behavior and physiology suggests multiple optima, or adaptive variation. alternative reproductive tactics (arts) are prime examples of adaptive variation in suites of life history traits that can provide valuable insights into several areas of active research. i first highlight how work on the evolution of arts in swordtail fishes could lead to a better understanding of the evolution of behavioral plasticity, genetic assimilation and constraints on the evolution of tactical dimorphisms. second, i consider the role that variation in female mate preference and sexual conflict has played in increasing our understanding of the evolution of arts within arts within arts. and finally, i suggest how the conceptual underpinnings of the evolution of arts could potentially be applied to research on diabetes in humans .\nsummary: research on animal coloration has led to amazing insights into the nature of natural selection, sexual selection, sensory ecology and the evolutionary maintenance of biological diversity. however quantifying coloration can be challenging because it is a complex, multi - dimensional trait that is often perceived differently by the animals under investigation and the investigators themselves. in this talk i will first review methods to quantify “colour elaboration”. using birds as a model system, i will then argue that quantifying how “male - like” or “female - like” a colour is provides an intuitive and effective means for interspecific comparison of colour diversity. finally, i will apply this method to the ~ 6000 species of perching birds (order: passeriformes) to help resolve some of the key evolutionary predictors of colour elaboration in both sexes .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies." ]

{ "text": [ "allocosa brasiliensis is a burrowing wolf spider species from southern south america .", "long known to science , it remained almost unstudied until its unusual sexual behavior was described in the early 21st century .", "this ground-dwelling spider is native to mainly coastal areas , from southeastern brazil via uruguay and argentina to southern chile , though its known occurrences are patchy .", "to what extent it is found on the atlantic coast south of the río de la plata remains largely unknown , for example .", "while the males have been known for over a century , the females were only described in 1980 . " ], "topic": [ 29, 5, 27, 20, 9 ] }

[ "allocosa brasiliensis is a burrowing wolf spider species from southern south america. long known to science, it remained almost unstudied until its unusual sexual behavior was described in the early 21st century. this ground-dwelling spider is native to mainly coastal areas, from southeastern brazil via uruguay and argentina to southern chile, though its known occurrences are patchy. to what extent it is found on the atlantic coast south of the río de la plata remains largely unknown, for example. while the males have been known for over a century, the females were only described in 1980." ]

[ "a parasitoid on wood - nesting species of osmia, possibly o. leaiana. see chrysura hirsuta for further details .\nemergence phenology of osmia lignaria subsp. lignaria (hymenoptera: megachilidae), its parasitoid chrysura kyrae (hymenoptera: chrysididae), and bloom of cercis canadensis .\nemergence phenology of osmia lignaria subsp. lignaria (hymenoptera: megachilidae), its parasitoid chrysura kyrae (hymenoptera: chrysididae), and bl... - pubmed - ncbi\na stoutbody puller, chromis chrysura, at east diamond islet, coral sea, november 2016. source: ian shaw / inaturalist. org. license: cc by attribution - noncommercial\nty - jour ti - a new chrysura from plummers island, maryland (hymenoptera, chrysididae) t2 - entomological news. vl - 74 ur - urltoken pb - american entomological society, cy - [ philadelphia ] py - 1963 sp - 149 ep - 152 sn - 0013 - 872x er -\nschuchmann, k. l. , kirwan, g. m. & boesman, p. (2018). gilded hummingbird (hylocharis chrysura). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\n@ article { bhlpart10138, title = { a new chrysura from plummers island, maryland (hymenoptera, chrysididae) }, journal = { entomological news. }, volume = { 74 }, copyright = { in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder. }, url = urltoken publisher = { [ philadelphia ] american entomological society, 1925 - }, author = { }, year = { 1963 }, pages = { 149 - - 152 }, }\nchrysura dahlbom, 1845: 6. typus: austriaca fabricius, 1804: 173 monochrysis lichtenstein, 1876: 27. typus: chrysis hybrida lepeletier, 1806: 128 olochrysis lichtenstein, 1876: 27. typus: chrysis aerata dahlbom, 1854: 129 (= chrysis trimaculata foerster, 1853) holochrysis rye, 1878: 134. invalid emendation. conochrysis haupt, 1956: 37. typus: chrysis refulgens spinola, 1806: 8 arctochrysis haupt, 1956: 72. typus: chrysis austriaca fabricius, 1804: 173 taeniochrysis haupt, 1956: 72. typus: chrysis dichroa dahlbom, 1854: 146 selenochrysis haupt, 1956: 72. typus: chrysis candens germar, 1817: 260\nthe prior knowledge p (c i) is calculated from the training dataset, p (x c i) is the probability of the evidence given the predicted class c i. figure 4 illus - trates the distribution of the posterior probability p (c i | x) of all samples that are classified as species chromis chrysura. these samples are either correctly classified (true positives) or misclassified (false positives). the distribution of posterior probability of false positives (as shown in figure 4 c) has a peak distribution (about 38 %) around the value of zero while most of the true positives have higher posterior probability (figure 4 b). the diversity between these two distributions is exploited to distinguish false positives. this algorithm rejects a substantial portion of the misclassified samples with the cost of also rejecting a small proportion of true positives (see section 4 for details). our data is acquired from a live fish dataset of the 15 different species shown in figure 5. this figure shows the fish species name and the numbers of ground - truth images. the data is very imbalanced where the most frequent species is about 500 times more common than the least common one. note, the images shown here are ideal images as many of the others in the database are a bit\n< mods xmlns: xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3. 0\nxmlns: xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi: schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > a new chrysura from plummers island, maryland (hymenoptera, chrysididae) < / title > < / titleinfo > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 74 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > entomological news. < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> [ philadelphia ] < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > american entomological society, < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 74 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 149 < / start > < end > 152 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1963 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder. < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nfrom: kimsey l. s. & bohart r. m. , 1990 (1991) - the chrysidid wasps of the world. oxford university press, ix - 652 pp .\nface relatively flat without medial zone of cross ridging but sometimes with medial microreticulation; no tfc; malar space usually 2 mod or more; mandible with subapical tooth; mid ocellus not lidded; basal flagellomeres f - ii - v of male often bulging ventrally; pronotum not longer and usually shorter than scutellum, lateral depression shallow and barely indicated; mesopleuron with scrobal sulcus and episternal sulcus; propodeal angle subtriangular; fore wing discoidal cell complete; t - ii longitudinal ridge sometimes indicated but not sharp; t - iii pit row not deeply sunken and often quite weak, apical rim evenly rounded, truncate or indented medially. male terminalia: s - vii1 subtriangular; gonocoxa broad or narrowly tapering apically, inner margin often angulate subapically; cuspis long, digitus slender and shorter than cuspis; aedeagus slender and acute apically .\nall known hosts are bees of the family megachilidae (hicks 1934). most records are of the widespread and essentially holarctic genus osmia (linsenmaier 1959a, krombein 1967), which ordinarily nest in decaying logs or in the ground. horning and bohart (in bohart and kimsey) (1982) recorded additional twig - nesting host genera for sagmatis, a relatively abundant species in western north america. these were ashmeadiella, chelostoma, hoplitis, antkocopa, and proteriades .\nfor citation purposes agnoli g. l. & rosa p. , urltoken website, interim version 20 - dec - 2011, url: urltoken\nin older literature this species is referred to as chrysis pustulosa abeille de perrin. identification keys and general biology are given in morgan (1984), falk (1991) and kunz (1994) .\ncornwall to kent, and north to south yorkshire. the species is widespread but rarely found (m edwards, pers. comm .) .\noverseas: europe, turkey, syria, arabia, caucasus, siberia, north africa .\nthis species occurs in a variety of open, sunny habitats. it is usually seen around old wooden posts, stumps and dead trees where its host nests .\nprobably univoltine. adults mainly fly from may until july, rarely in august and september .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\ngreek, chromis = a fish, perhaps a perch (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; reef - associated; non - migratory; depth range 6 - 45 m (ref. 9710). tropical; 35°n - 30°s\nindo - west pacific: three isolated populations: 1) southern japan, ryukyu islands, and taiwan; 2) coral sea including new caledonia, vanuatu, fiji and eastern australia; 3) mauritius and réunion in the western indian ocean. has been photographed at leadsman shoal (ref. 11228); also known from the philippines .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 14. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 7247 )\nadults inhabit outer coral or rocky reefs. they usually form large aggregations in shallow waters e. g. in lagoons; feeding well above the bottom on zooplankton (ref. 2334). oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (ref. 205). eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate (ref. 205). males guard and aerate the eggs (ref. 205) .\noviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (ref. 205). eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate (ref. 205). males guard and aerate the eggs (ref. 205) .\nallen, g. r. , 1991. damselfishes of the world. mergus publishers, melle, germany. 271 p. (ref. 7247 )\n): 24. 5 - 28. 3, mean 27 (based on 208 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 02630 (0. 01530 - 0. 04521), b = 3. 06 (2. 92 - 3. 20), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 0 ±0. 09 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (k = 0. 8) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (17 of 100) .\nsome authors recognize a race platensis (s brazil), but size differences and more intense coppery gold on underparts appear to refer to clinal variation. monotypic .\nne & sc bolivia (beni, santa cruz, chuquisaca, tarija), paraguay and c & se brazil (mato grosso and minas gerais to são paulo and rio grande do sul) to uruguay and n argentina (s to tucumán, santiago del estero, santa fe, n buenos aires) .\n8–10 cm; 4–5 g. male has medium - sized straight bill, coral - red, tipped black; above and below iridescent golden - green, tiny white postocular spot, chin pale ...\nsong a repeated high - pitched, cricket - like trill of variable length, at 8–10 khz. call a short dry ...\ngardens, plantations, savannas with scattered bushes and trees, forest edges, from 200 m to 1000 m ...\nsedentary, migratory in parts of brazil during jul and aug (mato grosso), and presence also ...\nnot globally threatened (least concern). cites ii. a very common hummingbird throughout its range; readily accepts man - made habitats such as gardens and plantations. due to ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nid certainty 95% . (archiv. tape 377 side b track 12 seq. b )\nid certainty 95% . (archiv. tape 377 side b track 12 seq. a )\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 336, 553 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\na deep - bodied brown to grey puller with a white caudal peduncle and tail, dark upper and lower caudal - fin rays, a pale crescent - shaped mark below the eye, and a dark vertical mark on each scale .\nnorthern great barrier reef, queensland and reefs in the coral sea, to the sydney region, new south wales; also middleton and elizabeth reefs, tasman sea. elsewhere the species occurs in the tropical indo - west pacific. inhabit outer coral or rocky reefs, usually forming large aggregations to feed on zooplankton well above the bottom .\nthe specific name chrysurus is from the greek chrysos = gold, and oura = tail .\nheliastes chrysurus bliss 1883, trans. roy. soc. arts sci. mauritius 13: 56. type locality: mauritius .\nnew jersey: t. f. h. publications 237 pp. 251 figs .\nallen, g. r. 2001. family pomacentridae. pp. in carpenter, k. e. & niem, t. h. (eds) .\nthe living marine resources of the western central pacific. fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes\nchoat, j. h. , van herwerden, l. , robbins, w. d. , hobbs, j. p. & ayling, a. m. 2006. a report on the ecological surveys undertaken at middleton and elizabeth reefs, february 2006. report by james cook university to the department of the environment and heritage. 65 pp .\njohnson, j. w. 2010. fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters, queensland, australia. pp. 299 - 353 in davie, p. j. f. & phillips, j. a. proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop, the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .\ntokyo: tokai university press vol. 1–2 437 pp. 247 figs 370 pls .\nrussell, b. c. 1983. annotated checklist of the coral reef fishes in the capricorn - bunker group, great barrier reef, australia. great barrier reef marine park authority. special publication series 1: 1 - 184 figs 1 - 2\nwhitley, g. p. 1964. fishes from the coral sea and the swain reefs .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nvirginia state university, agricultural research station, po box 9061, petersburg, va 23806, usa. mkraemer @ urltoken\nresearch support, u. s. gov' t, non - p. h. s .\nthis screen will show all images associated either with selected taxon or with any of it' s subtaxa - it shows images from gallery limited to certain taxa .\nchecklist of fishes in buttonwood canal, everglades national park... : ingenta connect\nthe bulletin of marine science is dedicated to the dissemination of high quality research from the world' s oceans. all aspects of marine science are treated by the bulletin of marine science, including papers in marine biology, biological oceanography, fisheries, marine affairs, applied marine physics, marine geology and geophysics, marine and atmospheric chemistry, and meteorology and physical oceanography .\ningenta. article copyright remains with the publisher, society or author (s) as specified within the article .\nwebsite makes use of cookies so as to keep track of data that you have filled in .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nan upscaling had a large effect on which species designated to a red list .\nnational red lists are widely used prioritizing tools for nature conservation. however, status and trends of species vary with scale, and accounting for a larger spatial scale may provide complementary perspectives for nature conservation. we investigate effects of up - scaling and influence of wider - scale distribution patterns for composition of red lists .\nwe collated nationally red - listed forest species in norway, sweden and finland, and extracted “candidates for a fennoscandian red list” (cfrl), defined as species red - listed where they appear in the region. for each country, we compared composition of organism groups and forest type associations of species that were national cfrl to the nationally red - listed species not cfrl. european distribution patterns were compared to investigate how broader - scale distribution is reflected in national red lists .\namong the 4830 nationally red - listed forest species in fennoscandia, 58% were cfrl. the fraction of species in the different forest type and species groups differed significantly between the two spatial scales for several groups, although the overall differences in composition were relatively small. red - listed species had more confined distribution patterns, suggesting that many nationally red - listed species owe their status to being at the edge of their distribution range .\nan up - scaling had a large effect on which species designated to a red list, but a relatively small impact on which organism groups or forest types that contained most red - listed species. a regional perspective generated by compilation of national red lists can give valuable complementary information on the status of species and effects of scale .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\ntop 15 species of fish in underwater videos, with the number of... | download scientific diagram\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nfigure 5: top 15 species of fish in underwater videos, with the number of observations in the ground - truth .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications – all in one place .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nfdep 1994. development of an environmental stress index using parasites of fish. submitted research proposal .\n, (ed. s. m. adams), american fisheries society symposium .\nhart, a. w. 1994. indian river lagoon national estuary program. 85pp .\n, (eds. couch, j. a. and fournie, j. w .), pp. 157–176, crc press, boca raton, florida .\n, (eds. couch, j. a. and fournie, j. w .), pp. 177–215, crc press, boca raton, florida .\nhyland, j. l. , herringer, t. j. , snoots, t. r. , ringwood, a. h. , van dolah, r. f. , hackney, c. t. , nelson, g. a. , rosen, j. s. , kokkanikis, s. a. 1996 .\n, (eds. m. shilo and s. sarig), p. 195–252, crc press, boca raton, florida .\nmcvicar, a. h. , bruno, d. w. and fraser, c. o. : 1988 .\n, (eds. couch, j. a. , fournie, j. w .), pp. 111–156, crc press, boca raton, florida .\nsarig, s. : 1971. the prevention and treatment of diseases of warmwater fishes under subtropical conditions, with special emphasis on intensive fish farming .\n, book 3, snieszko, s. f. and axelrod, h. r. (eds .), tfh publications, neptune city, new jersey .\n. u. s. epa, ord, gulf breeze fl, epa / 600 / r - 93–001 .\nziskowski, j. j. , despres - patanjo, l. , murchelano, r. a. , howe, a. b. , ralph, d. , atran, s. 1987 .\nlandsberg j. h. , blakesley b. a. , reese r. o. , mcrae g. , forstchen p. r. (1998) parasites of fish as indicators of environmental stress. in: sandhu s. , jackson l. , austin k. , hyland j. , melzian b. , summers k. (eds) monitoring ecological condition at regional scales. springer, dordrecht" ]

{ "text": [ "chrysura is a genus of cuckoo wasps which parasitize megachilid bees .", "there are 117 species in chrysura , all but 11 of which are found in the palaearctic .", "the genus was described by dahlbom in 1845 , and the type species for the genus is chrysura austriaca .", "it is the third largest genus in the family chrysididae . " ], "topic": [ 17, 20, 26, 26 ] }

[ "chrysura is a genus of cuckoo wasps which parasitize megachilid bees. there are 117 species in chrysura, all but 11 of which are found in the palaearctic. the genus was described by dahlbom in 1845, and the type species for the genus is chrysura austriaca. it is the third largest genus in the family chrysididae." ]

[ "the great egret is also known as the american egret, the common egret, the large egret, the white egret, the great white egret and the great white heron .\nother names: great egret, large egret, white egret, great white egret, common egret, white crane, white heron or large heron .\nin the early 20th century, the long feathers of the great egret were used on ladies hats and the great egret was almost hunted into extinction .\ngreat egret. (n. d .). retrieved from urltoken great egret - ardea alba. (n. d .). retrieved from\nthe great egret exhibits physical, behavioral, and niche adaptations. physical adaptations include\nit could mean that the uk' s first great white egret colony is established .\nthe great egret lives along salt and freshwater marshes, marshy ponds and tidal flats .\ngreat egret in basic (nonbreeding) plumage, arcata, ca, 4 april .\nthe great egret flies with slow, heavy wingbeats that push the bird up and down .\nthe oldest known great egret was 22 years, 10 months old and was banded in ohio .\nthe area of occupancy of the eastern great egret in australia is estimated at 408 400 km² .\nthe great egret, ardea alba. photo courtesy of c. sewell, used with permission .\nthe great egret is a large, white wading bird. (e _ monk / flickr )\nmalosh, g. (2004). great blue heron x great egret in washington county. pennsylvania birds. 18: 72 - 73 .\nno recovery, conservation or threat abatement plans have been developed for the eastern great egret in australia .\ngreat egret alighting in a red mangrove tree. photo courtesy of c. sewell, used with permission .\nthe great egret is also called the common egret, aptly nicknamed as it is a common presence in louisiana bayous and ponds. these birds can be seen in freshwater or saltwater habitats in addition to fields and backyards. but this was not always the case for the great egret .\nflora and fauna guarantee act 1988 action statement no. 120 - great egret ardea alba intermediate egret ardea intermedia little egret egretta garzetta (victorian department of sustainability and environment (vic. dse), 2001) [ state action plan ] .\nthe great egret' s breeding range on the pacific coast stretches from oregon to western mexico. in the central united states, the great egret can be found from minnesota south to the mississippi valley and along the gulf coast .\ncuster tw, peterson jr dw. 1991. growth rates of great egret, snowy egret and black - crowned night - heron chicks. colonial waterbirds 14: 46 - 50 .\nthe latest sighting details and map for great egret are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .\ngreat egret (casmerodius albus) - mississippi national river and recreation area (u. s. national park service )\ndescription: the great egret is a wading bird with white feathers. it has a long neck and very long, black legs. its bill is long, thick and yellow. an adult great egret is more than 3 feet tall .\n. english names used in the past in north america include american egret and common egret, while in the old world it has been known as great white egret (or even great white heron). over its broad worldwide range, 4 subspecies are recognized. this account focuses on populations in the americas (\nthe eastern great egret is not known to cross - breed with any other species. however, documented accounts of hybridisation between the closely - related great egret and other herons (baumanis 1998; malosh 2004; mccarthy 2006) suggest that eastern great egrets may also engage in some cross - breeding .\ncan be confused with the white morph of the great blue heron (ardea herodias), the\ngreat white heron\n, which occurs only in southern florida. the great egret' s black legs and feet distinguish it from the great white heron, which has yellow legs .\n) belongs to the family ardeidae. the eastern great egret is distributed in indian subcontinent, southern and eastern asia and australia .\n( 2011). great egret catches a fish, myrtle beach, south carolina. (2011). [ web video ] .\nthe great egret is a large, slender, white heron, with long neck, dark legs and long back plumes when breeding .\nwiese, j. h. 1976b. courtship and pair formation in the great egret. auk no. 93: 709 - 724. close\nmock, d. w. 1978b. pair - formation displays of the great egret. condor no. 80: 159 - 172. close\nthe great egret is the beautiful bird we all admire while passing over or through area wetlands. it is the runway model of the aves (bird) class. it is a tall graceful wading bird with all white plumage. the great egret is found on every continent except antarctica .\nforaging ecology of the grey heron (ardea cinerea), great egret (ardea alba) and little egret (egretta garzetta) in response to habitat, at 2 greek wetlands | school of biology a. u. th .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - great egret (casmerodius albus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - great egret (casmerodius albus )\ntitle =\narkive species - great egret (casmerodius albus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ngreat egrets were hunted nearly to extinction in the 19th century for their plumage. the great egret is the symbol of the national audubon society, which was founded to protect birds for being killed for their feathers .\nsilhouettes. great egrets, hungary. the changing fortunes of the great egret (egretta alba egretta) is the environmental protection’s signature success story. finalist, lensculture earth awards 2015. © zsolt kudich and réka zsirmon\noregon zoo, 2002 .\noregon zoo animals: great egret\n( on - line). accessed 11 / 20 / 2003 at urltoken .\nclinostomum album n. sp. and clinostomum marginatum (rudolphi, 1819), parasites of the great egret ardea alba l. from mississippi, usa\nlarger than a snowy egret with a yellow bill and entirely black legs and feet .\nthough it mainly hunts while wading, the great egret occasionally swims to capture prey or hovers (somewhat laboriously) over the water and dips for fish .\nprior to the 20th century there was great demand for the lacey plumage of great egrets for women' s hats and other fashionable garments .\nclinostomum album n. sp. and clinostomum marginatum (rudolphi, 1819), parasites of the great egret ardea alba l. from mississippi, usa | springerlink\nthe iucn (international union for conservation of nature) has categorized and evaluated the eastern great egret species and has listed them as of\nleast concern\n.\nthe changing fortune of the great egret (egretta alba egretta), the signature bird of the hungarian nature conservation efforts, is an environmental protection success story .\nthe distribution of the eastern great egret in australia is not severely fragmented. eastern great egrets are not considered especially susceptible to fragmentation effects because they are highly mobile (r. p. jaensch 2008, pers. comm .) .\nthe eastern great egret was recently elevated to full species status (kushlan & hancock 2005; christidis & boles 2008). formerly, birds breeding in southern and eastern asia and australasia were treated as a subspecies of the great egret (christidis & boles 1994; martínez - vilalta & motis 1992; mayr & cottrell 1979) .\ninteresting facts: great egrets’ cruising speed is around twenty - five miles an hour. though the egret usually hunts while wading, it can swim to capture prey .\non the atlantic coast, it can be found from southern new england to florida. on the pacific coast, the great egret winters from oregon to mexico. on the atlantic coast, it winters along the coast from new jersey south to florida and along the gulf coast. the great egret is also found in central and south america .\nmock, d. w. 1980b. communication strategies of great blue herons and great egrets. behaviour no. 72: 156 - 170. close\nthe great egret is a large member of the heron family, with long legs, white plumage, and a slender body. adults have black legs and feet. during the breeding season, the normally yellow bill may appear orange and long feather plumes extend from the back to beyond the tail. immature egrets and non - breeding adults have no plumes and the color of their bills and legs is duller. the wings of the great egret are proportionately longer and broader than most other white herons. in flight, the great egret holds its neck in a more open s - shape than do other white herons. the great egret call is a very deep, low, gravelly croaking sound\ngreat egrets prefer shallow water, particularly when flowing, but may be seen on any watered area, including damp grasslands. great egrets can be seen alone or in small flocks, often with other egret species, and roost at night in groups .\nfrogs, snakes, crayfish, fish, mice, crickets, aquatic insects, grasshoppers, and many other insects constitute the typical diet of a great egret. other large wading birds have similar feeding habits and compete with great egrets for food resources .\nthe great egret occurs through most of north, central and south america, east europe, africa, and north asia, avoiding deserts. breeding range: in the americas ,\nthe great egret is a large, white wading bird with long, lacy plumes on the back. it visits the chesapeake bay region’s marshes and wetlands from spring through autumn .\nwerner, s. j. , tobin, m. e. , & fioranelli, p. b. (2001). great egret preference for catfish size classes .\nso, what are you to make of this post? well, obviously the next time you encounter a great egret outside, just forget what i said and enjoy the bird .\nthe great egret, a spectacular large, white bird stalks the quiet waters of large rivers and lakes looking for prey, such as fish, frogs, snakes, and crayfish .\nthe great egret usually feeds alone. it feeds on molluscs, amphibians, aquatic insects, small reptiles, crustaceans and occasionally other small animals, but fish make up the bulk of its diet. the great egret usually hunts in water, wading through the shallows, or standing motionless before stabbing at prey. birds have also been seen taking prey while in flight .\napril and may are good times to watch for great egrets at vernal pools. when big or deep vernal pools are drying up, great egrets fly in for a big meal. the larvae of damselflies, dragonflies, and aquatic beetles are large and abundant in big pools. there are also plenty of tadpoles and frogs, and garter snakes nearby to hunt them. when a great egret spots a garter snake, the hunter soon becomes the hunted. imagine how a great egret gets a long snake down its long throat !\ngreat egrets visit the chesapeake bay region’s marshes and wetlands from spring through autumn .\nthe great egret is the symbol of the national audubon society, one of the oldest environmental organizations in north america. audubon was founded to protect birds from being killed for their feathers .\nthe great egret feeds alone in shallow water. it stalks prey like frogs, crayfish, snakes, snails and fish. when it spots its prey, it pulls its head and long neck back and then quickly stabs at the prey. on land it sometimes stalks small mammals like moles and mice. the great egret usually feeds in the early morning and evening hours .\nnatureserve. 2009. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. search for\ngreat egret .\nin 1905 outraged citizens protested the killing of the egrets for their feathers, a movement that led, in part, to the establishment of the national audubon society and to legislation protecting the egrets. egret populations rebounded, and the great egret is still the symbol of the national audubon society .\nnatural england staff let him into the egret secret but immediately swore him to secrecy to protect the birds .\nthe generation length of the eastern great egret has not been documented, but it may be similar to that of another member of the family ardeidae, the great - billed heron, whose generation length has been tentatively estimated at five years (garnett & crowley 2000) .\nthanks, lisa - glad you enjoyed it! it was a great ...\ngreat egrets are often seen in association with other wading birds in wetland habitat areas .\ngreat egrets are held in numerous zoos and institutions around the world (international species information system 2008). it is not known if any of these populations consist of individuals of the former subspecies modesta, since it has been elevated to full species status as the eastern great egret .\nthe male great egret chooses the nesting site and builds a nest platform of sticks and twigs in a tree or bush before he selects a mate. occasionally, the great egret will build its nest on dry ground near a marsh. the female great egret lays three to five pale green - blue eggs. the eggs take about three to four weeks to incubate. both parents incubate the eggs and feed the chicks. the chicks fledge in about six weeks. if the nest is on the ground, the chicks will walk around the nest before they fledge. both the male and female aggressively defend the nesting territory. great egrets nest in colonies, often with herons and ibis .\nthe global population size of the eastern great egret is estimated at approximately 60 000 to 300 000 individuals. trends in global population size have not been quantified, but numbers are currently declining in eastern asia (wetlands international 2006). the main threat to the eastern great egret is probably alteration of existing wetland habitat (kushlan & hancock 2005). the species probably also accumulates, and is affected by, persistent environmental contaminants (ohlendorf & marois 1990; pratt & winkler 1985; spalding et al. 2000a, 2000b). the eastern great egret is not recognised as a species by birdlife international and so has not been assigned a global status. birdlife international retain modesta as a subspecies of the great egret, which is classified as least concern at the global level (birdlife international 2007j) .\nthe existence or number of subpopulations of the eastern great egret in australia has not been confirmed or estimated. it is unlikely that genuine subpopulations occur given the broad range and high mobility of the species .\ndistribution of the great egret in north and middle america and western west indies. this species also breeds in south america and in europe, asia, and the australasian region. see text for details .\nthe heron or egret is symbolic in many cultures. here are a few highlights about the symbolism of the heron .\nwhen the great egret is in breeding plumage, it has long lacy and delicate plumes on its back that curl over its tail. males and females look alike, but the males are a little larger .\njaensch, r. p. & r. m. vervest (1989). breeding colonies of the great egret in western australia 1986 - 88. raou report. 33. canning bridge wa raou .\ngreat egrets weigh about 900 - 1, 360 g (32 - 48 oz. )\nthere are no published estimates of the extent of occurrence of eastern great egrets in australia .\non wednesday morning, kevin anderson, great white egret project coordinator for natural england, provided\n100% definite confirmation when he saw it flapping its wings after a feed from the parent ,\nmr clarke said .\ngreat white egrets are breeding in the uk for the first time at a somerset nature reserve .\ngreat egrets have a lifespan of about 15 years in the wild (22 in captivity) .\nto continue the nomenclatural confusion, the genus egretta contains “egrets” like snowy egret and “herons” like little blue heron and tricolored heron .\nthe great egret was protected by law from plumage hunters in the 1900s and, as a result, populations managed to re - establish themselves (7) (9). today, no conservation efforts appear to be in place for this species, but due to the nature of some of the threats the great egret now faces, future conservation actions that focus on the protection of its breeding colonies and preferred habitats may be required (3) .\ngreat egrets are found in the nearctic as far south as texas, the gulf coast states, and florida up the atlantic coast to maine and southern canada, and west to the great lakes .\nthis great egret was brought to tri - state weak and thin with swelling in one of its “wrist” joints. the young egret was treated for internal parasites and given medication to help reduce the joint swelling. with medication and supportive care, the inflammation began to resolve and the juvenile bird was soon ready to stretch its wings in an outdoor cage. once the egret was flying strong and ready to go, it was returned to a suitable habitat near the area it was found .\nto have an amazing bird like a great white egret, which is the size of a grey heron [ and ] bright white, nesting here is just phenomenal ,\nsaid simon clarke, reserve manager for shapwick heath .\nthe great egret is a large heron which, as an adult, has entirely white plumage with contrasting black feet and long, black legs (3). colour is added by its bright yellow bill, tipped with black, and the greenish - yellow area between the bill and the eye (3). like many herons, it has a long neck that is pulled into an ‘s’ - shaped curve when in flight (3). during the breeding season the great egret displays wonderful, elegant plumes on its back, which extend up to ten centimetres past the tail and are used in courtship displays. in these displays, the great egret spreads its plumes out like a fan, rather like a peacock (3). juvenile great egrets look similar to the adults but without the ornamental breeding plumes (3). the great egret gives a variety of calls, including a low - pitched ‘kraak’ call that is given in flight, when disturbed, and as a threat call (3) .\ngreat egrets while solitary foragers, roost and nest in mixed - species colonies in trees and shrubs .\nfun facts: during the late 1800’s and the early 1900’s, the great egret was hunted almost to extinction. its beautiful white plumes (feathers) were used to decorate ladies’ hats. in 1903, egret plumes were so popular they were worth twice their weight in gold! millions of egrets, herons and other birds were killed every year just to decorate women’s hats .\nrelationships among the ardeidae (herons) have been revised or relisted several times, and both the common and scientific names have changed correspondingly. the great egret has been classified in the past under several genera, including its own monotypic genus ,\nwhilst this activity once caused a dramatic drop in population sizes (especially in north america) the great egret is no longer under great threat from hunters (4). today, a more pressing threat is habitat loss, due to activities such as clearing, grazing, and the drainage of wetlands (5). in madagascar great egrets are at risk from local people collecting chicks and eggs from nests, which has resulted in a decline in populations in this area (3) (10). finally, the great egret, along with many other species, may be impacted in the future by the alteration of its preferred habitats as a result of global climate change (11) .\nthe eastern great egret has a diverse diet that includes fish, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, frogs, lizards, snakes and small birds and mammals (kushlan & hancock 2005; marchant & higgins 1990; mckilligan 2005; vestjens 1977c) .\nphillimore, r. l. & h. f. recher (2004). observations on a great egret ardea alba and nankeen night heron nycticorax caledonicus colony at the perth zoo, western australia. corella. 28: 82 - 86 .\nall feathers on great egrets are white. their bills are yellowish - orange, and the legs black .\ngreat egrets hold their neck in a graceful s - shape when flying. (mike baird / flickr )\ngreat egrets have long, delicate plumes on the back during breeding season. (mike baird / flickr )\nsnowfall. great egrets, hungary. finalist, lensculture earth awards 2015. © zsolt kudich and réka zsirmon\nthe elegant great egret is a dazzling sight in many a north american wetland. slightly smaller and more svelte than a great blue heron, these are still large birds with impressive wingspans. they hunt in classic heron fashion, standing immobile or wading through wetlands to capture fish with a deadly jab of their yellow bill. great egrets were hunted nearly to extinction for their plumes in the late nineteenth century, sparking conservation movements and some of the first laws to protect birds .\nthe chick already looks the size of a little egret, is looking healthy, and there are lots of feeding flights from the parents .\nthe egret population has recovered in the last century and is now thriving in north america, even in some wetlands near urban and suburban areas .\nschutsky, r. m. 1992. great egret (casmerodius albus). pages 52 - 53. in atlas of the breeding birds of pennsylvania (d. w. brauning, ed .). university of pittsburgh press, pittsburgh, pa .\nin many inland areas. reed beds are particularly important habitats in some areas, such as east europe (schogolev 1996). the great white egret may nest either solitarily or colonially with other species, sometimes in colonies of over 1000 nests. the race\nwhile feeding eastern great egrets often occur solitarily or in small groups. these egret species feed on fish, frogs, small reptiles, small birds, rodents, insects, crustaceans and molluscs. they secure the prey by stabbing or pecking with the bill .\nat dawn. great egrets, hungary. finalist, lensculture earth awards 2015. © zsolt kudich and réka zsirmon\nair show. great egrets, hungary. finalist, lensculture earth awards 2015. © zsolt kudich and réka zsirmon\nthe great egret is a little over three feet tall with a wingspan of almost five feet. its feathers are entirely white. it has a long, sharp yellow bill and long gray to black legs, with non - webbed feet with very long toes .\negret sea. great egrets, hungary. as a result of international collaboration to preserve and protect their natural habitat, the egrets' colonies now count over 3, 000 pairs in hungary. finalist, lensculture earth awards 2015. © zsolt kudich and réka zsirmon\ngreat egrets are at the top of the food web. few predators want to attack such a large bird, with such a big beak! great egrets avoid most predators by roosting in tall trees at night with other egrets and herons. by nesting in large groups, the birds can warn each other of predators. the young of great egrets are taken from their nests in rookeries by raccoons, great horned owls, red - tailed hawks and other hawks. coyotes, red - tailed hawks and other hawks will also prey on great egrets while they are foraging .\nthis long - legged, s - necked white bird is found throughout the americas and around much of the world. it is typically the largest white egret occurring anywhere in its range (only the white - colored form of the great blue heron is larger) .\nthe great egret has a very large range, occurring across much of the world, from canada south to south america, across europe, africa and asia, and in australia (3). africa is generally only occupied outside of breeding times (4) .\ncurrent status: in pennsylvania, the great egret is listed state endangered and protected under the game and wildlife code. nationally, they are not listed as an endangered / threatened species. all migratory birds are protected under the federal migratory bird treaty act of 1918 .\ngreat egrets are opportunistic foragers. they primarily consume fish, but also eat crustaceans, amphibians, and small mammals .\npratt, h. m. & d. w. winkler (1985). clutch size, timing of laying and reproductive success in a colony of great blue herons and great egrets. auk. 102: 49 - 63 .\ngreat egrets inhabit freshwater wetlands, usually foraging in open areas of lakes, large marshes, and along large rivers .\ngreat egrets mate with one mate each season. males are in charge of finding a home and attracting a female .\negrets with gulls. great egrets, hungary. finalist, lensculture earth awards 2015. © zsolt kudich and réka zsirmon\nintermediate in size between the larger day herons and the smaller egrets, the elegant, stately great egret, in its dazzling white plumage, is widely recognized in north america and elsewhere. in the western hemisphere, the decimation of populations of this species and other wading birds during the early twentieth century by overhunting helped spark the formation of conservation and environmental organizations, as well as laws protecting these birds. indeed, the great egret is the organizational symbol for one of the oldest such groups in the united states, the national audubon society .\na large, long - necked and long - legged wading bird with pure white plumage, the great egret has a long, yellow bill, and dark legs and feet. in breeding plumage, adults have longish plumes descending from their tails, but not their heads .\npratt, h. m. and d. w. winkler. 1985. clutch size, timing of laying and reproductive success in a colony of great blue herons and great egrets. auk no. 102: 49 - 63. close\nmajor published studies on the eastern great egret in australia have been completed by baxter (1996), baxter and fairweather (1998), geering and colleagues (1998), maddock (1986), maddock and baxter (1991) and phillimore and recher (2004) .\nin addition to growing nuptial plumes, the great egret undergoes other changes during breeding season. their bills change color from yellow to orange, and the area around the eyes (lores) becomes green. both male and female experience these changes and look identical to each other .\ngreat egrets fly slowly but powerfully: with just two wingbeats per second their cruising speed is around 25 miles an hour .\nyou hear about new species coming to britain but to get something as dramatic and impressive as a great white egret breeding here and knowing that i was the first person filming that very first [ breeding ] attempt is really satisfying ,\nmr taylor - jones told bbc nature .\nonce rare in the mississippi national river and recreation area, great egret populations slowly moved northward in the 1930s and began to stay for a few late - summer weeks in the twin city area by the early 1940s. by the 1950s, these birds were a regular summer resident .\nmccrimmon, d. a. , ogden, j. c. and bancroft, g. t. (2001) great egret (ardea alba). in: poole, a. (ed .) the birds of north america online. cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca .\nthe great egret is tall and slender with white plumage. it has long black legs and feet and an extended neck that folds back into an\ns\nshape as needed. it sports a long, straight, and pointed yellow bill. males and females look alike with the males being slightly larger. these birds have an average lifespan of fifteen years in the wild and twenty - two years in captivity. great egrets may be differentiated from most other white herons by their larger size and unicolored yellow bill. great egrets differ from the white form of the great blue heron in that their feet and legs are black in contrast to yellowish for the heron .\nthe eastern great egret may potentially occur at wetlands that also support a range of other waterbirds or shorebirds, such as the australian painted snipe, which is listed as vulnerable under the epbc act, and a number of species that are listed as migratory under the epbc act. the eastern great egret is widespread in the alligator rivers region of the northern territory (morton et al. 1993a), which is the stronghold of the alligator rivers subspecies of the yellow chat (epthianura crocea tunneyi). the yellow chat (alligator rivers) is listed as endangered under the epbc act .\ngreat egrets occur throughout most of the world. they are common throughout australia, with the exception of the most arid areas .\ngreat egrets plunge their long, spear - like bill into the water to capture their prey. (stuart brown / flickr )\nin early spring, great egrets are one of the first colonial birds to nest—in colonies with other egrets and herons. usually the great egret builds its nest at the tops of trees or in low bushes, over a swamp or sluggish pond. many re - use or re - build the same nest every year. occasionally, they have been known to nest on the ground, even in a stand of poison ivy .\nthese carnivorous birds have special adaptations of long legs for wading and a sharp bill designed for grasping or spearing slippery prey. the great egret’s neck, like all herons, contains a modified vertebrae that gives the bird’s neck its characteristic “s” shape and that provides the bird with a swift stabbing motion .\nthe ideal location for great egrets is near any form of water. streams, lakes, ponds, mud flats, saltwater and freshwater marshes are inhabited by this beautiful bird. wooded swamps and wetlands are the preferred location for great egrets and other heron species .\nduring the late 1800s and early 1900s (9), plume hunters were a significant threat to this beautiful bird (4). the great egret was hunted for its spectacular breeding plumes (4) (9), which were in great demand for hat decorations. in the name of fashion, the adults were killed and any eggs in the nest were left to rot, while chicks were fated to starve (9) .\ngreat white egrets are nesting in the uk for the first time at natural england' s shapwick heath national nature reserve in somerset .\nthe single nest could be the start of a future uk breeding colony of great white egrets and signs are looking positive for success .\ngreat egrets were nearly wiped out in the united states in the late 1800s when their plumes were fashionable on women' s hats. the enactment of the international migratory bird treaty in 1914 put a stop to the slaughter of these and many other species in peril. the great egret has made a rapid recovery, and the breeding range has been expanding gradually northward. the first record of great egrets nesting in washington was in 1979 at potholes reservoir in grant county. since then, they have expanded their nesting in washington, and their expansion into southwestern washington continues rapidly .\nthe ardeidae are in general known for wading in water to patiently pursue aquatic prey. members of this family, the snowy egret in particular, are also known for the elegant\nthe pristinely white great egret gets even more dressed up for the breeding season. a patch of skin on its face turns neon green, and long plumes grow from its back. called aigrettes, those plumes were the bane of egrets in the late nineteenth century, when such adornments were prized for ladies’ hats .\nmccrimmon, jr. , donald a. , john c. ogden and g. thomas bancroft. 2001. great egret (ardea alba), in the birds of north america online (a. poole, ed .). ithaca: cornell lab of ornithology; retrieved from the birds of north america online\nthe eastern great egret is a moderately large bird (83–103 cm in length, 700–1200 g in weight) with white plumage, a black or yellow bill and long reddish and black legs. the colours of the bare parts change during the breeding season (kushlan & hancock 2005; marchant & higgins 1990) .\nthe great egret grows to about 39 inches tall with a 55 inch wingspan. it has white plumage with long, delicate plumes on its back during breeding season. it holds its neck in a graceful s - shape. it has a long, yellow, spear - like bill and black legs and feet .\nin mixed - species colonies, great egrets are often the first species to arrive, and their presence may induce nesting among other species .\nrichard taylor - jones was filming those success stories for bbc springwatch, so filming nesting great white egrets was a\nhappy accident\n.\nryser, f. a. (1985) birds of the great basin: a natural history. university of nevada press, usa .\ngreat egrets are federally protected under the migratory bird treaty act of 1918 and as a state endangered species. nesting colonies are protected through the\nmccrimmon jr. , donald a. , john c. ogden and g. thomas bancroft. 2011. great egret (ardea alba), version 2. 0. in the birds of north america (p. g. rodewald, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, new york, usa .\nbecause the presence of water is crucial for breeding of the eastern great egret, it is difficult to determine if recent declines in eastern australia represent a long - term trend or a response to the current climatic cycle. continued monitoring will be required for the status of the species to be confirmed (maddock 2000) .\nwe would like to thank katie hanson - dorr, lanna durst, alex crain, lorelei ford, and raleigh middleton for their assistance in capturing the egrets and during egret necropsies .\ngreat egrets are sympatric with other species of wading birds. willard (1977) and kent (1986) found significant habitat overlap of great egrets with snowy egrets, tricolored herons and little blue herons. however, it appears that there is some level of habitat partitioning that occurs, with great egrets preferring to inhabit freshwater pools and lakes (chavez - ramirez and slack 1995), while other species utilize estuarine habitats .\nthe great egret is the symbol of the national audubon society and represents a conservation success story. the snowy white bird' s beautiful plumage made it far too popular in 19th - century north america. great egrets were decimated by plume hunters who supplied purveyors of the latest ladies' fashions. their populations plunged by some 95 percent. today the outlook is much brighter. the birds have enjoyed legal protection over the last century, and their numbers have increased substantially .\nthis egret nests in reed beds or in trees or bushes, usually isolated stands near water or on islands. along tropical shores mangrove - lined trees are often used, as are willows\nother large wading birds such as the great blue heron utilize similar habitats and food resources, but probable resource partitioning among species minimizes direct competition .\ndespite many species being nearly hunted to extinction for their plumage in the early twentieth century, with protection, heron and egret populations have bounced back and are no longer threatened in north america .\nsmith (1997), in studying a nesting colony at lake okeechobee, florida, found that the diets of great egret nestlings are among the most varied for wading birds, and includes as many as 40 different species. mosquitofish were the primary prey items offered to nestlings, followed by crayfish, sailfin mollies, bluegills, and shad .\nalthough found across the world with an estimated population of two million birds, there are no records of great white egrets having bred in the uk .\nfish is their primary food, but great egrets also eat crustaceans, frogs, other aquatic creatures, and rodents and grasshoppers from terrestrial feeding areas .\ngreat egrets are considered sociable in that they often share habitats and breeding colonies with ibis, great blue heron, snowy egrets, and other heron species. an explanation for this sociability may come from the observation that when mixed species of birds feed together they combine surveillance capacities to better detect predators .\nit was a great sense of relief when we confirmed we have got at least one chick on the nest ,\nmr clarke told bbc nature .\ngreat egrets are approximately 84 - 102 cm (33 - 40 in .) tall and have a wingspan up to 150 cm (59 in. )\none of australia’s most elegant birds, the snowy - white eastern great egret is often seen wading in a range of wetlands, from lakes, rivers and swamps to estuaries, saltmarsh and intertidal mudflats. they usually feed in shallow water, standing and waiting for fish, frogs, insects and other small aquatic creatures to appear before stabbing them with its long, yellow bill. they also walk slowly through the water, on the lookout for prey. large fish are eaten with difficulty, and are often snatched from the bill of the egret by raptors .\nthe great egret is characteristically large and white, with dark legs and feet and a bare facial skin patch that reaches beyond the eye. these birds are found throughout almost the entirety of central and south america save parts of the pacific coast of chile and tierra del fuego. great egrets live in all kinds of wetlands, both inland and coastal, and feed on a variety of aquatic organisms such as fish, snakes and crustaceans. although these egrets primarily are solitary\nstand and wait\nfeeders, they may congregate in aggregations of hundreds or more if food abundant. great egrets are colonial nesters and may be found in mixed species colonies of ten or more pairs .\nohlendorf, h. m. & k. c. marois (1990). organochlorines and selenium in california night - heron and egret eggs. environmental monitoring and assessment. 15: 91 - 104 .\nthe great egret can be confused with other white egrets found in australia. it can be distinguished by the length of its neck, which is greater than the length of its body (and with a noticeable kink two - thirds of the way up), a dark line extending from the base of the bill to behind the eye and the overall larger size .\nthe eastern great egret is found to occur in a wide range of wetland habitats and shallow waters. they are seen both in freshwater and saline habitats. they are found in marshes, swamps, river mud flats, margin of rivers, lakes, ponds, flooded grasslands, pastures, agricultural lands, tidal streams, mangrove swamps, coastal lagoons and offshore reefs .\nany easy way to see great egrets is to watch for them along the road. you will often see them in rice paddies, wet fields or ditches. see how many other species of wading birds you can find in the same places. what critters probably live in the water where you see great egrets foraging ?\nnew year’s day 2009, about 6: 00pm as our family was departing for their home we noticed a great blue heron on top of our chimney. we have a watercolor of a great blue in our dinning room. our home is one story located in the dallas, tx area. we took digital photos and we left before the great blue departed. cannot help but think this was an auspicious sign. happy new year to all! enjoy your website. thanks l\ngeering, d. j. (1993). the effect of drought - breaking rain on the re - establishment of egret colonies in north coastal new south wales. corella. 17: 47 - 51 .\nwithin its wetland habitats, the great egret feeds mainly on fish, snakes, amphibians, insects and crustaceans, although on drier land it may also eat lizards, small birds and mammals (4). it feeds most actively at dawn and dusk, when it can often be found waiting motionless at the water’s edge until prey comes close enough to catch (3) .\nthe great egret breeds in colonies, and often in association with cormorants, ibises and other egrets. both sexes construct the nest, which is a large platform of sticks, placed in a tree over the water. the previous years' nest may often be re - used. both sexes also incubate the eggs and care for the young (usually two or three) .\ngreat egrets can be found feeding in flocks of their own kind or with other herons. when feeding, they stand or walk slowly in shallow water waiting for prey to come by, and then they thrust to catch it with their bills. sometimes they forage in open fields, occasionally around cattle, but are not likely to be confused with the much smaller cattle egret .\nthe global population size of the eastern great egret is estimated at approximately 60, 000 to 300, 000 individuals. persistent environmental contamination, alteration of existing wetland habitat and loss of breeding sites are the main conservation issues. nests and eggs are vulnerable to crows and other birds. nestlings are vulnerable to a variety of predators including ravens / crows, raptors and aquatic animals .\nthe full story about great white egrets and the avalon marshes can be seen during springwatch, which begins broadcasting on bbc two at 2000 bst on monday 28 may .\npratt, h. m. 1970. breeding biology of great blue herons and common egrets in central california. condor no. 72: 407 - 416. close\none of the best places to see nesting great egrets is at the lake martin rookery. (a large colony of nesting wading birds is called a rookery. )\nadult great egrets have no non - human predators and now have some legal protection against humans. however, eggs and nestlings are exposed to numerous predators including crows (family\ngreat egret: breeds from washington to western mexico and from manitoba to the mississippi valley and southeast u. s. ; also occurs along the atlantic coast north to southern new england. winters in oregon south through the southwest, texas, and gulf coast states to mexico, and on the atlantic coast north to new jersey. prefers fresh and salt marshes, marshy ponds, and tidal flats .\nherons and egrets occur in all sorts of wetland and aquatic habitats in north america except for the tundra. ponds, lakes, rivers, estuaries, seacoasts, and marshes are all utilized by members of this family, the most widespread species being the green and great blue herons. the least common resident species is the reddish egret, a bird locally distributed along coastlines of the southeastern united states .\npennsylvania' s first documented nesting record was in 1957. by 1990, birds had established three modest colonies here. today, the main threats faced by the great egret are habitat loss (flooding of shallow feeding areas as a result of dams, for example), water pollution and disturbance of nesting colonies. boat traffic also can disturb egrets and boat wakes can wash out the shallow foraging areas .\nthe eastern great egret is a widespread species of southern and eastern asia and australasia. breeding populations are located in pakistan, india, sri lanka, bangladesh, burma, thailand, china, korea, north - eastern russia, japan, indo - china, indonesia, papua new guinea, solomon islands, australia and new zealand (kushlan & hancock 2005; martínez - vilalta & motis 1992) .\nthe most important issue for the conservation of eastern great egrets and other herons in inland regions of australia is the allocation of water from regulated rivers in sufficient quantity and at appropriate times to maintain suitable wetland conditions (maddock 2000). kingsford and auld (2005) used long - term monitoring data to model the likely effects of three different environmental water flow regimes on the eastern great egret and nine other colonial waterbirds in the macquarie marshes of nsw. the restoration of suitable wetland habitat capable of supporting breeding birds is being pursued through initiatives such as the living murray restoration program .\npowell gv, powell ah. 1986. reproduction by great white herons ardea herodias in florida bay as an indicator of habitat quality. biol conserv 36: 101 - 113 .\nthe great egret can be confused with the other white herons. it is identified by its size relative to the other white herons, its back plumes, dense breast plumes, lack of crest and head plumes, yellow and yellow black bill, the extension of a dark line from the gape to beyond the eye, and dark legs. it has long legs and neck relative to the size of the body\nthe great egret' s overall plumage is white, and, for most of the year, when not breeding, the bill and facial skin are yellow. the feet are dark olive - grey or sooty black, as are the legs. during the breeding season, the bill turns mostly black and the facial skin becomes green. also at this time, long hair - like feathers (nuptial plumes) hang across the lower back, and the legs become pinkish - yellow at the top. young great egrets are similar to the adults, but have a blackish tip to the bill .\npratt, h. m. 1972. nesting success of common egrets and great blue herons in the san francisco bay region. condor no. 74: 447 - 453. close\ngreat egrets usually build their nests around other egrets. nests are a platform made of sticks, twigs, and stems built high up in a tree. eggs are greenish blue, and both the male and female aid in hatching. great egrets tend to lay 3 - 4 eggs. they raise one brood each year. breeding season begins in mid - august .\ngreat egret' s migratory habits appear to depend upon the location of their breeding areas and may also be influenced by temperature fluctuations. they may be non - migrant, locally migrant, or migrate long distances. birds from interior and northern nesting areas migrate to the south and / or coast. migrant birds from the north often winter in costa rica from october through april. banded birds from the united states have been identified as far south as northern columbia from september through november. it is also believed that great egrets from the atlantic coast of the united states winter in the bahamas and west indies." ]

{ "text": [ "the great egret ( ardea alba ) , also known as the common egret , large egret or ( in the old world ) great white egret or great white heron is a large , widely distributed egret , with four subspecies found in asia , africa , the americas , and southern europe .", "distributed across most of the tropical and warmer temperate regions of the world .", "it builds tree nests in colonies close to water . " ], "topic": [ 27, 13, 28 ] }

[ "the great egret (ardea alba), also known as the common egret, large egret or (in the old world) great white egret or great white heron is a large, widely distributed egret, with four subspecies found in asia, africa, the americas, and southern europe. distributed across most of the tropical and warmer temperate regions of the world. it builds tree nests in colonies close to water." ]

[ "tianshanensis liu & nasu, 1993 (epinotia), ty to ga 44: 60. tl: china, xinjiang uygur autonomous region, tian mtns. . holotype: zmas. male .\nmesopotamica obraztsov, 1952 (epinotia (epinotia) ), z. wien. ent. ges. 37: 127. tl: mesopotamia. mesopotamia. holotype: zsm. male .\npiceicola kuznetzov, 1970 (epinotia), ent. obozr. 49: 437. no type\nhave a fact about epinotia ulmicola? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for epinotia ulmicola? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about epinotia pinivora? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for epinotia pinivora? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ncremana hartig, 1960 (epinotia), studi trentini sci. nat 37: 153. no type\nefficax meyrick, 1912 (epinotia), ent. mon. mag. 48: 35 no type\ntemerana issekutz, 1972 (epinotia), schmett. sdl. burgen. : 47. no type\nsemifuscana stephens, 1829 (poecilochroma (epinotia) ), nom. br. insects: 47. no type\nrhododendronana hartig, 1960 (epinotia), studi trentini sci. nat. acta biol. 37: 149. no type\nboreales kuznetzov, 1976 (epinotia pinicola ssp .), trud. biol. - pochvenn. inst. 43: 84. no type\nhuebneri kocak, 1980 (epinotia), comm. fac. sci. univ. ankara 24 (c): 12. no type\nrasdorniana issiki, in eakai et al. , 1957 (epinotia), icones heterocerorum japonicorum in coloribus naturalibus 1: 174. no type\nmyricana mcdunnough, 1933 (epinotia), entomologist 65: 206. tl: canada, ontario, bobcaygeon. holotype: cnc. male .\nepinotia is a very large genus of tortrix moths (family tortricidae). it belongs to the tribe eucosmini of subfamily olethreutinae. [ 1 ]\nobraztsovi agenjo, 1967 (epinotia), eos 42 (1966): 287. tl: spain. almeria. holotype: mncnm. male .\nmonticola kawabe, 1993 (epinotia), tinea 13: 238. tl: taiwan, hualien hsien, hohuanshan. holotype: usnm. male .\nfujisawai kawabe, 1993 (epinotia), tinea 13: 237. tl: taiwan, nantou hsien, lushan spa. holotype: usnm. male .\nparki bae, 1997 (epinotia), insecta koreana 14: 22. tl: korea, kangwon province, chuncheon. holotype: uib. male .\ncorylana mcdunnough, 1925 (epinotia), can. ent. 57: 22. tl: canada, ontario, ottawa. holotype: cnc. male .\nnormanana kearfott, 1907 (epinotia), can. ent. 39: 156. tl: canada, manitoba, aweme. lectotype: amnh. male .\npinivora issiki, in issiki & mutuura, 1961 (epinotia), publ. ent. lab. univ. osaka pref. 7: 5. no type\nsperana mcdunnough, 1935 (epinotia), can. ent. 67: 144. tl: canada, labrador, hopedale. holotype: cnc. male .\nautonoma falkovitsh, 1965 (epinotia), ent. obozr. 44: 428. tl: russia, far east, okeanskaya. holotype: zmas. female .\nkasloana mcdunnough, 1925 (epinotia), can. ent. 57: 23. tl: canada, british columbia, kaslo. holotype: cnc. male .\nremovana mcdunnough, 1935 (epinotia), can. ent. 67: 146. tl: canada, alberta, waterton lakes. holotype: cnc. male .\nyoshiyasui kawabe, 1989 (epinotia), microlepid. thailand 2: 55. tl: thailand, chiang mai, doi inthanon. holotype: opu. male .\nbalsameae freeman, 1965 (epinotia), j. res. lepid. 4: 219. tl: canada, qubec, aylmer. holotype: cnc. male .\nbushiensis kawabe, 1980 (epinotia), tinea 11: 22. tl: japan, honshu, saitama prefecture, iruma, bushi. holotype: usnm. male .\nevidens kuznetzov, 1971 (epinotia), ent. obozr. 50: 433. tl: china, north yunnan province, likiang. holotype: mgab. male .\nnigralbanoidana mcdunnough, 1929 (epinotia), can. ent. 61: 271. tl: canada, ontario, pt. pelee. holotype: cnc. male .\naquila kuznetzov, 1968 (epinotia (steganoptycha) ), ent. obozr. 47: 567. tl: russia, sakhalin, korsakov. holotype: zmas. male .\ntamaensis kawabe, 1974 (epinotia), ty to ga 25: 96. tl: japan. honshu, tokyo prefecture, tama hill. holotype: usnm. male .\ncineracea nasu, (1991 (epinotia), appl. ent. zool. 26: 342. tl: japan, hokkaido, bibai. holotype: opu. male .\njavierana razowski & pelz, 2007 (epinotia), polskie pismo entomol. 76: 14. tl: argentina, tucuman, san javier. holotype: smfl. male .\nkeiferana lange, 1937 (epinotia), pan - pacif. ent. 13: 118. tl: usa, california, san francisco. holotype: cas. male .\nniveipalpa razowski, 2009 (epinotia), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 129. tl: vietnam, kon tum, dac glei. holotype: mnhu. female .\nthaiensis kawabe, 1995 (epinotia), microlepid. thailand 3: 54. tl: thailand, loei province, phu luang wildlife sanctuary. holotype: opu. male .\nin particular during the early - mid 19th century, when little of the diversity of epinotia was known, it was split into many smaller genera. today however, these are generally – but not universally, e. g. regarding the supposedly monotypic griselda, or catastega which is here considered separate but included in epinotia elsewhere [ note 1 ] – included here again at least pending a thorough taxonomic review. now - invalid scientific names (junior synonyms and others) of epinotia are: [ 1 ] [ note 1 ]\naciculana falkovitsh, 1965 (epinotia), ent. obozr. 44: 424. tl: russia, far east, primorsky krai, okeanskaya. holotype: zmas. male .\nbispina razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (epinotia), genus 19: 549. tl: ecuador, province pichincha, crater pululahua, west cordillera. holotype: mzuj. female .\nchlorochara razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (epinotia), genus 19: 547. tl: ecuador, province cotopaxi, via la mana, pilalo. holotype: mzuj. male .\nguarandae razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (epinotia), genus 19: 545. tl: ecuador, province bolivar, balzapamba - guaranda old road. holotype: mzuj. male .\nimprovisana heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 269. tl: usa, california. holotype: usnm. male .\nlanceata razowski, 1999 (epinotia), acta zool. cracov. 42: 333 tl: ecuador, pichincha province, 12 km nw papallacta. holotype: cmnh. male .\npanda razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (epinotia), genus 19: 548. tl: ecuador, province carchi, crater pululahua, west cordillera. holotype: mzuj. male .\npenthrana bradley, 1965 (epinotia), ruwenzori exped. 1952, 2 (12): 96. tl: uganda, ruwenzori, nyamaleju. holotype: bmnh. male .\nelatana falkovitsh, 1965 (epinotia), ent. obozr. 44: 426. tl: russia. far east, primorsky krai, okeanskaya. holotype: zmas. male .\nplumbolineana kearfott, 1907 (epinotia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 53. tl: canada, britishcolumbia, wellington. lectotype: amnh. male .\nsagittana mcdunnough, 1925 (epinotia), can. ent. 57: 22. tl: canada, british columbia, departure bay biological station. holotype: cnc. male .\nsalicicolana kuznetzov, 1968 (epinotia), ent. obozr. 47: 577. tl: russia, kuril islands, kunashir, near sernovodsk. holotype: zmas. male .\namurensis kuznetzov, 1968 (epinotia tenerana ssp .), ent. obozr. 47: 574. tl: russia. amur region, klimoutsy. holotype: zmas. female .\nussuriensis kuznetzov, 1970 (epinotia bilunana ssp .), ent. obozr. 49: 440. tl: russia. primorsky krai, near ussuriysk. holotype: zmas. female .\ngradli rebel, 1929 (epinotia cruciana ab .), verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 79: 49. tl: austria. holotype: unknown. unknown .\ndensiuncaria kuznetzov, 1985 (epinotia), vestnik zool. 1985 (1): 6. tl: russia, far east, southern primorsky krai. holotype: zmas. male .\nhuroniensis brown, 1980 (epinotia), proc. ent. soc. wash. 82: 504. tl: canada, qubec, norway bay. holotype: cnc. male .\nnotoceliana kuznetzov, 1985 (epinotia), vestnik zool. 1985 (1): 5. tl: russia, far east, southern primorsky krai. holotype: zmas. male .\nrotundata razowski & wojtusiak, 2009 (epinotia), acta zool. cracov. 51b: 161. tl: ecuador, prov. napo, papallacta. holotype: mzuj. male .\nrubricana kuznetzov, 1968 (epinotia (steganoptycha) ), ent. obozr. 47: 575. tl: russia, primorsky krai, near vladivostok. holotype: zmas. female .\nseorsa heinrich, 1924 (epinotia), j. wash. acad. sci. 14: 392. tl: canada, british columbia, vavenby. holotype: usnm. male .\nslovacica pato ka & jaro, 1991 (epinotia), acta ent. bohemoslov. 88: 215 tl: slovakia, slovakia central (zarnovica). holotype: nmpr. male .\nabnormana kuznetzov, 1973 (epinotia (panoplia) ), ent. obozr. 52: 683. tl: china, shansi province, mien - shan. holotype: mgab. male .\naraea diakonoff, 1983 (epinotia), zool. verh. leiden 204: 36. tl: indonesia, sumatra, mt. bandahara, bivouac two. holotype: ncb. female .\naridos freeman, 1960 (epinotia), can. ent. (suppl. 16) 92: 30. tl: usa, montana, east glacier. holotype: cnc. male .\nbicordana heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 220. tl: canada, manitoba, aweme. holotype: amnh. male .\nbigemina heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 220. tl: usa, california, carmel. holotype: amnh. male .\nbiuncus razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (epinotia), genus 19: 548. tl: ecuador, province carchi, res. forest golondrinas, west cordillera. holotype: mzuj. male .\nbrunneomacula razowski & wojtusiak, 2009 (epinotia), acta zool. cracov. 51b: 162. tl: ecuador, prov. sucumbios, la bonita. holotype: mzuj. male .\ncoryli kuznetzov, 1970 (epinotia), ent. obozr. 49: 437. tl: russia, primorsky krai, near ussuriysk, mountain tayga station. holotype: zmas. female .\nheucherana heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 217. tl: usa, virginia, rosslyn. holotype: usnm. male .\nmultistrigata razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (epinotia), genus 19: 547. tl: ecuador, province carchi, res. forest golondrinas, west cordillera. holotype: mzuj. male .\npinicola kuznetzov, 1969 (epinotia (steganoptycha) ), ent. obozr. 48: 368 tl: russia, kuril islands, kunashir island, sernovodsk. holotype: zmas. male .\nsotipena brown, 1987 (epinotia), j. lepid. soc. 40 (1986): 341. tl: usa, maryland, plummers island. holotype: usnm. female .\ntsugana freeman, 1967 (epinotia), j. res. lepid. 5: 13. tl: canada, british columbia, vancouver island, holberg. holotype: cnc. male .\ntsurugisana oku, 2005 (epinotia), tinea 18 (supplement 3): 108. tl: japan, shikoku, tokushima prefecture, mt. tsurugisan. holotype: eihu. male .\nvagana heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 230. tl: usa, washington, liaga. holotype: usnm. male .\nzamorata razowski, 1999 (epinotia), acta zool. cracov. 42: 334 tl: ecuador, zamora - chinchipe province, 36 km nw zamora. holotype: cmnh. male .\natristriga clarke, 1953 (epinotia), j. wash. acad. sci. 43: 228. tl: usa. illinois, putnam co. . holotype: usnm. male .\n166 species of epinotia were considered valid as of 2009. though many tortrix moth genera are fairly comprehensively studied, with little other than cryptic species complexes remaining undiscovered, distinct new species of epinotia are being described every few years or so. with such a large and insufficiently known taxon, it is of course possible that the group may not be monophyletic as circumscribed here: [ 2 ]\nalbimaculata kuznetzov, 1976 (epinotia), trud. inst. zool. leningrad 64: 23. tl: russia. kuril islands, kunashir island, dubovoe. holotype: zmas. female .\ndigitana heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 215. tl: canada, british columbia, kaslo. holotype: usnm. male .\npiceafoliana kearfott, 1908 (epinotia), j. new york ent. soc. 16: 176. tl: usa. new jersey, essex county park. lectotype: amnh. female .\nkoraiensis falkovitsh, 1965 (epinotia rubiginosana ssp .), ent. obozr. 44: 426. tl: russia. far east, primorsky krai, okeanskaya. holotype: zmas. female .\nruntunica razowski & wojtusiak, 2009 (epinotia), acta zool. cracov. 51b: 161. tl: ecuador, prov. tungurahua, banos - runtun. holotype: mzuj. male .\nseptemberana kearfott, 1907 (epinotia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 51. tl: usa, new jersey, essex county park. lectotype: amnh. male .\nsigniferana heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 232. tl: usa, california, san diego. holotype: usnm. male .\nsubviridis heinrich, 1929 (epinotia), proc. u. s. natn. mus. 75: 15. tl: usa, california, san diego. holotype: usnm. male .\nulmi kuznetzov, 1966 (epinotia (panoplia) ), trud. zool. inst. leningrad 37: 182. tl: russia, primorsky krai, kangauz. holotype: zmas. male .\nchloizans razowski & wojtusiak, 2006 (epinotia), shilap revta. lepid. 34: 52. tl: venezuela, cordillera de mrida, mrida, monte zerpa. holotype: mzuj. male .\nclasta diakonoff, 1983 (epinotia (asthenia) ), zool. verh. leiden 204: 39 tl: indonesia, sumatra, mt. bandahara, bivouac four. holotype: ncb. female .\nmarcapatae razowski & wojtusiak, 2010 (epinotia), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 125. tl: peru, prov. cusco, cordillera vilcanota, marcapata. holotype: mzuj. male .\nmeritana heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 226. tl: usa, utah, carbon co. . holotype: usnm. male .\nmaculosa kuznetzov, 1966 (epinotia (steganoptycha) ), trud. zool. inst. leningrad 37: 177. tl: russia. far east, primorsky krai. holotype: zmas. female .\nrussata heinrich, 1924 (epinotia cruciana ssp .), j. wash. acad. sci. 14: 391. tl: canada. british columbia, victoria. holotype: usnm. male .\nsilvertoniensis heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 214. tl: usa, color - ado, silverton. holotype: usnm. male .\nkurilensis kuznetzov, 1968 (epinotia tenerana ssp .), ent. obozr. 47: 575. tl: russia. kuril islands, kunashir island, near sernovodsk. holotype: zmas. male .\nussurica kuznetzov, 1968 (epinotia tenerana ssp .), ent. obozr. 47: 572. tl: russia. primorsky krai, near vladivostok, lyanchikhe river. holotype: zmas. male .\nautumnalis oku, 2005 (epinotia), tinea 18 (supplement 3): 110. tl: japan, honshu, iwate prefecture, mt. sodeyama, kuzumaki town. holotype: eihu. male .\nalaskae heinrich, 1923 (epinotia cruciana ssp .), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 229. tl: usa. alaska, yukon. holotype: usnm. male .\nlongivalva kuznetzov, 1968 (epinotia elatana ssp .), ent. obozr. 47: 572. tl: russia. kuril islands, iturup, foot of berutarube volcano. holotype: zmas. male .\ncupressi heinrich, 1923 (epinotia hopkinsana ssp .), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 207. tl: usa. california, cypress point. holotype: usnm. male .\nimmaculata peiu & nemes, 1968 (epinotia (panoplia) ), rev. roum. biol. zool. 13: 342. tl: romania, suceava, fundu moldovei. holotype: tmb. male .\nbrevivalva kuznetzov, 1968 (epinotia elatana ssp .), ent. obozr. 47: 572. tl: russia. kuril islands, shikotan island, near krabo - zavodsk. holotype: zmas. female .\npiceae kuznetzov, 1968 (epinotia (steganoptycha) ), ent. obozr. 47: 569. tl: russia. kuril islands, kunashir island, near serno - vodsk. holotype: zmas. male .\nulmicola kuznetzov, 1966 (epinotia (hamuligera) ), trud. zool. inst. leningrad 37: 179. tl: russia, far east, primorsky krai, vladivostok. holotype: zmas. male .\nunisignana kuznetzov, 1962 (epinotia (hamuligera) ), bull. ent. soc. mulhouse 1962: 53. tl: russia, far east, amur region, klimoutsy. holotype: zmas. unknown .\nalbocephalaeis razowski & wojtusiak, 2010 (epinotia), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 124. tl: peru, dept. huanuco, via huanuco - tingo maria, carpish. holotype: mzuj. male .\nsemifuscana stephens, 1834 (poecilochroma (epinotia) ), illust. br. ent. (haustellata) 4: 140. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nfumoviridana heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 208. tl: usa, california, siskiyou co. , shasta retreat. holotype: usnm. male .\nlongistria razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (epinotia), genus 19: 546. tl: ecuador, ecuador (province cotopaxi, san francisco de las pampas, res. la otonga. holotype: mzuj. male .\nmediostria razowski & wojtusiak, 2010 (epinotia), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 126. tl: peru, dept. huanuco, via huanuco - tingo maria, carpish. holotype: mzuj. female .\nkurilensis kuznetzov, 1969 (epinotia (steganoptycha) tetraquetrana ssp .), ent. obozr. 48: 371. tl: russia. kuril islands, kunashir island, near alekhino. holotype: zmas. male .\nexcruciana stephens, 1852 (poecilochroma epinotia) ), list specimens br. anim. colln. br. mus 10: 35. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nchloana razowski & wojtusiak, 2006 (epinotia), acta zool. cracov. 49b: 36. tl: ecuador, prov. morona - santiago, gualaceo - limon road, east. holotype: mzuj. male .\nethnica heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 201. tl: usa, california, san diego co. , san diego. holotype: usnm. male .\nmicroscyphos razowski & landry, in razowski et al. , 2008 (epinotia), revue suisse de zoologie 115: 199. tl: ecuador, galapagos islands, fernandina, north side. holotype: cdrs. female .\nnigrovenata razowski & pelz, 2010 (epinotia), shilap revta. lepid. 38: 24. tl: chile, maule, cauquenes province, r. n. fred. albert. holotype: smfl. female .\nborealis kuznetzov, 1969 (epinotia pinicola ssp .), ent. obozr. 48: 370. tl: russia. kuril islands, paramushir island, sw servero - kuril' sk. holotype: zmas. male .\nruidosana heinrich, 1923 (epinotia), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 216. tl: usa, new mexico, lincoln national forest, ruidosa canyon. holotype: usnm. male .\ntenebrica razowski & wojtusiak, 2006 (epinotia), acta zool. cracov. 49b: 36. tl: ecuador, prov. morona - santiago, gualaceo - limon road, east. holotype: mzuj. male .\nlepida heinrich, 1924 (epinotia cruciana ssp .), j. wash. acad. sci. 14: 391. tl: usa. new hampshire, coos co. , mount washington. holotype: usnm. male .\npullata falkovitsh, in danilevsky, kuznetzov & falkovitsh, 1962 (semasia (epinotia) ), trud. inst. zool. alma ata 18: 104. tl: khazakhstan, zailiyskiy alatau. holotype: zmas. unknown .\nzamorlojae razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (epinotia), acta zool. cracov. 51b: 25. tl: ecuador, province zamora chinchipe, loja - zamora ,\narcoiris\nestacion cientifica. holotype: mzuj. female .\nhalonota has also been listed [ note 1 ] as junior synonym of epinotia. but its type species pyralis populana is today placed in pammene, and thus halonota is a junior subjective synonym of the latter genus. [ 1 ]\nsiskiyouensis heinrich, 1923 (epinotia pulsatillana ssp .), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 202. tl: usa. california, siskiyou co. , shasta retreat. holotype: usnm. male .\ncedricida diakonoff, 1969 (epinotia (evetria) ), annls soc. ent. fr. (n. s .) 5: 389. tl: france, depart vaucluse, massif du luberon. holotype: mnhn. male .\nanepenthes razowski & trematerra, 2010 (epinotia), j. entomol. acarol. res. (ser. ii) 42: 60. tl: ethiopia, bale mountains, harenna forest, karcha camp. holotype: tremc. male .\nlatiloba razowski & trematerra, 2010 (epinotia), j. entomol. acarol. res. (ser. ii) 42: 60. tl: ethiopia, bale mountains, harenna forest, karcha camp. holotype: tremc. male .\natacta diakonoff, 1992 (epinotia), annls soc. ent. fr. (n. s .) 28: 38. tl: madagascar, central madagascar (massif de l' ankaratra, manjaktompo). holotype: mnhn. female .\nbricelus diakonoff, 1992 (epinotia), annls soc. ent. fr. 28: 52. tl: madagascar, east madagascar (nord - ouest de fort - dauphin, massif d' ando - hahelo). holotype: mnhn. female .\nxyloryctoides diakonoff, 1992 (epinotia), annls soc. ent. fr. (n. s .) 28: 55. tl: madagascar, south madagascar (plateau mahafaly, 11 - 12 km e ankalirano). holotype: mnhn. female .\nalgeriensis chambon, in chambon, fabre & khemeci, 1990 (epinotia), bull. (n. s .) soc. ent. fr. 95: 131. tl: algeria, algeria (fort de babor). holotype: inra. male .\ndorsifraga diakonoff, 1970 (epinotia), mm. o. r. s. t. o. m. 37: 136. tl: madagascar, madagascar (tsaratanana range, matsabory en dessous de l' andohanisambirano). holotype: mnhn. female .\nmniara diakonoff, 1992 (epinotia), annls soc. ent. fr. (n. s .) 28: 53. tl: madagascar, east madagascar (piste d' andapa a ambalapaiso, 25 km e andapa). holotype: mnhn. female .\nthis page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article epinotia; it is used under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 3. 0 unported license (cc - by - sa). you may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the cc - by - sa\nphyloeorrhages diakonoff, 1970 (epinotia (panoplia) ), mm. o. r. s. t. o. m. 37: 132. tl: madagascar, madagascar (tsaratanana range, route d' am - bositra a ambohimanga du sud, km 39). holotype: mnhn. male .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nabbreviana fabricius, 1794 (pyralis), entomologia systematica 3 (2): 278. tl: denmark, hafniae [ denmark ]. . lectotype: zmuc. unknown .\nlithoxylana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 233. tl: germany. wrtemburg. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nstannana guenee, 1845 (grapholitha ulmariana var .), annls soc. ent. fr. (2) 3: 171. tl: europe. syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\ntrimaculana donovan, [ 1806 ] (phalaena), nat. hist. br. insects 11: 25. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nulmariana duponchel, in godart, 1842 (grapholitha), hist. nat. lpid. papillons fr. (suppl .) 4: 406. tl: france. syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\nulmetana lienig & zeller, 1846 (grapholitha), isis von oken (leipzig) 1846 (3): 241. tl: poland. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nuniformata dufrane, 1957 (eucosma trimaculana form), bull. inst. r. sci. nat. belg. 33 (32): 8. tl: france. holotype: irsn. unknown .\nabsconditana walker, 1863 (sciaphila), list specimens lepid. insects colln. br. mus 28: 351. tl: australia, new south wales, sydney. holotype: bmnh. female .\naulacota turner, 1946 (bactra), trans. r. soc. s. austral. 70: 212. tl: australia. new south wales, killarney, acacia plateau. holotype: anic. male .\nperplexa turner, 1916 (eucosma), trans. r. soc. s. austral. 40: 526. tl: australia. queensland, brisbane. lectotype: anic. male .\nalbangulana walsingham, 1879 (paedisca), illust. typical specimens lepid. heterocera colln. br. mus 4: 40. tl: usa, california, mendocino co. . holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nalbicapitana kearfott, 1907 (proteopteryx), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 47. tl: usa, california, placer co. . lectotype: amnh. male .\nalbiguttata oku, 1974 (hikagehamakia), konty 42: 15. tl: japan, honshu, akita prefecture, mt. akita - komagatake. holotype: eihu. male .\narctostaphylana kearfott, 1904 (cydia), can. ent. 36: 109. tl: canada, british columbia, kaslo. lectotype: amnh. male .\nbiangulana walsingham, 1879 (steganoptycha), illust. typical specimens lepid. heterocera colln. br. mus 4: 71. tl: usa, oregon, crooked river. . holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nbicolor walsingham, 1900 (pelatea), ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 6: 335 tl: japan / india, assam, naga hills. syntypes: bmnh. male, female .\nbilunana haworth, 1811 (tortrix), lepid. br. (3): 436. tl: united kingdom, great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\ncretaceana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 42. tl: germany. wrtemburg. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nbrunnichana linnaeus, 1767 (phalaena (tortrix) ), systema naturae (12th ed .): 880. tl: sweden, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nalbodorsana sheldon, 1935 (eucosma brunnichana ab .), entomologist 68: 229. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nbrunneana sheldon, 1935 (eucosma brunnichana ab .), entomologist 68: 229. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nbrunneodorsana sheldon, 1935 (eucosma brunnichana ab .), entomologist 68: 229. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nbrunnichella kloet & hincks, 1945 (eucosma), checklist brit. ins: 124. no type\nbrunnichiana [ denis & schiffermuller ], 1775 (tortrix), syst. verz. schmett. wienergegend: 132. no type\nochreana hauder, 1918 (epiblema brunnichianum ab .), ent. z. frankf. a. m. 31: 102. tl: austria. linz. syntype (s): smfl. unknown .\nrectana peyerimhoff, 1863 (ephippiphora), bull. soc. hist. nat. colmar 3 (1862): 126. tl: france. alsace. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nsinuana [ denis & schiffermuller ], 1775 (tortrix), syst. verz. schmett. wienergegend: 131. tl: austria. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ncanthonias meyrick, 1920 (acroclita), exotic microlepid. 2: 343. tl: india, bengal, pusa. holotype: bmnh. female .\ncaprana fabricius, 1798 (pyralis), suppl. entomologiae systematicae: 475. tl: switzerland, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nbrunneofasciana sheldon, 1935 (eucosma piceana ab .), entomologist 68: 230. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\ndivellana hubner, [ 1832 - 1833 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 53fig. 339. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nfuscana sheldon, 1935 (eucosma piceana ab .), entomologist 68: 230. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nfuscofasciana sheldon, 1935 (eucosma piceana ab .), entomologist 68: 231. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nfuscomaculana sheldon, 1935 (eucosma piceana ab .), entomologist 68: 231. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\ngriseana sheldon, 1935 (eucosma piceana ab .), entomologist 68: 230. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nmelaleucana duponchel, in godart, 1835 (paedisca), hist. nat. lpid. papillons fr. 9: 375. tl: france. syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\npiceana haworth, 1811 (tortrix), lepid. br. (3): 440. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nsciurana herrich - schaffer, 1852 (uninomial), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 59, fig. 426. no type\nvittana westwood & humphrey, 1845 (poecilochroma), brit. moths transf. 2: 147. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\ncastaneana walsingham, 1895 (paedisca), trans. ent. soc. lond. 1895: 511. tl: usa, colorado, loveland. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nceltisana riley, 1881 (paedisca), trans. st. louis acad. sci 4: 319. tl: usa, texas. holotype: usnm. male .\nlaracana kearfott, 1907 (proteopteryx), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 45. tl: usa. ohio. lectotype: amnh. female .\nnavalis meyrick, 1912 (proteopteryx), ent. mon. mag. 48: 34 no type\ncercocarpana dyar, 1903 (eucosma), proc. ent. soc. wash. 5: 297. tl: usa, colorado, platte canyon. syntypes: amnh: 1; usnm: 3 male. unknown .\ncinereana haworth, 1811 (tortrix), lepid. br. (3): 451. tl: united kingdom, great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\ncinerana stephens, 1829 (steganoptycha), nom. br. insects: 47. no type\ncriddleana kearfott, 1907 (proteopteryx), can. ent. 39: 58. tl: canada. manitoba, aweme. lectotype: amnh. male .\npetrana hubner, [ 1811 - 1813 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 33fig. 210. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ncolumbia kearfott, 1904 (proteopteryx), can. ent. 36: 112. tl: canada, british columbia, wellington. lectotype: amnh. male .\nalbidorsana kearfott, 1904 (proteopteryx columbia ssp .), can. ent. 36: 113. tl: canada. british columbia, kaslo. lectotype: amnh. female .\nmediostriana kearfott, 1904 (proteopteryx columbia ssp .), can. ent. 36: 114. tl: canada. british columbia, wellington. lectotype: amnh. male .\ncontrariana christoph, 1882 (grapholitha), bull. soc. imp. nat. moscou 56 (4) (1881): 424. tl: russia, primorsky krai, vladivostok. syntypes: unknown. unknown .\ncrenana hubner, [ 1814 - 1817 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 38fig. 242. tl: europe, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ncastaneana sheldon, 1929 (epiblema crenana form), entomologist 62: 241. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nfasciana sheldon, 1929 (epiblema crenana form), entomologist 62: 242. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nfuscana sheldon, 1929 (epiblema crenana form), entomologist 62: 242. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nmarmorana mansbridge, 1939 (epiblema crenana ab .), entomologist 73: 287. tl: united kingdom. scotland [ united kingdom ]. holotype: unknown. unknown .\nmonachana fischer von roslerstamm, 1839 (paedisca), abbild. berich. ergnz schmett. - kunde 1: 139 tl: germany. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nrufimaculana mansbridge, 1939 (epiblema crenana ab .), entomologist 73: 287. tl: united kingdom. scotland [ united kingdom ]. holotype: unknown. unknown .\ncruciana linnaeus, 1761 (phalaena (tortrix) ), fauna svecica: 347. tl: sweden, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nalticolana stephens, 1852 (pamplusia), list specimens br. anim. colln. br. mus 10: 100. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nangustana desmarest, 1857 (hypermecia), encyclop. hist. nat. (papillons noct .): 224. no type\naugustana hubner, [ 1811 - 1813 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 32, figs. 204, 205. tl: europe. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nbrunneana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 75. tl: germany. wrtemburg. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ncockleana kearfott, 1904 (enarmonia), can. ent. 36: 137. tl: canada. british columbia; alberta, banff; manitoba, aweme. syntypes (2): amnh; usnm. 2 males .\ndireptana walker, 1863 (sciaphila), list specimens lepid. insects colln. br. mus 28: 338. tl: canada. hudson bay, albany river, st. martin' s falls. holotype: bmnh. female .\nexcaecana stephens, 1852 (hypermecia), list specimens br. anim. colln. br. mus 10: 41. no type\nexcoecana herrich - schaffer, 1849 (uninomial), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 51, fig. 363. no type\nexcoecana herrich - schaffer, 1851 (tortrix (grapholitha) ), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: 272. tl: germany. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ngyllenhahliana thunberg & borgstrm, 1784 (tortrix), d. d. dissert. ent. sist. ins. svecica 1: 22. tl: sweden. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nvilisana walker, 1863 (sciaphila), list specimens lepid. insects colln. br. mus 28: 338. tl: canada. hudson bay, albany river, st. martin' s falls. holotype: bmnh. female .\nviminana guenee, 1845 (hypermecia), annls soc. ent. fr. (2) 3: 173. tl: france. syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\ncuphulana herrich - schaffer, 1851 (tortrix (syndemis) ), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: 276. tl: europe, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ndalmatana rebel, 1891 (grapholitha paedisca), verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 41: 620. tl: croatia, croatia (spalato). lectotype: nhmv. male .\npsychodora wiltshire, 1939 (phtheochroa), trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 88: 54. no type\npsychrodora meyrick, 1936 (phtheochroa), exotic microlepid. 5: 23. tl: syria. bludan. holotype: bmnh. male .\ndemarniana fischer von roslerstamm, 1839 (paedisca), abbild. berich. ergnz schmett. - kunde 1: 186 tl: germany, dresden. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nderuptana kennel, 1901 (epiblema), dt. ent. z. iris (1900) 13: 290. tl: russia, anitaurus, hadjin. holotype: mnhu. male .\nemarginana walsingham, 1879 (proteopteryx), illust. typical specimens lepid. heterocera colln. br. mus 4: 68. tl: usa, california, mendocino co. . lectotype: bmnh. unknown .\nexquisitana christoph, 1882 (steganoptycha), bull. soc. imp. nat. moscou 56 (4) (1881): 428. tl: russia, primorsky krai, vladi - vostok. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\npica walsingham, 1900 (eucosma), ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 6: 337 tl: japan. honshu, kanagawa prefecture, yoko - hama. syntypes: bmnh. male, female .\nfestivana hubner, [ 1796 - 1799 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 9, fig. 52. tl: europe, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nfraternana haworth, 1811 (tortrix), lepid. br. (3): 449. tl: united kingdom, great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nconcretana peyerimhoff, 1863 (ephippiphora), bull. soc. hist. nat. colmar 3 (1862): 132. tl: france. alsace. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ndistinctana wilkinson, 1859 (coccyx), brit. tortrices: 111. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntypes: zdug. male, female .\nproximana herrich - schaffer, 1847 (uninomial ,), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 18, fig. 127. no type\nproximana herrich - schaffer, 1851 (tortrix (coccyx) ), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: 219. tl: germany. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ngimmerthaliana lienig & zeller, 1846 (grapholitha), isis von oken (leipzig) 1846 (3): 247. tl: latvia, [ latvia ]. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ngimerthaliana herrich - schaffer, 1852 (uninomial), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 56, fig. 399. no type\ngranitana herrich - schaffer, 1851 (tortrix (steganoptycha) ), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: 280. tl: czech republic / germany. , syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ngranitana herrich - schaffer, 1848 (uninomial ,), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 43, fig. 303. no type\nhamptonana kearfott, 1875 (eucosma), can. ent. 39: 153. tl: usa, new hampshire, hampton. lectotype: amnh. male .\nhesperidana kennel, 1921 (epiblema), palaear. tortr. : 609. tl: mauritania, holotype: mnhu. unknown .\nhopkinsana kearfott, 1907 (eucosma), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 36. tl: usa, washington, hoquiam. lectotype: amnh. male .\nhypsidryas meyrick, 1925 (eucosma), exotic microlepid. 3: 140. tl: india, u. p. , deoban, chakrata div. . lectotype: bmnh. male .\nillepidosa razowski & wojtusiak, 2006 (sisurcana), acta zool. cracov. 49b: 37. tl: ecuador, prov. morona - santiago, gualaceo - limon road, east. holotype: mzuj. male .\nimmundana fischer von roslerstamm, 1839 (paedisca), abbild. berich. ergnz schmett. - kunde 1: 138 tl: germany, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nestreyerana guenee, 1845 (phlaeodes), annls soc. ent. fr. (2) 3: 173. tl: france. syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\nestreyeriana lederer, 1859 (grapholitha), wien. ent. monatschr. 3: 135. no type\nignalinonis strand, 1917 (epiblema immundana ssp .), ent. mitt. 6: 307. tl: spain. syntype (s): deib. unknown .\ninfessana walsingham, 1900 (thiodia), ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 6: 404 tl: syria, haleb, shar devsky. syntypes: bmnh. male, female .\nconturbatana caradja, 1916 (semasia), dt. ent. z. iris 30: 63. tl: russia. amur. syntypes: unknown. unknown .\ninfuscana walsingham, 1879 (semasia), illust. typical specimens lepid. heterocera colln. br. mus 4: 62. tl: usa, california, san francisco. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\njohnsonana kearfott, 1907 (eucosma), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 36. tl: usa, nevada. lectotype: amnh. female .\nketamana amsel, 1956 (steganoptycha (epiblema) ), z. wien. ent. ges. 41: 23. tl: morocco, ketama. holotype: lnk. male .\nkochiana herrich - schaffer, 1851 (tortrix (grapholitha) ), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: 262. tl: germany, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nkochiana herrich - schaffer, 1848 (uninomial), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 32, fig. 236. no type\nlindana fernald, 1892 (steganopteryx), can. ent. 24: 178. tl: canada, ontario, hamilton. lectotype: usnm. male .\nlomonana kearfott, 1907 (tortrix), can. ent. 39: 82. tl: canada, british columbia, victoria. lectotype: amnh. male .\nveneratrix meyrick, 1912 (tortrix), ent. mon. mag. 48: 36 no type\nmaculana fabricius, 1775 (pyralis), systema entomologiae: 647. tl: sweden, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nophtalmicana hubner, [ 1796 - 1799 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 9, fig. 51. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nophthalmana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 43. no type\nophthalmicana hubner, 1822 (eutrachia), syst. - alphab. verz. : 63. no type\nmadderana kearfott, 1907 (eucosma), can. ent. 39: 55. tl: canada, manitoba, rounthwaite. lectotype: amnh. male .\nmajorana caradja, 1916 (gypsonoma incarnana var .), dt. ent. z. iris 30: 61. tl: russia, far east, khabarovsky krai, radd. lectotype: mgab. male .\nleucantha meyrick, 1931 (eucosma), exotic microlepid. 4: 145. tl: japan. honshu, tokyo prefecture. holotype: bmnh. female .\nmedioplagata walsingham, 1895 (zeiraphera), trans. ent. soc. lond. 1895: 516. tl: usa, colorado, custer co. . holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nmedioviridana kearfott, 1908 (eucosma), j. new york ent. soc. 16: 168. tl: canada, ontario, ottawa. lectotype: amnh. male .\nmelanosticta wileman & stringer, 1929 (eucosma), entomologist 62: 67. tl: taiwan, formosa [ taiwan ] (arizan). holotype: bmnh. male .\nmercuriana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 73. tl: germany, wrtemburg. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nmonticolana duponchel, in godart, 1842 (coccyx), hist. nat. lpid. papillons fr. (suppl .) 4: 408. tl: france. syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\nmiscana kearfott, 1907 (eulia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 91. tl: usa, california, placer co. , cisco. lectotype: amnh. male .\nsemalea meyrick, 1912 (eulia), ent. mon. mag. 48: 35 no type\nmomonana kearfott, 1907 (proteopteryx), can. ent. 39: 125. tl: canada, manitoba, rounthwaite. lectotype: amnh. female .\nsanifica meyrick, 1912 (proteopteryx), ent. mon. mag. 48: 36. no type\nnanana treitschke, 1835 (coccyx), schmett. eur. 10 (3): 80. tl: germany, lectotype: tmb. male .\ndomonana kearfott, 1907 (eucosma), can. ent. 39: 79. tl: usa. massachusetts, middlesex co. , framingham. lectotype: amnh. female .\nimmetallana peyerimhoff, 1863 (ephippiphora), bull. soc. hist. nat. colmar 3 (1862): 132. tl: france. alscae. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nnana herrich - schaffer, 1847 (uninomial), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 18, fig. 129. no type\nwaltavaarana hoffmann, 1893 (steganoptycha nanana var .), stettin. ent. ztg. 54: 135. tl: finland. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nnemorivaga tengstrom, 1848 (coccyx), notis sllsk. fauna flora fenn. frh 1: 88. tl: finland, syntype (s): zmh. unknown .\nfinimitana lederer, 1859 (grapholitha (paedisca) ), wein. ent. monatschr. 3: 333. no type\nfinitimana doubleday, 1859 (coccyx ?), synon. list br. butterflies moths: 24. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nfinitimana stephens, 1852 (coccyx), list specimens br. anim. colln. br. mus 10: 52. no type\nnemorivagana jones, 1884 (coccyx), ent. mon. mag. 21: 138. no type\nrhododendrana herrich - schaffer, 1847 (uninomial), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 20, figs. 140, 141. no type\nrhododendrana herrich - schaffer, 1851 (tortrix (steganoptycha) ), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: 281. tl: austria. alps. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nnigralbana walsingham, 1879 (paedisca), illust. typical specimens lepid. heterocera colln. br. mus 4: 41. tl: usa, california, mendocino co. . syntypes: usnm; bmnh. male .\nnigricana herrich - schaffer, 1851 (tortrix (coccyx) ), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: 220. tl: germany / austria, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nnigricana herrich - schaffer, 1847 (uninomial), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 20, fig. 138. no type\nsuasana peyerimhoff, 1863 (coccyx), bull. soc. hist. nat. colmar 3 (1862): 133. tl: france. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nnisella clerck, 1759 (phalaena), icones insectorum rariorum 1: pl. 12, fig. 6. tl: sweden, probably sweden. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nalbodecorana krulikowsky, 1908 (epiblema nisella ab .), societas ent. 23: 18. tl: russia. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nanana schrank, 1802 (tortrix), fauna boica 2 (2): 72. tl: europe. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nboeberana fabricius, 1787 (pyralis), mantissa insectorum 2: 239. tl: europe. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nbrunneana dufrane, 1930 (eucosma nisella ab .), lambillionea 30: 161. tl: belgium. baudour. holotype: irsn. female .\ncuspidana haworth, 1811 (tortrix), lepid. br. (3): 451. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\ndecorana hubner, [ 1818 - 1819 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 42fig. 265. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ndorsimaculana klemensiewicz, 1906 (epiblema nisella ab .), spraw. kom. fizyorg. krakw 32: 58. tl: poland. syntype (s): isez. unknown. [ lost ]\nfulminana krulikowsky, 1908 (epiblema nisella ab .), societas ent. 23: 18. tl: russia. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nlepidana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 94. tl: germany. wrtemburg. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nnisana guenee, 1845 (grapholitha), annls soc. ent. fr. 2 (3): 171. tl: france. syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\npavonana donovan, [ 1793 ] (phalaena), nat. hist. br. insects 2: pl. 58, fig. 3. tl: united kingdom. england [ united kingdom ]. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nrhombifasciana haworth, 1811 (tortrix ?), lepid. br. (3): 451. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nrubiana haworth, 1811 (tortrix), lepid. br. (3): 450. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nsiliceana hubner, [ 1811 - 1813 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 31fig. 196. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nstictana haworth, 1811 (tortrix ?), lepid. br. (3): 451. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nnonana kearfott, 1907 (eucosma), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 30. tl: usa, colorado, pueblo. holotype: amnh. female .\ncarphologa meyrick, 1912 (eucosma), ent. mon. mag. 48: 35 no type\npentagonana kennel, 1901 (epiblema), dt. ent. z. iris 13 (1900): 289. tl: china, hadjin, sutschan. holotype: mnhu. female .\npiceae issiki, in issiki & mutuura, 1961 (panoplia), microlepid. ins. injurious conif. plts. japan: 36. tl: japan, honshu, sinano [ nagano ], omekura. holotype: usnm. male .\npulsatillana dyar, 1903 (eucosma), proc. ent. soc. wash. 5: 297. tl: usa, colorado, foothills at boulder and golden. syntypes (19): usnm. unknown .\npurpuriciliana walsingham, 1879 (steganoptycha), illust. typical specimens lepid. heterocera colln. br. mus 4: 72. tl: usa, california. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\npusillana peyerimhoff, 1863 (grapholitha), bull. soc. hist. nat. colmar 3 (1862): 127. tl: france, colmar. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\npygmaeana hubner, [ 1796 - 1799 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 12fig. 69. tl: europe, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nradicana heinrich, 1923 (griselda), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 123: 186. tl: canada, british columbia. lectotype: usnm. male .\nramella linnaeus, 1758 (phalaena (tinea) ), systema naturae (10th ed .): 540. tl: europe, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ncostana duponchel, in godart, 1836 (grapholitha), hist. nat. lpid. papillons fr. 9: 510. tl: france. syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\nfimbriana stephens, 1829 (anchylopera), syst. cat. br. insects (2): 178. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\npaykulliana fabricius, 1787 (tortrix), mantissa insectorum 2: 235. tl: sweden. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nramana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 100. no type\nsesquilunana haworth, 1811 (tortrix), lepid. br. (3): 435. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nrasdolnyana christoph, 1882 (steganoptycha), bull. soc. imp. nat. moscou 56 (4) (1881): 427. tl: russia, primorsky krai, vladi - vostok. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nrectiplicana walsingham, 1879 (paedisca), illust. typical specimens lepid. heterocera colln. br. mus 4: 40. tl: usa, california, mendocino co. . holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nrubiginosana herrich - schaffer, 1851 (tortrix (steganoptycha) ), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: 282. tl: europe, nixdorf (nixdorf). syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nbouchardana wilkinson, 1859 (poecilochroma), brit. tortrices: 186. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntypes: zdug. male, female .\nincognatana peyerimhoff, 1863 (retinia), bull. soc. hist. nat. colmar 3 (1862): 134. tl: france. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nrubiginosana herrich - schaffer, 1848 (uninomial), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 26, fig. 185. no type\nsignatana douglas, 1845 (sericoris), zoologist 3: 844. tl: united kingdom, great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nkroesmanniana heinemann, 1863 (grapholitha), schmett. deut. schweiz 2: 147. tl: germany. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\npadana lienig & zeller, 1846 (grapholitha), isis von oken (leipzig) 1846 (3): 243. tl: latvia / lithuania. livlandia / kurlandia [ latvia / lithuania ]. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nsignata caradja, 1903 (sericoris), bull. soc. sci. bucarest 11: 615. no type\nsolandriana linnaeus, 1758 (phalaena (tortrix) ), systema naturae (10th ed .): 532. tl: europe, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nalbosinuana grabe, 1944 (epiblema solandriana form), z. wien. ent. ges. 29: 60. tl: germany. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ncentrostriana sheldon, 1935 (eucosma solandriana form), entomologist 68: 199. tl: united kingdom. great britain. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nfuscosolandriana grabe, 1944 (epiblema solandriana form), z. wien. ent. ges. 29: 60. tl: germany. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nfuscotrapezana grabe, 1944 (epiblema solandriana form), z. wien. ent. ges. 29: 60. tl: germany. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ngriseana sheldon, 1935 (eucosma solandriana form), entomologist 68: 175. tl: united kingdom. great britain. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nochreotrapezana grabe, 1944 (epiblema solandriana form), z. wien. ent. ges. 29: 60. tl: germany. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nparmatana hubner, [ 1814 - 1817 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 40 figs. 253, 254. tl: europe. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nratana hubner, [ 1811 - 1813 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 37fig. 236. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nrattana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 44. no type\nrhenana thunberg & becklin, 1791 (tortrix), d. d. dissert. ent. sist. ins. svecica 23: 43. tl: sweden. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nrufana sheldon, 1935 (eucosma solandriana form), entomologist 68: 175. tl: united kingdom. great britain. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nrufosinuana grabe, 1944 (epiblema solandriana form), z. wien. ent. ges. 29: 60. tl: germany. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nrusticana fabricius, 1794 (pyralis), entomologia systematica 3 (2): 254. tl: france. no type\nsemilunana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 45. tl: germany. wrtemburg. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nsemimaculana hubner, 1793 (phalaena (tortrix) ), samml. auser. vgel schmett: 8. tl: europe. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ntrapezana fabricius, 1787 (pyralis), mantissa insectorum 2: 228. tl: denmark. denmark (copen - hagen). syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nvariegata sheldon, 1935 (eucosma solandriana form), entomologist 68: 197. tl: united kingdom. great britain. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nvariegatastriana sheldon, 1935 (eucosma solandriana form), entomologist 68: 197. tl: united kingdom. great britain. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nsolicitana walker, 1863 (grapholita), list specimens lepid. insects colln. br. mus 28: 387. tl: canada, nova scotia. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\npackardiana clemens, 1864 (halonota), proc. ent. soc. philad. 2: 417. tl: canada. labrador. holotype: ansp. unknown. [ lost ]\ntephrinana zeller, 1875 (paedisca), verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 25: 308. tl: usa. massachusetts or maine. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nsordidana hubner, [ 1823 - 1824 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 47fig. 292. tl: europe, syntype (s): unknown. unknown." ]

{ "text": [ "epinotia tianshanensis is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in xinjiang , china .", "the larvae feed on picea schrenkiana . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 8 ] }

[ "epinotia tianshanensis is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in xinjiang, china. the larvae feed on picea schrenkiana." ]

[ "threatened birds on sangihe include: sangihe hanging - parrot, sangihe kingfisher, sangihe dwarf kingfisher, sangihe shrike - thrush, sangihe golden bulbul, cerulean paradise - flycatcher, sangihe white - eye, and the elegant sunbird .\nenglish: eastern tarsier, sulawesi tarsier; french: tarsier spectral, tarsier des célèbes; german: minahassakoboldmaki .\nlocal people of the sangihe island trade and use the sangihe tarsier for bush meat. also, locals use the sangihe tarsier for ecotourism to educate the public about this species in a conservation effort .\ninformation on the sangihe tarsier is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\n), and birds of prey. parasite information was not found for the sangihe tarsier .\nother names: t. bancanus: horsfield' s tarsier, western tarsier; tarsier de bornéo (french); västligt spökdjur (swedish); t. b. borneanus: bornean tarsier; t. b. saltator: belitung island tarsier; t. dentatus: t. dianae, dian' s tarsier, diana tarsier; t. lariang: lariang tarsier; t. pelengensis: peleng tarsier, peleng island tarsier; t. pumilus: lesser spectral tarsier, pygmy tarsier, mountain tarsier; tarsero piemeno (spanish); dvärgspökdjur (swedish); t. sangirensis: sagihe island tarsier, sangihe tarsier; t. syrichta: philippine tarsier, phillipine tarsier; tarsier des philippines (french); filippinskt spökdjur (swedish); t. tarsier: t. spectrum, eastern tarsier, spectral tarsier, sulawesi tarsier; tarsier des célèbes (french); östligt spökdjur (swedish); t. tumpara: siau island tarsier .\nthe lifespan on longevity of the sangihe tarsier is not known. but, other members of the genus such as the spectral tarsier (\nenglish: lesser spectral tarsier, mountain tarsier; french: tarsier naïn; german: zwergkoboldmaki; spanish: tarsero piemeno .\nenglish: horsfield' s tarsier; french: tarsier occidental; german: sundakoboldmaki .\n) have one of the largest impacts on the sangihe tarsier hunting them for bush meat. feral cats (\nin addition to its extraordinary avifauna, the island also contains populations of the talaud bear cuscus (top), a threatened marsupial, and the sangihe tarsier, an endangered primate confined to sangihe .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - sangihe tarsier\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - sangihe tarsier\ntitle =\narkive photo - sangihe tarsier\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nprimates, including sangihe tarsiers, are important for pollination and seed dispersal of their habitat. sangihe tarsiers also play the role as prey to feral cats (\nshekelle m, salim a. an acute conservation threat to two tarsier species in the sangihe island chain, north sulawesi, indonesia .\ndespite the island’s high conservation value, deforestation has already claimed much of sangihe’s forests .\nsangihe' s landscape is dominated by the towering mount awo. photo by hanom bashari\nthe locations of sangihe and siau islands within the sangihe island archipelago, with bathymetric contours. the rectangle on the inset indicates the location of the main figure in indonesia .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - sangihe tarsier (tarsius sangirensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - sangihe tarsier (tarsius sangirensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - sangihe tarsier (tarsius sangirensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nsangihe tarsiers have a lingering scent that they use for communication and documenting territories. this scent is unique to each tarsier and helps with individual recognition .\nthe siau island tarsier (tarsius tumpara) is a species of tarsier from the tiny volcanic island of siau. [ 2 ]\nshekelle, m. , a. salim. 2009. an acute conservation threat to two tarsier species in the sangihe island chain, north sulawesi, indonesia .\nmany on sangihe earn their income by fishing, weaving, and farming. photo by arian zweger\n), with estimates of potential tarsier population sizes derived by using typical tarsier densities for these habitats (see text for details) .\nthe home range of the sangihe tarsier has not been specially found, but they have been recorded to make nightly paths which range from 1119m – 1636m per individual .\nthe sangihe islands are known for their critically endangered avifauna, and concerns about the conservation status of the siau island tarsier grew before its formal description. [ 5 ]\nsiau island tarsier. © geoff deehan habitat of tarsier. © pierre fidenci tarsiers can be observed at night. © pierre fidenci tarsier species can occupy a range of habitats including early - mid successional and primary forests. © pierre fidenci a spectral tarsier. © paddy ryan a philippine tarsier observed in its natural habitat. © pierre fidenci\ndeforestation and hunting continue to take a toll on sangihe' s endemic species. photo by stuart marden\nthe largest island of the chain, sangihe, is dominated by the 6, 007 foot stratovolcano mount awo. sangihe’s mountainous terrain is covered with a patchwork of forests, villages, and farm fields .\nsangihe is home to 9 endemic bird species, 8 of which are threatened. photo by nature picture library\nlower risk / near threatened; dian' s tarsier as lower risk / conservation dependent; and the philippine, pygmy, western, and sangihe tarsiers are listed as data deficient .\nis restricted to the island after which it is named – the island of sangihe, 200km north of sulawesi .\nupon receiving independence from dutch rule in 1945, sangihe island was incorporated into the indonesian province of north celebes .\nstretching for over 160 miles, the remote sangihe island chain marks the boundary between the sulawesi and maluku seas .\nsangihe is home to 9 endemic bird species, 8 of which are threatened. facing the most danger are populations of the cerulean paradise - flycatchers and sangihe shrike - thrushes, which may number as few as 50 individuals each .\nthis species is currently recorded as being found on sangihe island, north of sulawesi, indonesia (riley 2002) .\nshekelle, m. and salim, a. 2009. an acute conservation threat to two tarsier species in the sangihe island chain, north sulawesi, indonesia. oryx 43: 419 - 426 .\ntarsiers breed once a year, sometimes twice a year. they are not confined to a specific breeding season. most female sangihe tarsiers mate and have a single offspring each year. at birth, offspring are approximately 25% of female weight. the female tends to leave the young at night in a hidden area while she feeds. the gestational period of sangihe tarsier’ was not found but the related spectral tarsier (\n( peleng tarsier) is found only on the island of peleng, southeast of sulawesi .\n) tarsier longevity: data from a recapture in the wild and from captive animals. in\nthe sangihe tarsier is a tarsier found on sangihe island of sulawesi, indonesia. they mainly inhabit the primary - growth forests. they may also be found in sago swamps, scrubs, and nutmeg and coconut plantations. 1 they are very small primate with a weight ranging in average from 100 to 120 grams. the tail is very long relative to the body size. the tail has a few covering of dorsal fur and lacks scales underneath .\nsangihe tarsiers typically live with their mate and are monogamous, but some live in a group where one male mates with a few females. polygynandrous activities also have been recorded in a tarsier group. this structure depends on the structure and number of individuals in the population. in the sangihe islands, seasonal changes do not occur, so tarsiers mate year - round .\nrainforest trust’s conservation project includes fieldwork on sangihe island that will assess the distribution, abundance, and habitat - use of its endemic birds .\nthe oldest living captive tarsier was over 16 years old when it died (weigl 2005) .\n1990. ueber die säugetiere der sangihe - und talaud - inseln - der beitrag a. b. meyers für ihre erforschung (mammalia) .\non iucn red list, sangihe tarsiers are listed as “endangered. ” cites listed them under appendix ii, meaning, trading of the sangihe tarsiers is controlled to ensure survival. national conservation laws have been in place for the sangihe tarsier since 1931. also, conservation outreach has been in place to educate local people on environmental issues and management systems on the island. as an endangered species, a breeding program has been in place to help sustain the population. researchers believe the population is only going to decline due to habitat fragmentation\n( siau island tarsier) is restricted to the small island of siau, 130km north of sulawesi .\nlike the spectral tarsier, dian' s tarsier spends about 50% of its time below 5 ft (1. 5 m) above the ground. but in contrast, dian' s tarsier spends about 23% of its time above 10 ft (3. 1 m). also, this species uses horizontal supports more than the spectral tarsier and the western tarsier. an average duet song lasts about 45 sec and is not divided into phrases. average singe calls last about 80 msec in both sexes .\nhead and body length, 3. 8–4. 1 in (9. 5–10. 5 cm); fur color similar to spectral tarsier, but more curly. considerably smaller than any other tarsier species .\nthese species, however, lack protection, and each day the destruction of sangihe’s tropical forests continues unchecked, the potential for species loss grows more likely .\nmaking things worse, the illegal pet trade and hunting continue to take a toll on sangihe’s endemic species and their numbers have dropped significantly in recent years .\n) the distribution of tarsier mtdna haplotypes for parts of north and central sulawesi: a preliminary analysis. in\nuntil recently the conservation status of seven of the nine species of tarsier on the iucn red list was data deficient, and determining the status of these species has been a priority. in addition, there are believed to be numerous cryptic tarsier taxa. tarsiers have been proposed as flagship species to promote conservation in the biogeographical region that includes sulawesi and surrounding island chains. therefore, identifying and naming cryptic tarsier species and determining their conservation status is not only a priority for tarsier conservation but also for regional biodiversity conservation. two tarsier species ,\n), and birds of prey are also known to hunt tarsiers. the brown / grey color of the sangihe tarsier’s fur helps them camouflage into the trees and foliage to protect them from predators. also, being arboreal keeps them out of reach from ground predators .\nshekelle, m. ; salim, a. (2009) .\nan acute conservation threat to two tarsier species in the sangihe island chain, north sulawesi, indonesia\n. oryx 43 (3): 419–426. doi: 10. 1017 / s0030605309000337 .\nthe indonesian island of sangihe, long noted for its endemic wildlife, holds the highest concentration of threatened bird species anywhere in asia, and possibly the world .\n), vines, and brush. sangihe tarsiers are limited to patches of forest, shrubs, and wetlands around agricultural areas, farms and villages. before human disturbance, they would have roamed in the islands primary forests, which have now mostly been destroyed. the sangihe island has an elevation range from below sea level up to approximately 1, 524m. this tarsier is found below 1500m, and is considered a lowland species .\nshekelle, m. ; salim, a. (2009) .\nan acute conservation threat to two tarsier species in the sangihe island chain, north sulawesi, indonesia\n. oryx. 43 (3): 419–426. doi: 10. 1017 / s0030605309000337 .\n( wallace’s tarsier) is found in two small specific areas of central sulawesi and was first described in 2010 .\nless woolly than the neighboring spectral tarsier with a poorly marked postauricular spot (this spot is conspicuous and almost white in the spectral tarsier); large, broad skull with long tooth rows and short lateral incisors and canines .\nis known only from sangihe island which is 547 km², its range is severely fragmented, and there is ongoing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .\nwe treated sangihe and siau islands as biogeographical subregions, each of which is a cluster of several islands separated from each other by shallow ocean (< 180 m). we estimated the maximum extent of occurrence for t. sangirensis and t. tumpara to be equal to the land area of the sangihe and siau island subregions, respectively .\ngursky sl. 2007a. the spectral tarsier. upper saddle river (nj): pearson prentice hall. 229p .\nnietsch a, niemitz c: diversität der sulawesi - tarsier. 67. hauptversammlung der dgs tubingen 1993: 45–46 .\nyan wong marked the english common name\nsagihe isalnd tarsier\nfrom\ntarsius sangirensis meyer 1897\nas untrusted .\nthe project will also update information on forest cover and conversion rates, review current land - use management, and develop a long - term plan for forest protection, site conservation, and habitat management on sangihe island. the result of this work will be the establishment of sangihe’s first protected area, the 22, 000 - acre gunung sahendaruman reserve .\nfeiler, a. (1990). über die säugetiere der sangihe - und talaud - inseln - der beitrag a. b. meyers für ihre erforschung (mammalia) .\nsimons el. the fossil record of tarsier evolution. in: wright pc, simons el, gursky s, editors .\nriley j. 2002. mammals on the sangihe and talaud islands, indonesia, and the impact of hunting and habitat loss. oryx 36 (3): 288 - 96 .\n. the presence of tarsiers on the most distant island group in the sangihe volcanic arc (i. e. sangihe island), led to curiosity about the presence of tarsiers on the other islands in the chain. each of the three island clusters mentioned above were surveyed for the presence of tarsiers in 2004 and 2005, but tarsiers were only observed on siau .\nthe sangihe island biogeographical subregion has an area of 585 km 2, 93. 5% (547 km 2) of which comprises the main island of sangihe, and the siau biogeographical subregion has an area of 125 km 2, of which siau island comprises 92. 8% (116 km 2; fig. 2, table 1). estimates of habitat areas, and areas of occupancy of the two tarsier species, are given in table 2 and illustrated in fig. 2 .\nriley, j. 2002. mammals on the sangihe and talaud islands, indonesia, and the impact of hunting and habitat loss. oryx 36 (3): 288? 296 .\n( lariang tarsier) is found in the region of the lariang river in western central sulawesi, which it is named after .\n—— .\nsociality in the spectral tarsier, tarsius spectrum .\namerican journal of primatology 51 (2000): 89–101 .\nsangihe tarsiers live in a subtropical / tropical climate with some climatic variation between the dry and wet season. they have been found normally in groups of 2 - 6 primates in coconut trees (\n/ ruang, and siau. like sangihe island, itself, each of these three island clusters are a part of the sangihe island volcanic arc. volcanic arcs, like the galapagos and hawaiian island chains, feature islands that erupt from the ocean floor. in such circumstances, islands form independently, are colonized independently, and remain geographically isolated. these characteristics lead to high levels of\nto conserve sangihe’s tropical forest and its rare and endemic species, rainforest trust is partnering with burung indonesia to create the 22, 000 - acre gunung sahendaruman reserve. the proposed reserve will be sangihe’s first protected area and will provide its endangered species with the critical habitat they need to survive. for only $ 2 an acre we can create this urgently needed reserve with your help .\nare known for their critically endangered avifauna, and concerns about the conservation status of the siau island tarsier grew before its formal description .\nshekelle m. 2008. the history and mystery of the mountain tarsier, tarsius pumilus. prim conserv 23: 121 - 4 .\nneri - arboleda i, stott p, arboleda np. home ranges, spatial movements, and habitat associations of the philippine tarsier (\nwestern tarsiers eat anything that moves and does not defend itself too effectively, from ants and beetles to bats and birds, even animals up to the tarsier' s own body weight. on one occasion, a western tarsier was observed catching and eating a poisonous snake .\n) have an average lifespan of 12 - 15 years old in captivity. in the wild, for reference, horsfield' s tarsier (\ngursky s. 2000c. sociality in the spectral tarsier, tarsius spectrum. am j primatol 51 (1): 89 - 101 .\ngursky s. 2002a. the behavioral ecology of the spectral tarsier, tarsius spectrum. evol anth 11 (6): 226 - 34 .\nniemitz c. 1973. tarsius bancanus (horsfields tarsier) preying on snakes. lab prim news 12 (4): 18 - 9 .\n—— .\npredation on a wild spectral tarsier (tarsius spectrum) by a snake .\nfolia primatologica 73 (2002): 60–62 .\n—— .\nallocare in a nocturnal primate: data on the spectral tarsier, tarsius spectrum .\nfolia primatologica 71 (2000): 39–54 .\nfeiler, a .\nüber die säugetiere der sangihe - und talaud - inseln - der beitrag a. b. meyers für ihre erforschung .\nzoologische abhandlungen staatliches museum für tierkunde dresden 46 (1990): 75–94 .\nharing dm, wright pc. 1989. hand - raising a philippine tarsier, tarsius syrichta. zoo biol 8 (3): 265 - 74 .\ntarsiers prefer to eat during vertical clinging. although this behavior seems to be the best predator prevention, when the animal is distracted and chewing noisily, the sympatric slow loris may catch a tarsier. also, a constricting snake was observed killing a tarsier, in spite of being heavily mobbed by other tarsiers .\nm. shekelle and a. salim (pers. comm .) argue that the chief threat to tarsiers on sangihe island is habitat loss, while riley (2002) did not think that habitat loss was a major threat, given their presence in a variety of secondary habitats. this discrepancy once again points out the need to determine the suitability of secondary habitats for sustainable tarsier populations .\ngursky s. 2002c. predation on a wild spectral tarsier (tarsius spectrum) by a snake. folia primatol 73 (1): 60 - 2 .\ngursky - doyen s, grow nb. 2009. elusive highland pygmy tarsier rediscovered in sulawesi, indonesia. oryx 43 (2): 173 - 4 .\ngursky, s .\nthe conservation status of two sulawesian tarsier species: tarsius spectrum and tarsius dianae .\nprimate conservation 18 (1998): 88–91 .\ngursky s. 2002b. determinants of gregariousness in the spectral tarsier (prosimian: tarsius spectrum). j zool lond 256 (3): 401 - 10 .\ngursky sl. 1994. infant care in the spectral tarsier (tarsius spectrum) sulawesi, indonesia. intl j primatol 15 (6): 843 - 53 .\n—— .\ndeterminants of gregariousness in the spectral tarsier (prosimian: tarsius spectrum) .\njournal of the zoological society of london 256 (2002): 401–410 .\ntarsiers generally socialize and forage in groups. they reside mostly in treetops. male and female sangihe tarsiers have a mate recognition system that happens only during mornings and evenings. females call out two - note sounds while males reply with a single note sound .\nmerker, s. , i. yustian, m. mühlenberg. 2005. responding to forest degradation: altered habitat use by dian’s tarsier tarsius dianae in sulawesi, indonesia .\nshekelle, m. , c. groves, s. merker, j. supriatna. 2008. tarsius tumpara: a new tarsier species from siau island, north sulawesi .\ndagosto m, gebo dl. 1996 / 1997. a preliminary study of the philippine tarsier in leyte. asian prim 6 (3 / 4): 5 - 8 .\ngursky s. 2000a. allocare in a nocturnal primate: data on the spectral tarsier, tarsius spectrum. folia primatol 71 (1 - 2): 39 - 54 .\ngursky sl. 1998. conservation status of the spectral tarsier tarsius spectrum: population density and home range size. folia primatol 69 (suppl 1): 191 - 203 .\ngursky s. 1995. group size and composition in the spectral tarsier, tarsius spectrum: implications for social organization. trop biodiv 3 (1): 57 - 62 .\nroberts m. 1985. the management and husbandry of the western tarsier (tarsius bancanus) at the national zoological park. aazpa ann conf proc 1985: 466 - 75 .\nlocal inhabitants earn their income by fishing, weaving, farming and, increasing, through tourism. among other agricultural products, sangihe’s fertile volcanic soils are used to grow nutmeg, rattan, and coconuts. the island’s sanghir - speaking population totals 194, 253 .\nthe siau island tarsier was selected for the list of\nthe world' s 25 most endangered primates\nby the iucn species survival commission, primate specialist group. [ 6 ]\nniemitz c. 1979. results of a field study on the western tarsier (tarsius bancanus borneanus horsfield, 1821) in sarawak. sarawak mus j 27: 171 - 228 .\nshekelle m, groves c, merker s, supriatna j. 2008. tarsius tumpara: a new tarsier species from siau island, north sulawesi. prim conserv 23: 55–64 .\n) is endemic to sangihe island of north sulawesi, which is a small island in indonesia that span an area approximately 576km ^ 2. this island is located directly east of the caleb sea and southwest of philippine sea on the eastern side of the indonesian archipelago .\ncite this page as: gron kj. 2010 december 1. primate factsheets: tarsier (tarsius) taxonomy, morphology, & ecology. < urltoken >. accessed 2018 july 10 .\ndagosto m, gebo dl, dolino c. 2001. positional behavior and social organization of the philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta). primates 42 (3): 233 - 43 .\njachowski ds, pizzaras c. 2005. introducing an innovative semi - captive environment for the philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta). zoo biol 24 (1): 101 - 9 .\nthis tarsier was considered an omen animal by the formerly head - hunting iban people in sarawak, borneo. since their extremely flexible cervical spine allows head rotations of at least 360°, their head was considered to be loose. if a head hunter encountered a tarsier, he was obliged to turn around immediately, because otherwise, the spell of the spirits might hit him and his community .\njablonski ng, crompton rh. 1994. feeding behavior, mastication, and tooth wear in the western tarsier (tarsius bancanus). intl j primatol 15 (1): 29 - 59 .\nneri - arboleda, i. , p. stott, n. arboleda. 2002. home ranges, spatial movements and habitat associations of the philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta) in corella, bohol .\ntarsius pumilus miller and hollister, 1921, central sulawesi. treated as a spectral tarsier subspecies for many decades, it regained species level by niemitz in 1985, which was confirmed later by several authors .\nsangihe tarsiers are different than other species of tarsiers which typically have only one - noted sounds for both males are females. these vocal duets are repeated multiple times, females having a whistle note while males have a chirping note. in a threatening situation, they communicate by vocal sounds as well .\nmerker s, yustian i. 2008. habitat use analysis of dian’s tarsier (tarsius dianae) in a mixed - species plantation in sulawesi, indonesia. primates 49 (2): 161 - 4 .\nmerker s, yustian i, mühlenberg m. 2005. responding to forest degradation: altered habitat use by dian’s tarsier tarsius dianae in sulawesi, indonesia. oryx 39 (2): 189 - 95 .\nross, c .\nthe craniofacial evidence for anthropoid and tarsier relationships .\nin anthropoid origins, edited by john g. fleagle and richard f. kay. new york: plenum press, 1994 .\nmaryanto i, yani m. 2004. the third record of pygmy tarsier (tarsius pumilus) from lore lindu national park, central sulawesi, indonesia. trop biodiv 8 (2): 79 - 85 .\ndagosto, m. , d. l. gebo, and c. dolino .\npositional behavior and social organization of the philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta) .\nprimates 42 (2001): 233–243 .\nis a member of the iucn ssc primate specialist group and has recently helped complete conservation assessments for all species of tarsiers. his research as a primatologist, evolutionary ecologist and conservation biologist focuses on systematic sampling of wild tarsier populations using genetic, acoustic and morphological data to address questions of evolution, taxonomy and biogeography, and then relating those results to regional conservation. he recently founded the science - based conservation organization tarsier. org .\nfemale sangihe tarsiers tend to be the main caregivers of the offspring including, carrying, feeding and grooming. males have been recorded to protect, carry and groom the young in some instances. offspring tend to stay in the social group of the parents post - independence. time to weaning is 80 days after birth .\ngursky s. 1997. modeling maternal time budgets: the impact of lactation and infant transport on the time budget of the spectral tarsier, tarsius spectrum. phd dissertation, state university of new york at stony brook .\nalthough tarsiers do not appear to be rare in many areas, they are very sensitive to changes in their environment. for example, merker found the population density of dian' s tarsier to be 268 individuals per 0. 04 mi 2 (1 km 2) in undisturbed primary forest, 130–190 in slightly or medium disturbed areas, and 45 in plantations outside natural forest. neri - arboleda found 16 males and 41 females of the philippine tarsier per 0. 04 mi 2 (1 km 2), mainly in early mid - succession forest. all authors agree that rapid habitat destruction is the major threat to the tarsiers. the spectral tarsier is listed by the iucn as\nniemitz c. 1985. leaping locomotion and the anatomy of the tarsier. in: kondo s, editor. primate morphophysiology, locomotor analyses and human bipedalism. tokyo (jp): u tokyo pr. 235 - 50 .\nniemitz c. 1984f. vocal communication of two tarsier species (tarsius bancanus and tarsius spectrum). in: niemitz c, editor. biology of tarsiers. stuttgart (de): gustav fischer verlag. p129 - 41 .\nroberts m, kohn f. 1993. habitat use, foraging behavior, and activity patterns in reproducing western tarsier, tarsius bancanus, in captivity: a management synthesis. zoo biol 12 (2): 217 - 32 .\nthus far, only the western tarsier has been studied for parasites. without exception, all individuals investigated were infested by endoparasites. according to a yet unpublished feces analysis, the same seems to be true also for spectral tarsiers .\nat present, the single extant family, tarsiidae, includes only one genus, tarsius, although the validity of a second genus rabienus was seriously discussed by groves in 1998. until 1984 only three tarsier species were recognized, but currently six\nshekelle m. distribution of tarsier acoustic forms, north and central sulawesi: with notes on the primary taxonomy of sulawesi’s tarsiers. in: shekelle m, maryanto i, groves c, schulze h, fitch - snyder h, editors .\nneri - arboleda i, stott p, arboleda np. 2002. home ranges, spatial movements and habitat associations of the philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta) in corella, bohol. j zool lond 257 (3): 387 - 402 .\nabout 13. 8 in (35 cm); 3. 3–5. 1 oz (94–154 g); buff, but generally darker and more gray than the western tarsier; tail tuft bushy and long, tail scaly; big skinny ears .\nfogden mpl. 1974. a preliminary field study of the western tarsier, tarsius bancanus horsefield. in: martin rd, doyle ga, walker ac, editors. prosimian biology. pittsburgh (pa): u pittsburgh pr. p 151 - 65 .\nroberts m. 1994. growth, development, and parental care in the western tarsier (tarsius bancanus) in captivity: evidence for a\nslow\nlife - history and nonmonogamous mating system. intl j primatol 15 (1): 1 - 28 .\ngursky s. 2003b. territoriality in the spectral tarsier, tarsius spectrum. in: wright pc, simons el, gursky s, editors. tarsiers: past, present, and future. new brunswick (nj): rutgers u pr. p221 - 36 .\nmerker s, driller c, dahruddin h, wirdateti, sinaga w, perwitasari - farajallah d and shekelle m. 2010. tarsius wallacei: a new tarsier species from central sulawesi occupies a discontinuous range. international journal of primatology: [ epub ahead of print ]\ntarsiers mostly forage on insects including moths, grasshoppers, ants, and beetles. they also ingest small vertebrates like birds and lizards. sangihe tarsiers have been noted to forage in groups. in captivity, individual tarsiers have been reported to consume diets of 48% crickets, 24% worms, 24% grasshoppers, and 4% geckos. daily intake is about 10 - 12g a day .\nit was furthermore elaborated upon that the original description of t. sangirensis included mention of a specimen from siau in the dresden museum. thus it was argued for further investigations of the siau tarsier to see if it was taxonomically separable from t. sangirensis. [ 4 ]\ntarsiers give birth to a single offspring and never have twins. this is due to the fact that at birth an infant tarsier weighs almost one - quarter of its mother' s weight, an accomplishment that is unique among the primates and probably among mammals as well. about 100 years ago hubrecht investigated some 600 pregnant uteri, finding only one pair of twins at a very early stage (one of which could have easily been resorped at a later stage). tarsiers have an ovarian cycle of about 28 days. through 2003, seasonal births had been observed in three tarsier species .\nshekelle, myron; meier, rudolf; indrawan, mochamad; maryanto, ibnu; salim, agus; supriatna, jatna; andayani, noviar (2007) .\nwhen\nnot extinct\nis not good news: conservation in the sangihe islands\n. conservation biology. 21 (1): 4–5. doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1523 - 1739. 2006. 00622 _ 1. x. pmid 17298499 .\nmerker, stefan driller, christine dahruddin, hadi wirdateti sinaga, walberto perwitasari - farajallah, dyah and shekelle, myron 2010. tarsius wallacei: a new tarsier species from central sulawesi occupies a discontinuous range. international journal of primatology, vol. 31, issue. 6, p. 1107 .\nshekelle, m. ; groves, c. ; merker, s. ; supriatna, j. (2008) .\ntarsius tumpara: a new tarsier species from siau island, north sulawesi\n. primate conservation 23: 55–64. doi: 10. 1896 / 052. 023. 0106 .\ndagosto m, gebo dl, dolino cn. 2003. the natural history of the philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta). in: wright pc, simons el, gursky s, editors. tarsiers: past, present, and future. new brunswick (nj): rutgers u pr. p237 - 59 .\nshekelle, m. ; meier, r. ; indrawan, m. ; maryanto, i. ; salim, a. ; supriatna, j. ; andayani, n. (2007) .\nwhen\nnot extinct\nis not good news: conservation in the sangihe islands\n. conservation biology 21 (1): 4–5. doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1523 - 1739. 2006. 00622 _ 1. x. pmid 17298499 .\nthis species has darker fur than the other sulawesi tarsiers. the dorsal fur is greyish brown. the blackish tail ends in a dark pencil - like point. there is a clearly discernible dark ring around the eyes. the third digit on the hands is very long. it' s the second largest tarsier; only the\nthere is a sensitive skin area on the ventral side of the tail of all tarsier species. being endowed with papillary skin ridges, this is friction skin that is used as a support area. tarsiers spare much of their energy budget by sitting on their tails when resting on a vertical support, much like woodpeckers do .\nthe skin are pigmented ranging from a more sandy color, e. g. in the philippine species, to a rich dark brown, e. g. , in dian' s tarsier (t. dianae). orange skin color at the testicles or dark brown patches in the ears, however, are caused by secretions from skin glands .\namong the species, the amount of tail hair is variable, decreasing from the hairiest tails found on the sulawesi tarsiers (t. tarsier, t. pumilus, and t. dianae) to the intermediate t. bancanus, to the least hairy tail possessed by t. syrichta which is usually considered naked (musser & dagosto 1987; gursky 2007a). other means by which the species are, in varying degrees, determined from one another include eye size, dentition, and limb proportions (gursky 2007a). t. pumilus is easily distinguished by its diminutive body size relative to the other species of tarsier whose body sizes often overlap with one another (musser & dagosto 1987; maryanto & yani 2004) .\nall tarsiers are arboreal, mostly staying in the trees during every stage of their lives. in the early mornings and late evenings, male and female sangihe tarsiers communicate through mating calls. they form social groups of about one male and a few females with their offspring. these nocturnal and arboreal tarsiers spend their nights scavenging for food in groups, mostly feeding on insects and small prey while clinging to trees and branches. males and females both use scent to mark territory, and message their sex, health, and other specifics .\nlike other eastern tarsier species from the sulawesi biogeographic region, this species lives in small, monogamous or polygamous groupings of 2–6. it might sleep in dispersed social groups, particularly in disturbed habitat, and that this might be a response to predation, particularly by humans and human commensals, such as feral cats and dogs. merker (2006) studied home range size in\nsuborder: haplorrhini infraorder: tarsiiformes family: tarsiidae genus: tarsius species: t. bancanus, t. dentatus, t. lariang, t. pelengensis, t. pumilus, t. sangirensis, t. syrichta, t. tarsier, t. tumpura, t. wallacei subspecies: t. b. bancanus, t. b. borneanus, t. b. saltator\npotential predators of tarsiers include civets, arboreal snakes, monitor lizards, and raptors including owls (gursky 1997; jachowski & pizzaras 2005; gursky 2002c). feral cats are also predators of tarsiers (mackinnon & mackinnon 1980; jachowski & pizzaras 2005). among wild spectral tarsiers (t. tarsier), if a snake threat is identified, all members of a group will travel towards the predator and will mob it, lunging, vocalizing, and even biting the threat (gursky 2002b; 2002c). interestingly, while spectral tarsier groups do not contain more than one adult male, during the mobbing of a predator, often more than one adult male is present, indicating the presence of males from more than one group (gursky 2002c; 2005b; 2006) .\n. 2008), and siau island was surveyed by riley (2002). by analogy with other wild tarsier populations it is expected that this taxon is found in primary (although no tracts of primary forest have been found on siau island), secondary and mangrove forests, forest gardens, and a variety of other habitats of varying degrees of human disturbance that provide adequate shrubby cover. shekelle and salim (2009b) reported that their surveys found evidence of\ngis data from the sulawesi ecoregional conservation assessment prepared by the nature conservancy, with landsat images accurate to 30 m, were used to estimate the extent and quality of tarsier habitat. habitats were classified as primary forest, secondary forest (including undisturbed and disturbed mangrove), brush (includes agriculture with brush, and brush with swamp), unsuitable (includes agriculture, no brush, swamp, open and village) and unknown (obscured by clouds) .\nshekelle and salim (2009a) used remote sensing of remaining habitat and population density estimates from studies of other tarsier taxa to estimate the remaining population as being 1, 35812, 470 individuals. the large range is a result of a large number of unknown pixels (obscured by clouds) in the gis data set. field surveys indicate no remaining primary habitat, however. local people reported considerable declines of numbers since the late 1990s (shekelle and salim 2009b) .\nt. tarsier procures its prey directly from the air (34. 8 %), the ground (7. 8 %), from leaves (46. 3 %) and from branches (11. 1 %) (gursky 2000b). in captivity, t. bancanus used three main methods of capturing prey with an overall 88% success rate; reaching out and grabbing prey without moving, leaping onto prey, or leaping several times towards and then onto potential prey (roberts & kohn 1993) .\nthe fur of all species shows the colors of dead leaves, i. e. , the tarsiers are sand - colored to ochre or grayish buff, with a considerable variation towards reddish or brownish. the philippine species (tarsius syrichta) tends to be lighter than the western tarsier (t. bancanus) and the sulawesi species (t. spectrum). the fur is velvet - like but sometimes somewhat curly. a curly pelage seems to be more frequent in tarsiers from higher altitudes. all sparsely haired or naked parts of\nfollowing harcourt (1999) we define small islands as those smaller than the smallest island where tarsiers and slow lorises live sympatrically. in his dataset these were islands < 12, 000 km 2. in our expanded dataset these are islands < 120 km 2. there are hundreds if not thousands of small islands and islets within the area of tarsier and slow loris sympatry where neither species occurs. in exploring holocene extinctions of tarsiers and slow lorises we therefore restrict the analysis to islands > 50 km 2 that are faunistically well explored (cf. meijaard 2003) .\nwestern tarsiers strongly prefer vertical supports of 0. 4–1. 6 in (1–4 cm) in diameter. leaping between vertical tree trunks, they use only a very thin layer of the space of their habitat, foraging more than 80% of the time below 3 ft (1 m) above the ground. soil contacts make up roughly 5% of all leaps, but they consume only about 1% of the time budget. sleeping sites of the western tarsier (for single individuals) are often found between 6. 6 and 16. 4 ft (2–5 m) above the ground .\ntarsiers are species of the family tarsiidae of the order primates. they are haplorrhines, i. e. dry - nosed, as opposed to strepsirrhini primates, which are wet - nosed (rhinarium). the tarsiers are arboreal species and therefore are found in the rainforests. tarsiers are characterized by their enormous eyes and large, thin ears relative to their head. their eyes are also fixed in its skull. their name (tarsier) is derived from another distinctive feature, i. e. having an elongated tarsus (ankle bone). this enables them to leap from tree to tree with ease .\ntarsiers are too small to be hunted. with only one young per year they do not have the potential to be pests. since they eat many harmful insects including grasshoppers, moths, and caterpillars, they may play an unquantified role as pest control agents in agroforestry. however, tarsiers are at risk, if insecticides are applied by humans. with their huge eyes tarsiers appear in very different kinds of art, from an edging of the famous\nvienna school\nto the cover of a science fiction novel. also, the famous extraterrestrial movie creature e. t. undoubtedly shows the features of a tarsier .\na most conspicuous vocal behavior of sulawesi tarsiers is the loud calls that males and females coordinate into duets. differences in the acoustic structure of this display relate to specific differentiation in tarsius spectrum and t. dianae. more recent studies on dueting behavior indicated the existence of a new species of tarsiers on the togian islands in tomini bay. i analyzed the duet calls of the togian tarsier to assess the differences in acoustic structure of duet calls between this putative new species and t. spectrum or t. dianae. discriminant function analysis revealed that togian tarsiers, t. spectrum and t. dianae, are clearly separated by acoustic characteristics in songs. the degree of separation of the togian tarsiers from the mainland species support them being a distinct species .\nshekelle and salim (2009) used remote sensing to estimate the population size to be between 1, 505 and 52, 734 individuals, the very wide range being a result of uncertainty in the suitability of\nbrush\nhabitat for sustainable tarsier populations. without including\nbrush\n, the population size estimate is only 1, 505–2, 795 individuals. riley (2002) estimated population size as 9, 000–15, 600, but those numbers drop to 300 - 500 if secondary habitat is excluded. riley did not address the issue that, while tarsiers are recorded in secondary habitats, these might not support sustainable populations. thus, the conclusions of both studies are similar; viable population size might be very small indeed, unless populations in suboptimal habitats are\nsources\nand not\nsinks\n.\nm. shekelle and a. salim (pers. comm .) estimate the population size to be between 1, 505 and 52, 734 individuals, the very wide range being a result of uncertainty in the suitability of\nbrush\nhabitat for sustainable tarsier populations. without including\nbrush ,\nthe population size estimate is only 1, 505 - 2, 795 individuals. riley (2002) estimated population size as 9, 000 - 15, 600, but those numbers drop to 300 - 500 if secondary habitat is excluded. riley did not address the issue that, while tarsiers are recorded in secondary habitats, these might not support sustainable populations. thus, the conclusions of both studies are similar; viable population size might be very small indeed, unless populations in suboptimal habitats are\nsources\nand not\nsinks .\nestimated home range averages are 0. 006 - 0. 065 km² (0. 002 - 0. 03 mi²) (t. syrichta), 0. 023 - 0. 031 km² (0. 009 - 0. 01 mi²) (t. tarsier), 0. 005 - 0. 018 km² (0. 002 - 0. 005 mi²) (t. dentatus), 0. 045 - 0. 1125 km² (0. 02 -. 04 mi²) (t. bancanus), 0. 023 - 0. 103 km² (0. 009 - 0. 04 mi²) (t. bancanus saltator) (crompton & andau 1986; 1987 tremble et al. 1993; dagosto et al. 2001; neri - arboleda et al. 2002; dagosto et al. 2003; merker 2006; gursky 2007a; yustian 2007). mean nightly path distances for t. tarsier average 476. 0 m (1561. 7 ft) for females and 782. 9 m (2568. 6 ft) for males (gursky 2007a). t. bancanus travels an average of 1800 m (5905. 5 ft) nightly and t. bancanus saltator travels between 768 and 1061 m (2519. 7 and 3481. 0 ft) per night on average (crompton & andau 1986; neri - arboleda et al. 2002; yustian 2007). t. syrichta travels an average of 1119 m (3671. 3 ft) (f) and 1636 m (5367. 5 ft) (m) per night (neri - arboleda et al. 2002). home ranges increase in size with degree of human disturbance and degradation (merker 2006). in t. syrichta and t. bancanus, home ranges overlap with individuals of the opposite sex, but only to a small degree with individuals of the same sex (fogden 1974; neri - arboleda et al. 2002) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nhas a preference for primary forest, but may occur in secondary habitats including sago swamps, scrub, nutmeg plantations, coconut plantations, and secondary forest growth. these results are similar to those of shekelle and associates, except that shekelle did not encounter any in primary forest, and shekelle and salim (2009) indicate that it is very unlikely that any primary forest now remains on the island. a study of\n( 2005, also merker and yustian 2008) showed that they were able to occupy agricultural land as long there were remnant patches of forest or dense shrubbery, although group sizes were smaller and population densities were considerably lower (less than half) than was found for virtually undisturbed old - growth forest (estimated densities 268 individuals / km² vs. 45 individuals / km²) .\nand found it to vary, depending on the degree of human disturbance, with home range size increasing with the degree of disturbance. its diet is mostly large arthropods and some small vertebrates .\nthe taxon has been protected by national law since 1931, and is listed in cites appendix ii. two conservation initiatives begun in 2002 are serving to establish management systems on this archipelago and to educate its people on the environmental and conservation problems that the islands face, including those resulting from forest management and hunting (riley 2002) (see whitten 2006) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nclassified as endangered (en) on the iucn red list (1)." ]

{ "text": [ "the sangihe tarsier ( tarsius sangirensis ) , also known as sangihe island tarsier , is a small primate found on sangir island , which is located about 200 kilometers north-east of the island of sulawesi in indonesia .", "in 2008 a population of the sangihe tarsier was determined to be a distinct species , the siau island tarsier ( tarsius tumpara ) . " ], "topic": [ 27, 17 ] }

[ "the sangihe tarsier (tarsius sangirensis), also known as sangihe island tarsier, is a small primate found on sangir island, which is located about 200 kilometers north-east of the island of sulawesi in indonesia. in 2008 a population of the sangihe tarsier was determined to be a distinct species, the siau island tarsier (tarsius tumpara)." ]

[ "the following term was not found in nucleotide: uropterygius wheeleri [ orgn ] .\nuropterygius wheeleri is known from cape verde, senegal, and islands in the bay of biafra (within the gulf of guinea) .\ngreek, oura = tail + greek pterygion = little wing. fin (ref. 45335 )\neastern atlantic: cape verde, senegal and islands of the bay of biafra .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 54. 5 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 4450 )\nsmith, d. g. and e. b. böhlke, 1990. muraenidae. p. 136 - 148. in j. c. quero, j. c. hureau, c. karrer, a. post and l. saldanha (eds .) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic (clofeta). jnict, lisbon; sei, paris; and unesco, paris. vol. 1. (ref. 4450 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00102 (0. 00046 - 0. 00225), b = 3. 06 (2. 88 - 3. 24), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 6 ±0. 6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate vulnerability (40 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nde silva, r. , milligan, h. , lutz, m. , batchelor, a. , jopling, b. , kemp, k. , lewis, s. , lintott, p. , sears, j. , wilson, p. , smith, j. & livingston, f .\nis relatively common and widespread (d. smith pers. comm. 2009) .\nis found in shallow photic waters with sandy or rocky substrate (smith and bohlke 1990) .\nmay be threatened by trawling activities within parts of its range. there is a history of over - exploited fisheries in the region, and consequently, this species may be taken as by - catch in some areas .\n. further research is needed on the habitat and ecology of this species, as little information is available at present. population trends and by - catch levels should be monitored to determine whether there is any impact from fisheries in the region. research into other potential threats and the full range of this species should also be carried out .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nböhlke, e. b. , j. e. böhlke, m. m. leiby, j. e. mccosker, et al. / böhlke, eugenia b. , ed .\nfishes of the western north atlantic, no. 1, pt. 9, vol. 1\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information, no. 1, vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nformat summary genbank genbank (full) fasta asn. 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nhureau, j. - c. 1991 la base de données gicim: gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du muséum .\nwu, h. l. , k. - t. shao and c. f. lai (eds .) 1999 latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names .\nanonymous 1999 fish collection database of the natural history museum, london (formerly british museum of natural history (bmnh) ) .\nhanel, l. and j. novák 2001? eské názvy zivo? ich? v. ryby a rybovití obratlovci (pisces) ii. , nozdratí (sarcopterygii), paprskoploutví (actinopterygii) [ chrupav? ití (chondrostei), kostnatí (neopterygii): kostlíni (semionotiformes) - bezostní (clupeiformes) ] .\nfao - fies 2012 aquatic sciences and fisheries information system (asfis) species list .\nwirtz, p. , a. brito, j. m. falcón, r. freitas, r. fricke, v. monteiro, f. reiner and o. tariche 2013 the coastal fishes of the cape verde islands - new records and an annotated check - list .\nfao - fies 2014 aquatic sciences and fisheries information system (asfis) species list .\nfao - fies 2015 aquatic sciences and fisheries information system (asfis) species list .\ncfm script by jwee, 17. 10. 01, php script by rolavides, 2 / 20 / 2008, 最後の修正によって cmilitante, 11: 39 am 23 / 06 / 11\nanonymous, 1999, fish collection database of the natural history museum, london (formerly british museum of natural history (bmnh) ). . natural history museum, london (formerly british museum of natural history (bmnh) ) .\ncfm script by jwee, 18. 10. 01, php script by rolavides, 20 / 02 / 08, last modified by elaxamana, 9: 15 am 1 / 9 / 09" ]

{ "text": [ "uropterygius wheeleri is a moray eel found in shallow waters in the eastern atlantic ocean , around cape verde , senago , and islands in the bay of biafra . " ], "topic": [ 13 ] }

[ "uropterygius wheeleri is a moray eel found in shallow waters in the eastern atlantic ocean, around cape verde, senago, and islands in the bay of biafra." ]

[ "osteology and ontogeny of the wrymouths, genus cryptacanthodes (cottiformes: zoarcoidei: cryptacanthodidae) .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\npunamutrusuu\nto\ncryptacanthodes aleutensis (gilbert, 1896 )\n.\nosteology and ontogeny of the wrymouths, genus cryptacanthodes (cottiformes: zoarcoidei: cryptacanthodidae). - pubmed - ncbi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 30. 11. 04, , php script by cmilitante, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by cmilitante, 14 / 03 / 2013\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngreek, kryptos = hidden + greek, akantha = thorn (ref. 45335) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather, it reflects the current content of fishbase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes. however, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase, to start new work on the family, or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. in particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes (not shown but used to sort names) .\nin the column coff, the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff: 0: not checked; 1: same status; 2: different status; 3: other combination; 4: synonym in coff; 5: species / subspecies issue; 6: synonym of another species in coff; 7: not in coff; 8: should not be in coff. the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 (ref. 97102) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized, nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first (or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized) then other genera by chronological order of description (and alphabetical order) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order (and alphabetical order), with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\ngreek, kryptos = hidden + greek, akanthoides = similar to thorns (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; demersal; depth range 1 - 110 m (ref. 5951). temperate; 55°n - 39°n, 75°w - 49°w\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 97. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 49746 )\nburrows in soft muddy bottoms from shallow water to 110 m depth. feeds mainly on benthic infauna found in and around its burrow system; its prey consisting of various amphipods, polychaetes, shrimp and small fish (ref. 87300) .\nrobins, c. r. and g. c. ray, 1986. a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america. houghton mifflin company, boston, u. s. a. 354 p. (ref. 7251 )\n): 0. 9 - 12. 2, mean 6. 4 (based on 135 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 6250 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00102 (0. 00046 - 0. 00225), b = 3. 06 (2. 88 - 3. 24), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 7 ±0. 2 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate to high vulnerability (52 of 100) .\nmarine; demersal; depth range 6 - 128 m (ref. 12204). temperate; 60°n - 38°n, 175°w - 120°w\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 117 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 12204 )\ndorsal spines (total): 72 - 77; dorsal soft rays (total): 0; anal spines: 2; anal soft rays: 43 - 49. pale brown in color, with touches of yellow or violet (ref. 12204) .\nfound on soft bottoms (ref. 12204). probably spends part of its life buried (ref. 12204) .\ncoad, b. w. , 1995. encyclopedia of canadian fishes. canadian museum of nature and canadian sportfishing productions inc. singapore. (ref. 12204 )\n): 4. 1 - 10. 1, mean 6. 8 (based on 180 cells) .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00389 (0. 00180 - 0. 00842), b = 3. 12 (2. 94 - 3. 30), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): high vulnerability (60 of 100) .\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cryptacanthoides lindberg, 1930) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of delolepis bean, 1882) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lyconectes gilbert, 1896) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of zoarcites zugmayer, 1914) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncollette, bruce b. / collette, bruce b. , and grace klein - macphee, eds .\nmoore, jon a. , karsten e. hartel, james e. craddock, and john k. galbraith\nnelson, joseph s. , edwin j. crossman, h. espinosa - pérez, l. t. findley, c. r. gilbert, et al. , eds .\nfull author list: nelson, joseph s. , edwin j. crossman, héctor espinosa - pérez, lloyd t. findley, carter r. gilbert, robert n. lea, and james d. williams\nrobins, richard c. , reeve m. bailey, carl e. bond, james r. brooker, ernest a. lachner, et al .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nfor more information on fishing, please contact the wdfw fish program. 360 - 902 - 2700 fish program district biologists\ncaught incidentally in the commercial fishery off the outer washington coast with otter - trawls .\ndescription: the giant wrymouth is an elongate, eel - like fish with a broad head that is flat on top. the body is pale reddish brown with rows of dark blotches that are tinged with yellow and violet. the dorsal and anal fins also show spots. it has a low, spiny dorsal fin that runs along the entire back. this fin includes approximately 70 spines and unites with the caudal and anal fins. this species has no pelvic fins. there are exposed scales on the rear of the body and buried scales on the front of the body. the mouth slants sharply above a ponderous lower jaw and the upper jaw extends past the eye (with mouth closed). this species has small eyes that lie near the top of its big head. the lack of pelvic fins and a pronounced upward pointing mouth are characteristic .\nmaximum size: to at least 1. 17 m (3. 8 ft) in length, or 1. 6 m (5 ft .) in length in alaska .\nrange / habitat: the giant wrymouth ranges from the bering sea to humboldt bay, california. it is found on soft bottoms, where it creates and lives in burrows. it is found in depths from 6 to192 m (20 - 630 ft) .\nblackburn, j. e. , 1981. adf & g technical data report no. 64 state of alaska .\ncoad, b. w. , 1995. encyclopedia of canadian fishes. canadian museum of nature and canadian sportfishing productions inc. singapore .\neschmeyer, w. n. , e. s. herald and h. hammann, 1983. a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america. houghton mifflin company, boston, u. s. a. 336 p .\nwhether you' re a student, an educator, or a lifelong learner, urltoken can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement .\ndon' t have an account yet? sign up. it' s free and takes five seconds .\napparently lives partly buried in mud bottoms (ref. 2850, 4925) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nmarine; demersal; depth range 46 - 350 m (ref. 2850). temperate\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 30. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 2850 )\ndorsal spines (total): 60 - 69; dorsal soft rays (total): 0; anal spines: 3; anal soft rays: 45 - 49. caudal rounded .\napparently lives partly buried in mud bottoms (ref. 2850, 4925) .\neschmeyer, w. n. , e. s. herald and h. hammann, 1983. a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america. boston (ma, usa): houghton mifflin company. xii + 336 p. (ref. 2850 )\n): 3. 3 - 7. 1, mean 5. 2 (based on 167 cells) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 0 ±0. 00 se; based on food items .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (17 of 100) .\ndescription: the dwarf wrymouth is an elongate eel - like fish that lacks scales. the body is pink or red and is mostly uniform in color. this species has long dorsal and anal fins that join at the base of the caudal fin, and lack pelvic fins. the head is broad and flat on top with the mouth nearly vertical. a long tube extends from the nostril in front of the eye. the eyes of the dwarf wrymouth point mostly upward .\nrange / habitat: the range and depth distribution of the dwarf wrymouth is not well documented but is thought to be from the bering sea to eureka, california. this species may live partly buried in the soft bottoms on which it lives in water depths of 46 to 350 m (150 - 1, 150 ft) .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ndépartement systématique et evolution, muséum national d' histoire naturelle, cp26, 75231 paris, france .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay." ]

{ "text": [ "cryptacanthodes is a genus of perciform fishes commonly referred to as wrymouths .", "they are mostly found in the pacific ocean with one species native to the atlantic ocean where they are benthic fishes , tunneling through soft substrates .", "it is currently the only known genus in its family . " ], "topic": [ 21, 15, 26 ] }

[ "cryptacanthodes is a genus of perciform fishes commonly referred to as wrymouths. they are mostly found in the pacific ocean with one species native to the atlantic ocean where they are benthic fishes, tunneling through soft substrates. it is currently the only known genus in its family." ]

[ "epicopeia polydora westwood, 1841; arcana entomologica, 1: 19, pl. 5, f. 1; tl: assam\ni love mimics. this is epicopeia polydora, a day - flying moth that mimics papilio butterflies, hiding in plain sight .\ntype - species: epicopeia polydora westwood, 1841. arcana ent. : 19, pl. 5, fig. 1. [ bhl ]\ngenus: epicopeia westwood, 1841. arcana ent. 1: 17. [ bhl ]\nepicopeia battaka dempona kishida & endo, 1999; trans. lepid. soc. japan 50 (1): 48; tl: s. sumatra, mt dempo\nepicopeia battaka malayana kishida & endo, 1999; trans. lepid. soc. japan 50 (1): 48; tl: malaysia, pahang, cameron highlands\nepicopeia simulans leech, [ 1889 ]; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1888: 611, pl. 31, f. 1; tl: hakodate\nepicopeia mencia moore, [ 1875 ]; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1874 (4): 578, pl. 67, f. 8; tl: shanghai, n. china\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\non the lepidoptera of japan and corea, pt ii. heterocera, sect. i\nwestwood, 1841 arcana entomologica, or illustrations of new, rare and interesting insects arcana entomologica, 1: (1841 - 1843) [ iv ], 192pp, pl. 1 - 48 (in 12 parts )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nepicopeida is easy to recognized to be a moth because the structure of their antenna, with comb shape, not slender as it of butterflies. however moth' s enemies are not entomologists and they are not easy to separate a moth flying in the day with a papilio, then to be a thing like papilio, epicopeida will not be attracted by predators that don' t want to eat papilio .\nthe day - flying moths also can be separated by the way and time of their flying, they seem slower than butterflies but normally fly higher than butterflies do .\npapilio elwesi leech, 1889 this species have been found from north vietnam and south china .\nnote: three last papilio were described by\nthe father of taxonomy\n, carl linaeus .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype - species designation: by subsequent designation by kirby, 1892. syn. cat. lepid. het. 1: 55. [ bhl ]\ntype specimens: type (s) [ india ]: assam, (? depository). .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\ni’m learning how to better use the vandercook letterpress that i’ve acquired, and this is the second print i’ve made on it - an experiment with multiple blocks. the process was complicated, and educational, and i’m looking forward to future experiments - it should be noted that these prints vary in their ink density and control .\nwelcome to the teens, hard on the heels of the noughties. as humanity continues to hack and chew at the earth, extinction rates continue to rise. i have a really…\ni recently returned from about three and a half weeks of travel through the southwest and beyond, including three days spent at the 4th annual march to save oak flat… .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe website uses cookies to allow us to better understand how the site is used. by continuing to use this site, you consent to this policy. click to learn more .\nmales and females of this species are available. use the drop - down menu to select .\nnotification will be sent to your e - mail address every time the item price is decreased .\ncopyright © 2012 insect designs. all rights reserved. abn: 75141197423 | ecommerce website by online visions\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "epicopeia polydora is a moth of the epicopeiidae family .", "it is found in south-east asia , including india ( assam ) , vietnam and thailand .", "the wingspan is 85 – 100 mm .", "the wings are deep black with red , white and shining metallic blue markings , mimicking butterflies of the genus atrophaneura .", "it is a day-flying moth . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 28 ] }

[ "epicopeia polydora is a moth of the epicopeiidae family. it is found in south-east asia, including india (assam), vietnam and thailand. the wingspan is 85 – 100 mm. the wings are deep black with red, white and shining metallic blue markings, mimicking butterflies of the genus atrophaneura. it is a day-flying moth." ]

[ "teulisna plagiata walker, 1862; j. proc. linn. soc. (zool .) 6: 109; tl: sarawak\nfig 2. venation diagrams from hampson (1900). a. teulisna murina heylaerts, b. teulisna plagiata walker, c. thysanoptyx tetragona walker, d. eilema fasciculosa walker, e. macotasa tortricoides walker, f. nishada sambara walker, g. nishada syntomioides walker, h. euconosia aspersa walker .\ntaxa from java and bali such as atratella walker and bertha butler are distinct, resembling semibrunnea heylaerts (java) in genitalic features, as does the next species. these taxa have been synonymised with plagiata in the past, e. g. by hampson (1900) .\nteulisna plagiata; [ nhm card ]; [ mob7 ]: 310, pl. 2, f. 2b, 67, 83; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 55\nteulisna flexusa bucsek, 2012; malaysia inst. zool. : (1 - 170 )\nteulisna impara bucsek, 2012; malaysia inst. zool. : (1 - 170 )\nteulisna locus bucsek, 2012; malaysia inst. zool. : (1 - 170 )\nteulisna nigrisqama bucsek, 2012; malaysia inst. zool. : (1 - 170 )\nteulisna nigricauda holloway, 1982; in barlow, intr. moths of south east asia. taxonomic app. : 214\nteulisna uniplaga hampson, 1894; fauna br. india (moths) 2: 88; tl: burma, tenasserim valley\nteulisna diastropha; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): (list )\nteulisna flexusa; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list )\nteulisna harmani; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list )\nteulisna impara; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list )\nteulisna locus; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list )\nteulisna macropallida; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list )\nteulisna maculata; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list )\nteulisna mithunoides; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list )\nteulisna montanebula; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list )\nteulisna murina; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list )\nteulisna nigrisqama; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list )\nteulisna pallidicauda; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list )\nteulisna pseudochiloides; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list )\nteulisna quadratella; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list )\nteulisna reflexa; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list )\nteulisna\nsteineri holloway, 2001; [ mob7 ]: 315, pl. 2, f. 72; tl: malaysia, sabah\nteulisna steineri; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 19 (list )\nteulisna submontana; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 19 (list )\nteulisna tricornuta; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 19 (list )\nteulisna xanthura; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 19 (list )\nteulisna harmani holloway, 2001; [ mob7 ]: 312, pl. 2, f. 70; tl: brunei, 1670m, bukit pagon\nteulisna karena; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 14, 18 (list )\nteulisna macropallida holloway, 2001; [ mob7 ]: 312, pl. 2, f. 62; tl: sarawak, gunong mulu nat. park\nteulisna pallidicauda holloway, 2001; [ mob7 ]: 312, pl. 2, f. 60; tl: sarawak, gunong mulu nat. park\nteulisna pseudochiloides holloway, 2001; [ mob7 ]: 310, pl. 2, f. 56; tl: sarawak, gunong mulu nat. park\nteulisna quadratella holloway, 2001; [ mob7 ]: 310, pl. 2, f. 53; tl: sarawak, gunong mulu nat. park\nteulisna reflexa holloway, 2001; [ mob7 ]: 311, pl. 2, f. 63; tl: sabah, mt. kinabalu, 5000ft\nteulisna tricornuta holloway, 2001; [ mob7 ]: 311, pl. 2, f. 57; tl: sarawak, gunong mulu nat. park\nteulisna basigera; [ nhm card ]; singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 55\nteulisna montanebula holloway, 2001; [ mob7 ]: 314, pl. 3, f. 65, 80; tl: sarawak, gunong mulu nat. park\nteulisna (lithosiini); [ mob7 ], 308; singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 55\nteulisna pendleburyi; [ nhm card ]; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list )\nteulisna unicornuta kirti, joshi & singh, 2014; acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 12, 19 (list); tl: inida, karnataka, mudikeri, 1100m\nteulisna divisa; [ mob7 ]: 313, pl. 3, f. 64; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): (list )\nteulisna curviplaga; [ mob7 ]: 308, pl. 2, f. 54; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list )\nteulisna ruptifascia; [ mob7 ]: 308, pl. 2, f. 55; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list )\nteulisna nigricauda; [ mob7 ]: 312, pl. 2, f. 61, 79; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list )\nteulisna bipectinis; dubatolov, kishida & wang, 2012, tinea 21 (4): 25, f. 1; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list )\nteulisna chiloides; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; [ mob7 ]: 309, pl. 2, f. 59; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list )\nteulisna uniplaga; [ mob7 ]: 314, pl. 2, f. 71; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 19 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 56\nteulisna nebulosa; [ mob7 ]: 313, pl. 3, f. 66, 82; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 55\nteulisna tumida; [ nhm card ]; [ mob7 ]: 309, pl. 2, f. 58; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 19 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 56\nteulisna obliquistria; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 17; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 55\nteulisna protuberans; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 15; kirti, joshi & singh, 2014, acta zool. cracov. 57 (1 - 2): 18 (list); singh, singh & joshi, 2014, rec. zool. survey india. occ. pap 367: 55\nthis is one of four bornean species with a broad black bar across the centre of the forewing but does not reach the costa. it has the strongest irregular black submarginal markings just distal to the black bar, and the male hindwing has a distinct grey border to a straw ground colour that is only seen in the next of the other three species. the male genitalia lack a costal process to the valves and have a robust, asymmetrically clavate saccular process. the aedeagus has a digitate process apically, but the vesica is unadorned .\nthe species was found to be common at 1000m on g. mulu and 900m on g. api in lower montane forest. singletons were taken at 500m on the former and 250m on the latter .\nhypoprepia divisa walker, 1862, j. linn. soc. (zool .), 6: 102 .\nthe facies is somewhat asura - like as in nebulosa, but the grey streaks are in the spaces rather than on the veins, and the central band is narrower, evenly curved rather than zig - zag .\nhampson comb. n. (java) has somewhat similar facies and similar male genitalia, and is certainly congeneric if not conspecific .\nolder material is from lowland sarawak and from g. kinabalu. more recently, two specimens have been taken at about 1620m on g. kinabalu and a third at 1000m on g. mulu. there is material in the usnm from 1530m on g. kinabalu, just south of kundasang .\nchina (yunnan, guangxi, hainan, guangdong). see [ maps ]\npeninsular malaysia, sumatra, borneo, queensland, borneo. see [ maps ]\nilema violitincta rothschild, 1912; novit. zool. 19 (2): 220; tl: tambora, sumbawa, 2500 - 4000ft\nilema curviplaga rothschild, 1912; novit. zool. 19 (2): 220; tl: malay peninsula, gunong ijau\ndiastropha (rothschild, 1920) (eilema); j. fed. malay states mus. 8 (3): 110\nhypoprepia divisa walker, 1862; j. proc. linn. soc. (zool .) 6: 102; tl: sarawak\nindia, thailand, peninsular malaysia, w. china. see [ maps ]\nlithosia murina heylaerts, 1891; c. r. soc. ent. belge 35: ccccxi; tl: java\nlithosia nebulosa walker, 1862; j. proc. linn. soc. (zool .) 6: 106; tl: sarawak\ntegulata protuberans moore, 1878; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1878: 23, pl. 2, f. 6; tl: darjiling\nlithosia semibrunnea heylaerts, 1891; c. r. soc. ent. belge 35: ccccxi; tl: java\nilema setiniformis hampson, 1900; cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 151, pl. 21, f. 27; tl: java, arjuno, 3000ft\nlophoneura uniformis hampson, 1894; fauna br. india (moths) 2: 78; tl: burma, tenasserim\nxanthura (rothschild, 1920) (bitecta); j. fed. malay states mus. 8 (3): 110\ncossa ruma swinhoe, [ 1890 ]; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1889 (4): 403; tl: nilgiris\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nnew records of lichenmoths from the nanling mts. , guangdong, south china, with description of new genera and species (lepidoptera, arctiidae: lithosiinae )\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\nheterocera. collected in korinchi, west sumatra, by messrs. h. c. robinson and c. boden kloss\nh. sauter' s formosa - ausbeute: lithosiinae, nolinae, noctuidae (p. p .), ratardidae, chalcosiidae, sowie nacträge zu den familien drepanidae, limacodidae, gelechiidae, oecophoriidae und heliodinidae\ncatalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak, in borneo, by mr. a. r. wallace, with descriptions of new species\nwalker, [ 1865 ]; walker, 1866 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 31: 1 - 322 ([ 1865 ]), 32: 323 - 706 (1865), 33: 707 - 1120 (1865), 34: 1121 - 1534 ([ 1866 ]), 35: 1535 - 2040 (1866 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "teulisna plagiata is a moth in the family erebidae .", "it was described by walker in 1862 .", "it is found on borneo .", "the habitat consists of lower montane forests . " ], "topic": [ 29, 5, 20, 24 ] }

[ "teulisna plagiata is a moth in the family erebidae. it was described by walker in 1862. it is found on borneo. the habitat consists of lower montane forests." ]

[ "holthuis, l. b. 1991. fao species catalogue. vol 13. marine lobsters of the world. an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date. fao fisheries synopsis. 125 (13): 292 p. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nbatchelor, a. , de silva, r. , dyer, e. , kasthala, g. , lutz, m. l. , mcguinness, s. , milligan, h. t. , soulsby, a. - m. & whitton, f .\nhas been assessed as data deficient. this species is harvested for food throughout its range, although harvest levels are unknown therefore making an evaluation of stock status impossible. further research into threat and population information, and the levels of harvesting, is necessary before a more accurate assessment of the conservation status can be carried out .\n1999). the type locality for this species is butri, ghana (4º50' n 1º56' w) (holthuis 1991) .\nangola; benin; cameroon; cape verde; congo; congo, the democratic republic of the; côte d' ivoire; equatorial guinea; gabon; gambia; ghana; guinea; guinea - bissau; liberia; namibia (namibia (main part) ); nigeria; portugal (azores, madeira, selvagens); senegal; sierra leone; spain (canary is .); togo\n2007). there are reports of this species occurring at depths of up to 300 m, although it is most commonly found between 5 to 70 m. this species can reach up to 32 cm in total length but usually is not more than 25 cm (holthuis 1991, bianchi\nthis species is harvested for food throughout its distribution, although it currently has no specific fishery and is taken only accidentally. it is usually caught in vertical nets and occasionally in trawls (holthuis 1991). there is no specific catch data for this species .\nit is unknown whether this species is being impacted on by any major threat processes. the impact of harvesting on this species is unknown .\na decline in global captures of scyllaridae has been documented, although information on specific species is lacking (spanier and lavalli 2007). further research is necessary to determine the impact that global harvesting is having on specific species, and to clarify if the documented decline is due to reduced populations or simply reduced effort .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nwith a distinct dorsal groove, and without a conspicuous basal swelling. first abdominal\nending in a sharp somewhat posteriorly directed point; outline of posterior margin concave in the middle through the presence of a strong tooth. fourth abdominal\ntype locality :\nprope boutry\n[ = butri, ghana, 4°50' n 1°56' w ]. lectotype male in\neastern central atlantic region: west africa from northern senegal (st. louis, 16°n) to southern angola (ponta do pinda, 15°45' 5) .\nfound mostly in depths between 5 and 70 m, but also reported from deeper waters (beyond 200 m); on substrates of sand and rock, sometimes on mud .\nmaximum total body length about 32 cm, usually not more than 25 cm .\nminor. the species is fished for food everywhere it occurs; it usually is caught in vertical nets, sometimes in trawls. there is no special fishery for it, it is taken only accidentally. it is marketed fresh on the local markets .\n, additamenta ad faunam carcinologicam africae occidentalis: 14, pl 2 figs. 14, 15 .\nfischer, w. , g. bianchi and w. b. scott (eds), 1981. fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes. eastern central atlantic (fishing areas 34, 47 in part), vol. 5: pag. var .\nherklots, j. a. , 1851. additamenta ad faunam carcinologicam africae occidentalis, sive descriptiones specierum novarum e crustaceorum ordine, quas in guinea collegit vir strenuus h. s. pel praefectus residentiis in littore guineae: 1 - 31, pls. 1 - 2 .\nwilliams, a. b. , 1986. lobsters - identification, world distribution, and u. s. trade. marine fisheries review, 48 (2): 1 - 36, figs 1 - 80\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c4c75 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c4d67 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 3233bc4e - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 3233d179 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 33884fe4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\ntom orrell (custodian), dave nicolson (ed). (2018). itis regional: the integrated taxonomic information system (version jun 2017). in: roskov y. , abucay l. , orrell t. , nicolson d. , bailly n. , kirk p. m. , bourgoin t. , dewalt r. e. , decock w. , de wever a. , nieukerken e. van, zarucchi j. , penev l. , eds. (2018). species 2000 & itis catalogue of life, 30th june 2018. digital resource at urltoken species 2000: naturalis, leiden, the netherlands. issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 442a671c - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nthis species needs a photo to shine. identify it in existing photos or in a photo you' ll upload." ]

{ "text": [ "scyllarides herklotsii is a species of slipper lobster from the atlantic coast west africa .", "it is edible , but is not commercially fished , and is taken only by accident .", "s. herklotsii was named in 1851 by jan adrian ( or janus adrianus ) herklots in a doctoral thesis at the university of leiden ; the type material came from butre , ghana , and is stored at the dutch nationaal natuurhistorisch museum .", "the species is found from senegal , where its range overlaps slightly with that of scyllarides latus , south to ponta do pinda , angola .", "it usually lives at depths of 5 – 70 metres ( 16 – 230 ft ) , but has been recorded from depths as great as 200 m ( 660 ft ) .", "it prefers sandy and rocky substrates .", "scyllarides herklotsii reaches a total length of 32 centimetres ( 13 in ) , but does not generally exceed 25 cm ( 9.8 in ) long .", "it may be differentiated from s. latus by the lower , more rounded nature of the tubercles on the carapace . " ], "topic": [ 22, 15, 25, 13, 18, 18, 0, 23 ] }

[ "scyllarides herklotsii is a species of slipper lobster from the atlantic coast west africa. it is edible, but is not commercially fished, and is taken only by accident. s. herklotsii was named in 1851 by jan adrian (or janus adrianus) herklots in a doctoral thesis at the university of leiden; the type material came from butre, ghana, and is stored at the dutch nationaal natuurhistorisch museum. the species is found from senegal, where its range overlaps slightly with that of scyllarides latus, south to ponta do pinda, angola. it usually lives at depths of 5 – 70 metres (16 – 230 ft), but has been recorded from depths as great as 200 m (660 ft). it prefers sandy and rocky substrates. scyllarides herklotsii reaches a total length of 32 centimetres (13 in), but does not generally exceed 25 cm (9.8 in) long. it may be differentiated from s. latus by the lower, more rounded nature of the tubercles on the carapace." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for neotibicen pronotalis pronotalis yet. learn how to contribute .\nneotibicen canicularis (green group) and neotibicen davisi (southern dog day group) compared. photo by paul krombholz\nthis is my third, and possibly final, article on identifying neotibicen, using the information on this website. read the other articles, identifying neotibicen and large neotibicen .\n5) distribution: geographic distribution of pronotalis and dealbatus and how they may relate .\ntibicen pronotalis davis 1938 - [ syn. marginalis (walker 1852) ] ,\nwalker' s cicada\nsometimes the best cicada locations are just a short distance from your home. this summer i came across a grove of pine trees that had two species of neotibicen: neotibicen linnei (linne’s cicada) and neotibicen canicularis (dog - day cicada). neotibicen linnei and neotibicen canicularis look very similar when they’re adults (appearances vary by location), so it helpful to compare the two species .\nrelated: here’s my article on when neotibicen & hadoa were established from tibicen .\n1) abdomen: t. dealbatus exhibits greater pruinosity (white powdered wax) than seen in pronotalis. the pruinosity is usually arranged in\ndotted stripes\nalong the sides of the abdomen and dorsal abdominal midline (rare in pronotalis) .\nwalker’s cicada (neotibicen pronotalis) song begins with a 5 second unmodulated buzz, then transitions smoothly into a 20 second pulsating sound, and finally a five second unmodulated buzz that fades out at the end .\none way to simplify the identification of neotibicen is to categorize them into large and small neotibicen. the physically larger neotibicen are closely genetically related 1, as well as being physically larger. urltoken breaks this group into three categories: “the auletes group” (n. auletes, n. resh, n. resonans, n. figuratus), “the pronotalis group” (n. dealbatus, n. pronotalis, n. cultriformis) and “the dorsatus group” (n. dorsatus, n. tremulus) 2 .\nneotibicen tibicen tibicen with bad wing. the indigo color is fascinating. august 9th .\ngenus tibicen - annual cicadas (refer to neotibicen & hadoa) - bugguide. net\nmost commonly encountered neotibicen, partly because it often sings from lower branches of deciduous trees .\ntibicen pronotalis davis 1938 - [ syn. marginalis (walker 1852) ] ,\nwalker' s cicada\nor\ngrand harvestfly\nthis cicada is similar to the neotibicen tibicen species in shape (hump back) and coloring .\nto date, neither pronotalis nor dealbatus seem to be sympatric in their\npure\nform. although there is evidence to suggest genetic exchange and blending among adjacent populations (pronotalis x dealbatus), it is unlikely to find both taxa in their\npure forms\ncoexisting side by side .\nthe megatibicen pronotalis walkeri (formerly known as tibicen walkeri) is the loudest cicada in north america, and can achieve 105. 9 decibels, measured at 50cm .\nfiled under: neotibicen — tags: n. canicularis, n. linnei — dan @ 6: 24 am\ntibicen pronotalis (including both ssp. pronotalis & walkeri) is one of the largest cicadas in the eastern usa. this taxon is best described as having a robust body, relatively narrow head (as compared to the thorax), and boldly patterned with black & brightly colored with greens and reddish - browns or orange and tan .\nthe\nz\ninfuscation found near the tip of the forewing is prevalent in resh and not so in pronotalis & dealbatus (usu. very faded or absent) .\nlargest neotibicen; olive to tan, brown, black & white pruinosity. no distinct markings. sings at dusk .\n3) both pronotalis and dealbatus will call well after sunset (during the day upto ~ 10: 00pm or later), an unusual behavior for most us cicada species .\ni found a small but productive neotibicen canicularis location in little silver, nj. this yielded several specimens for a few good photos .\n4) coloration: variable in both taxa and not entirely diagnostic! , - tendencies - when t. dealbatus is green, it is typically a duller\npea green\n( often more of a ~ lime green in pronotalis) - when tan, it is typically more of a sandy - brownish tan as opposed to a ochreous yellow or taupe (green - tan) seen in pronotalis .\n1) neotibicen superbus, aka the superb cicada, because it looks like no other cicada in this group. it is pea green with bright yellow arches on its mesonotum. no other neotibicen shares that coloration. no other cicada in the group sounds quite like it either .\nthese neotibicen all share green markings on their pronotum, mesonotum, and pronotal collars. find a neotibicen with a green collar, and there’s a good chance it is one of these. as you can see, these insects are well camouflaged for an adult life in trees .\nfiled under: allen f. sanborn, david marshall, maxine e. heath, megatibicen, neotibicen — dan @ 9: 39 am\nfiled under: neotibicen, news — tags: m. auletes, manchester, n. canicularis, n. tibicen — dan @ 8: 48 pm\nthe lyric cicada, like most small neotibicen, has a green, black & brown camouflage look, but the key is lyric cicadas typically have black collars .\nbottom, left to right: 4th instar nymph, teneral adult, adult. this number grows each year as researchers discover and document new species. cicadas exist on every continent but antarctica. the largest: the world' s largest species of cicada is the megapomponia imperatoria, which is native to malaysia. the largest species in north america is neotibicen auletes, aka the northern dusk singing cicada. the loudest: according to the university of florida book of insect records, the neotibicen pronotalis is the loudest cicada in north america, and can achieve 1 .\nmy guess, without reading the document, is that megatibicen includes the larger north america neotibicen species, including the “auletes group” (n. auletes, n. resh, n. figuratus, n. resonans), the “pronotalis group” (n. pronotalis, n. dealbatus, n. cultriformis) and the “dorsatus group” (n. dorsatus, n. tremulus), or a mix of these. n. auletes is the largest cicada in north america. “mega” is the greek word for “very large” or “great”. word is that kathy hill and david marshall also planned on describing a megatibicen genus at one point, as well .\ndescription: primarily either orange / rust or pea green, brown, black with heavy pruninosity which forms distinct markings on dorsal side of body. dorsal side has two black stripes framed by three areas of pruinosity. sounds like n. pronotalis .\nneotibicen superbus aka the superb dog - day cicada. found in ar, ks, la, mo, nm, ok, tx. season: june - august .\nneotibicen similaris, aka similar dog - day cicada. found in al, fl, ga, la, ms, nc, sc. season: june - september .\nneotibicen auriferus, aka the plains dog - day cicada. found in ar, ks, mo, ne, nm, ok, tx. season: july - september .\nlarge neotibicen cicadas are arranged along the top row in this photo by cicada researcher kathy hill. note the “t. ” in their names stands for the older genus name “tibicen” .\nthe sister taxon tibicen dealbatus (davis 1915) replaces pronotalis across the western\ngreat plains\nand is currently recognized as a distinct species. however, these\npopulations\nappear to be closely related and possess similar morphology, calls, calling behaviors and host associations .\nthis is two joined clips of a neotibicen tremulus cicada singing in a terrarium. he may be reacting to a recorded call being played in the background. he was captured in northern reno county, kansas, on september 5, 2013 and sang the next day. please note the july 2015 nomenclature change to neotibicen from the former tibicen. file 2013 09 06 tremulus\nthese cicadas do not actually appear the moment sirius rises, and when they do appear depends on your location and the weather. neotibicen canicularis will appear in arkansas before it appears in quebec. that said, if you are curious when sirius will rise in your area, search for “ heliacal rising of sirius ” — it varies about a day per degree of latitude. neotibicen, depending on the species, can be found from may to december (december in florida), but all neotibicen species are present during the month of august in north america .\nif you find yourself outdoors in the eastern half of the u. s. after sunset and hear a cicada call, it is likely one of the following megatibicen or neotibicen species :\nthis cicada lives in florida, georgia & alabama, and hybridizes with the other similar dog - day cicada sub - speces, neotibicen similaris similaris. the document is available on urltoken .\nover 3, 390 species of cicadas can be identified around the world. the largest species of cicadas is magicicada septendecim and it is native to malaysia. the loudest cicada is neotibicen pronotalis found in north america and it can achieve 108. 9 decibels. the magicicada is considered as the long lived periodical cicada, which is found in georgia, north and south carolina. the magicicada is also mistakenly known as locusts. an adult magicicada is shown in figure 4 .\ntaxonomy in 2005, all north american cicadas in the genus tibicen were reassigned into two new genera. under the new classification, neotibicen includes all eastern species and hadoa includes all western species .\na new subspecies of the similar dog - day cicada has been described in the paper a new neotibicen cicada subspecies (hemiptera: cicadidae) from the southeastern usa forms hybrid zones with a widespread relative despite a divergent male calling song by david c. marshall and kathy b. r. hill (zootaxa, vol 4272, no 4). the cicada is named neotibicen similaris apalachicola .\nthis image compares neotibicen linnei and canicularis when they’ve recently molted (teneral). note that the n. linnei is yellow and green, while the n. canicularis is a pink / salmon color .\ndog - day cicada is the common name given to tibicen (now neotibicen) type cicadas in north america. these cicadas are called “dog day” because they are typically observed during the “ dog days of summer “, which fall somewhere between late july to early september, or once the “dog star” sirius appears in the morning sky. all neotibicen species are present during the month of august in north america .\nthe loudest: according to the university of florida book of insect records, the neotibicen pronotalis is the loudest cicada in north america, and can achieve 108. 9 decibels. australian species of cicadas, like the double drummer (thopa saccata) are said to exceed 120 deafening decibels at close range. the loudest cicada in the world is supposed to be the brevisana brevis, a cicada found in africa. at a distance of 50cm (~ 20\n) b. brevis reaches 106. 7 decibels .\nthe largest: the world' s largest species of cicada is the megapomponia imperatoria, which is native to malaysia. the largest species in north america is neotibicen auletes, aka the northern dusk singing cicada .\nhypothetical: based on call, behaviors, host affinities and morphology, tibicen dealbatus (davis 1915) ,\nplains cicada\n( no accepted common name applies) and tibicen pronotalis davis 1938 - [ syn. marginalis (walker 1852) ] ,\nwalker' s cicada\nare possibly conspecific representing a cline .\nthree new genera, paratibicen gen. nov. , gigatibicen gen. nov. , and ameritibicen gen. nov. , are erected for the former members of neotibicen hill & moulds, 2015 from north america, designating cicada similaris smith & grossbeck, 1907, cicada auletes germar, 1834, and cicada dorsata say, 1825 as their respective type species. morphological comparisons are made among the three new genera, lyristes horváth, 1926 (= tibicen latreille, 1825), auritibicen lee, 2015, neotibicen sensu stricto, and other related genera. a key to the species of the genera neotibicen, paratibicen, gigatibicen, and ameritibicen is provided .\nhypothetical: based on call, behaviors, host affinities and morphology, tibicen dealbatus (davis 1915) ,\nplains cicada\n( no accepted common name applies) and tibicen pronotalis davis 1938 - [ syn. marginalis (walker 1852) ] ,\nwalker' s cicada\nare possibly conspecific and represnt a cline .\nannual: cicada species with annual life cycles emerge every year, for example, swamp cicadas (neotibicen tibicen) emerge every year in the united states, and green grocers (cyclochila australasiae) emerge every year in australia .\nannual: cicada species with annual life cycles emerge every year, for example, swamp cicadas (neotibicen tibicen) emerge every year in the united states, and green grocers (cyclochila australasiae) emerge every year in australia .\n2) neotibicen latifasciatus, aka coastal scissors grinder cicada, because it has a white x (pruinose) on its back. otherwise, it looks like four other cicadas, kinda like four more, and sounds like three others .\nneotibicen pruinosus pruinosus aka scissor (s) grinder. found in al, ar, co, il, in, ia, ks, ky, la, mi, mn, ms, mo, ne, oh, ok, sc, sd, tn, tx, va, wv, wi. season: june – september. neotibicen pruinosus fulvus aka pale scissor (s) grinder cicada. found in: ks, ok. season: june – september .\nhowever, it' s not the males' calls that are so ear splitting, but rather the alarm squawks they produce when threatened or picked up! the alarm squawk of a male tibicen pronotalis (syn. walkeri metcalf), produces a mean sound pressure level of 105. 9 db (50cm) making it among the loudest insects in the world !\ndescription: the lyric cicada, like most small neotibicen, has a green, black & brown camouflage look, but the key is lyric cicadas typically have black collars. its sound is like an angle grinder tool steadily grinding a slightly uneven surface .\nthe species are listed below by subfamily and then by genus. we began with neotibicen because they' re our favorites! author and date information are given for all taxonomic names. references can be found at the comprehensive bibliography of the cicadoidea website .\nneotibicen auletes is found across the eastern 1 / 3 of the united states, as well as extreme southern canada (ontario). it is abundant across the southern united states and moderately - abundant across the great lakes states, mid - west, mississippi river basin and upper - atlantic states. this species is rare in new england and southern canada. although abundant in the southern states, neotibicen auletes is absent from coastal areas of the south and the lower half of the florida peninsula. in these areas, n. auletes is replaced by the similar neotibicen resonans. n. auletes is most abundant east of mississippi river, but is also common west of the river. as with all cicadas, n. auletes can be abundant in preferred areas .\nneotibicen winnemanna aka eastern scissor (s) grinder. found in al, de, dc, ga, ky, la, md, ms, nc, nj, pa, sc, tn, tx, va, wv. season: june – fall .\ntoday is september 21st, 2017 — the last day of summer, in central new jersey. leaves of maple trees have started to turn scarlet and yellow. oaks are dropping their acorns. the few, remaining morning (neotibicen tibicen tibicen) and linne’s (neotibicen linnei) cicadas sound decrepit and tired — like tiny breaking machines, low on fuel and oil. i found one dead morning cicada lying on a sidewalk — its body crushed. here in new jersey, at least, the cicada season is all but over .\nneotibicen auletes commonly, but informally called the northern dusk - singing cicada, giant oak cicada, or southern oak cicada, is a large bodied annual cicada which occurs in the eastern, central, and southern united states as well as southern canada. this cicada is the largest cicada in the genus neotibicen and the largest cicada in north america, north of mexico. despite its frequently used common name, this cicada is most abundantly found in the south. n. auletes is almost exclusively associated with oak trees, quercus, rather than other eastern hardwoods .\nas with other cicadas and hemiptera, neotibicen auletes have piercing, sucking mouthparts used to tap into the xylem of plants and drink fluids, in the case of n. auletes, the preferred host plant is oak. as nymphs, this species feeds on the roots of oak trees .\nlinne’s cicada (neotibicen linnei) song begins with a 5 second unmodulated buzz that increases in intensity, then transitions smoothly into a 10 second pulsating sound, then a 15 second unmodulated buzz, another 10 second pulsating sound, and finally a five second unmodulated buzz that fades out at the end .\nneotibicen contains most of the remaining larger, louder north american cicada species, which are commonly referred to as the\ndog day cicadas\n. all have green, brown, and black coloration. most neotibicen emerge during mid - to - late summer and have long song phrases, although some have continuous songs, and most prefer deciduous forest trees although a significant minority specialize on southern conifers. a few species extend into canada and mexico. in one extraordinary case, two subspecies with interlocking distributions produce dramatic hybrid songs where they meet (open access paper link here, hybrid song example here) .\nthe most recent paper by young june lee introduces the genera gigatibicen, ameritibicen, and paratibicen 1. earlier this year there was a paper by allen sanborn and maxine heath that introduced the genus megatibicen 3, and in 2015 there was a paper by kathy hill and others that introduced neotibicen and hadoa 2 .\nlast night i had a rough night’s sleep. i tossed and turned all night long. i remember looking at the clock and seeing 4am, and thinking “tomorrow is ruined”. sometime during the night i dreamt of finding thousands of molted neotibicen exuvia clinging to shrubbery — a rare if not impossible sight in real life .\nneotibicen davisi, aka the southern dog - day cicada. there are two sub - species. found in al, de, dc, fl, ga, la, md, ma, ms, nj, ny, nc, pa, sc, tn, tx, va, wv. season: july - october .\na new species of megatibicen, named megatibicen harenosus sp. n. , has been described by jeffrey a. cole. it lives in the mescalero - monahans shinnery sands areas of new mexico and texas. it is very similar to megatibicen (neotibicen, tibicen) tremulus, which itself looks a lot like dorsatus and dealbatus .\nthe rest of the small neotibicen closely resemble each other enough to make many scratch their heads in wonder. urltoken organizes these cicadas into four groups 4: the “green tibicen species” (tibicen is the old genus name for these cicadas), “southern dog - day cicadas”, “swamp cicadas” / ”the chloromerus group”, and the “lyric cicadas” / ”the lyricen group”. i’ll use these groups for this article for consistency sake. these groups are also closely related genetically 1, although neotibicen similaris, which bugguide puts under “southern dog - day cicadas”, is a bit of an outlier 1. tables below might be a bit overwhelming — but they help to accurately align the similarities between these cicadas .\n6) call: the call of dealbatus is identical to that of pronotalis and may be described as a deep rhythmic\nyeee - yeee - yeee -... . .\nwith a subtle underlying rumble ...\nbroom - broom - broom -... .\n( difficult to vocally immulate or\nspell out\n). this species calls from late afternoon' til well after sunset. the calls of the males are often heard as late as 10 to 11 pm edt .\nthe lyric cicadas all look physically similar, but their coloration is unique enough to tell them apart. they usually have brown / black collars, which makes it easy to tell them apart from the “green” neotibicen. they also resemble the swamp cicadas, but lyric cicadas have flatter mesonotums, and swamp cicadas are less likely to have black collars .\ndusk is the time of day between sunset and night. many species of megatibicen & neotibicen (formerly tibicen) sing at this time. i’m not sure why they sing at this time — perhaps it helps them avoid audio competition with other singing insects, or perhaps it helps them avoid predators by calling at this specific time of the day .\nwhen i woke i checked my email and found a communication from david marshall. david is well known and respected in the cicada world for many things including describing the 7th species of magicicada with john cooley (link to document), as well as being part of the team who defined the neotibicen and hadoa genera (link to paper) 1 .\n3) pattern: the pattern of the mesonotum is relatively consistent in\npronotalis\nbut may vary some in color and amounts of black (esp. in northern specimens). the lateral fulvous areas are often bright red or brick - colored (occasionally with heavy black). the pronotum may be solid and patternless (typical of southeastern populations) or may exhibit varying degrees of pattern centrally - often intricate (in some extremes, this pattern may be represented by a large centralized black blotch, much as seen in examples of t. cultriformis) .\nthis cicada is most frequently encountered in oak woodlands and deciduous forests of the eastern united states. preferred trees are oaks quercus. n. auletes is rarely associated with other trees and relies heavily on oaks for food, reproduction, and shelter. this cicada can also be found in urban areas were trees are abundant. neotibicen auletes seems to prefer upland areas of higher elevation .\nneotibicen auletes has two color forms. a common color form described above (\ngreen form\n), and a less commonly encountered\nred\ncolor form. the red form is similar to the normal form, but instead of being mostly green and olive in coloration, the body is mostly reddish brown. typical patterning and heavy pruinosity are retained, however ,\ngreens\nare replaced with\nreds / rusts\nas the dominant body color. the red form is isolated in distribution to the mid - atlantic states particularly north and south carolina and virginia. because of the coloration of the red form, it can be readily confused with neotibicen resonans, a similarly - colored and sized cicada species found primarily in coastal areas of florida and the deep south .\nthe genera megatibicen and neotibicen contain most of the larger, louder north american cicada species. most megatibicen are large - bodied cicadas with mainly brown, black, and orange coloration. some species, including the largest north american cicada m. auletes, have been assigned to the new genus gigatibicen lee, 2016, but sanborn and heath (2016) have argued for keeping those species in megatibicen .\nfor most of the range, this species is active between july and september. although in some warmer areas, activity can decline as late as november. emergence and decline dates can vary from year to year based on location and weather. neotibicen auletes prefers to call at dusk between 6 p. m. - 8 p. m. , hence its common name\ndusk - singing\n.\nthe call of neotibicen auletes is a loud, grating, pulsating drone lasting up to 50 seconds. vocalization of the call can be best described as rapid dirr - dirr - dirr - dirr, etc. lasting 40–50 seconds before winding down. before calling, there is also a slow\nwinding up\nphase; rrrrrrrrrrrr... dirrrrrrrr... dirrrrrrr, before the\ntrue\ncall begins .\ngender agreement - genera and species names are latinized and so the words have genders (masculine, neuter or feminine, as in all romance languages). by the rules of nomenclature, the gender of the genus and species must agree in certain cases. thus, the ending of a species epithet (the second part of a species' name) can shift gender when species are moved between genera. so if you don' t see the name you' re looking for, (e. g. , neotibicen pruinosa, species epithet feminine), look for an alternative ending (pruinosus, which agrees with the masculine neotibicen). similarly, a species may be located under a different genus name than expected – melampsalta calliope, for example, is currently cicadettana calliope. we have included widely - recognized older names in a few cases so searching on them within the page may be useful .\nmales call to females from the tops of tall oak trees. males form large competitive singing aggregations to woo females. females respond to males by wing clicks. after mating females slit deep holes into tree branches using an ovipositor and lay eggs. the eggs of this species hatch within 2 weeks and nymphs fall to the ground and quickly burrow and feed and oak tree roots. the nymphs will grow larger with each molt and change instars. after a period of 3–5 years of feeding, the nymphs reach their final instar and come to the surface of the soil. once the soil has warmed sufficiently, the nymphs emerge and crawl up tree trunks or other vertical structures and shed their final skin (emergence for this species usually occurs at night). newly emerged cicadas are said to be teneral. once their wings and bodies dry. the cicadas fly to the tops of trees and begin the cycle over again. neotibicen auletes, as with other neotibicen cicadas, are annual cicadas, they emerge every year. unlike periodical cicadas, their emergence is annual due to overlapping generations .\nneotibicen canicularis aka the dog - day cicada. canicularis is latin for “of the dog star”, and the dog star is sirius. found in ar, ct, dc, il, in, ia, ks, me, mb, md, ma, mi, mn, mo, ne, nb, nh, nj, ny, nc, nd, ns, oh, on, pa, pe, qc, ri, sc, sd, tn, vt, va, wv, wi. season: august - october .\nupdate (9 / 24): i neglected to note that there’s another paper out there by young june lee called description of three new genera, paratibicen, megatibicen, and ameritibicen, of cryptotympanini (hemiptera: cicadidae) and a key to their species. link to it here. this manuscript goes beyond one new genera, and instead introduces three: paratibicen, megatibicen, and ameritibicen. lee’s paper differs from sanborn & heath in that the large neotibicen are spit into megatibicen and ameritibicen in young’s document, but they’re all megatibicen in sanborn & heath’s paper .\na morphologically cryptic subspecies of neotibicen similaris (smith and grossbeck) is described from forests of the apalachicola region of the southeastern united states. although the new form exhibits a highly distinctive male calling song, it hybridizes extensively where it meets populations of the nominate subspecies in parapatry, by which it is nearly surrounded. this is the first reported example of hybridization between north american nonperiodical cicadas. acoustic and morphological characters are added to the original description of the nominate subspecies, and illustrations of complex hybrid song phenotypes are presented. the biogeography of n. similaris is discussed in light of historical changes in forest composition on the southeastern coastal plain .\nrecent new genera - in 2015, all of the north american species formerly assigned to the genus tibicen latreille, 1825 were moved to one of two new genera, neotibicen hill and moulds and hadoa moulds, following molecular phylogenetic analysis of the tribe showing that the north american species are not related to the type species of tibicen, t. plebejus (a species from europe, often referenced under the genus lyristes). subsequently, some of those species were moved to new genera by sanborn and heath 2016 (megatibicen) and by lee 2016 (ameritibicen, gigatibicen, paratibicen), although there is continuing debate about how many additional genera to use (see also marshall and hill 2017) p. 531 .\naverage body length for this cicada (not including wings) is between 39–46 mm for males, and 34–38 mm for females. body coloration is mostly olive green of varying shades / tints. the pronotum is typically a rich olive green with well - defined black markings. the mesothorax is black with olive green or brown pattering. the patterning on the body of this species is characteristic of all neotibicen cicadas. the abdomen is black. the venter is heavily pruinose, and a black medial stripe is present. the eyes of this cicada when alive are usually light tan or green, although they may also be brown or slate. it should also be noted, that this particular species is heavily pruinose on the body, and may appear to be dusted with flour, or moldy. some individuals may be entirely covered with pruinosity, and the body coloration and markings may be obscured or masked .\nthe most poplar video on youtube ever! ! (well, probably... )\ninsect diversity in grassland habitats (excerpt) - jon gering ph. d .\nsummer cicada sound # 60 minutes song of cicada. amazing sound # 1080p video\nswamp cicada sings in a meadow in pickaway county, ohio usa. august 23, 2009\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ntibicen walkeri is a junior synonym. the t. walkeri page has been deleted and all the images moved here per advice from dr hamilton .\nthere are currently two\npoorly defined\nsubspecies relative to geographic distribution and overlap in characteristics .\n1) size: one of our largest eastern species often rivaling t. auletes and t. resonans in size .\n[ avg. 2. 2 - 2. 7 inches in total length - incl. wings... . some specimens may be slightly larger, especially those from the southern part of the range ]\nlime - green\n: can be widespread - but often more typical of eastern & southeastern populations. populations in alabama, georgia and n. florida are typically bright lime green with patternless pronota and bright lateral fulvous patches on the mesonota .\nlight olive / taupe\n: widespread but often more common in the western & southwestern reaches of the range - west of the miss. r .\ngreenish ochreous - tan\n: widespread but often more common in the west central gulf states (la & e. tx), western & southwestern reaches of the range - west of the miss. r .\nochreous\nor\nyellow - orange\n: seems to occur in the more northern populations, especially those adj. to the miss. r. and along the periphery of the plains and grassland fragments west into the eastern tall - grass prairies... replaced by dealbatus in the western prairies\neye coloration :\nlight\nusu. with a bluish, bluish - grey or purplish cast (rarely the grey - tan or sandy color seen in resh or auletes )\n5) the dorsum of the abdomen can be described as blackish. in most specimens reviewed, the dorsal aspect of the abdomen is characterized with some slight rust coloration visible on half or more of the dorsal segments .\n6) the heavily infuscated (i. e. smoky black - grey )\nz\nvisible towards the ends of the forewings and typical of most tibicen species is usually poorly developed to absent in this species with only the cross veins being evident (i. e. the radial and radiomedial cross veins of tegmina, forewing, not heavily infuscated or darkened .) .\n7) the costal margins of the forewings - heavy veins of the leading wing edge - are usually bowed or noticeably arciform (more so than seen in several similar species) .\n9) call: the call has been described as a deep rhythmic\nyeee - yeee - yeee -... . .\nwith a subtle underlying rumble ...\nbroom - broom - broom -... .\n( difficult to vocally immulate or\nspell out\n). this species calls from late afternoon' til well after sunset. the calls of the males are often heard as late as 10 to 11 pm (edt & cdt) .\n10 )\nsubspecies\n: there are two poorly defined\nsubspecies\n. these ssp. or forms are perhaps better described as clinal variants with overlapping coloration & varying degrees of pattern .\nnote: although some of these variants exhibit phenotypic tendencies with strong geographic affiliations (i. e. clinal), they are not likely representative of\nsubspecies\n.\n2) thorax: t. dealbatus exhibits greater pruinosity on the thorax (esp. the mesonotum )\ntibicen tremulus (nov. sp .), a. k. a .\nbush cicada\nwest of the appalachians incl. mid - south, lower mid - west and eastern plains states\ne. texas, e. oklahoma, louisiana, arkansas, missouri, e. kansas, e. nebraska, iowa, south dakota, north dakota, illinois, indiana, ohio, w. kentucky, w. tennessee, mississippi, alabama, sw. georgia and extreme n. florida (nr. the tri - states - ga, fl, & al jnc. )\nfinal instar nymphs emerge and develop into winged adults (emergence for this species usu. occurs at night )\n2) appears to cross with dealbatus - with which it may be conspecific (?) .\n4) there are several color forms ranging from bright green to dull straw - yellow + intermediates .\n5) there are two poorly defined\nsubspecies\n. these ssp. or forms are perhaps better described as clinal variants with overlapping coloration & varying degrees of pattern .\nnote: the observed differences appear to represent\nindividual variation\n. although some of these variants exhibit phenotypic tendencies with strong geographic affiliations (i. e. clinal), they are not likely representative of\nsubspecies\n.\ncontributed by eric r. eaton on 6 february, 2006 - 2: 28pm additional contributions by john and jane balaban, ron m. , david ferguson, bill reynolds last updated 28 september, 2016 - 2: 14pm\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nphoto credits l to r: paul krombholz, me (from bill reynolds’ collection), paul krombholz, joe green .\nclick the names of the cicadas to listen to their songs, find their geographic range, and to see more images and video .\ndistinctive resh (ר) markings on mesontum. its call is like a sped - up, shorter version of n. auletes’ call .\nbrown, black & white pruinosity distinctively present within curves of the cruciform elevation its call is like a bland version of the n. resh call .\nbrown, black & with pruinosity. its call has more character than n. figuratus, but is not as sonically impressive as n. auletes .\nphoto credits l to r: roy troutman, me (from bill reynolds’ collection), bill lesar .\norange form looks like n. dorsatus & tremulus, but “stripes” on abdomen of dealbatus are unique .\nprimarily either orange / rust or pea green, brown, black with heavy pruninosity which forms distinct markings on dorsal side of body. dorsal side has two black stripes framed by three areas of pruinosity .\ntan or pea green, brown, black, and sometimes white pruinose. wing color matches dominant color of body. often features a black marking on pronotum 3 .\ntan or pea green, brown, black, and sometimes white pruinose. wing color matches dominant color of body. typically lacks a black marking on its pronotum .\norange / rust, black & pruinosity on head & body. wings are green! found only in arizona and new mexico .\nn. tremulus, the orange form of n. dealbatus (although tremulus lacks pruinose “stripes” )\nrust / orange, black & white pruinosity, which forms distinct markings, such as a line of white dots down the dorsal side of the abdomen .\nn. dorsatus, the orange form of n. dealbatus (although tremulus lacks pruinose “stripes”) .\nrust / orange, black & white pruinosity, which forms distinct markings, such as a line of white dots down the dorsal side of the abdomen. the pitch of the tremulus’ call is different than dorsatus, which is one way to tell them apart .\ni will update this page over time to clarify & improve the information. i hope it helps .\n1 molecular phylogenetics, diversification, and systematics of tibicen latreille 1825 and allied cicadas of the tribe cryptotympanini, with three new genera and emphasis on species from the usa and canada (hemiptera: auchenorrhyncha: cicadidae) by kathy b. r. hill, david c. marshall, maxwell s. moulds & chris simon. 2015, zootaxa 3985 (2): 219–251. link to pdf .\n3 cicadas of the united states and canada east of the 100th meridian urltoken .\nsave my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\n© 1996 - 2018 cicada mania - 22 years of providing cicada information and fun on the web! all content on urltoken is owned and copyrighted by the content' s creator. site map | terms & conditions, privacy policy, and help\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndon' t see your cicada? search our database of 190 + cicadas of north america or the 17 / 13 year cicada page .\ndescription: black body with orange wings and legs. orange stripes on abdomen. orange between eye and wing .\ndescription: black body with orange wings and legs. orange stripes on abdomen .\ndescription: the largest north american cicada. olive green to rusty brown with black, tan and white coloring. heavy white pruinosis. m on mesonotum typically partially ocluded by pruinosis. sings at dusk .\ndescription: rust / orange, black & white pruinosity, which forms distinct markings, such as a line of white dots down the dorsal side of the abdomen. sounds like n. tremulus. has a call that sounds like a rapid series of clicks .\ndescription: tan or pea green, brown, black, and sometimes white pruinose. wing color matches dominant color of body. typically lacks a black marking on its pronotum .\ndescription: black, green and brown camo pattern. white pruinosis. resh hebrew character pattern on mesonotum .\ndescription: brown, black & white pruinosity distinctively present within curves of the cruciform elevation .\ndescription: typical black, brown, beige and green tibicen camo patterns. primary color varies from browns to greens. collar is often a mix of green & black. sounds like an angle grinder tool, and like n. auriferus & n. davisi .\ndescription: the davisi comes in a wide variety of colors: from rusty browns to greens. a crown - like pattern on the mesonotum. sounds like an angle grinder tool, & sounds like n. auriferus & n. canicularis .\ndescription: if the cicada has a white x on its back, it is a latifasciatus. repetitive, rhythmic, call like someone repeatedly running a scissor over a grinding wheel .\ndescription: black, green and some brown camo pattern. prominent m. bend in its wing. sounds like n. tibicen .\ndescription: the dark lyric cicadas have the darkest coloration of all the lyric cicadas. their mesonotum is almost entirely dark brown / black. they have a\nsoda - pop pull - tab\nor keyhole shape on their pronotum .\ndescription: the scissor grinder looks a lot like linne' s cicada but their wing doesn' t have bend that linne' s cicada has. the scissor grinder also seems to have more of an orange coloration to the' arches' on its mesonotum .\ndescription: swamp cicadas are are known for their rounded, humped back. their coloration varies from mostly black & some green to black, brown and green. their collar is usually black, but can include green .\ndescription: like the scissor grinder, the eastern scissor grinder seems to have more of an orange hue to the arches on its mesonotum, perhaps even more so than the scissor grinder .\ndescription: the second largest north american cicada. black, green and brown camo patterns .\ndidn' t find what you' re looking for? try these websites about the cicadas of north america, or these blog posts about united states and canada .\nclick the images for larger versions, the species name and the name of the photographer .\nphoto credit: n. canicularis (dog - day cicada) and n. davisi (southern dog - day cicada) by paul krombholz. n. superbus by sloan childers .\ndog - day cicadas are known for their green, brown, black & white coloration that provides them with excellent camouflage in the trees they inhabit .\nfiled under: jeffrey a. cole, megatibicen, tibicen — dan @ 6: 32 am\nhere’s a link to the announcement of the paper. this is the abstract :\nmegatibicen harenosus sp. n. is described from the mescalero - monahans shinnery sands of new mexico and texas, u. s. a. the new species is diagnosed from similar species, especially m. tremulus which it resembles closely, by male genital morphology, color pattern, calling song, and ecology. seven characters from the male calling song are described from analysis of field recordings, of which all four temporal song characters are significantly different from m. tremulus. with one of the most southwestern distribution of any megatibicen species, m. harenosus is a new addition to the rich, endemic, and understudied mescalero - monahans shinnery sands biota. the possibility that m. harenosus and m. tremulus are sister species is raised. the ecological, biological, and evolutionary species concepts support species status for m. harenosus, and an hypothesis of peripatric speciation in peripheral isolation is advanced .\nthere is a sample of this cicada’s song on the insect singers website. check it out .\nfor some reason i associate “giga” with “gigabytes” and storage media like flash drives, which explains this joke image .\nover the past two years there have been quite a few updates to the genera of the cicadas that were organized under the tibicen genus earlier this decade .\nsee the end of the article for links to these papers, and related articles on cicadamania. com .\n1 lee, y. j. 2016. description of three new genera, paratibicen, gigatibicen, and ameritibicen, of cryptotympanini (hemiptera: cicadidae) and a key to their species journal of asia - pacific biodiversity, volume 9, issue 4, 1 december 2016, pages 448–454. link to paper .\n2 hill, et al. 2015. molecular phylogenetics, diversification, and systematics of tibicen latreille 1825 and allied cicadas of the tribe cryptotympanini, with three new genera and emphasis on species from the usa and canada (hemiptera: auchenorrhyncha: cicadidae), zootaxa, volume 3985, issue 2, pages 219–251. link to paper\n3 sanborn a. f. , heath, m. s. 2016. megatibicen n. gen. , a new north american cicada genus (hemiptera: cicadidae: cicadinae: cryptotympanini), zootaxa, volume 4168, issue 3. link to paper\ncatalogue of the cicadoidea by allen f sanborn has the complete history of names / synonyms of these species and genera pre 2014 .\nwhile i’ve never heard an actual scissor being sharpened with a grinder, it must sound like the repetitive, rhythmic, short grinding sounds like cicada makes. grind, grind, grind, grind .\nas you browse this page, if you click the cicada’s name you’ll be brought to a page that features more information about that cicada, including sound files, location information, links to other websites, and often more photos and video. when in doubt: visit the bugguide dog day cicada page .\nphoto credits l to r: roy trountman, tom lehmkuhl, paul krombholz, me .\nthe canicularis varies the most in terms of coloration. some are very dark, with more black than green, and others have an even amount of green and black .\nn. auriferus n. davisi davisi n. davisi harnedi n. latifasciatus n. linnei n. pruinosus pruinosus n. robinsonianus n. winnemanna\nif the cicada has a white x on its back, it is a latifasciatus .\nrepetitive, rhythmic, call – like someone repeatedly running a scissor over a grinding wheel (i suppose) .\nlinne’s cicada’s call builds up — a crescendo — peaks, and then fades back down .\nit sounds like the n. tibicen species, but unlike them, it calls from high in the trees .\nthis cicada should look like the other cicadas in this table, but its coloring is more yellow than green, like a teneral scissor grinder .\nthe scissor grinder looks a lot like linne’s cicada but their wing doesn’t have bend that linne’s cicada has. the scissor grinder also seems to have more of an orange coloration to the “arches” on its mesonotum .\nrobinson’s cicada looks like linne’s cicada with less of a wing bend, and a different call .\nits call is kind of like n. latifasciatus, but much more raspy .\nlike the scissor grinder, the eastern scissor grinder seems to have more of an orange hue to the arches on its mesonotum, perhaps even more so than the scissor grinder .\nn. canicularis n. latifasciatus n. linnei n. pruinosus pruinosus n. robinsonianus n. winnemanna\nthe davisi comes in a wide variety of colors: from rusty browns to greens .\nlooks like davis’ southeastern dog - day cicada but with slight differences in the wings .\nthis cicada is the most unique looking: solid green with prominent yellow arches on its back .\nits call is so unique, you’ll have to listen to it and decide what it sounds like .\nswamp cicadas are often the easiest cicadas to find, because they prefer to stay in the lower branches of trees. listen for one, and you’ll likely be able to spot it in the tree above you .\nswamp cicadas are are known for their rounded, humped back. their coloration varies from mostly black & some green to black, brown and green. their collar is usually black, but can include green." ]

{ "text": [ "neotibicen pronotalis also colloquially called walker 's cicada is a large annual cicada , one of the largest species of north american neotibicen .", "the name of this species has undergone numerous changes .", "one of its two subspecies was originally known as tibicen marginalis , and later renamed t. walkeri .", "the other subspecies was described as tibicen pronotalis but this is an older name than walkeri , and therefore takes priority .", "the genus name was changed in july 2015 due to taxonomic reconfiguration of the genus tibicen .", "this insect is of no economic importance . " ], "topic": [ 26, 25, 3, 5, 26, 12 ] }

[ "neotibicen pronotalis also colloquially called walker's cicada is a large annual cicada, one of the largest species of north american neotibicen. the name of this species has undergone numerous changes. one of its two subspecies was originally known as tibicen marginalis, and later renamed t. walkeri. the other subspecies was described as tibicen pronotalis but this is an older name than walkeri, and therefore takes priority. the genus name was changed in july 2015 due to taxonomic reconfiguration of the genus tibicen. this insect is of no economic importance." ]

[ "select an image: 1. malia > > adult 2. malia > > adult 3. malia 4. malia 5. malia\nthe ioc checklist announces that genetic research on malia is underway. perhaps it will not be that much longer until we finally determine what it is .\ncollar, n. & robson, c. (2018). malia (malia grata). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nhello, i’m malia bird and i’m going on the 2017 arctic expedition. i’m fifteen years old and i live in chelsea, quebec. i’m a science enthusiast so i’m really looking forward to the hands on learning in this expedition. one day i would like to become a scientist although what type seems to change month to month. i play field hockey and i do sprint paddling which keep me active and gives me time to spend with my friends. this year i joined my school’s outdoor ed program where we hiked in the adirondacks, went winter camping and canoe camping. i loved the experiences so much and it actually encouraged to me apply to students on ice. i can’t wait to go on the expedition and start creating my short film all about it. i’m so excited !\nmalia are noisy birds, with much group chatter and churring, interspersed with whistles and squeals. they apparently feed heavily on beetles and grasshoppers, and they use their bills to big into rotten wood, dislodge moss and loose bark, and glean from trunks and large limbs (collar & robson 2007). because their movements are rapid in the mossy canopy, and sunlight is at best patchy in that environment, photographs are rather few. i spent quite a lot of time over three different days trying to obtain even these marginal shots .\ndelacour (1946) commented that malia' s coloration, thin bill and strong feet perhaps suggest a bulbul adapted to a partly terrestrial life. mostly, though, as heinrich, the discoverer described, they were found\nin the tops of trees in mossy forest [ where they ] moved swiftly through the hanging moss like a squirrel\n( white & bruce 1986). that certainly is consistent with behavior i saw, but do note the large feet in most of the photos. three subspecies are described (grata, stresemanni, recondita), differing primarily in the intensity of yellow underparts and comparative color of the tail, but song dialects are also described. two subspecies are shown on this page: central sulawesi stresemanni is the top photo; the rest are northern sulawesi recondita .\nhello! i have some exciting news to share and i could use your support too! over the next year, i will be creating a short film about the arctic, starting with my summer expedition with students on ice. this past may, when i was accepted to the expedition (yay !), i started counting down the days and thinking about how i could share my experience with you. making a short film, in partnership with students on ice and the arctic foundation, and showing it at a local film fest is an opportunity to do just that! my goal is to raise $ 3, 000 to help cover a part of the costs of the film production, the expedition to the eastern arctic and greenland, and entry into the filmfest next spring. students on ice is a unique initiative that brings together about 120 students worldwide with scientists, artists, inuit elders, musicians, historians, and visionary leaders. during the expedition, we have an opportunity to experience and understand the arctic and the impact of climate change, as well as develop new relationships. while i know this will shape my outlook on my own future, it will also be a chance for me to share and encourage others too. the arctic foundation offers an opportunity for me to give back. as a community foundation, it builds on the vibrant and rich cultures that exist in canada’s north and taps into the existing strengths and resources of many partners. proceeds from the filmfest will be shared with the arctic foundation. thank you for your support! malia\nhas been treated as an aberrant bulbul (pycnonotidae) or babbler (timaliidae sensu lato), but initial molecular analysis places it within locustellidae # r. three subspecies recognized .\nthrush, dull olive - green above and bright greenish - yellow below. nominate race has crown and upperparts dull yellowish olive ...\nsong by group a loud mid - pitched cacophony of guttural warbling and rapid harsh chattering or ...\nprimary montane forest, mossy ridgetop forest, and occasionally disturbed forest, at 900–2400 ...\ninvertebrates, including beetles (coleoptera) and grasshoppers (orthoptera). uses bill to dig in rotten wood, dislodge moss and loose bark ...\nnot globally threatened. restricted - range species: present in sulawesi eba. widespread and locally moderately common. fairly common (race\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nrecently erected family # r # r; constituents previously placed in a broad family sylviidae, typically in subfamilies megalurinae and acrocephalinae, as well as a few species previously listed in a broad version of timaliidae. internal structure, including addition and removal of various taxa, has steadily been clarified in recent years by series of genetic studies # r # r # r # r; several elements yet to be tested genetically, so some further changes expected. previously listed as megaluridae, but (as currently constituted) name locustellidae has priority # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwere photographed in sulawesi, indonesia, in oct 2011. the top photo, of race\ncollar, n. j. , and c. robson. 2007. family timaliidae (babblers), pp. 70 –191 in handbook of the birds of the world (del hoyo, j. , a. elliott & d. a. christie, eds). vol. 12. lynx edicions, barcelona, spain .\ndelacour, j. 1946. les timaliinés. l' oiseau et rfo 16: 7 - 36 .\nsibley, c. g. , and j. e. ahlquist. 1990. phylogeny and classification of birds: a study of molecular evolution. yale univ. press, new haven, ct .\nwhite, c. m. n. , and m. d. bruce. 1986. the birds of wallacea. b. o. u. check - list no. 7. b. o. u. , london .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\n► we determine the affinities of three philippine “babbler” genera using multi - locus datasets. ► leonardina is most closely related to other montane endemics in insular southeast asia of the muscicapidae. ► robsonius is an early offshoot of the family locustellidae. ► micromacronus belongs to the cisticolidae but more data is needed to better understand its position in the family .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nyour share could be bringing in donations. sign in to track your impact .\nin the future, we' ll let you know if your sharing brings in any donations .\nwe weren' t able to connect your facebook account. please try again later .\nyour donation is protected. if anything is not right, we’ll give you a full refund .\ncontact us with your questions and we' ll answer, day or night .\nthere' s an issue with this campaign organizer' s account. our team has contacted them with the solution! please ask them to sign in to gofundme and check their account. return to campaign\ngofundme has verified that the funds raised will go directly to the intended recipient .\nwe' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser. would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup. try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets, such as your city or precise location, from the web and via third - party applications. you always have the option to delete your tweet location history. learn more\nhere' s the url for this tweet. copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app, you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter? sign up, tune into the things you care about, and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you’ll spend most of your time, getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love, tap the heart — it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else’s tweet with your followers is with a retweet. tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply. find a topic you’re passionate about, and jump right in .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en" ]

{ "text": [ "the malia ( malia grata ) is a medium-sized ( approximately 29 cm long ) babbler-like passerine .", "it has an olive-green plumage , yellowish head and chest , and pinkish-brown bill .", "the young is duller than adult .", "it is the only member of the genus malia .", "an indonesian endemic , the malia is restricted to montane forests of sulawesi .", "usually , it is found in pairs or small groups of three to seven birds .", "the diet consists mainly of insects , beetles and other arthropods .", "there has been some debate over the taxonomic relationships of the malia .", "it has some plumage characteristics reminiscent of bulbuls , and has been shifted between that family and the wastebasket taxon timaliidae sensu lato by past authors .", "a study published early in 2012 found that the malia was not a babbler ; later in the same year , a second study determined that it was instead an aberrant member of the family locustellidae .", "widespread and common in its habitat and range , the malia is evaluated as least concern on the iucn red list of threatened species . " ], "topic": [ 28, 23, 8, 26, 24, 16, 12, 6, 26, 26, 17 ] }

[ "the malia (malia grata) is a medium-sized (approximately 29 cm long) babbler-like passerine. it has an olive-green plumage, yellowish head and chest, and pinkish-brown bill. the young is duller than adult. it is the only member of the genus malia. an indonesian endemic, the malia is restricted to montane forests of sulawesi. usually, it is found in pairs or small groups of three to seven birds. the diet consists mainly of insects, beetles and other arthropods. there has been some debate over the taxonomic relationships of the malia. it has some plumage characteristics reminiscent of bulbuls, and has been shifted between that family and the wastebasket taxon timaliidae sensu lato by past authors. a study published early in 2012 found that the malia was not a babbler; later in the same year, a second study determined that it was instead an aberrant member of the family locustellidae. widespread and common in its habitat and range, the malia is evaluated as least concern on the iucn red list of threatened species." ]

[ "species samea multiplicalis - salvinia stem - borer - hodges # 5151 - bugguide. net\nsamea multiplicalis [ lep. : pyralidae ], for biological control of two water weeds, salvinia molesta and pistia stratiotes in australia\nknopf kw, habeck dh. 1976. life history and biology of samea multiplicalis. environmental entomology 5: 539 - 542 .\nsamea multiplicalis [ lep. : pyralidae ], for biological control of two water weeds, salvinia molesta and pistia stratiotes in australia | springerlink\nfigure 3. wings: a, samea multiplicalis; b, samea druchachalis. a, anterior spot; p, posterior spot. scale bars = 5 mm. photograph by james e. hayden .\nthe figured larvae were raised on richardia brasiliensis gomes (tropical mexican clover). thus far, reports of feeding on aquatic plants have been found to be misidentified samea multiplicalis .\nsamea multiplicalis, d' après ses dégâts à s. molesta et à p. stratiotes, pourrait servir comme agent utile dans la lutte biologique contre ces mauvaises herbes en australie. on a libéré s. multiplicalis en 1981, au nord du queensland, où elle s' est établie sur s. molesta .\ndamage to s. molesta and p. stratiotes indicated that s. multiplicalis may be a valuable biological control agent for these weeds in australia. s. multiplicalis was first liberated in northern queensland in 1981 where it has become established on s. molesta .\nfigure 11. larval samea ecclesialis on richardia brasiliensis. photograph by james e. hayden .\nfigure 1. samea ecclesialis male in multi - lure® trap sample. photograph by james e. hayden .\nfigure 4. abdominal tufts on segment five of male samea ecclesialis. photograph by james e. hayden .\nfigure 6. female genitalia of samea ecclesialis. s, signum. photograph by james e. hayden .\nfigure 9. samea ecclesialis pupa. scale bar = 5 mm. photograph by james e. hayden .\nfigure 12. white cocoons of samea ecclesialis among leaves of richardia brasiliensis. photograph by james e. hayden .\nthe biology and host specificity of samea multiplicalis (guenée) were studied in quarantine in australia. immature stages completed development on salvinia molesta mitchell, pistia stratiotes l. and azolla pinnata r. br. in starvation tests, although larvae which had first fed on s. molesta produced minor leaf scarring on some other plants, they were unable to complete development .\nbugguide. 2013. species samea druchachalis. hosted by iowa state university entomology, ames, ia, usa (accessed 23 september 2014) .\nfigure 7. samea ecclesialis: a, live larva; b, preserved larva. scale bar = 5 mm. photograph by james e. hayden .\nfigure 8. larval prothoracic shield of samea ecclesialis. c, corner of shield in multi - lure trap sample. photograph by james e. hayden .\nfigure 10. samea ecclesialis, detail of pupal thoracic spiracle. h, lip - like hood anterior of spiracle. photograph by james e. hayden .\nfigure 5. male genitalia of samea ecclesialis. a, obtuse angle of valva; f, fibula; u, bifid uncus. photograph by james e. hayden .\nla biologie de samea multiplicalis guenée et sa spécificité des hôtes ont été étudiées en quarantaine en australie. les stades larvaires se développent complètement sur salvinia molesta mitchell, pistia stratiotes l. , et azolla pinnata r. br. . dans des essais d' inanition, les larves qui s' étaient nourries d' abord de s. molesta ont causé des cicatrices mineures aux feuilles de quelques autres plantes, mais sans pouvoir s' y développer en adultes .\nthe male genitalia (fig. 5) have one fibula (or clasper) on each valva (f), and the uncus (u) is apically divided into two setose pads. the dorsal margin of the valva is obtusely angulate (a), but the angle does not bear the robust chaetae seen in species of diacme warren (not illustrated). the signum of the female genitalia is a pair of toothed sclerites arrayed transversely in the corpus bursae (fig. 6: s). this shape is shared only with samea druchachalis dyar. other related north american species instead have a long, granulose ridge running longitudinally in the corpus bursae, or no signum at all (as in samea multiplicalis) .\nfigure 2. samea ecclesialis. a, male; b, female; c, melanic female. a, anterior spot; p, posterior spot. scale bars = 5 mm. photograph by james e. hayden .\nsamea ecclesialis guenée (lepidoptera: crambidae: spilomelinae) is a common moth that is widely distributed in florida, the southern united states, and the new world tropics. it is often seen flying on lawns and weedy areas, and it is one of the most frequently attracted moths to multi - lure® (mcphail - type) traps deployed in florida for tephritid fruit fly detection (fig. 1). despite the moth' s abundance, it has no reported economic importance. however, it is related to samea multiplicalis (guenée) and niphograpta albiguttalis (warren), well - studied herbivores of aquatic weeds (center et al. 1982; knopf and habeck 1976), and to nomophila hübner, the celery webworms, which are pests of herbaceous plants and young vegetables (flint 1922) .\nunpublished notes of the late dale h. habeck (university of florida) indicated that samea ecclesialis feeds on richardia. i thank louis somma (fdacs - dpi) for gathering specimen data. julieta brambila (usda - aphis - ppq), deborah matthews lott (university of florida), paul skelley (fdacs - dpi), greg hodges (fdacs - dpi) and wayne dixon (fdacs - dpi) provided many helpful suggestions for improving the manuscript .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nyoung larvae are dirty - white to pale yellow, progressing to yellow - green in mature larvae .\ngeneralist feeder first observed on waterhyacinth in brazil. used as biological control on several invasive species. commonly feeds on waterlettuce (pistia stratiotes), salvinia, water fern (azolla caroliniana), and duckweed (lemna sp) .\neggs laid singly between leaf hairs on host plants. up to 150 eggs laid over span of 4 to 7 days. larvae pupate within a silk cocoon in the inflated leaf petioles. pupation typically lasts 4 to 10 days .\nlarva resembles sameodes albiguttalis, both having plates with short bristles. bristle position and larval coloration are important differences between the two closely related species .\nboisduval & guenée histoire naturelle des insectes spécies général des lépidoptères 8: 227 .\nwalker, f. 1866 [\n1865\n] a: supplement 4. – list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum, london 34: 1302 - 1303 .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nde loach, c. j. , de loach, d. j .\n— 1972. potential growth of aquatic plants on the lower mekong river basin laos - thailand. —\n— 1854. histoire naturelle des insectes. species général des lépidoptères. vol. 8. —\n— 1965. arthropods of florida and neighbouring land area. vol. 1. lepidoptera of florida. —\n— 1971. summary of aquatic weed survey and control data for volta lake during 1969. —\n— 1966. recommended herbicides for the five regions of the florida game and fresh water fish commission. —\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe species is distributed across the southeastern u. s. , caribbean, central america and south america as far as southern brazil. of florida, kimball (1965) notes that it\nis found all over the state, is very common and is flying all the year .\nspecimens in the florida state collection of arthropods from alachua county are from all months, and all major regions of florida are represented .\nadult: the forewing length is 8. 5 - 11 mm, males having slightly more pointed forewings (fig. 2a). the wing pattern is a complex array of opaque brown and nearly translucent windows (fig. 2a - c). guenée' s description (1854) compares the pattern to stained glass (vitraux), hence the species name in reference to churches. males are easily distinguished from all similar species in north america by the presence of nearly black scale tufts on the sides of the fifth abdominal segment (fig. 4). the windows of the forewing are roughly arrayed in three bands. in the medial band, the window nearer the anterior margin of the wing is roughly square (fig. 2b: a). the posterior window is divided in three sections, of which the distal and posterior sections are filled with yellow scales (fig. 2b: p); the three subdivisions are roughly equal in size. the translucent areas of the hind wing are larger, and the brown lines are sharply defined. the translucent areas are more extensive in males than in females, and some females are\nmelanic\nin that the windows are strongly reduced (fig. 2c). the fringe of the forewing alternates white and brown, with nearly continuous brown in the middle third of the distal margin .\negg: the eggs are scale - like (flattened) and laid singly or in small groups .\nlarva: the most diagnostic character is the extension of the posterior corner of the prothoracic shield posteriad of the spiracle (fig. 8: c). the lateral pinaculum is separate from the shield and is extended ventrad, but not posteriad of the spiracle. the larva keys out variously to herpetogramma pertextalis (lederer) or nomophila nearctica munroe in allyson (1984), to pyrausta schrank in allyson (1981), to pyrausta or various spilomelinae in solis (2006), and to nomophila, udea guenée, or mecyna doubleday in hasenfuss (1960: 173 - 175) .\nterms follow stehr (1987). length of last - instar larva 18 - 20 mm. body greenish yellow; integument microscopically smooth (fig. 7). all pinacula evenly grayish brown, d and sd pinacula darker than the others. extra pinacula absent; some proprioceptor setae ringed with gray. legs yellow with segmental margins and tarsus gray - brown. crochets triordinal in incomplete circle .\nhead: light brown mottled with dark brown; broad, diffuse, brown genal streak present. frons extended 2 / 3 to epicranial notch. af2 setae transversely aligned with (on same level as) apex of frons. p1, p2, af2 forming right angle; distance p1 - p2 about half p1 - af2. six closely spaced stemmata, 1 and 6 larger than others. mandible with 2 - 3 small lateral teeth, 4 large teeth in middle, and mesal margin with 3 minute lobes; mandible with two setae on lateral margin, without retinaculum .\nthorax: prothoracic shield yellow along dorsal midline; broad, dark brown submedial stripe about xd1, d1 and d2; laterally yellow about xd2, sd1 and sd2, these setae ringed with gray, and shield with gray margins; sd2 ventral of d2 and posterior of, slightly above level of xd2. posteroventral corner of t1 shield extended posterior of spiracle to below ventral margin of spiracle. l pinaculum marginally brown, medially yellow; extended ventral of spiracle as far as its posterior margin; not fused with corner of t1 shield. two sv setae present. thoracic v setae on small, round pinacula, separate except in some cases fused on t1. segments t2, t3 with d and sd pinacula separate; d2 and sd2 setae posterodorsal of d1 and sd1 setae respectively. sd setae not hair - like. three l setae; 1 sv seta .\nabdomen: d1 and d2 pinacula separate, rounded, not enlarged; d2 seta directly posterior of d1 seta. sd2 seta not on sd1 pinaculum. sd pinaculum reduced on a2 and a7. d1 - d2 distance equal to d1 - sd1; d2 - d2 roughly equal to d1 - d1. l1 posterodorsal of l2 on all segments. sv group with 3 setae on a1 - a6, 2 on a7, 1 on a8 - a9. sv1 anterodorsal of spiracle. a9: d2 setae on common pinaculum, pigmented laterally; d1 and sd1 on fused pinaculum; sd1 hairlike, directly posterior of d1 and ventral of d2. a10: anal shield medially unpigmented. d2 - d2 distance slightly less than d1 - d1, greater than d2 - sd1. v1 - sv4 closer than sv2 - sv3 .\npupa: the pupa (fig. 9) keys to nomophila or mecyna in patočka (2001), with which it shares a raised, crenulate hood like a thick lip along the anterior side of each thoracic spiracle (fig. 10: h). it differs from these and from nomophila albiguttalis by the equilaterally triangular cremaster. abbreviated description: length 8 - 9 mm. head rounded, not humped. labrum poorly differentiated, triangular, with concave margins. labial palpi proximally parallel - sided, distally extended to a point. pilifers not touching. thoracic spiracles as described above. thorax and abdomen without other deep grooves or hoods. dorsal setae not grouped on projections. appendages not projected onto fifth segment. metatarsi not visible. abdomen without gin - traps (intersegmental clefts). spiracles not raised or barely so. cremaster triangular, as long as wide, distally pointed, with six evenly spaced setae, without grooves .\nlarvae spin slight webs among leaves and graze the epidermis of either leaf side, forming rounded windows (fig. 11). the time from hatching to pupation takes about one month. they spin a white silken shelter among leaves for pupation (fig. 12). the adults often fly into multi - lure® traps, with 33 submissions to dpi entomology by this sampling method and another 27 by other methods from may 2011 to september 2014. adult moths frequently settle on flowers to drink nectar at night, accumulating high pollen loads (atwater 2013), and they have been reported to gain nutrients by drinking the tears of livestock (büttiker 1997) .\nfew other lepidoptera are recorded to feed on richardia l. in florida (heppner 2003), primarily hornworms (sphingidae), which are easily distinguished by their large size, caudal horn, and crochets in mesoseries .\nallyson s. 1981. last instar larvae of pyraustini of america north of mexico (lepidoptera: pyralidae). canadian entomologist 113: 463 - 518 .\nallyson s. 1984. description of last instar larvae of 22 species of north american spilomelini (lepidoptera: pyralidae: pyraustinae) with a key to species. canadian entomologist 116: 1301 - 1334 .\natwater mm. 2013. diversity and nectar hosts of flower - settling moths within a florida sandhill ecosystem. journal of natural history 47: 2719 - 2734 .\nbüttiker w. 1997. field observations on ophthalmotropic lepidoptera in southwestern brazil (paraná). revue suisse de zoologie 104: 853 - 868 .\ncenter td, balciunas jk, habeck dh. 1982. descriptions of sameodes albiguttalis (lepidoptera: pyralidae) life stages with key to lepidoptera larvae on waterhyacynth [ sic ]. annals of the entomological society of america 75: 471 - 479 .\nflint wp. 1922. studies of the life history of nomophila noctuella. annals of the entomological society of america 15: 154 - 156 .\nguenée ma. 1854. deltoides et pyralites. pp. 1 - 448 in: j. b. a. d. de boisduval and m. a. guenée (eds .). histoire naturelle des insectes. species général des lépidoptères 8. roret, paris .\nhasenfuss i. 1960. die larvalsystematik der zünsler (pyralidae). abhandlungen zur larvalsystematik der insekten 5: 1 - 263 .\nheppner jb. (ed .). 2003. lepidoptera of florida. part 1. introduction and catalog. arthropods of florida and neighboring land areas 17: 1 - 670 .\nkimball cp. 1965. lepidoptera of florida. arthropods of florida and neighboring land areas 1: i - v, 1 - 363 .\nmunroe eg. 1995. 1995. crambidae. pp. 34 - 79. in: j. b. heppner (ed .). atlas of neotropical lepidoptera. checklist: part 2 (3). association for tropical lepidoptera and scientific publishers, gainesville, fl, usa .\npatočka j. 2001. die puppen der mitteleuropäischer zünsler (lepidoptera: pyraloidea, pyralidae). unterfamilien acentropinae, odontiinae, evergestinae und pyraustinae. linzer biologische beiträge 33: 347 - 405 .\nsolis ma. 2006. key to selected pyraloidea (lepidoptera) larvae intercepted at u. s. ports of entry. hosted by usda ars sel, washington, d. c. usa (accessed 23 september 2014) .\nstehr fw. 1987. order lepidoptera. pp. 288 - 596. in: stehr fw (ed .). immature insects, volume 1. kendall / hunt, dubuque, ia, usa .\nphotographs: james e. hayden, florida department of agriculture and consumer services, division of plant industry\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nguenée, a. 1854 ,\ndeltoïdes et pyralites\n, ed. boisduval, j. - a. & guenée, a. (eds), histoire naturelle des insectes. species général des lépidoptères, vol. 8, librarie encyclopédique de roret, paris\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 03c3b0d6 - af34 - 4bd2 - 8264 - 7fe6fface7df\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 250d02b9 - 64f0 - 44ae - bc7e - ba2704f28b8b\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 79c4cf50 - fad5 - 4b11 - a5ea - 19f85c2a3445\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: e4540043 - 52b9 - 4c4f - 864d - 8e4bfcf8c7d5\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 0f45ea5a - 442b - 4ce1 - 8398 - 652511ca61b4\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 369327\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country." ]

{ "text": [ "the salvinia stem-borer moth ( samea multiplicalis ) is a species of moth of the crambidae family found from the southeastern united states south to argentina .", "it is an introduced species in australia , where it is found in queensland and new south wales .", "the wingspan is about 20 mm .", "adults are tan with darker markings on both the fore wings and hind wings .", "the larvae feed on the leaves of pistia stratiotes , salvinia rotundifolia , azolla caroliniana , and occasionally eichhornia crassipes and lemna species .", "they often feed inside a shelter formed of silk and hairs , although this is not always present .", "young larvae are dirty-white to pale yellow .", "they become yellow-green when full-grown .", "pupation takes place within a silk cocoon in the inflated leaf petioles . " ], "topic": [ 2, 13, 9, 8, 8, 11, 8, 7, 11 ] }

[ "the salvinia stem-borer moth (samea multiplicalis) is a species of moth of the crambidae family found from the southeastern united states south to argentina. it is an introduced species in australia, where it is found in queensland and new south wales. the wingspan is about 20 mm. adults are tan with darker markings on both the fore wings and hind wings. the larvae feed on the leaves of pistia stratiotes, salvinia rotundifolia, azolla caroliniana, and occasionally eichhornia crassipes and lemna species. they often feed inside a shelter formed of silk and hairs, although this is not always present. young larvae are dirty-white to pale yellow. they become yellow-green when full-grown. pupation takes place within a silk cocoon in the inflated leaf petioles." ]

[ "worms - world register of marine species - eulima flexuosa a. adams, 1851\neulima risso, a. , 1826 type species: eulima subulata donovan, e. , 1804\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species: eulima flexuosa (a. adams, 1851) - id: 1821850110\neulimidae » melanella flexuosa, id: 898231, shell detail « shell encyclopedia, conchology, inc .\neulima acerrima (r. b. watson, 1883) (taxon inquirendum )\neulima angulosa (f. p. jousseaume in fisher - piette & nicklès, 1946 )\ndescriptions of new species of eulima, triphoris, etc. , from the collection of hugh cuming, esq .\neulima is a genus of small, ectoparasitic sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family eulimidae. [ 1 ]\nsubularia monterosato, t. a. de m. di, 1884 type species: eulima subulata donovan, e. , 1804\n276 2. descriptions of new species of eulima, triphoris, etc. , from the collection o f hugh cuming, e s q. by arthur adams, f. l. s. etc. 1. eulima modicella, a. adams. e. …\nsowerby, g. b. 1866 ,\nmonograph of the genus eulima\n, ed. sowerby, g. b. (ed), conchologia iconica, vol. 15, pp. pl. 1, 5 - 6, l. reeve & co. , london\nbouchet, p. ; gofas, s. (2010). eulima risso, 1826. in: bouchet, p. ; gofas, s. ; rosenberg, g. (2010) world marine mollusca database. accessed through: world register of marine species at urltoken on 2011 - 01 - 13\nthe animal shows subulate tentacles, approaching at the base, . the eyes are large and nearly sessile. the foot is truncated in front. the foot of eulima secretes a mucous filament which assists to sustain it in the water. the mentum is bilobed. the opercular lobe is winged on each side. the branchial plume is single .\n[ 3 ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nmelanella grandis (a. adams in h. & a. adams; , 1853 )\nmelanella teinostoma (a. adams in h. & a. adams, 1853 )\nniso goniostoma a. adams in h. & a. ; adams, 1853\n- note: several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes. they are not for sale. - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock, except when only one specimen is offered. we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted (gamma correction) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nadams, h. & adams, a. 1853, vol. 1, no. parts i - viii, pp. pp. 1 - 256, pls 1 - 32, john van voorst, london\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 6f3d5637 - 245b - 4d9b - a832 - 0a886b94f723\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 142add17 - 0c21 - 46f0 - 8a3f - 6e6fd892fdd8\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 535028\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 002 seconds. )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\namamibalcis kuroda, t. & t. habe, 1950 type species: unknowngenustype\nannulobalcis habe, t. , 1965 type species: annulobalcis shimazui habe, t. , 1965\napicalia adams, 1862 type species: apicalia gibba adams, a. , 1862\nasterolamia warén, a. , 1980 type species: asterolamia hians warén, a. , 1980\nasterophila randall & h. heath, 1912 type species: asterophila japonica randall & h. heath, 1912\nauriculigerina dautzenberg, ph. , 1925 type species: auriculigerina miranda dautzenberg, ph. , 1925\nbatheulima nordsieck, f. , 1968 type species: batheulima fuscoapicata jeffreys, j. g. , 1884\nbathycrinicola bouchet, ph. & a. warén, 1986 type species: bathycrinicola talaena dautzenberg, ph. & h. fischer, 1897\nbulimeulima bouchet, ph. & a. warén, 1986 type species: unknowngenustype\ncampylorhaphion bouchet, ph. & a. warén, 1986 type species: unknowngenustype\nchileutomia tate, r. in tate, r. , 1898 type species: chileutomia subvaricosa tate, r. & a. e. m. cossmann, 1898\nconcavibalcis warén, a. , 1980 type species: concavibalcis scalaris warén, a. , 1980\ncrinolamia bouchet, ph. & a. warén, 1979 type species: crinolamia dahli bouchet, ph. & a. warén, 1979\ncrinophtheiros bouchet, ph. & a. warén, 1986 type species: unknowngenustype\ncurveulima laseron, c. f. , 1955 type species: curveulima cornuta laseron, c. f. , 1955\nechineulima lützen & nielsen, 1975 type species: echineulima mittrei petit de la saussaye, s. , 1851\nechiuroidicola warén, a. , 1980 type species: echiuroidicola cicatricosa warén, a. , 1980\nersilia monterosato, t. a. de m. di, 1872 type species: unknowngenustype\neulitoma laseron, c. f. , 1955 type species: eulitoma nitens laseron, c. f. , 1955\nfuscapex warén, a. , 1981 type species: fuscapex ophioacanthicola warén, a. , 1981\nfusceulima laseron, c. f. , 1955 type species: fusceulima jacksonensis laseron, c. f. , 1955\ngoodingia lützen, 1972 type species: goodingia varicosa schepman, m. m. & h. f. nierstrasz, 1909\nhaliella monterosato, t. a. de m. di, 1878 type species: unknowngenustype\nhalielloides bouchet, ph. & a. warén, 1986 type species: halielloides ingolfiana bouchet, ph. & a. warén, 1986\nhebeulima laseron, c. f. , 1955 type species: hebeulima inusta hedley, c. , 1906\nhemiliostraca pilsbry, h. a. , 1918 type species: leiostraca distorta pease, w. h. , 1860\nhypermastus pilsbry, h. a. , 1899 type species: hypermastus coxi pilsbry, h. a. , 1899\nleutzenia warén, a. , 1980 type species: echineulima asthenosomae warén, a. , 1980\nmelanella bowdich, e. , 1822 type species: melanella dufresnei bowdich, e. , 1822\nmicrostilifer warén, a. , 1980 type species: microstilifer auricula hedley, c. , 1907\nmucronalia adams, 1860 type species: hypermastus bicincta adams, a. , 1860\nnanobalcis warén, a. & c. mifsud, 1990 type species: nanobalcis nana monterosato, t. a. de m. di, 1878\nthyca adams, h. g. & a. adams, 1854 type species: thyca (thyca) astericola adams, a. & l. a. reeve, 1850\nthyca (thyca) adams, h. g. & a. adams, 1854 type species: thyca (thyca) astericola adams, a. & l. a. reeve, 1850\nthyca (bessomia) berry, s. s. , 1959 type species: unknowngenustype\nthyca (kiramodulus) kuroda, t. , 1949 type species: thyca (kiramodulus) lacteus kuroda, t. , 1949\nniso risso, a. , 1826 type species: niso eburnea risso, a. , 1826\nniso (neovolusia) emerson, w. k. , 1965 type species: eumitra imbricata lozouet, p. , 1991\noceanida folin, l. de, 1870 type species: oceanida graduata folin, l. de in folin, l. de & l. périer, 1871\nophieulima warén, a. & m. sibuet, 1981 type species: ophieulima minima dall, w. h. , 1927\nophioarachnicola warén, a. , 1980 type species: ophioarachnicola biformis warén, a. , 1980\npalisadia laseron, c. f. , 1956 type species: palisadia subulata laseron, c. f. , 1956\nparamegadenus humphreys & lützen, 1972 type species: paramegadenus arrhynchus ivanov, a. v. , 1937\nparvioris warén, a. , 1981 type species: parvioris fulvescens sowerby, g. b. ii, 1866\npeasistilifer warén, a. , 1980 type species: peasistilifer nitidula pease, w. h. , 1860\npictobalcis laseron, c. f. , 1955 type species: pictobalcis articulata sowerby, g. b. i, 1834\npseudosabinella mclean, j. h. , 1995 type species: pseudosabinella bakeri bartsch, p. , 1917\npulicicochlea (pulicicochlea) ponder, w. f. & goodring, 1978 type species: pulicicochlea (pulicicochlea) calamaris ponder, w. f. & goodring, 1978\npulicicochlea (pseudoretusa) ponder, w. f. & goodring, 1978 type species: pulicicochlea (pseudoretusa) faba ponder, w. f. & goodring, 1978\npunctifera warén, a. , 1981 type species: punctifera ophiomoerae warén, a. , 1981\npyramidelloides nevill, 1885 type species: pyramidelloides mirandus adams, a. , 1861\npyramidelloides (teretianax) iredale, t. , 1918 type species: pyramidelloides (teretianax) suteri oliver, w. r. b. , 1915\nsabinella monterosato, t. a. de m. di, 1890 type species: sabinella piriformis brugnone, g. , 1873\nscalenostoma deshayes, g. p. , 1863 type species: scalenostoma carinatum deshayes, g. p. , 1863\nsticteulima laseron, c. f. , 1955 type species: sticteulima cameroni laseron, c. f. , 1955\nstilapex iredale, t. , 1925 type species: stilapex lactarius iredale, t. , 1925\nstilifer broderip, w. j. in broderip, w. j. & g. b. i sowerby, 1832 type species: stilifer astericola broderip, w. j. , 1832\nstylifer broderip, w. j. & g. b. i sowerby, 1832 type species: unknowngenustype\nsubniso mclean, j. h. , 2000 type species: subniso rangi folin, l. de, 1867\ntrochostilifer warén, a. , 1980 type species: trochostilifer domus warén, a. , 1980\numbilibalcis warén, a. & ph. bouchet, 1986 type species: umbilibalcis lata dall, w. h. , 1889\nvitreolina monterosato, t. a. de m. di, 1884 type species: vitreolina incurva bucquoy, e. j. , ph. dautzenberg & g. f. dollfus, 1883\narcuella nevill, g. & h. nevill, 1874 type species: arcuella mirifica nevill, g. & h. nevill, 1874\nbonellia deshayes, g. p. , 1838 type species: bonellia obtusa anton, h. e. , 1838\ndescriptions of new species of the genijs conus, from the collection of hugh cuming, esq .\ndescriptions of twenty - seven new species of shells from the collection of hugh cuming, esq .\ndescriptions of thirty - nine new species of shells, from the collection of hugh cuming, esq .\ndescriptions of ten new species of bulimus, from the collection of h. cuming, esq\ndescriptions of forty - two new species of helix, from the collection of h. cuming, esq .\n4. descriptions of eight new species of cyclostomacea, from the collection of h. cuming, esq .\ndescriptions of twenty - three new species of land shells, from the collection of h. cuming, esq .\ndescriptions of eleven new species of cyclostomacea, from the collection of h. cuming, esq .\ndescriptions of four new species of bulimus from the collection of h. cuming, esq .\ndescriptions of six new species of auriculacea, from the collection of h. cuming, esq .\ndescriptions or sixteen new species or helicea, from the collection of h. cuming, esq .\ndescriptions of twenty - three species or helicea, from the collection of h. cuming, esq .\n7. descriptions of thirty - six new land shells, from the collection of h. cuming, esq .\ndescriptions of new species of land and freshwater shells collected in ceylon, from the collection of h. cuming esq .\na monograph of cerithidea, a genus of mollusca, with descriptions of several new species, from the collection of hugh cuming, esq. : to which are added, descriptions of two new species of colina, and one of donax .\ndescriptions of seventy - nine new species op achatinella, swains. , a genus of pulmoniferous mollusks, in the collection of hugh cuming, esq .\ndescriptions of fifty - seven new species of helicea, from mr. cuming' s collection .\nthe genus appeared early in the secondary and became abundant in forms during the tertiary period .\nthe shell is in the form of an elongated, towering spiral, which tapers to a fine point. the aperture is ovate and entire with the peristome incomplete behind. the outer lip is thick and even. [ 2 ]\nthe imperforate shell is subulate, many - whorled, polished, and porcellanous its spire is usually curved or twisted to one side, bearing on one side only, a series of varices forming ribs internally and marking the position of successive mouths. the apex is acute. the aperture is oval, entire, pointed above, rounded below. the lip is simple and a little thickened. the columellar margin is reflected. the operculum is corneous and pancispiral. its nucleus is near the inner lip .\nrisso a. (1826 - 1827). histoire naturelle des principales productions de l' europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de nice et des alpes maritimes. paris, levrault: vol. 1: xii + 448 + 1 carta [ 1826 ]. vol. 2: vii + 482 + 8 pl. (fiori) [ novembre 1827 ]. vol. 3: xvi + 480 + 14 pl. (pesci) [ settembre 1827 ]. vol. 4: iv + 439 + 12 pl. (molluschi) [ novembre 1826 ]. vol. 5: viii + 400 + 10 pl. (altri invertebrati )\nwarén a. (1984) a generic revision of the family eulimidae (gastropoda, prosobranchia). journal of molluscan studies suppl. 13: 1 - 96. page (s): 43\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 180–213\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nsorry, the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree (particularly subspecies and fossils). to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group, you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name." ]

{ "text": [ "eulima flexuosa is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family eulimidae .", "the species is one of multiple known species to exist within the genus , eulima . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26 ] }

[ "eulima flexuosa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family eulimidae. the species is one of multiple known species to exist within the genus, eulima." ]

[ "clement, p. (2018). spot - winged monarch (symposiachrus guttula). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018) .\nfile: black - naped monarch (hypothymis puella puella) female on nest. jpg\nfemale pale - blue monarch on a nest constructed on a fork in a tree .\neiao monarch, pomarea fluxa – extinct (late 1970s). formerly included in p. mendozae\nnuku hiva monarch, pomarea nukuhivae – extinct (20th century). formerly included in p. iphis\nua pou monarch, pomarea mira – extinct (c. 1986). formerly included in p. mendozae\nthe monarch flycatchers (monarchidae) comprise a family of passerine birds which includes boatbills, shrikebills, paradise - flycatchers, and magpie - larks .\nall monarch - flycatchers are arboreal and insectivorous. they forage by gleaning and snatching arthropods from vegetation or, in true flycatcher fashion, they sally after flying insects. monarchids are typically ...\nthe nests are in turn often aggressively defended by monarch flycatchers. in all species the nest is a open cup on a branch, fork or twig. in some species the nests can be highly conspicuous .\n14–15 cm; 14–18 g. a small grey - and - white monarch with black face and white on wing - coverts. has forehead and forecrown to face, chin and throat black, sometimes ...\nmonarch - flycatchers may be uncommon or abundant, depending on the species and its requirements, and on environmental factors. near armidale, in south - eastern australia, the population density of leaden flycatchers ...\nmonarch - flycatchers are predominantly birds of the old world tropics, where they are found in sub - saharan africa, madagascar, southern asia, wallacea and australasia and on islands in the indian and pacific ...\nlist of species of the monarch - flycatchers (monarchidae) family. each species provides information on taxonomy, descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation and bibliography .\nr aja ampat pitohuis are fairly common along this road. i was originally confused as the coloration of these birds closely matches that of the island monarch in bheeler and is much brighter than the actual raja ampat pitohui drawing .\nthe monarch - flycatcher family, as presently defined, is a diverse group of small, slim - bodied, generally active arboreal birds, many of which are handsomely plumaged. its members range in size from the warbler - like ...\nmany of the approximately 140 species making up the family were previously assigned to other groups, largely on the basis of general morphology or behaviour. the magpie - lark, for example, was assigned to the same family as the white - winged chough, since both build unusual nests from mud rather than vegetable matter. the australasian fantails were thought to be allied with the fantails of the northern hemisphere (they have a similar diet and behaviour), and so on .\ni didn' t visit the nearby island of kri, visible from the homestay. but it would be worth a few nights here to look for spice imperial pigeon, island whistler and island monarch. there is also some spectacular diving with manta rays .\nmore recently, the grouping has been refined somewhat as the original concept of corvida has proven paraphyletic. the narrower' core corvine' group now comprises the crows and ravens, shrikes, birds of paradise, fantails, monarch flycatchers, drongos and mudnest builders .\nmore recently, the grouping has been refined somewhat as the original concept of corvida has proven paraphyletic. the narrower' core corvine' group now comprises the crows and ravens, shrikes, birds of paradise, fantails, monarch flycatchers, drongos and mudnest builders. [ 8 ]\nthe majority of the family is found in forest and woodland habitats. species that live in more open woodlands tend to live in the higher levels of the trees but, in denser forest, live in the middle and lower levels. other habitats used by monarch flycatchers include savannah and mangroves, and the terrestrial magpie - lark occurs in most australian habitats except the driest deserts .\nthe monarch - flycatchers are generally monogamous, with the pair bonds ranging from just a single season (as in the african paradise - flycatcher) to life (the elepaio). only three species are known to engage in cooperative breeding; but many species are as yet unstudied. they are generally territorial, defending territories that are around 2 ha in size, but a few species may cluster their nesting sites closely together. nesting sites may also be chosen close to aggressive species, for example leaden flycatchers nests may be located near the nests of the aggressive noisy friarbird. [ 4 ] the nests are in turn often aggressively defended by monarch flycatchers. in all species the nest is an open cup on a branch, fork or twig. in some species the nests can be highly conspicuous .\nwhile the majority of monarch - flycatchers are resident, a few species are partially migratory and one, the satin flycatcher, is fully migratory, although the japanese paradise - flycatcher is almost entirely migratory. the asian paradise - flycatcher is migratory over the northern parts of its range and sedentary in the tropics, and the african paradise - flycatcher makes a series of poorly understood intra - african migratory movements .\ncoates, b. , dutson, g. & filardi, c. (2018). monarch - flycatchers (monarchidae). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018) .\nthe monarch flycatchers have a mostly old world distribution. in the western end of their range they are distributed through sub - saharan africa, madagascar and the islands of the tropical indian ocean. they also occur in south and southeastern asia, north to japan, down to new guinea and most of australia. the family has managed to reach many pacific islands, and several endemic genera occur across micronesia, melanesia and polynesia as far as hawaii and the marquesas .\nthe monarch flycatchers have an mostly old world distribution. in the western end of their range they are distributed through sub - saharan africa, madagascar and the islands of the tropical indian ocean. they also occur in south and southeastern asia, north to japan, down to new guinea and most of australia. the family has managed to reach many pacific islands, and several endemic genera occur across micronesia, melanesia and polynesia as far as hawaii and the marquesas .\ni visited this island which sometimes holds spice imperial pigeons. i was also hopeful for island whistler or island monarch. but we were a bit late leaving and didn' t see any pigeons or whistlers. on the boat trip i saw a beach kingfisher, gurney' s eagle, 3 white - bellied sea - eagles and an oriental cuckoo. on the island were eclectus parrots, red - cheeked parrots, shining flycatchers, a torresian crow and i heard a black butcherbird .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhypothymis azurea abbotti richmond 1902 proc. biol. soc. wash. 15 p. 189\nhypothymis azurea aeria bangs & peters, jl 1927 occ. pap. bostonsoc. nat. hist. 5 p. 237\nhypothymis azurea catarmanensis rand & rabor 1969 fieldianazool. 51 no. 13 p. 161\nhypothymis azurea ceylonensis sharpe 1879 cat. birdsbrit. mus. 4 p. 277\nhypothymis azurea consobrina richmond 1902 proc. biol. soc. wash. 15 p. 189\nhypothymis azurea forrestia oberholser 1911 proc. u. s. natl. mus. 39 no. 1803 p. 601\nhypothymis azurea galerita (deignan) 1956 proc. biol. soc. wash. 69 p. 210\nhypothymis azurea gigantoptera oberholser 1911 proc. u. s. natl. mus. 39 no. 1803 p. 600\nhypothymis azurea idiochroa oberholser 1911 proc. u. s. natl. mus. 39 no. 1803 p. 604\nhypothymis azurea javana chasen & kloss 1929 bull. rafflesmus. no. 2 p. 22\nhypothymis azurea karimatensis chasen & kloss 1932 bull. rafflesmus. no. 7 p. 8\nhypothymis azurea leucophila oberholser 1911 proc. u. s. natl. mus. 39 no. 1803 p. 607\nhypothymis azurea montana riley 1929 proc. biol. soc. wash. 42 p. 165\nhypothymis azurea nicobarica bianchi 1907 annuairemus. zool. acad. imp. sci. st. petersb. 12 no. 1 p. 76\nhypothymis azurea opisthocyanea oberholser 1911 proc. u. s. natl. mus. 39 no. 1803 p. 602\nhypothymis azurea penidae meise 1942 j. orn. 89 [\n1941\n] heft4 p. 361\nhypothymis azurea prophata oberholser 1911 proc. u. s. natl. mus. 39 no. 1803 p. 597\nhypothymis azurea richmondi oberholser 1911 proc. u. s. natl. mus. 39 no. 1803 p. 613\nhypothymis azurea styani (hartlaub) 1899 abh. naturwiss. ver. bremen 16 heft2 p. 248 nomenclature\nhypothymis puella (wallace) 1863 pzs [\n1862\n] pt3 p. 340\nhypothymis puella puella (wallace) 1863 pzs [\n1862\n] pt3 p. 340\nhypothymis helenae agusanae rand 1970 nat. hist. bull. siam. soc. 23 p. 362\nhypothymis helenae personata (mcgregor) 1907 philip. j. sci. 2 p. 346\nhypothymis coelestis tweeddale 1877 ann. mag. nat. hist. (4) 20 p. 536\nhypothymis coelestis coelestis tweeddale 1877 ann. mag. nat. hist. (4) 20 p. 536\nhypothymis coelestis rabori rand 1970 nat. hist. bull. siam. soc. 23 p. 363\neutrichomyias rowleyi (meyer, ab) 1878 orn. misc. [ rowley ] 3 p. 163\ntrochocercus cyanomelas (vieillot) 1818 nouv. dict. hist. nat. 21 p. 473\ntrochocercus cyanomelas bivittatus reichenow 1879 orn. centralbl. 4 no. 14 p. 108\ntrochocercus cyanomelas cyanomelas (vieillot) 1818 nouv. dict. hist. nat. 21 p. 473\ntrochocercus cyanomelas segregus clancey 1975 durbanmus. novit. 10 pt? p. 172\ntrochocercus cyanomelas vivax neave 1909 ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 4 no. 20 p. 129\ntrochocercus nitens cassin 1859 proc. acad. nat. sci. philadelphia 11 p. 50\ntrochocercus nitens nitens cassin 1859 proc. acad. nat. sci. philadelphia 11 p. 50\nterpsiphone (f .) gloger 1827 notizen [ froriep ] 16 col. 278\nterpsiphone rufiventer emini reichenow 1893 orn. monatsb. 1 no. 2 p. 31\nterpsiphone rufiventer ignea (reichenow) 1901 j. orn. 49 p. 285\nterpsiphone rufiventer mayombe (chapin) 1932 am. mus. novit. no. 570 p. 12\nterpsiphone rufiventer neumanni stresemann 1924 j. orn. 72 p. 259, note3\nterpsiphone rufiventer nigriceps (hartlaub) 1855 j. orn. 3 no. 17 p. 355\nterpsiphone rufiventer rufiventer (swainson) 1837 birdsw. afr. 2 p. 53\nterpsiphone rufiventer schubotzi (reichenow) 1911 orn. monatsb. 19 p. 82\nterpsiphone rufiventer tricolor (fraser) 1843 ann. mag. nat. hist. (1) 12 p. 441\nterpsiphone batesi chapin 1921 am. mus. novit. no. 7 p. 6 fig. 3\nterpsiphone batesi bannermani chapin 1948 ann. carnegiemus. nat. hist. 31 p. 3\nterpsiphone batesi batesi chapin 1921 am. mus. novit. no. 7 p. 6 fig. 3\nterpsiphone viridis ferreti (guerin - meneville) 1843 rev. zool. 6 p. 162\nterpsiphone viridis kivuensis salomonsen 1949 danskorn. for. tidsskr. 43 p. 86\nterpsiphone viridis plumbeiceps reichenow 1898 mittl. hoch. nordl. deutschostafr. [ werther ] p. 275\nterpsiphone viridis speciosa (cassin) 1859 proc. acad. nat. sci. philadelphia 11 p. 48\nterpsiphone viridis suahelica reichenow 1898 mittl. hoch. nordl. deutschostafr. [ werther ] p. 275\nterpsiphone viridis ungujaensis (grant & mackworth - praed) 1947 bboc 67 p. 42\nterpsiphone viridis viridis (statius muller) 1776 natursyst. suppl. p. 171\nterpsiphone paradisi (linnaeus) 1758 syst. nat. ed. 10 p. 107\nterpsiphone paradisi ceylonensis (zarudny & harms) 1912 orn. monatsb. 20 p. 60\nterpsiphone paradisi leucogaster (swainson) 1838 nat. libr. 21 (flycatchers) p. 205 pl. 24\nterpsiphone paradisi paradisi (linnaeus) 1758 syst. nat. ed. 10 p. 107\nterpsiphone affinis (blyth) 1846 j. asiat. soc. bengal 15 p. 292\nterpsiphone affinis affinis (blyth) 1846 j. asiat. soc. bengal 15 p. 292\nterpsiphone affinis floris buttikofer 1894 reiseniederl. ost - ind. [ weber ] 3 p. 293 pl. 18 fig. 1 - 3\nterpsiphone affinis insularis salvadori 1887 ann. mus. civ. stor. nat. genova 24 p. 539\nterpsiphone affinis procera (richmond) 1903 proc. u. s. natl. mus. 26 no. 1318 p. 510\nterpsiphone affinis sumbaensis meyer, ab 1894 j. orn. 42 no. 1 p. 90\nterpsiphone incei (gould) 1852 birdsasia [ gould ] 3 pt4 pl. 19, text\nterpsiphone atrocaudata atrocaudata (eyton) 1839 pzs pt7 no. 78 p. 102\nterpsiphone atrocaudata illex bangs 1901 bull. mus. comp. zool. 36 no. 8 p. 264\nterpsiphone cyanescens (sharpe) 1877 trans. linn. soc. london (2) 1 p. 328 pl. 48 fig. 2\nterpsiphone cinnamomea (sharpe) 1877 trans. linn. soc. london (2) 1 p. 328 pl. 48 fig. 1\nterpsiphone cinnamomea cinnamomea (sharpe) 1877 trans. linn. soc. london (2) 1 p. 328 pl. 48 fig. 1\nterpsiphone cinnamomea talautensis meyer, ab & wiglesworth 1894 j. orn. 42 no. 3 p. 243\nterpsiphone atrochalybeia (thomson) 1842 ann. mag. nat. hist. (1) 10 p. 204\nterpsiphone mutata (linnaeus) 1766 syst. nat. ed. 12 p. 325\nterpsiphone mutata comorensis milne - edwards & oustalet 1885 compt. rend. 101 p. 222 nomenclature\nterpsiphone mutata mutata (linnaeus) 1766 syst. nat. ed. 12 p. 325\nterpsiphone mutata pretiosa (lesson) 1847 descr. mamm. ois. rec. decouv. p. 324\nterpsiphone mutata voeltzkowiana stresemann 1924 orn. monatsb. 32 no. 1 p. 18\nterpsiphone mutata vulpina (newton, e) 1877 pzs pt2 p. 298 pl. 33 fig. 2\nterpsiphone bourbonnensis bourbonnensis (statius muller) 1776 natursyst. suppl. p. 171\nterpsiphone bourbonnensis desolata (salomonsen) 1933 ois. rev. franceorn. (n. s .) 3 no. 3 p. 613\nchasiempis sclateri ridgway 1882 proc. u. s. natl. mus. 4 no. 236 p. 337\nchasiempis ibidis stejneger 1887 proc. u. s. natl. mus. 10 no. 609 p. 88, 89\nchasiempis sandwichensis (gmelin) 1789 syst. nat. 1 pt2 p. 945\nchasiempis sandwichensis ridgwayi stejneger 1887 proc. u. s. natl. mus. 10 no. 609 p. 87, 89\nchasiempis sandwichensis sandwichensis (gmelin) 1789 syst. nat. 1 pt2 p. 945\npomarea nigra (sparrman) 1786 mus. carls. fasc. 1 no. xxiii pl. 23\npomarea pomarea† (lesson & garnot) 1828 voy. coq. atlas 1 livr. 7 pl. 17 nomenclature - systematics\npomarea mendozae (hartlaub) 1854 j. orn. 2 no. 8 p. 170\npomarea mendozae mendozae† (hartlaub) 1854 j. orn. 2 no. 8 p. 170\npomarea mendozae motanensis murphy & mathews 1928 am. mus. novit. no. 337 p. 4\npomarea mira murphy & mathews 1928 am. mus. novit. no. 337 p. 4\npomarea nukuhivae† murphy & mathews 1928 am. mus. novit. no. 337 p. 5\npomarea iphis murphy & mathews 1928 am. mus. novit. no. 337 p. 6\npomarea fluxa† murphy & mathews 1928 am. mus. novit. no. 337 p. 7\npomarea whitneyi murphy & mathews 1928 am. mus. novit. no. 337 p. 8\nmayrornis schistaceus mayr 1933 am. mus. novit. no. 651 p. 19\nmayrornis versicolor mayr 1933 am. mus. novit. no. 651 p. 19\nmayrornis lessoni (gray, gr) 1846 gen. birds 1 p. 258\nmayrornis lessoni lessoni (gray, gr) 1846 gen. birds 1 p. 258\nmayrornis lessoni orientalis mayr 1933 am. mus. novit. no. 651 p. 18\nneolalage banksiana (gray, gr) 1870 ann. mag. nat. hist. (4) 5 p. 329\nclytorhynchus vitiensis brunneus (ramsay, ep) 1875 morningherald [ sydney ] no. ? p. ?\nclytorhynchus vitiensis heinei (finsch & hartlaub) 1870 pzs [\n1869\n] pt3 p. 546 citation\nclytorhynchus vitiensis keppeli mayr 1933 am. mus. novit. no. 628 p. 16\nclytorhynchus vitiensis layardi mayr 1933 am. mus. novit. no. 628 p. 9\nclytorhynchus vitiensis nesiotes (wetmore) 1919 bull. mus. comp. zool. 63 no. 4 p. 216\nclytorhynchus vitiensis pontifex mayr 1933 am. mus. novit. no. 628 p. 11\nclytorhynchus vitiensis vatuanus mayr 1933 am. mus. novit. no. 628 p. 12\nclytorhynchus vitiensis wiglesworthi mayr 1933 am. mus. novit. no. 628 p. 14\nclytorhynchus sanctaecrucis mayr 1933 am. mus. novit. no. 628 p. 20\nclytorhynchus hamlini (mayr) 1931 am. mus. novit. no. 486 p. 23\nmetabolus rugensis (hombron & jacquinot) 1841 ann. sci. nat. zool. (2) 16 p. 312\nsymposiachrus axillaris (salvadori) 1876 ann. mus. civ. stor. nat. genova 7 [\n1875\n] p. 921 [\np. 192\n]\nsymposiachrus axillaris axillaris (salvadori) 1876 ann. mus. civ. stor. nat. genova 7 [\n1875\n] p. 921 [\np. 192\n]\nsymposiachrus axillaris fallax (ramsay, ep) 1885 pzs [\n1884\n] pt4 no. 39 p. 580\nsymposiachrus guttula (lesson & garnot) 1829 voy. coq. atlas 1 livr. 9 pl. 16 fig. 2\nsymposiachrus mundus (sclater, pl) 1883 pzs pt1 p. 54 pl. 12 fig. 2\nsymposiachrus sacerdotum (mees) 1973 zool. meded. rijksmus. nat. hist. leiden 46 p. 179\nsymposiachrus trivirgatus (temminck) 1826 pl. col. livr. 70 pl. 418 fig. 1\nsymposiachrus trivirgatus gouldii (gray, gr) 1861 pzs [\n1860\n] pt (28) 3 p. 352\nsymposiachrus trivirgatus melanopterus (gray, gr) 1858 pzs pt26 no. 358 p. 178\nsymposiachrus trivirgatus melanorrhous (schodde & mason, ij) 1999 dir. austr. birdspasserines p. 495\nsymposiachrus trivirgatus nigrimentum (gray, gr) 1861 pzs [\n1860\n] pt (28) 3 p. 352\nsymposiachrus trivirgatus trivirgatus (temminck) 1826 pl. col. livr. 70 pl. 418 fig. 1\nsymposiachrus bimaculatus (gray, gr) 1861 pzs [\n1860\n] pt (28) 3 p. 352\nsymposiachrus bimaculatus bimaculatus (gray, gr) 1861 pzs [\n1860\n] pt (28) 3 p. 352\nsymposiachrus bimaculatus diadematus (salvadori) 1878 ann. mus. civ. stor. nat. genova 12 p. 321\nsymposiachrus leucurus (gray, gr) 1858 pzs pt26 no. 358 p. 178\nsymposiachrus brehmii (schlegel) 1871 nederl. tijdschr. dierk. 4 p. 14\nsymposiachrus manadensis (quoy & gaimard) 1832 voy. astrolabezool. 1 [\n1830\n] p. 174 pl. 3 fig. 3\nsymposiachrus infelix coultasi (mayr) 1955 am. mus. novit. no. 1707 p. 28\nsymposiachrus menckei (heinroth) 1902 j. orn. 50 p. 451 pl. 9 fig. 1 citation\nsymposiachrus verticalis (sclater, pl) 1877 pzs pt1 p. 99 pl. 14 fig. 1\nsymposiachrus verticalis ateralbus (salomonsen) 1964 biol. skr. k. danskevid. selsk. 14 no. 1 p. 9\nsymposiachrus verticalis verticalis (sclater, pl) 1877 pzs pt1 p. 99 pl. 14 fig. 1\nsymposiachrus barbatus barbatus (ramsay, ep) 1879 nature 20 p. 125 citation\nsymposiachrus barbatus malaitae (mayr) 1931 am. mus. novit. no. 504 p. 23\nsymposiachrus browni (ramsay, ep) 1883 pzs [\n1882\n] pt4 p. 711 note\nsymposiachrus browni browni (ramsay, ep) 1883 pzs [\n1882\n] pt4 p. 711 note\nsymposiachrus browni ganongae (mayr) 1935 am. mus. novit. no. 820 p. 6\nsymposiachrus browni meeki (rothschild & hartert) 1905 novit. zool. 12 p. 262\nmonarcha (m .) vigors & horsfield 1827 trans. linn. soc. london (1) 15 [\n1826\n] p. 254\nmonarcha rubiensis (meyer, ab) 1874 sitz. k. akad. wiss. wien 69 p. 494\nmonarcha cinerascens (temminck) 1827 pl. col. livr. 72 pl. 430 fig. 2, text\nmonarcha cinerascens cinerascens (temminck) 1827 pl. col. livr. 72 pl. 430 fig. 2, text\nmonarcha cinerascens commutatus bruggemann 1876 abh. naturwiss. ver. bremen 5 p. 68\nmonarcha cinerascens fulviventris hartlaub 1868 pzs [\n1867\n] pt3 p. 830\nmonarcha cinerascens fuscescens meyer, ab 1884 sitz. abh. naturwiss. ges. isisdresden heft1 p. 23 citation\nmonarcha cinerascens geelvinkianus meyer, ab 1884 sitz. abh. naturwiss. ges. isisdresden heft1 p. 23 citation\nmonarcha cinerascens inornatus (lesson & garnot) 1828 man. orn. 2 p. 418\nmonarcha cinerascens perpallidus neumann 1924 orn. monatsb. 32 no. 2 p. 39\nmonarcha cinerascens rosselianus rothschild & hartert 1916 novit. zool. 23 p. 297\nmonarcha cinerascens steini stresemann & paludan 1932 novit. zool. 38 p. 196\nmonarcha melanopsis (vieillot) 1818 nouv. dict. hist. nat. 21 p. 450\nmonarcha frater sclater, pl 1874 pzs [\n1873\n] pt3 p. 691\nmonarcha frater canescens salvadori 1876 ann. mus. civ. stor. nat. genova 7 [\n1875\n] p. 991\nmonarcha frater frater sclater, pl 1874 pzs [\n1873\n] pt3 p. 691\nmonarcha frater kunupi hartert & paludan 1934 orn. monatsb. 42 p. 45\nmonarcha frater periophthalmicus sharpe 1882 j. linn. soc. londonzool. 16 p. 318, 420\nmonarcha castaneiventris verreaux, j 1858 rev. mag. zool. (2) 10 p. 304\nmonarcha castaneiventris castaneiventris verreaux, j 1858 rev. mag. zool. (2) 10 p. 304\nmonarcha castaneiventris megarhynchus rothschild & hartert 1908 novit. zool. 15 p. 363\nmonarcha castaneiventris obscurior mayr 1935 am. mus. novit. no. 820 p. 5\nmonarcha castaneiventris ugiensis (ramsay, ep) 1882 j. linn. soc. londonzool. 16 p. 128\nmonarcha richardsii (ramsay, ep) 1881 proc. linn. soc. news. wales 6 p. 177\nmonarcha godeffroyi hartlaub 1868 pzs [\n1867\n] pt3 p. 829 pl. 38\ncarterornis leucotis (gould) 1850 contrib. orn. [ jardine ] p. 105 *\ncarterornis pileatus (salvadori) 1878 ann. mus. civ. stor. nat. genova 12 p. 322\ncarterornis pileatus buruensis (meyer, ab) 1884 sitz. abh. naturwiss. ges. isisdresden heft1 p. 24 citation\ncarterornis pileatus castus (sclater, pl) 1883 pzs pt1 p. 53 pl. 12 fig. 1\ncarterornis pileatus pileatus (salvadori) 1878 ann. mus. civ. stor. nat. genova 12 p. 322\ncarterornis chrysomela (lesson & garnot) 1827 voy. coq. atlas 1 livr. 5 pl. 18 fig. 2\ncarterornis chrysomela aruensis (salvadori) 1874 ann. mus. civ. stor. nat. genova 6 p. 309\ncarterornis chrysomela aurantiacus (meyer, ab) 1891 abh. ber. mus. dresden 3 no. 4 p. 9\ncarterornis chrysomela chrysomela (lesson & garnot) 1827 voy. coq. atlas 1 livr. 5 pl. 18 fig. 2\ncarterornis chrysomela kordensis (meyer, ab) 1874 sitz. k. akad. wiss. wien 69 p. 202\ncarterornis chrysomela pulcherrimus (salomonsen) 1964 biol. skr. k. danskevid. selsk. 14 no. 1 p. 9\ncarterornis chrysomela tabarensis (mayr) 1955 am. mus. novit. no. 1707 p. 31\ncarterornis chrysomela whitneyorum (mayr) 1955 am. mus. novit. no. 1707 p. 31\narses insularis (meyer, ab) 1874 sitz. k. akad. wiss. wien 69 p. 395\narses telescopthalmus (lesson & garnot) 1827 voy. coq. atlas 1 livr. 5 pl. 18 fig. 1\narses telescopthalmus henkei meyer, ab 1886 zeitsch. ges. orn. 3 p. 16 pl. 3 fig. 1, 2\narses telescopthalmus telescopthalmus (lesson & garnot) 1827 voy. coq. atlas 1 livr. 5 pl. 18 fig. 1\narses lorealis de vis 1895 proc. linn. soc. news. wales (2) 10 p. 171\narses kaupi terraereginae campbell, aj 1895 proc. r. soc. victoria (n. s .) 7 p. 25, 26\ngrallina cyanoleuca (latham) 1802 suppl. ind. orn. p. xxv\ngrallina cyanoleuca cyanoleuca (latham) 1802 suppl. ind. orn. p. xxv\ngrallina cyanoleuca neglecta mathews 1912 novit. zool. 18 no. 3 p. 372\ngrallina bruijnii salvadori 1876 ann. mus. civ. stor. nat. genova 7 [\n1875\n] p. 929 nomenclature\nmyiagra (f .) vigors & horsfield 1827 trans. linn. soc. london (1) 15 [\n1826\n] p. 250\nmyiagra oceanica pucheran 1853 voy. polesudzool. 3 mamm. ois. p. 77\nmyiagra freycineti† oustalet 1881 bull. soc. philom. (7) 5 p. 73\nmyiagra galeata gray, gr 1861 pzs [\n1860\n] pt (28) 3 p. 352\nmyiagra galeata galeata gray, gr 1861 pzs [\n1860\n] pt (28) 3 p. 352\nmyiagra galeata goramensis sharpe 1879 cat. birdsbrit. mus. 4 p. 386\nmyiagra atra meyer, ab 1874 sitz. k. akad. wiss. wien 69 p. 498\nmyiagra rubecula (latham) 1802 suppl. ind. orn. p. xxxii\nmyiagra rubecula concinna gould 1848 pzs [\n1847\n] pt15 no. 179 p. 221\nmyiagra rubecula okyri schodde & mason, ij 1999 dir. austr. birdspasserines p. 510\nmyiagra rubecula papuana rothschild & hartert 1918 novit. zool. 25 p. 317\nmyiagra rubecula rubecula (latham) 1802 suppl. ind. orn. p. xxxii\nmyiagra rubecula sciurorum rothschild & hartert 1918 novit. zool. 25 p. 318\nmyiagra ferrocyanea cinerea (mathews) 1928 novit. zool. 34 no. 3 p. 373\nmyiagra ferrocyanea feminina rothschild & hartert 1901 novit. zool. 8 p. 183\nmyiagra ferrocyanea malaitae mayr 1931 am. mus. novit. no. 504 p. 24\nmyiagra caledonica bonaparte 1857 rev. mag. zool. (2) 9 p. 55\nmyiagra caledonica caledonica bonaparte 1857 rev. mag. zool. (2) 9 p. 55\nmyiagra caledonica melanura gray, gr 1860 cat. birdstrop. isl. pac. o. [\n1859\n] p. 18\nmyiagra caledonica occidentalis mayr 1931 am. mus. novit. no. 486 p. 24\nmyiagra caledonica viridinitens gray, gr 1859 pzs pt (27) 2 p. 162\nmyiagra vanikorensis (quoy & gaimard) 1832 voy. astrolabezool. 1 [\n1830\n] p. 183 pl. 5 fig. 1\nmyiagra vanikorensis dorsalis mayr 1933 am. mus. novit. no. 651 p. 9\nmyiagra vanikorensis kandavensis mayr 1933 am. mus. novit. no. 651 p. 9\nmyiagra vanikorensis townsendi wetmore 1919 bull. mus. comp. zool. 63 p. 205\nmyiagra vanikorensis vanikorensis (quoy & gaimard) 1832 voy. astrolabezool. 1 [\n1830\n] p. 183 pl. 5 fig. 1\nmyiagra albiventris (peale) 1849 u. s. expl. exped. 8 [\n1848\n] p. 102\nmyiagra castaneigularis whitneyi mayr 1933 am. mus. novit. no. 651 p. 16\nmyiagra ruficollis (vieillot) 1818 nouv. dict. hist. nat. 27 p. 13\nmyiagra ruficollis ruficollis (vieillot) 1818 nouv. dict. hist. nat. 27 p. 13\nmyiagra cyanoleuca (vieillot) 1818 nouv. dict. hist. nat. 27 p. 11\nmyiagra alecto (temminck) 1827 pl. col. livr. 72 pl. 430 fig. 1, text\nmyiagra alecto alecto (temminck) 1827 pl. col. livr. 72 pl. 430 fig. 1, text\nmyiagra alecto chalybeocephala (lesson & garnot) 1828 voy. coq. atlas 1 livr. 8 pl. 15\nmyiagra alecto lucida gray, gr 1858 pzs pt26 no. 357 p. 176\nmyiagra alecto manumudari (rothschild & hartert) 1915 novit. zool. 22 p. 43\nmyiagra alecto melvillensis (mathews) 1912 australav. rec. 1 no. 2 p. 42 nomenclature\nmyiagra alecto rufolateralis (gray, gr) 1858 pzs pt26 no. 357 p. 176\nmyiagra hebetior cervinicolor (salomonsen) 1964 biol. skr. k. danskevid. selsk. 14 no. 1 p. 14\nmyiagra hebetior eichhorni (hartert) 1924 novit. zool. 31 p. 271\nmyiagra hebetior hebetior (hartert) 1924 novit. zool. 31 p. 270\nmyiagra nana (gould) 1870 ann. mag. nat. hist. (4) 6 p. 224\nmyiagra inquieta (latham) 1802 suppl. ind. orn. p. xl\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is reported to be generally common (coates 1990). trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nmap edited: shaded mios num island (geelwik bay). eoo updated .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment). the iucn red list of threatened species 2017: e. t22707267a118762710 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nnew guinea and satellite islands (west papuan is, islands in geelvink bay, aru is, d’entrecasteaux archipelago and louisiade archipelago) .\nsong a faint, slightly wavering single whistled note, usually introduced with short rising note, ...\ninterior of lowland and submontane primary and secondary forests, also forest edges and clearings; ...\nfood items not well known, but mostly small invertebrates and larvae. forages alone, occasionally in pairs or in mixed - species flocks... .\nseason mainly aug to late nov; fledglings recorded also in apr. nest usually a deep cup of brown plant fibres and roots, animal hair and ...\nnot globally threatened. common or locally common, but inconspicuous. density in rainforest estimated at 20 individuals / 10 ha .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\npreviously included in monarcha, but genetic studies # r # r indicate that such treatment renders monarcha polyphyletic, so separate genera required # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthis species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: symposiachrus guttula. downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 294, 324 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\ndid you know? all our dictionaries are bidirectional, meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time .\ndouble - check spelling, grammar, punctuation. translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different, search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different, try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations, dictionary, verb conjugations, and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language. have a suggestion, idea, or comment? send us your feedback .\nenglish spanish online dictionary term bank, where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\npopular: trivia, history, america, television, tv, usa, geography, cities, ... more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nthis report outlines a week long birding trip to waigeo island, west papua, with a brief stop at timika en route .\nbeehler, bruce & pratt, thane - birds of new guinea 2nd edition, 2015 .\nthe sparsely populated island of waigeo, in the raja ampat region of west papua, is still mostly covered by untouched forest. it is actually an incredibly beautiful place with much offer those interested in wildlife of land or sea. along with batanta and gam island it is home to the local endemic wilsons bird of paradise, red bird of paradis e and raja ampat pitohui. luckily all of these are easy to see here at very modest cost. a good number of other west papuan bird species also occur here, not all of which are quite so easy .\ntravel to this area has been greatly facilitated by the stay raja ampat website. this provides information on all the local homestays and how to get there .\non the way i had a 6 hour stopover at timika. to pass the time i took a taxi out to the freeport golf course, a bizarre course situated amongst giant rainforest trees, with birdlife very active in the morning .\nto be honest it was so nice just sitting in the cabins over the water watching the locals pass by in the sunshine, it was very difficult to get motivated to go out and look for any birds .\naccommodation was booked via the stay raja ampat website and it is worth texting the homestay to confirm closer to the time. they can also arrange pickup from the ferry in waisai by ojek (moped) or car for the 25 minute journey .\nwaisai is reached by twice daily ferry from sorong (id130, 000 / au $ 13). check on the times at the terminal in sorong as the timetable on the website may not be current. you can sit at the back of the ferry outside with the smokers and squint at the distant seabirds .\nid1, 000, 000 / aus $ 100 is payable on arrival at the ferry terminal on waisai as a tourist fee .\n1km from yengkangkanes, via a boardwalk, is the lovely village of saporkrem. this is worth a visit. it is the closest ideal you can imagine of happy south sea islanders living in a tropical paradise. children seem to outnumber adults by ten to one .\nlocal guide benny is pretty good urltoken phone: + 6285244871706 (sms text message best). but he was away in the arfaks for most of the time so i went with his offsider bram who was fine. (id400, 000 / aus $ 40 or less for the morning). all land in the area is privately owned. you can walk along the road but to go into the forest to the bop areas you should always go with a guide. each day i went up the hill with bram but walked down slowly by myself. one day we hired a car and travelled further up the hill to look for western crowned pigeons (id1, 000, 000 / aus $ 100) .\nthe vast southern watershed of west papua is rarely visited by birders. i was alerted to the possibility of the freeport klub rimba golf course as a good location by ebird reports from jonathan pap, who notably recorded wallace' s fruit dove there. the golf course is reached via an approx 30 minute taxi ride from the airport. i couldn' t find anyone there to ask permission so just wandered around smiling at everyone and staying well away from the potential trajectory of any golf balls .\nwhilst you might question the environmental record of freeport, their complex to the north of timika seems to comprise very good primary rainforest. i am uncertain about access rights but no one questioned me either at the security gate or on the golf course .\nthe rainforest around the town of timika is severely degraded but once inside the freeport mine complex the original vegetation is still intact. the golf course is rather surreal with fairways closely bordered by giant rainforest trees. early in the morning there was much bird activity with mostly unidentified pigeons, doves and parrots flying across the fairways. greater birds of paradise were heard and i was surprised to see a small group of yellow - eyed starlings. other birds of interest included large fig - parrots, ornate fruit - doves, great cuckoo doves, black - capped lories and oriental cuckoos. red - bellied pittas were calling from forest next to one of the greens .\na few more mornings at this location would be time well spent. activity died down around 10. 00 as the heat kicked in .\nthe main birding site near yenkangkanes is the inland track which is accessed by walking in the dark 1km east along the coast road, passing a large banana garden, then walking another 1km north and inland uphill to the red bop display tree at 234m asl. it eventually snakes back down to a settlement on the coast which luckily is much more easily accessed by boat .\nred birds of paradise dance in the same tree every morning and are thus rather easy to find. i occasionally saw them in general walks even down on the coast. the tree is rather high and i understand that photo opportunities may be better at a location on nearby gam island where they are lower in the trees. one or two males and a couple of females were present at each visit .\nwilson' s birds of paradise also visit the same cleared court every morning. this is near the red bop tree. the local guides know of a number of courts and have set up hides. i visited two different hides which both had males present every morning and the occasional female. it was a real privilege to be able to watch these magnificent animals at close range. the bright colours really stood out agains the clear dirt of the forest floor. after a while the wilson' s would leave the court and move into the forest. but the guide could entice them back by placing 4 - 5 leaves on their court. the furious birds would soon return and remove the offending items .\nwestern crowned pigeons can also be seen on the same road but they are rather less reliable. one morning we hired a car and visited a wilson' s bop court further along the road. after quite some time walking in the forest and also spending some time failing to see two red - bellied pittas calling at very close range, we walked slowly back along the road and were rewarded with one huge pigeon strutting along the road in front of us .\nthere is only one previous record of sooty owl from waigeo. this was a sound record by charles davies at 450m elevation in 2008. one morning just before dawn i clearly heard the loud harsh hissing call of a tyto owl at close range. this was at the lookout between the red bop tree and the wilson' s court. this call was repeated several times. it exactly matched the call of the lesser sooty owl on my pizzey & knight, birds of australia phone app. it moved slightly closer on playing the app call but remained unseen. it did not make the falling bomb call. guide benny was familiar with the sooty owl in the arfak mountains but had never seen it on waigeo. future visitors to the area should look out for sooty owls .\nbrown - headed crows have a very patchy distribution. i was lucky enough to find a few during the previous year' s trip to nimbokrang. they were also present along the inland road with four seen well from the lookout and a couple further along the road the following day .\nin the late afternoon many birds could be seen by walking from the yenkagkanes homestay 1km back along the coast road to the banana planation. i also saw a waigeo cuscus along this road. eclectus parrots seem to favour this area and there were at least 50 present around the banana gardens. other birds here included a palm cockatoo, moustached treeswifts, pinon imperial pigeons, glossy manucodes, red bops, blyth' s hornbill, collared sparrowhawk and a grey - streaked flycatcher .\nbirds can also be seen with minimal effort from the homestay including common sandpiper, pacific swallow, lesser frigatebird, long - tailed buzzard, grey - headed goshawk, white - bellied sea - eagle, red - cheeked parrots and helmeted friarbirds. stephan' s doves were on the road in the early morning and claret - breasted fruit - doves called invisibly from the trees above .\nmuscicapa is a genus of passerine birds belonging to the old world flycatcher family muscicapidae, and therein to the typical flycatchers of subfamily muscicapinae. they are widespread across europe, africa and asia with most species occurring in forest and woodland habitats. several species are migratory, moving south from europe and northern asia for the winter .\nthey are small birds, 9 to 15 centimetres in length. they have a large head, short tail and a flattened bill, broader at the base. their plumage is mostly drab brown or grey and rather plain. young birds tend to be more spotted or mottled .\nmuscicapa flycatchers typically feed on flying insects which are caught by sallying out from an exposed perch. the nest is usually cup - shaped and built on a tree branch but some african species nest in tree holes .\nthe genus was introduced by the french zoologist mathurin jacques brisson in 1760. the word muscicapa comes from the latin musca, a fly and capere, to catch .\nin 2010 two large molecular phylogenetic studies of species within muscicapidae showed that muscicapa was non - monophyletic. the authors were unable to propose a revised genus as not all the species were sampled. a subsequent study published in 2016, that included 37 of the 42 muscicapini species, confirmed that muscicapa was non - monophyletic and proposed a reorganised arrangement with several new or resurrected genera .\nmonarchids are small insectivorous songbirds with long tails. they inhabit forest or woodland across sub - saharan africa, south - east asia, australasia and a number of pacific islands. only a few species migrate. many species decorate their cup - shaped nests with lichen. [ 1 ]\nwith the new insights generated by the dna - dna hybridisation studies of sibley and his co - workers toward the end of the 20th century, however, it became clear that these apparently unrelated birds were all descended from a common ancestor: the same crow - like ancestor that gave rise to the drongos. [ 5 ] on that basis they have been included as a subfamily of the dicruridae, along with the fantails, [ 6 ] although christidis and boles have more recently treated it at familial rank as monarchidae. [ 7 ]\nthe monarchs are small to medium - sized insectivorous passerines, many of which hunt by flycatching .\nfile: asian paradise flycatcher (terpsiphone paradisi) - male w img 9283. jpg\nmulder, raoul; robert ramiarison and rayonné e. emahalala (2003) .\nontogeny of male plumage dichromatism in madagascar paradise flycatchers\nmarchant, s (1983) .\nsuggested nesting association between leaden flycatchers and noisy friarbirds\n.\nsibley, charles gald & ahlquist, jon edward (1990): phylogeny and classification of birds. yale university press, new haven, conn .\ncracraft j, barker fk, braun m, harshman j, dyke gj, feinstein j, stanley s, cibois a, schikler p, beresford p, garcía - moreno j, sorenson md, yuri t, mindell dp (2004) .\nphylogenetic relationships among modern birds (neornithes): toward an avian tree of life\n. in cracraft j, donoghue mj .\ndel hoyo, j. ; elliott, a. ; christie, d. , eds. (2006) .\nthis article is part of project bird families, a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird family, including made - up families .\nthis article is part of project bird taxonomy, a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on every order, family and other taxonomic rank related to birds .\nthis page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia (view authors). please help by writing it in the style of all birds wiki !\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsongbirds with long tails. they inhabit forest or woodland across sub - saharan africa, south - east asia, australasia and a number of pacific islands. only a few species migrate. many species decorate their cup - shaped nests with lichen .\nthe satin flycatcher is fully migratory, breeding in southern australia and migrating to northern australia and new guinea .\n). only three species are known to engage in cooperative breeding; but many species are as yet unstudied. they are generally\n, defending territories that are around 2 ha in size, but a few species may cluster their nesting sites closely together. nesting sites may also be chosen close to aggressive species, for example\nalthough christidis and boles have more recently treated it at familial rank as monarchidae .\nasian paradise flycatcher terpsiphone paradisi male at ananthagiri hills, in rangareddy district of andhra pradesh, india .\ngarnett, stephen (1991). forshaw, joseph. ed. encyclopaedia of animals: birds. london: merehurst press. pp. 200–201. isbn 1 - 85391 - 186 - 0 .\nduston, guy (2006). [ expression error: missing operand for >\nthe pacific shrikebills (clytorhynchus) and the case for species status for the form sanctaecrucis\n] (pdf). bulletin of the british ornithological club 126 (4): 299–308 .\nmulder, raoul; robert ramiarison and rayonné e. emahalala (2003). [\n^ sibley, charles gald & ahlquist, jon edward (1990): phylogeny and classification of birds. yale university press, new haven, conn .\nchristidis l, boles we (1994). the taxonomy and species of birds of australia and its territories. melbourne: raou .\nchristidis l, boles we (2008). systematics and taxonomy of australian birds. canberra: csiro publishing. pp. 174. isbn 9780643065116 .\ncracraft j, barker fk, braun m, harshman j, dyke gj, feinstein j, stanley s, cibois a, schikler p, beresford p, garcía - moreno j, sorenson md, yuri t, mindell dp (2004) .\nphylogenetic relationships among modern birds (neornithes): toward an avian tree of life\n. in cracraft j, donoghue mj. assembling the tree of life. new york: oxford univ. press. pp. 468–89. isbn 0195172345 .\ndel hoyo, j. ; elliot, a. & christie d. (editors). (2006). handbook of the birds of the world. volume 11: old world flycatchers to old world warblers. lynx edicions. isbn 849655306x .\nune fenêtre (pop - into) d' information (contenu principal de sensagent) est invoquée un double - clic sur n' importe quel mot de votre page web. la fenêtre fournit des explications et des traductions contextuelles, c' est - à - dire sans obliger votre visiteur à quitter votre page web !\nles jeux de lettre français sont: ○ anagrammes ○ jokers, mots - croisés ○ lettris ○ boggle .\nlettris est un jeu de lettres gravitationnelles proche de tetris. chaque lettre qui apparaît descend; il faut placer les lettres de telle manière que des mots se forment (gauche, droit, haut et bas) et que de la place soit libérée .\nil s' agit en 3 minutes de trouver le plus grand nombre de mots possibles de trois lettres et plus dans une grille de 16 lettres. il est aussi possible de jouer avec la grille de 25 cases. les lettres doivent être adjacentes et les mots les plus longs sont les meilleurs. participer au concours et enregistrer votre nom dans la liste de meilleurs joueurs! jouer\nla plupart des définitions du français sont proposées par sensegates et comportent un approfondissement avec littré et plusieurs auteurs techniques spécialisés. le dictionnaire des synonymes est surtout dérivé du dictionnaire intégral (tid). l' encyclopédie française bénéficie de la licence wikipedia (gnu) .\nles jeux de lettres anagramme, mot - croisé, joker, lettris et boggle sont proposés par memodata. le service web alexandria est motorisé par memodata pour faciliter les recherches sur ebay .\nchanger la langue cible pour obtenir des traductions. astuce: parcourir les champs sémantiques du dictionnaire analogique en plusieurs langues pour mieux apprendre avec sensagent .\ncopyright © 2000 - 2016 sensagent: encyclopédie en ligne, thesaurus, dictionnaire de définitions et plus. tous droits réservés." ]

{ "text": [ "the spot-winged monarch ( symposiachrus guttula ) , or spot-wing monarch flycatcher , is a species of bird in the family monarchidae .", "it is found in indonesia and papua new guinea .", "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . " ], "topic": [ 1, 20, 24 ] }

[ "the spot-winged monarch (symposiachrus guttula), or spot-wing monarch flycatcher, is a species of bird in the family monarchidae. it is found in indonesia and papua new guinea. its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests." ]

[ "puffinus micraulax (early miocene of c florida, usa) - probably\npuffinus\ngroup puffinus sp. (early miocene of calvert county, usa) - see wetmore, 1926\nmenorcan shearwater, puffinus sp. (prehistoric) - possibly extirpated population of extant species; tentatively placed in this group\n? puffinus raemdonckii (early oligocene of belgium) - formerly in larus - - jsystpaleontol5: 1. - - >\npuffinus\narvernensis (early miocene of france) is now considered a primitive albatross of the fossil genus plotornis .\nsometimes treated as a race of p. puffinus. until quite recently was considered to include p. huttoni. monotypic .\n. stasis and turnover in small shearwaters on bermuda over the last 400, 000 years (aves: procellariidae: puffinus lherminieri group) .\ndespite the resemblance in the name, the puffins are auks, and completely unrelated to the shearwaters in the genus puffinus; the genus name puffinus is actually a new latin loanword based on the english\npuffin\n. the original latin term for shearwaters was usually the catchall name for sea - birds, mergus (thompson 1918) .\naustin, j. j. , v. bretagnolle, and e. pasquet. 2004. a global molecular phylogeny of the small puffinus shearwaters and implications for systematics of the little - audubon shearwater complex. auk 121: 847 - 864 .\nthis small shearwater, endemic to the pacific coast of north america, is named for the dark undertail coverts that separate it from other closely related “white - vented shearwaters” in the genus puffinus. like most other puffinus species, the black - vented shearwater is nocturnal when visiting land. when sandy substrate is not available for burrowing, this species lays its single white egg at the back of a natural rock crevice. appearing deserted during the day, nesting colonies come alive with the moaning wail of shearwaters during moonless nights .\nkeitt, b. s. 1998. ecology and conservation biology of the black - vented shearwater (puffinus opisthomelas) on natividad island, vizcaino biosphere reserve, baja california sur, mexico. master' s thesis, univ. of california, santa cruz. close\npuffinus shearwaters come to islands and coastal cliffs only to breed. they are nocturnal at the colonial breeding sites, preferring moonless nights. this is to minimise predation. they nest in burrows and often give eerie contact calls on their nighttime visits. they lay a single white egg .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: puffinus yelkouan. downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nat one population, on menorca, which shows evidence of past hybridisation with the closely related yelkouan shearwater (puffinus yelkouan), migratory behaviour and breeding phenologies appear to be intermediate with yelkouan’s, with a majority of birds apparently remaining in the western mediterranean post - breeding (meier 2015) .\n…are classified in the genus puffinus, which has approximately 20 species. shearwaters are drab, slender - billed birds that range from 35 to 65 cm (14 to 26 inches) in length. the common name shearwater describes the birds’ habit of gliding on stiff wings along the troughs of waves. the name is…\npreviously treated as conspecific with p. lherminieri (see genus puffinus). races nicolae and gunax sometimes included in dichrous. form described as p. atrodorsalis in 1995 probably based on immature plumage of bailloni # r. proposed race polynesiae (tahiti) is probably indistinguishable from dichrous; colstoni (seychelles) genetically inseparable from nicolae. four subspecies recognized .\npuffinus is a genus of seabirds in the order procellariiformes. it comprises about 20 small to medium - sized shearwaters. there are two other shearwater genera calonectris, which comprises three large shearwaters, and procellaria with another four large species. the latter are usually named as petrels, although they are thought to be more closely related to the shearwaters than to the other petrels .\ntraditionally, puffinus has been grouped with the procellaria and calonectris shearwaters. however, more recent results (austin 1996, heidrich et al. 1998, austin et al. 2004) have determined that the genus is apparently paraphyletic and while in part very close to calonectris, forms a clade with the genera pseudobulweria and lugensa which were formerly presumed to be gadfly petrels, and can be divided in what has been called the\npuffinus\nand the\nneonectris\ngroup after notable species; the latter would if separated as a distinct genus be named ardenna (penhallurick and wink 2004). the former is taxonomically confusing, with species having been split and re - merged in the last years (heidrich et al. 1998, austin et al. 2004) .\n. as noted in the proposal, there are also biogeographical considerations. also ardenna are bulkier, heftier birds than puffinus. the thyellodroma subgenus is indeed structurally different, with the wedge tail, and the more bowed - wing flight style but more data is needed on them. currently ardenna is diverse enough between the bulkier gravis - carneipes - creatopus group vs. grisea - tenuirostris that thyellodroma fits ok in this relatively diverse genus. b –\ncarboneras, c. , jutglar, f. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). fluttering shearwater (puffinus gavia). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018) .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). tropical shearwater (puffinus bailloni). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018) .\npuffinus puffinus. a medium - sized shearwater in the seabird family procellariidae. this species breeds in the north atlantic, with major colonies on islands and coastal cliffs around great britain and ireland. these birds have been nesting along the atlantic coast of northeastern north america since about 1970. they nest in burrows, laying one white egg which is only visited at night to avoid predation by large gulls. they form life - long monogamous pair - bonds. flies in the typically\nshearing\nflight of the genus, dipping from side to side on stiff wings with few wingbeats, the wingtips almost touching the water. this bird looks like a flying cross, with its wing held at right angles to the body, and it changes from black to white as the black upperparts and white undersides are alternately exposed as it travels low over the sea. adult description: white mark behind the eye and the extension of the wing tips beyond the tail. head, neck, back and the upper part of the wings are gold in coloring and the plumage is brown to black. their throats, bellies and under wing areas are white. their hooked shaped bills are black, with the tail and eyes also being dark in color. does not exhibit a black capped appearance as does the greater shearwater because the head and back are the same color. resources: urltoken urltoken urltoken pictures: urltoken urltoken urltoken\nother synonyms afrikaans: swartkroonpylstormvoël arabic: جلم الماء catalan: baldriga d' audubon czech: buřňák audubonův danish: tropeskråpe german: audubonsturmtaucher, schuppensturmtaucher maldivian: dhivehi hoagulhaa english: audubon' s shearwater spanish: pardela de audubon, pardela garrapatera spanish (colombia): pardela de audubon spanish (costa rica): pardela de audubon spanish (cuba): pampero de audubon spanish (dominican rep .): pardela de audubon spanish (spain): pardela de audubon spanish (honduras): gaviota pelágica spanish (mexico): pardela de audubon spanish (panama): pardela de audubon spanish (puerto rico): pampero de audubon spanish (venezuela): petrel garrapatero estonian: troopika - tormilind finnish: tropiikkiliitäjä french: puffin d' audubon guadeloupean creole french: cahen haitian creole french: puffin hebrew: יסעור פרסי hungarian: * audubon - vészmadár, audbon - vészmadár, audubon - vészmadár icelandic: þangskrofa italian: berta di audubon japanese: ogasawara mizu - nagi - dori, se - guro mizu - nagi - dori, seguromizunagidori japanese: オガサワラミズナギドリ, セグロミズナギドリ japanese (kanji): 小笠原水薙鳥, 背黒水薙鳥 latin: puffinus lherminieri, puffinus lherminieri lherminieri, pufflnus [ sic ] lherminieri lithuanian: atogrąžinė audronaša, tropinis pufinas latvian: odubona vētrasputns dutch: audubon - pijlstormvogel, audubons pijlstormvogel norwegian: tropelire polish: burzyk równikowy pinyin: aòdùbāng - shì hù, aò - shì hù portuguese: pardela - de - asa - larga portuguese (brazil): pardela - de - asa - larga portuguese (portugal): pardela - d' asa - larga russian: буревестник одёбона slovak: víchrovník l‘herminierov, víchrovník oceánsky slovenian: tropski viharnik samoan: ta' i' o swedish: audubonlira swahili: mlinzi tumbo - jeupe turkish: tropikal yelkovan tahitian: tira' o xhosa: ingcwanguba chinese: 奥杜邦氏鹱, 奥氏鹱 chinese (traditional): 奧杜邦氏鸌, 奧氏鸌\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8. 2g: 8. 2\nneoaves includes three major components: (1) a basal unresolved polytomy of at least 9 orders, (2) a core waterbird clade (aequornithes) and (3) a core landbird clade (telluraves) (prum et al. 2015, suh et al. 2016) .\nloons are the outgroup to penguins (sphenisciformes) + tube - nosed seabirds (procellariiformes) (prum et al. 2015) .\nao, sa: cape horn to the falkland is; kerguelen is. ; subantarctic islands of new zealand\nao, io: tristan da cuhna group, st. paul is. , amsterdam is .\nsee peucker et al. (2009; auk) for analysis of population structures, including deep division into two mtdna lineages, but split of white - flippered penguin not yet warranted (nz checklist 4e )\nthe tube - nosed seabirds (procellariiformes) are sister to penguins (sphenisciformes). albatrosses are the sister group to all other tubenoses (prum et al. 2015, cf hackett et al. 2008) .\nthe oceanitidae and hydrobatidae are not sister taxa (nunn & stanley 1998; penhallurick & wink 2004, hackett et al. 2008). resequence oceanitidae to precede diomedeidae (h & m4 )\nformerly synonymized with the nominate, now increasingly recognized as a valid taxon (jaramillo 2009, palma et al. 2012 )\npincoya storm petrel is a newly described species (harrison et a 2013, see discussion in sacc 721 and decision to await resolution of issues). possibly a subspecies of\nwandering albatross (robertson and warham 1994, brooke 2004, onley and scofield 2007; bli 1. 0, tennyson 2010, see sacc 388 re case against this split )\nwandering albatross (roux et al. 1983, robertson & nunn 1998, brooke 2004, onley and scofield 2007; bli 1. 0); see also rains et al. 2011 for latest genetics\nwandering albatross (burg and croxall 2004, brooke 2004, onley and scofield 2007; bli 1. 0, and others )\n( southern) royal albatross) (brooke 2004, bli 1. 0, onley and scofield 2007, tennyson 2010 )\natlantic yellow - nosed albatross (brooke 2004, bli 1. 0, onley & scofield 2007; tennyson 2010 )\nthe oceanitidae and hydrobatidae are not sister taxa (nunn & stanley 1998; penhallurick & wink 2004, hackett et al. 2008) .\ntreat mediterranean storm petrel as subspecies (sangster et al. 2012, cf robb & mullarney 2008, cagnon et al, 2004) .\n, which would have priority for these species if confirmed (robertson et al. 2011, h & m4 )\nband - rumped [ madeiran ] storm petrel comprises five or more species worldwide including cryptic sympatric species that breed at different seasons (smith et al. 2007, friesen et al. 2007, monteiro et al. 2008). grant' s storm petrel (\n) is one of these (robb & mullarney 2008, howell et al. 2010, howell 2012\nmonteiro' s storm petrel is described as cryptic species of\nband - rumped\nstorm petrel complex (bolton et al. 2008, sangster et al. 2012) ;\ncape verde storm petrel is described as cryptic species of\nband - rumped\nstorm petrel complex (bolton 2007, sangster et al. 2012 )\nalso by sympatry with seasonal isolation (ainley 1980, howell et al. 2009, howell 2012, nacc 2016 - c - 16) .\nse canada, w, s greenland and iceland to w, n europe and novaya zemlya .\nfalkland is, south georgia, s indian ocean, tasmania, new zealand offshore islands, chatham is .\nso: widespread; southern islands from tristan da cunha to kerguelen is. , sw australia\nfollowing gill et al. 2010, but they are not sister taxa. great - winged petrel is closely related to white - headed petrel (\n) (wood et al. 2016; see also onley & scofield 2007, howell 2012) .\nsee welch et al. 2011 re genetic differentiation between hawaiian petrel and galapagos petrel\nsplit scopoli' s shearwater from cory' s shearwater (robb & mullarney 2008, howell 2012, sangster et al. 2012 )\n( austin 2004, onley & scofield 2007, nacc 2015 - a - 11a) .\nrapa shearwater is split from newell' s shearwater (howell 2012, martinez et al. 2015, nacc 2015 - a - 11b )\n( austin 2004, rasmussen & anderton 2005, onley & scofield 2007) .\narabian sea, persian gulf, n indian ocean; breeds kuriamuria is. (oman )\nio, po: arabian sea, persian gulf, n and tropical indian ocean, tropical pacific ocean .\n( austin 2004, onley & scofield 2007). under review by bli .\n( austin 2004, onley & scofield 2007, sacc 160, nacc 2011 - c - 3 .\nao, po, io: tristan da cunha, gough, chatham and antipodes is; southern indian ocean incl amsterdam & st. paul is .\nsplit from little shearwater (onley & scofield 2007, gill et al. 2010 )\nby bou (sangster et al. 2005, onley & scofield 2007) contra austin (2004); change english name to barolo shearwater with split of boyd' s shearwater (ioc 2. 8 )\nboyd' s shearwater is split from macaronesian shearwater (robb and mullarney 2008, olson 2010, cf sangster et al. 2005, h & m4, hbw )\n( christidis & boles 2008, cracraft 2013, prum et al. 2015, sacc 687 )\nfor all other taxa. however, see rheindt & austin (2005) on use of genetic distances for assigning taxon rank .\nother genetic data (austin et al. 2004, pyle et al. 2011) have confirmed these findings, and\nobjections were that this was based on only 1 gene, and that the two proposed genera were diagnosed mainly by body size .\nhowever, jaramillo, who knows these pelagics better than anyone else on sacc, pointed out biogeographic themes that separated the two genera .\nshortly after publication of the penhallurick - wink paper, austin et al. (2004) published a phylogeny, also based exclusively on cytochrome b .\n), and their tree was, no surprise, similar to the previous two .\nnonetheless, i favor a yes on this one – we adopted the split in dickinson & remsen (2013), and hbw also did this independently .\nas noted long ago by alvaro, the two groups of shearwaters differ in general biogeography .\nshearwaters are more widespread, especially at tropical latitudes, and several species breed in the atlantic and mediterranean (e. g. manx\ngroup show much greater variation in plumage (and none are truly solid blackish above) .\n( i predict that seabird biologists will find stronger, non - overlapping differences. )\nshould all be recognized based on morphological differences (but not the other three genera) .\n( and might be the topic of some future proposal if a new phylogeny emerges with many additional loci that would allow a broader view of degrees of divergence) .\na minor bookkeeping change in linear sequence is needed regardless of the vote on a .\nfollowing the convention of linear sequencing in which the least diverse branch is listed first, the sequence should be (using the topology in pyle et al. , in which all the nodes have reasonable support), with indentations used to signal nodes :\ni recommend a yes on this minor sequence change because it makes our sequence reflect the best data on relationships .\nfinally, one more extremely minor change in our classification is needed to make our sequence conform to the topology of the tree in pyle et al. (2011) .\nis that austin et al. (2004), and now pyle et al. (2011) found that\nlet’s call this subproposal c, and i recommend a yes on this as a matter of bookkeeping .\nanalysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the procellariiformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene .\npyle, p. , a. j. welch, and r. c. fleischer .\n“b. yes, on present evidence (although one hopes that more of the genotypes may son be sequenced) .\n“a: yes, although not very convinced (among other things, only a single gene was sequenced) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ncramp, s. and simmons, k. e. l. (eds). 1977 - 1994. handbook of the birds of europe, the middle east and africa. the birds of the western palearctic. oxford university press, oxford .\nashpole, j, butchart, s. , calvert, r. , ekstrom, j. , newton, p .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the overall population trend is unknown however it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is extremely large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nargentina; bermuda; brazil; canada; chile; denmark; falkland islands (malvinas); faroe islands; france; french guiana; guadeloupe; iceland; ireland; liberia; morocco; namibia; netherlands; norway; portugal; puerto rico; saint pierre and miquelon; senegal; south africa; south georgia and the south sandwich islands; spain (canary is .); trinidad and tobago; united kingdom; united states; uruguay; venezuela, bolivarian republic of; western sahara\nin europe (which covers > 95% of the breeding range), the breeding population is estimated to be 342, 000 - 393, 000 breeding pairs, equating to 684, 000 - 785, 000 mature individuals or 1, 026, 000 - 1, 177, 500 individuals (birdlife international 2015). brooke (2004) also estimated the global population to be at least 1, 000, 000 individuals. trend justification: the overall population trend is unknown. the population trend is decreasing in north america (based on bbs / cbc data: butcher and niven 2007). the european population trend is unknown (birdlife international 2015) .\nthis marine species is mainly found on waters over the continental shelf, feeding mainly on small shoaling fish but also on some squid, crustaceans and offal. prey is caught mainly by pursuit - plunging and pursuit - diving, either alone or in small flocks. breeding starts in march, forming colonies on coastal or offshore islands, nesting in burrows (del hoyo et al. 1992) .\nthe following information refers to the species' s european range only: considerable human exploitation continues in the azores and in islands of madeira (carboneras et al. 2014) and legal harvesting (1, 000–5, 000 chicks per annum) also continues on the faeroe islands (thorup et al. 2014). the species suffers predation by rats and feral cats at many of its breeding colonies (control programmes are in effect at some, while additional work is planned) (zonfrillo 2007). light pollution causing mortality has been recorded at some sites (e. g. , canary islands) (carboneras et al. 2014) and the species may also be displaced from foraging areas by shipping lanes. habitat destruction and fire induced damage to breeding colonies within the canary islands is believed to impact on the species. the species is vulnerable to oil spills (votier et al. 2005) and to other types of marine water pollution (camphuysen et al. 2010). the species is vulnerable to being caught as fisheries bycatch, including in longlines and gillnets (žydelis et al. 2013). while the increasing number of wind farms may cause collisions or displacement, it is currently considered a very low risk for this species (bradbury et al. 2014) .\nconservation actions underway the species is listed on appendix ii of the bern convention. it is covered by the eu birds directive as a migratory species. the following information refers to the species' s european range only: it occurs in 20 marine important bird areas including in the faroe islands, iceland, ireland, the u. k. and spain. within the eu it is listed in 53 special protection areas in france, the united kingdom, ireland, italy, portugal and spain. current work in the united kingdom and ireland is tracking their seasonal movements and identifying foraging hotspots for protection. conservation actions proposed the following information refers to the species' s european range only: identification and designation of important sites at sea. management of invasive alien species within breeding colonies and monitoring and enforcement (where appropriate) of human exploitation. increased observer effort on board fishing vessels to monitor bycatch rates, and implementation where appropriate of bycatch mitigation measures .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nbrooke, m. de l. 2004. albatrosses and petrels across the world. oxford university press, oxford .\n36 cm. medium - sized shearwater with blackish - brown upperparts contrasting sharply with almost entirely white underparts and underwings. underwings only dark on tips, tailing edge and diagonal band across secondary coverts. some brown on flanks, axillaries, undertail and underwing coverts. feet are proportionally larger and extend slightly beyond tail, thus appearing longer - tailed at long range .\nbut with browner upperparts, deeper - chested appearance, somewhat larger more attunuated body and longer wings. flight and jizz more similar to\na raucous cacophony of cackles and howls but more drawling and with drawn - out falsetto notes .\nbutchart, s. , calvert, r. , derhé, m. , ekstrom, j. , harding, m. , newton, p. , pople, r. , symes, a. , ashpole, j & moreno, r .\nthis species is precautionarily maintained as vulnerable. existing demographic studies of populations in france and malta indicate a population decline, caused by low breeding success due to predation by introduced mammals and low adult survival owing to fisheries bycatch and predation. however there may be large as yet undiscovered colonies in the eastern mediterranean or the black sea. if further study and monitoring provide evidence of large stable or increasing populations, the species may warrant downlisting in the future .\nthis species is endemic to the mediterranean basin, but its precise distribution is not well known and numbers are disputed (bourgeois and vidal 2008). the main breeding colonies are concentrated in the central and eastern basin of the mediterranean, from sardinia through the central mediterranean, the adriatic and the aegean (borg et al. 2010). the species is known to breed in france (627 - 1044, cadiou 2015), italy (9, 000 - 20, 000 pairs, 12, 791 - 19, 774 according to birdlife international 2015), malta (1, 370 - 2, 000 pairs, according to barbara et al. 2015), algeria (8 - 10 pairs), tunisia (176 - 200 pairs), croatia (300 - 500 pairs, 300 - 400 pairs according to birdlife international 2015), albania (1 - 10 pairs), greece (4, 000 - 7, 000 pairs) and bulgaria (0 - 10 pairs) giving a global estimate of 15, 300 - 30, 500 pairs according to derhé (2012) and 19, 400 - 31, 200 pairs according to birdlife international (2015). breeding is assumed in turkey on offshore islands or mainland cliffs in the aegean and mediterranean, but so far no colonies have been identified and more surveys are needed (d. sahin in litt. 2015) .\na small population may also breed on the eastern balearic islands in spain, although the existence of the species here is somewhat controversial, given the taxonomic uncertainty of the birds breeding in menorca (arcos 2011, curé et al. 2010, genovart et al. 2012). during the non - breeding season some birds migrate north - eastwards towards the black sea, although some birds may remain close to breeding colonies or disperse around the mediterranean (militao et al. 2013, péron et al. 2013, raine et al. 2013, carboneras et al. 2014). more than 90, 000 individuals were recorded passing through the bosphorous in early february 2014 (d. sahin in litt. 2015), at a time when most breeders in france and malta have usually returned to their colonies .\npopulation trends in albania, algeria, bulgaria, greece, tunisia, croatia, france and turkey are currently unknown (birdlife international 2015). the population has been estimated to be declining rapidly in italy (n. baccetti in litt. 2011), however trends reported for the european red list of birds suggest the population may be increasing (birdlife international 2015). the reported increase in the italian population is highly dependent on the trend of the most important breeding site, tavolara, where numbers are thought to be steadily increasing (e. dupre, l. serra in litt. 2015). however it is not clear whether reported increases are a result of changes in methodologies for monitoring population trends (n. baccetti in litt. 2015). declines have previously been reported for france (bonnaud et al. 2009, 2012) and malta (borg and sultana 2002, raine et al. 2009, sultana et al. 2011; oppel et al. 2011), although the maltese population was reported as increasing in the 2015 european red list of birds (birdlife international 2015) but this may be as a result of better knowledge of the species rather than a genuine increase (b. metzger in litt. 2015). nine colonies have gone extinct over the last 60 years (bourgeois and vidal 2008) and since 2009, one breeding colony off sardinia (san pietro island) has been reported as absent, possibly extinct (n. baccetti in litt. 2011), and no breeding has been recorded anymore in corsica (cadiou 2015). most worryingly, breeding success at many colonies appears to be extremely low and adult survival probabilities across the western mediterranean have been reported as too low to maintain stable populations (oppel et al. 2011) .\nfigures point to a total of 15, 337 - 30, 519 pairs equating to 46, 000 - 92, 000 individuals based on a population assessment covering the species' entire range (derhé 2012). however, this number is at odds with preliminary counts conducted in early february when c. 75, 000 - 90, 000 individuals have been recorded migrating through the bosporus [ j. tavares and d. sahin .\n2015 ]), at a time when most breeders are already around their colonies in malta, france, and italy. more surveys are urgently needed to confirm breeding population sizes, particularly in the aegean sea and in turkey .\n2011). there is evidence of both recent and historical colony extinctions, with eleven colonies having been reported extinct in the last 60 years (bourgeois and vidal 2008, n. baccetti\n. 2011, cadiou 2015). the trends of populations in albania, algeria, bulgaria, croatia, france, greece, turkey and tunisia are currently unknown. declines are suspected in croatia (for at least one colony [ i. budinski\n. 2011 ]) and greece (based on long - term trends [ j. fric\n. 2011 ]) however the greek population was reported as stable according to the european red list of birds (birdlife international 2015) .\nit has been reported that the species is declining in italy by 10 - 50% over 13 years (n. baccetti\n2011). in total, these three countries represent around three - quarters of the known global population. by combining data for these three countries it is predicted that, if the species continues to decline at the current reported rate, the global breeding population will decrease by more than 30% in the next 54 years, i. e. three generations (derhé 2012). these declines are retained despite increases reported for italy and malta in the 2015 european red list of birds (birdlife international 2015). the reported increases may be either dependent on the trend at one colony or may be a result of better knowledge rather than real increases. consultation with experts in the relevant countries suggests that overall the negative trends should be retained for the current assessment. however should new information suggest that these populations are experiencing genuine increases the global trend direction should be amended .\nit breeds in burrows, rocky cavities or big caves on rocky coastal and offshore islets, and on steep, inaccessible cliffs on the mainland. in the non - breeding season it disperses widely within the mediterranean and black seas, often congregating in large flocks (snow and perrins 1998) .\n2011) implicated fishing bycatch as a critical cause of mortality for the species, since the majority of the adult mortality of birds breeding in malta occurred during the non - breeding season, and adult survival in france remained low after feral cat removal. this pattern is consistent with the presumed cause of low adult survival probabilities in the balearic shearwater (oro\n), often on an irregular basis, but impacting fairly large numbers at a time. since procellariiforms are generally long - lived, their populations are highly sensitive to changes in adult survival. the increased adult mortality induced by accidental bycatch is therefore a significant danger to them and a highly important threat (lebreton 2000) .\n2010, sultana and borg 2006), which heavily limit reproductive success by predation upon chicks and eggs. on the tavolara archipelago, italy, the colony size has been much reduced in the last 30 years and vast sectors of the islands have been deserted; breeding success was assessed for the first time in 2006 and it was found to be zero (due to rat predation) in several colonies (j. j. borg\nare a major threat. on the hyères islands (french mediterranean coast), feral cats have been identified as the primary predator of the species: shearwater remains were found in up to 6% of cat scats, representing hundreds of adults killed each year, especially during the pre - breeding period (bourgeois and vidal 2008 )\n. the gregarious behaviour of this species makes it particularly vulnerable to oil spills and the intense maritime traffic in the mediterranean and bosporus increases the risk of oil spills. light pollution at sea from bunkering areas, oil platforms and other at sea structures may be an important threat for some colonies. less prominent threats include competition for nest sites with cory’s shearwater, collisions with wind turbines, pollution and contaminants (e. g. plastic [ r. crnkovic\n. 2013 ]), environmental events (such as toxic algal blooms and geological erosion) and illegal hunting (derhé 2012). because many breeding sites are along rocky coastlines with unstable substrate, changes in rainfall or storm surge intensity under climate change may lead to loss of breeding habitat, but this potential threat is currently poorly understood (bourgeois\neu birds directive annex i; annex ii of the bern convention. an eu life / birdlife malta project aimed at conserving a colony of c. 500 pairs at rdum tal - madonna, malta, was completed in 2010. malta declared in 2016 eight marine protected areas (spa) in the fishing management zone (25nm) after been identified the areas as marine ibas by a second eu life / birdlife malta project. four of the areas (17 %) for yelkouan shearwater. a third eu life / birdlife malta project to assess all yelkouan shearwater colonies across the maltese islands, identify and map threats, and apply conservation measures related with predator control, reduction of light pollution and disturbance to colonies was initiated in 2015. a rat eradication on montecristo island, italy was completed in 2012 and has increased the breeding success of yelkouan shearwaters. a rat eradication programme was carried out on the islands of zembretta and zembrettina in tunisia in 2009, resulting in an increase in the breeding population of yelkouan shearwater (bourgeois\n. 2013). two eu life projects have been completed in 2007 and initiated management and conservation actions on hyères and marseille islands that are still underway (rat and cat control, habitat management, artificial burrow installation). artificial burrows were proved to be efficient in providing more stable breeding habitat, increasing breeding population size and allowing breeding success (bourgeois\n2015). there is a species action plan (sap) being prepared for this species by the french partner of birdlife (la ligue pour la protection des oiseaux), in collaboration with the yelkouan shearwater working group, and within the framework of the life eurosap .\ndetermine whether the species breeds in turkey. search for colonies at sites in greece and tunisia. carry out population censuses at breeding colonies for which there is currently little reliable, up - to - date population size data, particularly those in sardinia, sicily and greece. continue breeding and non - breeding period counts at the bosporus and conduct breeding and non - breeding counts at other bottleneck sites. research ecological requirements and carry out extensive demographic monitoring. research the impact of introduced predators across breeding range. research impact of predator control / eradication programmes on annual survival and breeding success at different sites. as a precaution, control or if possible eradicate feral cats and rats at breeding colonies, according to a priority analysis and at sites with evidence of predation. quantify extent of mortality from accidental bycatch. encourage policymakers to implement and enforce measures that reduce accidental bycatch of yelkouan shearwaters and other seabirds in commercial fishing operations in the mediterranean and black seas. propose the species for listing on annex i of acap to address seabird bycatch (c. carboneras\n2015). identify and implement measures to reduce / mitigate the effects of light pollution on the species (e. g. raine\n33 cm. medium - sized, rather dark shearwater. upperparts dark brown contrasting slightly with the dirty, variably marked brown - whitish underparts. most individuals show dusky undertail coverts and armpits .\nby lack of strong contrast between upperparts and underparts. dark individuals could be mistaken for sooty shearwater\nbut always show a white belly patch and lack the scythe - like wings and heavier flight of that species .\nashpole, j, benstead, p. , bird, j. , calvert, r. , derhé, m. , harding, m. , lascelles, b. , martin, r, moreno, r. , o' brien, a. , peet, n. & symes, a .\njustification: this species has a small breeding range and a relatively small population which is undergoing an extremely rapid decline, largely related to low adult (and immature) survival rates. main threats are fisheries by - catch at sea and predation at breeding colonies by introduced mammals, factors that would explain the added mortality of the species. population models predict over 90% decline in three generations with an average extinction time of about 60 years, hence qualifying the species as critically endangered .\nthe species breeds exclusively in the balearic islands, spain, occupying the five major island groups: menorca, mallorca, cabrera, ibiza and formentera. during the breeding period (late february - early july) the main foraging areas are located along the mediterranean shelf of the iberian peninsula, mainly around the central catalan coast, the ebro delta - columbretes area and the cape nao (arcos and oro 2002, louzao et al. 2006a, arcos et al. 2012a, meier et al. 2015), potentially exploiting the closest productive areas with respect to their breeding colonies (louzao et al. 2011a). some birds also exploit foraging grounds at the extreme of their distribution in the continental shelf off algeria and morocco as well as in the gulf of lions (ruiz and martí 2004, louzao et al. 2012, meier et al. 2015, afán 2016), in addition to the waters around the balearic archipelago (ruiz and martí 2004, louzao et al. 2011b). the bulk of the population leaves the mediterranean after breeding, and concentrates off the atlantic coasts of sw europe in summer - autumn, mainly in spain, portugal and france, and also sw uk and nw morocco (le mao and yésou 1993, ruiz and martí 2004, ramírez et al. 2008, arcos et al. 2 009, guilford et al. 2012, pérez - roda 2015). birds return to the western mediterranean in autumn (mainly october), and spend the winter months roughly in the same foraging areas used during the breeding period (le mao and yésou 1993, ruiz and martí 2004, guilford et al. 2012) .\nestimates for the breeding population size in the last two decades ranged from about 2, 000 to 4, 500 pairs (ruiz and martí 2004, arcos 2011a), with the current official figure being 3, 142 pairs (acap 2012). this includes: mallorca 900, menorca 405, cabrera 475, ibiza 650, formentera 712. however, these figures should only be taken as indicative, as breeding sites are most often inaccessible, and therefore their census relies on indirect methods (e. g. counts of rafts, vocalisations, etc .) that are subject to strong biases and inaccuracy. this calls for particular caution in inferring population trends from such data, as estimates from one year to another might simply vary because of changes in methodological assumptions, people involved, and environmental conditions during counts or simply subjective perceptions. in fact, recent research at sea using two approaches (boat - based surveys and coastal counts at the gibraltar strait migration bottleneck) point to a global population of about 25, 000 individuals, suggesting that the breeding population could be larger than previously assumed (arcos\n. (2016) inferred a breeding population size of about 7, 200 pairs, although this optimistic figure should also be taken with caution .\n. (2004) estimated a mean decline of 7. 4% per year and a mean extinction time, as estimated by population viability analysis, of just over 40 years. this equates to an ongoing population decline of more than 80% in three generations (54 years). a new modelling assessment was conducted recently, using new demographic data and improved capture - recapture modelling procedures (genovart\n. 2014). despite these improvements in both the analysis and the background information, the trend was still severely declining, with a population decline of 14% per year, and an average extinction time of 61 years if the current trend is maintained over time. note that this analysis was conducted assuming a population at equilibrium, that would estimate 7, 200 breeding pairs, something that still needs to be confirmed on the ground. if the breeding population is found to be lower, the time to extinction would be shorter. moreover, the analyses were based on data from an (important) colony free of predators, meaning that the average survival rate of whole population could be even lower .\nfishing discards influence aspects of their ecology such as trophic (käkelä et al. , 2010; navarro et al. 2009) and movement ecology (bartumeus et al. 2010). fishing discards have also positive and negative impacts on life history traits such as breeding performance and survival, respectively (louzao et al. 2006c, genovart et al. 2016). regarding mortality in fisheries, a notable finding has been the increase of bycatch probability on longlines in the absence of trawling and purse - seining activity, in addition to other factors such as the annual cycle and the time of setting the fishing gear (garcía - barcelona et al. 2010, laneri et al. 2010) .\nthis is a long - lived species and therefore threats affecting adult mortality have the most impact. adult survival is the main conservation concern, as this is unusually low for a procellariiform (oro et al. 2004, genovart et al. 2016). as such, the main threats to this species identified are those causing adult mortality, particularly predation by introduced carnivores in the breeding colonies and fisheries by - catch at sea (arcos 2011a) .\npredation by introduced mammals is a major global concern for seabirds (jones et al. 2008, croxall et al. 2012), and a serious threat for the balearic shearwater, particularly in the case of carnivores such as cats, martens and genets, that are present in around 25% of the colonies and affect about 38% of the breeding population (arcos and oro 2004, ruiz and martí 2004, arcos et al. 2012c). the presence of rats is more widespread but has a lower impact, putatively affecting only breeding performance (i. e. through predating on eggs and chicks, but not affecting adults). permanent monitoring programmes should be implemented to facilitate early detection of alien species in reference colonies .\non the other hand, fisheries bycatch is a more widespread threat affecting both adults and immatures, and has been recently shown to be the main driver of the decline of the species, with almost 50% of the mortality being caused by this factor (genovart et al. 2016). demersal longlining seems to be the most problematic gear causing bycatch, although other fishing gears have been shown to also capture birds, and could have severe effects at the population level, including purse - seine, pelagic longlining and trawling (arcos et al. 2008, abelló and esteban 2012, boué et al. 2013, ices 2013, oliveira et al. 2015, cortés et al. in litt. , garcía - barcelona et al. in litt .). the species' gregarious behaviour and its close association with fishing boats while seeking discards means that occasional\nmass mortality\nis likely to occur when long - line boats fish close to flocks (arcos et al. 2008, laneri et al. 2010, garcía - barcelona et al. 2010). hence bycatch appears to be fairly common but often occurs on an irregular basis (following a distribution of excess of zeros), suggesting that estimates derived from observations on a limited number of trips onboard fishing vessels could be largely underestimated. increasing evidence on this has been compiled in the last few years, with events of up to a hundred or more birds caught in a single event (louzao et al. 2011, ices 2013, oliveira et al. 2015) .\ndue to the congregatory behaviour of the species, acute pollution events, such as oil spills, also pose a serious threat, as a large number of casualties could result from a spill occurring in a congregation area (ruiz and martí 2004, gutiérrez 2011). other threats include: the reduction of prey due to fishing overexploitation; a potential reduction in fishing discards (an alternative to the overexploited natural prey) and / or anthropogenic environmental change (arcos 2011a); habitat degradation and disturbance in the breeding grounds; background pollution (oro et al. 2008); the development of marine windfarms (arcos 2011a); light pollution which disorientates fledglings (rodríguez et al. 2015) and plastic residues (codina - garcia et al. , 2013, bonnin 2016). predation by peregrine falcons falco peregrinus in the breeding colonies has also been recently reported (garcía 2009, wynn et al. 2010), though this should be considered as a factor of natural mortality that likely has little influence on the decline of the species. the gradual northward movement of the non - breeding population may be affecting immature and adult survival, and this shift may be due to climate change or alterations in fish distributions as a result of fisheries' activities (yésou 2003, wynn et al. 2007). the recent demographic decline has not yet decreased the species' genetic variability, and connectivity found among colonies at least does not exacerbate the species' extinction risk (genovart et al. 2007) .\nall breeding sites are currently protected as special protection areas (spas) under the natura 2000 network, with the unique exception of the colony of punta prima in formentera, where new information has revealed that the prevailing colony (50 pp .) lays right outside the spa (and the overlapping important bird area, iba) designated for this species (arcos 2011a). the management plans for the balearic spas have not been implemented yet. management plans are therefore limited to colonies covered by other designations, such as the national park of cabrera, the natural park of sa dragonera and reserves naturals des vedrà, es vedranell i els illots de ponent, among others. rat eradication campaigns have been conducted at several colonies, including cabrera archipelago and dragonera island, where after a programme of aerial bait drops in 2011 no rats or mice had been detected (mayol\n2012). less effort has been directed at the most concerning colonies where carnivores are present (e. g. formentera and menorca) .\n. 2008). france has also proposed a network of spas that include hotspots for the species. management plans for all the marine spas are still pending. finally, evidence gathering for potential at - sea concentrations which could form spa proposals are underway in the uk .\n2009). a number of actions have been implemented through species guardians seo / birdlife and spea as part of birdlife' s preventing extinctions programme including: coordinated coastal and boat - based counts, gathering information to assess the impact of bycatch on the species, communicating and disseminating information on the species and contributing to the updated species action plan published in 2011 (seo / birdlife and spea 2013) .\ndespite the above advances, there is an overall lack of proper monitoring and conservation action by the relevant administrations. most research, conservation and monitoring at present are conducted thanks to the initiative of a few research centres and ngos (particularly birdlife partners). this work includes bycatch assessment (questionnaires, onboard observers) and evaluation of mitigation measures, the identification of hotspots at sea through boat surveys, coastal counts and tracking studies (breeding and non - breeding grounds), and breeding monitoring and population demography assessment .\nthoroughly study the problem of bycatch by fisheries and develop awareness campaigns directed at the fishing sector, plus assess and implement the appropriate mitigation measures, throughout the whole distribution range of the species in order to mitigate this threat (i. e. implementation of the eu seabird action plan to reduce bycatch). for demersal longlines, the most alarming fishery in the mediterranean, significant work has been conducted in recent years at assessing the problem (laneri\nin preparation) and testing potential mitigation measures (cortés and gonzalez - solís in preparation), with nocturnal setting being a good candidate to minimize bycatch. ongoing work by birdlife’s seabird task force (stf) is studying the feasibility of implementing such measure, as well as other alternatives, with the aim of pushing for the adoption of an agreed solution in the near future. control and eradicate introduced predators (with particular emphasis on carnivores) in breeding colonies identified to be at risk. implement biosecurity measures to prevent introduced predators from re - establishing. ensure effective protection for nesting sites and marine hotspots, and the implementation of monitoring schemes and management plans, including the monitoring of breeding colonies to estimate demographic parameters. develop a rapid response plan for a potential oil spill close to main feeding and breeding areas. raise awareness. study small pelagic fish populations in the western mediterranean and in north east atlantic (from the nw of morocco to the english channel) to assess extent of over - exploitation and how this affects the species. assess the impact of pollutants and heavy metals on this species. increase awareness of the negative impacts of light pollution near breeding colonies. improve understanding of at - sea distribution, including during the non - breeding season. conduct research to better understand the reasons for the discrepancies between breeding and non - breeding population estimates." ]

{ "text": [ "puffinus is a genus of seabirds in the order procellariiformes .", "it comprises about 20 small to medium-sized shearwaters .", "two other shearwater genera are named : calonectris , which comprises three or four large shearwaters , and ardenna with another seven species ( formerly often included within puffinus ) .", "puffinus is a new latin loanword based on the english \" puffin \" .", "the original latin term for shearwaters was usually the catchall name for sea-birds , mergus .", "\" puffin \" and its variants , such as poffin , pophyn and puffing , referred to the cured carcass of the fat nestling of the shearwater , a former delicacy .", "the original usage dates from at least 1337 , but from as early as 1678 the term gradually came to be used for another , unrelated , seabird , the atlantic puffin , an auk .", "the current english name was first recorded in 1835 and refers to the former nesting of this species on the isle of man .", "the taxonomy of this group is the cause of much debate , and the number of recognised species varies with the source .", "the species in this group are long-winged birds , dark brown or black above , and white to dark brown below .", "they are pelagic outside the breeding season .", "they are most common in temperate and cold waters .", "these tubenose birds fly with stiff wings , and use a shearing flight technique to move across wave fronts with the minimum of active flight .", "some small species , such as the manx shearwater , are cruciform in flight , with their long wings held directly out from their bodies .", "many are long-distance migrants , perhaps most spectacularly the sooty and short-tailed shearwaters , which perform migrations of 14,000 km or more each year .", "puffinus shearwaters come to islands and coastal cliffs only to breed .", "they are nocturnal at the colonial breeding sites , preferring moonless nights to minimise predation .", "they nest in burrows and often give eerie contact calls on their night-time visits .", "they lay a single white egg .", "they feed on fish , squid and similar oceanic food .", "some will follow fishing boats to take scraps , notably the sooty shearwater ; these species also commonly follow whales to feed on fish disturbed by them . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 26, 28, 25, 28, 6, 25, 26, 1, 14, 13, 16, 23, 16, 22, 28, 28, 28, 15, 15 ] }

[ "puffinus is a genus of seabirds in the order procellariiformes. it comprises about 20 small to medium-sized shearwaters. two other shearwater genera are named: calonectris, which comprises three or four large shearwaters, and ardenna with another seven species (formerly often included within puffinus). puffinus is a new latin loanword based on the english \" puffin \". the original latin term for shearwaters was usually the catchall name for sea-birds, mergus. \" puffin \" and its variants, such as poffin, pophyn and puffing, referred to the cured carcass of the fat nestling of the shearwater, a former delicacy. the original usage dates from at least 1337, but from as early as 1678 the term gradually came to be used for another, unrelated, seabird, the atlantic puffin, an auk. the current english name was first recorded in 1835 and refers to the former nesting of this species on the isle of man. the taxonomy of this group is the cause of much debate, and the number of recognised species varies with the source. the species in this group are long-winged birds, dark brown or black above, and white to dark brown below. they are pelagic outside the breeding season. they are most common in temperate and cold waters. these tubenose birds fly with stiff wings, and use a shearing flight technique to move across wave fronts with the minimum of active flight. some small species, such as the manx shearwater, are cruciform in flight, with their long wings held directly out from their bodies. many are long-distance migrants, perhaps most spectacularly the sooty and short-tailed shearwaters, which perform migrations of 14,000 km or more each year. puffinus shearwaters come to islands and coastal cliffs only to breed. they are nocturnal at the colonial breeding sites, preferring moonless nights to minimise predation. they nest in burrows and often give eerie contact calls on their night-time visits. they lay a single white egg. they feed on fish, squid and similar oceanic food. some will follow fishing boats to take scraps, notably the sooty shearwater; these species also commonly follow whales to feed on fish disturbed by them." ]

[ "two new subspecies of epicopeia battaka dohrn are described from peninsular malaysia and south sumatra, respectively .\nhave a fact about epicopeia battaka? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for epicopeia battaka? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nepicopeia battaka dempona kishida & endo, 1999; trans. lepid. soc. japan 50 (1): 48; tl: s. sumatra, mt dempo\nepicopeia battaka malayana kishida & endo, 1999; trans. lepid. soc. japan 50 (1): 48; tl: malaysia, pahang, cameron highlands\nepicopeia polydora westwood, 1841; arcana entomologica, 1: 19, pl. 5, f. 1; tl: assam\nepicopeia simulans leech, [ 1889 ]; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1888: 611, pl. 31, f. 1; tl: hakodate\nepicopeia mencia moore, [ 1875 ]; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1874 (4): 578, pl. 67, f. 8; tl: shanghai, n. china\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis listing has ended. the seller has relisted this item or one like this .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. for additional information, see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. if you reside in an eu member state besides uk, import vat on this purchase is not recoverable. for additional information, see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nestimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller' s handling time, origin zip code, destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab. delivery times may vary, especially during peak periods .\ninternational shipping - items may be subject to customs processing depending on the item' s declared value .\nsellers set the item' s declared value and must comply with customs declaration laws .\nyour country' s customs office can offer more details, or visit ebay' s page on international trade .\ncopyright © 1995 - 2018 ebay inc. all rights reserved. accessibility, user agreement, privacy, cookies and adchoice\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\ncopyright © new earth online. content from external sites are the property of their respective owners where stated .\nconservation status where available has been identified by the iucn red list of threatened species .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nformat summary genbank genbank (full) fasta asn. 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfound 47955567 nucleotide sequences. nucleotide (37384948) est (8722492) gss (1848127 )\ndb = nuccore | term = txid1206794 [ organism: exp ] | query = 1 | qty = 409758 | blobid = ncid _ 1 _ 268010669 _ 130. 14. 22. 215 _ 9001 _ 1531163279 _ 507621532 _ 0meta0 _ s _ megastore _ f _ 1 | ismultiple = false | min _ list = 5 | max _ list = 20 | def _ tree = 20 | def _ list = | def _ view = | url = / taxonomy / backend / subset. cgi? | trace _ url = / stat ?\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region. the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences. more ...\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\non the lepidoptera of japan and corea, pt ii. heterocera, sect. i\nwestwood, 1841 arcana entomologica, or illustrations of new, rare and interesting insects arcana entomologica, 1: (1841 - 1843) [ iv ], 192pp, pl. 1 - 48 (in 12 parts )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\npopular: trivia, history, america, television, tv, usa, geography, cities, ... more\npopular: trivia, history, america, television, tv, usa, geography, world, ... more\nthere are more than one record in the search results. please specify issue .\nthe genus aemona hewitson is revised and two species, a. amathusia and a. lena, are recognized. two subspecies of the former, tonkinensis and cochinensis, are synonymized with the nominotypical subspecies of a. amathusia. five subspecies of the latter, haynei, kalawrica, karennia, kentunga and salweena, are synonymized with the nominotypical subspecies of a. lena. these are considered merely variations within each species. a new genus allaemona which is most closely related to aemona is established for al. prasopsuki sp. nov .\nmilionia fulgida borneensis nom. nov. is proposed for milionia fulgida reducta prout, 1932, preoccupied by rothschild, 1926. milionia reducta rothschild, 1926, nom. rev. is restored to replace an unnecessary replacement name, m. conducta prout, 1931, syn. nov .\nsince corbet (1941) showed the classification of euthalia agnis (snellen van vollenhoven, 1862) (type locality: java) and its related taxa, agnis and tinna fruhstorfer, 1906 have been treated as a single species. because the characteristics of the specimens from the malay peninsula and sumatra which we recently obtained are different from those of the javanese specimens, the agnis complex should be treated as two species, e. agnis and e. tinna, as shown by fruhstorfer (1906, 1913) .\nnatural hybridization of papilio memnon (♀) and papilio helenus (♂) was observed in the butterfly house. the larvae from the female were p. memnon and f _ 1 hybrid of p. memnon and p. helenus. it is suggested the memnon female copulated with p. memnon before p. helenus and both male parents & apos; spermatozoa were used for fertilisation .\na new genus, yazakia, is established for the reception of four new species from sulawesi .\nthe widely distributed east asiatic species, amplypterus panopus (cramer), has been divided into three subspecies: p. panopus (cramer) (indian subcontinent to china, sundaland), p. celebensis (rothschild & jordan) (sulawesi) and p. mindanaoensis inoue (luzon, mindanao). in addition to them p. seramensis subsp. nov. (seram i .) is described. moths and male abdominal sternite of all the subspecies are illustrated .\ncharacters of beak marked wings in curetis acuta were described with a brief discussion of beak marks in non - eyespotted butterflies .\nthe gelechiid moth chorivalva bisaccula omelko emerged from the seed of quercus acutissima carruthers is recorded from japan for the first time .\na new species of the genus othreis hubner, [ 1823 ] is described from north myanmar. this species is most similar to o. kinabaluensis feige, 1976 from borneo. the moths and male genitalia of these two species are illustrated .\nedited and published by: lepidopterological society of japan produced and listed by: shobi printing co. , ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en" ]

{ "text": [ "epicopeia battaka is a moth in the epicopeiidae family .", "it was described by dohrn in 1895 .", "it is found on sumatra and peninsular malaysia . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "epicopeia battaka is a moth in the epicopeiidae family. it was described by dohrn in 1895. it is found on sumatra and peninsular malaysia." ]

[ "baorisa moth baorisa hieroglyphica. | japan | pinterest | moth, tigers and insects\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\ndescriptions of new indian lepidopterous insects from the collection of the late mr. w. s. atkinson\nthe bookreader requires javascript to be enabled. please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings. you can also try one of the other formats of the book .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright © 2012, rose sanderson. all rights reserved. to change this footer click here .\nfound under the lodge lights outside mt. kinabalu national park at night. sabah, malaysia." ]

{ "text": [ "baorisa hieroglyphica is a moth of the noctuidae family .", "its genus baorisa was long thought to be monotypic .", "it is found in parts of northeastern india and southeast asia . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26, 20 ] }

[ "baorisa hieroglyphica is a moth of the noctuidae family. its genus baorisa was long thought to be monotypic. it is found in parts of northeastern india and southeast asia." ]

[ "mompha locupletella (red mompha) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nhome » guide » arthropods (arthropoda) » hexapods (hexapoda) » insects (insecta) » butterflies and moths (lepidoptera) » twirler moths and kin (gelechioidea) » momphid moths (momphidae) » momphinae » mompha » mompha locupletella - hodges # 1444. 1 (mompha locupletella )\nmompha locupletella ([ denis & schiffermüller ], 1775) is now recognized within the north american fauna, proc. entom. soc. wash. , 118 (4): 510 - 518 .\ntinea locupletella denis & schiffermüller, 1775. wien. verz. : 141. adela pilipennella zetterstedt, 1840. ins. lep. : 1008. psacaphora quadrilobella herrich - schäffer, 1854. schmett. europ. 5: 216. tinea schrankella hübner, 1805. schmett. europ. : 264. mompha locupletella (denis and schiffermüller, 1775) .\na very attractive species, with its combination of bright orange, white and silvery - grey patches, which is distributed widely throughout much of the british isles, common in places .\n), during april and may, then again in july and august. the mine is a whitish blotch with scattered blackish frass .\nthe two generations of adult moths are on the wing from may to july and again in august and september .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 06 - 16 18: 09: 18 page render time: 0. 2369s total w / procache: 0. 3049s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 3 (4 %) of 69 10k squares. first recorded in 1874. last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nleaf - miner: the mine is a whitish blotch with scattered blackish frass (ukmoths), usually low on the plant (british leafminers) .\noviposition on the basal part of the midrib. the young larva makes a number of short corridors radiating from this point, either in the same leaf, or on different ones; they have a central frassline, but their final sections are free of frass. later an elongate blotch is make, also beginning on the midrib (although not necessarily its basal part). pupation external (bladmineerders van europa) .\nlarva: the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding), six thoracic legs and abdominal legs (see examples) .\ngreyish green; head and prothoracic plate black (koster, 2002b; koster and sinev, 2003a) (bladmineerders van europa) .\npupa: the pupae of moths have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples) .\npupation in a white cocoon, which is attached to vegetation or leaf litter (british leafminers). see also patocka and turcáni (2005a) (bladmineerders van europa) .\nadult: the adult is illustrated in ukmoths (by jon baker) and the encyclopedia of life. the species is included in urltoken .\ntime of year - larvae: april and may, then again in july and august (ukmoths) .\ntime of year - adults: the two generations of adult moths are on the wing from may to july and again in august and september (ukmoths) .\ndistribution in great britain and ireland: distributed widely throughout much of the british isles (ukmoths) including anglesey, banffshire, breconshire, caernarvonshire, cardiganshire, carmarthenshire, cumberland, denbighshire, dorset, dumfriesshire, dunbartonshire, durham, east cornwall, east kent, easterness, fife, flintshire, glamorgan, haddington, herefordshire, isle of wight, kirkudbrightshire, main argyll, merionethshire, monmouthshire, montgomeryshire, north aberdeenshire, north devon, outer hebrides, shropshire, south aberdeenshire, south hampshire, south lancashire, south somerset, stafford, stirlingshire, surrey, warwickshire, west cornwall, west gloucestershire, west norfolk, west sutherland, westmorland, worcestershire and shetland (nbn atlas), the channel is. (karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea) .\nalso recorded in northern ireland and northern ireland (karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea). see also ireland' s nbdc interactive map .\ndistribution elsewhere: widespread in continental europe including austria, belarus, belgium, bosnia and herzegovina, bulgaria, czech republic, danish mainland, estonia, finland, french mainland, germany, hungary, italian mainland, kaliningrad region, latvia, lithuania, norwegian mainland, poland, romania, russia - central, north and northwest, slovakia, spanish mainland, sweden, switzerland, the netherlands and ukraine (karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea) .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\neiseman, c. s. , 2016. north american leafminers (lepidoptera: gelechiidae, momphidae) on the evening primrose family (onagraceae): new host, parasitoid, and distributional records. proceedings of the entomological society of washington, 118 (4): 510 - 518 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes: local in damp areas throughout the british isles. in hampshire and on the isle of wight scarce and barely annual in scattered localities, mostly in south - east hampshire. wingspan 9 - 12 mm. could be confused with m. terminella, but larger and brighter, and with cilia unicolorous. larva mines leaves of various species of willowherb .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\neiseman, charles s. 2016. north american leafminers (lepidoptera: gelechiidae, momphidae) on the evening primrose family (onagraceae): new host, parasitoid, and distributional records. proceedings of the entomological society of washington 118 (4): 510 - 518 .\nsystematisches verzeichniß der schmetterlinge der wienergegend. michael denis & ignaz schiffermüller. 1775. augustin bernardi, wien. pp. 323 .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted." ]

{ "text": [ "mompha locupletella is a moth in the momphidae family that can be found in northern europe and mountainous areas in central and southern europe up to north-western spain .", "in the east , the range extends to zabaykalsky krai and the kuriles .", "the wingspan is 9 – 12 millimetres ( 0.35 – 0.47 in ) .", "there are generally two generations per year , although there is only one in the north .", "adults of the first generation are on wing from the second half of may to the beginning of july .", "the second generation adults are on wing from august to the beginning of september .", "the larvae feed on epilobium alpestre , epilobium alsinifolium , epilobium lanceolatum , epilobium montanum , epilobium palustre and epilobium roseum .", "the larvae initially make a number of short corridors , either in the same leaf or different ones .", "the corridors initially have a central line of frass .", "after the corridor , an elongate blotch is made , starting at the midrib .", "larvae can be found from april to may and from july to the beginning of august .", "pupation takes place outside of the mine in a white cocoon on the ground . " ], "topic": [ 2, 13, 9, 15, 8, 8, 12, 17, 1, 11, 20, 11 ] }

[ "mompha locupletella is a moth in the momphidae family that can be found in northern europe and mountainous areas in central and southern europe up to north-western spain. in the east, the range extends to zabaykalsky krai and the kuriles. the wingspan is 9 – 12 millimetres (0.35 – 0.47 in). there are generally two generations per year, although there is only one in the north. adults of the first generation are on wing from the second half of may to the beginning of july. the second generation adults are on wing from august to the beginning of september. the larvae feed on epilobium alpestre, epilobium alsinifolium, epilobium lanceolatum, epilobium montanum, epilobium palustre and epilobium roseum. the larvae initially make a number of short corridors, either in the same leaf or different ones. the corridors initially have a central line of frass. after the corridor, an elongate blotch is made, starting at the midrib. larvae can be found from april to may and from july to the beginning of august. pupation takes place outside of the mine in a white cocoon on the ground." ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzoologische mededelingen, vol. 77 (15 - 36) « conchological megadatabase iconographic overview on mollusks | conchbooks\nif you do not have an account yet, you can register here first .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail conchbooks office if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\npopular: trivia, history, america, television, tv, usa, world, geography, ... more\n< p > 978 - 613 - 6 - 43899 - 3 < / p > < p > please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online. amblyptilia punoica is a moth of the pterophoridae family. it is known from peru. the pterophoridae or plume moths are a family of lepidoptera with unusually modified wings. though they belong to the apoditrysia like the larger moths and the butterflies, unlike these they are tiny and were formerly included among the assemblage called\nmicrolepidoptera\n. < / p >\n< p > 978 - 613 - 6 - 49807 - 2 < / p > < p > please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online. hellinsia gypsotes is a moth of the pterophoridae family. it is found in china (taishan). the pterophoridae or plume moths are a family of lepidoptera with unusually modified wings. though they belong to the apoditrysia like the larger moths and the butterflies, unlike these they are tiny and were formerly included among the assemblage called\nmicrolepidoptera\n. ] < / p >\n< p > 978 - 613 - 6 - 49800 - 3 < / p > < p > please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online. dejongia is a genus of moth in the pterophoridae family. the pterophoridae or plume moths are a family of lepidoptera with unusually modified wings. though they belong to the apoditrysia like the larger moths and the butterflies, unlike these they are tiny and were formerly included among the assemblage called\nmicrolepidoptera\n. < / p >\n< p > 978 - 613 - 6 - 49834 - 8 < / p > < p > please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online. hellinsia furfurosus is a moth of the pterophoridae family. it is known from south africa. the pterophoridae or plume moths are a family of lepidoptera with unusually modified wings. though they belong to the apoditrysia like the larger moths and the butterflies, unlike these they are tiny and were formerly included among the assemblage called\nmicrolepidoptera\n. < / p >\n< p > 978 - 613 - 6 - 49839 - 3 < / p > < p > please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online. hellinsia fletcheri is a moth of the pterophoridae family. it is found in india. the pterophoridae or plume moths are a family of lepidoptera with unusually modified wings. though they belong to the apoditrysia like the larger moths and the butterflies, unlike these they are tiny and were formerly included among the assemblage called\nmicrolepidoptera\n. < / p >\n< p > 978 - 613 - 6 - 49858 - 4 < / p > < p > please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online. hellinsia epileucus is a moth of the pterophoridae family. it is found in mexico. the pterophoridae or plume moths are a family of lepidoptera with unusually modified wings. though they belong to the apoditrysia like the larger moths and the butterflies, unlike these they are tiny and were formerly included among the assemblage called\nmicrolepidoptera\n. < / p >\n< p > 978 - 613 - 6 - 49867 - 6 < / p > < p > please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online. hellinsia emmelinoida is a moth of the family pterophoroidea. it is found in tanzania. the species closely resembles the european emmelina monodactyla. the wingspan is 22 - 24 mm. the moth flies in january, july and december. the pterophoridae or plume moths are a family of lepidoptera with unusually modified wings. though they belong to the apoditrysia like the larger moths and the butterflies, unlike these they are tiny and were formerly included among the assemblage called\nmicrolepidoptera\n. < / p >\n< p > 978 - 613 - 6 - 49903 - 1 < / p > < p > please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online. diacrotricha is a genus of moth in the pterophoridae family. the pterophoridae or plume moths are a family of lepidoptera with unusually modified wings. though they belong to the apoditrysia like the larger moths and the butterflies, unlike these they are tiny and were formerly included among the assemblage called\nmicrolepidoptera\n. < / p >\n< p > 978 - 613 - 6 - 49956 - 7 < / p > < p > please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online. crassuncus chappuisi is a moth of the pterophoridae family. it is known from kenya. the pterophoridae or plume moths are a family of lepidoptera with unusually modified wings. though they belong to the apoditrysia like the larger moths and the butterflies, unlike these they are tiny and were formerly included among the assemblage called\nmicrolepidoptera\n. < / p >\n< p > 978 - 613 - 6 - 49965 - 9 < / p > < p > please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online. crassuncus timidus is a moth of the pterophoridae family. it is known from south africa. the pterophoridae or plume moths are a family of lepidoptera with unusually modified wings. though they belong to the apoditrysia like the larger moths and the butterflies, unlike these they are tiny and were formerly included among the assemblage called\nmicrolepidoptera\n. < / p >\n< p > 978 - 613 - 7 - 50028 - 6 < / p > < p > please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online. cnaemidophorus horribilis is a moth of the pterophoridae family. it is known from madagascar. the pterophoridae or plume moths are a family of lepidoptera with unusually modified wings. though they belong to the apoditrysia like the larger moths and the butterflies, unlike these they are tiny and were formerly included among the assemblage called\nmicrolepidoptera\n. < / p >\n< p > 978 - 613 - 7 - 50049 - 1 < / p > < p > please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online. capperia washbourni is a moth of the pterophoridae family. it is found in greece, asia minor, syria and the palestinian territories. the pterophoridae or plume moths are a family of lepidoptera with unusually modified wings. though they belong to the apoditrysia like the larger moths and the butterflies, unlike these they are tiny and were formerly included among the assemblage called\nmicrolepidoptera\n. < / p >\nsortiert nach - deutsche verkäufer zuerst - autor / künstler etc. a - z autor / künstler etc. z - a erscheinungsjahr fallend erscheinungsjahr steigend gesamtpreis aufsteigend neu gelistete artikel preis absteigend preis aufsteigend relevanz titel a - z titel z - a verkäuferbewertung\n15 publications; kaas, p. & knudsen, j. : lorentz spengler' s descriptions of chitons 293 pp. , num. figs, br. gr. 8 .\ndie nutzung dieser seite ist durch allgemeine geschäftsbedingungen geregelt, welche sie hier einsehen können. © 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc. & abebooks europe gmbh, alle rechte vorbehalten .\n1992. 15 publications; kaas, p. & knudsen, j. : lorentz spengler' s descriptions of chitons 293 pp. , num. figs, br. gr. 8 .\n3505. brongersma l. d. et al 1972 zoologische mededelingen. uttgegeven door het rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie te leiden. deel 47. 603pp. illustrated. wrappers. very good condition. (rept. - tj - 78) .\nreink books, 2017. softcover. condition: new. reprinted from edition. no changes have been made to the original text. this is not a retyped or an ocr' d reprint. illustrations, index, if any, are included in black and white. each page is checked manually before printing. as this reprint is from very old book, there could be some missing or flawed pages, but we always try to make the book as complete as possible. fold - outs, if any, are not part of the book. if the original book was published in multiple volumes then this reprint is of only one volume, not the whole set. this paperback book is sewn, where the book block is actually sewn (smythe sewn / section sewn) with thread before binding which results in a more durable type of paperback binding. it can also be open wide. the pages will not fall out and will be around for a lot longer than normal paperbacks. this print on demand book is printed on high quality acid - free paper .\nleiden, nationaal natuurhistorisch museum, 1995. pp. 177 - 383. ills. softcover. fine. [ 80567 ] .\nnationaal natuurhistorisch museum. leiden. condition: gebraucht / used. pap. 250pp. illustr .\nnational museum of natural history, 2006. condition: fine. 365 pp. , paperback, fine .\nleiden: rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie, -. first edition, 1938. 28 offprints ranging from 38 pages to 4 pages, all in the original wraps. most offprints from the private libraries of edmond malnate or richard blaney with their signature or name stamp often on the front wrap. very good to near fine condition .\n1988. couverture souple. condition: bon. ro20018959: tiré à part de la page 75 - 90, illustré de figures. en anglais, envoi in - 8 en feuillets. bon état. couv. convenable. dos satisfaisant. intérieur frais classification dewey: 595. 7 - entomologie .\n1989. couverture souple. condition: bon. ro20019022: tiré à part de la page 73 - 77, illustré de figures. en anglais in - 8 en feuillets. bon état. couv. convenable. dos satisfaisant. intérieur frais classification dewey: 595. 7 - entomologie .\ncollection of 9 papers on african land snails from zoologische mededelingen. 146 p. , 97 (1 col\nfive papers on braconidae published in the zoologische mededelingen (76 # 17 - 24). 168 p. , num. figs (several col\nten papers on braconidae and one on ichneumonidae published in the zoologische mededelingen (76 # 1 - 16). 129 p. , num. figs (several col\nnotes on surinam land snails, 1964, rijksmusem van natuurlijke historie te leiden, the netherlands, zoologische mededelingen, volume 40, number 18: pages 139 - 141 with 2 figures .\nrijksmusem van natuurlijke historie te leiden, the netherlands, 1964, zoologische mededelingen, volume 40, number 18: pages 139 - 141 with 2 figures. softbound, self - wrap, good plus condition. paleopublications - promoting learning and knowledge! items usually ship within 48 hours .\nthe life of natrix vittata (l .), 1950, rijksmusem van natuurlijke historie te leiden, the netherlands, zoologische mededelingen, volume 31, number 1: pages 1 - 11 with 2 figures .\nrijksmusem van natuurlijke historie te leiden, the netherlands, 1950, zoologische mededelingen, volume 31, number 1: pages 1 - 11 with 2 figures. softbound, self - wrap, uncut text in very good condition. paleopublications - promoting learning and knowledge! items usually ship within 48 hours .\nhelicidae (gastropoda, pulmonata) gesammelt von der niederlandischen biologischen expedition in die turkei in 1959. i, 1971, rijksmusem van natuurlijke historie te leiden, the netherlands, zoologische mededelingen, volume 45, number 27: pages 313 - 323 wit\nrijksmusem van natuurlijke historie te leiden, the netherlands, 1971, zoologische mededelingen, volume 45, number 27: pages 313 - 323 with 3 figures and 2 plates. softbound, previous owners lable, self - wrap, uncut text in very good condition. paleopublications - promoting learning and knowledge! items usually ship within 48 hours .\ntell us what you' re looking for and once a match is found, we' ll inform you by e - mail .\nforgotten the title or the author of a book? our booksleuth is specially designed for you .\nby using the web site, you confirm that you have read, understood, and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions. copyright © 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc. & abebooks europe gmbh. all rights reserved .\npopular: trivia, history, america, television, tv, usa, geography, cities, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "deuterocopus devosi is a moth of the pterophoridae family .", "it is known from new guinea .", "the wingspan is about 10 mm .", "adults are on wing in march and november . " ], "topic": [ 2, 27, 9, 8 ] }

[ "deuterocopus devosi is a moth of the pterophoridae family. it is known from new guinea. the wingspan is about 10 mm. adults are on wing in march and november." ]

[ "here are three photos of another incredible example of acidaspis from steve brown. the acidaspis was found by jerry rush in the kope formation of pendleton county, ky .\nacidaspis cincinnatiensis meek, 1873 occurrence: fulton, economy, southgate, mcmicken, mount hope, fairmount, bellevue, corryville, mount auburn, waynesville reference: whittington, 1956; babcock, 1996 includes acidaspis anchoralis miller, 1875, ceratocephala ceralepta anthony, 1838 (also referred to as acidaspis ceralepta), and acidaspis onealli miller, 1875 .\nwhat made you want to look up acidaspis? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under cc by - nc licence .\n. beiträge zur kenntnis der kukruse - (c2 -) stufe in eesti. i\nlove words? you must — there are over 200, 000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\nthe museum is open daily from 10 am to 5: 45 pm except on thanksgiving and christmas .\npygidium bears two pairs of small border spines between a major pair of spines. large spine projects from occipital ring of cranidium; large genal spines. thorax with ten segments .\nall original material copyright 2008–2016. no part of this site may be reproduced without written permission .\nthe content and opinions expressed on this web page do not necessarily reflect the views of nor are they endorsed by the university of georgia or the university system of georgia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0\nhere' s a specimen found by chuck slamka in the coreyville in morrow, ohio in a creek bed. it was professionally prepared by ben cooper, son of dan cooper .\nthe dry dredgers and individual contributors reserve the rights to all information, images, and content presented here. permission to reproduce in any fashion, must be requested in writing to admin @ urltoken .\n– gsl fellows: log in with your lyell username and password. (please check your access entitlements at urltoken )\n– other users: log in with the username and password you created when you registered. help for other users is at urltoken\nyou may purchase access to this article. this will require you to create an account if you don' t already have one .\nyou may be able to gain access using your login credentials for your institution. contact your library if you do not have a username and password .\nif your organization uses openathens, you can log in using your openathens username and password .\nnote: we request your email address only to inform the recipient that it was you who recommended this article, and that it is not junk mail. we do not retain these email addresses .\nmessage body (your name) thought you would be interested in this article in journal of the geological society." ]

{ "text": [ "acidaspis is an extinct genus of odontopleurid trilobite from the ordovician to silurian of north america and europe .", "although small , it had long spines along its body . " ], "topic": [ 26, 23 ] }

[ "acidaspis is an extinct genus of odontopleurid trilobite from the ordovician to silurian of north america and europe. although small, it had long spines along its body." ]

[ "fissurellidae » fissurella radiosa radiosa, id: 162432, shell detail « shell encyclopedia, conchology, inc .\nthe following term was not found in genome: fissurella radiosa [ orgn ] .\nsubject: antique print, titled:' fissurelle radieuse.' - fissurella radiosa sea snail species .\n( of fissurella radiosa radiosa lesson, 1831) mclean j. h. (1984) systematics of fissurella in the peruvian and magellanic faunal provinces (gastropoda: prosobranchia). contributions in science, natural history museum of los angeles county 354: 1 - 70. [ 29 october 1984 ], available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfissurella (fissurella) radiosa (lesson, 1831) live taken, fine + + +, top quality for the species; superb! - the real species! ; 19. 1 mm; south argentina, rio negro province, punta colorada; from local diver; febrary 2009. [ fis033 ]\nfissurella alba philippi, 1845: synonym of fissurella oriens g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nfissurella australis philippi, 1845: synonym of fissurella oriens g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nfissurella bella reeve, 1849: synonym of fissurella latimarginata g. b. sowerby i, 1835\nfissurella concinna philippi, 1845: synonym of fissurella maxima g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nfissurella flavida philippi, 1857: synonym of fissurella oriens g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nfissurella galericulum reeve, 1850: synonym of fissurella latimarginata g. b. sowerby i, 1835\nfissurella hondurasensis reeve, 1849: synonym of fissurella maxima g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nfissurella punctatissima pilsbry, 1890: synonym of fissurella latimarginata g. b. sowerby i, 1835\nfissurella solida philippi, 1845: synonym of fissurella maxima g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nspecies fissurella alba philippi, 1845 accepted as fissurella oriens g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nspecies fissurella australis philippi, 1845 accepted as fissurella oriens g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nspecies fissurella bella reeve, 1849 accepted as fissurella latimarginata g. b. sowerby i, 1835\nspecies fissurella chilensis g. b. sowerby i, 1835 accepted as fissurella costata lesson, 1831\nspecies fissurella clypeiformis g. b. sowerby i, 1825 accepted as fissurella crassa lamarck, 1822\nspecies fissurella clypeus g. b. sowerby i, 1835 accepted as fissurella peruviana lamarck, 1822\nspecies fissurella concinna philippi, 1845 accepted as fissurella maxima g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nspecies fissurella flavida philippi, 1857 accepted as fissurella oriens g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nspecies fissurella galericulum reeve, 1850 accepted as fissurella latimarginata g. b. sowerby i, 1835\nspecies fissurella grandis g. b. sowerby i, 1835 accepted as fissurella nigra lesson, 1831\nspecies fissurella hondurasensis reeve, 1849 accepted as fissurella maxima g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nspecies fissurella doellojuradoi pérez farfante, 1952 accepted as fissurella oriens g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nfissurella affinis gray in g. b. sowerby i, 1835: synonym of fissurella peruviana lamarck, 1822\nfissurella arenicola rochebrune & mabille, 1885: synonym of fissurella oriens g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nfissurella cheullina ramirez - boehme, 1974: synonym of fissurella oriens g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nfissurella doellojuradoi perez - farfante, 1952: synonym of fissurella oriens g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nfissurella hedeia rochebrune & mabille, 1885: synonym of fissurella oriens g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nfissurella oblonga ramirez - boehme, 1974: synonym of fissurella oriens g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nsubgenus fissurella (cremides) h. adams & a. adams, 1854 represented as fissurella bruguière, 1789\nspecies fissurella affinis gray in g. b. sowerby i, 1835 accepted as fissurella peruviana lamarck, 1822\nspecies fissurella arenicola rochebrune & mabille, 1885 accepted as fissurella oriens g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nspecies fissurella cheullina ramirez - boehme, 1974 accepted as fissurella oriens g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nspecies fissurella hedeia rochebrune & mabille, 1885 accepted as fissurella oriens g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nspecies fissurella lata g. b. sowerby i, 1835 accepted as fissurella picta (gmelin, 1791 )\nspecies fissurella indistincta w. h. turton, 1932 accepted as fissurella natalensis krauss, 1848 (uncertain synonym )\nfissurella (fissurella) radiosa (lesson, 1831) live taken, fine + + +, top quality for the size of this species; huge! - new world record size! - previosly listed at 34. 0 mm - the real species! ; 34. 8 mm; south argentina, rio negro province, punta colorada; from local diver; february 2009. [ fis029 ]\nspecies fissurella alboradiata w. h. turton, 1932 accepted as fissurella mutabilis g. b. sowerby i, 1835\nspecies fissurella cinnabrina costa o. g. , 1839 accepted as fissurella nubecula (linnaeus, 1758) (synonym )\nspecies fissurella lilacina costa o. g. , 1839 accepted as fissurella nubecula (linnaeus, 1758) (synonym )\nfissurella biradiata g. b. sowerby i, 1835: synonym of fissurella latimarginata g. b. sowerby i, 1835\nfissurella fulvescens g. b. sowerby i, 1835: synonym of fissurella oriens g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nfissurella mexicana g. b. sowerby i, 1835: synonym of fissurella oriens g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nspecies fissurella biradiata g. b. sowerby i, 1835 accepted as fissurella latimarginata g. b. sowerby i, 1835\nspecies fissurella fulvescens g. b. sowerby i, 1835 accepted as fissurella oriens g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nspecies fissurella mexicana g. b. sowerby i, 1835 accepted as fissurella oriens g. b. sowerby i, 1834\nspecies fissurella foresti f. salvat, 1967 accepted as fissurella salvatiana christiaens, 1974 (invalid: junior homonym of fissurella foresti michaud, 1877; f. salvatiana is a replacement name )\nfissurella (fissurella) radiosa (lesson, 1831) live taken, fine + + +, top quality for the size of this species; huge! - new world record size! - previosly listed at 34. 0 mm - the real species! ; 34. 8 mm; south argentina, rio negro province, punta colorada; from local diver; february 2009. [ fis029 ] «click _ here _ to _ view _ larger _ and / or _ higher _ resolution _ images _! !! »\nfissurella exquisita reeve, l. a. , 1840: strait of magellan; falklands\nfissurella darwini reeve, l. a. , 1849: strait of magellan; tierra del fuego\nfissurella (cremides) h. adams & a. adams, 1854 · accepted, alternate representation\nspecies fissurella depressa grateloup, 1828 † accepted as lucapinella clypeata (grateloup, 1828) † (invalid: junior homonym of fissurella depressa lamarck, 1822; f. aquensis is a replacement name )\nfissurella dozei rochebrune, a. - t. de & j. mabille, 1885: magellanic region\nfissurella sculpturata turton, 1932: synonym of diodora levicostata (e. a. smith, 1914 )\nfissurella incii reeve, 1850: synonym of diodora lineata (g. b. sowerby i, 1835 )\nspecies fissurella bombayana g. b. sowerby ii, 1862 accepted as diodora singaporensis (reeve, 1850 )\nspecies fissurella incii reeve, 1850 accepted as diodora lineata (g. b. sowerby i, 1835 )\nto biodiversity heritage library (2 publications) (from synonym fissurella darwinii reeve, 1849) to biodiversity heritage library (2 publications) (from synonym fissurella grisea reeve, 1849) to biodiversity heritage library (29 publications) to biodiversity heritage library (29 publications) (from synonym fissurella nigra philippi, 1845) to biodiversity heritage library (6 publications) (from synonym fissurella exquisita reeve, 1850) to biodiversity heritage library (6 publications) (from synonym fissurella polygona g. b. sowerby ii, 1862) to encyclopedia of life to genbank (4 nucleotides; 4 proteins) to mnhn molluscs type collection (2000 - 4812) (from synonym fissurella tixierae métivier, 1969 )\nspecies fissurella corrugata costa o. g. , 1839 accepted as diodora graeca (linnaeus, 1758) (synonym )\nspecies fissurella dominicana costa o. g. , 1839 accepted as diodora graeca (linnaeus, 1758) (synonym )\nlike all other fissurellids, fissurella species are herbivores, using the radula to scrape up algae from the surface of rocks .\nfissurella concatenata crosse & p. fischer, 1864: synonym of cosmetalepas concatenata (crosse & p. fischer, 1864 )\nfissurella lima g. b sowerby ii, 1862: synonym of diodora lima (g. b. sowerby ii, 1862 )\n» species fissurella (cremides) pluridenta mabille, 1895 accepted as diodora inaequalis (g. b. sowerby i, 1835 )\nfissurella aequalis g. b. sowerby i, 1835: synonym of lucapinella aequalis (g. b. sowerby i, 1835 )\nfissurella lineata g. b. sowerby i, 1835: synonym of diodora lineata (g. b. sowerby i, 1835 )\nfissurella melvilli g. b. sowerby iii, 1882: synonym of medusafissurella melvilli (g. b. sowerby iii, 1882 )\nfissurella ruppelli g. b. sowerby i, 1835: synonym of diodora rueppellii (g. b. sowerby i, 1835 )\nfissurella variegata g. b. sowerby ii, 1862: synonym of diodora variegata (g. b. sowerby ii, 1862 )\nspecies fissurella alta c. b. adams, 1852 accepted as diodora alta (c. b. adams, 1852) (original combination )\nspecies fissurella concatenata crosse & p. fischer, 1864 accepted as cosmetalepas concatenata (crosse & p. fischer, 1864) (original combination )\nspecies fissurella lima g. b sowerby ii, 1862 accepted as diodora lima (g. b. sowerby ii, 1862) (original combination )\nspecies fissurella aequalis g. b. sowerby i, 1835 accepted as lucapinella aequalis (g. b. sowerby i, 1835) (original combination )\nspecies fissurella aperta g. b. sowerby i, 1825 accepted as pupillaea aperta (g. b. sowerby i, 1825) (original combination )\nspecies fissurella arcuata g. b. sowerby ii, 1862 accepted as diodora arcuata (g. b. sowerby ii, 1862) (original combination )\nspecies fissurella calyculata g. b. sowerby i, 1823 accepted as diodora calyculata (g. b. sowerby i, 1823) (original combination )\nspecies fissurella candida g. b. sowerby i, 1835 accepted as diodora candida (g. b. sowerby i, 1835) (original combination )\nspecies fissurella chemnitzii g. b. sowerby i, 1835 accepted as medusafissurella chemnitzii (g. b. sowerby i, 1835) (original combination )\nspecies fissurella inaequalis g. b. sowerby i, 1835 accepted as diodora inaequalis (g. b. sowerby i, 1835) (original combination )\nspecies fissurella lineata g. b. sowerby i, 1835 accepted as diodora lineata (g. b. sowerby i, 1835) (original combination )\nspecies fissurella mediterranea gray j. e. in sowerby g. b. i, 1835 accepted as diodora italica (defrance, 1820) (synonym )\nspecies fissurella melvilli g. b. sowerby iii, 1882 accepted as medusafissurella melvilli (g. b. sowerby iii, 1882) (original combination )\n( of fissurella nigra philippi, 1845) mclean j. h. (1984) systematics of fissurella in the peruvian and magellanic faunal provinces (gastropoda: prosobranchia). contributions in science, natural history museum of los angeles county 354: 1 - 70. [ 29 october 1984 ], available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fissurella darwinii reeve, 1849) mclean j. h. (1984) systematics of fissurella in the peruvian and magellanic faunal provinces (gastropoda: prosobranchia). contributions in science, natural history museum of los angeles county 354: 1 - 70. [ 29 october 1984 ], available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fissurella grisea reeve, 1849) mclean j. h. (1984) systematics of fissurella in the peruvian and magellanic faunal provinces (gastropoda: prosobranchia). contributions in science, natural history museum of los angeles county 354: 1 - 70. [ 29 october 1984 ], available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fissurella exquisita reeve, 1850) mclean j. h. (1984) systematics of fissurella in the peruvian and magellanic faunal provinces (gastropoda: prosobranchia). contributions in science, natural history museum of los angeles county 354: 1 - 70. [ 29 october 1984 ], available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fissurella philippiana reeve, 1850) mclean j. h. (1984) systematics of fissurella in the peruvian and magellanic faunal provinces (gastropoda: prosobranchia). contributions in science, natural history museum of los angeles county 354: 1 - 70. [ 29 october 1984 ], available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fissurella philippii hupé, 1854) mclean j. h. (1984) systematics of fissurella in the peruvian and magellanic faunal provinces (gastropoda: prosobranchia). contributions in science, natural history museum of los angeles county 354: 1 - 70. [ 29 october 1984 ], available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fissurella tixierae métivier, 1969) mclean j. h. (1984) systematics of fissurella in the peruvian and magellanic faunal provinces (gastropoda: prosobranchia). contributions in science, natural history museum of los angeles county 354: 1 - 70. [ 29 october 1984 ], available online at urltoken [ details ]\nspecies fissurella canalifera g. nevill & h. nevill, 1869 accepted as lucapinella canalifera (g. nevill & h. nevill, 1869) (original combination )\n( of fissurella dozei rochebrune & mabille, 1885) mclean j. h. (1984) systematics of fissurella in the peruvian and magellanic faunal provinces (gastropoda: prosobranchia). contributions in science, natural history museum of los angeles county 354: 1 - 70. [ 29 october 1984 ], available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fissurella polygona g. b. sowerby ii, 1862) mclean j. h. (1984) systematics of fissurella in the peruvian and magellanic faunal provinces (gastropoda: prosobranchia). contributions in science, natural history museum of los angeles county 354: 1 - 70. [ 29 october 1984 ], available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmclean j. h. (1984) systematics of fissurella in the peruvian and magellanic faunal provinces (gastropoda: prosobranchia). contributions in science, natural history museum of los angeles county 354: 1 - 70. (29 october 1984 )\nmclean j. h. (1984) systematics of fissurella in the peruvian and magellanic faunal provinces (gastropoda: prosobranchia). contributions in science, natural history museum of los angeles county 354: 1 - 70. [ 29 october 1984 ], available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmclean j. h. (1984) systematics of fissurella in the peruvian and magellanic faunal provinces (gastropoda: prosobranchia). contributions in science, natural history museum of los angeles county 354: 1 - 70. [ 29 october 1984 ], available online at urltoken page (s): 43 [ details ]\n( of fissurella polygona g. b. sowerby ii, 1862) petit, r. e. (2009). george brettingham sowerby, i, ii & iii: their conchological publications and molluscan taxa. zootaxa. 2189: 1–218. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmclean j. h. (1984) systematics of < i > fissurella < / i > in the peruvian and magellanic faunal provinces (gastropoda: prosobranchia). < i > contributions in science, natural history museum of los angeles county < / i > 354: 1 - 70. [ 29 october 1984 ]\ngriffiths, h. j. ; linse, k. ; crame, j. a. (2003). sombase - southern ocean mollusc database: a tool for biogeographic analysis in diversity and evolution. organisms diversity and evolution. 3: 207 - 213. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nargentina. rio negro province. punta colorada. taken under rocks at 2 - 3 meters depth. at extreme low tide. april 2003 .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 002 seconds. )\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation. by continuing to browse, you accept the use of cookies; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further. more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito. continuando a navigare accetti l' utilizzo dei cookies, se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente. altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\n- note: several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes. they are not for sale. - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock, except when only one specimen is offered. we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted (gamma correction) .\nthis listing was ended by the seller because the item is no longer available .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. for additional information, see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. if you reside in an eu member state besides uk, import vat on this purchase is not recoverable. for additional information, see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nestimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller' s handling time, origin zip code, destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab. delivery times may vary, especially during peak periods .\nitems shipping internationally may be subject to customs processing depending on the item' s declared value .\nsellers set the item' s declared value and must comply with customs declaration laws .\ncopyright © 1995 - 2018 ebay inc. all rights reserved. accessibility, user agreement, privacy, cookies and adchoice\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nkeyword search - try again, but check your spelling, and / or use fewer search terms .\nif we don' t have it today, create a' want' and receive an automated email when the item is listed for sale .\nfind books from over 100, 000 booksellers worldwide, for easy searches and price comparison .\nby using the web site, you confirm that you have read, understood, and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions. © 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc. all rights reserved. abebooks, the abebooks logo, abebooks. com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books. books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office .\ncomment: excellent, given age. left edge uneven from binding. some stains in the right margin. general age - related toning and / or occasional minor defects from handling. please study scan carefully .\nsize in cm: the overall size is ca. 17. 5 x 26. 5 cm. the image size is ca. 13. 5 x 17. 5 cm .\nsize in inch: the overall size is ca. 6. 9 x 10. 4 inch. the image size is ca. 5. 3 x 6. 9 inch .\ninstantly receive a £10 urltoken gift card if you’re approved for the amazon platinum mastercard with instant spend. representative 21. 9% apr (variable) .\ncredit offered by newday ltd, over 18s only, subject to status. terms apply .\nplease make sure that you' ve entered a valid question. you can edit your question or post anyway .\nthere was a problem completing your request. please try your search again later .\nvisit the delivery destinations help page to see where this item can be delivered .\ndescription: m. le docteur emm. lemaout :\nle jardin des plantes, deuxieme volume: description complete, historique et pittoresque du museum d' histoire naturelle\n, paris: curmer, 1843. artists and engravers: anonymous .\nprime members enjoy fast & free shipping, unlimited streaming of movies and tv shows with prime video and many more exclusive benefits .\nafter viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\ndepth range based on 2 specimens in 1 taxon. water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 2 samples. environmental ranges depth range (m): 139 - 311 temperature range (°c): 12. 333 - 21. 085 nitrate (umol / l): 4. 967 - 18. 196 salinity (pps): 35. 427 - 36. 754 oxygen (ml / l): 2. 983 - 3. 715 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 372 - 1. 235 silicate (umol / l): 2. 115 - 8. 248 graphical representation depth range (m): 139 - 311 temperature range (°c): 12. 333 - 21. 085 nitrate (umol / l): 4. 967 - 18. 196 salinity (pps): 35. 427 - 36. 754 oxygen (ml / l): 2. 983 - 3. 715 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 372 - 1. 235 silicate (umol / l): 2. 115 - 8. 248 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\nthe size of the body does not exceed or marginally exceeds that of the shell. the outer radular plate has four cusps. the propodium (= the anterior end of the foot) has no tentacles .\nwater for respiration and excretion is drawn in under the edge of the shell and exits through the\nkeyhole\nat the apex .\nthe following species are also mentioned by schooner specimen shells. this list may contain synonyms .\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 180 - 213\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthe starfish heliaster helianthus contains thornasteroside a (1) and helianthoside (2) and its isomer (3) as the major sulfated steroidal glycosides. saponin containing fractions obtained by purification of extracts of h. helianthus induced escape reactions and mortality in the limpets siphonaria le ...\nelectrospray tandem mass spectrometry of 2h - chromenes por: campos, ana m. f. oliveira instituição de defesa: (2004 )\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbruguière, jean g. 1789. encyclopédie méthodique. histoire naturelle des vers. panckoucke, paris. vol. t. 1: (1) i - xviii; 1 - 344 .\nbruguière j. g. (1789 - 1792). < i > encyclopdie méthodique ou par ordre de matières. histoire naturelle des vers < / i >, volume 1. pancoucke, paris. pp. 1 - 344 [ june 1789 ]; 345 - 758 [ 13 feb. 1792; dates after evenhuis, 2003, < i > zootaxa < / i >, 166: 37; < i > zootaxa < / i >, 207 ]; atlas pl. 1 - 189 [ 1791 ]; pl. 190 - 286 [ 1797 ] pl. 287 - 390 [ 1798 ] pl. 391 - 488 .\nnomenclator zoologicus. a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. digitised by ubio from vols. 1 - 9 of neave (ed .), 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume. urltoken (as at 2006) .\nsepkoski, j. j. , jr. (2002). a compendium of fossil marine animal genera. < em > bulletins of american paleontology. < / em > 363, 1 - 560 .\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, et al. , 1998: common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks, 2nd ed. . american fisheries society special publication 26. 526 .\nbruguière j. g. (1789 - 1792). encyclopdie méthodique ou par ordre de matières. histoire naturelle des vers, volume 1. pancoucke, paris. pp. 1 - 344 [ june 1789 ]; 345 - 758 [ 13 feb. 1792; dates after evenhuis, 2003, zootaxa, 166: 37; zootaxa, 207 ]; atlas pl. 1 - 189 [ 1791 ]; pl. 190 - 286 [ 1797 ] pl. 287 - 390 [ 1798 ] pl. 391 - 488. , available online at urltoken page (s): xiv [ details ]\n, p. 108, [ rochbrune & mabille 1889, pl. 5, fig. 2 ]\ncomments: non reeve, 1850a, pl. 13, fig. 90 (august) .\n, p. errata, species 37, [ reeve 1849c, pl. 6, fig. 37 ]\ndiagnoses de mollusques nouveaux, recueillis par les membres de la mission du cap horn et m. lebrun, préparateur au muséum, chargé d' une mission à santa - cruz de patagonie bulletin de la société philomathique de paris (7) 9 100 - 111. [ true date: post 30 may. ]\nrosenfeld, sebastian, aldea, cristian, mansilla, andres, marambio, johanna & ojeda, jaime, 2015, richness, systematics, and distribution of molluscs associated with the macroalga gigartinaskottsbergii in the strait of magellan, chile: a biogeographic affinity study, zookeys 519, pp. 49 - 100: 59\nlesson, 1831, sharing geographic distribution points. mclean (1984) mentioned the characteristics that differentiate them :\nwtsp: valparaíso (hupé 1854, tryon and pilsbry 1890, mclean 1984), papudo (ramírez 1996), punta pingueral and cape tirúa (aldea and valdovinos 2005), and valdivia (zagal and hermosilla 2001). magellanic: chiloé archipelago (mclean 1984), estero elefantes (reid and osorio 2000), and puerto edén (dell 1971); strait of magellan (rochebrune and mabille 1889): buque quemado (aldea and rosenfeld 2011), laredo bay (mutschke et al. 1998), punta arenas (rochebrune and mabille 1889), punta santa ana (ríos et al. 2007), punta santa maría (this record), inútil bay (ramírez 1996), and carlos iii island (aldea et al. 2011a); ushuaia (strebel 1908), puerto williams (dell 1971), róbalo bay (dell 1971, ojeda et al. 2010), orange bay (rochebrune and mabille 1889), and navidad bay (ramírez 1996); malvinas / falkand islands (rochebrune and mabille 1889, melvill and standen 1914) in port stanley (watson 1886, powell 1951) .\nno known copyright restrictions apply. see agosti, d. , egloff, w. , 2009. taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the plazi approach. bmc research notes 2009, 2: 53 for further explanation .\narrontes j. , arenas f. , fernández c. , rico j. m. , oliveros j. , martínez b. , viejo r. m. and alvarez d. (2004). effect of grazing by limpets on mid - shore species assemblages in northern spain .\nbalzi p. p. and muniain c. c. (1993). colonización de sustratos mesolitorales por mitílidos. resúmenes jornadas nacionales de ciencias del mar ‘93 puerto madryn, argentina, 72\nbastida r. (1971). las incrustaciones biológicas en el puerto de mar del plata, período 1966–1967. revista del museo argentino de ciencias naturales bernardino rivadavia .\nbastida r. (1973). studies of the fouling communities along argentine coasts. proceedings of the 3rd international congress of marine corrosion and fouling, washington, 847–864\nbastida r. , spivak e. , l’hoste s. g. and adabbo h. e. (1974). las incrustaciones biológicas de puerto belgrano. i. estudio de la fijación sobre paneles mensuales, período 1971 / 1972 .\nbastida r. , trivi de mandri m. , lichtschein de bastida v. and stupak m. (1980). ecological aspects of marine fouling at the port of mar del plata (argentina). 5th international congress of marine corrosion and fouling, madrid, 299–320\nbischoff b. and wiencke c. (1995). temperature adaptation in strains of the amphi - equatorial green alga\n( rhodophyta). ii. estadíos de desarrollo en punta maqueda (provincia de santa cruz, argentina) .\nbrankevich g. , bastida r. and martínez d. (1984). ecological aspects of marine fouling at the necochea power station (puerto quequen, argentina). 6th international congress of marine corrosion and fouling, athens, 567–583\nbray j. r. and curtis j. t. (1957). an ordination of the upland forest communities of southern wisconsin .\ncarlton j. and geller j. b. (1993). ecological roulette: the global transport of nonindigenous marine organisms .\ncasas g. n. and piriz m. l. (1996). surveys of\ncasas g. , scrosati r. and piriz m. l. (2004). the invasive kelp\n( phaeophyceae, laminariales) reduces native seaweed diversity in nuevo gulf (patagonia, argentina) .\nchapman m. g. and underwood a. j. (1998). inconsistency and variation in the development of rocky intertidal algal assemblages .\ncharpy l. j. , charpy - roubaud c. j. and pizarro m. j. (1980). la production primaire des eaux du golfe san josé (peninsule valdes, argentine). iii. estimation de la production phytoplanctonique annuelle .\nclarke k. (1993). non - parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure .\nclarke k. r. and warwick r. m. (1994). change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation. natural environment research council, plymouth\ngordon d. p. and mawatari s. f. (1992). atlas of marine - fouling bryozoa of new zealand ports and harbours .\nhayden h. s. , blomster j. , maggs c. a. , silva p. c. and waaland j. r. (2003). linnaeus was right all along :\nhidalgo f. j. , barón p. j. and orensanz j. m. (l .) (2005). a prediction come true: the green crab invades the patagonian coast .\nknight - jones p. and knight - jones e. w. (1984). systematics, ecology and distribution of southern hemisphere spirorbids (polychaeta; spirorbidae). in: hutchings, p. a. (eds) proceedings of the first international polychaete conference, pp 197–210. linnean society of new south wales, sydney, australia\nkruskal j. b. and wish m. (1978). multidimensional scaling. sage publications, beverly hills\nlópez gappa j. (2000). species richness of marine bryozoa in the continental shelf and slope off argentina (south - west atlantic) .\n( l .) c. ag. en la ría deseado (santa cruz, argentina) .\nlópez gappa j. , tablado a. and magaldi n. h. (1993). seasonal changes in an intertidal community affected by sewage pollution .\nodum e. p. (1969). the strategy of ecosystem development .\norensanz j. m. , schwindt e. , pastorino g. , bortolus a. , darrigran g. , elías r. , lópez gappa j. j. , pascual m. , penchaszadeh p. , piriz m. l. , spivak e. d. and vallarino e. a. (2002). no longer the pristine confines of the world ocean – a survey of exotic marine species in the southwestern atlantic .\nosman r. w. (1977). the establishment and development of a marine epifaunal community .\nrico a. , lanas p. and lópez gappa j. (2001). temporal and spatial patterns in the recruitment of\n( crustacea, cirripedia) in comodoro rivadavia harbor (chubut, argentina) .\nrico a. , lanas p. and lópez gappa j. (2003). colonization of\nruiz g. m. , fofonoff p. w. , carlton j. t. , wonham m. j. and hines a. h. (2000). invasion of coastal marine communities in north america: apparent patterns, processes, and biases .\nryland j. s. (1965). catalogue of main marine fouling organisms. polyzoa oecd, paris\n( 1998). tablas de marea, república argentina. puertos de la república argentina y algunos puertos de brasil, uruguay y chile. servicio de hidrografía naval, buenos aires\nsokal r. r. and rohlf f. j. (1981). biometry. w. h. freeman, new york\nsutherland j. p. and karlson r. h. (1977). development and stability of the fouling community at beaufort, north carolina .\nunderwood a. j. and chapman m. g. (1998). spatial analyses of intertidal assemblages on sheltered rocky shores .\nunderwood a. j. and denley e. j. (1984). paradigms, explanations and generalizations in models for the structure of intertidal communities on rocky shores. in: strong, d. r. ,, abele, l. g. , and thistle, a. (eds) ecological communities: conceptual issues and the evidence, pp 151–180. princeton university press, new jersey\nunderwood a. j. and fairweather p. g. (1989). supply side ecology and benthic marine assemblages .\nzaixso h. and pastor c. (1977). observaciones sobre la ecología de los mitílidos de la ría deseado. i. distribución y análisis biocenótico." ]

{ "text": [ "fissurella radiosa is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fissurellidae , the keyhole limpets .", "two subspecies : fissurella radiosa radiosa lesson , 1831 fissurella radiosa tixierae métivier , 1969" ], "topic": [ 2, 5 ] }

[ "fissurella radiosa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fissurellidae, the keyhole limpets. two subspecies: fissurella radiosa radiosa lesson, 1831 fissurella radiosa tixierae métivier, 1969" ]

[ "perigonia ilus boisduval, 1870; considérations lépid. guatemala: 66; tl: honduras and mexico\nbuy moths for sale sphingidae fr: perigonia ilus from french guyana online. worldwide shipping! beautiful insect moths for sale sphingidae fr: perigonia ilus for sale at the bugmaniac, one of the world' s largest dealers of preserved dried insects .\nperigonia lusca major clark, 1928; proc. new england zool. cl. 10: 44\nfamily: sphingidae, latreille, 1802 subfamily: macroglossinae, harris, 1839 tribe: dilophonotini, burmeister, 1878 genus: perigonia herrich - schaffer, ] 1854 ]... ...... .. species: ilus boisduval, 1870\nperigonia jamaicensis rothschild, 1894; novit. zool. 1 (1): 69; tl: jamaica\nperigonia lusca; godman & salvin, 1881, biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 3; [ hmw ]\nperigonia stulta; godman & salvin, 1881, biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 3; [ hmw ]\nperigonia stulta herrich - schäffer, [ 1854 ]; samml. aussereurop. schmett. (i) 1 (6): f. 106; tl :\nam. aeguin .\nupdated as per an annotated checklist of the sphingidae of bolivia, october 2007 updated as per urltoken (paraguay), october 2007 updated as per more, kitching and cocucci' s hawkmoths of argentina 2005, october, 2007 upfated as per personal communication with ezequiel osvaldo núñez bustos (argentina), ocotber 2007 updated as per the known sphingidae of costa rica, november 2007 updated as per personal communication with jose monzon (guatemala); may 2009 updated as per french guiana systematics: sphingidae; may 14, 2011 updated as per personal communication with sergio d. ríos díaz in catálogo de los sphingidae (insecta: lepidoptera) depositados en el museo nacional de historia natural del paraguay; sent to me in july 2014 by sergio d. ríos díaz. updated as per personal communication with vadim kroutov (rio monzon, huanuco, peru, male 52mm); february 22, 2015\n( wingspan: 52mm (vk) - 54 - 58mm), moths fly in honduras, the specimen type locality, and in costa rica and belize .\neurides furtado reports them from mato grosso, brazil. they fly as far south as southern uruguay .\n: alto paraguay, boqueron, presidente hayes, concepcion, san pedro, canindeyu, alto parana, cordillera, central, caazuagu. paraguari, guaira, (probably caazapa, itapua (wo? ?) ) ;\nhas been taken in costa rica in all months of the year. march and october flights have been recorded in french guiana .\nfemales call in the males with a pheromone released from a gland at the tip of the abdomen. adults nectar at flowers .\nhere is a\npair that came to the house light in copulation. note that she is old and worn, and he is very new and fresh .\nit was very hard to separate them without tearing abdomens, even when newly killed and relaxed .\nlarvae have a yellow tail horn, a green body and a dark blue stripe down the back. there are several color morphs. larvae feed on\nis a species of holly (family aquifoliaceae) native to subtropical south america. people steep the dry leaves (and twigs) in hot water, rather than boiling water. the beverage is a slightly less potent stimulant than coffee and it is much gentler on the stomach .\n. pages are on space rented from bizland. if you would like to become a\nplease send sightings / images to bill. i will do my best to respond to requests for identification help .\nshow appreciation for this site by clicking on flashing butterfly to the left. the link will take you to a page with links to many insect sites .\nthis system is free software released under gnu / gpl 3. 0 - portal version 1. 0\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3. 0 united states license .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\ngenera insectorum eorumque characters naturales secundum numerum, figuram, situm et proportionem ...\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\nbiologia centrali - americana; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america. zoology. lepidoptera. heterocera\nwalker, [ 1865 ] list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 31: 1 - 322 ([ 1865 ]), 32: 323 - 706 (1865), 33: 707 - 1120 (1865), 34: 1121 - 1534 ([ 1866 ]), 35: 1535 - 2040 (1866 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "perigonia ilus is a moth of the family sphingidae .", "it is known from mexico , honduras , costa rica , belize , guatemala , el salvador , nicaragua , panama , colombia , venezuela , ecuador , peru , bolivia , argentina , paraguay , brazil and uruguay .", "the wingspan is 54 – 58 mm .", "it is similar to perigonia lusca lusca , but can be distinguished by the yellow tornal area of the hindwing underside .", "adults are on wing year round .", "the larvae have been recorded feeding on calycophyllum candidissimum , guettarda macrosperma and ilex paraguariensis .", "they are green with a yellow tail horn and a dark blue stripe down the back .", "there are several colour morphs . " ], "topic": [ 2, 27, 9, 1, 8, 8, 23, 19 ] }

[ "perigonia ilus is a moth of the family sphingidae. it is known from mexico, honduras, costa rica, belize, guatemala, el salvador, nicaragua, panama, colombia, venezuela, ecuador, peru, bolivia, argentina, paraguay, brazil and uruguay. the wingspan is 54 – 58 mm. it is similar to perigonia lusca lusca, but can be distinguished by the yellow tornal area of the hindwing underside. adults are on wing year round. the larvae have been recorded feeding on calycophyllum candidissimum, guettarda macrosperma and ilex paraguariensis. they are green with a yellow tail horn and a dark blue stripe down the back. there are several colour morphs." ]

[ "the andean motmot or highland motmot (momotus aequatorialis) is a colorful near - passerine bird found in the forests and woodlands from northern colombia to western bolivia. this species and the blue - capped motmot, lesson’s motmot, whooping motmot, amazonian motmot, and trinidad motmot were all considered conspecific. there is something magical and majestic all at once with this beautiful racket - tailed bird .\npredation of a gymnophthalmid lizard by an andean motmot (momotus aequatorialis) in the canyon of combeima, central andes of colombia .\npredation of a gymnophthalmid lizard by an andean motmot (momotus aequatorialis) in the canyon of combeima, central andes of colombia. | anole annals\n. the andean motmot has green upperparts that shade into blue towards the wings. the underparts are greenish tawny. the crown is bright blue with a black center. it has a black mask fringed with blue and a long tail with a bare - shafted racket tip. andean motmot is larger, overall greener, and range at higher elevations than closely related\nthe andean motmot is, as the english name implies, the andean representative of the widespread\nblue - crowned motmot\ncomplex. for many years, all members of this group were considered to be conspecific, but this group now is reclassified as representing five different species. the andean motmot occurs in humid montane forests of the andes mountains of south america, from colombia south to bolivia. in most portions of its range, it is replaced at lower elevations by the similar, but smaller, amazonian motmot (momotus momota). the andean motmot shares many features in common with other\nblue - crowned motmots ,\nsuch as the black center of the crown, bordered below with a broad blue band; the broad black line (or\nmask\n) through the eye; and the long tail with\nracquet\ntips. the andean motmot is very green on the underparts, however, lacking the tawny tones that present on other\nblue - crowned motmots ,\nand it also differs in some details of the facial pattern and in the color of the racquets. as in other motmots, the nest is at the end of a long tunnel in the ground. there is very little information on most aspects of the life history of the andean motmot .\nin this canyon, the abundance of andean motmot (momotus aequatorialis) is high allowing them to be readily observed. the andean motmot, m. aequatorialis was separated as a distinct species from the rest of the complex momotus momota according to (stiles 2009). the distribution of m. aequatorialis is reported in mountain regions of the andes between 1500 and 3200 masl (hilty and brown 1986, stiles 2009) .\n: a word derived from the word motmot, which is supposed to be the native mexican name for motmots .\n: occurring in or originating from an equatorial region. a motmot that occurs near the equatorial region of south america .\na solitary adult male did some flight displays in a track near an edge of a large high andean forest relict. recording distance was 3 meters .\nthe motmot was found several times around a hole on the ground possibly used as a nest or roost. i presume the call is an alarm call .\nandean motmots (formerly called' highland motmot') inhabit mid - altitude cloud forests in the andes. it is the higher - altitude replacement for the blue - crowned or amazonian motmot. motmots typically live in thick - - and consequently dark - - forests, and most of these images required substantial electronic flash lighting. however, these birds typically sit very still, making it a bit easier to get photos. these were photographed at about 1500 m elevation along the manu road in southeastern peru, and at about 2000 m in the mountains above cali, colombia .\nandean motmots feed mainly arthropods and fruits (remsen et al. 1993), and it has been documented that they may also feed of various vertebrates such as frogs (master 1999), snakes (stiles & skutch 1989), hummingbirds (garcía - c & zahawi 2006) and mammals such as mice, bats, shrews (delgado - v. & brooks 2003, chacón - madrigal & barrantes 2004, greeney et al. 2006, sandoval et al. 2008) as well as marsupials of the genus micoureus (acevedo - q 2012) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\nmomotus momota, m. coeruliceps, m. lessonii, m. subrufescens, m. bahamensis\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\n), version 1. 0. in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa .\nparque regional barbas - bremen, filandia, quindio. sector bremen - buenos aires\ncalls from juvs inside the burrow! the nest was about 2, 5 m above the trail in a sandy bank. the adult came out of the hole, probably scared by us, and sat nearby with food in the beak. i had the recorder at the opening of the hole. in mature foothill forest about 100 m from river bombuscara .\nchicoral, la cumbre, valle del cauca n3 34. 169 w76 34. 620\nid accurancy: 100% . habitat: understory of low montane forest. weather: sunny and clear sky. code: ohm023a _ 0143 momotus aequatorialis. equipment: marantz pmd 222 with sennheiser me 66, tdk 60 sa - ii .\nhumid - wet forest pasture mosaic. reference: b: 313 - 320, 323 - 329 (momaeqx1). krabbe & nilsson (2003) (isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9) .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 289, 773 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nthey have a large range throughout the central andes in colombia, ecuador & peru, just barely touching bolivia. i saw one at great distance in mindo, then better views at rio blanco and the termales san vincente near pereira, colombia .\nfairly common in montane forest at elevations ranging from 1000 - 2400 m. it also occurs in\nschulenberg, t. s. , d. f. stotz, and l. rico. 2006. distribution maps of the birds of peru, version 1. 0. environment, culture & conservation (ecco). the field museum .\nmaterial published in urltoken belongs to the author (s) and is protected by copyright laws. contributor (s )\ncontribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru. report your rare and unusual sightings :\ncorbidi is a peruvian non - profit organization, whose goal is to develop foundations that support biodiversity conservation .\nmomotus aequatorialis, barranquero coronado manizales bird emblem caldense promoted by the ornithological society and chosen by the city in 1995 for being a colorful, beautiful long tail bird making it a very attractive bird. this bird of colombia measures of 46 - 48 cm, is a large bird and is recognized by its large head with a light [ … ]\n© copyright © 2016 hotel tinamú birding nature reserve all rights reserved. diseño. urltoken\ncanon 1d4 or 7d or 7d2; 500 mm is lens or 800 mm is lens plus 1. 4x or 2x extender, fill - in flash (2013, 2014, 2015 )\nthe canyon of combeima is located in the central andes in colombia, in corregimiento of juntas, municipality of ibagué (tolima). this life zone is approximately at 1700 masl (pre - montane forest). the canyon is known for its biological diversity in birds, anole lizards and some snakes .\nhere i report predation by m. aequatorialis on a lizard of the family gymnophthalmidae. the bird was holding the lizard in its beak, lacking a part of its tail (fig. 1). the observation was conducted for the period in which the bird remained perched on the tree .\ni also observed that the m. aequatorialis had an ectoparasite on the blue stain (fig 2), another example of the various interactions that can be found in this ecosystem .\nbiologist, interested in population genetics and phylogeography. currently working in a birds monitoring project in altitudinal gradient in cordillera central de los andes - colombia, also interested in aspects of biology in amphibians and reptiles .\nsave my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nanole annals is written and edited by scientists who study anolis lizards. our goal is to disseminate new scientific research, natural history anecdotes, and a wide range of other anole - related information. to find posts on a particular topic, type a key word into the search box .\nenter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email." ]

{ "text": [ "the andean motmot or highland motmot ( momotus aequatorialis ) is a colorful near-passerine bird found in the forests and woodlands from northern colombia to western bolivia .", "this species and the blue-capped motmot , lesson 's motmot , whooping motmot , amazonian motmot , and trinidad motmot were all considered conspecific .", "the central crown is black and surrounded by a blue band .", "there is a black eyemask .", "the call is a low owl-like ooo-doot .", "these birds often sit still , and in their dense forest habitat can be difficult to see , despite their size .", "they eat small prey such as insects and lizards , and will also regularly take fruit .", "like most of the coraciiformes , motmots nest in tunnels in banks , laying about three or four white eggs . " ], "topic": [ 24, 7, 23, 29, 16, 12, 12, 28 ] }

[ "the andean motmot or highland motmot (momotus aequatorialis) is a colorful near-passerine bird found in the forests and woodlands from northern colombia to western bolivia. this species and the blue-capped motmot, lesson's motmot, whooping motmot, amazonian motmot, and trinidad motmot were all considered conspecific. the central crown is black and surrounded by a blue band. there is a black eyemask. the call is a low owl-like ooo-doot. these birds often sit still, and in their dense forest habitat can be difficult to see, despite their size. they eat small prey such as insects and lizards, and will also regularly take fruit. like most of the coraciiformes, motmots nest in tunnels in banks, laying about three or four white eggs." ]

[ "nekola, j. c. and g. rosenberg. (2013). vertigo marciae (gastropoda: vertiginidae), a new land snail from jamaica. nautilus. 127 (3): 107–114. page (s): 112 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis (the integrated taxonomic information system) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon, d. d. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, w. k. emerson, w. g. lyons, w. pratt, et al .\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks, 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, p. m. mikkelsen, r. j. neves, c. f. e. roper, g. rosenberg, b. roth, a. scheltema, f. g. thompson, m. vecchione, and j. d. williams. 1998. common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks. 2nd edition. american fisheries society special publication 26, bethesda, maryland: 526 pp .\nthis arboreal snail was known historically from only a few sites in the florida keys but has not been seen alive in more than 75 years .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\nthis arboreal snail is known only from select sites in the florida keys (hubricht, 1972; 1985; burch, 1962) .\npilsbry (1948) cites long, pumpkin, pine, elliott, porgee, little palo alto, noname, ligum vitae keys .\nthis species has not been seen alive in more than 75 years. pilsbry (1948) reported it from a series of keys off the southern florida coast but provided no habitat information .\n( < 100 - 250 square km (less than about 40 - 100 square miles) ) this arboreal snail is known only from select sites in the florida keys (hubricht, 1972; 1985; burch, 1962) .\npresumably, populations occur in tropical hardwood forest. hubricht (1985) suggested that it is arboreal because all museum specimens were dead when collected .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens, including live specimens or recently dead shells (i. e. , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining), at a given location with potentially recurring existence. weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence. evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data; unpublished, though documented (i. e. government or agency reports, web sites, etc .) observation or collection data; or museum specimen information .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nburch, j. b. 1962. how to know the eastern land snails. wm. c. brown company publishers, dubuque, iowa. 214 pp .\nhubricht, l. 1982. endangered land snails of the eastern united states. bulletin of the american malacological union, 1981: 45: 53 - 54 .\nhubricht, l. 1985. the distribution of the native land mollusks of the eastern united states. fieldiana: zoology, 24: 1 - 191 .\nnekola, j. c. and b. f. coles. 2010. pupillid land snails of eastern north america. american malacological bulletin 28: 29 - 57 .\npilsbry, h. a. 1948. land mollusca of north america (north of mexico). monograph of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia, 2 (2): 521 - 1113 .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n, both highest at mid length (figures 1, 2, 5, 6) .\nleft of that node by four support values: the upper left (normal font) is for nearest neighbor joining. the upper right (\ncatenation of the its - 1 and its - 2 amplicons. nodes with strong to moderate support across all four phylogenetic reconstruction\ngrossman, d. h. , s. iremonger, and d. m. muchoney .\nc. , b. f. coles, and u. bergthorsson. 2009. evo -\nwe wish to determine the origin of helicoidea and sagdoidea within eupulmonata as well as family - level relationship within the superfamilies .\nerratum: status report on the terrestrial mollusca of jamaica (vol. 155, pp. 117 - 161, 2006 )\nutility corridors are often thought to be disruptive to biodiversity because they cause habitat fragmentation that may lead to increases in predation, parasitism, disease transmittance and vagrant species while decreasing migration rates, gene flow and genetic diversity for interior species. species with poor dispersal abilities, sedentary lifestyles, and specialized habitats have been thought... [ show full abstract ]\na revised database of terrestrial gastropods from north america north of mexico was assembled in the spring of 2012, which included not only all likely species - level entities, updated family and naturalized exotic assignments, but also shell and body size data. analyses of these reveal that: (1) the fauna represents approximately 1, 200 species, and is dominated by the polygyridae, ... [ show full abstract ]\nsome suggest that because of scale independence major biodiversity metrics can be estimated at large scales from analysis of a well chosen suite of individual sites. others have attempted to estimate individual site patterns from analysis of the continental pool. but does such cross - scale extrapolation work? this issue is addressed for the north american terrestrial gastropod fauna by... [ show full abstract ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "vertigo hebardi is a species of minute land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family vertiginidae , the whorl snails .", "this species is endemic to the united states . " ], "topic": [ 2, 2 ] }

[ "vertigo hebardi is a species of minute land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family vertiginidae, the whorl snails. this species is endemic to the united states." ]

[ "bhatt [ 31 ] and rajagopal [ 43 ] have reported cannibalistic nature of sperata seenghala .\nin adult stage, sperata seenghala is almost alike with sperata aor, but it can be chiefly distinguishable from sperata aor by few characters like chisel - shaped snout, distantly placed rayed and adipose dorsal fins and much shorter maxillary barbells not exceeding beyond the tip of the pelvic fin .\nsynonyms aor seenghala (sykes, 1839) aoria seenghala (sykes, 1839) aorichthys aor sarwari mirza, nawaz & javed, 1992 aorichthys seenghala (sykes, 1839) aoricthys seenghala (skyes, 1841) bagrus lamarrii (valenciennes et al. , 1840) bagrus seenghala (sykes, 1839) macrones lamarrii (valenciennes, 1840) macrones seenghala (day, 1877) macrones seenghala (sykes, 1839) mystus seenghala (sykes, 1839) platystoma seenghala sykes, 1839 sperata sarwari (mirza, nawaz & javed, 1992 )\neconomic importance: used as food fish. each gm flesh of sperata seenghala contains 200 units of vitamin ‘a’ (bhuiyan 1964) .\nfroese, rainer and pauly, daniel, eds. (2011) .\nsperata seenghala\nin fishbase. december 2011 version .\nrahman ma, uddin kma, zaher m (2005) development of artificial breeding techniques for long whiskered catfish, sperata aor and giant river catfish sperata seenghala of bangladesh. ban j fish res 9: 11 - 12 .\nmigration of sperata seenghala for breeding purpose from lacustrine environment to riverine conditions has been reported by ranganathan and natarajan [ 55 ]. saigal and motwani [ 2 ] while studying early stages of sperata seenghala from river yamuna have made similar kind of observation. they have indicated that sperata seenghala prefer certain environmental condition for its breeding, but no explanation has been given for this. moderately high water temperatures (22. 3 - 31°c), sluggish water current and sandy bed have been reported as some of the important factors for breeding of sperata seenghala in ganga river [ 33, 49 ] .\nsystematic position (nelson 2006) class - actinopterygii (ray - finned fish) order - siluriformes (catfishes) family - bagridae (bagrid catfishes) genus - sperata species - s. seenghala\nbhatt [ 31 ] and vinci [ 34 ] have reported equal proportion of male and female while jatoi et al. [ 44 ] have reported male dominance in their studied samples of sperata seenghala .\nmd. ekramul hasan, ak jilani chowdhury and md. golam sarwer. captive breeding and seed production techniques of endangered giant river catfish sperata seenghala. 2016; 4 (6): 121 - 126 .\nchacko [ 28 ] has reported fecundity of sperata seenghala to be ranged between 200 - 1, 000; later bhatt et al. [ 47 ] and saigal [ 33 ] have documented fecundity range of 20, 064 - 46, 443 and 1, 31, 820 - 4, 28, 376 respectively. high correlation of fecundity with ovary weight and total length in sperata seenghala has been reported by saigal [ 33 ] .\nmales of sperata seenghala can be distinguished externally from the females by the presence of a small stout projection, the urinogenital papilla just above the urino - genital pore which is lacking in females [ 28, 46 ] .\nbabare rs, chavan sp, kannewad pm (2013) gut content analysis of wallago attu and mystus (sperata) seenghala the common catfishes from godavari river system in maharastra state. advan biores 4: 123 - 128\nkhan mf, ali mr, afzal m, rab a, awan ma, et al. (2014) induced breeding of giant catfish, sperata seenghala using hormonal analogues. inter j veter sci 3: 125 - 128\ncitation: gupta s (2015) review on sperata seenghala (sykes, 1839), a freshwater catfish of indian subcontinent. j aquac res development 6: 290. doi: 10. 4172 / 2155 - 9546. 1000290\nmohanty bp, paria p, das d, ganguly s, mitra p, et al. (2012) nutrient profile of giant river - catfish sperata seenghala (sykes). nat acad sci lett 35: 155 - 161\nphenomenon of parental care in sperata seenghala has been reported by raj [ 26, 51 ], chacko and kurian [ 52 ], saigal and motwani [ 2 ], seth [ 56 ] and seth and kathia [ 57 ] .\nrahman ma, arshad a, nurul amin sm (2011) evaluation of growth and production of the threatened giant river catfish, sperata seenghala (sykes) in polyculture with indigenous major carps. afr j biotechno 10: 2999 - 3008\nrahman ma, arshad a, yusoff fm, amin smn, marimuthu k, et al. (2014) development of captive breeding and seed production techniques for giant river catfish sperata seenghala. nor amer j aquacul 76: 97 - 103\nraj [ 26 ] has reported synchronization of its breeding periodicity with monsoon floods but bhatt [ 31 ], talwar and jhingran [ 6 ] and tripathi [ 7 ] have reported that in sperata seenghala spawning is not at all synchronized with monsoon .\njatoi s, baloch wa, soomro an, gachal gs (2013) length - weight relationship of the silurid catfish sperata seenghala sykes 1839 (bagridae) from indus river, sindh, pakistan. sindh university research journal (science series) 45: 661 - 664\nstage wise variation of food preference in sperata seenghala has been reported by sehgal [ 11 ] and yadav [ 42 ], though arif [ 35 ] has reported no such change in his study. no difference of food preference between juvenile and adult has been reported by saigal [ 33 ] .\nseth and kathia [ 59 ] have reported popularity of drag net (locally known as chanta, mahajal and chaundhi), gill net (locally known as ranga, phasla and gochail), purse net (locally known as kamel), hook and line (locally known as jor) and trap (locally known as kuriar and gopal jal) for capturing sperata seenghala in ganga river system near allahabad. the ‘chir’ fishing which is somewhat similar to gopal jal is a special type of fishing method for sperata seenghala in narmada river [ 60 ]. use of gill nets, long lines and sometimes bag nets has been documented by kolekar and choudhury [ 23 ] in brahmaputra river for capturing seenghala .\nbhatt [ 31 ] and sugunan [ 53 ] have reported sperata seenghala as a single spawner while sathyanesan [ 49 ], saigal [ 33 ], kolekar and choudhury [ 23 ], vinci [ 34 ] and rahman et al. [ 13, 54 ] have documented it as a multiple spawner .\nbhatt [ 31 ] has reported mature specimens of sperata seenghala with 40 cm and above 50 cm in length for male and female respectively. saigal [ 33 ] has observed none of the gangetic seenghala to be matured below 77 cm in total length and above 99 cm 100% maturity has been reported. regarding the age at first maturity few reports are there; yeragi and yeragi [ 38 ] have reported that this fish species is used to attain maturity at the age of 4 - 5 months; though bhatt [ 31 ] has reported semithat both the sex mature in their second year of life and chondar [ 8 ] has documented that sperata seenghala mature in the third or fourth year of their life when size is of 45 cm .\nsperata seenghala usually attains large size; job et al. [ 20 ] have reported specimen of 122 cm from mahanadi while alikunhi [ 21 ] has documented maximum length of about 183 cm for this fish species. misra [ 22 ], saigal and motwani [ 2 ], kolekar and choudhury [ 23 ] and ratanatrivong et al. [ 24 ] have documented maximum length of about 224 cm, 114. 6 cm, 130 cm and 100 cm respectively. jayaram [ 3 ], talwar and jhingran [ 6 ] and tripathi [ 7 ] all have reported sperata seenghala with maximum length of 150 cm in their collected specimens .\njatoi et al. [ 44 ] have reported positive allometric growth for females while isometric growth for male and combined sex of sperata seenghala in indus river. kolekar and choudhury [ 23 ] and sani et al. [ 45 ] have reported negative allometric growth for combined sex from brahmaputra river and betwa and gomti rivers respectively .\nfood and feeding habit of sperata seenghala has so far been studied by number of workers but except sarkar, none of them have studied it in more details. maximum of the workers have concluded on food and feeding habit of this fish species just by analysing the gut content of their collected specimens which is a basic technique to ascertain on food and feeding habit of any fish species. study of morpho - histology of the digestive tract is an effective methodology to conclude properly on food and feeding habit of any fish species and sarkar has studied the same for sperata seenghala. apart from this, enzymatic study of the alimentary canal is also a fine methodology to ascertain on feeding habit of a fish species. so it can be concluded that, though so far, fare information is available on food and feeding habit of sperata seenghala, more detail study is needed in this aspect. on the other hand, except adult stage, information on food and feeding habit of sperata seenghala in other life history stages is scanty, just few workers earlier have documented on this aspect; so this should also be studied in details as these information are necessary for proper rearing of fry, juvenile and fingerling stages to get success in captive culture. scope of research is also there regarding change of feeding habit of this fish species in respect to age, size, sex and habitat if any .\n. it is known locally as guizza, guizza ayer, auri, ari, pogal, singhara and seenghala, among other names .\nfood and feeding: predatory in nature (shammi and bhatnagar 2002). food at different life stages: insects and fish - fry (fry); water fleas, fish - fry, insects and smaller fingerlings (fingerling); insects, tadpotes and fish (adult) (yadav 1997). sperata seenghala is very destructive to carp fry (bhuiyan 1964) .\nsehgal p (1967) food and feeding habits of mystus seenghala sykes. research bulletin of the panjab university science 18: 149 - 155 .\nseth rn (1997) fisheries, ecology and breeding behaviour of catfish, aorichthys seenghala (sykes) with special reference to its management strategies .\nalthough sperata seenghala is assessed as least concern for now because current field surveys still indicate that it is still relatively abundant, closer monitoring of its fisheries is badly needed. the effects of current (and future) levels of harvesting on population size are badly in need of study for this species. should more detailed catch data for this species become available, it may be necessary to reassess this species .\njustification: although sperata seenghala is assessed as least concern for now because current field surveys still indicate that it is still relatively abundant, closer monitoring of its fisheries is badly needed. the effects of current (and future) levels of harvesting on population size are badly in need of study for this species. should more detailed catch data for this species become available, it may be necessary to reassess this species .\nbreeding and nursing of asiatic shovelnose catfish, aorichthys seenghala (sykes, 1841). (by w. ratanatrivong, n. anurakchanachai and p. rungpiboonsophit )\nvinci gk (1986) biology of mystus seenghala (sykes) from nagarjuna sagar reservoir, andhra pradesh. ind j ani sci 56: 814 - 821 .\nsathyanesan ag (1959) seasonal histological changes in the testes of the cat fish mystus seenghala (sykes). j zoo soc india 11: 52 - 59\nwith a reputation for being a good fighter when hooked. it is carnivorous in diet. it can be distinguished from other sperata species by its spatulate, blunt snout, relatively short barbels and mouth that is only 1 / 3 as wide as the head is long .\nin natural condition, a sort of nest in the form of circular depression is prepared by the pair of sperata seenghala at the bottom of the river at shallow water depth by scooping out the earth, among pebbles, amidst rocks, or on the soft muddy beds of rivers or streams for its young ones which are nursed and fed by the male fish for a considerable duration. the breeding pits measure about 0. 9 - 1. 2 m in diameter and 25 - 45 cm deep at the centre [ 51 ] and at a distance of about 5 m or more from the water edge [ 58 ]. seth and kathia [ 12 ] have reported that sperata seenghala used to avoid closed or blind river channel for excavating its nest, primarily for the apprehension that such areas might either get dried in hot summer months causing destruction of the nest or restrict movement of the male parent guarding the nest. preference of sperata seenghala for the same nesting sites has also been reported by them. the white secretion (scum) exuding from the inflamed ventral surface of the male parent is eaten by the hatchlings [ 2, 51 ], this secretion is proteinaceous in nature [ 51 ]. fry after attaining a size of 40 - 45 mm has been documented to gradually begin to leave the nest for free life [ 12 ] .\narif m (2012) seasonal fluctuations in food and feeding habit in reference to preferential interest in mystus seenghala (sykes). j exp zoo 15: 97 - 101\nsperata seenghala constitutes an important capture fishery of all the major rivers and reservoirs of india, bangladesh and pakistan. it constitutes a major component of the fishery in middle and lower stretches of ganga and yamuna rivers, ranking next to hilsa ilisha and cirrhinus mrigala [ 8 ]. saigal and motwani [ 2 ] have ranked this fish as only next to hilsa in commercial importance in the ganga river system. saigal [ 33 ] has reported dominant fishery of this species in ganga during certain months mainly in late winter and early summer. kolekar and choudhury [ 23 ] have documented modest fishery of seenghala in brahmaputra river at assam .\nseth rn, kathia pk (2001) observations on riverine seed resources of a large catfish aorichthys seenghala (sykes). j inl fishe soc ind 33: 81 - 86\nraj bs (1962) the extraordinary breeding habits of the catfish mystus aor (ham) and mystus seenghala (sykes). proc nat inst sci india 28: 193 - 200\nbhatt vs (1970) studies on the biology of some freshwater fishes. part v mystus seenghala (sykes). j bom nat hist soc 67: 194 - 2 1 .\nraj bs (1940) the extraordinary breeding habits of the catfish aoria (macrones) aor (ham. buch .) and a. (macrones) seenghala (sykes) .\nkolekar v, choudhury m (1989) some observation on the biology of mystus seenghala (sykes) from the river brahmaputra in assam. j inl fishe soc india 21: 47 - 54\nseth rn, kathia pk (2003) riverine fishing methods with special reference to catfishes aorichthys seenghala (sykes) and aorichthys aor (ham .) ind j fisheries 50: 125 - 130\nsingh sp, malhotra jc, seth rn, srivastava kp, chandra k (1981) observations on rearing of hatchlings of catfish mystus seenghala (sykes). aquacu 26: 161 - 166\nbeing a large predatory fish that is intensively fished for food, sperata seenghala is most likely vulnerable to overfishing. however, there is no catch data to suggest that current levels of harvest are adversely affecting its population. other threats to this species are unknown, since there is no information on the biology of this species and therefore the impact of potential threats (especially those of an anthropogenic nature) remains unknown. the current threats to aquatic biodiversity in all of its known distribution have also not been adequately identified .\nsaini a, dua a, mohindra v (2008) comparative morphometrics of two populations of giant river catfish (mystus seenghala) from the indus river system. integrative zoology 3: 219 - 226\nsathyanesan ag (1962) the ovarian cycle in the catfish m. seenghala (sykes). proceedings of the national institute of sciences, india 28 b (6): 497 - 506 .\nsaigal bn (1982) biology and fishery of mystus (osteobagrus) aor (hamilton) and mystus (osteobagrus) seenghala (sykes) with a review of the taxonomic status of the genus mystus scopoli .\n( of platystoma seenghala sykes, 1839) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of platystomus seenghala sykes, 1839) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nanwar s, siddiqui ms (1992) observation on the predation by mystus seenghala (sykes) and wallago attu (bloch and schneider) of the river kali in north india. j environl biol 13: 47 - 54\n( of bagrus seenghala (sykes, 1839) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of mystus seenghala (sykes, 1839) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aoria seenghala (sykes, 1839) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aorichthys seenghala (sykes, 1839) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of macrones seenghala (sykes, 1839) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aor seenghala (sykes, 1839) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nyeragi ss, yeragi sg (2014) food and feeding habit of mystus seenghala (sykes) the common catfish of mithbav estuary of south konkan, sindhudurg district, maharashtra, india. inter res j sci eng 2: 71 - 73\nseth rn, kathia pk (2000) observations on duration of brood care and breeding activities of a large size catfish aorichthys seenghala (sykes) in nature. in the fifth indian fisheries forum, central institute of freshwater aquaculture, bhubaneswar, india .\nearlier aquaculture potential of sperata seenghala has not much been explored; complete demand of this fish species in domestic fish markets has been met through capture fishery. several reasons are there behind the lack of aquaculture of this fish species: brood fishes are difficult to spawn artificially; are sensitive to water quality changes and are easily stressed [ 13, 54 ]. along with these problems, hatcheries have difficulties in synchronizing the maturity between male and female brood stock, which makes it hard to artificially produce seeds for stocking in grow - out ponds [ 54, 61 ]. even earlier it was found difficult to rear hatchlings in captivity as no such suitable substitute for scum was there .\nsarkar hl (1959) studies on the morpho - histology of the digestive system in relation to the food and feeding habits in a siluroid fish mystus (osteobagrus) seenghala (sykes). proceedings of the zoological society, calcutta 12: 97 - 109 .\nkaramchandani sj, pandit pk (1968) a special fishing method for mystus (osteobagrus) seenghala (sykes) and mystus (osteobagrus) aor (ham .) and certain interesting methods in river narbada. journal of bombay natural history society 64: 455 - 461 .\nsaigal bn, motwani mp (1961) studies on the fishery and biology of the commercial catfishes of the ganga river system. i. early life history, bionomics and breeding of mystus (osteobagrus) seenghala (sykes). indian journal of fisheries 8: 60 - 74\nsingh sp, malhotra jc, seth rn, jain ak (1979) assessment of seed resources and observations on culture of mystus seenghala (sykes) in cages in river ganga. in: symposium on inland aquaculture organized by central inland fisheries research institute, barrackpore, india .\nbhatt vs, dalal sg, abidi sah (1977) fecundity of the freshwater catfishes mystus seenghala (sykes), mystus cavasius (ham .), wallagonia attu (bloch) and heteropneustes fossilis (bloch) from the plains of northern india. hydrobiologia 54: 219 - 224\nthe 150 cm giant river - catfish (sperata seenghala) is one of several native high trophic level demersal (organisms living on or near the bottom) fish species present in the indus river and its tributaries. major tributaries of the indus rise in the himalayan mountains and the hindu kush; these influent rivers include the chenab, jhelum, ravi and sutlej. the indus mainstem rises on the tibetan plateau and flows generally westward. the green revolution has exacerbated water pollution by considerable additions of nitrate to promote crop growth. other aggravating factors have included increasing amounts of herbicides and pesticides, as pressures to increase crop production expand. flow of the perennial indus is dominated by: (a) meltwaters from the tibetan icefield, the third largest ice sheet formation in the world; (b) snowfall and snowmelt from higher elevation of the watershed; and (c) episodic monsoonal rains that lead to periodic flooding in the basin. other large demersal fish associates in the indus basin are the 244 centimeter (cm) giant devil catfish (bagarius yarrelli), the 180 cm long - whiskered catfish (sperata aor), the mottled loach (acanthocobitis botia), silond catfish (silonia silondia) and the 150 cm near threatened clown knifefish (chitala chitala) .\nthis species was described by sykes (1839) from the deccan region of india. it differs from congeners in having the eye situated completely in the anterior half of the head, more precaudal vertebrae (21 - 23), the supraoccipital spine being shorter than the interneural shield, and the adipose - fin base being approximately equal, or only slightly longer than the dorsal - fin base (ferraris and runge, 1999). only one species of sperata is known from the indus river drainage, which mirza, nawaz and javed (1992) described as a distinct subspecies of s. aor (aorichthys aor sarwari). ferraris and runge (1999) tentatively conclude that the indus river material is conspecific with s. seenghala, but note that a more thorough comparison with a larger sample size is needed. should the indus river material belong to a distinct species, s. sarwari would be its valid name .\nsperata seenghala is one of the largest freshwater catfish of indian sub - continent. this fish has good market demand as food fish due to its good taste with high nutritional value and for this reason it constitutes an important capture fishery of all the major rivers and reservoirs of india, bangladesh and pakistan. earlier number of works has been carried out on its food and feeding habit, reproductive biology, morphology, fishery, captive culture etc, but no such consolidated review report is available. with this view the current review work has been carried out to sum up all available information along with gathering up the lacunae of information which will be helpful for future fishery and management of this fish species. it has been documented that comprehensive information is available on its food and feeding habit but further investigations are needed to put firm conclusion on some aspects of its reproductive biology and to gather proper knowledge on its captive culture technique .\nshovelnose catfish (aorichthys seenghala) is an endemic species found in the salveen river and its tributaries. the salveen river originates in the eastern himalayas. this popular fish is easy to catch and hence to overfish. in 1996 the thailand department of fisheries initiated a programme of breeding this species in captivity. the programme has succeeded to spawn the fish in earthen and concrete tanks, and to grow them to a size of up to 250 g in 20 months .\nasiatic shovelnose catfish is an endemic species found in the salween river and its tributaries. the salween river originates in the tibetan range of the eastern himalayas and passes the thai - myanmar border and runs off to the andaman sea. in thailand, the main stream has three large west draining tributaries, the pai river at mae hong son and the moei river at tak (both in the northern region), and the suriya - maekasat river in the thungyai wildlife sanctuary, kanchanaburi, in the western region. the status of this species is more or less\nendangered\ndue to the poor knowledge of its biology, but also due to the declining stocks of this fish in natural waters. the large size and a long period of 4 to 5 years required to reach maturation contribute to this decline. it has been one of the popular species to capture due to the tasty flesh, high price when marketed, easy to catch and therefore overfish. in 1996 the thailand department of fisheries set up a programme of breeding this fish at the maehongson inland fisheries station .\nasiatic shovelnose catfish or\npla kot hua seum\nis one of the catfish in the family bagridae. the species is easily recognized by its very broad, flat and long head with smooth upper surface, and the grayish or green back and sides. the largest fish captured was 100 cm long, with a body weight of 5 kg. in the pai river, maehongson province, this species spawns during the cold season from january to april. it spawns at the edge of the shore at about 1 - 2 m below the surface. it excavates a sand - gravel hole near a rock, about 1 m in diameter and 30 cm deep, in which the female lays eggs and take care of the fry .\nthe fish is captured in the pai river, maehongson province, thailand using hook - and - line, cast nets, gill nets and seines, and is then transported to the maehongson inland fisheries station. the captured fish are released in 2 400 m 2 earthen ponds. males and females are separated, each in different ponds. broodfish do not adapt to formulated feed because they are extremely predatory. fingerlings of carps and rohu are fed at 0. 5 - 2. 0% body weight once a day. sex can be distinguished by the shape of the genital papilla. in the male, the genital papilla is pointed and the fish has a slender body. the female papilla is oval and a mature fish has a big belly full of eggs. its abdomen becomes distended at spawning time. the cloaca is reddish and prominent. males should be at least 60 - 80 cm in total length and 2. 0 - 2. 5 kg in body weight, while females should be 80 - 100 cm in total length and 3. 0 - 4. 5 kg in body weight .\nspawning ponds can be either earthen or concrete. in an earthen pond, the size should be around 800 m 2 with a water depth of 1 - 1. 5 meters. the pond should have a deeper section at the outlet to assist in fry harvesting. ponds were prepared by liming with calcium hydroxide at the rate of 1 kg per 25 m 2 and water was filled to a depth of 1 m at the time of stocking. during january to april, broodfish were stocked at the rate of 5 pairs per pond. the pond was drained 4 months after stocking and 5 depressions with diameters of 57 - 98 cm and 8 - 23 cm deep were found in the bottom. 1 834 fingerlings with 5 different sizes from 3 to 11 cm total length and 1 to 10 g body weight were collected. males were found to lose their skin mucus and the color of body changed from grayish back and whitish sides to reddish .\na concrete pond with the a of 50 m 2 with a minimum 50 - 70 cm water depth can also be used for spawning of the asiatic shovelnose catfish. the pond' s bottom must be carefully covered with sand and gravel to approximately 10 - 30 cm thickness and filled with aquatic plants as in natural habitats. there should be continuous flow of water through the pond at a rate of 10 l per minute. broodfish are stocked at a rate of 5 pairs per pond during january to april. the pond was drained 4 months after stocking and 563 fingerlings of 2 - 3 cm total length and 1 - 3 g body weight were found in 90 cm diameter and 8 - 23 cm deep holes in the bottom at the corner of the pond. only one male showed sign of losing its skin mucus and changing the color of its body from grayish back and whitish sides to reddish .\nfollowing spawning, males protected their nest and fed their young with their own skin mucus until the fry reached fingerling stage. at this stage the fingerlings became predatory and cannibalistic. spawning of broodfish stocked in earthen and concrete ponds during may to august and september to december is unreliable .\nartificial spawning of the asiatic shovelnose catfish by using synthetic luteinizing releasing hormone in combination with dopamine antagonists has not been successful .\nfingerling, at a stocking rate of 50 fish per m 2, can be nursed in 20 m 2 concrete ponds supplied with a continuous 10 l per minute water through - flow. fish were fed twice daily to satiation with 35 - 40% protein complete feed. after 30, 60 and 90 days, the total length of fingerlings was 5 - 7, 7 - 10 and 10 - 15 cm, and body weight was 1 - 3, 3 - 7 and 7 - 15 g, respectively. the survival rate was about 70 - 90% .\nthe asiatic shovelnose catfish can also be nursed in cages at the rate of 100 fish per m 3 and fed to satiation with 30 - 35% protein complete feed twice daily. after 8 and 20 months, the total length of fingerlings was 25 - 30 and 33 - 35 cm, and body weight 70 - 100 and 200 - 250 g, respectively. the survival rate was 80 - 95% .\nthese results are only preliminary and have showed that the asiatic shovelnose catfish can adapt from its natural habitat to a captive environment and can spawn in captivity .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\noops! it appears that you have disabled your javascript. in order for you to see this page as it is meant to appear, we ask that you please re - enable your javascript !\ndistribution: bangladesh, afghanistan, pakistan, nepal and india (talwar and jhingran 1991) .\nmorphology: body elongated, head depressed, mouth subterminal and about 1 / 3 of head length. snout spatulate. eyes situated on the dorsal portion of head. dorsal spine comparatively weak than pectoral and serrated posteriorly. 4 pairs of barbels, maxillary pair reaches at the end of pelvic fins. caudal fin deeply forked and upper lobe is longer than lower. adipose fin present and contains a black colored spot at the end potion. light brownish above and silvery at sides and below. lateral line present and complete. head 33. 3% sl and 26% tl. height 17. 9% sl and 14% tl. eye 12. 3% hl (galib 2008) .\nfin formula: d. i / 7; p 1. i / 9; p 2. i / 5; a. 11 - 12. (rahman 1989) .\nmaximum length and weight: 29 cm (bhuiyan 1964), 19. 2 cm (hussain, 1999), and 122 cm (rahman 2005), 1. 5 m and common size is 40 cm (talwar and jhingran 1991), 112. 3 cm (rahman 1989), 60 cm (galib 2008) .\nhabitat and niche: bottom living fish. commonly found in freshwater bodies, rarely in brackish water. widely distributed in rivers, canals, khals, beels, ditches, inundated fields and other freshwater areas in bangladesh (rahman 2005) .\nrecorded in the chalan beel (galib et al 2009), choto jamuna river (galib et al 2013), halti beel (imteazzaman and galib 2013) .\nbreeding: this fish is reported to breed in summer and rainy season (galib 2008) .\nmarketing status: food fish in bangladesh and always marketed in fresh conditions (galib 2008) .\ncuvier g and valenciennes a. 1840. histoire naturelle des poissons. tome quatorzième. suite du livre seizième. labroïdes. livre dix - septième. des malacoptérygiens. histoire naturelle des poissons. v. 14: i - xxii + 2 pp. + 1 - 464 + 4 pp. , pls. 389 - 420 .\nhussain mm. 1999. fishes and fisheries of the river atrai in rajshahi with reference to its limnology, unpublished ph. d. thesis, department of zoology, university of rajshahi, bangladesh, pp. 5 - 200 .\nmirza mr, nawaz h and javed mn. 1992. a note on the fishes of genus aorichthys wu with the description of a new subspecies from pakistan. pakistan journal of zoology v. 24 (no. 3): 211 - 213 .\nsykes wh. 1839. on the fishes of the deccan. proceedings of the general meetings for scientific business of the zoological society of london 1838 (pt 6): 157 - 165 .\nstudent, department of fisheries, university of rajshahi, rajshahi - 6205, bangladesh. email: nymphish10 @ gmail. com. more ...\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam. learn how your comment data is processed .\nlicense. you may use any content (of this site) only non - commercial purpose with proper citation under the same license at your own caution. | the contents and opinions expressed herein are those of the author (s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of bdfish. |\nidentification and re - evaluation of freshwater catfishes through dna barcoding. - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ncatfishes are globally demanded as human food, angling sport and aquariums keeping thus are highly exploited all over the world. north - east india possess high abundance of catfishes and are equally exploited through decades. the strategies for conservation necessitate understanding the actual species composition, which is hampered due to sporadic descriptions of the species through traditional taxonomy. therefore, actual catfish diversity in this region is important to be studied through the combined approach of morphological and molecular technique of dna barcoding .\naltogether 75 native catfish specimens were collected from across the north - east india and their morphological features were compared with the taxonomic keys. the detailed taxonomic study identified 25 species belonging to 17 genera and 9 families. the cytochrome oxidase c subunit - i gene fragment were then sequenced from the samples in accordance with the standard dna barcoding protocols. the sequences were compared with public databases, viz. , genbank and bold. sequences developed in the current study and from databases of the same and related taxa were analyzed to calculate the congeneric and conspecific genetic divergences using kimura 2 - parameter distance model, and a neighbor joining tree was created using software mega5. 1. the dna barcoding approach delineated 21 distinct species showing 4. 33 folds of difference between the nearest congeners. four species, viz. , amblyceps apangi, glyptothorax telchitta, g. trilineatus and erethistes pusillus, showed high conspecific divergence; hence their identification through molecular approach remained inconclusive. on the other hand, the database sequences for three species, viz. , mystus horai, bagarius yarrelli and clarias batrachus, appeared mislabeled .\nthe efficiency of dna barcoding was reaffirmed from its success by easily identifying the major share (84 %) of the studied catfish into 21 distinct species. the study contributed 27 new barcodes for 7 species and confirmed the range expansion of 2 important species in ne india .\npmid: 23166801 pmcid: pmc3499493 doi: 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0049950\nneighbor joining (nj) tree developed using k2p distance among 101 co1 sequences .\nnotable anomalies in clustering are shown by 4 species { mystus horai (accession number fj170791), bagarius yarrelli (accession number dq508069), clarius batrachus (accession number hq654701) and amblyceps apangi (accession number eu490873). deep conspecific divergences are shown by 3 species (glyptothorax trilineatus, glyptothorax telchitta and erethistes pusillus). · the numbers at the nodes are bootstrap values based on 1000 replications. · specimen genbank accession number and species name are shown for each taxon. · red and black dots correspond to the sequences acquired from database. red dot alone corresponds to the cases of abnormal clustering and deep conspecific divergence .\nthe maximum conspecific divergence (0. 024, black solid line) and minimum congeneric divergence (0. 104, black dotted line) represent the threshold level of conspecific and congeneric divergence respectively. most of the studied species (21) obeyed the thresholds and are readily delineated showing barcoding gap of 4. 33 or above. sequences of species like m. horai (accession number fj170791), b. yarrelli (accession number dg508069), a. apangi (accession numbers eu490873 and dq508066), c. batrachus (accession number hq654701), e. pusillus (accession numbers dq508074 and dq508079), g. telchitta (accession number dq514362), g. trilineatus (accession number dq508077) did not obey the thresholds and are thus ambiguous (shown in red dots). g. striatus with two sequences obeyed the threshold of maximum conspecific divergence and minimum congeneric divergence with all congeners except g. trilineatus. · in the x - axis the specimens involved in this study were plotted and marked as, genbank accession number | species name .\nfreshwater; brackish; demersal; potamodromous (ref. 51243). tropical; 39°n - 8°n\nasia: afghanistan, pakistan, india, nepal and bangladesh (ref. 4833). reported from thailand (ref. 37773) and yunnan, china (ref. 84139) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 150 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 4833); common length: 40. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 4833 )\ndorsal spines (total): 1; dorsal soft rays (total): 7; anal spines: 0; anal soft rays: 11 - 12. body elongate and compressed; snout broad and spatulate. barbels extend posteriorly to pelvic fins or beyond to anal fin. dorsal spine weakly serrated on its posterior edge; adipose fin base short, about as long as the rayed dorsal fin base. color is brownish - gray on back, silvery on flanks and belly. a dark well - defined spot is on the adipose dorsal fin .\nfound in rivers, canals, beels, ditches, inundated fields and other freshwater areas. adults fight well and provide good sport. carnivore. breeding occurs before the commencement of monsoons. oviparous, distinct pairing possibly like other members of the same genus (ref. 205) .\ntalwar, p. k. and a. g. jhingran, 1991. inland fishes of india and adjacent countries. volume 2. a. a. balkema, rotterdam. (ref. 4833 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5625 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00589 (0. 00379 - 0. 00914), b = 2. 97 (2. 84 - 3. 10), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & (sub) family - body (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 8 ±0. 4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (fec = 20, 064) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): very high vulnerability (83 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthis species is widely distributed in the ganges and indus river drainages, and also occurs in several major rivers in peninsular india at least as far south as the krishna river (ferraris and runge 1999). records of this species from south of the krishna river drainage (e. g. the cauvery river) may represent introductions (jayaram et al. 1982). there is a single specimen collected from the irrawaddy river drainage in myanmar deposited in the naturhistoriska riksmuseet in stockholm. if the locality information is correct, then this species is also found in the irrawaddy river drainage .\nthis species is a major food fish. juveniles are sometimes caught and exported as ornamental fishes .\nmore research about the distribution and the biology of this species is needed, as there is insufficient information available. more information on catch data is needed and potential threats to this species also need to be identified .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nmake the best use of scientific research and information from our 700 + peer reviewed, open access journals that operates with the help of 50, 000 + editorial board members and esteemed reviewers and 1000 + scientific associations in medical, clinical, pharmaceutical, engineering, technology and management fields .\ncopyright: © 2015 gupta s. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nseasonal fluctuation in feeding activity in respect to breeding periodicity has been reported by sehgal [ 11 ], bhatt [ 31 ], vinci [ 34 ] and arif [ 35 ], poor feeding intensity has been reported during breeding season while active feeding has been reported after spawning. saigal [ 33 ] has also documented maximum fishes with empty stomach during the breeding season .\nbabare et al. [ 36 ] have documented increment in amount of animal matter in the diet comparative to plant matter with increase in body size; though yeragi and yeragi [ 38 ] have reported no such significant change in such amount with body size; they have reported this kind of changes with respect to season and habitat .\nday f (1878) the fishes of india being a natural history of the fishes known to inhabit the seas and fresh waters of india, burma and ceylon. william dowson and sons, london .\njayaram kc (1977) aid to identification of siluroid fishes of india, burma, sri lanka, pakistan and bangladesh, 1. bagridae. records of zoological survey of india. occasional papers 8: 1 - 41 .\njayaram kc (2002) the fresh water fishes of the indian region. narendra publishing house, new delhi .\njhingran vg (1991) fish and fisheries of india (3rd edition). hindustan publishing corporation, delhi .\ntalwar pk, jhingran ag (1991) inland fishes of india and adjacent countries .\nchondar sl (1999) biology of finfish and shellfish. scsc publishers, india. pp. 281 - 293 .\nrahman aka (2005) freshwater fishes of bangladesh. zoological society of bangladesh, dhaka, bangladesh .\nkhawaja dk (1966) biochemical composition of the muscles of some freshwater fishes during the prematurity phase. fisheries technology 3: 94 - 102\ndevadasan k, varma prg, venkataraman r (1978) studies on frozen storage characteristics of fillets from six species of fresh water fishes. fisheries technology 15: 1 - 6\nbhuiyan al (1964) fishes of dacca. asiatic society of pakistan, dacca .\njayalal l, ramachandran a (2012) export trend of indian ornamental fish industry. agriculture and biology j north america 3: 439 - 451\ngupta s, banerjee s (2014) indigenous ornamental fish trade of west bengal. narendra publishing house, new delhi .\njob tj, david a, das kn (1955) fish and fisheries of the mahanadi in relation to the hirakund dam. indian journal of fisheries 2 (1): 1 - 40 .\nalikunhi kh (1957) fish culture in india. farming bulletin of indian council of agricultural research 20: 144 pp .\nmisra ks (1959) an aid to the identification of the common commercial fishes of india and pakistan. records of the indian museum 57: 156 - 157 .\nshammi qj, bhatnagar s (2002) applied fisheries. agrobios, india .\nchacko pi (1955) observations on the biology and ecology of the inland water fishes of madras with special reference to their suitability for culture. fisheries station reports and year book, department of fisheries, madras .\nmenon md, chacko pi (1958) the food and feeding habits of some freshwater fishes of madras state. journal of bombay natural history society 55 (1): 117 - 124 .\ndas sm, nath s (1965) the comparative anatomy of the alimentary tract and its modifications in relation to food and feeding habits in some fishes of jammu province (india). ichthyologica 4 (1 - 2): 63 - 78 .\njayaram kc (1978) curious catfishes of india. zoologiana 1: 9 - 17 .\nagarwal vp, tyagi ap (1969) food and feeding habits and the alimentary canal of freshwater fishes of muzaffarnagar. agra univ j res 18: 15 - 28 .\nchacko pi, job sv (1948) on the nutrition of the young stages of certain fresh water fishes of madras .\nkaramchandani sj (1957) on the occurrence of associates of carp fry in the fry - collection nets and the destructive role played by predatory fish. ind j fish 4: 47 - 61\nyadav bn (1997) fish and fisheries. daya publishing house, delhi, india .\nrajagopal kv (1978) biology of some commercial fishes of the tungabhadra reservoir with particular reference to utilization of available food, reproduction and growth .\nsani r, gupta bk, sarkar uk, pandey a, dubey vk, et al. (2010) length - weight relationships of 14 indian freshwater fish species from the betwa (yamuna river tributary) and gomti (ganga river tributary) rivers. j app ichthyol 26: 456 - 459\nkhan hm (1934) habits and habitats of the food fishes of punjab. j bom nat his soc 37: 655 - 668 .\ndavid a, rajagopal kv, gopinathan k (1979) breeding of fishes, seasonal abundance of young and forage fishes within the tungabhadra reservoir. proceedings of the national academy of sciences, india (b) 49 (4): 183 - 195 .\nchacko pi, kurian gk (1948) a survey of the fisheries of the tungabhadra river. proc ind acad of sci 288: 166 - 176\nsugunan vv (1995) reservoir fisheries of india. fao fisheries technical paper, rome .\nranganathan v, natarajan v (1978) fisheries of mettur reservoir, an artificial impoundment on the river cauvery. proceedings of the seminar on the ecology and fisheries of freshwater reservoirs, cifri, barrackpore .\nmuchlisin za, hashim r, chong as (2004) preliminary study on the cryopreservation of tropical bagrid catfish (mystus nemurus) spermatozoa; the effect of extender and cryoprotectant on the motility after short - term storage. theriogenology 62: 25 - 34\n© 2008 - 2018 omics international - open access publisher. best viewed in mozilla firefox | google chrome | above ie 7. 0 version\nfound in rivers, canals, beels, ditches, inundated fields and other freshwater areas. adults fight well and provide good sport. carnivore. breeding occurs before the commencement of monsoons. oviparous, distinct pairing possibly like other members of the same genus (ref. 205) .\nsouth central asia: ganges river system and peninsular india: nepal, indai, bangladesh and pakistan. .\nasia: afghanistan, pakistan, india, nepal and bangladesh (ref. 4833). reported from thailand (ref. 37773) and yunnan, china (ref. 84139)." ]

{ "text": [ "sperata seenghala , the giant river-catfish , is a species of bagrid catfish .", "it is known locally as guizza , guizza ayer , auri , ari , pogal , singhara and seenghala , among other names .", "it is found in southern asia in the countries of afghanistan , pakistan , india , nepal and bangladesh with reports of occurrence in thailand and yunnan , china .", "it can reach a length of 150 cm , though lengths up to 40 cm are more usual .", "it is commercially fished for human consumption as well as being a popular gamefish with a reputation for being a good fighter when hooked .", "it is carnivorous in diet .", "it can be distinguished from other sperata species by its spatulate , blunt snout , relatively short barbels and mouth that is only 1/3 as wide as the head is long . " ], "topic": [ 27, 15, 20, 0, 15, 8, 23 ] }

[ "sperata seenghala, the giant river-catfish, is a species of bagrid catfish. it is known locally as guizza, guizza ayer, auri, ari, pogal, singhara and seenghala, among other names. it is found in southern asia in the countries of afghanistan, pakistan, india, nepal and bangladesh with reports of occurrence in thailand and yunnan, china. it can reach a length of 150 cm, though lengths up to 40 cm are more usual. it is commercially fished for human consumption as well as being a popular gamefish with a reputation for being a good fighter when hooked. it is carnivorous in diet. it can be distinguished from other sperata species by its spatulate, blunt snout, relatively short barbels and mouth that is only 1/3 as wide as the head is long." ]

[ "placidochromis subocularis fatal error: call to undefined function session _ is _ registered () in / var / www / vhosts / malawimayhem. com / httpdocs / profile _ show2. php on line 48\nmaréchal, c. , 1991. placidochromis. p. 378 - 380. in j. daget, j. - p. gosse, g. g. teugels and d. f. e. thys van den audenaerde (eds .) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa (cloffa). isnb, brussels; mrac, tervuren; and orstom, paris. vol. 4. (ref. 4994 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nlatin, placidus = of peaceful or tranquile appearance + greek, chromis = a fish, perhaps a perch (ref. 45335 )\nfreshwater; demersal; depth range 15 - 18 m. tropical; 9°s - 15°s\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 16. 2 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 4994 )\nhas been observed in the intermediate sand - rock habitat and also over open sand. feeds on invertebrates which include snails (ref. 5595). obtained from trawl hauls collected from a depth range of 15 - 18 m (ref. 267) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01000 (0. 00244 - 0. 04107), b = 3. 04 (2. 81 - 3. 27), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 4 ±0. 48 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (18 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nhas been observed in the intermediate sand - rock habitat and also over open sand. feeds on invertebrates which include snails (ref. 5595). obtained from trawl hauls collected from a depth range of 15 - 18 m (ref. 267) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\ndesigned for internet explorer 6. 0 +, netscape 6. 0 +, opera, mozilla, and safari use sitemap if you have any problems viewing the new drop - down menus .\nspecies profiles presents in depth studies, articles, and information surrounding the numerous species of lake malawi cichlids .\nis a common inhabitant of sandy, weedy shorelines in lake malawi. photo copyright © by m. k. oliver .\nlast update: 13 november 1999 web author: m. k. oliver, ph. d. copyright © 1997 - 2018 by m. k. oliver - all rights reserved\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018." ]

{ "text": [ "placidochromis subocularis is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi where it is found where sandy and rocky zones meet or over sandy substrates at depths of from 15 to 18 metres ( 49 to 59 ft ) .", "it feeds on aquatic invertebrates including snails .", "this species can reach a length of 16.2 centimetres ( 6.4 in ) tl .", "it can also be found in the aquarium trade . " ], "topic": [ 18, 8, 0, 20 ] }

[ "placidochromis subocularis is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi where it is found where sandy and rocky zones meet or over sandy substrates at depths of from 15 to 18 metres (49 to 59 ft). it feeds on aquatic invertebrates including snails. this species can reach a length of 16.2 centimetres (6.4 in) tl. it can also be found in the aquarium trade." ]

[ "stigmella speciosa (barred sycamore pigmy) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nmany species of stigmella are very similar. one of the best ways of separating them is to examine the type of leaf - mine .\na species which is spreading north and west since its discovery in hampshire in 1914. it has now extended its range to yorkshire, though it is still scarce in the north .\n) during july and august, and in september and october the initial mine is slender with narrow black frass. the frass in the later part of the mine can be neatly scattered, or remain a narrow central line .\nthe adults have bronzy wings tinged with purple and a narrow silvery fascia. they are on the wing in may and august .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 07 - 04 18: 34: 01 page render time: 0. 2900s total w / procache: 0. 3380s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlong contorted gallery mine. the frass in the later part of the mine can be neatly scattered, or remain a narrow central line .\nrecorded in 27 (39 %) of 69 10k squares. first recorded in 2000. last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nresident. first discovered in hampshire in 1914, since then it has been slowly extending its range north and west .\ndiscovered in the east of the county in 2011, this species will probably extend its range further west in the next few years .\nleaf miner. eggs laid on underside of leaf. larva forms a long contorted gallery which becomes a broad blotch. pupates in a yellowish brown cocoon .\nprydlig lönndvärgmal påträffades första gången i landet 2006 i ystad. arten är monofag på den invasiva och starkt expanderande tysklönnen (acer pseudoplantanus) na, där larven lever i knopparna. eftersom den lever på en införd växtart ska den inte vara föremål för rödlistning således ej bedömbar na .\nblå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch. kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade. kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor, t ex arter i ett visst län, i en viss biotop, substrat, som påverkas av en hotfaktor, eller som är knutna till en sk värdart, t ex trädet alm. dessa kan även kombineras .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, knutna till alm, är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .\ndefaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer. under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade. om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer. nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .\ndenna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera. du kan t. ex. navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn. du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder, kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista. ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera”, där du kan söka på olika egenskaper. ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .\nthe mit license copyright (c) 2014 - 2016 google, inc. urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license (mit) copyright (c) 2011 - 2015 twitter, inc permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright (c) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt, urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license (mit) - urltoken copyright (c) steven sanderson, the knockout. js team, and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright (c) 2009–2015 permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors. all rights reserved. redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution. this software is provided by openlayers contributors '` as is'' and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods or services; loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) however caused and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict liability, or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of the use of this software, even if advised of the possibility of such damage. the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, either expressed or implied, of openlayers contributors .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nnotes: a long gallery, frass dispersed or linear. the larva is yellow." ]

{ "text": [ "stigmella speciosa is a moth of the nepticulidae family .", "it is found from denmark to the iberian peninsula , italy and greece , and from great britain to ukraine .", "the wingspan is 4 – 5 millimetres ( 0.16 – 0.20 in ) .", "adults are on wing from may to august .", "the larvae feed on acer monspessulanum , acer obtusatum , acer opalus , acer pseudoplatanus and acer sempervirens .", "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "the mine consists of a full depth corridor which is variable in length and width . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8, 5, 11, 0 ] }

[ "stigmella speciosa is a moth of the nepticulidae family. it is found from denmark to the iberian peninsula, italy and greece, and from great britain to ukraine. the wingspan is 4 – 5 millimetres (0.16 – 0.20 in). adults are on wing from may to august. the larvae feed on acer monspessulanum, acer obtusatum, acer opalus, acer pseudoplatanus and acer sempervirens. they mine the leaves of their host plant. the mine consists of a full depth corridor which is variable in length and width." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for polyzosteria cuprea yet. learn how to contribute .\nmaggie whitson added the english common name\nnative cockroach (australia )\nto\npolyzosteria cuprea saussure 1863\n.\nmaggie whitson marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life: april 2013\nas preferred for\npolyzosteria cuprea saussure 1863\n.\nbrunner von wattenwyl. 1865. nouveau système des blattaires. 411 > > polyzosteria maculata\nthe genus polyzosteria is one where all members of that genus are diurnal and often colourful. there are only about a dozen known species. yours seem to be a member of that same genus but i cannot be sure of the species although it is very similar to polyzosteria cuprea…\nsaussure. 1863. mém. soc. phys. hist. nat. génève 17: 133 > > polyzosteria cuprea urn: lsid: blattodea. speciesfile. org: taxonname: 816\npolyzosteria cuprea saussure, 1863. this native cockroach is endemic to south - western australia. it belongs to a genus of large, wingless and stunningly coloured cockroaches found across australia, especially southern australia. the most northerly record in our collection of polyzosteria cuprea is from evanston, the most southerly records are from albany and walpole, the most westerly record is glenbourne farm near the margaret river, and the most easterly record is from hopetoun .\nprincis. 1966. in beier [ ed. ]. blattariae: suborbo [ sic ] blattoidea. fam. : blattidae, nocticolidae. orthopterorum catalogus (8): 563 > > note: the bsf' s record for this scientific name originated from this reference. it was digitised by g. w. beccaloni in 2005. > > polyzosteria cuprea\nthis means it is either a new species to science, or a geographical variation of a known species (p. cuprea), or it is one where the colours change after death so the live ones look superficially different to the dead ones until you get down to comparing the numbers of leg spines, genitalia, size etc. at this stage it is a bit of a mystery .\nonce again all details of the collection should be included as the specimen, once it dies, will be included in the entomology reference collection pending what it turns out to be. for the record your photo shows a female as you can see the last body segment on the tail end has a cleft in it making it look a bit like the letter ‘m’. in the males this cleft is missing. below is a photo of a female of the polyzosteria species local to the sydney region. notice the cleft on the last abdominal segment matches the shape of the one in your photo: urltoken and the male ’end’ looks like this – ignore the fact that it is another species – just look at the shape of the end edge of the last abdominal segment: urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncockroach species file (version 5. 0 / 5. 0) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay. you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions, you should login. to do this, click on the logo in the upper left corner .\ncopyright © 2018. except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 4. 0 international license .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nbrunner von wattenwyl, c. 1865, pp. 426 pp. 13 pls, g. braumüller, vienna\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 17d661fe - b17a - 4d51 - ba69 - d24fe383b3f6\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 2e796418 - 2ccd - 45f6 - bcff - ca074613a206\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 743fd4f6 - 71d1 - 4d4a - bdd4 - b20eeeb5fd9d\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: ce7fc92a - 48cb - 48a0 - 9833 - 5f56132c9b65\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 91757824 - f97f - 4800 - bf12 - d758038fbacb\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 368130\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life: april 2013 selected by maggie whitson - see more .\nstephen thorpe marked\nwingless cockroach feeding on some kind of mildew (? )\nas hidden on the\nblattodea\npage .\nstephen thorpe marked\nwingless cockroach feeding on some kind of mildew (? )\nas trusted on the\nblattodea\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\ni learned how to tell male and female native cockroaches apart (it’s called ‘sexing cockroaches’). i learned that ‘my’ native cockroach might be a new species or possibly an undocumented geographic variation. i also learned that diurnal cockroaches (those that hang out in the daylight hours, like ‘my’ native cockroach) are pretty rare and that scientists are researching their properties for sunblock applications, amongst other things !\nso how did i learn all this? martyn, from the australian museum in sydney, replied to my email giving me a whole lot of info about this cockroach and why he wants me to send him any more that i might find. here are some excerpts from his email :\nshould you find any more we would be interested in some specimens. if dead, please remember to include any legs etc. which drop off as they are important too – as is a slip of paper with all the details of its finding like where, when, and your name and contact details. in this way if it proves to be something new they can get back in contact with you and include this information on the record for the species (whether it is a known one or not, your details will be linked to that specimen as the collector for as long as the specimen exists – maybe a century or more) .\nif it is alive the system is pretty much the same except that the specimen / specimens will need to be packed in a slightly larger plastic container with some small ventilation holes and a few pieces of bark or dead leaves included so the contents won’t slide or rattle around during transit. express post is preferred in this case .\n[ … ] i’ll let you know more after the person responds to my email and i find out why he wants me to hang on to any more that i find. [ … ]\ni was scared to read the post when i saw @ kirstyt mention this on twitter, but it’s not that bad. 🙂 in fact, i think this is smaller than cockroaches i have seen in western kenya back in the ’80s. when i see this one, i can’t help but think of a trilobyte – you know, those odd crustaceans who haven’t changed much in the past million years. wonder if there is a connection ?\nlol, karen! yeah, i’m not fussed by household cockroaches, but this is quite a pretty one that probably lives in the bush, definitely under leaf litter, rotting vegetation etc. and i thought trilobyte too when i first saw it — still do .\nthat’s one gorgeous cockroach. it’s remarkable how pretty things are when you get down and see a worm’s eye view. this worm has seen some weird cockroaches scuttle through the soil when the tc is doing her gardening. people tend to see roaches only when they invade peoples space, but actually they’re all over the show. i hope you get to see this special one again .\nthanks for your comments. i’ve always liked looking at things from a worm’s eye view — it’s just so gosh darned interesting !\nbtw, did you know that a sandgroper is a type of worm too? native to western australia — which is why west australians are known as ‘sandgropers’. south australians are known as ‘crow eaters’, but i don’t think that’s very polite !\n[ … ] popped out at lunchtime today and when i came home i saw a native cockroach on its back right near the front door. i thought it was dead, but it still had a little movement in [ … ]\nhi there, im pretty sure i have 2 of these cockroaches. . i saw one walking along the driveway and it was a beauty, i never seen one like that before and so big! ive kept it a terrerium because i like it and i also want to identify it… its taken ages to find a pic close to it. mine also had a larvae sticking out of his bottom which has gone and then to my absolute amazement i saw another one… so i ve got him or her in there too… very interesting with a magnifying glass, im keeping them as pets i just have to work out what they eat… .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam. learn how your comment data is processed .\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\namong the most exquisite wasps to be found in australia are the cuckoo wasps (or emerald wasps) which are almost wholly bright iridescent green, blue or purple. the body surface is deeply and densely pitted, imparting a glittery appearance. some northern hemisphere species have gold or reddish tints and are termed ‘gold wasps’ and ‘ruby wasps’, respectively .\na cuckoo wasp (primeuchroeus species). note the apparently 3 - segmented abdomen. image copyright wa museum\ncuckoo wasps belong to one subdivision (the tribe chrysidini) of the world - wide family chrysididae. all members of this family are parasitic on other insects. other than the iridescent chrysidini, though, members of this family are small, dullcoloured insects unlikely to come to one’s attention .\nas the name ‘cuckoo wasps’ suggests, females lay their eggs in the nests of other insects. among the most common hosts for cuckoo wasps are the various mud - daubing wasps that build their nests around houses, sheds and other human constructions. this accounts for many finds, people either noticing the brightly coloured wasps hovering about walls as they search for a host nest, or finding them after they’ve entered a building and got trapped on the inside of a window pane .\nlarvae of cuckoo wasps develop at the expense of the host’s offspring, feeding either on the fully developed host larvae or on the stored food in the host nest (usually paralysed caterpillars or spiders). either way, the host’s larvae die so, strictly speaking, chrysidines are not true parasites. they are more correctly termed ‘parasitoids’ when they feed on and kill the host larvae or ‘cleptoparasites’ (“clepto“ deriving from a greek word meaning ‘thief’) when they feed on the host’s provisions .\nbecause their hosts possess stings and biting mandibles, cuckoo wasps have evolved some defences, namely a thick integument and an ability to roll their body into a ball with their legs tucked in. these adaptations account for cuckoo wasps’ distinctive form: the thorax often having cavities for the reception of legs and the abdomen being flat or hollow on the underside and covered above with three convex plates, the third plate commonly bearing teeth on its hind margin .\nfemale cuckoo wasps are widely believed to be unable to sting, the sting apparatus being reduced and supposedly non - functional, yet cases are known where people have received painful stings from larger species. a long, thin appendage may sometimes be seen extending from the tip of the female abdomen. this is not a ‘stinger’ but an ovipositor used for inserting eggs into a nest of a host. observations of oviposition are few but one author noted that a female of stilbum cyanurum wet the mud wall of a host nest, softening it, then inserted its ovipositor to deposit an egg .\naccording to kimsey & bohart (1990), four genera of cuckoo wasps occur in australia. stilbum includes just one species, s. cyanurum, which is the largest and most impressive of all. it is distinguished by having a strong, concave, median projection on the rear of the thorax and four downward pointing teeth on each side of the thorax. it breeds in the nests of mud - dauber wasps (delta and sceliphron) which are commonly found on the walls of buildings. it may also parasitize the nests of some megachilid bees. this species is found throughout australia and much of the eastern hemisphere. its size varies markedly .\nthe genus chrysis contains many australian species. one of the most common, c. lincea (illustrated below), is a moderately large species that, like stilbum cyanurum, possesses a median projection on the rear of the thorax .\nthe genus primeuchroeus with 17 australian species is characterised by small size (3 - 9 mm long), the apical margin of abdominal segment 3 smooth and lacking teeth, the sculpture of the abdomen dorsally being very fine (shagreened) and the wing veins reduced (see photograph previous page). their hosts are poorly known though mud - wasps of the genus pison are included. one wa species has been observed by the writer hovering over sandy ground and presumably seeks out nests of ground - nesting wasps or bees .\nchrysis lincea: arrows indicate median dorsal and paired lateral processes of thorax. image copyright wa museum\ntop view of thorax of chrysis lincea (above) and stilbum cyanurum (below) showing median processes (arrowed). in c. lincea the process is convex with a raised median ridge whereas in s. cyanurum it is concave with a ushaped rim. image copyright wa museum\npraestochrysis contains a single australian species, p. australasiae, and one introduced species. the genus characteristically has five teeth on the apical margin of the third abdominal segment. while some species are parasitoids of mud - daubing wasps, kimsey and bohart (1990) state that the majority of species are parasitoids of cup - moth caterpillars (limacodidae). the genus is not known from western australia .\napex of abdomen of stilbum cyanurum (above), praestochrysis lusca (middle) and primeuchroeus sp. (below) showing characteristic apical margins image copyright wa museum\nreference: kimsey, l. s. & bohart, r. m. (1990): the chrysidid wasps of the world (oxford university press; oxford, new york, toronto) .\nwe' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif is associated with an alamy account you' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nthe undertakers promotional photo of liverpool pop group in piccadilly circus about 1963. see description below" ]

{ "text": [ "polyzosteria cuprea is a species of bush cockroach found in south western australia .", "it is a diurnal species and its typical habitat is arid regions and eucalyptus woodland . " ], "topic": [ 3, 13 ] }

[ "polyzosteria cuprea is a species of bush cockroach found in south western australia. it is a diurnal species and its typical habitat is arid regions and eucalyptus woodland." ]

[ "the mottled mojarra is common in the near shore waters of florida and occurs mainly in and near inlets of the irl (kerschner et al. 1985) .\nin the indian river lagoon, mottled mojarra were recorded to comprise of 10% of the catch of members of the gerreidae (kerschner et al. 1985) .\nthe mottled mojarra can be distinguished from other small, bright, silvery mojarras, by eye. the mottles mojarra has a dark spot / patch on the center of the upper iris. they will often had a dark / dusky spot on the tip of the foredorsal fin, but not always. find these little 2 inch juveniles along sandy shorelines .\nanal spines: 2; anal soft rays: 8. silvery, the back broadly mottled (ref. 13442) .\nindividual mottled mojarra in the indian river lagoon range in size from 10 to 69 mm (kerschner et al. 1985). the standard length is recorded from the tip of the upper jar to the base of tail and is reported to be 79 to 91 mm. maximum recorded length is 20. 3 cm but adults are usually smaller (randall 1996) .\ne. lefroyi is distinguished from other mojarras by the mottled coloration on its back that appears as six wavy lateral lines connected by eight lateral dots. their body shape ranges from slightly elongate to elongate. the head features a pointed snout and a highly protrusible mouth (randall 1996). there is a single dorsal fin usually with spines and 10 soft rays. the anal fin has two spines. the dorsal and anal fins fold into a scaly sheath at the base. the caudal fin is deeply forked and covered with small scales .\nmarine; reef - associated. tropical; 33°n - 33°s, 98°w - 34°w\nwestern atlantic: bermuda, north carolina (usa) and northern gulf of mexico to brazil .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 23. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 7251 )\nrobins, c. r. and g. c. ray, 1986. a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america. houghton mifflin company, boston, u. s. a. 354 p. (ref. 7251 )\n): 22. 9 - 28, mean 26 (based on 412 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 1. 0000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01047 (0. 00559 - 0. 01961), b = 3. 06 (2. 90 - 3. 22), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & (sub) family - body (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 3 ±0. 5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (19 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\neucinostomus lefroyi is a member of the family gerreidae. the eucinostomus genus is distinguished from other members of the family gerreidae by the interhaemal cone, an unusual cone - shaped structure formed from the first two anal pterygiophores that encloses the posterior end of the air bladder (matheson et al. 1984). in general, mojarras are small - to medium - sized silvery compressed fishes .\nmembers of the family gerreidae spawn during the warmer summer months (godefroid et al. 2001) .\nlarval fishes and juveniles in the family gerreidae inhabit the shallow estuaries in the warmer summer months (godefroid et al. 2001) .\neucinostomus lefroyi is a benthic feeder and uses its highly protrusible mouth to forage for infaunal invertebrates, feeding primarily on bivalves, copepods, other crustaceans and polychaetes (worms) (kerschner et al. 1985) .\nchen w - j, ruiz - carus r, and g ort'. 2007. relationships among four genera of mojarras (teleostei: perciformes: gerridae) from the western atlantic and their tentative placement among percomorph fishes. journal of fish biology 70b: 202 - 218. delgado p. 2004. fish, crustaceans, and mollusks found in u. s. caribbean wetlands, noaa .\ngodefroid rs, santos c, hofstaetter m, and hl spach. 2001. occurrence of larvae and juveniles of eucinostomus argeneus, eucinostomus gula, menticirrhus americanus, menticirrhus littoralis, umbrina coroides and micropogonias furnieri at pontal do sul beach, parana. brazilian archives of biology and technology 44: 411 - 418 .\nkerschner ba, peterson ms, and rg gilmore, jr. 1985. ecotopic and ontogenetic trophic variation in mojarras (pisces: gerreidae). estuaries 8: 311 - 322 .\nmatheson, re, jr. and jd mceachran. 1984. taxonomic studies of the eucinostomus argenteus complex (pisces: gerreidae): preliminary studies of external morphology. copeia 4: 893 - 902 .\nrandall, je. 1996. caribbean reef fishes, tfh publications, neptune city, nj zipcodezoo. available online .\nreport by: melany p. puglisi, smithsonian marine station submit additional information, photos or comments to: irl _ webmaster @ urltoken page last updated: october 1, 2008\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: this widely distributed species is common where it occurs in estuaries and high energy shores. its population is increasing off florida and there are no known major threats. therefore, it is listed as least concern .\nthis species is distributed in the western atlantic from wilmington, north carolina along the u. s. coast, bermuda, the bahamas, in the gulf of mexico from the florida keys to cedar key, florida and from pensacola along the mexico coast to northwestern cuba, in the caribbean throughout the antilles, and along the central and south american coast from quintana roo, mexico to guatemala, the san andres islands (colombia), the costa rica / panama border to colon, panama, curacao and bonaire, golfo de cariaco, venezuela to sao paolo, brazil (r. robertson pers. comm. 2014) .\nanguilla; antigua and barbuda; bahamas; barbados; belize; bermuda; bonaire, sint eustatius and saba (saba, sint eustatius); brazil; cayman islands; colombia (colombian caribbean is .); cuba; curaçao; dominica; dominican republic; french guiana; grenada; guadeloupe; guyana; haiti; jamaica; martinique; mexico; montserrat; panama; puerto rico; saint barthélemy; saint kitts and nevis; saint lucia; saint martin (french part); saint vincent and the grenadines; sint maarten (dutch part); suriname; trinidad and tobago; turks and caicos islands; united states; venezuela, bolivarian republic of; virgin islands, british; virgin islands, u. s .\nthis species is common throughout its range. it is common in near shore waters of florida and occurs mainly in and near inlets of the indian river lagoon. there is a definite increase in abundance off florida south of boca grande on the gulf coast and south of cape canaveral on the east coast (kerschner et al. 1985). although this species has been previously reported from brazilian coral reefs, it was not seen during a survey of paraíba, brazil (rocha et al. 1998) .\nthis reef - associated species occurs in tropical climates where it is a major component of estuarine fish communities (robins and ray 1986). adults prefer sandy, high energy shores and inlets, but young are more widespread. it can be found in the laguna madre in mexico, a warm, high - salinity lagoon characterized by macroalgae and seagrasses (raz - guzman and huidobro 2005). it feeds on polychaetes, copepods, barnacles and insects (teixeira and helmer 1997). its maximum size is 23 cm tl (robins and ray 1986) .\nthis species is commonly caught by beach and boat seines, trammel nets and gills nets (( mceachran and fechhelm 2005). in mexico' s laguna madre, it is captured at small sizes in the lagoons where they are are marketed only locally and are commonly used as bait (raz - guzman and huidobro 2002) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhelp keep this site advertisement free by making a donation through paypal. if you have found this site useful, educational or fun, please consider lending your support to it' s continuation. as an incentive, ten percent of all donations will go to the no lionfish stj organization to purchase spears, markers and other organizational needs. i would appreciate your support .\nplease respect the time and effort and expense to create this site. all text and photos are copyrighted unless clearly noted otherwise. no use is authorized without written permission .\nno one has contributed data records for ulaema lefroyi yet. learn how to contribute .\ncyndy parr set\neucinostomus lefroyi usnm 406365 photograph lateral view\nas an exemplar on\neucinostomus gula (quoy and gaimard, 1824 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho." ]

{ "text": [ "the mottled mojarra , ulaema lefroyi , is a species of mojarra native to the atlantic and gulf of mexico coasts of the americas from north carolina to brazil , where adults can be found off sandy shorelines .", "this species grows to 23 cm ( 9.1 in ) total length , and is the only known member of its genus . " ], "topic": [ 3, 0 ] }

[ "the mottled mojarra, ulaema lefroyi, is a species of mojarra native to the atlantic and gulf of mexico coasts of the americas from north carolina to brazil, where adults can be found off sandy shorelines. this species grows to 23 cm (9.1 in) total length, and is the only known member of its genus." ]

[ "syrnolopsis minuta, bourguignat, 1885. length 5 to 6 mm. two specimens .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species: syrnolopsis minuta j. r. bourguignat, 1885 - id: 5136000004\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\njustification: this species has a widespread distribution with no major widespread threats identified .\nthis species is endemic to lake tanganyika. it is recorded from sandy substrates along the coastlines of all four countries (burundi, tanzania, zambia and drc) at a total of 36 sites .\nthis species is common in sandy areas. when present population densities are likely to be high .\nit is common on sandy substrates in shallow to moderate water depths, 3 - 20 m .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 / / en\norigin: the specimens studied were captured around lake barombi (cameroon), nevertheless this species is often mentioned as endemic to lake tanganyika. the initial migration might therefore have occured through birds faeces. it is present on lake barombi and all surrounding water streams\nutility: it feeds out of food remainders and moves the soil, however it is not as active as melanoides ...\nthey seem to have a preference for the algae that encrust on the glass that is most exposed to daylight. this may be a solution for the hobbyists that are tired of scratching glass during the algae removal operation .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome. this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein. < p > < a href =' / help / annotation _ score' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein. note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence (s) displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ existence' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge. < p > < a href =' / help / function _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\ncytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. subunits 1 - 3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex. co i is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme. electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper a center of subunit 2 and heme a of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme a3 and copper b .\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system, without manual validation. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000256\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme, i. e. the chemical reaction it catalyzes. this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec (enzyme commission) number in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section. < p > < a href =' / help / catalytic _ activity' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n>' function' < / a > section describes the metabolic pathway (s) associated with a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / pathway' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\nthis protein is involved in the pathway oxidative phosphorylation, which is part of energy metabolism .\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology (go) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories: < p > < a href =' / help / gene _ ontology' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure. keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest. < p > < a href =' / help / keywords' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name (s) and synonym (s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein, from commonly used to obsolete, to allow unambiguous identification of a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ names' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name (s) of the gene (s) that code for the protein sequence (s) described in the entry. four distinct tokens exist: ‘name’, ‘synonyms’, ‘ordered locus names’ and ‘orf names’. < p > < a href =' / help / gene _ name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000313\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome, the mitochondrion, the nucleomorph, different plastids or a plasmid. the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element (s). < p > < a href =' / help / encoded _ on' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name (s) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / organism - name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein. this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ identifier' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism. it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree, with the more general grouping listed first. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ lineage' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell. < p > < a href =' / help / subcellular _ location _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n>' subcellular location' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein. it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins. < p > < a href =' / help / transmem' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / structure _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain (s) present in a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain, which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold. < p > < a href =' / help / domain' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system, without manual validation. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000259\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins. < p > < a href =' / help / sequence _ similarities' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. it also includes information pertinent to the sequence (s), including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a >. < p > < a href =' / help / sequences _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not. < p > < a href =' / help / sequence _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. it is useful for tracking sequence updates. < / p > < p > it should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low. < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs). < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value (crc64) using the generator polynomial: x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1. the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard. < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w. h. , flannery b. p. , teukolsky s. a. and vetterling w. t. < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed. , pp896 - 902, cambridge university press (1993) < / a >) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / non _ ter' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence (s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100% , 90% and 50 %) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters (< a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a >). < p > < a href =' / help / similar _ proteins _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb. < p > < a href =' / help / cross _ references _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ information _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry, but it is not a stable identifier. each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number (s). these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries. upon integration into uniprotkb, each entry is assigned a unique accession number, which is called ‘primary (citable) accession number’. < p > < a href =' / help / accession _ numbers' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb, the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification (‘last modified’). the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ history' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not, in other words, if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb (< strong > reviewed < / strong >) or to the computer - annotated trembl section (< strong > unreviewed < / strong >). < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\ntiphobia horei e. a. smith, 1880 lake tanganyika, deep water .\nc entral africa has a great diversity of cerithioid snails. zoogeographically, they can be grouped into three categories. firstly, there are a number of widespread genera whose species inhabit rivers and lakes over large areas. secondly, a characteristic brackish water fauna inhabits mangrove swamps along the atlantic coast. finally, there is a remarkable fauna of endemic seashell - like snails living in and restricted to lake tanganyika .\npilsbry and bequaert (1927) tabulate species known to them from the large african lakes (all mollusks are included) .\nthey classify the endemic tanganyika genera as genera within the old all - inclusive family melaniidae. van damme (1984) and banarescu (1990) give them their own subfamily, the paramelaniinae, which they placed in the families thiaridae and pleuroceridae, respectively. the actual number of species is open to question, as many of them were named by bourguignat on the basis of what were more likely individual variations .\nthe lake malawi [ nyasa ] drilling project an nsf / icdp workshop on scientific drilling on lakes malawi and tanganyika, october 10 - 16, 1999. executive summary, a testable hypothesis for explaining the remarkable freshwater gastropod fauna of lake tanganyika :\nparamelania damoni, lake tanganyiks. photos of living snails courtesy of gerald depaus .\npilsbry and bequaert (1927) include 16 potadoma species plus nine additional subspecies from various rivers of the congo basin .\ncleopatra johnstoni smith. african lakes. many species exist throughout central africa and the nile, often variable .\nthe large pachymelanias are characteristic of brackish tidal waters and mangrove swamps along the western africa coast. there are only three species, with many variable forms (pilsbry and bequaert, 1927)." ]

{ "text": [ "syrnolopsis minuta is a species of medium-sized freshwater snail with an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family paludomidae .", "this species is found around the edges of lake tanganika , which includes the countries of burundi , the democratic republic of the congo , tanzania , and zambia .", "the natural habitat of this species is intermittent freshwater lakes . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 13 ] }

[ "syrnolopsis minuta is a species of medium-sized freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family paludomidae. this species is found around the edges of lake tanganika, which includes the countries of burundi, the democratic republic of the congo, tanzania, and zambia. the natural habitat of this species is intermittent freshwater lakes." ]

[ "this is the place for rulena definition. you find here rulena meaning, synonyms of rulena and images for rulena copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word rulena. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word rulena and, of course, rulena synonyms and on the right images related to the word rulena .\neupithecia lavicaria fuchs, 1902 (syn: eupithecia lavicata prout, 1914), described from norway .\nash pug (angle - barred pug) (eupithecia innotata f. fraxinata )\neupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae. there are hundreds of described species, found in all parts of the world (45 in the british isles alone), and new species are discovered on a regular basis .\neupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs. they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult. as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90° to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage. many species have a very specific food plant. some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects (e. orichloris, e. staurophragma, e. scoriodes). they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered, they quickly grab the insects touching them. the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen. also, insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii' s fauna .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times. this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur (or once occurred) in norfolk, with photographs, descriptions, flight graphs, latest records, distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site, and would like them displayed along with your name and comments... please send them in (any size. jpg images) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths. thank you: - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nchinery, michael (1986). collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe (reprinted 1991) .\nskinner, bernard (1984). colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, open access publishing, and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act (fastr), wikimedia foundation, inc. , public library of science, the encyclopedia of life, open book publishers (obp), pubmed, u. s. national library of medicine, national center for biotechnology information, u. s. national library of medicine, national institutes of health (nih), u. s. department of health & human services, and urltoken, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (. gov, . mil, . edu). funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u. s. congress, e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association, a non - profit organization .\n. ” on his return to spain he found his old regiment about to march fo... ... t imitate that life of mine when i in lonely sadness on the great rock\nthere to pine; thou, ...... what thou dost; touch it not unless thou wouldst lay down thy life as the\nof thy rashness. ” the car - rier gave no heed to these words (and he... ... be with you, and keep in mind what you have promised and sworn under those\nthat have been already declared to you. ” so saying, he gave rocin... ... ut, as there might be some to be found among them that did not deserve the\nof fire. “no, ” said the niece, “there is no reason for showing merc... ... ou, master nicholas, i say let this and ‘amadis of gaul’ be remit - ted the\nof fire, and as for all the rest, let them perish with - out further... ... never slept a day under a roof, went to their graves as much maids as the\nthat bore them. i say, then, that in these and other respects our g... ... ar, hatred nor love, should make them swerve from the path of truth, whose\nis history, rival of time, storehouse of deeds, witness for the past... ... ked plough had not dared to rend and pierce the tender bowels of our first\n, belonging to a genus that feeds on feathers; a beetle (quedius) and *... ... brating so rapidly as to be scarcely visible, i was reminded of the sphinx\n: their movements and habits are indeed in many respects very similar... .... than any other race of animals. i allude only to the butterflies; for the\n, contrary to what might have been ex - pected from the rankness of the... ... ads. nothing could be more interest - ing than some of the family groups. a\nwith one or two daughters would often come to our rancho, mounted on... ... manner in which his laws were enforced. one of these was, that no man, on\nof being put into the stocks, should carry his knife on a sunday: t... ... ate individual, but likewise used them, as old spain had done before for a\nsettlement. en - gland claimed her right an seized them. the english -... ... yages of the adventure and beagle, is in lat. 46 degs. 50', in the gulf of\n. it is 15 miles long, and in one part 7 broad and descends to the sea... ... an rafael. the posi - tion of the glaciers at this place and in the gulf of\nmay be put even in a more striking point of view, for they descend to... ... in charge of this same fortress. after we left south america, he paid the\nin the usual manner, by being con - quered, taken prisoner, and shot ...\nthat 60 don quixote have been already declared to you. ” so sayin... ... ut, as there might be some to be found among them that did not deserve the\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nnemertea - description - nervous system and senses... most nemertean species have just one pair of nerve cords, many species have additional paired cords, and some species also have a dorsal cord... in some species the cords lie within the skin, but in most they are deeper, inside the muscle layers... some species have paired cerebral organs, sacs whose only openings are to the outside ...\nnemertea... all species have a proboscis which lies in the rhynchocoel when inactive but everts (turns inside - out) to emerge just above the mouth and capture the animal' s prey with venom... a few species with stubby bodies filter feed and have suckers at the front and back ends, with which they attach to a host... most nemerteans have various chemoreceptors, and on their heads some species have a number of pigment - cup ocelli, which can detect light but not form an image ...\nnemertea - taxonomy... comprises 100 marine species... comprises about 400 species... includes seven species, of which six live as commensals in the mantle of large clams and one in that of a freshwater snail ...\norganic farming - externalities - biodiversity... nearly all non - crop, naturally occurring species observed in comparative farm land practice studies show a preference for organic farming both by abundance and diversity... an average of 30% more species inhabit organic farms... many weed species attract beneficial insects that improve soil qualities and forage on weed pests ...\northoptera - life cycle... orthopteroid species have a paurometabolous life cycle or incomplete metamorphosis... generally crucial in courtship, and most species have distinct songs... the number of moults varies between species growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions ...\nof revenge, and they return benefits, not because recompense is a pleasure, but because obligation is a pain .\namusingly devitalized by sentimentality, this kind drooping its leaves with the grace of a young widow bowed in controllable grief, this one obscuring them with a smooth silver as of placid tears. they please, like the minor french novelists of the eighteenth century, by suggesting a universe in which nothing cuts deep .\nto survive in a world full of stimuli; but it prevents the survival of the aristocracy .\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code, manage projects, and build software together .\nyou signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session." ]

{ "text": [ "eupithecia rulena is a moth in the geometridae family .", "it is found in nepal .", "the wingspan is about 16.5 – 18 mm .", "the forewings are rusty brown and the hindwings are pale ochreous . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1 ] }

[ "eupithecia rulena is a moth in the geometridae family. it is found in nepal. the wingspan is about 16.5 – 18 mm. the forewings are rusty brown and the hindwings are pale ochreous." ]

[ "madagascan ibis (lophotibis cristata) is a species of bird in the threskiornithidae family .\nbird' s eye view - madagascan ibis (lophotibis cristata), ... | facebook\naustralian white ibis (t. molucca) and supporting page solomons white ibis (t. molucca pygmaeus )\neditor: also known as the madagascar crested ibis. the crested ibis is a different, critically endangered asian bird .\nother mammals found in the ecoregion are the madagascan pygmy shrew (suncus madagascariensis); the only rodentia member in the ecoregion is the dormouse tufted - tailed rat (eliurus myoxinus) .\n. 2003 ], maybe as low as 1, 200 mature individuals [ delany and scott 2006 ], but latest estimates put the madagascan population size at c. 2, 000 mature individuals [ andrianarimisa and razafimanjato 2011, perschke 2006\na madagascar crested ibis (lophotibis cristata) at omaha’s henry doorly zoo and aquarium .\nan adult scarlet ibis has a wingspan of around 54 centimetres (21 in) .\nthe scarlet ibis builds its artless nest of brush in inaccessible places on low trees .\nthis article is about the bird. for the short story, see the scarlet ibis .\ninformation on the madagascar crested ibis is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe scarlet ibis (eudocimus ruber) is a species of ibis in the bird family threskiornithidae. it inhabits tropical south america and islands of the caribbean. in form it resembles most of the other twenty - seven extant species of ibis, but its remarkably brilliant scarlet coloration makes it unmistakable .\nhowever, virtually all modern occurrences of the species in north america have been introduced or escaped birds. in one notable example from 1962, scarlet ibis eggs were placed in white ibis nests in florida' s\nthe life span of the scarlet ibis is approximately sixteen years in the wild and twenty years in captivity .\nthe small bird genus geronticus belongs to the ibis subfamily (threskiornithinae). its name is ...\nthe llanos are notable in that these wetland plains support seven species of ibis in the one region. here, scarlet ibis are the most aggressive, and attack other species to steal their food. they have also been observed trailing\nthis species can be confused with the glossy ibis when seen at a distance but the glossy ibis is smaller, more gregarious, associated with wetlands and lacks the white on the wing and has a fully feathered head. [ 7 ]\njohnson, j. mangalraj (2003) .\nblack ibis pseudibis papillosa feeding on frogs from crab holes\n.\nmaggie whitson marked\neudocimus ruber (scarlet ibis) - captive\nas trusted on the\neudocimus ruber\npage .\nthe madagascar sacred ibis breeds in colonies, which are often found mixed amongst the breeding colonies of various heron species. the ibis constructs a small nest from twigs, in which it lays a clutch of two eggs. the nest is usually situated in a tree, although, on aldabra, the madagascar sacred ibis may also position its nest on the ground (2) .\n, a 199 hectares (490 acres) wetland reserve first designated in 1953 specifically to provide a habitat for the scarlet ibis .\nzahl, paul a. (1967) .\nnew scarlet ibis in florida skies\n. national geographic 32: 847–82 .\nramo, cristina; busto, benjamin (1987) .\nhybridization between the scarlet ibis (eudocimus ruber) and the white ibis (eudocimus albus) in venezuela\n. colonial waterbirds 10 (1): 111–14. doi: 10. 2307 / 1521240 .\nsalimkumar, c; soni, v. c. (1984) .\nlaboratory observations on the incubation period of the indian black ibis\nali, a. h. m. s. ; kumar, ramesh; arun, p. r. (2013) .\nblack ibis\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - madagascar sacred ibis (threskiornis bernieri )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - madagascar sacred ibis (threskiornis bernieri )\ntitle =\narkive species - madagascar sacred ibis (threskiornis bernieri )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - madagascar crested ibis (lophotibis cristata )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - madagascar crested ibis (lophotibis cristata )\ntitle =\narkive species - madagascar crested ibis (lophotibis cristata )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nrare ibis jasper sphere / / brecciated jasper from madagascar / / desert jasper ribbon polychrome jasper only ones! / / trauma, self love no. 3\nthe range of the scarlet ibis is very large, and colonies are found throughout vast areas of south america and the caribbean islands. native flocks exist in\n, formed a large part of the diet. in contrast, the diet of the co - occurring american white ibis there differed, the latter consuming more\na juvenile scarlet ibis is a mix of grey, brown, and white. as it grows, a heavy diet of red crustaceans produces the scarlet coloration .\nmyers et al. (2008) places the critically endangered giant ibis, thaumatibis gigantea, within the pseudibis genus (south asian ibises) as pseudibis gigantea .\nthe red - naped ibis (pseudibis papillosa) also known as the indian black ibis or black ibis is a species of ibis found in the plains of the indian subcontinent. unlike other ibises in the region it is not very dependent on water and is often found in dry fields a good distance away from water. it is usually seen in loose groups and can be told by the nearly all dark body with a white patch on the shoulder and a bare dark head with a patch of crimson red warty skin on the crown and nape. it has a loud call and is noisy when breeding. it builds its nest most often on the top of a large tree or palm .\nthe madagascar sacred ibis can be found wading through areas of shallow water within its habitat, the long, slender legs raising the body well above the water level (3). when feeding, the madagascar sacred ibis extends its sinuous neck down to the water and uses its elongated bill to probe above or within the sediment for small invertebrates such as worms, snails and crustaceans (2) (3). it may also take small vertebrates such as frogs and reptiles (1). the madagascar sacred ibis breeds in colonies, which are often found mixed amongst the breeding colonies of various heron species. the ibis constructs a small nest from twigs, in which it lays a clutch of two eggs. the nest is usually situated in a tree, although, on aldabra, the madagascar sacred ibis may also position its nest on the ground (2) .\nibises are large birds, but mid - sized by the standards of their order. they range from the dwarf olive ibis (bostrychia bocagei), at 45 centimeters (18 inches) in length and 450 grams (one pound), to the giant ibis (thaumatibis gigantea), at 100 centimeters (40 inches) and 4. 2 kilograms (9. 2 pounds) .\nrather secretive forest ibis, often feeding in damp valley - bottoms or along forest trails, from where it is often flushed before flying noisily away through the canopy. builds large nest in canopy .\nzahl, paul a. (1954). coro - coro: the world of the scarlet ibis. indianapolis / new york: bobbs - merrill co. pp. 192–193. oclc 799120 .\nthe main threats to the madagascar sacred ibis come from the harvesting of its eggs, the trapping of adults and the taking of chicks for human consumption. estimates of this species’ population on madagascar in 2006, indicated that there were less than 2000 mature individuals, a number that is simply too small to support the current levels of exploitation. unfortunately, the madagascar sacred ibis displays no fear of humans while nesting or roosting, and is, therefore, an easily obtainable source of food for hunters. while legislation on hunting does exist in madagascar, it has proved ineffective in reducing hunting pressure on this species, with surveys indicating that populations of the madagascar sacred ibis are significantly declining (2) .\na large red - and - white forest ibis. body mostly reddish, with iridescent green feathers on head and crest, which has a yellowish or whitish tip. bare skin around eye and legs red. wings white, bill pale yellow .\ndespite these values, loss of habitat, such as the decline of wetlands, and other threats have lead to six species being threatened, including one that is endangered and three that are critically endangered. the critically endangered giant ibis, for example, has a population perhaps of less than 250 birds. the sacred ibis, which was of great cultural importance in ancient egypt as a symbol of the god thoth, has become extinct in egypt, although it is common in other nations .\nthe madagascar sacred ibis can be found wading through areas of shallow water within its habitat, the long, slender legs raising the body well above the water level (3). when feeding, the madagascar sacred ibis extends its sinuous neck down to the water and uses its elongated bill to probe above or within the sediment for small invertebrates such as worms, snails and crustaceans (2) (3). it may also take small vertebrates such as frogs and reptiles (1) .\naguilera, eduardo; ramo, cristina; busto, benjamin (1993) .\nfood habits of the scarlet and white ibis in the orinoco plains\n. the condor 95 (3): 739–41. doi: 10. 2307 / 1369623 .\n65 - 89 cm. unmistakeable large black and white ibis. bare parts - bill, head, neck and legs - black. primaries and secondaries tipped black, remainder white, although some birds have completely white primaries and secondaries (m. rabenandrasana\nwhile showering dignity and color on the scarlet ibis, nature seems to have been reluctant in the bestowal of weapons. the bird' s beak was blunt, its toenails were unsharpened, and its eyes had a gentle, soft bambi quality .\nthe nematode belanisakis ibidis has been identified from the small intestines of the species [ 18 ] while the feathers of ibises are host to specific species of bird lice in the genus ibidoecus. the species found in the red - naped ibis is ibdidoecus dennelli. [ 19 ] patagifer chandrapuri, a species of digenea flatworm has been found in the intestines of specimens from allahabad. [ 20 ] in captivity, a trematode diplostomum ardeiformium has been described from a red - naped ibis host. [ 21 ] protist parasites include eimeria - like organisms. [ 22 ]\nthe madagascar sacred ibis is confined to the west coast of madagascar and aldabra, a coral atoll approximately 400 kilometres north - west of madagascar. the two locations harbour different subspecies of the bird, with threskiornis bernieri bernieri found on madagascar and threskiornis bernieri abbotti found on aldabra (2) .\nthe madagascar sacred ibis is confined to the west coast of madagascar and aldabra, a coral atoll approximately 400 kilometres north - west of madagascar. the two locations harbour different subspecies of the bird, with threskiornis bernieri bernieri found on madagascar and threskiornis bernieri abbotti found on aldabra (2) .\nthe scarlet ibis is a sociable and gregarious bird, and very communally - minded regarding the search for food and the protection of the young. they live in flocks of thirty or more. members stay close, and mating pairs arrange their nests in close proximity to other pairs in the same tree .\nthe sacred ibis (threskiornis aethiopicus) was an object of religious veneration in ancient egypt, particularly associated with the god thoth. at the town of hermopolis, ibises were reared specifically for sacrificial purposes and in the serapeum at saqqara, archaeologists found the mummies of one and a half million ibises and hundreds of thousands of falcons (gleming and lothian 1997). the sacred ibis no long is found in the nile basin, although it is found in parts of sub - saharan africa and in iraq, and has been introduced in various nations, including france, italy, spain, and the united states (south florida) .\nin british india, sportsmen referred to the species as the\nking curlew\n, [ 27 ]\nking ibis\nor\nblack curlew\n[ 28 ] and it was considered good eating as well as sport for falconers (using the shaheen falcon). [ 26 ] they would race and soar to escape falcons. [ 29 ]\nthe species was first given its scientific name by temminck in 1824. he placed it in the genus ibis but it was separated into the genus inocotis created by reichenbach and this was followed by several major works including the fauna of british india although the genus pseudibis in which hodgson had placed the species had precedence based on the principle of priority. [ 9 ] the red - naped ibis (p. papillosa) included the white - shouldered ibis as p. papillosa davisoni, a subspecies, from 1970 but these are now treated as distinct species, although closely related. [ 10 ] the main morphological difference between the two species is seen in the crown and the upper neck. while p. papillosa has a patch of red tubercles on the back of the crown, p. davisoni lacks it. also, adult p. papillosa have a narrow, bright red mid - crown that becomes broader on the hindcrown, whereas, adult p. davisoni has a bare pale blue middle hindcrown that extends to the upper hindneck and forms a complete collar around the upper neck. [ 11 ]\nolmos, fábio; silva e silva, robson, f. b. ; silva, r. s. e. ; olmos, fabio (2001) .\nbreeding biology and nest site characteristics of the scarlet ibis in southeastern brazil\n. waterbirds: the international journal of waterbird biology 24 (1): 58–67. doi: 10. 2307 / 1522244. jstor 1522244 .\namong the about 30 species of ibises, at least six are threatened, and of these six there is one listed as endangered and three as critically endangered (michael cavendish 2001). among the critically endangered is the giant ibis (thaumatibis gigantea), which has an estimated population size of but 50 to 249 individuals, found in parts of northern cambodia and southern laos (bl 2008) .\nthe madagascar sacred ibis is mainly found in lowland regions around coastal zones where the water is either salty or brackish (1), such as: coral lagoons (4); shallow, coastal lakes; mudflats; estuaries; and mangroves. they have also been sighted in inland rice fields and in freshwater lakes within forested areas, though these are not considered to be major habitats for this species (1) .\nthe madagascar sacred ibis is mainly found in lowland regions around coastal zones where the water is either salty or brackish (1), such as: coral lagoons (4); shallow, coastal lakes; mudflats; estuaries; and mangroves. they have also been sighted in inland rice fields and in freshwater lakes within forested areas, though these are not considered to be major habitats for this species (1) .\nlike other large water birds found in coastal wetlands, the madagascar sacred ibis is also threatened by the degradation and loss of its habitat (1) (2). pollution and sedimentation are two of the main contributors, with excess sediment being generated from increased soil erosion, as a result of slash - and - burn deforestation methods. important habitat provided by mangroves is also being lost, as the trees are cut down for charcoal production (2) .\nthis medium - sized wader is a hardy, numerous, and prolific bird, and it has protected status around the world. its iucn status is least concern. the legitimacy of eudocimus ruber as a biological classification, however, is in dispute. traditional linnaean taxonomy classifies it as a unique species, but an increasing number of scientists have moved to reclassify it as a subspecies of a more general american ibis species, along with its close relative eudocimus albus .\nibis is the common name for any of the long - legged wading birds of diverse genera comprising the subfamily threskiornithinae of the family threskiornithidae, characterized by a long, slender beak that curves downward. these stork - like birds belong to the same family as the spoonbills, but the spoonbills have a flat beak that does not curve downward and is somewhat enlarged at the tip. there are about thirty species of ibises, placed into 12 or 13 genera, depending on the taxonomic scheme .\nthe red - naped ibis is widely distributed in the plains of the indian subcontinent. the habitats this bird is found at is lakes, marshes, riverbeds and on irrigated farmlands. it is gregarious and generally forages on margins of wetlands in small numbers. it is a common breeding resident in haryana and punjab and the gangetic plain. it extends into southern india but is not found in the forested regions or the arid zone of the extreme southeast of the peninsula or sri lanka. [ 5 ]\nmatheu, e. , del hoyo, j. , kirwan, g. m. & garcia, e. f. j. (2018). madagascar crested ibis (lophotibis cristata). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nthe aldabra population of the madagascar sacred ibis, estimated in 2001 to be around 300 to 750 individuals, currently receives significant protection (2). the entire atoll is designated a strict nature reserve and a natural world heritage site, and only small scale ecotourism, deep - sea fishing and limited exploitation of some resources are permitted. however, the conservation of the island and enforcement of its protection are the responsibility of the seychelles island foundation, which requires subscriptions and donations in order to fund its valuable work (5) .\nthe endangered malagasy sacred ibis (threskiornis bernieri), is found in the madagascar mangroves ecoregion as well as certain other western coastal madagascar habitat and the seychelles. these madagascar mangroves shelter highly diverse mollusk and crustacean communities, while capturing sediment that threatens coral reefs and seagrass beds. although up to nine mangrove tree species have been recorded, most of the madagascar mangrove stands contain six species in four families: rhizophoracae (rhizopora mucronata, bruguiera gymnorrhiza and ceriops tagal), avicenniaceae (avicennia marina), sonneratiaceae (sonneratia alba) and combretaceae (lumnitzera racemosa) .\nthe tamil sangam literature mentions a bird named the\nanril\nwhich was described as having a curved bill and calls from atop palymra palms (borassus sp .). madhaviah krishnan identified the bird positively as the black ibis and ruled out suggestions that this might be a sarus crane, an alternate interpretation. he mentions a line that talks about how at dusk the anrils arrive at palmyra palms and call. he also pointed out ibises to locals and asked them for the name and noted that a few did refer to it as\nanril\n. the sangam poetry mentions that the birds mated for life and always walked about in pairs. [ 23 ] [ 24 ]\nthe red - naped ibis is omnivorous, feeding on carrion, insects, frogs, and other small vertebrates as well as grain. [ 5 ] they forage mainly in dry open land and stubbly fields, sometimes joining egrets and other birds on land being tilled to feed on disturbed insects and exposed beetle grub. they walk and probe on the ground. the rarely wade in water [ 6 ] but have been observed seeking out frogs hiding in crab holes. [ 12 ] they sometimes feed at garbage dumps. [ 8 ] in british india, indigo planters considered them useful as they appeared to consume a large number of crickets in the fields. [ 13 ] [ 14 ]\nthe red - naped ibis is a large black bird with long legs and a long downcurved bill. the wing feathers and tail are black with blue - green gloss while the neck and body are brown and without gloss. a white patch on the shoulders stands out and the top of the featherless head is a patch of bright red warty skin. the warty patch, technically a caruncle, [ 3 ] is a triangular patch with the apex at the crown and the base of the triangle behind the nape that develops in adult birds. the iris is orange red. both sexes are identical and young birds are browner and initially lack the bare head and crown. the bills and legs are grey but turn reddish [ 4 ] during the breeding season. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] the toes have a fringing membrane and are slightly webbed at the base. [ 7 ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\no' brien, a. , robertson, p. , starkey, m. , symes, a. , taylor, j. , westrip, j .\nthis species is listed as near threatened as its population is projected to decline moderately rapidly in the future owing to the poaching of adults, young and eggs, as well as deforestation .\nthe population has been estimated at 10, 000 individuals, roughly equivalent to 6, 700 mature individuals. trend justification: the population is suspected to be declining, and is projected to decline at a steeper rate in the future owing to intense hunting pressure and habitat destruction .\n, and it nests in large trees within the forest. breeding occurs at the start of the rainy season (del hoyo\n. the nest is a large platform made of branches, usually in major forks of trees, 7 - 15 m above the forest floor. it may lay two eggs, but usually three. the species is presumed to be sedentary, although there are uncorroborated past claims that eastern populations are migratory (del hoyo\n. over - hunting may therefore threaten this species in the future. its forest habitat is being destroyed, especially in the east, where deforestation is intense (del hoyo\ncarry out surveys to obtain an estimate of the population size. monitor rates of deforestation. monitor rates of hunting, trapping and nest - robbing. enforce legislation that protects the species from hunting. place more areas of the species' s habitat under protection. conduct further research into its ecology .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 330, 892 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\njoel is a popular keynote speaker with conservation, corporate, and civic groups .\njoel is the founder of the photo ark, a groundbreaking effort to document every species in captivity before it’s too late .\nevery purchase goes directly to support our mission: getting the public to care and helping to save species from extinction .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nspecial thanks to tropical birding for outstanding photo contributions to the bird data family of apps .\ncopyright and usage info: copyright © 2005 - 2014 vic murayama. all rights reserved. these images are protected by copyright and may not be reproduced or transmitted by any means without the permission of the owner .\n50 cm. unmistakable within range. in some birds, crest shows more white than in the individual illustrated. sexes alike. bill lime - green at base, grading to olive at tip, ...\nadvertising song given (from perch) usually at night, around dusk or in early morning is long (5–20 ...\nall kinds of original woodland (deciduous and partially evergreen) of madagascar, including humid ...\ndiet presumably based on invertebrates, including adults and larvae of insects, as well as earthworms, spiders and snails; also small ...\nat start of rainy season, sept–jan, perhaps mainly oct–dec. solitary. nest is fairly large platform (> 100 cm across) made ...\npresumably sedentary. in past, claimed that e populations were probably migratory, but not ...\nnot globally threatened. currently considered near threatened; previously considered vulnerable in red data book (1978 / 79). the population is estimated at 10, 000 birds... .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nenglish spanish online dictionary term bank, where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nbeginning of a dialog window, including tabbed navigation to register an account or sign in to an existing account. both registration and sign in support using google and facebook accounts. escape will close this window .\nby clicking register, you agree to etsy' s terms of use and privacy policy. etsy may send you communications; you may change your preferences in your account settings .\nyou' ve already signed up for some newsletters, but you haven' t confirmed your address. register to confirm your address .\nset where you live, what language you speak, and the currency you use. learn more .\nstart typing the name of a page. hit esc to close, enter to select the first result .\n? well you' re in luck, because here they come. there are\nclassified as endangered (en) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nbrackish slightly salty water. invertebrates animals with no backbone. ornamental plumes long, conspicuous feathers, distinct from the rest of a bird’s plumage slash - and - burn the cutting and burning of forests or woodlands to create space for agriculture or livestock. subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species. vertebrates animals with a backbone .\nsinclair, i. and langrand, o. (2004) birds of the indian ocean islands. struik publishers, cape town .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nclassified as near threatened (nt) on the iucn red list (1) .\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 117 911 4675 fax: + 44 (0) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\n. the two birds each have exactly the same bones, claws, beaks, feather arrangements and other features – their one marked difference lies in their pigmentation .\nearly ornithological field research revealed no natural crossbreeding among the red and white, lending support to the two - species viewpoint .\nin colombia and venezuela. they observed individuals of the two species mating and pairing, as well as hybrid ibises with pale orange plumage, or white plumage with occasional orange feathers, and have proposed that these birds be classified as a single species .\nhybridization has been known to occur frequently in captivity. however, the two color forms persist in the wild despite overlapping ranges and hybrid offspring having a distinctive color type, so according to the\n, but only the tips of their wings deviate from their namesake color. a small but reliable marking, these wingtips are a rich inky black (or occasionally dark blue) and are found only on the longest\n– otherwise the birds' coloration is\na vivid orange - red, almost luminous in quality .\nscarlet ibises have red bills and feet however the bill is sometimes blackish, especially toward the end .\nthey have a long, narrow, decurved bill. their legs and neck are long and extended in flight .\n, around the time it begins to fly: the change starts on the back and spreads gradually across the body while increasing in intensity over a period of about two years .\nand the males, slightly larger than females, typically weigh about 1. 4 kilograms (3. 1 lb) .\ntheir bills are also on average around 22% longer than those of females .\nhave been identified in belize, ecuador, and panama; aruba, cuba, dominica, grenada, and jamaica; sightings have even been made in the united states .\n, and the resulting population hybridised easily, producing\npink ibises\nthat are still occasionally seen .\nscarlet ibises like wet, muddy areas such as swamps, but for safety they build their nests in trees well above the water. if they can, they nest on islands, where their eggs and chicks are less likely to be in danger from predators .\nto attract a female, the male will perform a variety of mating rituals such as\npreening, shaking, bill popping, head rubbing, and high flights .\nafter a successful courtship, pairs remain faithful and cohabitant, sharing parental responsibilities for the young .\nin mid - september and build nests at the beginning of november. egg laying within the colony was synchronous, with female birds laying eggs in three waves in early november, late december and late january .\nthey do, however, eat much shrimp and other similar fare like small crabs, mollusks and other crustaceans .\nwhen kept in zoos, the birds' diet often contains beetroot and carrot supplement to maintain color vibrancy in their plumage .\nthey also regularly share time among other avian creatures, gaining additional safety through numbers: storks, spoonbills, egrets, herons and ducks are all common companions during feedings and flights .\nthough several local populations appear to be in decline, global totals remain relatively large and the current rate of losses is not considered a threat to the species' survival .\nkushlan, james a. ; bildstein, keith l. (february 10, 2009) .\nridgway, robert. “upon the close relationship between the white and scarlet ibises (eudocimus albus and e. rubber). ” the auk 1. 3 (1884): 239 - 240 .\nmcwilliams, gerald m, and daniel w. brauning. the birds of pennsylvania. ithaca, n. y: cornell university press, 2000. print .\nbabbitt, gregory a. ; frederick, peter c. (2007) .\nselection for sexual bill dimorphism in ibises: an evaluation of hypotheses\n. waterbirds 30 (2): 199–206. doi: 10. 1675 / 1524 - 4695 (2007) 30 [ 199: sfsbdi ] 2. 0. co; 2 .\nhilty, steven l. ; de schauensee, rodolphe meyer (2003) .\nherons and relatives. animals: a visual encyclopedia. london: dorling kindersley publishing, inc. , 2008. credo reference. web. 17 september 2012 .\nkrinsky, norman i. ; mathews - roth, micheline m. ; taylor, richard f. (1989) .\nfrederick, peter c. ; bildstein, keith l .\nforaging ecology of seven species of neotropical ibises (threskiornithidae) during the dry season in the llanos of venezuela\n. the wilson bulletin 104 (1): 1–21 .\nsalm, rodney v. ; clark, john r. ; siirila; international union for conservation of nature and natural resources (2000) .\njourney to red birds by jan lindblad (new york: hill and wang; 1969) .\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life: april 2013 selected by maggie whitson - see more .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile: ave unare2. png\nas trusted on the\neudocimus ruber (linnaeus, 1758 )\npage .\nmaggie whitson set\nfile: corocora - parque nacional morrocoy. jpg\nas an exemplar on\neudocimus ruber (linnaeus, 1758 )\n.\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile: corocoro. jpg\nas trusted on the\neudocimus ruber (linnaeus, 1758 )\npage .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile: corocora - parque nacional morrocoy. jpg\nas trusted on the\neudocimus ruber (linnaeus, 1758 )\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nfeeding in wetlands, shallow lagoons and lakes, and similar ecosystems, ibises provide important ecological values as part of food chains, consuming various invertebrates (crustaceans, mollusks, worms, leeches, etc .) and small vertebrates (amphibians, fishes) and being consumed in various life stages (eggs, nestlings, fledglings, adults) by various mammals (raccoons, coyotes, weasels, skunks) and birds (peregrine falcons, red - tailed hawks, etc .). they also help to aerate the soil as a result of their foraging habits .\nfor humans, ibises also have been a source of food and feathers, and have been hunted for sport. they help in control of various pests, such as grasshoppers, and their unique forms and behaviors—in some species, they form large aggregations of a thousand birds in a flock or nesting colony—adds to the wonder of nature .\nthe spoonbills and ibises were once thought to be related to other groups of long - legged wading birds in the order ciconiiformes, including the storks, the herons, and the bitterns. but a recent study suggests that they belong to the pelecaniformes (hackett et al. 2008). whether the two subfamilies are reciprocally monophyletic is an open question. the south american checklist committee' s entry for the threskiornithidae includes the following comment :\ntwo subfamilies are traditionally (e. g. , matheu and del hoyo 1992) recognized: threskiornithinae for ibises and plataleinae for spoonbills; because the main distinction has to do with bill shape, additional information, especially genetic, is required to recognize a major, deep split in the family\n( sacc - aou 2002) .\nmembers of the family, both ibises and spoonbills, are typified by long, broad wings with 11 primary feathers and about 20 secondaries. they are strong fliers and, rather surprisingly, given their size and weight, very capable soarers. the body tends to be elongated, the neck more so, with rather long legs .\nthe ibises are characterized by long, slender bills that are curved slightly downward. this is in contrast to the spoonbills that have a beak that is broad and distinctively flattened and does not curve downward, and that is sometimes enlarged at the tip (marshall cavendish 2001). while the down - curved bill of the ibises is used to probe shallow water and thick grasses to capture their prey, the spoonbill typically uses its bill to sift waters for food (marshall cavendish 2001). ibises look similar to the herons, but they lack the kink in the neck that typifies herons and when ibises fly, they extend their neck fully, whereas the herons will pull their necks back to the shoulder (marshall cavendish 2001) .\nibises usually feed as a group, probing mud for food items, usually crustaceans (such as crayfish), small fish, and soft mollusks (such as snails), with various species also consuming earthworms, insect larvae, leeches, and frogs. most species nest in trees, often with spoonbills or herons .\nbirdlife international. 2008. thaumatibis gigantea in iucn, 2008 iucn red list of threatened species. retrieved february 10, 2009 .\nfleming, f. , and a. lothian. 1997. the way to eternity: egyptian myth. london: duncan baird. isbn 0705435032 .\nhackett, s. j. , r. t. kimball, s. reddy, r. c. k. bowie, e. l. braun, m. j. braun, j. l. chojnowski, w. a. cox, k. - l. han, j. harshman, c. j. huddleston, b. d. marks, k. j. miglia, w. s. moore, f. h. sheldon, d. w. steadman, c. c. witt, and t. yur. 2008. a phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history science 320 (5884): 1763 - 1768. retrieved february 10, 2009 .\nintegrated taxonomic information system (itis). 1998. threskiornithidae itis taxonomic serial no. : 174922. retrieved february 10, 2009 .\nmarshall cavendish corporation. 2001. endangered wildlife and plants of the world new york: marshall cavendish. isbn 0761471995. retrieved february 10, 2009 .\nmyers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2008a. subfamily threshkiornithinae (ibises) animal diversity web. retrieved february 10, 2009 .\n———. 2008b. threshkiornithidae (ibises and spoonbills). animal diversity web. retrieved february 10, 2009 .\nsouth american classification committee, american ornithologists union (sacc - aou). 2002. a classification of the bird species of south america american ornithologists union. retrieved february 10, 2009 .\nnew world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards. this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3. 0 license (cc - by - sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation. to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats. the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here :\nnote: some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed .\nthis page was last modified on 24 january 2018, at 17: 18 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution / share - alike license; additional terms may apply. see terms of use for details .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\ncontents [ show ] other names description similar species behaviour diet calls reproduction ...\nbostrychia is a genus of ibises in the threskiornithidae family. member species are found in ...\ncontents [ show ] other names desciption similar species behaviour diet calls reproduction ...\nother names desciption similar species behaviour diet calls reproduction distribution / habitat ...\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\nthey are usually silent but call at dawn and dusk and more often when nesting. the calls are a series of loud braying, squealing screams that descend in loudness. [ 8 ]\nibises roost in groups and fly to and from the regularly used roost site in\nv\nformation. [ 7 ]\na number of names in sanskrit literature including\nkālakaṇṭak\nhave been identified as referring to this species. [ 25 ] jerdon noted the local names of\nkarankal\nand\nnella kankanam\nin telugu and\nbuza\nor\nkālā buza\nin hindi. [ 26 ]\nthe species has declined greatly in pakistan due to hunting and habitat loss. the species has been largely unaffected in india and they are traditionally tolerated by farmers. [ 4 ]\nthe species is considered to be secure in the wild but a few zoos including the ones at frankfurt, singapore (jurong park) have successfully bred the species in captivity. an individual lived in captivity at berlin zoo for 30 years. [ 30 ]\nthe fauna of british india, including ceylon and burma. birds. volume 4\nstettenheim, peter r. (2000) .\nthe integumentary morphology of modern birds - an overview\n.\nhancock, james; kushlan, james a. ; kahl, m. philip (2010) .\n( 2 ed .). new delhi: oxford university press. pp. 112–113 .\nthe fauna of british india, including ceylon and burma. birds. volume 6\n( 2 ed .). london: taylor and francis. pp. 316–317 .\n( 4 ed .). london: gurney and jackson. pp. 497–498 .\n. washington, d. c. and barcelona: smithsonian institution and lynx edicions. pp. 65–66 .\nhead and sex - size dimorphism in pseudibis papillosa and p. davisoni\ninglis, c. m. (1903) .\nthe birds of the madhubani sub - division of the darbhanga district, tirhut, with notes on species noticed elsewhere in the district. part 6\n.\nmason, c. w. maxwell - lefroy, h. , ed .\ninglis, william g. (1954) .\non some nematodes from indian vertebrates. i. birds\n.\nmallophagan parasites from indian birds - part v. species belonging to the genus\nfaltynkova, anna; gibson, david i. ; kostadinova, aneta (2008) .\na revision of patagifer dietz, 1909 (digenea: echinostomatidae) and a key to its species\n.\nodening, klaus (1962) .\ntrematoden aus indischen vögeln des berliner tierparks\n.\nchauhan, p. p. s & bhatia, b. b. (1970) eimerian oozysts from pseudibis papillosa. indian journal of microbiology 10 (2): 53 - 54 .\nkrishnan, m. (1986) the anril. reprinted without source details in nature' s spokesman (2000) edited by ramachandra guha. oxford university press. pp. 93 - 95 .\n. tirunelveli: the south india saiva siddhanta works publishing society. p. 260 .\n( 4 ed .). london: w. thacker and co. pp. 183–184 .\nindian birds being a key to the common birds of the plains of india .\nbrouwer, koen; schifter, herbert; jones, marvin l. (1994) .\nlongevity and breeding records of ibises and spoonbills in captivity\n.\nthis page was last modified on 24 december 2015, at 13: 29 .\nthis article' s content derived from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (see original source) .\nallinson, t, benstead, p. , butchart, s. , ekstrom, j. , khwaja, n. , symes, a. , taylor, j. , westrip, j .\nthis species is listed as endangered because it has a very small population which is declining owing largely to unsustainable harvesting of its eggs, disturbance of nesting sites and the degradation of wetland habitats in madagascar. declines are predicted to continue into the future .\n2007, andrianarimisa and razafimanjato 2011) (fewer than 2, 500 [ wetlands international 2002, f. hawkins\n), giving a total population of 2, 300 - 2, 750 individuals. the species' s decline in madagascar is shown by surveys in 2005 and 2006, in which 24 of the 26 sites revisited after surveys in the previous 10 years showed drastic reductions (andrianarimisa and razafimanjato 2011). however, the species' s population increased at bay de baly between 2000 and 2004, and appeared stable at mahavavy delta between 2002 and 2005 (r. rabarisoa\npopulation data for madagascar and the seychelles, from a number of sources, suggests a population range of 2, 300 - 2, 750 individuals, roughly equivalent to 1, 500 - 1, 850 mature individuals. trend justification: the species' s population is estimated to have declined by > 20% over the last 16 years (two generations) based on comparison of current rarity (e. g. low numbers recorded on african water bird census) and historical accounts (e. g. rand 1936), with most of this decline likely to have occurred in the last few decades (r. safford in litt. 2006). the species' s decline in madagascar is shown by surveys in 2005 and 2006, in which 24 of the 26 sites revisited after surveys in the previous ten years showed drastic reductions (andrianarimisa and razafimanjato, 2011). however, the species' s population increased at bay de baly between 2000 and 2004, and appeared stable at mahavavy delta between 2002 and 2005 (r. rabarisoa in litt. 2007) .\n. breeding is colonial and often occurs in mixed heron colonies (morris and hawkins 1998), with some mixed - nesting sites contained up to 200 - 250 nests of this species (koenig 2012). roosting also occurs colonially in groups of several dozen\nthe species is believed to be ecologically more restricted than its african counterpart, being largely confined to lowland habitats (mean altitude of 91 occupied sites: 14. 9m asl ± 3. 81 se, range 0 - 191 m asl [ andrianarimisa and razafimanjato 2011 ]) in saline and brackish coastal zones, mainly mudflats, estuaries, mangroves and shallow brackish coastal lakes. during 2005 and 2006, 82. 8% of birds surveyed and 69. 2% of occupied sites surveyed or known from the literature were within 2 km of the coastline (andrianarimisa and razafimanjato 2011 )\nit feeds on worms, small crustaceans, snails, insects, spiders and various organic materials (andrianarimisa and razafimanjato 2011). it will sometimes take small vertebrates including frogs, reptiles and young birds (langrand 1990 )\nthe clutch of two is laid in a small twig nest placed in a tree. it may also nest on the ground (morris and hawkins 1998 )" ]

{ "text": [ "the madagascan ibis ( lophotibis cristata ) , also known as the madagascar crested ibis , white-winged ibis or crested wood ibis , is a medium-sized ( approximately 50 cm long ) , brown-plumaged ibis .", "it has bare red orbital skin , yellow bill , red legs , white wings and its head is partially bare with a dense crest of green or gloss blue and white plumes on the nape .", "the madagascan ibis is the only member of the genus lophotibis . " ], "topic": [ 29, 23, 26 ] }

[ "the madagascan ibis (lophotibis cristata), also known as the madagascar crested ibis, white-winged ibis or crested wood ibis, is a medium-sized (approximately 50 cm long), brown-plumaged ibis. it has bare red orbital skin, yellow bill, red legs, white wings and its head is partially bare with a dense crest of green or gloss blue and white plumes on the nape. the madagascan ibis is the only member of the genus lophotibis." ]

[ "an endangered panay cloudrunner (crateromys heaneyi) at the plzen zoo in the czech republic .\nsearch panay cloudrunner [ crateromys heaneyi ] and thousands of other words in english definition and synonym dictionary from reverso. you can complete the list of synonyms of panay cloudrunner [ crateromys heaneyi ] given by the english thesaurus dictionary with other english dictionaries: wikipedia, lexilogos, oxford, cambridge, chambers harrap, wordreference, collins lexibase dictionaries, merriam webster ...\nthe hornbill, visayan spotted deer, mabitang, negros - bleeding heart pigeon, panay cloud runner or bushy - tailed cloud rat and others still roam the central panay mountains .\nthe first ever panay cloud rat bred outside the philippines has been produced at the uk' s london zoo .\n) lives exclusively on panay island, where large - scale deforestation and human interference have severely restricted its numbers .\nthe cloudrunner, a tree climber, weighs more than two pounds, has a tail longer than its body and, according to local hunters, rarely leaves its den during the day .\nlittle is known about the ecology of the panay cloudrunner, dr. kennedy said. he has yet to see the species in the wild, but seven animals have been captured or collected in the foothills of a rugged range of mountains whose inaccessibility protects most of the closed and open - canopy forest left on the island .\nthe panay cloudrunner was discovered by western science in 1987, and was described as a new species in 1996 by robert kennedy of the cincinnati museum of natural history and pedro gonzales of the national museum of the philippines. the late date of discovery was because the lack of forest cover on palay lead to the island being largely ignored by biologists .\nendemic to the philippine island of panay, where it is now confined to a mountain range on the western part of the island (2) .\ncloud rat\nis the luzon animal' s original english name. but dr. kennedy, who has led 25 expeditions to the philippines, has proposed cloudrunner as being\nmore appropriate and appealing .\nscientists believe that the animal is fairly common in its remaining habitat. while the cloudrunner is occasionally killed for food ,\nclearly the main threat to its existence is habitat destruction ,\ndr. kennedy said .\nthis species is endemic to the philippines where is found only in the greater negros - panay faunal region (heaney et al. 1999) on panay island perhaps up to 400 m. however, local people suggest that the species occurs up to a much higher altitude (w. oliver pers. comm) .\nthis species is endemic to the philippines where is found only in the greater negros - panay faunal region (heaney et al. 1999) on panay island perhaps up to 400 m. however, local people suggest that the species occurs up to a much higher altitude (w. oliver pers. comm .) .\nthe slow - moving, nocturnal animal is also sometimes called a cloud runner - its tree - top habitat sits above cloud level in the forested mountains of panay .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - panay bushy - tailed cloud rat (crateromys heaneyi )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - panay bushy - tailed cloud rat (crateromys heaneyi )\ntitle =\narkive species - panay bushy - tailed cloud rat (crateromys heaneyi )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe rich biodiversity of the central panay mountains (cpm) is something that must be conserved and protected. straddling across 120, 770. 60 hectares of forestland, the central panay mountains is home to diverse endemic flora and fauna and is considered as a key biodiversity area. many of the species inhabiting the cpm are not found elsewhere .\necological information exists for only the species from luzon and panay. the luzon bushy - tailed cloud rat inhabits oak and pine forests, eating pine buds and bark and building stick nests in the crowns of trees. the panay island bushy - tailed cloud rat dens in tree trunks, in cavities among tree roots, and inside large tree ferns. its diet consists of leaves, fruits, and seeds. single young have been reported for both species, but pairs of young have been observed among the panay island species .\nunder the bpp, a series of biological assessments covering the central panay mountains and the underlying sixteen municipalities are being conducted. the team leader of the expedition is senior biologist blas tabranza, jr. , former senior biologist of haribon foundation and faculty of the mindanao state university. the results of this study will be the key for lobbying the declaration of critical habitats to conserve what remains of the forests in the central panay mountains range .\nthe cloudrunner is very similar in size, appearance and habits to our north american fox squirrel ,\nsaid dr. robert kennedy, a researcher at the cincinnati museum of natural history and science ,\nbut the fox squirrel is diurnal, eats nuts instead of fruit and has a somewhat bushier tail .\nthe panay cloud rat is a conservation priority in the philippines and the zoological society of london (which operates london zoo) is supporting their work to protect this highly endangered animal ,\nsaid david field, head of animal care for zsl .\nlike other cloud rats, the panay bushy - tailed cloud rat is threatened primarily by wide - scale deforestation and habitat destruction (1) (6). additionally, cloud rats are hunted for their meat and to be kept as pets (6) .\nthe panay island species has a chubby, masked face, small eyes and ears, umber - brown fur that is long, thick and soft, and a black tail an inch or two longer than its 11 - inch body. the vocalizations of cloudrunners include a shrill, almost insect - like cry .\nthe species is severely impacted by habitat destruction on panay (gonzales and kennedy 1996; oliver et al. 1993), particularly so in the lowland areas, due to illegal logging and agricultural encroachment. there is a low level of hunting pressure. the species range may have been restricted further to upland areas only .\ncloud rats are arboreal, nocturnal animals that usually spend most of the day sleeping in holes of large trees (1) (6). their diet typically consists of tender young leaves, bananas, guavas and young corns (1) (6). one captive specimen of this species lived for almost nine years, but the maximum potential lifespan is unknown (7) .\nfound in lowland primary and secondary forest to approximately 400 m above sea level (5) .\nclassified as endangered (en) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\narboreal living in trees. endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area. nocturnal active at night .\npreiser, p. (1997) where the running rodents play. discover, 18 (1). available at: urltoken\nceferino, p. m. (2001) endangered philippine wildlife species with special reference to the philippine eagle (pithecophaga jefferyi) and tamaraw (bubalus mindorensis). journal of international development and cooperation, 18 (1): 1 - 17. available at: urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nheaney, l. , balete, d. s. , duya, a. , rosell - ambal, r. g. b. , tabaranza, b. , ong, p. & widmann, p .\njustification: this species is listed as endangered, because its extent of occurrence (eoo) of about 4, 336 km², its distribution is severely fragmented, and the forest habitat on which it is depends is continuing to decline in the extent and quality because of logging and agricultural encroachment .\nthis is a strictly arboreal and forest dependent species. it has been collected from lowland tropical primary and secondary evergreen rainforest formations (gonzales and kennedy 1996, schweigert 1998). it may also occur in higher elevation forests based on many reports from local people (w. oliver pers. comm) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nattrezzatura propria della cucine industriali, usata per brasare e preparare gli\numidi\n, se ribaltabile, dicesi tilting b. p .\nyou want to reject this entry: please give us your comments (bad translation / definition, duplicate entries... )\nto add entries to your own vocabulary, become a member of reverso community or login if you are already a member .\njoel is a popular keynote speaker with conservation, corporate, and civic groups .\njoel is the founder of the photo ark, a groundbreaking effort to document every species in captivity before it’s too late .\nevery purchase goes directly to support our mission: getting the public to care and helping to save species from extinction .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nvelocity (tv channel) - history... nationwide in the united states on june 1, 2002, as discovery hd theater... rebranded to hd theater on september 22, 2007, because discovery communications launched hd simulcasts of some of its other channels including animal ...\ndiscovery communications - divisions - discovery commerce... discovery commerce operates a catalog and electronic commerce business offering lifestyle, health, science and education - oriented products, as well as products specifically related to... the e - commerce site serves as a licensing business that licenses discovery trademarks and intellectual property to third parties for the purpose of creating and selling... the discovery shopping website offers products similar to those previously sold in the discovery channel retail stores ...\ndiscovery - culture and mass media - television... discovery channel, an american tv channel distributed by discovery communications discovery (irish tv series), the first documentary television series to be broadcast on rt ...\ndiscovery communications - divisions... dci operates its businesses in four groups discovery networks u. s... discovery networks international, discovery commerce, and discovery education ...\ndiscovery communications... discovery communications, inc... the company started as a single channel in 1985, the discovery channel... is offered through dci' s 28 network entertainment brands, including discovery channel, military channel, tlc, animal planet, discovery fit health and a family of ...\nstill to be made in literature, that of paying literary men by the quantity they do not write .\nit was one of those evenings when men feel that truth, goodness and beauty are one. in the morning, when they commit their\nto paper, when others read it written there, it looks wholly ridiculous .\nthat negroes didn’t love me. unutterable loneliness claimed me. i felt without roots, like a man without a country ...\n, u. s. civil rights activist and author. the desegregated heart, part 1, ch. 10 (1962 )\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nscientists say it is an important conservation step for the endangered squirrel - like animal that was only discovered in the late 1980s .\nthe new arrival came from one of three breeding pairs brought to london from the philippines last year .\nif more young are born, other european zoos will be invited to take on animals to build up a small population .\nour aim is to establish a viable population of cloud rats outside the philippines as an insurance population for the wild .\nzsl has been working with the philippine biodiversity conservation programme of flora and fauna international and the philippine government to establish an international breeding programme for this species .\ncurrently, london zoo is home to the world' s only captive breeding pairs outside the philippines .\nmost popular now | 17, 029 pages were read in the last minute .\n;\na selection of top articles hand - picked by our editors available only to registered users .\nedwards’s pheasant (lophura edwardsi) must be the unluckiest species of the year. scientists had thought it was extinct in the wild until this year, when local villagers in a forest reserve just outside bach ma national park in vietnam captured two of them. their discovery was the culmination of a six - month hunt for the birds, organised by the national park development project, during which 500 colour posters of the birds were distributed to local villages. excitement surrounding the new find didn’t last long: unfortunately, both birds died from injuries sustained during their capture .\na crackdown on poaching in brazil turned up more than anyone had bargained for—a new species of marmoset. scientists in the central amazon region responded to a tip - off that a local hunter had a curious creature. “it was a very emotional experience, ” says maurício de almeida norohona, of the amazon forest foundation. “we went to visit the guy and when he came out to greet us, he had the monkey on his head. ” despite its trendy orange fur, everyone hopes that the marmoset …\nexisting subscribers, please log in with your email address to link your account access .\ntotal length 579 - 620 mm, tail 300 - 340 mm, hind foot 60 - 67 mm; ear 20 - 24 mm. a large, beautiful cloud rat with long, thick, soft fur that is usually dark brown over the body and black on the tail. the head is broad with a short snout and a “mask” of grayish fur on the cheeks, and the eyes and ears are proportionately small. the fur on the abdomen is shorter and somewhat paler .\nfairly common in lowland primary and secondary forest, including patches of forest in cultivated and grassland areas, to at least 400 m. they are nocturnal and primarily arboreal, feeding on fruits and leaves. they nest in holes in large trees. females have two pairs of inguinal mammae; one female gave birth to a single young (gonzales and kennedy, 1996; oliver et al. , 1993) .\nin the middle of a flooded forest, if the water is acidic and the color is somehow dark, like tea, it is not polluted. you may be in a peatland .\nthe department of environment and natural resources (denr) has identified nine peatland ecosystems in the country - mostly within protected areas or in the heart of swampy forests .\nthe philippine biodiversity strategy and action plan (pbsap) is the country' s roadmap to conserve its biodiversity and achieve its vision -\nby 2028, biodiversity is restored and rehabilitated, valued, effectively managed and secured, maintaining ecosystem services to sustain healthy, resilient filipino communities and delivering benefits to all .\nurltoken no longer supports internet explorer 9 or earlier. please upgrade your browser .\ncaptive cloudrunners made their first public appearance on sunday at the museum and will be on permanent display at the cincinnati zoo. the species is described in the current issue of the journal of mammalogy in a paper by dr. kennedy and pedro gonzales, a zoologist at the national museum of the philippines. they are co - directors of the philippine biodiversity inventory .\nthe scientists were told that the mammal lives in a wide range of habitats, from forest patches in cultivated and grassland areas to second - growth and primary forest and possibly montane mossy forest. the cloud - runner, an agile but slow - moving climber, emerges at night from holes in large trees to feed on bananas, guavas and papayas as well as the leaves of various trees and shrubs, dr. kennedy said .\nfrom the new york times. you may opt - out at any time .\nyou agree to receive occasional updates and special offers for the new york times' s products and services .\ngiven the relatively wide elevational range and diverse habitats of the species, its distribution may have been broader when natural forests covered the whole island ,\ndr. kennedy said .\nby some estimates, less than one million acres of old - growth forest is left on the 7, 100 islands in the philippines, whose land mass of 74 million acres was once almost totally carpeted with trees. legal and illegal logging, slash - and - burn farming, firewood gathering and charcoal making could wipe out the remaining forest cover by early in the next century, according to one prediction by conservationists .\nwe’re interested in your feedback on this page. tell us what you think .\naccessibility concerns? email us at accessibility @ urltoken. we would love to hear from you .\nand weigh from 1. 5 to more than 2 kg (3. 3 to 4. 4 pounds). their bodies range in length from 30 to 50 cm (12 to 20 inches), not including a furred tail that is about as long as the body .\n, found in northern luzon, has long, dense, soft fur of cream or pale gray interrupted by black or brown markings. it is easily distinguished from\n. both species are found from lowlands to mountains, where they nest in hollow trees and feed on tender young leaves. one young per year is usual .\n) in 1996. additional undiscovered species may live on other philippine islands. all cloud rats are intimately tied to old - growth tropical forests, and most populations are in danger owing to overhunting and deforestation. three of the four\nspecies have long, soft, thick fur that can be wavy or straight. the long, bushy tail is a unique feature among old world rats and mice (subfamily murinae). the\n) is fairly common in the mountain forests of northern luzon, but this is the only island on which it is found. it is the largest of the genus, with a body length of 35 to 39 cm, and is polymorphic in fur colour—that is, individuals may be all black, all white, or some pattern of black, white, and brown .\nmeasuring 25 to 35 cm long with a tail longer than its body. the\nand is found only on dinagat island, north of mindanao. it has tawny fur on the head and back and an orange - brown belly .\n) is the smallest of the group, with short, coarse, brown fur, a cream - coloured underside, and a short, hairy, tricoloured tail. it was found on ilin island, off the southern coast of\nrodent, (order rodentia), any of more than 2, 050 living species of mammals characterized by upper and lower pairs of ever - growing rootless incisor teeth. rodents are the largest group of mammals, constituting almost half the class mammalia’s approximately 4, 660 species. they are indigenous to every land area except antarctica, new zealand, …\nluzon, largest and most important island of the philippines. it is the site of manila, the nation’s capital and major metropolis, and of quezon city. located on the northern part of the philippine archipelago, it is bounded by the philippine sea (east), sibuyan sea (south), and the south china sea…\ncatanduanes, island, east - central philippines, in the philippine sea. it is separated from southeastern luzon (rungus point) by the shallow maqueda channel. farming is diversified (rice, corn [ maize ], copra, abaca) on the hilly, rolling land. virac, the chief port, is on the southern coast in a lowland area. the island is…\nmindoro, island, west - central philippines. it lies across the verde island passage from luzon (northeast) and between the mindoro (southwest) and tablas (southeast) straits. unlike the majority of its sister islands, mindoro has no deep coastal embayments or fringing islets. a mountainous core extending for 100 miles…\nmuridae, (family muridae), largest extant rodent family, indeed the largest of all mammalian families, encompassing more than 1, 383 species of the “true” mice and rats. two - thirds of all rodent species and genera belong to family muridae. the members of this family are often collectively called…\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. you can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclopædia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (internet urls are the best. )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you' ve submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\ndog, (canis lupus familiaris), domestic mammal of the family canidae (order carnivora). it is a subspecies…\ncorrections? updates? omissions? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article, you can go to edit mode (requires login) .\nour editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nforest management service land management service protected areas, wildlife and coastal zone mgmt. service ecosystem research and development service\nleft photo: denr 6 regional director jim o sampulna (middle) chaired the meeting on the creation of the 4 local project site committees. with him are pawczms regional technical director conrado b. marquez (1 st from right) and bpp project coordinator liza cabungcal (extreme left) .\nseeing the need to conserve and protect its being a key biodiversity area, the department of environment and natural resources (denr) region 6 created four local project site committees (lpscs) for the cpm with the goal to sustain the biodiversity conservation efforts even beyond the project life of the “biodiversity partnerships project” or bpp .\nantique – 8 municipalities (culasi, tibiao, barbaza, bugasong, laua - an, sebaste, valderrama and san remegio); aklan – 3 (malinao, madalag and libacao); capiz – 2 (tapaz and jamindan); and iloilo – 3 (janiuay, lambunao and calinog). the cpm is one of the eight identified biogeographic regions in the country. biogeographic regions are large areas with particular flora and fauna due to their isolation during the continental drift, as originally defined by english ornithologist philip l. sclater and german botanist h. g. adolf engler .\nmembers of the lpsc number to 38 persons, including the 4 governors of the provinces of aklan, antique, capiz, and iloilo; the 16 local chief executives; 4 indigenous people’s organizations; 4 denr penros in the four provinces; 7 national government agencies (ngas); 1 non - government organization (ngo); 1 academic institution; and 1 from the denr as the implementing partner organization .\nthe bpp endeavors to increase the capacity of the local government units (lgus) to mainstream their biodiversity conservation in production landscapes / seascapes which are geared towards the protection and enhancement of the quality of the environment and the sustainable management of the natural resources. it is a six - year project that aims to address the problems on (1) fragmentation of protected key bio - areas; (2) conversion of forestlands to other uses; (3) unsustainable agricultural practices; (4) mining on biodiversity areas; and (5) use of exotic species for reforestation and monoculture .\ni am pleased, honored and humbled by the vote of the commission on appointments confirming my nomination. i am excited about this opportunity to continue serving the public as secretary of the department of environment and natural resources .\nthe challenge for me now is to prove that president rodrigo duterte and the honorable members of the ca have made the right decision in placing their trust and confidence in my abilities to lead the denr towards fulfilling the broad mandate entrusted to it .\nthe confirmation of my ad interim appointment as denr secretary will allow me to continue to institute reforms, and pursue programs and projects that would truly protect the environment and improve people' s lives. this gives me enough inspiration to carry out the seemingly gargantuan tasks of protecting the environment and ensuring sustainable use of the country' s rich natural resources in the face of climate change and dwindling natural wealth of the nation .\nrest assured that under my watch, the denr will push for people - centered agenda in pursuit of environmental protection and sustainable development. it is high time that every filipino, regardless of status in life, should have equal access to the benefits of clean environment and sustainable natural resources. # # #\noic assistant regional director jesse l. vego (left) of the technical services presents one of the good climate change adaptation practice of denr during the\nfor the love of tree growing, thousands of volunteers have climb up the steep mountain of brgy. bucari in leon, iloilo to join this year’s national arbor day 2015 .\nalso joining denr in this endeavor are the pia, bureau of fire, pnp regional police community relations division, bir, dot, deped, landbank of the philippines, and the wv sanitarium .\nsuper typhoon yolanda taught us all one great lesson: mangroves and beach forests have the power to provide protection to the coastal dwellers. .\nthe denr apprehended illegally cut lumbers from an old reforestation area in brgy. paningayan in culasi, antique numbering to 75 pieces of gmelina with a total volume of 362. 7 board feet having an estimated value of p10, 881 .\nclonal nurseries produce high quality planting materials which are essential to ensure a successful ngp implementation nationwide .\nthe almost mystical isla gigantes (right photo) in the northern town of carles, iloilo was recently visited by denr 6 regional director jim o sampulna (left, left photo) for reconnaissance survey and ground verification .\n( republic act 9184) to further enhance their knowledge in matters of procurement of goods and services .\nin celebration of the world environment day on june 5, 2015, hundreds of volunteers joined hands to plant mangroves at brgy. bantud - fabrica in dumangas, iloilo\nthe denr 6 family day is an annual event in observance of the agency’s founding anniversary .\nbid notice abstract (ref. no. 5472357) procurement of consulting services (closing date july 30, 2018 )\nbid notice abstract (ref. no. 5472357) purchase of training supplies / materials and materials and printing of other customized training supplies / materials (closing date july 11, 2018 )\nbid notice abstract (ref. no. 5458737) rental of vehicles for the conduct of the 2018 denr hr summit on july 23 to 26, 2018 (closing date june 7, 2018 )\nbid notice abstract (ref. no. 5458862) catering services on the conduct of regional mid - year assessment for cy 2018 cbfm - carp project implementation, review / critiquing of project proposals for cy 2019 cum coaching / orientation on cbmf - carp guideines to be h\neld in denr vi activity center, pepita aquino st. , port area, iloilo city on july 5, 2018 (good for 43 pax) and july 6, 2018 (good for 36 pax) closing date july 6, 2018\nbid notice abstract (ref. no. 5459028) purchase of steel rack (closing date july 6, 2018 )\nbid notice abstract (ref. no. 5459301) purchase of ict supplies - pmd (closing date july 6, 2018 )\nbid notice abstract (ref. no. 5459976) purchase of office supplies - gad day care center (closing date july 2, 2018 )\nbid notice abstract (ref. no. 5460037) purchase of it supplies (closing date july 6, 2018 )\nbid notice abstract (ref. no. 5460065) purchase and printing of customized training supplies for the conduct of the 2018 denr hr summit (closing date july 6, 2018 )\nbid notice abstract (ref. no. 5460119) purchase of t - shirts with printing / embroidery design 2018 hr summit (closing date july 6, 2018 )\nbid notice abstract (ref. no. 5454089) catering services on the conduct of regional mid - year assessment for cy 2018 cbfm - carp project implementation, review / critiquing of project proposals for cy 2019 cum coaching / orientation on cbfm and enhanced cbfm -\ncarp guidelines to be held in denr vi activity center, pepita aquino st. port area iloilo city on july 5, 2018 and july 6, 2018 (closing date july 2, 2018 )\nbid notice abstract (ref. no. 5432212) procurement for the production and installation of east asian seas congress' centerpiece, exhibit booths and other materials (closing date july 10, 2018 )\naward notice abstract (ref. no. 5418210) suarez & sons, inc, - cebu\naward notice abstract (ref. no. 5370626) brightside properties and resorts, inc .\naward notice abstract (ref. no. 1855506) wave mobile, inc .\naward notice abstract (ref. no. 1812546) dyna arms security inc .\naward notice abstract (ref. no. 1812712) feline’s gift shop inc .\naward notice abstract (ref. no. 1812798) damires hills tiera verde incorporated\naward notice abstract (ref. no. 1737547) hua lun commercial & company\nbid notice abstract (ref. no. 5139623) janitorial services for denr regional office 6 iloilo city for march 1 to december 31, 2018 (closing date february 26, 2018) - - - - php1, 406, 640. 00" ]

{ "text": [ "the panay cloudrunner ( crateromys heaneyi ) is the second-largest cloud rat , a squirrel-like rodent that is found on the island of panay in the philippines . " ], "topic": [ 13 ] }

[ "the panay cloudrunner (crateromys heaneyi) is the second-largest cloud rat, a squirrel-like rodent that is found on the island of panay in the philippines." ]

[ "elachista (elachista) maculicerusella (bruand, 1859) = elachista monosemiella rössler, 1881 = tinea cerusella hübner, 1796 = elachista larseni strand, [ 1927 ] 1925 = elachista (elachista) maculicerusella .\nthis is the place for nigrothoracella definition. you find here nigrothoracella meaning, synonyms of nigrothoracella and images for nigrothoracella copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word nigrothoracella. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word nigrothoracella and, of course, nigrothoracella synonyms and on the right images related to the word nigrothoracella .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 4 / 3 / 2015. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\naustria, belgium, great britain, hungary, germany, denmark, ireland, italy, latvia, lithuania, luxembourg, netherlands, norway, poland, romania, the soviet union - the european part of turkey - european part, finland, france, czech republic, switzerland, sweden, estonia .\nregions of the russian federation: european north - west, central european, european south taiga, the kaliningrad, kola, prealtay, mid - volzhsky, south west siberian, south ural .\naustria, belgium, the british isles, france, germany, denmark (mainland), ireland, italy (mainland), latvia, lithuania, luxembourg, netherlands, norway (mainland), poland, russia, romania, northern ireland, slovakia, turkey (european part), finland, france (mainland), czech republic, switzerland, sweden, estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong, y. s. d. m. (ed .) (2011) fauna europaea version 2. 4 (faunaeur. org )\n[ 85 ] urltoken (insecta. pro previous version / cтарая версия insecta. pro )\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nfigs 1 3. female genitalia, ventral view. 1, 2 monochroa japonica: 1 papillae anales and 8th segment, 2 ductus and corpus bursae; 3 scrobipalpa kurokoi. 4\narticles regional economic cooperation in northeast asia ts. batbayar in the political meaning, northeast asia consists of the six countries of japan, south korea (republic of korea), north korea (democratic\ncross - border cooperative energy resources projects within northeast asian countries dr. jianping zhang institute for international economic research, ndrc honolulu, mar. 19 - 21, 2008 contents part i. current\noao gazprom gas supply to the domestic market. electronic trading platform operation. russian regions gasification program execution\noao gazprom gas supply to the domestic market. electronic trading platform operation. russian regions gasification program execution kirill g. seleznev, member of the gazprom management committee, head\nnumber 243: 1 - 9 issn x march 2012 taxonomy of the katydids (orthoptera: tettigoniidae) from east asia and adjacent islands .\nnumber 243: 1 - 9 issn 1026 - 051x march 2012 taxonomy of the katydids (orthoptera: tettigoniidae) from east asia and adjacent islands. communication 4 a. v. gorochov zoological institute, russian academy\nfolia entomologica hungarica rovartani közlemények volume 73 2012 pp. 29 33 seven new beetle species in the hungarian fauna (coleoptera) o. merkl 1 *, g. hegyessy 2, m. molnár 3, t. németh 1, d. szalóki\nnota lepid. 36 (1): 47 52 47 the status of satyrus abramovi var. korlana staudinger, 1901 (nymphalidae) stanislav k. korb a / ya 97, nizhny novgorod. 603009 russia; stanislavkorb @ urltoken received 14 august\nmedia briefing greenpeace city rankings, first quarter 2016 pm2. 5: as eastern china s air quality improves rapidly, 69 cities in central and western china see air quality deteriorating greenpeace east\nchina s gas expansion and the role of sino - russian gas cooperation jogmec seminar prof. keun - wook paik senior research fellow february 1, 2016 table 1. comparison of china and russia, as of 2015. china\nschneps, leila; colmez, coralie. math on trial: how numbers get used and abused in the courtroom. new york, ny, usa: basic books, 2013. p i .\nnew york, ny, usa: basic books, 2013. p i. urltoken new york, ny, usa: basic books, 2013. p ii. urltoken new\narea studies - russia (regional sustainable development review) vol. i combat desertification, deforestation and drought - n .\ncombat desertification, deforestation and drought n. glazovsky institute of geography, russian academy of sciences, russia keywords: desertification, drought, deforestation, desertification processes, convention\nglobal renewable energy forum foz do iguacu, brazil, 18 - 21 may 2008 wind energy in the world. russian wind energy systems dr. sergey v. gribkov, , world wind energy associatiozn wwea, windec research cener ,\nrabbit production and organization in china li fuchang college of animal science & technology shandong agricultural university sept. , 2010 1. overview of chinese rabbit industry production and product\nenergy security in china: role of oil and gas in the global context dr. kang wu senior fellow, east - west center senior advisor, fge facts global energy june 2013 an outline oil and gas: where china stands\ncentre for eastern studies number 197 17. 02. 2016 urltoken the oil friendship: the state of and prospects for russian - chinese energy cooperation marcin kaczmarski, szymon kardaś, cooperation jakub\ncontents unit 1 history partnership... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... xviii geography and map skills handbook... ...... ...... ...... ...... . h1 reading social studies... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... .\nindian school muscat middle section department of social science the four realms of the earth name: class vi sec. roll no: date: 22. 10. 2014 i name the following: 1. the solid surface layer of the earth :\nthe eastern siberia - pacific ocean pipeline system: a view from inside. october 5 ,\nj. jpn. bot. 87: 187 192 (2012) cytological studies on skimmia arborescens gamble subsp. nitida n. p. taylor & airy shaw (rutaceae) from mt. shiwandashan, guangxi autonomous region, china tomoko fukuda\np o l i s h j o u r n a l o f e n t o m o l o g y p o l s k i e p i s m o e n t o m o l o g i c z n e vol. 76: 177 - 182 bydgoszcz 30 september 2007 harmonia axyridis (pallas, 1773) (coleoptera: coccinellidae )\nhong kong your fast track to china china - one nation, multiple markets presented by: fanny ting marketing director victorinox hong kong limited agenda 1. how victorinox hong kong (vhk) sees the china\nchina cell phone market profile february 2011 introduction this report discusses the cell phone market in china mainly from the following sections. - size of cell phone market in china based on zeefer' s\na summary of the 2015 annual pm2. 5 city rankings key findings cities greenpeace gathered statistics for 367 cities. zhuji city, zhejiang, has been excluded from analysis due to data deficiencies. thus\nceylon (sri lanka) economics author united states. bureau of foreign and domestic commerce. british india with notes on ceylon, afghanistan, and tibet, by henry d. baker, american consul at bombay, and\nnatura somogyiensis 22 183 - 188 ka pos vár, 2012 new occurrence ancylolomia tentaculella (hübner, 1796) in hungary (lepidoptera: crambidae) imre fazekas biology dept. of regiograf institute, majális tér\nestablishment of a new migration monitoring network across china for the siberian crane and other waterbirds. abstract\nforktail 28 (2012): 121 128 zappey s flycatcher cyanoptila cumatilis, a forgotten chinese breeding endemic paul j. leader & geoff j. carey the blue - and - white flycatcher cyanoptila cyanomelana is a summer\ntheoretical economics letters, 2014, 4, 446 - 456 published online june 2014 in scires. urltoken urltoken space research of china s industry structure\nenvironmental science week7 - geology module 3: geology, earth and the lithosphere 27. the seven continents: the continents are the major land masses of the earth. according to tradition most people speak\nmigration and mobility - a comparative perspective of russia and japan reiko hayashi hayashi - reiko @ urltoken national institute of population and social security research, japan < draft paper > i. context\npurpose: policy on data protection and privacy of personal data this policy sets forth how the company will manage the personal data that it collects in the normal course of business. scope: this policy\nunit 1, week 1 social studies unit notebook 1 of 6 please see urltoken (password: pulaski271) for lessons completed in class. (click on social studies unit 1 tab, scroll down to unit 1 ,\nworld population ageing 195 - 25 iv. demographic profile of the older population a. age composition older populations themselves are ageing a notable aspect of the global ageing process is the progressive\nthis report reflects the latest trends observed in the data published in june. remittance prices worldwide is available at urltoken overview the remittance prices worldwide *\ncurriculum vitae phong huy pham 1. personal details full name: pham huy phong birth date: february 1, 1982 sex: male academic degree: master of science in biology position / title: researcher institution :\nbalbharati public school, pitampura, new delhi comprehensive notes chapter - 6 human resources class - viii subject - geography final term q1. why are people considered as a resource? a1. people are a nation\nacknowledgements. a special thank you is given to the defense manpower data center staff who provided data and support for this document .\nchina carbonated soft drinks market profile february 2011 introduction this report discusses the carbonated soft drinks market in china mainly from the following sections. - size of carbonated soft drinks\nworld applied sciences journal 27 (economics, management and finance): 135 - 139, 2013 issn 1818 - 4952 idosi publications, 2013 doi: 10. 5829 / idosi. wasj. 2013. 27. emf. 28 influence of international transport\nmarine hull global trading limits a study of the institute warranties 1976, american institute trade warranties (1972) and international navigating conditions (2003). during this inter - active presentation ,\nweek 1 1. what us city has the largest population? 2. where is aachen? 3. what is the capitol of florida? 4. what is the longest mountain range in spain? 5. what countries border equador? week 2 1. what\ncnooc natural gas business cnooc 2 october 2014 1. cnooc gas & power overview 2. chinese gas market overview 3. chinese economic & gas market update 4. chinese gas market outlook 5. summary cnooc overview\nbroadband & satellite russia newsletter 94 april 16 - 30, 2015 moscow russia contents vpn in b2g only for the strong ones... ...... . 3 growth of broadband access slows down... .... . 3 mobile content lacking\nrussia s gas sector and gas export developments. marc - antoine eyl - mazzega june 2015\nserious fraud in australia and new zealand serious fraud in australia and new zealand australian institute of criminology research and public policy series no. 48 v vi vii viii ix aic research and public\nexpert network monitoring plan. rangifers supporting publication to the circumpolar biodiversity monitoring program framework document\ngas market integration case study: the russia china pipeline projects timothy boon von ochssée 1 (19 august 2009) 1. introduction\ngas market integration case study: the russia china pipeline projects timothy boon von ochssée 1 (19 august 2009) 1. introduction this paper is a discussion of the various slated pipeline projects designed\nchina s distributed solar pv ambitions policies and challenges. asia solar energy forum 2015\nchina s distributed solar pv ambitions policies and challenges asia solar energy forum 2015 june 15, 2015 manila the philippines frank haugwitz director frank. haugwitz @ urltoken asia europe clean energy\ninstructor: shashi krishna fall 2011. everything is somewhere - finding a focus for spatial study is geography\ngeography 1303 instructor: shashi krishna fall 2011 everything is somewhere - finding a focus for spatial study is geography geography is the science of place. its vision is grand, its views panoramic .\nwwf forest programme the russian - chinese timber trade: export, supply chains, consumption, and illegal logging contents acknowledgements... 3 list of abbreviations and useful terms... 3 executive summary ...\na revision of the aphthona gracilis species group (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) a. s. konstantinov\nтруды русского энтомологического общества. с. - петербург, 2006. т. 77: 178 188. proceedings of the russian entomological society. st. petersburg, 2006. vol. 77: 178 188. a revision of the aphthona gracilis\nthis report reflects the latest trends observed in the data published in march 2014. remittance prices worldwide is available at urltoken overview the remittance prices worldwide *\nconferencing global access information global access allows audio conferencing participants the ability to join calls from around the globe using local and freephone dial - in numbers. dialing information\ntotal course hours. semester degree code. id course name professor course content summary. 90 1 st 11070\ngeopuzzle asia teacher resource guide introduction this guide is designed for teachers and parents of children ages 4 - 12. combining the assembling of the geopuzzle asia with some of the following questions\npopulation division department of economic and social affairs united nations secretariat replacement migration united nations st / esa / ser. a / 206 population division department of economic and social affairs\nchina and europe, 1500 - 2000 and beyond: what is modern? lesson guide to web module bram hubbell, the friends seminary, brooklyn, new york. eight sections following those of the web module: i. introduction\nsino - russian gas cooperation: the reality and its global implications prepared for imemo seminar may 21, 2013 by dr. keun - wook paik senior research fellow 1 sino - russian gas cooperation in feb 1997, gazprom\nlargest historical tsunamis in the world ocean and their implication for coastal hazard assessment v. k. gusiakov tsunami laboratory institute of computational mathematics and mathematical geophysics institute\ncomparison of volcano eruptions in kamchatka with coordinates of atmospherics n. v. cherneva 1, r. h. holzworth 2, a. v. ivanov 1, g. i. druzhin 1, a. n. mel' nikov 1 1 institute of cosmophysical research and\ntlg on china: gas. the big deal. the move to the east\njune 0 tlg on china: gas the big deal on 1 may, china national petroleum corporation (cnpc) signed a very large gas purchase contract with gazprom to bring russian gas to china via a new eastern route. 1\nopportunities in russian on - line market and logistics solutions for deliveries cislog oy 30. 03. 2014 1 introduction this report has been conducted based on an assignment of hamina / kotka regional development\ncountries and continents of the world urltoken by stf members at the crossroads school africa second largest continent on earth (30, 065, 000 sq. km) most countries\nto identify a range of factors which affect how devastating an earthquake event is to an area .\naim to identify a range of factors which affect how devastating an earthquake event is to an area. hypothesis there will a significant relationship between magnitude and number of fatalities: the greater\nstudent research projects / outputs no. 042 the rural electrification in china and the impact of renewable energies tomás hevia mba 2009 china europe international business school 699, hong feng road pudong ,\nby using this website, you agree with our use of cookies to functioning of the site. more info in our privacy policy and google privacy & terms. necessary cookie accept" ]

{ "text": [ "elachista nigrothoracella is a moth in the elachistidae family .", "it was described by sinev and sruoga in 1995 .", "it is found in south-eastern siberia and sakhalin . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "elachista nigrothoracella is a moth in the elachistidae family. it was described by sinev and sruoga in 1995. it is found in south-eastern siberia and sakhalin." ]

[ "have a fact about hylephila ancora? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for hylephila ancora? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhylephila ancora; [ nl4a ], # 1639; benyamini, ugarte, shapiro, mielke, pyrcz & bálint, 2014, bol. mus. nac. hist. nat. chile 63: 22 (list )\nhylephila phyleus (drury, [ 1773 ]) = papilio phyleus drury, [ 1773 ] = phareus (panzer, 1785) = brettus (holland, 1898, not boisduval & leconte, 1834) = hylephila brettoides wright, 1905, not edwards, 1883 = hesperia phylaeus = euthymus phylaeus = hylephila phyleus phyleus .\nhylephila lima dyar, 1913; proc. u. s. natn. mus. 45 (2006): 639\nhylephila isonira dyar, 1913; proc. u. s. natn. mus. 45 (2006): 639; tl: peru\nhylephila phyleus phyleus; brown & mielke, 1967, j. lep. soc. 21 (2) (3): 166; [ nl4a ], # 1651a\nhylephila galera evans, 1955; cat. amer. hesp. brit. mus. 4: 314, pl. 75; tl: peru, dept. junin, galera pass, 4800m\nhylephila blancasi macneill, 2002; j. lep. soc. 56 (2): 71, f. 1c, 6, 9, 17, 38 - 39, 58; tl: peru, santia\nhylephila kenhaywardi; [ nl4a ], # 1647; benyamini, ugarte, shapiro, mielke, pyrcz & bálint, 2014, bol. mus. nac. hist. nat. chile 63: 22 (list )\nhylephila herrerai; [ nl4a ], # 1644; benyamini, ugarte, shapiro, mielke, pyrcz & bálint, 2014, bol. mus. nac. hist. nat. chile 63: 22 (list )\nhylephila signata; [ nl4a ], # 1655; benyamini, ugarte, shapiro, mielke, pyrcz & bálint, 2014, bol. mus. nac. hist. nat. chile 63: 22 (list )\nhylephila phyleus basistrigata; [ nl4a ], # 1651d; benyamini, ugarte, shapiro, mielke, pyrcz & bálint, 2014, bol. mus. nac. hist. nat. chile 63: 22 (list )\nhylephila isonira mima; [ nl4a ], # 1646b; benyamini, ugarte, shapiro, mielke, pyrcz & bálint, 2014, bol. mus. nac. hist. nat. chile 63: 22 (list )\nhylephila lamasi macneill & herrera, 1998; j. lep. soc. 52 (3): 302, f. 6, 11, 16, 25 - 26, 32; tl: peru, ica, paracas, sea level\nhylephila shapiroi macneill, 2002; j. lep. soc. 56 (2): 76, f. 2a, 4g, 19, 42, 58; tl: peru, dept. junin, vic. abra anticona, 4843m\nhylephila rossi macneill, 2002; j. lep. soc. 56 (2): 82, f. 3c, 24, 30, 52 - 53, 58; tl: peru, (puno), 10mi n of ayaviri\nhylephila herrerai macneill, 2002; j. lep. soc. 56 (2): 68, f. 4a, 12, 26, 32 - 33, 58; tl: chile ,\narica\n, parinacota, cotacotani, 4500m\nhylephila galera; macneill, 2002, j. lep. soc. 56 (2): 78, f. 2b - d, 5a - b, 20 - 21, 43 - 44, 58; [ nl4a ], # 1643\nhylephila peruana; macneill, 2002, j. lep. soc. 56 (2): 85, f. 3d, 5e, 8, 11, 25, 32, 54 - 57, 59; [ nl4a ], # 1650\nhylephila pallisteri macneill, 2002; j. lep. soc. 56 (2): 70, f. 1a - b, 4d - e, 15 - 16, 36 - 37, 58; tl: peru, cuzco, ollantaitambo, 9200ft\nhylephila pseudoherrerai macneill, 2002; j. lep. soc. 56 (2): 69, f. 4b - c, 13 - 14, 34 - 35, 58; tl: peru, ayacucho, reserva nat. de pampas galeras, 4000m\nhylephila tentativa macneill, 2002; j. lep. soc. 56 (2): 73, f. 1d, 4f, 18, 27, 40 - 41, 58; tl: peru, ayacucho, apacheta de tambo, 4250m 12°59' s, 74°05' w\nandinus venustus haywardi ureta, 1956; bol. mus. nac. hist. nat. chile 26: 174, 175, pl. 11, f. 6a - b, 7 (preocc. hylephila fulva ssp. haywardi bryk, 1944); tl: rio toro, elqui, chile\nhylephila fasciolata; [ bow ]: pl. 22, f. 7 (text); [ nl4a ], # 1642; benyamini, ugarte, shapiro, mielke, pyrcz & bálint, 2014, bol. mus. nac. hist. nat. chile 63: 22 (list )\nhylephila venustus; evans, 1955, cat. amer. hesp. brit. mus. 4: 314 - 315, pl. 75; [ nl4a ], # 1657; benyamini, ugarte, shapiro, mielke, pyrcz & bálint, 2014, bol. mus. nac. hist. nat. chile 63: 22 (list )\nhylephila adriennae macneill & herrera, 1998; j. lep. soc. 52 (3): 295, f. 2, 3b, 5, 10, 15, 23 - 24; tl: colombia, dept. cesar, headwaters of rio cambirumeina, s slope cerro icachui, 4000 - 4400m, sierra nevada de santa marta, 10°45' n, 73°34' w\nhylephila ignorans; evans, 1955, cat. amer. hesp. brit. mus. 4: 315, pl. 75; [ bow ]: pl. 83, f. 18; macneill & herrera, 1998, j. lep. soc. 52 (3): 292, f. 3a, 4, 9, 14, 21 - 22, 31; [ nl4a ], # 1645\nhylephila boulleti; [ bow ]: pl. 83, f. 17; peña & ugarte, 1997, las mariposas de chile: 128; macneill, 2002, j. lep. soc. 56 (2): 79, f. 3a - b, 5c - d, 7, 10, 22 - 23, 28 - 29, 46 - 51, 59; [ nl4a ], # 1641; benyamini, ugarte, shapiro, mielke, pyrcz & bálint, 2014, bol. mus. nac. hist. nat. chile 63: 22 (list )\ncordillana hayward, 1941; rev. mus. la plata (n. s .) 2: 288 (unjust. repl. andinus hayward, 1940); ts: andinus venustus hayward\nignorans\n; macneill & herrera, 1998, j. lep. soc. 52 (3): 289\nhesperia ignorans plötz, 1883; stett. ent. ztg 44 (4 - 6): 207; tl: [ mérida, venezuela ]\nvenusta\n; macneill & herrera, 1998, j. lep. soc. 52 (3): 290\nandinus venustus hayward, 1940; rev. soc. ent. argent. 10 (3): 285; tl: andes e of chillán, chile\nboulleti\n; macneill & herrera, 1998, j. lep. soc. 52 (3): 290; macneill, 2002, j. lep. soc. 56 (2): 86\nchaerephon boulleti mabille, 1906; bull. soc. ent. fr. 1906 (6): 67 - 68; tl: peru\nphyleus\n; macneill & herrera, 1998, j. lep. soc. 52 (3): 286\n900x1075 (~ 97kb) underside usa: lepsoc field trip to patagonia ,\nbutterlfy garden\n, santa cruz co. , arizona, 2. 8. 2005, photo © markku savela\n800x964 (~ 80kb) upperside male usa: lepsoc field trip to patagonia ,\nbutterlfy garden\n, santa cruz co. , arizona, 2. 8. 2005, photo © markku savela\n1000x823 (~ 97kb) underside male usa: sierra vista, cochise co. , arizona, 8. 8. 2005, photo © markku savela\npamphila phylaeus [ sic ] var. andina staudinger, 1894; dt. ent. z. iris 7 (1): 82; tl: bolivia\nbutterflies of north america. 2. scientific names list for butterfly species of north america, north of mexico .\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nan updated list of the butterflies of chile (lepidoptera, papilionoidea and hesperioidea) including distribution, flight period and conservation status. part i, comprising the families: papilionidae, pieridae, nympalidae (in part) and hesperiidae. describing a new species of hypsochila (pieridae) and a new subspecies of yramea modesta (nymphalidae )\na catalogue of the american hesperiidae, indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the british museum. part iv. hesperiinae and megathyminae\na systematic revision of some of the american butterflies; with brief notes on those known to occur in essex county, mass .\nureta, 1947 nuevos ropaloceros (lep .) de chile bol. mus. nac. hist. nat. chile 23: 47 - 61\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\n( a question mark next to a word above means that we couldn' t find it, but clicking the word might provide spelling suggestions. )\nnot helpful? you might try using the wildcards * and? to find the word you' re looking for. for example, use\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this." ]

{ "text": [ "hylephila ancora , the ancora skipper , is a butterfly of the hesperiidae family .", "it was described by carl plötz in 1883 .", "it is found in bolivia , uruguay and argentina . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "hylephila ancora, the ancora skipper, is a butterfly of the hesperiidae family. it was described by carl plötz in 1883. it is found in bolivia, uruguay and argentina." ]

[ "sophronia curonella standfuss, 1884; stettin ent. ztg 45 (4 - 6): 193; tl: italy, apennines, 4000'\nsophronia grandii hering, 1933; boll. lab. agar. bologna 5: 105\nsophronia ascalis gozmány, 1951; folia ent. hung. 4 (3): 17\nsophronia marginella toll, 1936; ann. mus. zool. polon. 11: 405\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\npaahdeväkäskoi\nto\nsophronia humerella [ denis & schiffermüller ] 1775\n.\nsophronia aquilex meyrick, 1926; ann. s. afr. mus. 23: 331; tl: cape province, montagu\nsophronia catharurga meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 34; tl: palestine, akka\nsophronia finitimella rebel, 1905; ann. nat. mus. wien 20: 213; tl :\nerdschias - gebiet\nsophronia alaicella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 116; tl: alai\nsophronia santolinae staudinger, 1863; stettin ent. ztg 24 (7 - 9): 270; tl: san ildefonso, spain\nsophronia roseicrinella busck, 1909; proc. ent. soc. wash. 11 (2): 87; tl: kerrville, texas\nsophronia teretracma meyrick, 1927; exot. microlep. 3 (12): 353; tl: texas, alpine, 5000 - 7500ft\nsophronia primella busck, 1907; proc. ent. soc. wash. 8 (3 - 4): 89; tl: western usa\nsophronia acaudella rebel, 1903; ann. nat. mus. wien 18: 333, pl. 3, f. 16; tl: slivno\nsophronia mediatrix zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 377, pl. 5, f. 130; tl: bogota\nsophronia albomarginata li & zheng, 1998; acta ent. sinica (3): 306, 309; tl: xinjiashan, fengxian, shaanxi, 1600m\nsophronia orientalis li & zheng, 1998; acta ent. sinica (3): 307, 309; tl: xinjiashan, fengxian, shaanxi, 1600m\nharpipterix chilonella treitschke, 1833; in ochsenheimer, schmett. eur. 9 (2): 36\ntinea humerella denis & schiffermüller, 1775; ank. syst. schmett. wienergegend: 137\nlarva on (non - finnish) artemisia campestris, helichrysum spp. , achillea spp. , thymus spp. , antennaria spp .\ntinea illustrella hübner, 1796; samml. eur. schmett. [ 8 ]: 46, pl. 23, f. 158\nparahumerella amsel, 1935; mitt. zool. mus. berl. 20 (2): 297\nlarva on santolina rosmarinifolia staudinger, 1863, stettin ent. ztg 24 (7 - 9): 270\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\n[ spl ] varis, v. (ed), ahola, m. , albrecht, a. , jalava, j. , kaila, l. , kerppola, s. , kullberg, j. , 1995\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nlepidoptera britannica, sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter... adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa, zugleich als text, revision und supplement zu j. hübner' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge, die schaben und federmotten, (1847 -) 1853 - 1855 )\nzeller, 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 3 - 493, pl. 1 - 6\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken, dr erik j. karsholt, dr ole & by dr ole karsholt\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naustria, bulgaria, hungary, germany, denmark, spain, italy, latvia, lithuania, norway, poland, romania, the soviet union - the european part, finland, france, czech republic, switzerland, sweden, estonia, yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation: the volga - don, the european central, lower volga, mid - volzhsky, south ural .\naustria, belarus, bulgaria, bosnia and herzegovina, hungary, germany, greece (mainland), denmark (mainland), spain (mainland), italy (mainland), latvia, lithuania, macedonia, norway (mainland) poland, romania, russia, slovakia, slovenia, ukraine, finland, france (mainland), czech republic, switzerland, sweden, estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong, y. s. d. m. (ed .) (2011) fauna europaea version 2. 4 (faunaeur. org )\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "sophronia curonella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by standfuss in 1884 .", "it is found in the apennines in italy .", "the wingspan is about 9 mm .", "the forewings are dark brown with a white stripe .", "the hindwings are dark grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1 ] }

[ "sophronia curonella is a moth of the gelechiidae family. it was described by standfuss in 1884. it is found in the apennines in italy. the wingspan is about 9 mm. the forewings are dark brown with a white stripe. the hindwings are dark grey." ]

[ "sexual behavior of the navel orangeworm, amyelois transitella (walker) (lepidoptera: pyralidae) .\nsexual behavior of the navel orangeworm, amyelois transitella (walker) (lepidoptera: pyralidae). - pubmed - ncbi\nlarval preference and performance of amyelois transitella (navel orangeworm, lepidoptera: pyralidae) in relation to the fungus aspergillus flavus .\nlarval preference and performance of amyelois transitella (navel orangeworm, lepidoptera: pyralidae) in relation to the fungus aspergillus flavus. - pubmed - ncbi\nlandolt, p. j. & c. e. curtis. 1982. effects of temperature on the circadian rhythm of navel orangeworm amyelois transitella sexual activity. environ. entomol. 11: 107 - 110 .\nburks, c. s. , & d. g. brandl. 2004. seasonal abundance of the navel orangeworm, amyelois transitella, in figs and the effect of peripheral aerosol dispensers on sexual communication. j. insect science 4: 40 .\nsiegel, j. , l. a. lacey, r. fritts, b. s. higbee, & p. noble. 2004. use of steinernematid nematodes for post harvest control of navel orangeworm (lepidoptera: pyralidae, amyelois transitella) in fallen pistachios. biol. control 30: 410 - 417 .\nwade w. 1961. biology of the navel orangeworm, paramyelois transitella (walker), on almonds and walnuts in northern california. hilgardia 31 (6): 129 - 171. doi: 10. 3733 / hilg. v31n06p129\nzalom, f. g. , w. w. barnett, & c. v. weakley. 1984. efficacy of winter sanitation for managing the navel orangeworm, paramyelois transitella (walker), in california almond orchards. prot. ecol. 7: 37 - 41 .\ntracking the movement of small organisms is of tremendous importance to understanding the ecology of populations, communities, and ecosystems. however, it remains one of the most difficult challenges facing the field of movement ecology. this dissertation focuses on the movement of an agricultural pest, the navel orangeworm (amyelois transitella, now). i first examined intercrop movement of now between two agricultural commodities, almonds and walnuts. by using protein markers and an enzyme - linked immunosorbant assay technique to detect markers on recaptured moths, i demonstrated significant male now movement (up to 300 meters) and no significant directional preferences of movement based on crop, season, or wind velocity. however, protein marker contamination of control moths within traps was significant, limiting our ability to detect movement patterns. in addition, the scale of this study may have been too small to capture larger scale directional patterns of movement .\nthe navel orangeworm, paramyelois transitella (walker), family phycitidae (pyralididae), was first described as myelois venipars (dyar, 1915) from two specimens, a male from oaxaca, mexico, and a female from hermosillo, mexico (cotypes u. s. national museum no. 18208). however, it is possible that it occurred near phoenix, arizona, prior to this, for (cockerell (1899) ) mentioned the presence of a new orangeworm in the area. he gave no description, but stated that it resembled the codling - moth larva, which was not found there. he compared the mandibles of his orangeworm and the codling moth and found them to be quite different .\ncom o objetivo de se estudar o comportamento sexual de amyelois transitella (walker), desenvolveu - se uma metodologia de criação da mariposa em condições de laboratório, utilizando - se como substrato alimentar pistaches secos e torrados. a criação foi desenvolvida a partir de lagartas coletadas em bakersfield, califórnia. a atividade de acasalamento foi observada principalmente durante a última hora da escotofase e os primeiros 30 min. da fotofase, em laboratório mantido a 25ºc. o comportamento de chamamento das fêmeas foi caracterizado pela projeção do abdome entre as asas, com os segmentos distais mantidos perpendicularmente ao corpo, pela exposição da glândula produtora de feromônio e pela contínua antenação. os machos aproximaram - se das fêmeas\nchamando\na uma curta distância, batendo fortemente as asas e movimentando as antenas. após o macho tocar o abdome da fêmea com a antena, esta o aceita abaixando a ponta do abdome, ou não o aceita caminhando em direção oposta a ele. o macho que foi aceito pela fêmea aproxima - se, permanecendo paralelamente ao corpo dela e, nesta posição, introduz o edeago na porção final do abdome e rotaciona o corpo 180º, permanecendo em sentido linear e oposto à fêmea por mais de 3h em média. os machos emergem antes das fêmeas, provavelmente como estratégia para aumentar as chances de acasalamento. cerca de 80% dos acasalamentos ocorreram nos dois primeiros dias de vida. as fêmeas acasalaram uma única vez, entretanto, 55% dos machos acasalaram somente uma vez, 40% duas vezes e 5% três vezes .\nwilliam h. wade was graduate research entomologist; research assistant (ph. d. thesis) .\n( walker), was first observed in the salt river valley of arizona, infesting washington and australian navel oranges. investigations by (glick (1922) )\nand (lockwood (1931) ) showed that it was a secondary pest. nevertheless, california growers became alarmed because of the extensive citrus plantings in this state .\nthe insect was first observed in southern california in 1942 (mackie, 1942), and has steadily moved northward until it is now established in many sections of northern california. it breeds readily in mummified fruits and in california has proved to be a serious pest of walnuts and almonds. (armitage (1947) ) reported it as a pest in walnut packing sheds. (ortega (1950) ), who conducted his investigations in southern california, observed it as a field and storage pest of walnuts .\nbecause the navel orangeworm appeared to be a potential pest in northern california, the investigations here reported were undertaken to determine its habits and the ecological factors that influence its behavior and abundance .\narmitage h. m. twenty - fifth annual report, for period ending december 31, 1944. division of plant industry, bureau of entomology and plant quarantine. federal port survey. calif. state dept. agr. bul. 1944. 33 (4): 253\narmitage h. m. navel orangeworm (myelois venipars) in english walnuts. calif. state dept. agr. letter. 1947. e - 27: 2 november. pp\nbacon o. g. , wade w. h. davis men discuss problem of navel orangeworm ravages. almond facts 1954. p. 7. (2 )\nbailey s. f. the black hunter, leptothrips mali (fitch). jour. econ. ent. 1940. 33 (3): 539 - 43 .\nbissel t. l. curculionidae, bruchidae, lepidoptera, and their parasites, infesting the seed pods of cowpea and various wild plants. jour. econ. ent. 1940. 33 (6): 844 - 47 .\ncockerell t. d. a. some insect pests of the salt river valley and the remedies for them. ariz. agr. expt. sta. bul. 1899. 32: 289\ndethier v. g. chemical insect attractants and repellents. 1947. philadelphia: blakiston co. p. 92 - 93. pages 181 doi: 10. 1097 / 00010694 - 194802000 - 00010 [ crossref ]\ndyar h. g. the number of molts of lepidopterous larvae. psyche. 1890. 5 (175 - 176): 420 - 22. doi: 10. 1155 / 1890 / 23871 [ crossref ]\nebeling w. subtropical fruit pests. 1959. university of california, division of agricultural sciences. 436p .\nfernald c. h. reports on insects. mass. state agr. expt. sta. bul. , amherst. 1892. 19: 109 - 143 .\ngerhardt p. d. , lindgren d. l. , sinclair w. b. methyl bromide fumigation of walnuts to control two lepidopterous pests, and determination of bromine residue in walnut meats. jour. econ. ent. 1951. 44 (3): 384 - 89 .\ngerhardt p. d. , lindgren d. l. , sinclair w. b. fumigation of walnuts. calif. agr. 1952. 6 (7): 5 doi: 10. 3733 / ca. v006n07p5 [ crossref ]\nglick p. a. a survey of myelois venipars dyar in arizona. 1922. ariz. comm. agr. and hort. p. 78 - 97. fourteenth annual report. pages\nglick p. a. proceedings of new york entomological society meeting of march 18, 1924. jour. n. y. ent. soc. 1925. 33: 116\nhixson e. myelois venipars attacking apples in oklahoma. jour. econ. ent. 1934. 27: 547\nkeifer h. h. annual report of the bureau of entomology and plant quarantine. systematic entomology. calif. state dept. agr. bul. 1947. 36: 168 - 73 .\nkrombein k. v. a new perisierola from california. pan - pac. ent. 1954. 30 (4): 259 - 60 .\nlockwood s. an economic survey of the navel orangeworm, myelois venipars dyar, in california. calif. state dept. agr. monthly bul. 1931. 20: 655 - 60 .\nmackie d. b. division of plant industry, bureau of entomology and plant quarantine. systematic entomology. calif. state dept. agr. bul. 1942. 31: 175\nmackie d. b. , jacobsen w. c. bureau of plant quarantine and pest control. calif. state dept. agr. monthly bul. 1930. 19 (12): 829 842\nmichelbacher a. e. insects attacking stored products. advances in food research. 1953. 4: 281 - 358. see especially: pp. 303 - 4. academic press, inc. , new york doi: 10. 1016 / s0065 - 2628 (08) 60183 - 4 [ crossref ]\nmichelbacher a. e. navel orangeworm on walnuts. calif. agr. 1956. 10 (6): 8 doi: 10. 3733 / ca. v010n06p8 [ crossref ]\nmichelbacher a. e. , davis c. s. the navel orangeworm in northern california. jour. econ. ent. 1961. 54 (3): 559 - 62 .\nmichelbacher a. e. , ortega j. c. a technical study of insects and related pests attacking walnuts. calif. agr. expt. sta. bul. 1958. 764: 1 - 87 .\nmote d. c. a new orange pest in arizona. calif. state dept. agr. monthly bul. 1922. 11: 628\nortega j. c. the navel orangeworm on walnuts in southern california. diamond walnut news. 1950. 32 (5): 6 - 7 .\nsharp s. s. important thrips in louisiana. proc. la. acad. sci. 1938. 4 (1): 156\nsolomon m. e. control of humidity with potassium hydroxide, sulphuric acid, or other solutions. bul. ent. res. 1951. 42 (3): 543 - 54. doi: 10. 1017 / s0007485300028947 [ crossref ]\nsimmons, perez, 1892 -; reed, w. d. (william doyle), 1897 -; mcgregor, e. a\nthere are no reviews yet. be the first one to write a review .\nthe. gov means it’s official. federal government websites always use a. gov or. mil domain. before sharing sensitive information online, make sure you’re on a. gov or. mil site by inspecting your browser’s address (or “location”) bar .\nthis site is also protected by an ssl (secure sockets layer) certificate that’s been signed by the u. s. government. the https: / / means all transmitted data is encrypted — in other words, any information or browsing history that you provide is transmitted securely .\nby perez simmons and horatio d. nelson, with some updates by judy johnson\ninsects on dried fruits describes the insects that commonly infest dried or drying fruits such as raisins, apricots, dates, and prunes. because most dried fruits are produced in california, the focus is regional, but as the authors state ,\nwherever dried fruits are produced, whether in the mediterranean basin, south africa, southern australia, or california, their chief insect pests are the same species .\nthis is a 1975 publication. its scope is simply the\nbiology of the species involved and some of their relationships to their environment .\nit doesn' t discuss control measures. the acrobat pdf posted here is not an exact replica of the printed version of the publication. we have included an addendum that explains how the pdf was produced and lists corrections and updates provided by judy johnson, an ars research entomologist .\nu. s. department of agriculture, agricultural research service, agriculture handbook 464. color, 31 pp .\nclick here to view publication online (pdf file) using adobe acrobat reader (814 kb) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nlarva - ½ to ¾ inch long, reddish orange when first hatched, changing to cream color after the first molt. later, their color depends on the color of their food\npolyphagous in florida hosting on orange, grapefruit, peach, apple, dates, figs, acacia, cassia, pithecellobium, robinia, sapindus, yucca, and walnut .\nthe navel orangeworm is a critical pest in california of almonds, pistachios and walnuts, which cover more than 1. 1 million acres and yield an annual farm gate value of more than $ 3 billion. damage by navel orangeworm may also decrease quality, reducing the competitiveness of these products in the export market, valued at over $ 1. 5 billion .\ncreamy - white lustrous eggs are laid in small groups. during incubation, they change color to pink and reddish orange. total egg production per female ranges from 3 to 244, with an average of 85. at 82° f the incubation period is 5 days. as the larvae feed, they produce abundant silken webbing, and the interiors of figs and dates that have been occupied by them are littered with coarse pellets of excreta. the larvae develop more rapidly when relative humidity is high. at 55 percent, they take 55 days to develop, but at 95 percent they require only 22 days. pupation lasts for about a week. the pupae are dark brown. at 82° f, the egg - to - adult period is only 36 days at 95 percent relative humidity, but 69 days at 55 percent\ncheck list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico. hodges, et al. (editors). 1983. e. w. classey, london. 284 pp .\nthe lepidoptera of florida: an annotated checklist. charles p. kimball. 1965. florida dept. of ag. gainesville, fl. v + 363 pp .\ninsects on dried fruits - agriculture handbook 464 perez simmons and howard d. nelson. 1975. united states department of agriculture .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nneunzig, h. h. , 1990. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 15. 3, p. 51; pl. 1. 49 - 51, 2. 7 - 8. order\npowell, j. a. & p. a. opler, moths of western north america, pl. 25. 17m; p. 189. book review and ordering\nthere are no feature counts to report. if you have loaded features for this organism then re - populate the organism _ feature _ count materialized view .\nplease cite the use of our resources: doi: 10. 1093 / nar / gku983\nhonorary maeda - duffey lab, dept entomology, univ. california, davis, ca 95616 usa, wsleal @ urltoken\npheromones offer an environmentally - friendly alternative to control insect populations. indeed, a number of economically important lepidoteran insect pests have been successfully controlled by using pheromones for mating disruption. pheromones may also be employed in ipm strategies to monitor populations and determine treatment timing. in general, female moths produce a mixture of pheromone constituents and the complete bouquet is important for attraction. control by mating disruption may be achieved even with a single major constituent or a partial mixture. the potential of pheromones for controlling now populations has prompted a cadre of chemical ecologists over the years to investigate the pheromone system of this economically important agricultural pest. the major constituent of the sex pheromone, z11z13 - 16ald, was identified earlier (coffelt et al. 1979), but other essential constituents remained elusive for almost three decades .\nearlier attempts to control now populations with this major constituent alone have generated mixed results (landolt et al. 1981, curtis et al. 1985). disruption of pheromone communication could be improved by dispensing puffs of pheromones from pressurized canisters (shorey & gerber 1996), probably because the pheromone (z11z13 - 16ald) was protected from sunlight. however, use of a single component in mating disruption is less effective than a mixture. in addition, it was demonstrated with another lepidopteran species that continuous use of a single pheromone constituent in mating disruption may lead to\nresistance\n, which can be avoided with a multi - component pheromone system (mochizuki et al. 2002) .\nemploying a multi - disciplinary approach, including but not limited to a non - conventional molecular - based approach, sensory physiology, and state - of - the - art analytical techniques, we discovered eight additional constituents of the pheromone blend of the navel orangeworm (leal et al. 2005), including two novel highly unsaturated hydrocarbons (pentaenes). the discovery of the complete pheromone system produced by the navel orangeworm opened new opportunities for effective monitoring and control of now populations. the present work was aimed at studying the sexual behavior of the navel orangeworm to get a better understanding of chemical communication in this species and consequently lay the foundation for improving mating disruption strategies .\ninsects. a lab colony was initiated from larvae collected in bakersfield, ca. the larvae were kept on dried and roasted pistachio at 28 ± 2ºc, 75 ± 10% relative humidity, and a 16: 8h (light: dark) photoregime. to allow copulation, adults were transferred to aluminum cages (30 x 30 x 30 cm 3, bioquip, rancho dominguez, ca; fig. 1a) and kept at 25 ± 2ºc, 70 ± 10% relative humidity, and a 16: 8h (light: dark) photoregime. after 48h, 5 - 8 couples were transferred to oviposition boxes (13 x 13 cm 2; height, 4. 5 cm) covered with paper towel (thirsty ultra absorbent, 27. 9 x 27. 9 cm 2; safeway) (fig. 1b) .\norange - colored fertilized eggs laid in the ditches of the paper towel were washed with a 0. 1% solution cupric sulfate and transferred to petri dishes (14 cm i. d x 1. 5 cm) covered with a moistened filter paper (millipore, fp1041500), sealed with parafilm (america national can) and kept at 28 ± 2ºc until eclosion. groups of 300 eclosed larvae were transferred with an artist brush (round # 2, a383 / lj800, linzer) to the surface of dried pistachios placed in plastic developmental cages (30 x 19 cm 2; 20 cm height). to increase the substrate area for wandering larvae, a sheet of tissue paper was placed on the surface of pitscahios. pupation took place inside pistachios, on the sides of cages, or under the cover of the cages .\nafter the first generation, 20% of the emerged adults were used to maintain the colony. the remainder of the pupae were kept individually in capped culture tubes (17 mm i. d x 10 cm long; fisher scientific) containing a piece of filter paper (1 cm x 1 cm) soaked with a 0. 1% solution of cupric sulfate. these tubes (fig. 1c) were kept in vertical position at 25±2ºc, 65±10% relative humidity, and a 16: 8 h (light: dark) photoregime, with the dark period starting at midnight (pacific standard time, u. s. a. ; hereafter referred to as pst). emerged adults were kept in the individual tubes (fig. 1d) until use. adults were sexed according to husseiny & madsen (1964) .\ntime, age, duration and number of copulations. to determine a broad peak of mating activity, we observed for 24h a group (16 couples) of 24 - and 48 - h - old adults kept at 25 ± 2ºc at 20 min interval. a flash light with a red filter was employed for observations during the scotophase. adult moths were placed inside observation chambers (aluminum boxes; 30 x 30 x 30 cm) and fed on 10% honey and water. when the broad peak of activity was determined, more refined observations were recorded for a group of 10 couples every day at the time of activity for eight consecutive days. data were recorded for each couple, including age, time and duration of the first mating, and number of copulations per individual .\nafter the first mating, couples were removed from the original observation chamber and placed in separated male and female chambers. for each mated female transferred, one unmated male was added to the same observation chamber, whereas a virgin female was added to the chamber where mated males were placed. these experiments were repeated eight times, with age and time of the first mating being analyzed by tukey' s test at p < 0. 05 .\ncalling behavior. forty 24 - or 48 - h - old unmated couples were observed inside observation chambers. direct observations of female calling, courtship events and time of mating were complemented with analysis of video obtained with a sony digital handycam (dcr - pc101 - nstc) with super night shot. the events were also recorded for individual couples, which were removed from the observation chamber after mating .\ndaily rhythm of adult emergence. to determine whether the emergence of males and females was synchronized, we placed 100 couples in an aluminum chamber (60 x 60 x 60 cm) for 24h to allow mating and then transferred females to oviposition boxes where they remained for 24h. eggs of the same age were processed as above for development and pupation. emerging adults were recorded and sexed daily, with the results being analyzed by chi - square .\nour rearing protocol, with over 85% viability, led to the development of robust insects which were essential for pheromone identification (leal et al. 2005). unlike our laboratory - raised males, field collected males did not give strong and consistent responses by gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (gc - ead) and were useless for behavioral studies. in addition, we were able to generate virgin females for detailed behavioral studies .\ntime, age, and duration of first copulation and number of copulations. preliminary observations indicated that copulation took place for 1h 30 min, starting in the last hour of the scotophase and ending at the first 30 min during the photophase, i. e. , between 7 am and 8: 30 am pst. most of the copulation (56 %) occurred between 7: 31 am and 8 am, with 22% of them taking place before and 22% after that time period. more detailed observations confirmed that most of the mating indeed took place during the last hour of the scotophase, particularly in the last 30 min of the scotophase (57. 4 %), with limited (11. 6 %) mating occurring after lights went on (table 1) .\nthe majority of mating took place in the first two days after adult emergence and decreased thereafter (table 2). among 80 couples (10 males and 10 females with 8 replicates) observed, 66. 3% mated until day 7, with females mating only once, whereas 54. 9% of males mated only once, 40. 2% mated twice and 4. 9% mated three times. landolt & curtis (1991) reported multiple mating of the navel orangeworm in the field as they found multiple spermatophores in 24% of female moths collected by light traps in almond orchards. in our experimental design, in which a mated female had a chance to encounter other unmated males (but not the same male) in subsequent nights, we did not find multiple mating .\ndescription of calling, courtship, and copulation behavior. when inactive, both males and females kept their antennae in a resting position beneath the wings, but antennal movements were very characteristic of male and female sexual activity. during calling, females separated and lowered the wings, protruded the abdomen between the wings placing the distal segments perpendicular to the body, extruded an abdominal (pheromone) gland, and kept the antennae extended and in continuous up - down movements (antennation) (figs. 2a, 3a). this is similar to the calling behavior observed by landolt & curtis (1982) for the navel orangeworm and by mozuraitis et al. (2002) for phyllonorycter emberizaepenella (bouche) (lepidoptera: gracillariidae) .\nwhen exposed to calling females from a short distance, males started walking toward females while displaying wing fanning and anntenation (fig. 3b). when a male reached a calling female and touched her abdomen with the antennae, the female lowered the abdomen (fig. 3c, d). calling females did not lower the abdomen when touched with an artificial substrate (e. g. : tip of a spme syringe) thus suggesting that male - to - female signaling is involved in the acceptance process. also, females that did not accept a male walked rapidly away from the approaching male. when a female lowered the abdomen, a male approached her laterally while performing strong wing funning and started antennating on her body from the distal part of the wing to the head (fig. 3e). the male curved his abdomen towards the female (fig. 3e, f) and attempted coupling the genital apparatus until the female accepted him and allowed copulation (fig. 3g). soon after copulation began, the male stopped wing fanning (fig. 3g) and rotated his body 180º to rest in a linear, abdomen - to - abdomen position with the female (figs. 3h and 2b). during copulation, both male and female kept their antennae beneath the wings with the male' s wings resting on the female' s wings. copulation lasted on average of 3h30min ± 15min and after that male and female separated from each other and remained side by side in a resting position. to the best of our knowledge, this is the first complete description of the courtship behavior of the navel orangeworm .\nprotandry in the navel orangeworm. five hundred thirty - five larvae hatched from the eggs deposited by a total 100 females that were kept in a cage with 100 males. a majority (334 individuals) made it to the adult stage, with a an overall female ratio, f / (m + f), of » 0. 54 (179 females and 155 males), but predominantly more males in the first three days of emergence. the male ratio was clearly higher in the first days of the emergence period (fig. 4). chi - square tests indicated a significantly (p < 0. 05) greater proportion of males in the first two days of emergence, thus supporting protandry in the navel orangeworm. this early emergence of males and the early and single mating in females suggest that protandry in the navel orangeworm is a strategy to maximize the chance of mating. similar findings were reported by pivnick & mcneil (1985) with field populations of the european skipper, thymelicus lineola (ochsenheimer) (lepidoptera: hesperiidae). on the other hand baughman (1991) suggested that protandry alone does not confer a fitness advantage relative to early - emerging males and that time of emergence does not seem to influence mating success in euphydryas editha bayensis sternitzky (lepidoptera: nymphalidae) populations .\nin conclusion, we have developed an effective protocol for rearing navel orangeworm in the lab and gained a better understanding of the insect’s courtship behavior. after a stereotypical calling behavior, mating occurred with a peak of activity prior to the scotophase and mainly in the first two days after adult emergence, which coincides with the period in which the sex ratio of emerged adults was skewed toward males. to succeed in controlling moth populations with pheromones, it is essential to understand what we want to disrupt. here, we provided a hitherto unknown series of events in the short - range mating behavior for the navel orangeworm that may help improve mating disruption with the newly identified pheromone system (leal et al. 2005) .\nwe thank patrícia milano for the drawings of the courtship behavior; sandra regina magro and marinéia de lara haddad for statistical analysis; dr. brad higbee for providing field - collected larvae; members of the laboratory for general assistance; and dr. frank zalom, dr. yuko ishida and dr. zain syed for their suggestions to improve an earlier version of the manuscript. this work was supported in part by the almond board of california and the california pistachio commission. a. l. p. - p. was supported in part by a scholarship from cnpq (conselho nacional de desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico) .\ncurtis, c. e. , p. j. landolt & j. d. clark. 1985. disruption of navel orangeworm (lepidoptera: pyralidae) mating in large - scale plots with synthetic sex pheromone. j. econ. entomol. 78: 1425 - 1430 .\n( walker), by gamma radiation (lepidoptera: phycitidae). hilgardia 36: 113 - 137 .\nlandolt, p. j. , c. e. curtis, j. a. coffelt, k. w. vick, p. e. sonnet & r. e. doolittle. 1981. disruption of mating in the navel orangeworm with (z, z) - 11, 13 - hexadecadienal. environ. entomol. 10: 745 - 750 .\nleal, w. s. , a. l. parra - pedrazzoli, k. - e. kaissling, t. i. morgan, f. g. zalom, d. j. pesak, e. a. dundulis, c. s. burks & b. s. higbee. 2005. unusual pheromone chemistry in the navel orangeworm: novel sex attractants and a behavioral antagonist. naturwissenschaften 92: 133 - 146 .\n( yasuda) (lepidoptera: tortricidae). appl. entomol. zool. 37: 299 - 304 .\n( waker) (lepidoptera: phycitinae), and the feasibility of control with irradiated adults, phd thesis, uiversity of california, berkeley, 130p .\nrice, r. e. , w. w. barnett & r. a. van steenwyk. 1996. insect and mite pests, p. 202 - 213. in w. c. micke (ed .), almond production manual, university of california, oakland, 289p .\nshorey, h. h. & r. g. gerber. 1996. use of puffers for disruption of sex pheromone communication among navel orangeworm moths (lepidoptera: pyralidae) in almonds, pistachios, and walnuts. environ. entomol. 25: 1154 - 1157 .\n( waker) (phycitinae, lepidoptera); its biological and ecological significance. phd thesis, university of california, berkeley, 119p .\nzalom, f. g. , c. weakley, l. c. hendricks, w. j. bentley, w. w. barnett & j. h. connell. 1984. cultural management of the navel orangeworm by winter sanitation. calif. agric. 38: 28 .\nsociedade entomológica do brasil r. harry prochet, 55 86047 - 040 londrina pr brasil tel. : (55 43) 3342 3987 editor @ urltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nhonorary maeda - duffey lab, dept entomology, univ. california, davis, ca 95616, usa .\nampt ea 1, bush ds 2, siegel jp 3, berenbaum mr 1 .\ndepartment of entomology, university of illinois at urbana - champaign, urbana, il 61801 (ampt2 @ illinois. edu; dsbush2 @ illinois. edu; maybe @ illinois. edu) .\ndepartment of entomology, university of illinois at urbana - champaign, urbana, il 61801 (ampt2 @ illinois. edu; dsbush2 @ illinois. edu; maybe @ illinois. edu), dsbush2 @ illinois. edu .\nusda - ars, san joaquin valley agricultural sciences center, parlier, ca 93648 (joel. siegel @ ars. usda. gov) .\nseparate k - value analyses indicated significant regulation of their navel orangeworm host during the warm summer season .\nvariable percentages of field - collected larvae of the navel orangeworm and the imported parasitoids have required significantly longer developmental periods to the adult stage than those in laboratory control cultures .\nthese differences indicate diapause in the host triggered by several seasonally varying factors, and a diapause in the parasitoids triggered by hormonal changes in the host .\nefforts are now required that would tie together all these forces into a sound, reliable integrated management, which would allow growers to make reasonable decisions on whether or not to remove mummied almonds, or to use within season sprays .\npopulations of navel orangeworm have been followed since 1979 in six almond orchards near paso robles, hilmar, chowchilla, selma, westley and atwater, to determine the impact of the parasitoids .\ncareful investigations show that invariably such rejects are due to other causes, such as ant damage and fungus infections .\nin certain years, the peach twig borer has been found to be the principal cause, which subsequently stimulates oviposition by navel orangeworm moths .\npacking plant appraisals frequently attribute damage incited by twig borer to the navel orangeworm .\nin the atwater orchard, the grower has sustained a reject level of 2 ½ percent or less through 2005 .\nhowever, in 2005 the orchard became under threat of removal by eminent domain from human population expansion in the area .\nhowever, adults of the latter are frequently observed in large numbers during autumn and early spring months .\nhas been reared from codling moth and oriental fruit moth in peaches in the paso robles area in addition to navel orangeworm from almonds .\nfield data suggest that a certain number of old mummied nuts is necessary to maintain a desirable synchrony of these parasitoids with navel orangeworm to produce the lowest average densities (below 4% damage at harvest) .\nin fact, at paso robles mummies often exceed 1, 000 per tree through the winter months, and produce navel orangeworm densities at harvest at below 1% on soft - shelled varieties .\nto reestablish balances that were disrupted by insecticidal drift or by the absence of overwintering mummied fruit refuges .\n> in south america involved making initial contact with dr. josé pastrana of the university of buenos aires .\narrangements were made for dr. legner to meet with dr. pastrana in punta del este, uruguay in 1977 .\nthe navel orangeworm was not a common insect at higher latitudes in south america, and dr. pastrana only recalled having studied it in his collections from central argentina .\nhe advised dr. legner to travel to concordia, argentina to inquire there .\nin concordia, dr. aquiles silveira - guido accompanied dr. legner, where both of them searched through collections in the experiment station there .\na dusty room, filled to the ceiling with wooden insect collection boxes, was searched intensively .\nthis knowledge enabled a further search in the wild on this host tree. (also see\nsubsequently, collections were continued in argentina and uruguay with the aid of dr. silveira - guido .\nparasitized navel orangeworm on nonpareil almonds as far north as brownwood (33 deg. n. lat .) and on texas ebony and western soapberry seeds along the gulf of mexico coast and throughout south texas .\nwas found attacking this host at low densities in all seasons on western soapberry and texas ebony .\nby gordh & hawkins (1981), its biparental behavior and fecundity differed significantly from the uniparental hawaiian form to indicate its possible sibling status .\nthe control of this pest with parasitic insects depends heavily on the perpetuation of parasitoids in orchards .\nthis will allow the parasitoids to reproduce in large numbers for subsequent spread thru out an orchard in the spring when outdoor temperatures rise .\nan almond reject level of 4% is optimum for this system, although lower levels are often achieved .\nsurrounding orchards of pistachios that harbor navel orangeworms but where parasitoid populations are not favored may disrupt the balances achieved in almond orchards .\n., removal of rejected almonds) is counter productive to the successful biological suppression of the pest as this also eliminates natural enemies .\ncaltagirone, l. e. , k. p. shea and g. l. finney .\nimported into california for the biological control of navel orangeworm [ hymenoptera: bethylidae; lepidoptera: pyralidae ] .\ninfluence of residual nonpareil almond mummies on densities of the navel orangeworm and parasitization .\npatterns of field diapause in the navel orangeworm (lepidoptera: phycitidae) and three imported parasites .\nlegner, e. f. , g. gordh, a. silveira - guido & m. e. badgley .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nin order to overcome some of the observed challenges of protein marking techniques for small organisms, i developed and tested an intrinsic marking technique for tracking now using dietary fatty acid profiles as a biomarker. this was accomplished by analyzing fatty acids from now moths raised on two different host plants with significantly different fatty acid profiles. using this data a linear discriminant analysis model was developed and validated to distinguish now based on their larval host plant. results showed that now fatty acid profiles are strikingly similar to those of their host plant. therefore fatty acids can act as a valuable intrinsic marking technique for tracking small organisms, avoiding many of the drawbacks of external markers, and providing a useful tool for the study of movement ecology .\nfatty acid tracking is effective for small organisms, but does not determine movement paths, direction, or distance of movement in a localized setting. in order to draw meaningful conclusions from localized movement data using intrinsic marking techniques, i developed a gaussian - based dispersal model. this model was applied to field - caught now moths from three sites in the central valley of california. average movement distance was estimated to be about 50 m per generation at two sites and about 600 m per generation at the third site. the study demonstrates that probability - based dispersal models combined with intrinsic marking techniques provides a useful tool for both tracking and understanding the localized movement capabilities of small organisms." ]

{ "text": [ "the navel orangeworm ( amyelois transitella ) is a moth of the family pyralidae .", "it is endemic to the tropical western hemisphere , including the southern united states of america .", "its abundance in california increased greatly during the first half of the 20th century the wingspan is 9.7 to 10.9 mm .", "adults are on wing from the end of march to the end of october in california .", "the larvae are considered a commercial pest of a number of california crops , including walnut juglans regia , fig ficus carica , almond prunus dulcis and pistachio pistacia vera . " ], "topic": [ 25, 6, 9, 8, 3 ] }

[ "the navel orangeworm (amyelois transitella) is a moth of the family pyralidae. it is endemic to the tropical western hemisphere, including the southern united states of america. its abundance in california increased greatly during the first half of the 20th century the wingspan is 9.7 to 10.9 mm. adults are on wing from the end of march to the end of october in california. the larvae are considered a commercial pest of a number of california crops, including walnut juglans regia, fig ficus carica, almond prunus dulcis and pistachio pistacia vera." ]

[ "alapadna pauropis turner, 1902 = hypenodes ptocas turner, 1944 = schrankia ptocas .\nalapadna turner, 1902; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 27 (1): 106; ts: alapadna pauropis turner\nthe adult moth of this species has a variable pattern of dark lines and splotches on the forewings, and plain pale brown hindwings. the wingspan is about 2 cms .\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nturner, 1902 new genera and species of lepidoptera belonging to the family noctuidae proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 27 (1): 77 - 136\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nafter decades of collecting odd and unusual plants. . sometimes... read more\nwe raise koi and these birds love to eat them. they... read more\nthe trouble was, i wasn' t allowed to touch the beautiful... read more\ncopyright © 2000 - 2018 dave' s garden, an internet brands company. all rights reserved .\nuse of this web site constitutes acceptance of the urltoken terms of use, rules, privacy policy, and cookie policy." ]

{ "text": [ "alapadna pauropis is a species of moth of the noctuidae family .", "it is found in australia , including victoria .", "adults are brown with a variable pattern of dark lines and spots . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 1 ] }

[ "alapadna pauropis is a species of moth of the noctuidae family. it is found in australia, including victoria. adults are brown with a variable pattern of dark lines and spots." ]

[ "plume moth caterpillars on ornamental joe - pye - weed (eupatorium sp .) in 2013, i found them on wild joe - pye - weed: urltoken moth was a delicate shade of pale blue - green. back then, dave wagner tentatively identified them as hellinsia elliottii based on the adults in his collection at uconn .\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter, please feel free to enter the title and author information. the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request. please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news, content highlights, and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services. help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request. please try again and if the problem persists, please send us feedback .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges, r. w. et al. , eds. 1983. check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico. e. w. classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation, london. 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\ngielis, c. 2003. pterophoroidea and alucitoidea. in world catalogue of insects, vol. 4. apollo books, stenstrup, denmark, 198 pp .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence, all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nplume moths are easily recognized by their characteristic\nt\n- shaped resting posture and the lobed or divided wings of most species. while the family pterophoridae is easily identified, species determinations are more challenging, often requiring dissection and preparation of genitalia slides. there are currently 162 described species known from north america north of the mexican border. known species are listed below with links to photographs or additional information. synonyms are available in a world catalogue (gielis 2003). larval food plants are known for 76 of the described nearctic species (\npterophoridae, or plume moths as they are commonly known, occur worldwide and have about 1000 species described. they are known as plume moths because many, but not all, species have deep indentations in the wings with fringes comprised of very long scales or modified setae. larvae or caterpillars often have long setae with various modifications such as clubbed, spatula - like, forked, and many other forms. these setae also secrete a sticky fluid that may be a protective mechanism. the larvae feed on a wide variety of host plants, although many in the united states feed on the family asteraceae, or sunflower family. the family is divided into 4 subfamilies: agdistinae, ochyroticinae, deuterocopinae, and pterophorinae. the pterophorinae is the largest subfamily with 66 genera and 850 species worldwide .\nthis document consists of a listing of species in the adult pinned collection of the moth family pterophoridae at the national museum of natural history (nmnh) or the united states national museum (usnm). genera without specimens in this collection are indicated. the classification is based on the world catalogue by [ gielis, c. 2003. pterophoroidea & alucitoidea in: world catalogue of insects 4. stenstrup, denmark, apollo books ]. the species names are spelled as by the author (s) in the original descriptions .\nfor further information, questions or requests to borrow material, please contact either alma solis (alma. solis @ urltoken) or ben proshek (proshekb @ urltoken) .\npostplatyptilia aestuosa meyrick, 1916 (platyptilia) postplatyptilia akerbergsi gielis, 1991 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia alexisi gielis, 1991 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia antillae gielis, 2003 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia biobioica gielis, 1991 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia boletus gielis, 2006 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia camptosphena meyrick, 1931 (platyptilia) postplatyptilia carchi gielis, 2003 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia caribica gielis, 2006 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia corticus gielis, 2006 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia eelkoi gielis, 1991 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia flinti gielis, 1991 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia fuscicornis zeller, 1877 (platyptilia) postplatyptilia huigraica b. landry & gielis, 1992 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia parana gielis, 1996 (postplatyptilia) postplatyptilia saeva meyrick, 1930 (postplatyptilia )\nlioptilodes albistriolatus zeller, 1871 (mimeseoptilus) lioptilodes antarcticus o. staudinger, 1899 (mimaesoptilus) lioptilodes neuquenicus gielis, 1991 (lioptilodes) lioptilodes testaceus blanchard, 1852 (pterophorus )\nexelastis atomosa walsingham, 1885 (aciptilia) exelastis crepuscularis meyrick, 1909 (pterophorus) exelastis dowi matthews & b. landry, 2008 (exelastis) exelastis montischristi walsingham, 1897 (pterophorus) exelastis pumilio zeller, 1873 (mimeseoptilus) exelastis rhynchosiae dyar, 1898 (pterophorus )\ngeina buscki mcdunnough, 1933 (pterophorus) geina didacty la linnaeus, 1758 (phalaenae alucita) geina ontario mcdunnough, 1927 (pterophorus) geina periscelidactyla fitch, 1854 (pterophorus) geina sheppardi b. landry, 1989 (geina) geina tenuidactylus fitch, 1854 (pterophorus )\npterophorus albidus zeller, 1852 (aciptilus) pterophorus candidalis walker, 1864 (aciptilus) pterophorus denticulata yano, 1963 (aciptilia) pterophorus furcatalis walker, 1864 (aciptilus) pterophorus innotatalis walker, 1864 (pterophorus) pterophorus ischnodactyla treitschke, 1833 (alucita) pterophorus lacteipennis walker, 1864 (aciptilus) pterophorus melanopoda t. b. fletcher, 1907 (alucita) pterophorus niveodactyla pagenstecher, 1900 (aciptilia) pterophorus pentadactyla linnaeus, 1758 (phalaena alucita) pterophorus rhyparias meyrick, 1907 (alucita )" ]

{ "text": [ "hellinsia elliottii is a moth of the family pterophoridae .", "it is found in north america , including mississippi , new york , iowa , quebec , alberta and ontario .", "the wingspan is 21 – 26 mm .", "the head is very pale fuscous and the thorax and abdomen are whitish fuscous .", "the legs are white .", "the forewings are white , tinged with ochre yellow near the base and on the apical third of the costa .", "there is a very oblique streak of brown scales on the costa near the apex and a dark-brown spot before the fissure .", "a streak of irregular brown scales extends from the base of the wing to the fissure .", "the fringes are white .", "the hindwings are pure white , with a few ochre yellow scales scattered over the surface in some specimens .", "the larvae are light green with long , white , shiny hairs from the tubercles .", "except on the prothorax , there is a distinct creamy dorsal line broken in the centre of each segment by a small , round dot of the ground color .", "pupation takes place in a green pupa with pale ochreous markings . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 23, 19, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 23, 23, 11 ] }

[ "hellinsia elliottii is a moth of the family pterophoridae. it is found in north america, including mississippi, new york, iowa, quebec, alberta and ontario. the wingspan is 21 – 26 mm. the head is very pale fuscous and the thorax and abdomen are whitish fuscous. the legs are white. the forewings are white, tinged with ochre yellow near the base and on the apical third of the costa. there is a very oblique streak of brown scales on the costa near the apex and a dark-brown spot before the fissure. a streak of irregular brown scales extends from the base of the wing to the fissure. the fringes are white. the hindwings are pure white, with a few ochre yellow scales scattered over the surface in some specimens. the larvae are light green with long, white, shiny hairs from the tubercles. except on the prothorax, there is a distinct creamy dorsal line broken in the centre of each segment by a small, round dot of the ground color. pupation takes place in a green pupa with pale ochreous markings." ]

[ "jennifer hammock chose to hide data on\nbathymyrus simus smith, 1965\n.\nthe following term was not found in nucleotide: bathymyrus simus [ orgn ] .\nspecies summary: bathymyrus simus, you can sponsor this page, ... urltoken biogeographic modelling tools: analysis tools: whywhere modelling | environmental statistics | web loiczview |. bathymyrus simus (1 records) note: do corrections on both boxes... . http: / / www. funet. more\ngreek, bathys = deep + greek, myros, - ou = male of morey eel (ref. 45335 )\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 19. 5 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 40794 )\ndorsal spines (total): 0; dorsal soft rays (total): 185. head about 1. 3 in trunk; tail 1. 3 times rest of fish; height of rostral expansion about equals eye; head with prominent dark spots and streaks (ref. 40794) .\nsmith, d. g. , 1999. congridae. conger eels. p. 1680 - 1686. in k. e. carpenter and v. h. niem (eds .) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes. the living marine resources of the wcp. vol. 3. batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (elopidae to linophrynidae). fao, rome. (ref. 11039 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 6250 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00110 (0. 00042 - 0. 00289), b = 3. 07 (2. 84 - 3. 30), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 7 ±0. 6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (21 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information, no. 1, vol 1 - 3\nsmith, d. g. / carpenter, kent e. , and volker h. niem, eds .\nfao species identification guide for fishery purposes: the living marine resources of the western central pacific, vol. 3: batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes, part 1 (elopidae to linophrynidae )\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3. 2 final / / en\na tree for site navigation will open here if you enable javascript in your browser .\n臺灣魚類誌 (沈等, 1993) smith, j. l. b. 1965 沈世傑 編 shih - chieh shen ed. 1993\npectoral fin well developed. premaxillary teeth protude on tip of snout. snout short. preanal lateral - line pores less than 42, rictus till margin of eye. posterior nostrils have flaps on the margin of lip. unsegmented rays. teeth conical; upper ja⁷\u0019s teeth in 2 rows, lower ja⁷\u0019s teeth anterior in 3 or 4 rows, posterior in 2 rows, premaxillary teeth vomerine teeth separated, vomerine teeth anterior in bands. dorsal fin origin above gill slit. vertebrae 125 - 127. total length 14. 4 of body depth, 6. 6 of head length; caudal length 1. 7 of the length from head to trunk; head length 6. 3 of snout length; snout length 0. 9 of the diameter of eye; pectoral - fin length 1. 6 f snout length. dorsal and anal fin white. body blunt, eye large, head large. rear of caudal compressed. tongue fixed. anus on posterior half. upper part of body light brown, pale below .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nformat summary genbank genbank (full) fasta asn. 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "bathymyrus simus is an eel in the family congridae ( conger/garden eels ) .", "it was described by j.l.b. smith in 1965 .", "it is a tropical , marine eel which inhabits moderately deep water .", "it is known from the penghu islands and vietnam , in the western pacific ocean .", "males can reach a maximum total length of 19.5 centimetres . " ], "topic": [ 16, 5, 13, 27, 0 ] }

[ "bathymyrus simus is an eel in the family congridae (conger/garden eels). it was described by j.l.b. smith in 1965. it is a tropical, marine eel which inhabits moderately deep water. it is known from the penghu islands and vietnam, in the western pacific ocean. males can reach a maximum total length of 19.5 centimetres." ]

[ "green - breasted mango green - breasted mango anthracothorax prevostii not included in the sibley guide to birds; extremely rare visitor ...\nthus, the females of the green - breasted mango, the black - throated mango and the green - throated mango are almost indistinguishable .\nnobody uploaded sound recordings for green - breasted mango (anthracothorax prevostii) yet .\ngreen - breasted mango - male on a branch. 4k uhd footage for sale\nthe scientific name of the green - breasted mango commemorates the french naturalist florent prévost .\ngreen - breasted mango - male on a branch. 4k uhd footage for sale - youtube\naccording to my information, the females of the black - throated mango and the green - breasted mango are almost indistinguishable .\nmaggie whitson marked\ngreen - breasted mango\nas trusted on the\nanthracothorax prevostii\npage .\nthese feeders attract many ruby - throated hummingbirds and of course they also attracted this green - breasted mango .\nthis information also says that the females of the green - throated mango and the black - throated mango are almost indistinguishable .\nthe green - breasted mango looks very much like the colombian veraguan mango; however, the veraquan has a blue median stripe down the breast - while the green - breasted' s median stripe is black - this applies to both males and females. young veraguans have a\nmore blackish\nstripe than their parents, making them difficult to differentiate from the green - breasted immatures .\nthe face and throat are a brilliant metallic yellowish emerald green varying to more golden green .\ni have no information on the juveniles of the green - throated and black - throated mango .\n). male bronzy - green above, bright green below, centre of throat and breast ...\nyoung birds are responsible for the majority of occurrences in the united states. the first green - breasted mango documented north of mexico was photographed in coastal texas in september 1988 .\ni have not completely ruled out other similar species although the probability of observing the green - breasted mango is far greater than that of observing the other species of this genus .\ngreen - breasted mango occupies semiopen and edge habitats; as a result, at least in the short term, this species may benefit from deforestation (see historical changes) .\nsimilar to other mango species, particularly the veraguan mango and the black - throated mango. however, those species have not been seen in the aba north america region .\nspecies) this record was later accepted as a green - breasted mango based on geographic probability after a pattern of other documented records developed. the first record of its genus in the united states .\nscore for series of notes at 0. 6 to 1. 3 and 1. 8 to 2. 2 seconds. not 100% certain this is green - breasted mango but highly likely .\nso, i would say that this is an immature female green - breasted mango, but i have not eliminated the immature birds of the other two species mentioned above because i donít have sufficient information about them .\nthe chest and median portion of the breast and belly are duller and more bluish green. the sides are metallic bronze to bronze green .\nhowever, the photos that i took do seem to match the description of the juvenile green - breasted mango in that they show the buff feather edges on the wings and cinnamon along the edges of the white breast - belly stripe .\ni believe the veraguan mango (a. veraguensis) was split from green - breasted mango, but i don’t believe it is migratory. i think it is restricted to panama (with a few records from surrounding countries), but i couldn’t find much info. i just wanted to throw that out there. i can’t wait for a mango to show up in nj !\ndescription: green - breasted mango - male on a branc, move head. location: costa rica footage original resolution: ultra hd 4k. camera: panasonic gh4 photographer: arnon dattner cost: us $ 59 contact: naturevideos4sale @ urltoken\ncurved bill and purplish color in outer tail feathers. male is deep green. female shown broad blackish - green stripe on underparts outlined in white .\nblack - throated mango - martin johnson heade © paintingall art gallery martin johnson heade - black - throated mango = handmade oil painting reproduction of black - throated mango, one of the most famous martin johnson heade paintings. more\nthe female black - throated mango has bronze - green upperparts and white underparts with a black central stripe. immature birds show some grey or buff feather tips on the head and wings, and have brown around the eyes. the call of the black - throated mango is a high - pitched tsiuck, and the song is a buzzing hsl - hsl - hsl - hsl - hsl - hsl - hsl. this species is very similar to the closely related green - breasted mango. more\nthe veraguan mango has been part of the endangered species list since july 2006 .\nif you have a sharp photo of a green - breasted mango you would like to contribute for this page, please send it to projects with info about when and where the photo was taken, the photographer' s name, and any anectdotal info about the bird .\nthe green - breasted mango has a large range, estimated globally at 680, 000 square kilometers. native to the americas, this bird prefers forest, savanna, and shrubland ecosystems, though it has been known to live on pastureland, plantation, rural gardens, degraded former forests, and even in urban areas. the global population of the bird has not been fully estimated but is not believed to meet the thresholds for inclusion on the iucn red list. because of this, the current evaluation status of the green - breasted mango is least concern .\ni think there might be some confusion / miscommunication about an indiana record for green - breasted mango. i have been the chair of the indiana bird records committee for the past five years. before me, phil kelly served in that post for about three years. no person in indiana has ever publicly reported having a mango present. i am confident even if there was a rumor about such a sighting i would have heard about it. the confusion might arise because phil kelly of indiana went to north carolina in 2000 to see the green - breasted mango. he obtained photos of the bird urltoken and at least one of these photos has been used in the chat urltoken\ngreen - breasted mangos are primarily found in open woodlands and savannahs, as well as around tropical deciduous forests, typically at lower elevations up to around 3, 000 feet. they also have adapted to vegetated suburban habitats .\ni know this is an old post, but having a fair level of experiance with the green - throated mango, i would point out that the features quoted in the above are not reliable. green - throated mangos commonly have iridescence to the dark stripe on the underparts, and the dark stripe commonly extends well past the throat. examples from french guiana :\ngreen - breasted mango: found near the coasts of mexico and in central america, populations also occur in northern south america. unknown in the united states until a bird was identified in south texas in 1988. while still a rare vagrant, they have been found a number of times since. prefer open habitats such as forest edges, parks, gardens and backyards, where they will visit feeders .\nthe male' s upper plumage ranges from metallic bronze, greenish bronze to bronze - green. his neck is frequently bluish colored .\nexceptions are the green violetear with its mostly green plumage, the dark - bellied magnificent hummingbird, and the tan plumages of rufous and allen' s hummingbirds. males of most hummingbirds also have a glittering, jewel - like patch of feathers on the throat known as a\narvin discussed his findings regarding identification of immature / female mango sp. hummingbirds of central america and northern south america. arvin has now visited 3 of the 4 major north american collections with numbers of mango specimens (lsu, smithsonian, and field museum of chicago; american museum of natural history specimens have not been examined). he examined all specimens of the 3 mainland mango species which are possibly confused :\n– 14 - 23 september 1988. one female or immature was at brownsville, cameron co, tx. originally accepted only as mango species (\nstiles, f. g. , boesman, p. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). green - breasted mango (anthracothorax prevostii). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nblack - throated mango female in suriname a dark hummingbird with a black throat and breast and the rest green - brown, for the male. the female also has some white between the black and green parts like on the second picture by foek chin joe in suriname. the bill is bend downwards. like all hummingbirds you find them in gardens with a lot of flowers, but this one especially in high, flowering, trees. more\nthe sides of the neck down to her sides are metallic bronze - green. her under tail feathers are light bronze - green narrowly tipped white. her outer tail feathers are also white tipped and crossed by a broad band of glossy blue - back; the remaining portion is chestnut colored glossed with metallic purple .\nthe black - throated mango is classified as least concern. does not qualify for a more at risk category. widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nthe slightly notched brown - purple tail has two bronze - green central tail feathers. feeds on nectar and insects. direct and hovering flight with very rapid wing beats .\nbtma occurs in humid tropical lowlands. fems / imms are very similar to gbma except that the central dark stripe never shows any blue or green iridescence; it is flat black .\nthanks for the info, but i never heard of an indiana record and don’t see any mention of an indiana mango photo on the state bird records committee site. are you sure the photo you saw was real and from indiana ?\nchris, if you think a mango might have been seen in indiana, i would be eager to get any details of the sighting. i am betting in the end the photo was of the nc bird taken by hoosier phil kelly rather than being in indiana .\nthe female has a similar upper plumage to the male. she has broad white stripes extending from her chin along sides of the throat and chest down to the vent. those white stripes are enclosing a metallic bluish green stripe, the feathers of which are dusky beneath the surface\nfwiw, i have seen a photo of one from indiana i believe around the same time as the nc bird. i do not know if it was ever published, but the photo (even in it’s exceedingly poor fax quality) clearly showed a fem / imm mango (presumed gb) .\nthe black - throated mango (anthracothorax nigricollis) is a mainly south american hummingbird species. contents - * 1 description * 2 distribution and ecology * 3 footnotes * 4 references * 5 external links description - it is 10. 2 cm long and weighs 7. 2g. the longish black bill is slightly decurved. more\nvery rare lowland hummer, most records from tx. fairly large with striking downcurved bill. all except adult? have unique dark line through throat and breast. ad? : dark green, bluer on throat and breast (reverse of grvi) with purple tail. imm: like? but with brown border to throat and flanks .\ni think these mango records also fit a larger pattern of many southern birds moving north, and are probably also part of the pattern of increasing vagrant hummingbirds in the east (with the increase in hummingbird gardens and feeders, and increased awareness). bird distribution is always changing in response to habitat changes and other things, and it’s exciting to watch all of these changes and wonder what’s next .\npicture of the black - throated mango has been licensed under a gfdl original source: http: / / www. birdphotos. compermission (reusing this file) see below. credit should be visible on same page as photo. author: http: / / www. birdphotos. compermission (reusing this file) see below. credit should be visible on same page as photo. permission: gnu free documentation license\nin recent years, they appear to have expanded their territory to southwestern costa rica. steven and kevin easley of costa rica gateway where able to observed various individuals in a garden located in the port town of golfito located in the puntarenas province on the southern pacific coast of costa rica, near the border of panama. the veraguan mango was included in the 2009 national bird inventory by experts of the costa rican ornithological association .\ni’m sure it was a real photo. it was a fax of a photo (and a poor one at that), but it was shown to me by a birder from indiana and it was unmistakably a mango. i obviously can’t verify where it was taken, although i have no reason to distrust the location as reported to me by the guy who got the fax. i seem to recall that he actually spoke with the host and found out that the bird was gone, but this was several years back so i don’t recall the details .\nthe female is responsible for building the tiny cup - shaped nest out of plant fibers woven together and green moss on the outside for camouflage in a protected location in a shrub, bush or tree (or as can be seen on the image to the right - they may take advantage of man - made structures). she lines the nest with soft plant fibers, animal hair and feather down, and strengthens the structure with spider webbing and other sticky material, giving it an elastic quality to allow it to stretch to double its size as the chicks grow and need more room. the nest is typically found on a low, skinny horizontal branch .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin december 2018, fdsys will be replaced by govinfo. start using govinfo today! learn more .\nsign up to freely receive the daily federal register table of contents via e - mail .\nfind, review, and submit comments on federal rules that are open for comment and published in the federal register using urltoken .\nfind issues of the federal register (including issues prior to 1996) at a local federal depository library .\nthe seal of the national archives and records administration (nara) authenticates the federal register (fr) as the official serial publication designated under the federal register act (44 u. s. c. chapter 15). the documents published in the fr are prima facie evidence of the original documents filed with the office of the federal register. under the provisions of 44 u. s. c. 1507, the federal register shall be judicially noticed in courts of law. it is prohibited to use nara' s official seal and the stylized federal register logo on any republication of this material without the express, written permission of the archivist of the united states or the archivist' s designee. any person who uses nara' s official seals and logos in a manner inconsistent with the provisions of 36 cfr part 1200 is subject to the penalties specified in 18 u. s. c. 506, 701, and 1017 .\npublished by the office of the federal register, national archives and records administration (nara), the federal register is the official daily publication for rules, proposed rules, and notices of federal agencies and organizations, as well as executive orders and other presidential documents. about the federal register .\n732 north capitol street, nw, washington, dc 20401 - 0001 202. 512. 1800\nmangos are rather large hummingbirds with slightly curved bills, living around forest edges and clearings in tropical lowlands. this species is widespread in the american tropics and ranges as far north as northeastern mexico. it has strayed north into texas at least 20 times, with scattered records elsewhere, as far east as georgia and as far north as wisconsin .\naudio © lang elliott, bob mcguire, kevin colver, martyn stewart and others .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country' s most important bird protection law .\nauthors: kyle huffstater, marîa del coro arizmendi, claudia i. rodríguez - flores, and carlos a. soberanes - gonzález\nhuffstater, k. , m. d. c. arizmendi, c. i. rodríguez - flores, and c. a. soberanes - gonzález (2013) .\n), version 1. 0. in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na group of hummingbirds has many collective nouns, including a “bouquet\n,\nglittering\n,\nhover\n,\nshimmer\n, and\ntune” of hummingbirds .\nthe taxonomic order apodiformes (pronounced a - poh - dih - for - meez) is composed of four families of birds that occur on all continents except for antarctica and includes masters of flight such as the swifts and hummingbirds .\na family restricted to the americas, the trochilidae (pronounced tro - kil - luh - dee), or hummingbirds, is one of the largest bird families with three hundred and thirty - eight species in one hundred and six genera .\none hundred twenty species of hummingbirds in fifty genera occur in north america. in addition to species with hummingbird as part of their name, these minute flying gems also include the poetically named hermits, streamertails, coquettes and violetears .\nhummingbirds are mostly known for their tiny size and flying abilities. these hyperactive, insect - like birds can hover in place and fly backwards on wings that beat so fast they become a blur .\nmost north american hummingbird species are tiny birds, most not much larger than a medium - sized butterfly, with thin, pointed bills, very short legs, and long wings for their dynamic flying. just as impressive in flight, the large magnificent and blue - throated hummingbirds of the southwest are roughly the same size as some warblers .\nthat can reflect brilliant red, purple, copper, or other colors depending upon how the light strikes it .\nabsent from the boreal forests and tundra of the far north, hummingbirds occur further south in both deciduous and coniferous forests, second growth, chaparral, and deserts. while just one species is regular in the east (the ruby - throated hummingbird), the southwestern united states hosts several species .\nshort and long distance migrations are undertaken by hummingbird species with the ruby - throated hummingbird routinely flying across the gulf of mexico to reach its wintering grounds in central america .\ngenerally solitary in nature, hummingbirds are very aggressive in defense of their food sources. this feisty behavior becomes immediately apparent when several hummingbirds congregate at feeders and flower patches, seeming to spend more time fighting and chasing each other around than actually feeding. although hummingbirds will glean arthropods from spider webs and catch small bugs in flight, they mostly feed on flower nectar .\nperhaps due to their small size and flower - feeding behavior, no hummingbird species is threatened in north america; however habitat loss in central and south america has placed some species in the vulnerable or endangered status categories .\non cold nights hummingbirds can slow down their heart rate and metabolism to enter a temporary state of hibernation called torpor. this behavior allows the hummingbird to save precious energy demanded by its high rate of metabolism. prior to naturalists understanding the widespread use of migration by birds, many early ornithologists assumed hummingbirds were too small to fly long distances and therefore rode on the backs of geese and other larger birds .\n© 2002 - 2013 urltoken all rights reserved. mitch waite group. no part of this web site may be reproduced without written permission from mitch waite group. privacy policy\n( lesson, 1832) – e & s mexico s to guatemala, belize and (possibly migrants) el salvador .\n( cory, 1887) – providencia i and san andrés i, in sw caribbean .\ncory, 1913 – extreme ne colombia (guajira peninsula) and coastal slope of n venezuela .\nrather silent. song a buzzy, twanging “kazick - kazee”, usually rapidly repeated 3–4 times, from a ...\nopen grassy or shrubby areas with scattered taller trees, especially near water; savannas, pastures ...\nmainly during dry season, dec–may in costa rica, oct and feb–mar in el salvador, mar in n colombia. during breeding season male ...\nranges rather widely following changes in flowering on a local basis, but no long - distance ...\nnot globally threatened (least concern). cites ii. uncommon to very common in different parts of range, and in many areas expanding range with deforestation; readily accepts ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nrecent phylogenetic study based on plumage colour spectra suggests this genus is closest to eulampis # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\na view and a close - up of a bird perched on a wire .\npere sugranyes, alex garcía · videoaves, greg baker, peter nash, juan sanabria, pieter de groot boersma, max roth .\nmanuel retana, arthur grosset, orlando jarquín g. , lars petersson, tadeusz rosinski, christophe gouraud, burke, hal and kirsten snyder, raymond marsh, castillojuandiego, mauricio rueda, rolando chavez, megan .\nbecause at the time that i was planning the book there were only two records north of mexico. by the time i had finished the book there were 7 records (enough to warrant inclusion, if only i had known sooner !). records have continued to increase with the total through 2007 up to at least 16 in texas (through 2006) and single records in nc, wi, and ga. the wi and ga records are both in fall 2007, prompting this summary. obviously it’s a species that should be watched for all over the us .\ngtma is a scarce hummer of n. e. s. am. it is rare in collections. fem / imms are easy to separate because the dark stripe on the center of the underparts is short, extending barely past the throat .\narvin could find no other plumage differences that would be useful at distinguishing fem / imm gbma and btma. apparently the amount of rufous / rusty on the sides of the neck does not help; it is quite variable within and between these two species .\n– 6 - 27 january 1992. one female or immature in corpus christi, nueces co, tx .\n– 22 - 27 september 1993. one female plumaged bird, in falfurrias, brooks co, tx. 1995 tbrc report\n18 - 20 august 1993. one immature was photographed at santa ana nwr, hidalgo co, tx. 1996 tbrc report\n3 - 8, and 21 november to 21 december 1997. one at corpus christi, nueces co, tx, 1998 tbrc report\n22 - 23 may 1999. one at los fresnos, cameron co, tx. 2000 tbrc report\n– 12 nov – 4 dec 2000. one immature male in concord, cabarrus co, nc. article in\n– early sep – 5 nov +, 2007. immature or female at beloit, wi; photos\n– 25 oct – 11 nov +, 2007. one immature or female at dublin, laurens co. ga; photos\nmore rare bird news and a correction the latest siberian highlight was california’s first eurasian kestrel banded in marin co. ca on ...\n“great white” heron – not just a color morph great white heron ardea herodias occidentalis updated 13 nov 2007, thanks to all those who ...\nredpoll age variation and id the question of age variation has come up repeatedly in redpoll discussions, so i finally ...\nrare bird news an eventful few weeks for bird records in north america: the long - anticipated first nesting record ...\na yellow purple finch in ontario thanks to reader skip pothier for sending in these photos. they show a purple finch ...\nto nick (slybird), i rely on the state bird records committees for this info. this species is pretty easy since most of the records are from texas and conveniently summarized in the tbrc annual reports, which are all online. the other three records are easily found online .\na species like eurasian kestrel, with records more scattered, would be more of a challenge to track down, although the aba and aou checklists do include summaries of records of such rare species .\ni will try to track down the guy who showed me the picture. as i said, i have no first hand knowledge of the sighting, except that i was unequivocally told that the photo was taken at a feeder in indiana but was already gone by the time the guy got the fax of the picture. but, who knows. it is certainly possible, and perhaps even likely, that he was mistaken or had been given bad information as well .\nthe idea that birds are accidentally transported in shipments of tropical plants has been suggested before, but it has never been plausible. first, i can’t imagine how a bird could be loaded onto a truck and trapped, and if that happened it’s very unlikely that a hummingbird could survive the journey. if this was happening i would expect to see lots of other species transported, and not the same species over and over (e. g. why aren’t bananaquits – tame and abundant nectar - feeders – transported accidentally with tropical flowers? )\nwe can’t absolutely rule out the possibility of accidental transport, but there is no evidence for it, and with each new record the distribution of mangos looks more like a natural pattern of vagrancy .\ni doubt this species ever will make its way to the us, though .\nfound from eastern mexico to northern south america. considered extremely rare in texas .\nhigh - pass filter used. recorded at the feeders on the upper deck of the lodge; both male and female birds present .\nirrigated garden bordering beach. reference: a 230, 236 (antnigy1). krabbe & nilsson (2003) (isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9) .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\n, is a large, dark hummingbird species with a slightly decurvedbill that occurs in mexico & central america. it has been reported from north carolina .\nnote: although ruby - throated hummingbirds are the primary focus of\noperation rubythroat: the hummingbird project\n, we are also interested in other hummingbird species - - especially vagrants that appear in winter (mid - october through mid - march) in the eastern u. s. if you know of a wintering hummingbird east of the mississippi, please report it to research. we will contact a local hummingbird bander about capturing the bird, identifying and banding it, and releasing it unharmed .\noperation rubythroat is a registered trademark of bill hilton jr. and hilton pond center for piedmont natural history in york, south carolina usa, phone (803) 684 - 5852. contents of the overall project and this website - - including photos - - may not be duplicated, modified, or used in any way except with the express written permission of the author. to obtain permission or for further assistance on accessing this website, contact webmaster .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nanthracothorax prevostii viridicordatus: extreme ne colombia (guajira pen .) and coastal n venezuela\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 338, 268 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nthe scientific name of this hummingbird\nanthracothorax veraguensis\n( reichenbach, 1855) was derived from the region the first specimen was found in, namely in the veragua province of panama .\nthey have historically only been found in panama in central america; where they are resident in the pacific lowlands of western panama - from chiriqu east to southern coc, and along the caribbean slope in bocas del toro and the canal area. their natural habitats are the secondary and gallery forests in the tropical zone .\nthey average 105 mm or 4. 1 inches in length (not including the beak and the tail). their length ranges between 99 - 11 mm (3. 9 - 4. 4 inches). their wingspan is about 67. 1 mm or 2. 6 inches; the tail about 36. 5 mm or 1. 4 inches. its beak is almost as long as its body .\nthe middle tail feathers are usually a coppery bronze. the other tail feathers are purplish maroon, glossed with violet - purple, margined terminally with purplish or bluish black. the wing feathers are brownish slate or dusky .\nthe bill is dull black; the feet are dusky and the irises are brown .\nhummingbirds are solitary in all aspects of life other than breeding; and the male' s only involvement in the reproductive process is the actual mating with the female. they neither live nor migrate in flocks; and there is no pair bond for this species. males court females by flying in a u - shaped pattern in front of them. he will separate from the female immediately after copulation. one male may mate with several females. in all likelihood, the female will also mate with several males. the males do not participate in choosing the nest location, building the nest or raising the chicks .\nthe average clutch consists of two white eggs, which she incubates alone for about 16 to 17 days, while the male defends his territory and the flowers he feeds on. the young are born blind, immobile and without any down .\nthe female alone protects and feeds the chicks with regurgitated food (mostly partially - digested insects since nectar is an insufficient source of protein for the growing chicks). the female pushes the food down the chicks' throats with her long bill directly into their stomachs .\nas is the case with other hummingbird species, the chicks are brooded only the first week or two, and left alone even on cooler nights after about 12 days - probably due to the small nest size. the chicks leave the nest when they are about 24 days old .\ntheir nests have been observed on trees that were beset with pseudomyrmex stinging ants. it is possible that these hummingbirds deliberately select such trees for nesting in order to deter predators .\nthey primarily feed on nectar taken from a variety of brightly colored, scented small flowers of trees, herbs, shrubs and epiphytes. they favor flowers with the highest sugar content (often red - colored and tubular - shaped) and seek out, and aggressively protect, those areas containing flowers with high energy nectar. their favorite nectar sources include the flowers of large trees, such as inga, erythrina, and ceiba or kapok .\nthey use their long, extendible, straw - like tongues to retrieve the nectar while hovering with their tails cocked upward as they are licking at the nectar up to 13 times per second. sometimes they may be seen hanging on the flower while feeding .\nmany native and cultivated plants on whose flowers these birds feed heavily rely on them for pollination. the mostly tubular - shaped flowers actually exclude most bees and butterflies from feeding on them and, subsequently, from pollinating the plants .\nthey may also visit local hummingbird feeders for some sugar water, or drink out of bird baths or water fountains where they will either hover and sip water as it runs over the edge; or they will perch on the edge and drink - like all the other birds; however, they only remain still for a short moment .\nthey also take some small spiders and insects - important sources of protein particularly needed during the breeding season to ensure the proper development of their young. insects are often caught in flight (hawking); snatched off leaves or branches, or are taken from spider webs. a nesting female can capture up to 2, 000 insects a day .\nmales establish feeding territories, where they aggressively chase away other males as well as large insects - such as bumblebees and hawk moths - that want to feed in their territory. they use aerial flights and intimidating displays to defend their territories .\nits call is described as a high - pitched tsup, and the song is a buzzing kazick - kazee - kazick - kazee - kazick - kazee - kazick - kazee .\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + (google. com / + avianweb )\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however, mistakes do happen. if you would like to correct or update any of the information, please\nthroughout history, crows, ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death. …\nplease note: any content published on this site is commentary or opinion, and is protected under free speech. it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes, and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice. avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material. your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nrace 4 birds is a foundation created by richard crossley, tim keyes, and connie campanella to promote youth birding competitions. please check us out and\njoin the chase\nat\nit was my honor to sit on the board at hawk mountain sanctuary. they are pioneers in many areas of research, education and conservation. visit them at\nrichard crossley is an internationally acclaimed birder and photographer who has been birding since age 7. his love of the outdoors and his interest in teaching, design, and technology have shaped his unique vision for the future of birding and bird books. he lives with his wife and two daughters in cape may, new jersey .\nblack - mandibled toucan move head inside a tree. 4k uhd footage for sale\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nthis bird was seen at the house of kathie johnson, 7380 brownstone rd. , greenwood, la\nmost of this time was spent waiting for the bird to return to the feeder so i could observe it .\nthe total time the bird was actually observed was probably about 1. 5 minutes .\nthe house sits on a small hill with a seven acre lake about 100 feet from the house .\nthere were two hummingbird feeders each hung from a metal post near the house and filled with red sugar water .\nthe bird was seen approximately every 20 minutes feeding at one of the two hummingbird feeders located a few feet from the patio of the house .\nmost observers remained within the house and observed the bird through the sliding glass doors that looked out on the patio .\nfor a short period of time, i sat outside these doors on the patio to be able to get better photographs .\nthe bird would remain feeding only a few seconds while at the hummingbird feeders .\nit was occasionally observed perched on the branch of nearby trees when not feeding .\nruby - throated hummingbirds did not feed at the feeders when this bird was present .\ni spent most of my time photographing the bird rather than observing it through binoculars .\ni thought it was important to get the photos because the louisiana bird records committee requires photos of first state record birds of which this apparently is one .\ni did observe that this was a large hummingbird easily two to three times the length of the ruby - throated hummingbirds that came to the feeder .\ni think you should look at the eleven photographs which are attached to this report and take that as my description of the bird .\ni have more photos than are attached, but these seem to show the important features of the bird .\nif you would like to have others, send me an email and i will gladly send them to you .\nmy hearing is impaired, so even though, i was within 10 feet of the bird, i could not hear any vocalizations .\nterry davis said that he did hear the bird and i am sure that he will describe that to you in detail .\nmy information also says that immature females have less extensive magenta in the outer tail feathers than adult females or immature males .\nthere are also four other anthracothorax species mainly from south america or the west indies about which i have no information .\nphotos taken by jeff trahan using a canon eos 20d slr camera with a 400 mm canon lens .\nthe bird was about 10 to 20 feet away when i took the photos .\ni have not eliminated all similar species (see above, # 17) .\nwe noticed that you' re using an unsupported browser. the tripadvisor website may not display properly. we support the following browsers :\nduende tours offers personalized travel and tour services throughout the mayan world (mexico, belize and guatemala). explore the mayan ruins of chichen itza, coba, tulum, palenque or tikal and lesser known sites like ek balam, calakmul or yaxha. spot wildlife on our birding tours or swim with whale sharks. for the more active traveler we offer diving, cenote snorkeling, zip - lining, cave tours, canoeing, jungle hiking, mountain biking and more... we can arrange anything that fits adventure travel; just send us an inquiry and we will customize to your needs! we look forward to giving you the service you deserve: )\nwe booked a private birding tour for four adults and two infants each just 1 year old, that ran for aprox 5 hours and ranged various locations around the island. the tour guide arturo was knowledgeable about where birds would be found at various times of the day and was just as excited to seek them out as we were... .\nthank you samantha, for rewarding us with your 5 star review! we hope to see you back on cozumel this year ...\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites. taxes, fees not included for deals content .\nhummingbird information overview... alternate (global) names distribution / habitat... subspecies, ranges and id description... calls / … | pinteres…\ncorali - mix morenada: :: - - -: :: : www. grupocorali. net\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nit is 10. 2 cm long and weighs 7. 2g. the longish black bill is slightly decurved. the tail in both sexes has dark central feathers, the outer tail being wine - red tipped with black .\ntypical diet of hummingbirds, primarily nectar, but insects also comprise a portion of the diet .\nmales form loose breeding groups, displaying to passing females through high display flights. females build the nest mostly from plant fibers, and camoflague the outside with bits of moss. the female also incubates the eggs and raises the young .\nmales sing a buzzing song during courting. they also have a high - pitched\ntsip\ncall .\npermanent populations are present in most of the eastern portion of its range, particularly in central america and around the yucatan peninsula. birds that summer on the central mexico gulf coast are migratory, moving eastward for the winter, or south to the pacific coast .\n© western foundation of vertebrate zoology (http: / / www. wfvz. org )\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\npensashohtokolibri\nfrom\nanthracothorax prevostii (lesson, 1832 )\nas trusted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthe hummingbird society 6560 state route 179, suite 124, sedona, az 86351 tel. (800) 529 - 3699 and (928) 284 - 2251. 10 a. m. - 5 p. m. mst, m - f info (at) urltoken the activities of the hummingbird society, including the sedona hummingbird festival, are made possible in part by grants from the city of sedona, as well as support from the sedona chamber of commerce." ]

{ "text": [ "the green-breasted mango ( anthracothorax prevostii ) is a hummingbird from tropical america .", "the scientific name of this bird commemorates the french naturalist florent prévost . " ], "topic": [ 29, 25 ] }

[ "the green-breasted mango (anthracothorax prevostii) is a hummingbird from tropical america. the scientific name of this bird commemorates the french naturalist florent prévost." ]

[ "recovery plan for the watercress darter (etheostoma nuchale) / prepared by the watercress darter recovery team .\ncatalog record: recovery plan for the watercress darter... | hathi trust digital library\nby: watercress darter recovery team (u. s .) published: (1993 )\nthe watercress darter inhabits deep, slow - moving backwaters of spring outflows. these areas support dense aquatic vegetation and particularly watercress (nasturtium officinale), which attracts a large community of aquatic insects, the darter' s principal food .\nwatercress darter .\nbeacham' s guide to the endangered species of north america. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nrevised by the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nmarch 27, 1984 .\ncover title: watercress darter recovery plan .\nthe introduction of watercress darters to tapawingo springs caused the extirpation of rush darter (e. phytophilum), a federally endangered species of darter described in 1999, at that locality (george et al. 2009 )\nin the wild, the watercress darter is only a few centimeters long, its brilliant colors usually hidden beneath its namesake grass or other aquatic vegetation .\nthe introduction of alien fish to the habitat has also affected the watercress darter populations. grass carp were introduced into thomas' spring and by 1977 had removed all vegetation up to the shoreline and eliminated the natural darter population .\nthe species was discovered in 1964 at glenn springs near bessemer, alabama. because of its recent discovery, the historic range of the watercress darter is unknown .\nwatercress darter .\nbeacham' s guide to the endangered species of north america. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nu. s. fish and wildlife service (usfws). 1992. watercress darter (etheostoma nuchale) recovery plan. jackson, mississippi. 16 pp .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service. 1980. watercress darter (etheostoma nuchale) recovery plan. u. s. fish and wildlife service, jackson, mi .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service. 1992. watercress darter (etheostoma nuchale) recovery plan. u. s. fish and wildlife service, jackson, mi .\nhowell, m. w. , et al. 1980. watercress darter recovery plan. u. s. fish and wildlife service, 25 june 1980. 24 pp .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service. 1984 .\nrecovery plan for the watercress darter (etheostoma nuchale) .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service, atlanta .\na project team will maintain the current pool habitats on watercress darter national wildlife refuge in alabama for the endangered watercress darter to improve migration and genetic diversity, promote additional aquatic habitats on the refuge, and monitor restored and developed habitats. they will also remove a failing water control structure, promote connectivity for fish passage between pools and enhance habitats downstream or adjacent to the pools .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service. 1993 .\nrevised recovery plan for the watercress darter (etheostoma nuchale) .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service, atlanta .\ni think the community is beginning to realize that they have something unique here, and something well worth preserving ,\nsaid mike howell, the biologist who first discovered the watercress darter in 1965 .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service. 2009. watercress darter (etheostoma nuchale). five year review: summary and evaluation. u. s. fish and wildlife service, jackson, mi .\nthis darter feeds on aquatic insects, crustaceans, and snails. little is known about its behavior .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service (usfws). 2009. watercress darter (etheostoma nuchale) 5 - year review: summary and evaluation. usfws, jackson ecological services field office, jackson, mississippi .\nall five springs where watercress darters live (four native populations and one introduced) are within the greater birmingham area .\nfluker, b. l. , b. r. kuhajda, and p. m. harris. 2007. status and population genetic structure of the watercress darter, etheostoma nuchale. abstract, alabama fisheries association, 2007 annual meeting .\nthe watercress darter, etheostoma nuchale, is a small, robust fish growing to a maximum length of 2 in (5 cm). breeding males are blue above, red - orange below, and have blue and red - orange fins .\nhowell, w. m. , and l. j. davenport. 2003. discovery of a new population of the endangered watercress darter, etheostoma nuchale (pisces: percidae). journal of the alabama academy of science 74 (2): 67 .\nin 1980 the fws purchased thomas' spring and 7 acres (2. 8 hectares) of surrounding land for the watercress darter national wildlife refuge, which is administered as part of the wheeler national wildlife refuge. the grass carp were removed, the spring revegetated, and the watercress darter reintroduced from the glenn springs population. an additional pond has been built at the refuge and three small dams at glenn springs should restore the darter' s habitat there. the owner of glenn springs signed an agreement allowing habitat management and conservation, and in 1988, 100 water - cress darters were transplanted from thomas' spring into the newly constructed pond .\nfor all the fuss about the watercress darter, we know very little about it. some things we know for sure are: it is a small fish, rarely reaching two inches in length. like all darters, it lacks a swim bladder – a balloon - like organ many fishes have to adjust their buoyancy. this reduced buoyancy helps it rest on the bottom of streams or ponds. the watercress darter is particularly fond of habitats where aquatic plants are abundant. it uses this vegetation for hunting, hiding from predators, and reproduction. watercress darters eat small prey, including tiny snails, aquatic insects, and crustaceans. the fish probably live no more than two to three years .\nduncan, r. s. , c. p. elliott, b. l. fluker, and b. r. kuhajda. 2010. habitat use of the watercress darter (etheostoma nuchale): an endangered fish in an urban landscape. american midland naturalist 164: 9 - 21 .\nmoss, j. l. 1995. watercress darter population monitoring, october 1, 1994 through september 30, 1995. annual performance report, endangered species program, grant no. e - 1, segment 5. alabama department of conservation and natural resources, game and fish division. 13 pp .\nlike most darters, the watercress darter has no swim bladder, so it can' t control its buoyancy. instead, it sits on the bottom of birmingham' s limestone springs, often concealed by plants, waiting for an easy meal. that makes it very unlikely that even regular spring visitors would see one face - to - face .\nwatercress darter nwr is located in bessemer, jefferson county, alabama. from interstate 459 take the eastern valley road exit (exit 1). take eastern valley road north for approximately 6 miles. parking is available on the left (west) side of the road immediately after the west jefferson county historical society' s macadory house and before the stop light .\nafter consulting with a darter expert at the university of michigan, howell learned that the fish was a new species and that he would have the opportunity to name it .\nschulman is part of the unofficial watercress darter monitoring program. he was trained by alabama water watch on how to properly take samples, and works with the u. s. fish and wildlife service, birmingham - southern college and samford university to keep tabs on the fish. black warrior riverkeeper also monitors the springs, which are part of the black warrior river watershed .\n. surveys of all darter populations occurred in 2006–2008, and again in 2011. over this time period, some populations have remained stable, while others appear to have declined .\nthe watercress darter is listed as a federally endangered species. the native population at thomas' spring was decimated by removal of aquatic vegetation by an introduced grass carp. in 1981, or shortly thereafter, the spring was restocked with watercress darters from glenn springs. a new pond, owned by the u. s. fish and wildlife service, was also constructed just downstream of thomas' spring in 1988 and stocked with 100 individuals from thomas' spring (u. s. fish and wildlife service 1992). the species is established in this pond (howell, personal communication) .\ninhabits slow moving spring pools and associated runs; primarily associated with aquatic vegetation (e. g. , watercress) where it feeds and reproduces (boschung and mayden 2004; duncan et al 2010) .\nsprings were not totally immune to these problems. some were ponded and filled with silt. others were diverted into the stormwater system or filled in for convenience. but a few survived, and at least four of these became a sanctuary for the watercress darter as the city grew. these springs provide a relatively constant supply of clean, cool water and appropriate habitat for the fish. there are still many\nmore recently, watercress darters have been found in silver springs in the powderly neighborhood of birmingham, and the fish was introduced to tapawingo springs, a tributary of turkey creek, where it seems to be doing well .\nthe spring run at roebuck springs is home to a large population of the darter and passes through the roebuck municipal golf course. the city has ceased mowing up to the edge of the run and is allowing trees to establish in a buffer zone. while this is a nuisance to golfers with bad aim, this protects darter habitats in the run from stormwater runoff coming from the golf course .\nmayden, r. l. , k. e. knott, j. p. clabaugh, b. r. kuhajda, and n. j. lang. 2005. systematics and population genetics of the coldwater (etheostoma ditrema) and watercress (etheostoma nuchale) darters, with comments on the gulf darter (etheostoma swaini) (percidae: subgenus oligocephalus). biochemical systematics and ecology 33: 455 - 478 .\nthe discovery of a fourth natural population in 2003 at seven springs not only caught darter biologists by surprise, but inspired hope that this new population could become one of the long - term strongholds for the species .\nthe watercress darter is endemic to limestone springs in the black warrior river system, valley and ridge physiographic province, jefferson county, alabama: glenn, thomas, and seven springs (valley creek system) and roebuck spring (village creek system) (howell and davenport 2003, kuhajda 2003, boschung and mayden 2004, usfws 2009). the species has been introduced into several springs, with apparent success only in tapawingo spring (boschung and mayden 2004) .\nthe watercress darter is endemic to limestone springs in the black warrior river system, valley and ridge physiographic province, jefferson county, alabama: glenn, thomas, and seven springs (valley creek system) and roebuck spring (village creek system) (howell and davenport 2003, kuhajda 2003, boschung and mayden 2004, usfws 2009). the species has been introduced into several springs, with apparent success only in tapawingo spring (boschung and mayden 2004) .\nhowell, who attended the dedication, was a 24 - year - old graduate student at the university of alabama when a professor who was studying salamanders handed him an interesting - looking darter caught in bessemer' s glenn springs .\nthe center for biological diversity unveiled last month a 15 - foot by 30 - foot mural dedicated to the darter on the side of the soon - to - be - opened lake cottage books store on 2nd avenue south in east lake .\n) – a predator of and competitor with the fish — can be controlled. finally, a bsc program coordinates the efforts of volunteer citizen - scientists to monitor the water quality at each of the darter’s springs every month. data are reported to\nhowell, w. m. , and r. d. caldwell. 1965 .\netheostoma (oligocephalus) nuchale, a new darter from a limestone spring in alabama .\ntulane studies in zoology 12 (4): 101 - 108 .\n( < 100 square km (less than about 40 square miles) ) the watercress darter is endemic to limestone springs in the black warrior river system, valley and ridge physiographic province, jefferson county, alabama: glenn, thomas, and seven springs (valley creek system) and roebuck spring (village creek system) (howell and davenport 2003, kuhajda 2003, boschung and mayden 2004, usfws 2009). the species has been introduced into several springs, with apparent success only in tapawingo spring (boschung and mayden 2004) .\nin 2008, the city of birmingham removed a dam at the base of roebuck spring pool, causing a large reduction in aquatic habitat around the spring and killing ~ 12, 000 watercress darters along with aquatic snails and crayfish (u. s. fish and wildlife service 2009) .\nsuccessful recovery efforts include the january 1988 transplantation of 200 fish to tapawingo springs and avondale springs, both in jefferson county. reproduction has since occurred repeatedly in tapawingo springs, although by 1993, no watercress darters had been collected at avondale springs (collecting conditions are difficult at that site, however) .\nthese darters inhabit slow - moving waters of springs and spring runs; usually they are taken from dense mats of watercress or other aquatic vegetation, where they rest on stems and leaves well above soft substrates (kuehne and barbour 1983, mettee et al. 1996, boschung and mayden 2004, page and burr 2011) .\nscientists are helping, too. biologists from the university of alabama at tuscaloosa (ua) have monitored the population size of the darter. studies by a ua graduate student revealed subtle genetic differences among several of the populations. such information is important for maintaining a diverse gene pool for the species .\nthe watercress darter has been found in three springs in jefferson county, alabama: glenn springs and thomas' spring in bessemer, and roe - buck springs in birmingham. the species also occurs in tapawingo springs in jefferson county, where it was successfully transplanted in 1988. reproduction has since taken place, indicating that this new population introduction was a success. a similar transplantation was undertaken at avon - dale springs, also in jefferson county, although no evidence of reproduction had been found by 1993. while not conclusive, limited population survey results indicate an apparent downward trend for all of the naturally occurring populations, though the transplanted population seems to be doing well .\nbiologist mike howell, when he collected the fish from glenn spring in bessemer. subsequent surveys found the darter in two other springs, roebuck (in east birmingham) and thomas (in bessemer). with its limited distribution in one of the southeast’s largest cities, the fish was placed on the endangered species list by the\nspecies protected by the act, and their ecosystems, may not be harmed without a permit from usfws. furthermore, usfws is mandated by the act to help the species recover to the point that it is no longer endangered. thus, the darter is protected by one of the most powerful conservation laws in the world .\nthis fish is a remarkable little guy ,\nsaid marty schulman, an alabama water watch volunteer, who monitors the five springs where the darter lives .\nit has managed to survive all the impacts of being in an urban environment: construction, sewage runoff, wastewater runoff, oil and gas from parking lots, litter .\nthe springs of the area have saved the fish. without the refuge they provide, the darter would not have survived nearly 150 years of industry and urbanization in the jones valley. it is likely that before birmingham was founded, the species inhabited many more springs in the valley and, perhaps, some of its streams. back then, the streams of the area would have clear waters and aquatic vegetation .\nto achieve these goals, the 1993 plan calls for a number of activities, including the implementation of actions to determine the genetic structure of the various populations; the correction of water quality and quantity problems; the transplantation of watercress darters to additional sites, augmenting the naturally occurring populations and protecting genetic diversity; and determination of the discrete recharge area for each viable population. the plan also calls for the achievement of long - term protection of the recharge area and the immediate habitat from threats to six viable populations .\nbut as development spread, the waters of jones valley became increasingly unsuitable for the darter and other sensitive animals. some streams were rerouted into linear ditches or shunted into underground tunnels beneath the city. streams were used as a cheap way to dispose of industrial waste, wastewater, and even sewage. the paving over of the watershed created flash flooding that destroyed stream habitats. the deforestation that accompanied urbanization removed the shade that would keep the streams cool in the long, hot summers .\nmuch, much more needs to be done to ensure the long - term survival of the species. such efforts are not cheap, but investments in conservation are necessary to get the species down - listed to threatened status, and eventually delisted entirely. it’s a challenge for the city of birmingham and other landowners to deal with having a highly endangered species on their lands. life for them, as well as for the darter, will be much easier if the species can recover to the point of down - listing or delisting. if and when those days come, it will be a time for great celebration .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: this species is listed as endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 100 sq km, area of occupancy is less than 10 sq km, number of locations is five, and habitat quality is subject to continuing declines .\n. (2007) reported that the species occurs in five known localities. total adult population size is unknown but exceeds 10, 000 (see usfws 2009) .\nusfws (1990) categorized the status as\ndeclining .\nfairly regular monitoring of known populations indicated a continuing decline in abundance in the 1980s and 1990s (moss 1995) .\n. 2007). on the other hand, water quality is subject to continued deterioration (usfws 2009) .\nhabitat can be\nimproved\nwith fencing and low - level dams. a recovery plan is available (usfws 1992). known populations and habitat should be monitored annually. life history information is needed .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nsoutheast region fish & wildlife service | u. s. fish & wildlife service home page | department of the interior | urltoken | about the u. s. fish & wildlife service | accessibility | privacy | notices | disclaimer | foia\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure. the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information. occurrences are summarized in table 1, alphabetically by state, with years of earliest and most recent observations, and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed. the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states, years, and drainages selected. references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\npage (1983); page and burr (1991); mettee et al. (1996) .\nthomas', roebuck, glenn, and seven springs in the black warrior drainage, jefferson county, alabama (u. s. fish and wildlife service 1992, 2009; duncan et al. 2010) .\ntable 1. states with nonindigenous occurrences, the earliest and latest observations in each state, and the tally and names of hucs with observations†. names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records. the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of etheostoma nuchale are found here .\nestablished at tapawingo springs (howell, personal communication). failed at prince springs, possibly due to competition from redfin darters e. whipplei (u. s. fish and wildlife service 1992). sampling the year after the initial transplant failed to find any individuals. additional sampling trips in the past ~ 30 years also have failed to find any individuals (howell, personal communication). the transplant is believed to also have failed at avondale springs (howell, personal communication). no individuals have been recovered; however, the site is difficult to sample (u. s. fish and wildlife service 1992) .\nboschung, h. t. , and r. l. mayden. fishes of alabama. smithsonian books, washington, dc .\ngeorge, a. l. , b. r. kuhajda, j. d. williams, m. a. cantrell, p. l. rakes, and j. r. shute. 2009. guidelines for propagation and translocation for freshwater fish conservation. fisheries 34 (11): 529 - 545 .\nmettee, m. f. , p. e. o' neil, and j. m. pierson. 1996. fishes of alabama and the mobile basin. oxmoor house, inc. , birmingham, al .\npage, l. m. 1983. handbook of darters. t. f. h. , inc. , neptune city, nj .\npage, l. m. and b. m. burr. 1991. a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico. the peterson guide series, vol. 42. houghton mifflin company, boston, ma .\npam fuller, and matt neilson, 2018, etheostoma nuchale howell and caldwell, 1965: u. s. geological survey, nonindigenous aquatic species database, gainesville, fl, urltoken revision date: 11 / 20 / 2015, peer review date: 4 / 1 / 2016, access date: 7 / 10 / 2018\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision. it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science. the information has not received final approval by the u. s. geological survey (usgs) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u. s. government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy, scale, completeness, extent of coverage and origin. it is the user' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations. we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information: u. s. geological survey. [ 2018 ]. nonindigenous aquatic species database. gainesville, florida. accessed [ 7 / 10 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted. for queries involving fish, please contact pam fuller. for queries involving invertebrates, contact amy benson .\nwas established at thomas spring. an artificial pond was created downstream from the spring to provide an additional habitat for the species. this pond is at the end of the nature trail at the refuge .\ndespite the protection afforded by its endangered status, studies from 1985–1991 suggested a downward trend in the populations of the fish at all three springs where it naturally occurred. in 1988, a reserve population of the fish was successfully established in tapawingo spring (also known as penny spring) in pinson. in 2003, a fourth naturally occurring population was discovered in seven springs in birmingham’s west end neighborhood of powderly, on land owned and managed by\nthe fish might be small, but adult males display brilliant colors. their bellies are bright scarlet or red - orange, as are bands across their dorsal fins and random spots on their sides. in dramatic contrast, the lower fins and additional bands on their dorsal fins are a vibrant turquoise .\nas you might expect, these colors help the males attract females for mating. females want males that are strong and healthy, and those with brighter colors are more likely to be healthier than those with duller colors. juveniles and females are more prudently shaded, in mottled browns that help them remain hidden .\nlittle else is known about the fish’s basic biology. scientific studies of the fish are hampered by its highly endangered status and the difficulty of observing them, due to their small size and tendency to hide in dense vegetation. ongoing studies are attempting to determine the fish’s habitat preferences and how to improve and protect the species’ habitat .\n). the most important step in the fish’s protection was its being listed as endangered under the u. s. endangered species act by the u. s. fish and wildlife service (usfws). classification as “endangered” means that a species is on the brink of extinction; classification as “threatened” indicates a species will soon be on the brink of extinction unless sufficient conservation measures are taken .\na classification of the species from endangered to threatened status would be good news for the fish. what needs to be done to achieve this? the guidelines are explained in the fish’s\n. three conditions must be met: 1) long - term protection of three known naturally occurring populations; 2) long - term protection of at least one additional population within the historical range of the species; and 3) five years of data indicating that at least four populations are stable or increasing in size. the latest assessment of the species by usfws (2009) determined that the criteria for down - listing had not been met .\nstill, there’s reason to be optimistic for the future of the species. the creation of the\n( managed by usfws) in 1980 and the creation of a reservoir on the refuge to provide more habitats for the fish were big steps in its conservation. the\nworks with usfws to help maintain the refuge. in 1988, a reserve population of the fish was successfully established in tapawingo spring (also known as penny spring) in pinson. the\nowns the spring, and under the leadership of bishop heron johnson the church has been a careful steward of the spring. the church works with several conservation organizations and agencies to manage the spring .\nbiologists from birmingham - southern college (bsc) and ua have been studying the habitat requirements of the fish. at roebuck springs they’ve learned which habitats the fish prefers the most. they also discovered that the fish uses the runs that connect the spring pool to the nearest stream. bsc scientists and students are also studying whether populations of the northern crayfish (\ncovering events and issues from every neighborhood in birmingham, we take you inside the biggest happenings in your community .\nin art, the beautiful and endangered fish - - native only to four springs in jefferson county and found nowhere else in the world - - is larger than life .\nportland, ore. - based artist roger peet painted the mural over six days with help from local artists merrilee challis and creighton tynes. the center for biological diversity commissioned the work as part of a series highlighting endangered species across the country .\nthe atmosphere was festive at the unveiling, with live music from the oxy - morons, face painting and arts and crafts for those in attendance .\ni looked at it and i thought it was really beautiful and really strange - looking ,\nhowell said .\ni had never seen it before and it was not in any of the books .\nfor years, it was believed the fish only resided in glenn springs, but samples were eventually found in thomas spring pond, also in bessemer, and then in roebuck springs, about two miles from the new mural .\nthe four naturally occurring populations are all in heavily urbanized, industrialized areas. light industry on up to heavy industry, and yet this little fish has managed to persist and survive all this time basically undetected .\nschulman can vouch for the fish being hard to detect. he' s been monitoring those five springs for years, but has only actually seen the fish in the wild once .\ni' m kind of in there as' just marty,'\nschulman said .\nit' s been a wonderful opportunity to step up to the plate and do something for this fish and keep some eyes on it because i' ve got the ability to get out there and do it .\nthese other people, they' ve got full time jobs and don' t have the luxury to spend the kind of time out there that i do .\nuse of and / or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our user agreement (updated 5 / 25 / 18) and privacy policy and cookie statement (updated 5 / 25 / 18) .\n© 2018 advance local media llc. all rights reserved (about us). the material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of advance local .\ncommunity rules apply to all content you upload or otherwise submit to this site .\nthe spiny dorsal fin has an outer margin of blue followed by bands of red, blue, and red. this pattern is well - developed in breeding males, faint in females. the soft dorsal fin of males displays the same pattern, while the anal, basal portion of the caudal, and the paired fins are blue. in females, the soft dorsal, anal, caudal, and paired fins are speckled with small brown spots .\nmales exhibit courtship behavior to all females encountered, and non - receptive females leave the area when approached by males. the courting male stays close to the receptive female and may rest his head on her back or neck, touch sides, or display his fins. other males in the area try to displace the courting male. larger males are generally successful. eggs are deposited in submerged vegetation .\nthe 1993 recovery plan revision for the species notes that recovery goals are first reclassification (from endangered to threatened) and then delisting altogether. the species would be considered for reclassification when long - term protection has been achieved for the three known naturally occurring populations and one of the additional populations within the historic range, and when there are five years of data indicating that a minimum of four populations are viable. to delist the species, the fws requires five years of data documenting the existence of six viable populations (each in separate discrete recharge areas) and the proven long - term protection of the discrete recharge area for each viable population .\nregional office of endangered species u. s. fish and wildlife service 1875 century blvd. , suite 200 atlanta, georgia 30345 urltoken\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association (mla), the chicago manual of style, and the american psychological association (apa) .\nwithin the “cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates. therefore, it’s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. therefore, that information is unavailable for most urltoken content. however, the date of retrieval is often important. refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla, chicago, and apa styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\nby: u. s. fish and wildlife service. published: (1983 )\nby: u. s. fish and wildlife service. published: (1984 )\nrecovery plan for the truckee barberry: berberis (= mahonia) sonnei (abrams) mcminn .\nby: u. s. fish and wildlife service. published: (1985 )\nby: u. s. fish and wildlife service. published: (1986 )\nby: u. s. fish and wildlife service. published: (1979 )\ngo to public collections to browse other people' s collections. items from these collections can be copied into your own private collection. create your own private collection by searching or browsing to find items of interest and then adding them to a collection .\nfull - text searching is available within public or private collections, and within individual items .\nuse quotes to search an exact phrase: e. g .\noccult fiction\nuse * or? to search for alternate forms of a word. use * to stand for several characters, and? for a single character: e. g. optim * will find optimal, optimize or optimum; wom? n will find woman and women .\nuse and and or between words to combine them with boolean logic: e. g. (heart or cardiac) and surgery will find items about heart surgery or cardiac surgery. boolean terms must be in uppercase .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis (the integrated taxonomic information system) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\ndoi announces $ 3. 74 million to 12 states for species recovery | u. s. department of the interior\nwashington - the department of the interior today announced that through the u. s. fish and wildlife service’s (fws) cooperative recovery initiative (cri) more than $ 3. 74 million is being committed to nine projects across 12 states to help recover some of the nation’s most at - risk species on or near national wildlife refuges .\n“we are targeting our work where it will do the most good for america’s resources, ” said fws acting director jim kurth. “this initiative is a unique way to engage in conservation work with states and partners, giving the taxpayer a good return on investment. ”\nspecies to benefit from cri funding include the miami blue butterfly, ocelots, puritan tiger beetles, masked bobwhite and spectacled eiders .\nsince 2013, fws has funded 66 projects for nearly $ 27 million through the cri. other species that have benefited include the oregon chub, the first fish in the nation to be taken off the endangered species list; sonoran pronghorn; dusky gopher frog; and red - cockaded woodpecker. these projects often provide conservation benefits to other imperiled species and encourage partnerships with states and private groups .\na project team will establish long - lasting protections for two endangered birds, the hawaiian coot and hawaiian stilt, against predators and ungulates and create new habitat, resulting in a large - scale restoration of kealia pond national wildlife refuge, a critically important wetland habitat in hawaii .\na project team will establish five additional viable subpopulations of 500 individual threatened spalding’s catchfly on protected habitat at turnbull national wildlife refuge in washington and three other partner and privately - owned locations within the channeled scablands and palouse prairie regions in washington and idaho .\nstaff at laguna atascosa national wildlife refuge in texas will work with partners to acquire a 400 - acre conservation easement to expand habitat between the refuge and lower rio grande valley national wildlife refuge for the endangered ocelot. the increased habitat will also aid the endangered northern aplomado falcon .\na project team will expand the endangered masked bobwhite population by creating a captive population in a rearing facility at the buenos aires national wildlife refuge in arizona and establish a second captive population and biosecurity program at sutton avian research center .\na project team will restore fire - suppressed scrub and sandhill habitat to enhance populations of 11 listed plant species and the endangered florida scrub jay at lake wales ridge national wildlife refuge in florida. in particular, the staff will augment the only protected population of endangered garrett’s mint through seed collection and strategic dispersal, which will significantly increase the population .\na project team will establish new viable populations of the endangered miami blue butterfly over a much larger geographic range in south florida, including on national key deer refuge, great heron national wildlife refuge and local state parks .\ntwo new viable subpopulations of the threatened puritan tiger beetle will be established by a project team from silvio o. conte national fish and wildlife refuge on state - owned lands in new hampshire and vermont, within the connecticut river watershed. the project will optimize a captive rearing protocol, enabling the beetle to be reared in the lab and translocated to protected habitat sites .\nestimate global abundance and evaluate changes in at - sea distribution of threatened spectacled eiders .\na project team will estimate the global population of threatened spectacled eiders as well as evaluate changes in distribution at marine molting, staging and wintering areas, including in yukon delta national wildlife refuge in alaska. the team will also evaluate changes in non - breeding distribution of adult females captured on the refuge breeding area .\nfor more information on the 2017 projects and those in previous years, please visit: urltoken .\nu. s. department of the interior, 1849 c street nw, washington, dc 20240. feedback @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nrobins, c. r. , r. m. bailey, c. e. bond, j. r. brooker, e. a. lachner, r. n. lea, and w. b. scott. 1991. common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada. american fisheries society, special publication 20. 183 pp .\nphylogenetic evaluation of polyallelic loci by mayden et al. (2005) supported the specific recognition of e. nuchale .\nfound only in a few springs of the upper black warrior system in alabama; most populations apparently are healthy, but nonpoint pollution is a continuing threat .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\nthis species is represented by only a few occurrences (subpopulations) (mettee et al. 1996, boschung and mayden 2004). fluker et al. (2007) reported that the species occurs in five known localities .\ntotal adult population size is unknown but exceeds 10, 000 (see usfws 2009) .\nsampling in 2006 - 2007 suggested that e. nuchale was abundant at three of the four native localities and at one introduced locality (tapawingo spring), whereas small numbers were detected at the type locality, glenn spring (fluker et al. 2007). multiple size classes were found at all localities, suggesting that spawning and recruitment are occurring throughout the range (fluker et al. 2007). on the other hand, water quality is subject to continued deterioration (usfws 2009) .\neats snails, crustaceans, and insect larvae (page 1983, mettee et al. 1996) .\noccurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs and larvae) in appropriate habitat .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nboschung, h. t. , and r. l. mayden. 2004. fishes of alabama. smithsonian institution press, washington, d. c. 736 pages .\nboschung, h. t. , and r. l. mayden. 2004. fishes of alabama. smithsonian institution press, washington, d. c. 960 pp .\njelks, h. l. , s. j. walsh, n. m. burkhead, s. contreras - balderas, e. díaz - pardo, d. a. hendrickson, j. lyons, n. e. mandrak, f. mccormick, j. s. nelson, s. p. platania, b. a. porter, c. b. renaud, j. jacobo schmitter - soto, e. b. taylor, and m. l. warren, jr. 2008. conservation status of imperiled north american freshwater and diadromous fishes. fisheries 33 (8): 372 - 407 .\nkuehne, r. a. , and r. w. barbour. 1983. the american darters. university press of kentucky, lexington, kentucky. 177 pp .\nkuhajda, b. r. 2003. regional southeastern fishes council reports: region iv - south - central. southeastern fishes council proceedings 45: 19 - 24 .\nlee, d. s. , c. r. gilbert, c. h. hocutt, r. e. jenkins, d. e. mcallister, and j. r. stauffer, jr. 1980. atlas of north american freshwater fishes. north carolina state museum of natural history, raleigh, north carolina. i - x + 854 pp .\nmatthews, j. r. and c. j. moseley (eds .). 1990. the official world wildlife fund guide to endangered species of north america. volume 1. plants, mammals. xxiii + pp 1 - 560 + 33 pp. appendix + 6 pp. glossary + 16 pp. index. volume 2. birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, mussels, crustaceans, snails, insects, and arachnids. xiii + pp. 561 - 1180. beacham publications, inc. , washington, d. c .\nmettee, m. f. , p. e. o' neil, and j. m. pierson. 1996. fishes of alabama and the mobile basin. oxmoor house, birmingham, alabama. 820 pp .\nmount, r. h. , editor. 1986. vertebrate animals of alabama in need of special attention. alabama agricultural experiment station, auburn university, alabama. 124 pages .\nnelson, j. s. , e. j. crossman, h. espinosa - perez, l. t. findley, c. r. gilbert, r. n. lea, and j. d. williams. 2004. common and scientific names of fishes from the united states, canada, and mexico. american fisheries society, special publication 29, bethesda, maryland. 386 pp .\npage, l. m. 1983a. handbook of darters. t. f. h. publications, inc. , neptune city, new jersey. 271 pp .\npage, l. m. , h. espinosa - pérez, l. t. findley, c. r. gilbert, r. n. lea, n. e. mandrak, r. l. mayden, and j. s. nelson. 2013. common and scientific names of fishes from the united states, canada, and mexico. seventh edition. american fisheries society, special publication 34, bethesda, maryland .\npage, l. m. , and b. m. burr. 1991. a field guide to freshwater fishes: north america north of mexico. houghton mifflin company, boston, massachusetts. 432 pp .\npage, l. m. , and b. m. burr. 2011. peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico. second edition. houghton mifflin harcourt, boston. xix + 663 pp .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service (usfws). 1990. endangered and threatened species recovery program: report to congress. 406 pp .\nstate natural heritage data centers. 1996a. aggregated element occurrence data from all u. s. state natural heritage programs, including the tennessee valley authority, navajo nation and the district of columbia. science division, the nature conservancy .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace." ]

{ "text": [ "the watercress darter ( etheostoma nuchale ) is a small , colorful species of darter endemic to the eastern united states where it is only known from the black warrior river drainage basin near birmingham , alabama . " ], "topic": [ 26 ] }

[ "the watercress darter (etheostoma nuchale) is a small, colorful species of darter endemic to the eastern united states where it is only known from the black warrior river drainage basin near birmingham, alabama." ]

[ "horned lizard art (new species) sherbrookei - > texas horned lizards - > california coast lizards - > new mexico horned lizards - > oklahoma horned lizards - > colorado horned lizards - > arizona horned lizards - > nevada horned lizards - > kansas horned lizard - > utah horned lizards - > wyoming horned lizard - > montana horned lizard - > oregon horned lizards - > idaho horned lizards - > washington horned lizard - > nebraska horned lizard - > south dakota horned lizard - > short - horned lizard - > regal horned lizard - > round - tailed horned lizard - > flat - tailed horned lizard - > desert horned lizard - > pygmy short - horned lizard - > asio horned lizard - > rock horned lizard - > bull horned lizard - > short - tailed horned lizard - > plateau horned lizard - > bearded dragon - > thorny devil - > collared lizard texas spiny lizard cufflinks soap bobble heads bowl flower pot hangers dvd -\nwhere did the horny toad go ?\ngift certificates all products ...\nthe texas horned lizard is stocky and short - tailed, with several large “horns” protruding from the back of the head .\nhorned lizard; greater short - horned lizard in tonto national forest, az. photo by carla kishinami /\ndessert short - horned lizard | reptiles (etc .) i' ve caught in oregon | pinterest | horned lizard, lizards and reptiles\na flat - tailed horned lizard runs rapidly across fine wind - blown sand and quickly buries itself with a final shake of its tail .\nflat - tailed horned lizards are covered with small granular scales interspersed with larger pointed scales on the dorsal surfaces .\nalso commonly called\nhorned toads\nbecause of their rounded, toadlike shape, the horned lizard is a genus of short - tailed, short - legged lizards in the iguana family, about 3 - 5 inches in length. they feed on ants and other insects .\nsherbrooke, w. c. and f. mendoza - quijano. 2001. phrynosoma braconnieri (short - tailed horned lizard). defensive behavior. herpetological review 36 (1): 65 - 66 .\nmilner, b. j. 1979. northern short - horned lizard in southeastern alberta. alberta naturalist 9: 90 - 92 .\nno information currently exists regarding the migration patterns of greater short - horned lizards in montana .\njiménez - arcos, víctor h. , eric centenero - alcala, edmundo perez - ramos and samuel a. santa cruz - padilla. 2014. geographic distribution: phrynosoma braconnieri (short - tailed horned lizard). herpetological review 45 (3): 463\npowell, g. l. 1980. diet of the short - horned lizard in alberta. american zoologist 20 (4): 842 .\nguyer, c. 2006. phrynosoma douglasii (pigmy short - horned lizard) copulatory position. herpetological review 37 (1): 91 - 92 .\ntaylor, b. n. 2003. short - horned lizard (phrynosoma hernandesi hernandesi). alberta species at risk report 72: 154 - 160 .\ntexas _ horned _ lizard _ in _ hand _ 1 - 2 - 15. jpg\ngoldberg, s. r. 1971. reproduction in the short - horned lizard phrynosoma douglassi in arizona. herpetologica 27 (3): 311 - 314 .\nmontanucci, r. r. 1984. breeding, captive care and longevity of the short - horned lizard phrynosoma douglassi. international zoological yearbook 23: 148 - 156 .\nshort - horned lizard - photo © andrew williams / critterzone - (used by permission - contact critterzone: animal pictures, nature stock photography for commercial license or any use .\nlaird, m. and r. leech. 1980. observations on the short - horned lizard in southeastern alberta. blue jay 38 (4): 214 - 218 .\nhorned lizard populations continue to decline and disappear throughout the southwest despite protective legislation. the species most often noted for declining numbers is the texas horned lizard which has disappeared from almost half of its geographic range .\ncorn, p. s. and l. j. gingerich. 1987. phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre (eastern short - horned lizard). herpetological review 18 (1): 20 .\npowell, g. l. , a. p. russell, and p. fargey. in prep. the distribution of the eastern short - horned lizard in saskatchewan, canada .\nwyoming designated the horned lizard (phrynosoma douglasi brevirostre) as the official state reptile in 1993. all state reptiles\nashton, k. g. and k. l. ashton. 1998. phrynosoma douglasii (short - horned lizard). reproduction. herpetological review 29 (3): 168 - 169 .\nthe short - horned lizard is often referred to as a “horned toad” or “horny toad” because its squat, flattened shape and short, blunt snout give it a toad - ish look. there are over a dozen recognized species found in the deserts and semi - arid environments of north and central america, from southern canada to guatemala .\nguyer, c. and a. d. linder. 1985a. growth and population structure of the short - horned lizard (phrynosoma douglassi) and the sagebrush lizard (sceloporus graciosus) in southeastern idaho. northwest science 59 (4): 294 - 303 .\nsherbrooke, w. c. and m. d. greenfield. 2002. phrynosoma hernandesi (short - horned lizard). defensive hiss. herpetological review 33 (3): 208 - 209 .\na species of conservation concern in missouri, the texas horned lizard is now limited to just a few southwestern counties .\nmoll, e. o. 2004. patronyms of the pioneer west. ix. phrynosoma hernandesi (girard, 1858) greater short - horned lizard. sonoran herpetologist 17 (6): 58 - 61 .\npowell, g. l. 1982. the eastern short - horned lizard in alberta: basic field ecology of northern marginal populations. unpublished m. s. thesis, university of calgary, calgary, alberta .\nhe texas horned lizard is the state reptile of texas [ 14 ] and, as the\nhorned frog\n, is the mascot of texas christian university. [ 15 ]\nthis flatly - built, short - tailed lizard is brown or tan in coloration. darker dorsal blotches (often with light borders) and a lighter middorsal stripe are present. it is covered in spines, with the most prominent spines on the back of the head. there is also a double row of spines along the fringes of the abdomen .\nmontanucci, r. r. and b. e. baur. 1982. mating and courtship - related behaviors of the short - horned lizard, phrynosoma douglassi. copeia 1982 (4): 971 - 974 .\nleache and mcguire (2006, molecular phylog. evolution 39: 628 - 644) named four subclades of phrynosoma - 3 in our area: anota, doliosaurus, and tapaja. alternate and previous names (synonyms) commonly called :\nhorny toad ,\nhorned toad\nphrynosoma m' callii - flat - tailed horned lizard (smith 1946, stebbins 1966 )\nguyer, c. and a. d. linder. 1985b. thermal ecology and activity patterns of the short - horned lizard (phrynosoma douglassi) and the sagebrush lizard (sceloporus graciosus) in southeastern idaho (usa). great basin naturalist 45 (4): 607 - 614 .\nthe horned lizard is popularly called a\nhorned toad\n,\nhorny toad\n, or\nhorned frog\n, but it is neither a toad nor a frog. the popular names come from the lizard' s rounded body and blunt snout, which give it a decidedly batrachian appearance. phrynosoma literally means\ntoad - bodied\nand cornutum means\nhorned\n. the lizard' s horns are extensions of its cranium and contain true bone .\nnew, e. r. 1991. drilling in short - horned lizard country. abstract presented at the cade / caodc spring drilling conference, april 10 - 12, 1991. cade / caodc conference publications, calgary, ab .\npowell, g. l. and a. p. russell. 1985. field thermal ecology of the eastern short - horned lizard (phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre) in southeastern alberta. canadian journal of zoology 63: 228 - 238 .\npowell, g. l. and a. p. russell. 1993a. the range and status of the eastern short - horned lizard in the canadian prairies. provincial museum of alberta natural history occassional paper 19: 279 - 290 .\npowell, g. l. , a. p. russell, and p. j. fargey. 1998. the distribution of the short - horned lizard phrynosoma hernandesi in saskatchewan, canada. northwestern naturalist 79: 19 - 26 .\npack, h. j. 1918. some habits of the pygmy horned lizard. copeia 1918 (63): 91 - 92 .\nschowalter, d. b. 1976. new distribution records of the horned lizard in alberta. blue jay 37: 26 - 27 .\nhammerson, g. a. and h. m. smith. 1991. the correct spelling of the name of the short - horned lizard of north america. bulletin of the maryland herpetological society 27 (3): 121 - 127 .\npowell, g. l. and a. p. russell. 1992b. the staus of the short - horned lizard (phrynosoma douglassii) in canada. committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada, ottawa, on. 22pp .\npowell, g. l. , and a. p. russell. 1991. distribution of the eastern short - horned lizard (phrynosoma douglasi brevirostre) in alberta, canada. northwestern naturalist. 72 (1): 21 - 26 .\nsherbrooke, w. c. , e. r. brown, and j. l. brown. 2002. phrynosoma hernandesi (short - horned lizard). successful open - mouthed threat defense. herpetological review 33 (3): 208 .\npresch, w. 1969. evolutionary osteology and relationships of the horned lizard genus phrynosoma (family iguanidae) copeia 1969: 250 - 275 .\nreeve, w. l. 1952. taxonomy and distribution of the horned lizard genus phrynosoma. kansas university science bulletin 34: 817 - 960 .\nover recent decades short - horn lizard populations have been in decline throughout their range. destruction of their native habitat, efforts to eradicate ants—their staple food—and the pet trade have all contributed to this .\nthe texas horned lizard is the largest - bodied and most widely distributed of the roughly 14 species of horned lizards in the western united states and mexico. the average texas horned lizard is 69 mm (2. 7 in) in snout - vent length, [ 6 ] but the upper boundary for males is 94 mm (3. 7 in) and for\ntexas designated the texas horned lizard (phrynosoma cornutum) as the official state reptile in 1993 and the\nhorned frog\nis the mascot of texas christian university in fort worth, texas. tcu is the only known athletic team with the\nhorned frog\nas a mascot .\nreeve, w. l. 1952. taxonomy and distribution of the horned lizard genus phrynosoma. university of kansas science bulletin 34: 817 - 960 .\npowell, g. l. and a. p. russell. 1985. growth and sexual size dimorphism in alberta (canada) populations of the eastern short - horned lizard, phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre. canadian journal of zoology 63 (1): 139 - 154 .\npowell, g. l. and a. p. russell. 1984. the diet of the eastern short - horned lizard (phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre) in alberta and its relationship to sexual size dimorphism. canadian journal of zoology 62 (3): 428 - 440 .\nhornbeck, g. e. and j. e. green. 1990. a reconnaissance field survey of the eastern short - horned lizard and its habitat in samedan manyberries 9 - 13 - 4 - 5 w4m. delta environmental management group ltd. calgary, ab. 27pp .\nhornbeck, g. e. and j. e. green. 1991. year two of a reconnaissance field survey of the eastern short - horned lizard and its habitat in samedan manyberries 9 - 13 - 4 - 5 w4m. delta environmental management group ltd. calgary, ab. 17pp .\npowell, g. l. , a. p. russell. 1998. the status of short - horned lizards, phrynosoma hernandesi in saskatchewan, canada. northwestern naturalist 79: 19 - 26 .\npowell, g. l. and a. p. russell. 1992a. a preliminary survey of the distribution and abundance of the eastern short - horned lizard (phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre) in alberta. a report submitted to the recreation, parks, and wildlife foundation, edmonton, alberta. 135pp .\njames j. d. , a. p. russell, and g. l. powell. 1997. status of the eastern short - horned lizard (phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre) in alberta. alberta environmental protection, wildlife management divison, wildlife status report no. 5, edmonton, ab. 1 - 20 .\nlinder, a. d. 1989. short - horned lizard phrynosoma douglassi. rare, sensitive, and threatened species of the greater yellowstone ecosystem. tim w. clark, ann h. harvey, robert d. dorn, david l. genter, and craig groves, editors. pp. 50 - 51 .\nsmith, w. 1993. an assessment of short - horned lizard habitat and use. manyberries badlands, alberta. a report submitted to the fish and wildlife branch, alberta forestry, lands and wildlife, 7th floor, o. s. longman building, 6909 - 116th st. , edmonton, alberta t6h 4p2 .\nthe most common horned lizard in the western deserts is aptly named the desert horned lizard (phrynosoma platyrhinos) consisting of two subspecies: the northern (p. p. platyrhinos) which inhabits the great basin desert, and the southern (p. p. calidiarum) which inhabits the sonoran and mojave deserts including a finger of the east coast of northern baja california .\na species of conservation concern in missouri, the texas horned lizard once lived in several southwestern counties, but it is now limited to just a few counties bordering with kansas, oklahoma, and arkansas .\npowell, g. l. and a. p. russell. 1991b. parturition and clutch characteristics of short - horned lizards (phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre) from alberta. canadian journal of zoology 69 (11): 2759 - 2764 .\n4. characteristics of life 1 - 3  1 - composed of cells: the pigmy short - horned lizard is a multi - celled organism.  2 - obtain energy: heterotrophic, carnivore, secondary consumer  3 - reproduction: sexual reproduction, internal fertilization, viviparous, eggs kept in mother until she gives birth to young live. and repeat !\na stocky, short - tailed lizard with several large “horns” protruding from the back of the head. generally tan, grayish brown, or reddish brown, with brown spots on the back. the scales on the limbs, sides, and tail are large and pointed, and the head is heavily armored with large scales, some modified to form hornlike projections. they are harmless and never try to bite. they defend themselves by puffing up their bodies with air to look larger, or they can eject a small amount of blood from the inner corners of each eye to confuse a predator .\npowell, g. l. and a. p. russell. 1998. the status of short - horned lizards (phrynosoma douglasi) and (p. hernandezi) in canada. canadian field naturalist 112 (1): 1 - 16 .\nzamudio, k. r. , k. b. jones, and r. h. ward. 1997. molecular systematics of short - horned lizards: biogeography and taxonomy of a widespread species complex. systematic biology 46: 284 - 305 .\nto the uninitiated, their dragon - like appearance is quite formidable. the squat form and head armor has given rise to the name\nhornytoad ,\nhorned toad\nhorned frog\nand\nhorned lizards .\nhowever, since there is a true toad with horns, it is best that we speak of this genus as the\nhorned lizards .\nto avoid being picked up by the head or neck, a horned lizard ducks or elevates its head and orients its cranial horns straight up, or back. if a predator tries to take it by the body, the lizard drives that side of its body down into the ground so the predator cannot easily get its lower jaw underneath .\na lizard that specializes in eating ants naturally helps to limit their populations. meanwhile, the pointy defensive scales and blood - squirting behaviors are ways this lizard tries to survive attacks from its predators, such as coyotes, foxes, and predatory birds .\nhorned lizards are found only in the western portions of the united states. there are 13 recognized\nthis species is also known - - erroneously - - as a horny toad or horned toad .\npowell, g. l. and a. p. russell. 1996b. short - horned lizards (phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre) in grasslands national park: a report on the 1995 field season. unpublished report, parks canada, val marie, sk. 74pp .\notherwise, horned lizards are most often found near harvester ant hills. although they prefer to move very little, horned lizards can move quite fast if they feel a predator is in the area, and dart into thick grass and foliage to escape. horned lizards are also excellent diggers, and can\npowell, g. l. and a. p. russell. 1994b. movement, thermal ecology, seasonal activity, and overwintering behavior in an alberta population of the eastern short - horned lizard (phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre). a report submitted to alberta environmental protection, fish and wildlife division, 7th floor, o. s. longman building, 6909 - 116th st. , edmonton, alberta t6h 4p2\npowell, g. l. and a. p. russell. 1993b. a radiotelemetric study of movement and thermal ecology in an alberta population of the eastern short - horned lizard (phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre). a report submitted to the fish and wildlife branch, alberta forestry, lands and wildlife, 7th floor, o. s. longman building, 6909 - 116th st. , edmonton, alberta t6h 4p2 .\nthe texas horned lizard is a sunbather, and requires bright sunlight to produce vitamin d. deprived of sunlight, the animal is unable to produce vitamin d and can suffer from vitamin deficiency. so, horned lizards are most often found along the side of roads or other open, rocky areas, where they can lounge and take in sunlight .\npowell, g. l. and a. p. russell. 1994a. a radiotelemetric study of movement, thermal ecology, and hibernation site selection in an alberta population of the eastern short - horned lizard (phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre). a report submitted to alberta environmental protection, fish and wildlife division, 7th floor, o. s. longman building, 6909 - 116th st. , edmonton, alberta t6h 4p2 .\nthe texas horned lizard (phrynosoma cornutum) is one of about 14 north american species of spikey - bodied reptiles called horned lizards. p. cornutum ranges from colorado and kansas to northern mexico (in the sonoran desert), and from southeastern arizona to texas. [ 2 ] also, isolated, introduced populations are found in the carolinas, georgia, and northern florida. [ 3 ] texas horned lizards may also be native to louisiana [ 4 ] and arkansas. [ 5 ]\nthis species offers several marvels for human observers. it can squirt blood from its eyes as a defense, and it can also collect rainwater from its back: when it rains, the lizard raises its back, and water is channeled toward the head; the lizard drinks the water as it collects .\nchandler, j. d. 1965. horned toad record. the blue jay 23 (2): 92 .\nhorned lizards can have an intimidating appearance because of the hornlike spines on the back of the head and sides of its body, but they are actually docile and gentle in nature. when a horned lizard feels threatened, it flattens and freezes in place, trying to blend with the ground (it can also spray an intruder with blood from the corners of its eyes in defense) .\nthis species is an ant specialist, feeding primarily on harvester ants. after a good bask to warm in the sun, it will dart along in short bursts gulping down ants as they pass by .\nphrynosoma (uta, horned lizard, gecko) is prey of: pseuderemias red racer pituophis crotalus buteo jamaicensis geococcyx velox based on studies in: usa: arizona, sonora desert (desert or dune) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\ndespite its fierce appearance, texas horned lizards are extremely docile creatures. since they have very few natural predators, they are not at all aggressive. captured horned lizards lie completely limp in a human' s hand or pocket, playing dead, so they made excellent pets before they were threatened. today, in texas, it is illegal to disturb or keep this lizard without a state permit .\nsherbrooke, w. c. (2000). sceloporus jarrovii (yarrow’s spiny lizard). ocular sinus bleeding .\nherpetological review\n31: 243 .\nin fort worth, texas. tcu is the only known athletic team with the\nhorned frog\nas a mascot .\nnero, r. w. 1957. records of the horned toad in saskatchewan. blue jay 15: 119 - 120 .\nphrynosoma (uta, horned lizard, gecko) preys on: coleoptera ground invertebrates hymenoptera leaves pogonomyrmex atta based on studies in: usa: arizona (forest, montane) usa: arizona, sonora desert (desert or dune) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\nsherbrooke, wade c. 2003. introduction to horned lizards of north america. university of california press, berkeley, 178 pp .\nmiddendorf iii, g. a. ; sherbrooke, w. c. & braun, e. j. (2001): comparison of blood squirted from the circumorbital sinus and systemic blood in a horned lizard, phrynosoma cornutum. the southwestern naturalist. , 46 (3): 384 - 387 .\nnotice this unique species of horned lizards is only found in these general areas, which is shown on the left in this regional map .\n. when threatened, their first defense is to remain still to avoid detection. if approached too closely, they generally run in short bursts and stop abruptly to confuse the predator' s visual acuity. if this fails, they puff up their bodies to cause them to appear more horned and larger, so that they are more difficult to swallow. at least eight species (\nsherbrooke, w. c. , e. beltran - sanchez, f. mendoza - quijano, b. baur, and g. a. middendorf, iii. 2004. is there an antipredator blood - squirting defense in the bull horned lizard, phrynosoma taurus? herpetological review 35 (4): 345 - 347 .\nsome native american peoples regard horned lizards as sacred. the animal is a common motif in native american art in the southwestern united states and mexico .\nblood - filled sinuses within the eye sockets of horned toads squirt blood at predators after a rapid increase in pressure breaks the sinuses' thin walls .\nzamudio, k. r. 1996. ecological, evolutionary, and applied aspects of lizard life histories. ph. d. dissertation. university of washington, seattle, wa. 167 p .\nnieto - montes de oca, adrián; diego arenas - moreno, elizabeth beltrán - sánchez, and adam d. leaché 2014. a new species of horned lizard (genus phrynosoma) from guerrero, méxico, with an updated multilocus phylogeny. herpetologica jun 2014, vol. 70, no. 2: 241 - 257. - get paper here\nhorny toads are not frogs or toads, but a type of reptile? a lizard. like all reptiles, horned lizards depend primarily on their environment to control their body temperature? and they like it hot! most horned lizards live in the desert or semi - arid environments. they are often seen basking in the morning sun on a summer day. even so, they are susceptible to over heating, so as the day gets warmer the lizards move into the shade and may even go to under ground .\ncolor is light gray, tan, brownish, beige, or whitish above, matching the sand and soil. there is a dark stripe down the middle of the back and usually dark spots running down each side of the stripe. (this is the only horned lizard with a dark stripe on the back .) the underside is white with no markings .\n11. current status  in b. c. the and the species pygmy short - horned dragon are currently red listed (extirpated).  the squamata order is one of the largest orders with over 9, 00 species. containing all lizards and snakes ex. european wall lizards (only on vancouver island) and mountain horned dragon (mainly asia). (no record for estimated amount in b. c. , only areas on sightings .)  the worldwide status extirpated located in great basin, n california to nevada through e oregon and washington and most of s and e idaho and extreme s central bc\nresearch aimed at preservation has revealed the texas horned lizard is extremely genetically diverse, and isolated pockets of genetically distinct subspecies have been found throughout texas. though each of these subspecies is physically identical to all other subspecies, they are likely specifically adapted for the region in which they are found. this makes it difficult to know how one subspecies would survive if it were reintroduced into a new area .\n5. characteristics of life 4 - 7  4 - response to environment: digs burrows in the ground to blend in and uses sit and wait hunting method for prey (insects), vegetation for basking and shade, sand to hide in and shade.  5 - homeostatsis: ectotherm: uses and burns energy to increase and decrease temperature. ex. eexcretion of waste, scales and shedding, sticking their tongue out to drink water, baking in the sun to raise temp, shading to lower temp.  6 - growth and development: on average grow 5. 1 to 12. 7 cm in snout to vent length, females grow larger then males, sexual maturity reached at age 3 (female)  7 - adaptation to environment: flat body, short legs, short tail, ability to lose tail in escape, can run quickly for short distances, can inflate to 2x size .\nmontanucci, r. r. 1979. notes on systematics of horned lizards allied to phrynosoma orbiculare (lacertilia: iguanidae). herpetologica 35 (2): 116 - 124 .\ntexas horned lizards eat small insects, primarily ants. this diet is difficult for most keepers to reproduce for their charges in captivity; one lizard may eat thousands of ants per day! this obstacle has kept them from becoming mainstays in the pet trade, although recently well - acclimated captive - bred offspring are showing promise for faring better. water is obtained mostly from dew and rain drops lapped off plants and their own bodies .\nthe historic range of this lizard is throughout most of the colorado desert from the coachella valley south through the imperial valley and west into the anza - borrego desert, south to extreme ne baja california, extreme sw arizona and nw sonora, mexico .\npianka, e. r. , and w. s. parker. 1975. ecology of horned lizards: a review with special reference to phrynosoma platyrhinos copeia 1975: 141 - 162 .\nhorned lizards have many characteristics which distinguish them from other lizards. the most obvious characteristic is their body shape. they lack the sleek tubular body shape that most lizards. instead thy have a wide, flatten form which is well adapted for camouflage and their burrowing habits. horned lizards are noticeably spiny, with a crown of horns adorning the back of their heads and various spines on their bodies .\npianka, e. r. and w. s. parker. 1975. ecology of horned lizards: a review with special reference to phrynosoma platyrhinos. copeia 1975 (1): 141 - 162 .\nthe most numerous and widespread subspecies of texas horned lizard is found in the panhandle region of texas. other distinct subspecies have been identified in east texas, the hill country, and along the coastline. it is not known whether these subspecies can reproduce with one another over the long term, making preservation of all of the subspecies even more crucial to the animals' preservation. it is also unknown whether any of these subspecies will show a particular resistance to the pesticides and fire ants threatening them .\nsherbrooke, w. c. & middendorf iii, g. a. (2001): blood - squirting variability in horned lizards (phrynosoma). copeia. , 2001 (4): 1114 - 1122 .\nmeyers, j. j. ; herrel, a. & nishikawa, k. 2006. morphological correlates of ant eating in horned lizards (phrynosoma). biological journal of the linnean society 89: 13–24 - get paper here\nphillips, j. a. and h. j. harlow. 1981. elevation of upper voluntary temperatures after shielding the parietal eye of horned lizards (phrynosoma douglassi). herpetologica 37 (4): 199 - 205 .\nprieto, a. a. , jr. and w. g. whitford. 1971. physiological responses to temperature in the horned lizards, phrynosoma cornutum and phrynosoma douglassii. copeia 1971 (3): 498 - 504 .\neats mostly ants, especially harvester ants, and occasionally other small invertebrates. although horned lizards may be desirable pets, captive animals normally do not live very long due to the difficulties of feeding them a proper diet of ants .\nadam d. leache, jimmy a. mcguire. phylogenetic relationships of horned lizards (phrynosoma) based on nuclear and mitochondrial data: evidence for a misleading mitochondrial gene tree. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 39 (2006) 628–644 .\nreeder, t. w. and r. r. montanucci. 2001. phylogenetic analysis of the horned lizards (phrynosomatidae: phrynosoma): evidence from mitochondrial dna and morphology. copeia 2001 (2): 309 - 323 .\nphillips, j. a. , h. j. harlow, and c. l. ralph. 1980. set - point shifts of behavioral thermoregulation in horned lizards after parietal eye manipulation. american zoologist 20 (4): 732 .\nreeder, t. w. & montanucci, r. r. 2001. phylogenetic analysis of the horned lizards (phrynomomatidae: phrynosoma): evidence from mitochondrial dna and morphology. copeia 2001 (2): 309 - 323 - get paper here\ntexas horned lizards live in dry, open habitats with sparse vegetation and sandy or loose soil and an abundance of rocks. they are sometimes seen along the edges of dirt or gravel roads. best observed on sunny mornings, when they bask in open areas .\nleache, a. d. and j. a. mcguire. 2006. phylogenetic relationships of horned lizards (phrynosoma) based on nuclear and mitochondrial data: evidence for a misleading mitochondrial gene tree .\nmolecular phylogenetics and evolution\n39: 628 - 644 .\nleaché, adam d. and jimmy a. mcguire 2006. phylogenetic relationships of horned lizards (phrynosoma) based on nuclear and mitochondrial data: evidence for a misleading mitochondrial gene tree. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 39 (3): 628 - 644 - get paper here\nhorned lizards are morphologically similar to the australian thorny devil (moloch horridus), but are only distantly related. they also have other similarities, such as being sit - and - wait predators and preying upon ants, so the two groups are considered a great example of convergent evolution .\nsherbrooke, w. c. & middendorf iii, g. a. (2004): responses of kit foxes (vulpes macrotis) to antipredator blood - squirting and blood of texas horned lizards (phrynosoma cornutum). copeia. , 2004 (3): 652 - 658 .\ni released several texas horned lizards on our 10 acre property in dequeen, arkansas around 1975. they came from gillespie county (fredericksburg) texas. they were thriving & reproducing when we left there in 1978. we spotted several juveniles that obviously weren' t part of the original bunch of transplants. i live in fredericksburg, tx these days & haven' t seen a\nhorny toad\nin about 15 years. it' s probably the only lizard species that is in decline here. i regret ever taking any of them. catch & release was always the rule of thumb & this was probably the only time i relocated animals away from their original home .\nphrynosoma - greek - phrynos - toad and soma - body - refers to the squat, toad - like appearance mcallii - honors col. george a. m' call of the u. s. army who collected the lizard in the 1850' s. from scientific and common names of the reptiles and amphibians of north america - explained © ellin beltz (and sherbrooke 2003 )\n' s first defense is to remain still and hope it avoids detection. if it is approached too closely and is forced to move, it generally runs in short bursts and stops abruptly, hoping to confuse the predator' s visual acuity. if this fails, it will puff up its body to cause its spiny scales to protrude, making it appear larger and more difficult to swallow. at least four species also have the ability to squirt an aimed stream of blood from the corners of the eyes for a distance of up to 3 feet. the\nwhen threatened, this lizard is capable of running away very quickly. it will often stop and quickly bury itself in loose sand to hide, or sometimes it will run under a low bush or into a rodent burrow. its main defense is remaining motionless using its cryptic coloring to blend into the background and make it difficult to see. it will crouch down low to prevent shadows that could make it easier to see, and sit still to avoid detection .\na medium - sized flat - bodied lizard with a wide oval - shaped body and enlarged pointed scales on the upper body and tail. the tail is long and flattened. the back skin is smooth with small spines. 8 horns extend from the back of the head. the two central horns are long, slender and sharp. long and narrow spines on the lower jaw and two rows of fringe scales on the sides of the body, the bottom row scales smaller than the upper .\npopularly called ‘horned toads’ due to their squat appearance, these unusual members of the iguana family occupy a special ecological niche. their flat, mottled shape makes them very cryptic against sand and gravel as their numerous spines break up the outline of their bodies. the spines are also useful for repelling the mouths of predators, particularly when they puff full of air to make themselves larger .\noriginal file name: roundtail and desrt horned lizards. jpg resolution: 600x545 file size: 102295 bytes date: 2005: 06: 07 11: 07: 14 camera: dcr - trv740 (sony) f number: f / 1. 6 exposure: 1 / 60 sec focal length: 33 / 10 upload time: 2007: 09: 19 17: 29: 33\nthe best set - up in a vivarium would be an open ground environment with minimal cage furniture. a basking lamp should let one end of the enclosure get over 100 degrees fahrenheit so they can thermoregulate under it and keep their temperature where they want it to be all day. texas horned lizards are strictly day - active on the surface and do not require limbs to climb. keep handling down until newly acquired pets have thoroughly become accustomed to life in your cage .\n2. breif discription  scientific name: animalia chordata reptilia squamata phrynosomatidae phrynosoma  extirpated in b. c. canda  pigmy s. h. d. is the bc species, pygmy s. h. d. elsewhere in the world.  unifying characteristics of the order squamata include horned scales and movable jaw bone, cold - blooded carnivore that sheds it’s skin and mood is effected by temperature.  from sub order iguania  primary consumer others in the genus\ndiurnal. adapted to hot dry environments. can be active in very hot weather. able to run very quickly. does not squirt blood from eyes in defense like other horned lizards. population density is low and individuals have a relatively large home range. most adults apparently hibernate in the winter, but juveniles may remain active all year. most adults emerge in april, but some have been observed emerging in february and march. they do not aestivate in summer, but they will retreat into shallow burrows or rapidly shuffle from side to side to burrow into the sand in order to avoid extreme heat and cold .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nthe specimen was scanned by matthew colbert on 27 may 2003 along the coronal axis for a total of 702 slices, each slice 0. 0313 mm thick with an interslice spacing of 0. 0313 mm .\nfrost, d. r. , and r. etheridge. 1989. a phylogenetic analysis and taxonomy of iguanian lizards (reptilia: squamata). university of kansas museum of natural history miscellaneous publication 81 .\nsmith, h. m. 1946. handbook of lizards: lizards of the united states and of canada. comstock publishing co. , ithaca, new york .\nto cite this page: dr. wendy hodges, 2003 ,\nphrynosoma braconnieri\n( on - line), digital morphology. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright © 2018 horny toad connection. powered by zen cart customized by hare do hosted by jeandret\nmexico (exreme southern edge of the central meican plateau; semiarid portions of puebla and oaxaca). type locality: oaxaca\nnamed after séraphin braconnier (1812 - 1844), who worked in the natural history museum in paris. see bour & brygoo 2013 for biographical details .\nbocourt, m. e. 1873. in: a. duméril, m. f. bocourt, and f. mocquard, (1870 - 1909), etudes sur les reptiles, p. i - xiv; in recherches zoologiques pour servir a l' histoire de ia faune de l' amérique centrale et du mexique. mission scientifique au mexique et dans l' amérique ce imprimerie impériale, paris, livr. 2 - 15, pp. 33 - 860. - get paper here\nboulenger, g. a. 1885. catalogue of the lizards in the british museum (natural history). vol. 2, second edition. london, xiii + 497 pp. - get paper here\nbour, roger & édouard - raoul brygoo 2013. séraphin braconnier (1812 - 1884), le premier «garçon de laboratoire» de la chaire des reptiles et poissons du muséum de paris. bull. soc. herp. france 148: 503 - 513\ncasas - andreu, g. , f. r. méndez - de la cruz and x. aguilar - miguel. 2004. anfibios y reptiles; pp. 375–390, in a. j. m. garcía - mendoza, j. ordoñez and m. briones - salas (ed .). biodiversidad de oaxaca. instituto de biología, unam - fondo oaxaqueño para la conservación de la naturaleza - world wildlife fund, méxico, d. f .\nduméril, m. a. ; m. f. bocourt, and f. mocquard 1870. etudes sur les reptiles, p. i - xiv, 1 - 1012. in: recherches zoologiques pour servir a l' histoire de ia faune de l' amérique centrale et du mexique. mission scientifique au mexique et dans l' amérique centrale, recherches zoologiques. imprimerie imper. , paris (published in parts1870 - 1909) - get paper here\ngentry, a. f. 1885. a review of the genus phrynosoma. proc. acad. nat. sci. philad. (ser. 3) 37: 138 - 148 - get paper here\nliner, ernest a. 2007. a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of mexico. louisiana state university occasional papers of the museum of natural science 80: 1 - 60 - get paper here\nmata - silva, vicente, jerry d. johnson, larry david wilson and elí garcía - padilla. 2015. the herpetofauna of oaxaca, mexico: composition, physiographic distribution, and conservation status. mesoamerican herpetology 2 (1): 6–62 - get paper here\npavón - vázquez, carlos j. and mariángel arvizu - meza. 2016. phrynosoma braconnieri duméril & bocourt, 1870. behavior. mesoamerican herpetology 3 (3): 727\nsmith, hobart m. 1934. notes on some lizards of the genus phrynosoma from mexico. transactions of the kansas academy of science 37: 287 - 297 - get paper here\nsmith, h. m. & taylor, e. h. 1950. an annotated checklist and key to the reptiles of mexico exclusive of the snakes. bull. us natl. mus. 199: 1 - 253 - get paper here\ntrujillo–caballero, s. & j. a. gonzález–oreja 2018. efficient vs. structured biodiversity inventories: reptiles in a mexican dry scrubland as a case study animal biodiversity and conservation 41. 2 (2018) 245 - get paper here\nwerning, h. 2014. krötenechsen – eine (sehr gute) laune der natur. reptilia (münster) 19 (107): 16 - 23\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz (database content) and jakob hallermann, zoological museum hamburg (new species and updates) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nfind local mdc conservation agents, consultants, education specialists, and regional offices .\nthe favorite food is ants, though other insects and spiders are also eaten. because of its specialized diet and need for high temperatures, this species is difficult to keep in captivity .\nthis species is active all day, as long as the sun is out and the temperature high. they’re active from april to september. when inactive, they seek shelter just below the soil surface. after courtship, about 20 eggs are laid in loose soil, and incubation can last up to two months. hatchlings are only about 1¼ inches long .\nmissouri’s herptiles comprise 43 amphibians and 75 reptiles. amphibians, including salamanders, toads, and frogs, are vertebrate animals that spend at least part of their life cycle in water. they usually have moist skin, lack scales or claws, and are ectothermal (cold - blooded), so they do not produce their own body heat the way birds and mammals do. reptiles, including turtles, lizards, and snakes, are also vertebrates, and most are ectothermal, but unlike amphibians, reptiles have dry skin with scales, the ones with legs have claws, and they do not have to live part of their lives in water .\nwe protect and manage the fish, forest, and wildlife of the state. we facilitate and provide opportunity for all citizens to use, enjoy, and learn about these resources .\nfemales it is 114 mm (4. 5 in). [ 7 ]\nthis not only confuses would - be predators, but also the blood is mixed with a chemical that is foul - tasting to canine predators such as wolves, coyotes, and domestic dogs. this novel behavior is observed to be very effective in defense .\nin addition, the dallas zoo and houston zoo are currently working to establish a captive colony [ 12 ] of animals with several key reproductive successes taking place in 2015 .\ni love my bobble head! it' s on my dash board and agrees or ...\ntheir colors are pleasing. the back and head are soft desert gray. the markings are in pastel shades of tan, brown, red or yellow. the underparts are pale, yellowish gray. the overall colors are generally close to the predominant color of the soil. color changes from light to dark (or reverse) can occur within a few hours .\n. they range from arkansas to the pacific coast, and from british columbia south to guatemala. these lizards are creatures of hot, dry, sandy environments for the most part .\nsome of the species inhabit the deserts proper where the sun, beating on the arid landscape, produces ground heat that is almost unbearable to humans. others enter mountainous areas and are found as high as 10, 000 feet .\nusing personal observations and reviewing literature that summarize the breeding, overwintering, or migratory habitat requirements of each species (dobkin 1992, hart et al. 1998, hutto and young 1999, maxell 2000, foresman 2012, adams 2003, and werner et al. 2004) ;\ncalculating the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of montana covered by each ecological system to get a measure of\nobservations versus availability of habitat\n.\nspecies that breed in montana were only evaluated for breeding habitat use, species that only overwinter in montana were only evaluated for overwintering habitat use, and species that only migrate through montana were only evaluated for migratory habitat use. in general, species were listed as associated with an ecological system if structural characteristics of used habitat documented in the literature were present in the ecological system or large numbers of point observations were associated with the ecological system. however, species were not listed as associated with an ecological system if there was no support in the literature for use of structural characteristics in an ecological system ,\npoint observations were associated with that system. common versus occasional association with an ecological system was assigned based on the degree to which the structural characteristics of an ecological system matched the preferred structural habitat characteristics for each species as represented in scientific literature. the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of montana covered by each ecological system was also used to guide assignment of common versus occasional association. if you have any questions or comments on species associations with ecological systems, please contact the montana natural heritage program' s senior zoologist .\nspecies associations with ecological systems should be used to generate potential lists of species that may occupy broader landscapes for the purposes of landscape - level planning. these potential lists of species should not be used in place of documented occurrences of species (this information can be requested at :\n) or systematic surveys for species and evaluations of habitat at a local site level by trained biologists. users of this information should be aware that the land cover data used to generate species associations is based on imagery from the late 1990s and early 2000s and was only intended to be used at broader landscape scales. land cover mapping accuracy is particularly problematic when the systems occur as small patches or where the land cover types have been altered over the past decade. thus, particular caution should be used when using the associations in assessments of smaller areas (e. g. , evaluations of public land survey sections). finally, although a species may be associated with a particular ecological system within its known geographic range, portions of that ecological system may occur outside of the species' known geographic range .\nadams, r. a. 2003. bats of the rocky mountain west; natural history, ecology, and conservation. boulder, co: university press of colorado. 289 p .\ndobkin, d. s. 1992. neotropical migrant land birds in the northern rockies and great plains. usda forest service, northern region. publication no. r1 - 93 - 34. missoula, mt .\nforesman, k. r. 2012. mammals of montana. second edition. mountain press publishing, missoula, montana. 429 pp .\nhart, m. m. , w. a. williams, p. c. thornton, k. p. mclaughlin, c. m. tobalske, b. a. maxell, d. p. hendricks, c. r. peterson, and r. l. redmond. 1998. montana atlas of terrestrial vertebrates. montana cooperative wildlife research unit, university of montana, missoula, mt. 1302 p .\nhutto, r. l. and j. s. young. 1999. habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region, usda forest service, rocky mountain research station rmrs - gtr - 32. 72 p .\nmaxell, b. a. 2000. management of montana' s amphibians: a review of factors that may present a risk to population viability and accounts on the identification, distribution, taxonomy, habitat use, natural history, and the status and conservation of individual species. report to u. s. forest service region 1. missoula, mt: wildlife biology program, university of montana. 161 p .\nwerner, j. k. , b. a. maxell, p. hendricks, and d. flath. 2004. amphibians and reptiles of montana. missoula, mt: mountain press publishing company. 262 p .\ncope, e. d. 1879. a contribution to the zoology of montana. american naturalist 13 (7): 432 - 441 .\ndood, a. r. 1980. terry badlands nongame survey and inventory final report. montana department of fish, wildlife, and parks and bureau of land management, helena, mt. 70 pp .\nhammerson, g. a. 1999. amphibians and reptiles in colorado. university press of colorado & colorado division of wildlife. denver, co. 484 p .\nhendricks, p. 1999. amphibian and reptile survey of the bureau of land management miles city district, montana. montana natural heritage program, helena, mt. 80 p .\nmaxell, b. a. , j. k. werner, p. hendricks, and d. l. flath. 2003. herpetology in montana: a history, status summary, checklists, dichotomous keys, accounts for native, potentially native, and exotic species, and indexed bibliography. society for northwestern vertebrate biology, northwest fauna number 5. olympia, wa. 135 p .\nmosimann, j. e. and g. b. rabb. 1952. the herpetology of tiber reservoir area, montana. copeia (1): 23 - 27 .\nnussbaum, r. a. , e. d. brodie, jr. and r. m. storm. 1983. amphibians and reptiles of the pacific northwest. university of idaho press. moscow, id. 332 pp .\nrussell, a. p. and a. m. bauer. 1993. the amphibians and reptiles of alberta. university of calgary press. calgary, alberta. 264 p .\nst. john, a. d. 2002. reptiles of the northwest: california to alaska, rockies to the coast. lone pine publishing, renton, wa. 272 p .\nstebbins, r. c. 2003. a field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. 3rd edition. houghton mifflin company, boston and new york. 533 p .\n[ oea ] olson elliot and associates research. 1985. 1983 - 1984 wildlife monitoring report for the cx ranch project. olson elliot and associates research. helena, mt .\n[ presi ] powder river eagle studies incorporated. 1998b. spring creek mine 1997 wildlife monitoring studies. powder river eagle studies incorporated. gillete, wy .\n[ usfws ] us fish and wildlife service. 1994. endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; animal candidate review for listing as endangered or threatened species. federal register 59 (219): 58982 - 59028 .\n[ vtnwi ] vtn wyoming incorporated. no date. second year' s analysis of terrestrial wildlife on proposed mine access and railroad routes in southern montana and northern wyoming, march 1979 - february 1980. vtn wyoming incorporated. sheridan, wy. 62 p .\n[ wesco ] western ecological services company. 1983b. wildlife inventory of the southwest circle known recoverable coal resource area, montana. western ecological services company, novato, ca. 131 p .\nallen, j. a. 1874. notes on the natural history of portions of dakota and montana territories, being the substance of a report to the secretary of war on the collections made by the north pacific railroad expedition of 1873. proceedings of the boston society of natural history. pp. 68 - 70 .\nbaxter, g. t. and m. d. stone. 1985. amphibians and reptiles of wyoming. second edition. wyoming game and fish department. cheyenne, wy. 137 p .\nbenson, k. r. 1978. herpetology of the lewis and clark expedition 1804 - 1806. herpetological review 9 (3): 87 - 91 .\nbrunson, r. b. 1955. check list of the amphibians and reptiles of montana. proceedings of the montana academy of sciences 15: 27 - 29 .\nbureau of indian affairs, department of the interior. 1981. draft environmental impact statement. unpublished report for the crow / shell coal lease, crow indian reservation, montana .\nburroughs, r. d. 1961. natural history of the lewis and clark expedition. michigan state university press, east lansing. 340 p .\ncarlson, j. (coordinator, montana animal species of concern committee). 2003. montana animal species of concern. helena, mt: montana natural heritage program and montana fish, wildlife, and parks. in press. 12p." ]

{ "text": [ "the short-tailed horned lizard ( phrynosoma braconnieri ) is an uncommon species of horned lizard endemic to mexico .", "it has a very distinct , shortened tail , which is sometimes not apparent . " ], "topic": [ 25, 23 ] }

[ "the short-tailed horned lizard (phrynosoma braconnieri) is an uncommon species of horned lizard endemic to mexico. it has a very distinct, shortened tail, which is sometimes not apparent." ]

[ "helvibotys pucilla is a moth in the crambidae family. [ 1 ] it is found in guatemala, [ 2 ] costa rica, mexico (veracruz) and the united states, where it has been recorded from kentucky, oklahoma and texas\nthis species is known only from females. there is another species, known only from males called helvibotys subcostalis munroe, which is solid orange, with no black. these are probably the same species, which if it can be proven by rearing, would be h. pucilla (the older name). i think yours is a female, but please check .\nthere is a second similar species, helvibotys freemani munroe, which is orange with thin black marginal bands in the male on both wings, thicker bands in the female, which also has a black tipped abdomen. h. freemani is fairly common at times in southern texas. h. pucilla is quite rare, known from texas, louisiana, and now, oklahoma .\naw shucks... you just beat me bob. i was searching for info on this rare little pyralid beauty, and ya beat me to the punch. the only thing i can add is it has also been listed under genus filodes. there is an illustration (figure # 27) here on this druce plate { from: herbert druce, insecta: lepidoptera - heterocera, 1881 - 1900 } under filodes pucilla .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndruce. h. 1900 biologia centrali - americana. insecta. lepidoptera - heterocera. 2: 263\nadult illustration [ fig. 27 ] taken from this page (smithsonian institution libraries )\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\njohn nelson collected this little guy in bixby, ok about 20 years ago. until monday, when i collected one at tnc' s keystone ancient forest preserve west of tulsa, it was the only one he had ever seen. we' ve looked repeatly on the web and in all his reference materials and have drawn a blank. it has a semblance to a eudesmia species but doesn' t match any that i' ve found. both were collected at black lights. any help or suggestions would be appreciated .\nand ed and john and j. d. image moved from id request to new species page .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\nthe moths of america north of mexico - fascicle 13. 2a - pyralidae: pyraustinae\ncontributed by maury j. heiman on 30 may, 2011 - 2: 42pm\nthe moths of america north of mexico. fascicle 13. 2b. pyraloidea, pyralidae (part), pyraustinae, pyraustini (conclusion) ...\ncontributed by maury j. heiman on 1 january, 2011 - 2: 56pm\nkearfott, w. d. 1909. descriptions of new species of north american crambid moths. proceedings of the united states national museum 35: 367 - 393 .\na generic revision of the aquatic moths of north america: (lepidoptera: pyralidae, nymphulinae) .\nsolis m. a. , 2009. transfer of all western hemisphere cybalomiinae to other subfamilies (crambidae pyraloidea: lepidoptera): elusia schaus, dichochroma forbes, schacontia dyar, cybalomia extorris warren, and c. lojanalis (dognin). proceedings of the entomological society of washington. 111: 493–504 download at researchgate here\nstudies on the crambidae (lepidoptera). part 41. on some tropical crambidae with descriptions of new genera and species .\nnacoleia charesalis (walker, 1859) (pyraloidea: crambidae: spilomelinae) is a medium - sized brown moth with a native range from the southeast asian tropics to northern australia. it was first detected in southern florida, usa, in 2012 and known to be spreading rapidly northward. it resembles some native north american pyraustine species. this paper summarizes its current distribution, diagnostic characters and known behavior. download pdf here\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nthe wingspan is 15–18 mm. the fore - and hindwings of the males are uniform brownish yellow. [ 3 ] the male forewings are black in the basal quarter and the distal half, leaving a broad yellow band in the median area. the hindwings are yellow, except for a broad black terminal band. adults have been recorded on wing from may to august. [ 4 ]\nthis page was last edited on 17 april 2018, at 22: 14 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation." ]

{ "text": [ "helvibotys pucilla is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it is found in guatemala , costa rica , mexico ( veracruz ) and the united states , where it has been recorded from kentucky , oklahoma and texas the wingspan is 15 – 18 mm .", "the fore - and hindwings of the males are uniform brownish yellow .", "the male forewings are black in the basal quarter and the distal half , leaving a broad yellow band in the median area .", "the hindwings are yellow , except for a broad black terminal band .", "adults have been recorded on wing from may to august . " ], "topic": [ 2, 9, 1, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "helvibotys pucilla is a moth in the crambidae family. it is found in guatemala, costa rica, mexico (veracruz) and the united states, where it has been recorded from kentucky, oklahoma and texas the wingspan is 15 – 18 mm. the fore - and hindwings of the males are uniform brownish yellow. the male forewings are black in the basal quarter and the distal half, leaving a broad yellow band in the median area. the hindwings are yellow, except for a broad black terminal band. adults have been recorded on wing from may to august." ]

[ "on the skin of the common toad can range from black to green to yellow. the skin of the common toad, as with other toad\nthe common toad is a widespread amphibian found throughout britain. common toads are absent from ireland .\nare the primary source of food for the common toad, as they are caught when in the air by the long sticky tongue of the common toad. the common toad also feasts on other\na common toad (bufo bufo) pair in amplexus from the study area in norway. the common toad is common along the norwegian coast up to the dønna island in nordland county .\nless than three million years ago during the pleistocene. very occasionally the common toad hybridizes with the natterjack toad (\nthe common toad was also spotted 324ft (98m) down during the survey .\npredators such as hedgehogs and grass snakes are immune to the toxin of common toad .\ncommon toad produces toxin in skin that keeps predators on the safe distance. also, common toad urinates when it is in danger to eliminate excess water and gain extra speed .\ncommon toad is an amphibian that is also known as european toad because it is widely spread in the europe. common toad can be found in entire europe, except in northern scotland and on the mediterranean islands. this toad inhabits various habitats: grasslands, forests, swamps, marshes and urban areas. common toad requires water for reproduction and it always uses same breeding areas. main threat to the survival of common toad is habitat destruction (draining of wetlands). despite that, population of common toad is large and stable. common toads are not on the list of endangered species .\nthe common toad is most active in wet weather and is most commonly found in areas close to water such as woodlands, forests, marshes and meadows. the common toad is also a\ncommon toad can survive 20 - 40 years in the wild and over 50 years in captivity .\nbudzik ka, budzik km, żuwała k. amphibian situation in urban environment—history of the common toad\nthe common toad is in decline across much of the uk and needs better protection, say conservationists .\npeople appreciate voracious appetite and type of food consumed by common toad because it eliminates pests from their gardens .\ncommon toad is active during the night (nocturnal animal). peak of activity is usually at twilight .\nalthough the common toad is common and widespread in britain, it is likely that habitat loss, particularly the drainage of wetlands, has affected populations (6) .\nthe common toad (bufo bufo) is also known as the european toad. common toads are widespread in mainland britain, mainly england, scotland and wales, however, they are absent from ireland. common toads can also be found over most of europe, northwest africa and asia. common toads are britains largest and heaviest amphibians .\nreading cj. the relationship between body length, age and sexual maturity in the common toad, bufo bufo .\nin europe toad species producing bufotoxins are the common toad (bufo bufo) and green toad (bufo viridis). north american species producing bufotoxins are the american toad (bufo americanus), fowler' s toad (bufo fowleri), common toad (bufo vulgaris), gulf coast toad (bufo valliceps), oak toad (bufo quercicus) and colorado river toad (bufo alvarius). other toads producing bufotoxins are bufo arenarum, b blombergi and b marinus of south america, bufo asper, bufo formosus, and bufo melanostictus of asia, bufo peltocephalus of cuba and bufo regularis of africa .\nromero j, real r (1996) macroenvironmental factors as ultimate determinants of distribution of common toad and natterjack toad in the south of spain. ecography 19: 305–312 .\nthe predicted relative probability of common toad occurrence in garford, oxfordshire based on pit tag data collected between 2012 and 2013 .\ncommon toad has copper - colored eyes with horizontal pupils. it has long, sticky tongue and large mouth without teeth .\norton f, routledge e. agricultural intensity in ovo affects growth, metamorphic development and sexual differentiation in the common toad (\nor some areas of the mediterranean, the range of the common toad extends all the water to siberia and into northern africa .\nthe south - east of england has suffered the greatest declines in the common toad (bufo bufo), according to the research .\nreading cj. the effects of variantion in climatic temperature (1980–2001) on breeding activity and tadpoles stage duration in the common toad .\nespecially in the case of the colorado river toad and the giant toad, specialized treatment is vital to your dog’s survival .\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the common toad article in your website content, school work and other projects .\nthe annual life cycle of the common toad is divided into 3 periods: the winter sleep, the time of mating and feeding period .\ncommon toad is carnivore (meat - eater). its diet includes various insects, spiders, worms and occasionally small snakes and rodents .\nindividual variation in the development of the common toad, bufo bufo (anura, bufonidae): 2. diagnostic characters of the axial skeleton\ncommon toad hibernates during the winter months to avoid lack of food and prevent death out of freezing. hibernation usually lasts from october to march .\n) are typical mediterranean species and occur from the delta marshes to montélimar. common frog populations have decreased since the 1950s. the midwife toad (\nwe didn' t actually have enough data about common amphibians and this is why this data set is particularly interesting because it' s showing that common amphibians such as common toads have suffered quite profoundly in the last three decades .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - common toad (bufo bufo )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - common toad (bufo bufo )\ntitle =\narkive species - common toad (bufo bufo )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nreading cj, loman j, madsen t (1991) breeding pond fidelity in the common toad, bufo bufo. j zool 225: 201–211 .\npaul edgar, senior amphibian and reptile specialist from government conservation agency natural england, said the common toad was\nsadly on a downward trend\n.\ncommon toad can reach 4 to 7 inches in length and 0. 7 to 2. 8 ounces of weight. females are larger than males .\ncommon toad spends most of its life on the solid ground. it migrates toward the pond or some other habitat associated with water only to mate .\nindividual variation in the development of the common toad, bufo bufo (anura, bufonidae): 2. diagnostic characters of the axial skeleton | springerlink\ndescriptions of the experience of ingesting toad venom – my strong suggestion is to avoid this, for the sake of the toad and yourself .\na male common toad in amplexus with the much larger female. males often clasp a female on the way to the breeding ponds and hitch a ride .\nheusser h (1968) the behavior of the common toad bufo - bufo migration and summer habitat. rev suisse zool 75: 927–982. pmid: 5728696\nlatham dm (1997) the terrestrial habitat selection and utilisation by the common toad (bufo bufo l .) in agricultural landscapes: de montfort university .\nthe spawn of the common toad is easily distinguished from that of the common frog as it is laid in strings not clumps. closer examination shows that the spawn string contains a double row of eggs. toadlets metamorphose in june and july .\n). the former is usually smaller and has a yellow band running down its back while the latter has a distinctive mottled pattern. the paratoid glands of both are parallel rather than slanting as in the common toad. the common frog (\nwant to know how common toads look? take a look at these pictures here .\nthe life cycle of the common toad is similar to that of the common frog (rana temporaria). common toads begin to migrate to breeding ponds in autumn. the onset of cold weather stimulates hibernation, which takes place en route in abandoned rodent burrows or in leaf litter (2). migration then recommences in spring .\n, attacks adult common toads. it lays its eggs on the toad' s skin and when these hatch, the larvae crawl into the toad' s nostrils and eat its flesh internally with lethal consequences. the european fingernail clam (\nit’s worth noting that the bufo fowler’s toad (also known as the common toad) can also cause problems for dogs. since they’re found just about everywhere east of the mississippi river, this is the most common toad your dog is likely to come in contact with. although it’s smaller in size than the 2 venomous toads mentioned above, it too packs a powerful punch in the venom department !\nas is the case with so many species that have a large geographical range, the common toad is a variable animal, and a consequence of this variation is that a number of subspecies have been recognised; furthermore, distinct populations in various regions have been identified as distinct species, though not without controversy. the caucasian toad b. verrucosissimus (named in 1814) was generally regarded as a common toad subspecies until 1987, and today there’s a lot of uncertainty over its status relative to the common toad and to the giant toad b. spinosus, a form usually regarded as a b. bufo subspecies but raised by some authors to species status [ caucasian toad pair shown here, from nature of georgia ] .\ncommon toads often breed in the same water as the common frog (rana temporaria) and may be confused with them. at 8 to 13cm (3 - 5in) the toad is larger than the frog (6 - 9cm, 2. 5 - 3. 5in) which prefers to hop whereas the toad generally walks. the toad has a rounder snout than frogs when viewed from above and on close inspection, the warty skin of the toad identifies it from frogs .\nthe following habitats are found across the common toad distribution range. find out more about these environments, what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\nthe common toad (bufo bufo) can be found across europe and asia in a wide variety of habitats including woods, meadows and, of course, gardens .\ncommon toad moves by crawling on the ground (it does not jump like other frogs). it moves slowly, at the speed of 5 miles per hour .\nwhere to find common lizards, how to identify them, their lifecycle and protection status .\ndabagyan, n. v. and sleptsova, l. a. , the common frog\ndata from toad patrols - volunteers who move toads across busy roads - shows the toad population has fallen by more than two - thirds since the 1980s .\nsalazar rd (2014) the distribution and dispersion of herpetofauna in lowland farmland: with a focus on the common toad (bufo bufo) oxford: university of oxford .\nis a very common, nocturnally active species of toad. it is found throughout almost all of the united states east of the rocky mountains, and its range extends north into central canada and south into mexico. it abundantly occupies both natural and human modified habitats. its ubiquity has led to its informal designation as the “common toad. ”\ncommon toad sits and waits for the prey to appear and catches it using the factor of surprise (an ambush predator). it swallows the prey in one piece .\npickford d, jones a, velez - pelez a, et al. screening breeding ponds of the common toad in england and wales for evidence of endocrine disrupting activity .\ntoad venom toxicity is relatively common in dogs. being natural predators, it is common for dogs to catch toads in their mouths, thereby coming into contact with the toad' s toxin, which the toad releases when it feels threatened. this highly toxic defense chemical is most often absorbed through the oral cavity membrane, but it may also enter the eyes, causing vision problems. its effects are lethal if not treated immediately .\nas well as their cultural significance, they are also important in terms of the habitat they offer to species like the common toad - which is no longer common - and unusual plants like tassel stonewort. they also provide invertebrates for endangered species like lapwings to feed on .\nis active mainly in twilight. the activity in light time, common for the toads of the\nwhere to find common frogs, how to identify them, their lifecycle, and protection status .\n). destruction of wetlands is the most serious threat to amphibian populations. even common species like\ncommon toads winter in various holes in the ground, sometimes in basements, often in droves with other amphibians. rarely they spend the winter in flowing waters with the common frogs and green frogs .\n[ 1134 ] cvetkovic et al. (2009), bergmann’s rule in amphibians: combining demographic and ecological parameters to explain body size variation among populations in the common toad bufo bufo\n_ _ _ _ bd _ _ _ _ george orwell: ‘some thoughts on the common toad’ first published: tribune. — gb, london. — april 12, 1946 .\nas you can do. paralysis and death are some very real outcomes of toad licking. despite this high - end security system, toads do in fact get eaten quite often. their primary predators are snakes, many of whom subsist almost entirely on toads and are termed bufophagous snakes (or toad - eating snakes, after the common genus of toad\nalthough this species is generally common over much of its range, some localized declines have been observed .\nit is illegal to sell common toads under the wildlife and countryside act, 1981 (3) .\nthe 2 most common toads found in the u. s. that are dangerous to dogs are :\nmain threats related to human activities were indicated above. although a few populations of the common toad are able to survive even in cities, it has moderate possibilities for synanthropization: the toad is practically extinct from many large cities where many other amphibians are in relatively safe condition .\nin addition, planning policy statement 9 (pps9) states that planning authorities should ensure that species of principal importance, including the common toad, are protected from the adverse effects of development .\nchinese traditional medicine uses the bufotoxin extract from the skin of some asian toads as a variant of the common toad (bufo bufo gargarizans). in fact, bufotoxins are also employed in homeopathy .\nmythological toad. [ click for a larger image. ] illustration by khristine anja page .\nan interesting case of cardiotoxicity due to bufotoxin (toad toxin). - pubmed - ncbi\nhere’s what a colorado river toad sounds like. (video and more sounds here. )\na regular garden visitor, you may encounter the common toad during the warmer months in the uk from late february to early october. favouring woodlands and damp areas with plenty of cover. the common toad is generally more tolerant of dry habitat than the common frog. they may breed in garden ponds between february and march and individuals often use gardens as their summer habitat. spending the days in hollows in the ground, coming out after dark on warm damp evenings to feed on ants, slugs and earthworms .\nwhile the reckless but loveable mr toad in wind in the willows is a fan of motor cars, in real life common toads are vulnerable when crossing busy roads as they migrate to their breeding ponds .\nchris taklis added the greek common name\nφουρνιά\nto\nbufo bufo (linnaeus, 1758 )\n.\nchris taklis added the greek common name\nφουρνία\nto\nbufo bufo (linnaeus, 1758 )\n.\nchris taklis added the greek common name\nμπσιάκα\nto\nbufo bufo (linnaeus, 1758 )\n.\nchris taklis added the greek common name\nασκουβάζα\nto\nbufo bufo (linnaeus, 1758 )\n.\nchris taklis added the greek common name\nμπουσάκα\nto\nbufo bufo (linnaeus, 1758 )\n.\ndr petrovan said that conservation tends to be focussed on rare species, meaning more common species can get overlooked .\nwhere to find the natterjack toad, how to identify them, their lifecycle and protection status .\n) is found in the entire basin except in some tributaries. the yellow - bellied toad (\ndegraaff, r. m. 1991. the book of the toad: a natural and magical history of toad - human relations. rochester, vt: park street press. isbn 0892812613 .\njanin a, lena j - p, joly p (2011) beyond occurrence: body condition and stress hormone as integrative indicators of habitat availability and fragmentation in the common toad. biol conserv 144: 1008–1016 .\nbeing one of the most common species throughout its range, and less attractive than some of its relatives, the common toad is only rarely kept by zoos. the purpose of keeping would be educational, i. e. to familiarise urban people with one of the amphibian species they are most likely to encounter in the wild .\ndr benedikt schmidt from the university of zurich said it was bad news that a once common species was becoming rare .\n, juliet mentions the tradition that the lark exchanged its beautiful eyes for those of the toad: ‘some say the lark and loathed toad changed eyes (3. 5. 31). see also\nin the bonn area, the most common species, aside from the common frog and the fire salamander, is the common toad. when these golden - eyed amphibians migrate, the male toads are on the lookout for females. if they find one, they climb on her back and cling to her for the rest of the journey. when other males come too close, or accidentally try to mount them, the males make a high - pitched noise .\n) rarely occurs in the floodplain but is more frequently found in the uplands. the natterjack toad (\noften mistaken as the common frogs, common toads are a species widely found in europe. these amphibians appear grim due to their motion and appearance. this european toad has several subspecies that have their distinct geographical range. it has a poisonous skin which helps it survive amidst the wild apart from its color which reflects the surrounding color pretty much .\nreading cj. growth and age at sexual maturity in common toads (bufo bufo) from two sites in southern england .\nfowler’s toad is easily and often confused with the american toad and southern toad—the three are similar in appearance and occasionally hybridize where their ranges overlap. usually no more than two of the three occur together in any one locality. around the greater raleigh area, we have fowler’s and american toads, with fowler’s being slightly more common (see chart below for ways to distinguish these two). southern toads may enter extreme southern wake county .\nthe male common toad has a loud release call that he will use if he is grasped by another male. this sound is the most commonly heard from breeding toads, though the males will croak occasionally to attract a mate .\nthe common toad b. bufo is a widespread species in europe, which breeds in a great diversity of wetlands (loman and lardner, 2006) and is highly tolerant to various aquatic conditions. this species breeds over a few day period (that is, explosive breeder). the usual altitudinal range for breeding in france is 0–2000 m but some breeding of common toad has been occasionally observed at 2500 m (sillero et al. , 2014) .\norłowski g (2007) spatial distribution and seasonal pattern in road mortality of the common toad bufo bufo in an agricultural landscape of south - western poland. amphib - reptil 28: 25–31. doi: 10. 1163 / 156853807779799045\nanother toad is really familiar if you live in western europe: the natterjack. frost et al. (2006) resurrected the generic name epidalea cope, 1865, the type species of which is the natterjack (traditionally b. calamita), in the hope that they would be able to use it for a clade that included the european green toad (traditionally b. viridis) and all of its relatives (known conventionally as the ‘ bufo viridis group’) [ an american toad, conventionally known as b. debilis, is sometimes called the green toad too, though alternative names include sonora toad and dwarf toad ] .\n( ecg), the results will typically confirm an abnormal heart rhythm in conjunction with toad venom poisoning .\nin fact, the venom from these 2 toads is actually powerful enough that if the toad took a dip in your dog’s water bowl, it is very likely that your dog would develop symptoms of toad poisoning .\nconsumption of toads for their aphrodisiac effect is a common practice in laos, china and in some parts of india. toad secretions from parotid and skin contains toxin similar to cardiac glycosides. it results in bradycardia and cardiac dysfunction leading on to death in some cases. we report a case of toad poisoning in a young previously healthy male .\nthe common toad can be found in a number of locations including: asia, europe, mediterranean, russia, united kingdom, wales, ynys - hir nature reserve. find out more about these places and what else lives there .\ncitation: salazar rd, montgomery ra, thresher se, macdonald dw (2016) mapping the relative probability of common toad occurrence in terrestrial lowland farm habitat in the united kingdom. plos one 11 (2): e0148269. urltoken\n). common toads begin to migrate to breeding ponds in autumn. the onset of cold weather stimulates hibernation, which takes place\n31 specimens reported to isis (2007). in addition. wild common toads have chosen many european zoos as their habitat .\ncommon toads have a strong migratory instinct and will follow the same route back to ancestral breeding ponds each spring. they congregate at these ponds in early spring, often a couple of weeks after common frogs breed. after a relatively short breeding period (often not more than a week) adult toads migrate away from ponds, being far more tolerant of dry conditions than the common frog .\ncommon toads are usually spotted during spring when they wake up from hibernation and head towards the spawning sites. they may look similar to other species but close introspection will show you the differences between them. they are common in uk but their trading is prohibited .\ndmowski k, rossa m, kowalska j, krasnodębska - ostręga b. thallium in spawn, juveniles, and adult common toads (\nthe most common strategy to protect toads is to put up special amphibian fences. there are about 800 of these fences in germany .\nwhat happens when you take aphrodisiacs that you don’t know the contents of – toad venom can mimic digitalis poisoning .\nbonardi a, manenti r, corbetta a, ferri v, fiacchini d, giovine g, et al. (2011) usefulness of volunteer data to measure the large scale decline of\ncommon\ntoad populations. biol conserv 144: 2328–2334 .\n) is unusual in that it can climb up water plants and move around on its muscular foot. it sometimes clings to the toe of a common toad and this is believed to be one of the means by which it disperses to new locations .\ncommon toad has warty skin that can be olive - green, grey, reddish or dark brown and covered with dark spots. belly is white to grey in color. color of the skin matches with the colors of habitat and it provides camouflage .\n, your veterinarian will most likely do an electrocardiogram in order to determine if your dog has an abnormal heartbeat or not. since there is currently no way to find the presence of the toad toxin in dogs, diagnosis is usually based on whether the dog was seen eating a toad, or if toad parts are in the dog’s gastrointestinal tract .\ncommon toad forages exclusively on land, mainly on crawling invertebrates. as in other species of toads, consumption of ants is very typical. this results from the sit - and - wait foraging tactics in this species. numerous predators, parasites and morphological anomalies are known in this toad species. however, their real impact in its population dynamics remains unknown. if faced by a potential predator, the adult toad lifts its body on straight legs and butts its head toward the danger .\n. besides these active long - distance movements over ground, populations of some anuran species make use of passive displacement within streams. common frogs\njanin a, lena jp, ray n, delacourt c, allemand p, joly p (2009) assessing landscape connectivity with calibrated cost - distance modelling: predicting common toad distribution in a context of spreading agriculture. j appl ecol 46: 833–841 .\non 18 april 1946, john betjeman wrote to orwell to say he thought he was ‘one of the best living writers of prose’ and he wished him to know how very much he had ‘enjoyed & echoed every sentiment’ of orwell’s thoughts on the common toad .\npaul edgar, senior amphibian and reptile specialist from government conservation agency natural england, said: “the common toad is sadly on a downward trend. this is partly because of habitat fragmentation, and so understanding and mitigating the impacts of this issue is vital .\nthe type species of the family bufonidae is the common toad, bufo bufo, and around it cluster a large number of species of the same genus and some smaller genera. b. bufo is a tailless amphibian of stout build with a warty skin and any animal that shares these characteristics is liable to be called a toad, regardless of its location in formal taxonomy .\nthe natterjack toad (bufo calamita), is an extremely rare and elusive creature in the uk. the natterjack has a very distinctive yellow dorsal stripe. the natterjack also tends to run as opposed to walking. the two species may also be distinguished by the shape of the parotoid glands. when viewed from above, in the natterjack toad these glands lay almost parallel, in the common toad the glands diverge from the centre line of the back as they move away from the eye .\nsnh said the toad' s appearance was scientifically more interesting than speculation on the presence of a loch ness monster .\n' she lives near to the river, ma' am,' replied toad.' close to a fine house called toad hall, that' s somewheres hereabouts in these parts. perhaps you may have heard of it.'\nroadkill: where the rubber meets the toad... - technology & science - science - livescience | nbc news\ncommon toads can live for many years and have survived for fifty years in captivity. in the wild, common toads are thought to live for about ten to twelve years. their age can be determined by counting the number of annual growth rings in the bones of their phalanges .\nif you’ve been following the toad series, you’ll have read articles that introduce toads in general, discuss reproductive biology, and look at cranial anatomy. this can all be regarded as background introductory stuff. from hereon, we’re mostly going to look at toad diversity in rough phylogenetic order: that is, starting at the base of the clade and working up to the ‘top’ of the tree [ european common toad bufo bufo shown here, from wikipedia. this individual has really weird nostrils ] .\n= 0. 20) and was not retained for analysis. the final model predicting the relative probability of common toad occurrence featured distance to wood, distance to water bodies, distance to pond, and distance to urban areas. this model yielded a prediction (\nonce common in the british countryside, the amphibian is now on the brink of qualifying for protection as a vulnerable species, a study suggests .\nsome observations suggest that microsporidial diseases may be more common or of greater clinical importance in amphibians than might be expected from the literature. infection with\n' a nice morning, ma' am!' she remarked to toad, as she drew up level with him .\nthey tenderly lifted toad into the motor - car and propped him up with soft cushions, and proceeded on their way .\namongst junkies it is well known that some species of common toads from the genus bufo produce hallucinogen chemicals called bufotoxins. if you ever looked at a toad, you probably saw two conspicuous bumps located close to their ears. these are the parotoid glands, producing the bufotoxins. if you push them, a foamy whitish stuff will be secreted: it' s the toad' s venom .\nwhile the only family exclusively given the common name\ntoad\nis bufonidae, many species from other families are also called\ntoads ,\nincluding members of the families bombinatoridae, discoglossidae, pelobatidae, rhinophrynidae, scaphiopodidae, and some species from the microhylidae family. on the other hand, species within the true toad (bufonidae) genus atelopus are referred to as\nharlequin frogs .\nthe terms frog and toad are imprecise, with\ntoad\ncommonly being used for any species that is adapted to a dry environment. the use of the common names\nfrog\nand\ntoad\nhas no taxonomic justification. from a taxonomic perspective, all members of the order anura are frogs, but only members of the family bufonidae are considered\ntrue toads .\nthe use of the term\nfrog\nin common names usually refers to species that are aquatic or semi - aquatic with smooth and / or moist skins, and the term\ntoad\ngenerally refers to species that tend to be terrestrial with dry, warty or bumpy skin. an exception is the fire - bellied toad (bombina bombina): while its skin is slightly warty, it prefers a watery habitat. toads also tend to have relatively short legs on a stocky body, while frogs are longer legged and slender .\nthe common toad (bufo bufo) is surrounded by a wealth of folklore and superstition (4). it can alter the tone of its skin to suit its surroundings; the upper surface may be brown, greenish or grey, and occasionally features dark markings. females are often more reddish or brown than males. the underside is typically white or grey, and the eye, which has a horizontal pupil, is copper in colour. the most obvious feature that distinguishes the common toad from frogs is its warty skin; these dark warts secrete powerful toxins when the toad is harassed (2), and potential predators soon learn to avoid toads (5) .\ncapturing prey and avoiding predators the american toad very rapidly orients itself to moving prey. if the prey is two inches or less away, the toad will remain motionless and use a rapid tongue extension to capture the organism. if the prey is more than two inches away, the toad will move via a “leap - sit - leap - sit” pattern into its striking distance .\nthe ancient chinese saw the toad as a predominantly female force, a negative\nyin\nin opposition to the positive male\nyang .\nthe moon was the ultimate symbol of yin, and so many chinese tales refer to the toad whose face is visible at the full moon. interestingly, this moon - toad was thought to occasionally swallow the moon, causing eclipses .\nfroglife is calling for better protection measures for amphibians, including well designed wetland and ponds, and more toad tunnels under roads .\n). one of the factors may be the effect of the food base or hibernation site on the concentration of contaminants in the body. for instance, the common toad forage on earthworms and other invertebrates, which constitute a dangerous source of heavy metals for amphibians (gish and christensen\n) are found in the south with abundances decreasing from south to north. the natterjack toad occurs regularly along the river. the yellow - bellied toad has disappeared in the mediterranean part of the rhône since the early 20th century. most amphibian species are protected .\nvolunteer _ conservation _ action _ data _ reveals _ large _ scale _ and _ long _ term _ negative _ population _ trends _ of _ a _ widespread _ amphibian _ _ the _ common _ toad _ _ bufo _ bufo _. pdf (1. 8 mb )\nfemale lays several thousand eggs on the vegetation near water and in the water itself. eggs look like a jelly string. metamorphosis (transformation of a tadpole into adult toad) lasts 8 to 12 weeks. young common toads reach sexual maturity at the age of 2 to 3 years .\nshe steered the barge close to the bank, and toad, with many humble and grateful acknowledgments, stepped lightly on board and sat down with great satisfaction.' toad' s luck again!' thought he.' i always come out on top!'\nit all started with bufo bufo, the common toad of eurasia. it’s a mostly terrestrial animal with dry, warty skin, and its familiarity to european people explain why the term ‘toad’ later came to be used for any superficially similar anuran from elsewhere in the world, even those that are more closely related to rana temporaria, the european common frog. b. bufo is tolerant of cool climates, it’s an explosive breeder, is reasonably large (males reach 50 - 60 mm and females 80 - 90 mm: as usual with anurans, all lengths given here are snout - vent lengths, or svls), and is sexually dimorphic (males are greyish, females are brownish). its eyes are of an iridescent copper colour and its pupils are horizontal, and eyes like this are seen widely within bufonidae [ male common toad shown here, from wikipedia ] .\noccurring in a broad variety of habitats, including gardens, the common toad requires large water bodies, and optimal habitats seem to be woodland, scrub and rough grasslands. breeding ponds containing fish appear to be preferred; the tadpoles are unpalatable and are protected from fish predation (2) .\nwe know now that a lot of the common butterfly species for instance have suffered really important declines and a lot of the farmland birds ,\nhe said .\ncommon toads are most active at night when they hunt invertebrates including snails, slugs, ants and spiders. if they find a good source of food they can become sedentary. indeed they may often remain in gardens for long periods in the summer months. unlike the common frog, toadspawn is laid in strings (not clumps) and toad tadpoles are black and form shoals. toadlets can emerge from ponds in huge numbers during early summer, usually after heavy rain .\nin 2007, researchers using a remotely operated underwater vehicle to survey loch ness, scotland, observed a common toad moving along the bottom of the lake at a depth of 324 feet (99 m). they were surprised to find that an air - breathing animal could survive in such a location .\n) also seem to be basal within the bufonid crown. the rest of toad phylogeny is rather controversial: some studies recover a major old world clade that includes several asian, african and eurasian clades as well as a clade of new world toads including the cane toad group (\n' o, i have girls,' said toad lightly:' twenty girls or thereabouts, always at work. but you know what\ntoad' s temper which had been simmering viciously for some time, now fairly boiled over, and he lost all control of himself .\nhave been recognized over the years. the caucasian toad is found in the mountainous regions of the caucasus and was at one time classified as\nwhy did the toad cross the road? | environment | all topics from climate change to conservation | dw | 14. 03. 2017\n). the european common toad (bufo bufo) seems to have arisen more recently. it is believed that the range of the ancestral form extended into asia but that isolation between the eastern and western species complexes occurred as a result of the development of the central asian deserts during the middle miocene. the exact taxonomic relationships between these species remains unclear. a serological investigation into toad populations in turkey undertaken in 2001 examined the blood serum proteins of\nadult common toads can grow to be 18 centimetres (7 inches) in length. their skin has a warty appearance of varies in colours ranging from olive greens to orange browns. the colour of the toad varies according to the colour of the soil in its habitat. if the soil is a greyish colour, the toads skin tends to be greyish to blend in. if the soil is more brownish, the toad tends to be more brownish .\nrare and threatened species are the most frequent focus of conservation science and action. with the ongoing shift from single - species conservation towards the preservation of ecosystem services, there is a greater need to understand abundance trends of common species because declines in common species can disproportionately impact ecosystems function. we used volunteer - collected data in two european countries, the united kingdom (uk) and switzerland, since the 1970s to assess national and regional trends for one of europe’s most abundant amphibian species, the common toad (bufo bufo). millions of toads were moved by volunteers across roads during this period in an effort to protect them from road traffic. for switzerland, we additionally estimated trends for the common frog (rana temporaria), a similarly widespread and common amphibian species. we used state - space models to account for variability in detection and effort and included only populations with at least 5 years of data; 153 populations for the uk and 141 for switzerland. common toads declined continuously in each decade in both countries since the 1980s. given the declines, this common species almost qualifies for international union for the conservation of nature (iucn) red - listing over this period despite volunteer conservation efforts. reasons for the declines and wider impacts remain unknown. by contrast, common frog populations were stable or increasing in switzerland, although there was evidence of declines after 2003. “toads on roads” schemes are vital citizen conservation action projects, and the data from such projects can be used for large scale trend estimations of widespread amphibians. we highlight the need for increased research into the status of common amphibian species in addition to conservation efforts focusing on rare and threatened species .\ntoads can' predict earthquakes' and seismic activity common toads appear to be able to sense an impending earthquake and will flee their colony days before the seismic activity strikes .\nus researchers who found a toad crawling on the bottom of loch ness said their most important discovery had been the remains of an ancient seabed .\nthe predicted relative probability of toad occurrence for this population was greatest in wooded habitat near to water bodies; relative probability of occurrence declined dramatically > 50 m from these habitats. toads also tended to select habitat near to their breeding pond and toad occurrence was negatively related to urban environments .\npotential longevity is poorly known for most toad species, but some bufonids have lived for longer than 20 years in captivity. it seems reasonable that a fowler’s toad could live for 10 years or more in the wild if it could escape predators for that long (very few do) .\ncommon toads spawn amongst waterweed. the female toad releases long strings of triple - stranded eggs, which the male on her back fertilises with sperm. about 600 – 4000 eggs are laid. these strings become twisted and stretched around waterweed and vegetation so that the eggs settle into two strands. a few days later the adults leave the water. the tadpoles hatch within 10 days and despite being distasteful to most predators, the majority will not reach adulthood. the tadpoles metamorphose into toadlets within 2 – 3 months – varying according to food availability and water temperature. the young tadpoles resemble other tadpoles in their appearance except that toad tadpoles have a larger, rounder blacker head and shorter tail. they leave the water in may. common toads reach sexual maturity at 4 years of age. the life span of a common toad in captivity may be as high as 20 – 40 years, however, in the wild, it is more likely to be 10 – 12 years .\nsomewhere. you can' t get over that. toad, my boy!' so he marched on patiently by the water' s edge .\n, ‘like the toad, ugly and venomous, / wears yet a precious jewel in his head’ (2. 1. 13 - 14) .\nwe selected a constructed farmland pond known to have a large breeding population of common toads in garford, oxfordshire (latitude, longitude: 51. 6633, - 1. 3919 ;\nthe iucn red list of threatened species considers the common toad as being of\nleast concern\n. this is because it has a wide distribution and is, over most of its range, a common species. it is not particularly threatened by habitat loss because it is adaptable and is found in deciduous and coniferous forests, scrubland, meadows, parks and gardens. it prefers damp areas with dense foliage. the major threats it faces include loss of habitat locally, the drainage of wetlands where it breeds, agricultural activities, pollution and mortality on roads. chytridiomycosis, an infectious disease of amphibians, has been reported in common toads in spain and the united kingdom and may affect some populations .\nthere are parts of its range where the common toad seems to be in decline. in spain, increased aridity and habitat loss have led to a diminution in numbers and it is regarded as\nnear threatened\n. a population in the sierra de gredos mountain range is facing predation by otters and increased competition from the frog pelophylax perezi. both otter and frog seem to be extending their ranges to higher altitudes. the common toad cannot be legally sold or traded in the united kingdom but there is a slow decline in toad numbers and it has therefore been declared a biodiversity action plan priority species. in russia, it is considered to be a\nrare species\nin the provinces of bashkiria, tataria, yamal - nenets autonomous county and irkutsk, but during the 1990s, it became more abundant in moscow province .\nthe global amphibian extinction crisis has been well documented and species declines are primarily attributed to habitat loss and degradation [ 1, 2, 3 ]. according to the iucn red list, 32% of amphibians worldwide are threatened, with 21% of those recognised as endangered or critically endangered [ 4 ]. despite what its name may suggest, the common toad (bufo bufo l .) is not nearly as common as it used to be. in light of recent dramatic and largely unexplained population crashes, the uk biodiversity action plan (uk bap) recognized common toads as a priority species in 2007 [ 5 ]. since designation, the decline of this species has not abated (e. g. [ 6 ]) requiring renewed conservation action to prevent further declines. for effective conservation action it is critical that we identify the causes of common toad population declines, in particular the effect of the dramatic landscape changes and pond losses associated with agricultural conversion and intensification in the uk over the past century [ 7, 8 ] .\n). relative probability of toad occurrence declines quickly with increasing distance to water bodies and wooded habitats (approximately zero probability at 245m and 200m respectively) and more steadily for distance to the breeding pond. conversely, the predicted relative probability of toad occurrence increased in habitat at a greater distance from urban areas (\nthe common toad (bufo bufo) is of increasing conservation concern in the united kingdom (uk) due to dramatic population declines occurring in the past century. many of these population declines coincided with reductions in both terrestrial and aquatic habitat availability and quality and have been primarily attributed to the effect of agricultural land conversion (of natural and semi - natural habitats to arable and pasture fields) and pond drainage. however, there is little evidence available to link habitat availability with common toad population declines, especially when examined at a broad landscape scale. assessing such patterns of population declines at the landscape scale, for instance, require an understanding of how this species uses terrestrial habitat .\ntoads are much less attached to ponds than their smooth skinned cousin, the common frog, spending most of their time in damp places under rocks and logs or in thick grass tussocks .\nwe intensively studied the terrestrial resource selection of a large population of common toads in oxfordshire, england, uk. adult common toads were fitted with passive integrated transponder (pit) tags to allow detection in the terrestrial environment using a portable pit antenna once toads left the pond and before going into hibernation (april / may - october 2012 and 2013). we developed a population - level resource selection function (rsf) to assess the relative probability of toad occurrence in the terrestrial environment by collecting location data for 90 recaptured toads .\nby the swedish biologist carl linnaeus in the 10th edition of systema naturae in 1758. in this work, he placed all the frogs and toads in the single genus rana. it later became apparent that this genus should be subdivided, and in 1768, the austrian naturalist josephus nicolaus laurenti placed the common toad in the genus bufo, naming it\nde gustibus et coloribus non est disputandum, but i, for one, have always considered the green toad to be europe’s most attractive coloured and patterned anuran .\n), the common toad is the fourth most common amphibian in europe. it is found throughout the continent with the exception of iceland, the cold northern parts of scandinavia, ireland and a number of mediterranean islands. these include malta, crete, corsica, sardinia and the balearic islands. its easterly range extends to irkutsk in siberia and its southerly range includes parts of northwestern africa in the northern mountain ranges of morocco, algeria and tunisia. a closely related variant lives in eastern asia including japan. the common toad is found at altitudes of up to 2, 500 metres (8, 200 ft) in the southern part of its range. it is largely found in forested areas with coniferous, deciduous and mixed woodland, especially in wet locations. it also inhabits open countryside, fields, copses, parks and gardens, and often occurs in dry areas well away from standing water." ]

{ "text": [ "the common toad , european toad , or in anglophone parts of europe , simply the toad ( bufo bufo , from latin bufo \" toad \" ) , is an amphibian found throughout most of europe ( with the exception of ireland , iceland , and some mediterranean islands ) , in the western part of north asia , and in a small portion of northwest africa .", "it is one of a group of closely related animals that are descended from a common ancestral line of toads and which form a species complex .", "the toad is an inconspicuous animal as it usually lies hidden during the day .", "it becomes active at dusk and spends the night hunting for the invertebrates on which it feeds .", "it moves with a slow , ungainly walk or short jumps , and has greyish-brown skin covered with wart-like lumps .", "although toads are usually solitary animals , in the breeding season , large numbers of toads converge on certain breeding ponds , where the males compete to mate with the females .", "eggs are laid in gelatinous strings in the water and later hatch out into tadpoles .", "after several months of growth and development , these sprout limbs and undergo metamorphosis into tiny toads .", "the juveniles emerge from the water and remain largely terrestrial for the rest of their lives .", "the common toad seems to be in decline in part of its range , but overall is listed as being of \" least concern \" in the iucn red list of threatened species .", "it is threatened by habitat loss , especially by drainage of its breeding sites , and some toads get killed on the roads as they make their annual migrations .", "it has long been associated in popular culture and literature with witchcraft . " ], "topic": [ 22, 16, 28, 8, 4, 14, 28, 19, 14, 17, 17, 13 ] }

[ "the common toad, european toad, or in anglophone parts of europe, simply the toad (bufo bufo, from latin bufo \" toad \"), is an amphibian found throughout most of europe (with the exception of ireland, iceland, and some mediterranean islands), in the western part of north asia, and in a small portion of northwest africa. it is one of a group of closely related animals that are descended from a common ancestral line of toads and which form a species complex. the toad is an inconspicuous animal as it usually lies hidden during the day. it becomes active at dusk and spends the night hunting for the invertebrates on which it feeds. it moves with a slow, ungainly walk or short jumps, and has greyish-brown skin covered with wart-like lumps. although toads are usually solitary animals, in the breeding season, large numbers of toads converge on certain breeding ponds, where the males compete to mate with the females. eggs are laid in gelatinous strings in the water and later hatch out into tadpoles. after several months of growth and development, these sprout limbs and undergo metamorphosis into tiny toads. the juveniles emerge from the water and remain largely terrestrial for the rest of their lives. the common toad seems to be in decline in part of its range, but overall is listed as being of \" least concern \" in the iucn red list of threatened species. it is threatened by habitat loss, especially by drainage of its breeding sites, and some toads get killed on the roads as they make their annual migrations. it has long been associated in popular culture and literature with witchcraft." ]

[ "aureole was given a rating of 132 by timeform in 1954, making him the highest - rated older horse in europe .\n( 1988) fluid infiltration through the big horse limestone in the notch peak contact - metamorphic aureole, utah. american mineralogist, 73, 1302 - 1324\naureole ranch horse rescue is dedicated to the rescue, rehabilitation, and in most cases re - homing of all equines that are brought into our care. public education includes that of caring for a horse and the finacial responsibilities involved .\nher royal highness the princess royal shares her memories of aureole, a horse owned by the queen, who won the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes at ascot in 1954 .\n* we use the iron horse audrey brandy (made from 1987 iron horse estate pinot noir distilled by germain robin). substitute with vsop cognac\niron horse: you mention pinot noirs, ours were recently honored with excellent ratings awarded by wine enthusiast. what makes this iron horse red stand out ?\nqueen' s coach brings elizabeth and philip to the race course at ascot for the traditional ceremony opening the season. this is the track where the queen watched aureole beat french horse janitor in an exciting race this year .\nalthough she has won the other four\nclassics\n, britain' s most prestigious flat races, the closest she came to winning the derby was in 1953, her coronation year, when her horse, aureole, finished second .\niron horse 2010 wedding cuvee, green valley of russian river valley, $ 42 .\nprince edward, prince of wales visits a horse race during his trip to sweden .\na friend of mine does a lot of film work with horses, and for the crown they wanted a chestnut racehorse that looked like the queen’s racehorse, aureole. when we looked closely at quid he is very much the spitting image of aureole. we have been on three filming shoots for the series .\nvery nice. glad you got back to painting. that is one nice horse. joann\ngorgeous horse! !! ! i like the background. : clap: : clap :\n( 1993) implications of geochemical fronts in the notch peak contact metamorphic aureole, utah, usa. earth and planetary science letters, 119, 539 - 559 .\naureole proved to be a highly successful stallion, being leading sire in great britain and ireland in 1960 and 1961. his progeny included st. paddy (epsom derby), saint crespin iii (prix de larc de triomphe), aurelius (horse) (st leger), provoke (horse) (st leger) and vienna, the sire of vaguely noble .\nlike almost all racing people, the queen is superstitious. until the latter part of this year, she was convinced her presence on the track jinxed her champion colt, aureole, whom she watched finish second in the 1953 derby. in june this year she was glad to make another appointment on the day aureole won the important coronation cup. but a few weeks later she could not miss the hardwicke stakes of the royal ascot, where aureole ran against an excellent boussac horse, janitor. the two colts drew clear in the stretch and rocketed past the post in the same stride. there was acute anxiety written all over the queen' s face as she stood in the unsaddling enclosure waiting for the result of the photofinish. when aureole was announced the winner, she jumped with glee and smiled brilliantly .\nall of us in the iron horse family hope you will come visit and drink in the view .\nmy family and i are very proud that iron horse ranks among tim’s personal favorites on his blog .\nyou can click here to see the catalog. iron horse and schramsberg are the two american producers .\none such posthumous gift was an unraced, two - year - old colt named aureole. the tri - socked chestnut was bred by the king and sired by the great hyperion .\nstarting with new york city’s aureole, charlie now owns 14 restaurants around the country, two hotels in the heart of california’s wine country and the mystic hotel in san francisco. our friendship with charlie palmer is as rich as his culinary creations and shines through in the delicious aureole cuvee. the current release is our 20th vintage of making this unique, limited production bubbly .\n( 2002) fluid flow and oxygen isotope exchange in the notch peak contact metamorphic aureole: insights from two - dimensional numerical modeling. geological society of america bulletin, 114, 689 - 882 .\nit was iron horse and roederer estate from california. ours was certainly the most fun table at the tasting .\nstoute will be bidding for a record sixth win in the race which he last won in 2010 with harbinger, also ridden by peslier, while the queen has not been successful since aureole in 1954 .\nhelios was depicted as a handsome, usually beardless, man clothed in purple robes and crowned with the shining aureole of the sun. his sun - chariot was drawn by four, sometimes winged, steeds .\naureole ranch horse rescue achieved federal, non - profit status last year, so anne now can offer tax deductions for foster care. they are actively seeking people to foster horses, to adopt them, to volunteer to help care for them, to provide grazing and stable facilities and, of course, to donate money for\nwarren said :\nthe horse is in exceptional form and the trainer has been delighted with his progress since ascot .\nall breed horse pedigree database pedigree database covering all horse breeds, not just thoroughbreds. equine now horses for sale online horse classified ads. buy / sell your horse. stallions now stallion directory online stallion directory. find a stallion to breed your mare to. online dog pedigrees pedigree online' s dog database offers free pedigree reports for millions of dogs of all breeds and is completely open to the public. use the search form above to find a dog pedigree now .\n( 2012) metamorphism and fluid flow in the contact aureole of the eureka valley - joshua flat - beer creek pluton, california. bull. geol. soc. am. , 124, 228 - 239 .\nfigures showing progressive disappearance of early, regional - metamorphic mn - rich garnet in the aureole of the harney peak granite in the black hills. new fe - rich, inclusion - poor garnet grew in response to higher temperatures in the granite aureole. locations of old garnets have typically coarsened quartz and biotite, suggesting fluid - mediated garnet dissolution and growth. former locations of old garnets are commonly marked by rings of biotite around quartz .\n( 2001) controls of layered and transient permeability on fluid flow and thermal structure in contact metamorphic aureoles, with application to the notch peak aureole, utah. journal of geophysical research, 106, 6477 - 6491 .\n( 2002) calc - silicate reactions and bedding - controlled isotopic exchange in the notch peak aureole, utah: implications for differential fluid fluxes with metamorphic grade. journal of metamorphic geology, 20, 429 - 440 .\nsomething to look forward to. a south african horse running at ascot that isn' t trained by mike de kock .\nwhen anne houghton, ceo of aureole ranch horse rescue, was three years old, her mother bought her a pony. so began a 35 - year love affair with horses. today, anne cares for 16 horses, a mule, a donkey, and two goats — all of them rescued while on their way to a slaughter house .\nthat swedish horse, volatile, that came 3rd in the cornwallis last year is running in the 2000 guineas trial at meydan .\naureole was a top - class four - year - old and won the 1954 king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes at ascot. he also went on to a successful stud career and was champion sire in 1960 & 1961 .\nhi again! the horse painting is coming on lovely. the horse is wearing a halter with bit on. in sweden the military used that kind of halter / bridle on there horses so when they took a break they just untied the bit and hepp! the horse has a halter on and you don' t risk to loose the horse as you might do when switching between bridle and halter. i have one of those combined halters myself. i guess that the horse in the picture is a thoroughbred stallion and stallions might be a handful to handle sometimes so it is wise to have a bit on him but still also a halter .\nfrom this aureole finished runner - up to pinza in the 1953 derby and the following year won the coronation cup and king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes. and carrozza, ridden by lester piggott, won the 1957 oaks .\niron horse favorite: dan explained that iron horse has been the signature house sparkling wine at commander’s palace for 20 years. they have special bottlings, double magnums & magnums of their custom - made special cuvee. he believes that iron horse is one of the definitive american sparkling wines and that it goes amazingly well with the food served at the restaurant. he feels the house cuvee’s distinctive qualities originate from the iron horse terroir and cold micro - climate of green valley. “ it’s the right terroir for great bubbles. ”\nas joy shared in the previous blog, the iron horse family is warming up to celebrate the 40th anniversary of our first vintage .\nimages, words & pedigrees of horses who played a part in the history of horse racing. i am based in the uk .\nreference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association, attracting twelve of the twenty votes. [ 16 ]\nit has taught kelly a love for animals that she expects to carry over into an adult occupation: she wants to become a veterinarian. if she goes away to college in another 2 years, the beals will return chance to aureole ranch .\nstacey became a fosterer for aureole ranch when she was looking for a companion for samson. she began fostering a thoroughbred mare, megan, rescued from an auction in washington. stacey and samson became so attached to megan that stacey adopted her .\naureole had shown useful form in two starts as a juvenile, winning the six - furlong acomb stakes for maidens by a head at york in august and then finishing six lengths fifth behind the impressive nearula in the middle park stakes at newmarket .\niron horse: spring has sprung at our vineyards. what celebratory sparkling creations are you preparing for easter and passover celebrations at your restaurant ?\naaaahhhhh, i see what the horse' s tack is. i bet this horse was a stallion. most of the time, a stud horse is handled in a modified halter with a clip on bit, as shown in your reference photo. that' s what it is. :) cool! the bit helps to control the horse for breeding since stallions are notorious for losing their manners when a mare in heat is around. sort of like most men, eh? : d: d: angel: : angel: : angel: : d\nit was a crazy storm - a\npineapple express\n, thankfully not that intense, but unrelenting, turning us into island iron horse .\nfor more information about charlie palmer’s current projects visit charliepalmer. com. find shop our full selection of iron horse sparkling wine on our website .\nwhat happened to... trempolino? | sporting life - horse racing news | live racing results, racecards, live betting shows\ndavid: quality is not high because the crop is small - the quality is simply there thanks to what iron horse does in the vineyards .\ndunfermline won the oaks and the st leger 20 years later, during the owner’s silver jubilee, and between times, highclere took the 1000 guineas and the prix de diane in 1974. her only classic winning colt was pall mall, who won the 2000 guineas in 1958, though the best horse she has owned, aureole, was runner - up to pinza in the 1953 derby when sir gordon richards finally won at the 28th and final attempt. aureole, who was trained by sir cecil boyd - rochfort, won the king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes at ascot as well as the coronation cup at epsom and the hardwicke stakes during royal ascot .\niron horse favorite: molly has partnered with iron horse many times in the past, she remembers days of tastings with joy at both cru cafe and charlie trotters and brought her affinity for the iron horse signature flavors to r’evolution. she believes the iron horse unoaked chardonnay is a benchmark in the category and notes that the pinots, sparklings, and chardonnays are a core brand for her that are hard to keep in stock. personally, the former russian history scholar loves the russian cuvee as well as the wedding cuvee. the unoaked chardonnay is a “great expression of green valley and russian river. iron horse stays true to their soil and what they do. the approachability and genuine nature of the brand is all in that bottle. ”\nkelly rides chance 3 - 4 days a week, so fostering is a better alternative than a riding academy. her preference is english riding, which makes chance’s background as a show horse a good match. kelly does both trail riding and ring work, and has bonded well with the horse. chance usually is in pasture when kelly arrives at the ranch. when the horse sees her he whinnies and runs up to her at the gate .\nhe' s really a good quick - ground horse and he just didn' t really have the conditions that suit him all season .\nhyperion' s leading earner was aureole (ch. c. 1950 - 1974 out of angelola by donatello ii). bred by his majesty king george vi, and the first foal out of his dam, aureole raced for his breeder' s daughter, queen elizabeth ii. this royal connection made him a public favorite. aureole won seven races from two to four. at two, he won the acomb maiden stakes at york, but was unplaced in the middle park stakes, his only other start of the year. at three, he was second only to pinza, with wins in the lingfield derby trial and cumberland lodge stakes, with seconds in the derby and king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes (both to pinza), and third in the eclipse and st. leger .\na favourite riding horse of the queen’s until he was sadly put down at a ripe old age in october 2002, sanction, a 16. 1hh bay, was bred by the queen and was the last horse she used for riding out before switching to ponies. stud groom terry pendry says: “the queen used to think the horse was near - telepathic, and she doted on him. she only had to think of going somewhere and he’d go. ”\nwelcome to pedigree online' s thoroughbred pedigree database, an online thoroughbred horse database consisting of more than 2. 7 million horses from around the world. if this is your first time visiting the site, you can pull up the pedigree for any horse in the database by simply entering its name in the form above and clicking the\nhorse query\nbutton. for more about using this site or reading pedigrees, make sure to check out the help menu .\nribot was trained in italy by ugo penco and ridden by enrico camici. he was nicknamed' il cavallo super,' meaning' the super horse' .\nthis success has allowed sir alex to build up his wealth and he spends this on his hobby of horse racing. sir alex part owns the horse what a friend which ran in the 2011 grand national at 16 - 1. sir alex attended the race and was one of the most high - profile people there .\nstylistically, white wines are showing more restraint - lower alcohols, less oak, brighter acidity - a trend that’s part of our core values at iron horse .\noriginally posted by leaf anne, the horse itself looks great and really pops out against that lovely background. the only problem i can spot is that you' ve painted a halter and not a bridle on the horse' s head. the halter wouldn' t look so odd except that you' ve painted a loose - ring bit onto it. bridles fit a bit tighter and don' t have the strap under the jaw running up to the throat strap, plus at least for english bridles, there' s usually a brow band running in front of the ears. hi leaf... . i am not a horse person... so i had to read a few times your message before understanding what you meant... ; -) )) )) i am really not a horse person... . here is the reference photo of aureole, a british horse, photo taken in the sixties by keith money. urltoken now tell me if it' s a halter or a bridle... ?: (aclaire and a detail: urltoken\nhe also enjoys working with longtime iron horse special partners, like charlie palmer, michael mina, commander’s palace, and disney where iron horse is the official wine in the theme parks and on board their cruise ships. these friends have a long standing trust in the irresistible allure of the vineyard flavors and david’s winemaking prowess .\noriginally posted by leaf aaaahhhhh, i see what the horse' s tack is. i bet this horse was a stallion. most of the time, a stud horse is handled in a modified halter with a clip on bit, as shown in your reference photo. that' s what it is. :) cool! the bit helps to control the horse for breeding since stallions are notorious for losing their manners when a mare in heat is around. sort of like most men, eh? : d: d: angel: : angel: : angel: : d he he! !! exactly like men... .: d: angel: : angel: yes leaf, this horse was a stallion of her majesty the queen... . anne - claire: angel :\nthere is nothing quite like spring at iron horse. even five inches of rain in a 30 - hour continuous downpour couldn' t put a damper on it .\ndixie perfected a cocktail called the iron horse 76, which we make with our own brandy called audrey, distilled by germain robin using 1987 estate grown pinot noir .\ninstead, stallion success is about genetic probability, transmission of the most compatible physical traits, and access to mares that fit the horse both for genotype and phenotype .\nfor more fun with david, iron horse offers very special “ truck tours ” of the vineyard on mondays, by appointment only. and i must warn you that these tours are becoming legendary at iron horse. a recent “truck tour” resulted in a proposal and a pop of a champagne cork with david as a co - conspirator .\nanne houghton is eager to find adopters for her horses as well as fosterers. “every horse that is adopted gives us another spot for a rescue. ” she says .\nthe queen has become her own racing manager as she attempts to win her first derby, the country' s most prestigious horse race, during her golden jubilee year .\niron horse favorite: her menu always offers three to four sparkling wines by the glass. one prosecco, one rose, and right now, we are proud to say, iron horse classic vintage brut “which has a beautiful vibrant acidity and richness that’s a perfect celebratory glass of wine. ” her focus is italian with many california options .\naureole (gb) ch. h, 1950 { 2 - f } dp = 10 - 0 - 22 - 6 - 14 (52) di = 0. 68 cd = - 0. 27 - 14 starts, 7 wins, 3 places, 2 shows career earnings: $ 119, 458\nthe queen has entered nine horses in the derby since taking the throne in 1952. she has yet to land a winner — aureole came second for her in 1953 — but has a great chance this year, with stoute a five - time winner of the race and the trainer of 2010 champion workforce .\nit is noteworthy that the second summit in reykjavik, iceland was declared a setback both by media of the day and historians … perhaps because iron horse was not deployed? but iron horse was brought back into play as the toasting wine at the state dinner at the white house in 1987, which lead to the signing of the inf treaty .\nqueen elizabeth, phillip, margaret rose and the queen mother elizabeth arrive for the coronation derby at epsom down / jockey gordon richards brings in his twenty eighth victory on pinza with the queen' s horse aureole coming in second in this 127th running of the derby / large crowd milling at epsom downs; track, various pavillions, tents, buses and cars / queen elizabeth' s limousine followed by other cars on track / phillip and elizabeth sitting in open - top rear of limousine / queen' s standard flag flying from mast / massive crowd standing on field / queen elizabeth escorted by lord roseberry followed by the queen mother, phillip and a small group of people / margaret rose / queen elizabeth escorted by lord roseberry and followed by other members of her family walking on track, crowd in background / ha massive crowd, large tents visible, pennants flying / people milling around, tents with various flags on top in background / bookmaker' s blackboard and odds lettered in chalk on board / bookmaker, shouting / a man wearing a turban shouting / jockeys riding horses slowly away from camera on track / queen elizabeth' s horse aureole rearing up, trainer pulling on his reins trying to get him to the starting gate, jockey harry carr also trying to bring him under control, crowd behind fence in background / members of the royal family and lord roseberry standing in the royal box looking at the field / jockey harry carr riding aureole past camera on field, trainer walking by aureole / margaret rose looking thru binoculars at field / tape going up, horses starting off past and away .\nthe queen inherited a string of racehorses when her father, george vi, died in 1952. all her winners have raced in her famous royal colours of purple body with gold braid, scarlet sleeves and black velvet hat with gold fringe. in her coronation year of 1953, her horse aureole was second in the derby. since then, she has won all five classics except the derby. most famously, she won the oaks in 1977, her silver jubilee year, with dunfermline .\nplease keep me up to date with special offers and news from horse & hound and other brands operated by ti media limited via email. you can unsubscribe at any time .\nmore and more people now think about bubbly as a wine … to be enjoyed year round with food. as we like to say here at iron horse: # notjustforbreakfastanymore .\na fun group of four horses to go to war with. only posting it because there is another group 1 horse staying in training that i didn' t mention earlier .\nwinemaking at iron horse is a passion and brimming with romance. it' s a family effort spanning three generations. winemaker david munksgard (pictured below in his\nmad scientist\nlab) has been a part of the vineyard family for the past 20 years. he plays a leading role in determining the outcome of exceptional iron horse wines and bubbly .\naureole came closest to giving the queen a derby victory when runner - up to pinza at epsom downs. ridden as previously by harry carr, the colt was sixth into the home straight and made headway in the final three furlongs but was unable to peg back pinza who had quickened clear to win by four lengths .\n: we started with iron horse years ago. my team of wine directors and sommeliers aimed to develop a sparkling wine that was both “food friendly” and could be an aperitif. the\nhelios (helius) was regarded as the inventor of the four - horse chariot, a natural association given the greek believed the sun - god drove a chariot across the sky .\n( 1988) effects of contact metamorphism on the chemistry of the calcareous rocks in the big horse limestone, notch peak, utah. american mineralogist, 73, 1095 - 1110 .\nlucky pulpit is out of the winning mare lucky soph, a daughter of eclipse champion turf horse cozzene (caro) and the major stakes winner lucky spell (lucky mel) .\ncharlie palmer: i’m not big on sweet wines or ports. more than anything else i like the idea of closing the meal with dessert and sparkling wine, especially fruit desserts. i would recommend poached green peaches with deconstructed crumble and aureole cuvee. this has good acidity and effervescence from the sparkling wine in the poaching liquid .\nthe king george was being staged for only the fourth time when the queen last won it, with aureole in 1954, at which time the monarch was 28. if her colours are to pass the post in front once more, dartmouth will have to find a way past postponed, unbeaten since landing this race last year .\na black mare of around 15. 3hh, betsy was bought from a farmer in the 1950s, and became a favourite riding horse of the queen’s. “the queen had her for years and they taught each other so much, ” says stud groom terry pendry. “she had a bit of character — but the queen loves a horse with a bit of personality. ”\nwarren went on :\nto race in group one events you need to be genuine and consistent and the one thing you can definitely say about this horse is that he is genuine .\nwhen most people think about horses they think of them for riding, racing, or working cows, along with pick - up trucks and horse trailers. but for many horse fosterers and adopters, horses are pets and companions, rarely ridden. that’s how stacey windbigler, 44, thinks of them. she says she spends more time telling her troubles to her big percheron, samson, than she does riding him. at 6 feet 2 inches tall at the shoulder, samson towers 14 inches over stacey. stacey says he is the biggest horse she could find .\nfiery aureole, a middle weight at 16 hands, was a flashy bright chestnut with a broad blaze and three stockings. although lacking refinement and with slightly faulty hocks typical of his sire' s progeny, aureole became the leading sire in great britain in 1960 and 1961, the only son of hyperion to do so on his home turf. at stud, he got st. paddy (derby, st. leger, etc .), saint crespin (prix de l' arc de triomphe, eclipse s .), aurelius (st. leger), miralgo (hardwicke stakes), aurabella (irish oaks), and vienna (sire of vaguely noble) .\nthe participating wineries are deloach vineyards, dutton - goldfield winery, freeman vineyard and winery, hartford family winery, iron horse vineyards, lynmar estate, marimar estate, rubin family of wines .\nanother is the mass appreciation for handcrafted, small batch drinks across the board in categories like wine, beer, cider, and spirits. two representative examples are limited edition iron horse cuvees :\nthe duchess of westminster is another member of the british royal family who has a passion for horse racing. she was the owner of arkle, one of the greatest racehorses that ever lived .\na good - looking horse like his famous sire, lucky pulpit has good length through the body, a powerful and nicely made hindleg, and plenty of substance in his shoulder and middle .\ncharlie palmer: when you think of easter and passover, you think of brunch. our brunch menus at a few of the restaurants will offer a seasonal sparkling wine cocktail which will include 6 oz of the aureole cuvee, a few drops of pomegranate syrup to get a blush pink coloring, pomegranate seeds, and half an ounce of absynth .\nj. keeler johnson (also known as\nkeelerman\n) is a writer, blogger, videographer, handicapper, and all - around horse racing enthusiast. a great fan of racing history, he considers dr. fager to be the greatest racehorse ever produced in america, but counts zenyatta as his all - time favorite. he is the founder of the horse racing website urltoken .\n“the strategic objective in reviewing the sprint programme was to implement measures that will have a long - term, positive impact, delivering meaningful benefits both for european racing and for the european horse population .\ni' ve just read via browsing through old twitter that this horse is the favourite for the german derby, has been bought by australian interests, and is staying in germany for the timebeing .\nfree run juice straight out of the press also makes a delicious sparkling cocktail, which you can only have here at iron horse and only this time of year. we call it the “sterlini” .\nwelcome to the first installment of our star chef blog series. over the next few months, we’ll be sharing q & as with our most special friends who serve custom iron horse cuvees in their restaurants. in honor of easter & passover, and with the spirit of renewal that comes with spring, we’ve interviewed iron horse' s great friend charlie palmer for a fresh take on a classic .\nnational heritage centre for horse racing and sporting art, palace house, palace street, newmarket, suffolk cb8 8ep (01638 - 667 314; urltoken); august 26 2017 - april 13 2018 .\ntimeform rating 133 in 1955, 142 in 1956 la gazzetta dello sport poll: ranked no. 4 italian athlete of the 20th century premio ribot at capannelle racecourse) horse of the century (ita )\nthe queen' s finest racing triumph came in 1977, her silver jubilee year, when her horse dunfermline won the oaks, the epsom equivalent of the derby for fillies, and the st leger .\nif so, retirement would send california chrome to stud in 2016, and that is certainly not a sad end for a horse, even one that so many fans have been waiting to cheer home .\n“it would be a good idea to start by fostering a horse, and then adopting later if a bond develops, and the finances work out”, she explains. it costs about $ 700 a month to foster or adopt a horse, including boarding charges, feed, and care from vets and farriers. stacey spends more than that by giving her horses a lot of herbs, both chinese and domestic .\nreference point was given a timeform rating of 139, the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time, and higher than those of nijinsky, alleged and troy. [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions, john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar. [ 5 ]\nthe whole nation was behind this horse’s bid to win the derby for the newly - crowned queen in 1953. inherited from her father, aureole finished second to pinza — but went on to become a leading stallion. “the 1950s were really good ones for the queen’s racehorses, ” says sir michael. she was leading owner in 1954 and 57. other extremely good racehorses in the 1950s included 1957 oaks winner carrozza, who was leased from the national stud, yorkshire oaks heroine almeria, doutelle, pall mall, who won the 2000 guineas in 1958, and above suspicion .\nhe was an excitable character, a trait not discouraged by his trainer but one which would mar the majority of his starts. his first race was in august 1952 at york, a contest he won comfortably despite delaying its off due to his hot headedness. a two month break was followed by a run in the middle park stakes at newmarket; aureole finished sixth .\na horse owned by the queen is set to start as favourite in saturday' s english derby, britain' s richest race with prize money of 1. 25 million pounds ($ 2 million cdn) .\na brown horse with an excellent shoulder, tulyar stood a shade over 15. 3 hands. he had a low, smooth stride when racing and could handle any sort of going. his nature was placid .\n“i wanted to win this race and i knew i had the horse to do it. he just excites the crowd so much, he just knows where the winning post is, there was pressure the whole time, but he just keeps finding the line, he’s got this amazing will to win, ” waterhouse said. it’s a pleasure to train him and i feel so privileged to train such a lovely horse. ”\nanne, the horse itself looks great and really pops out against that lovely background. the only problem i can spot is that you' ve painted a halter and not a bridle on the horse' s head. the halter wouldn' t look so odd except that you' ve painted a loose - ring bit onto it. bridles fit a bit tighter and don' t have the strap under the jaw running up to the throat strap, plus at least for english bridles, there' s usually a brow band running in front of the ears. i know, i know, picky of me. < laugh > :) i' m a horse person though (23 yr old appaloosa gentleman out in my pasture) so that' s the only thing i spotted with the painting right away. non - horse people probably won' t see anything wrong with the halter. :) i' m sorry i was picky! !! you' ve done a great job on the horse itself. it' s beautifully done. : clap :\nwhen aureole won the $ 78, 000 king george and queen elizabeth stakes in july—beating another french invader—elizabeth, in the words of one of her party ,\nwas quite beside herself .\nfor several seconds after the race she could only repeat ,\nwasn' t it wonderful? wasn' t it a wonderful performance? it was the most tremendously exciting thing i ever saw .\nhis three - year - old season shared similar inconsistency. a fifth place finish in the 2000 guineas preceded a win in the lingfield derby trial, albeit over a greater distance. derby day arrived, and aureole was considered a leading contender amongst the field of 27. however, he again grew agitated before the race but managed to regain his composure to finish second behind the favourite, pinza .\nhow seriously the queen takes her horse racing is indicated by a story that last year made headlines all over the world—and not just in the sporting pages. landau developed a kink in his temperament: when under driving pressure, he tended to throw his head up and quit. elizabeth chose to have the horse treated in a thoroughly unconventional manner—she called in the distinguished london neurologist, charles brook, to see if landau would respond to psychiatric care .\nfrom the beginning the goal has been to strive for the highest quality, so it is especially gratifying to see iron horse in the current issue of wine enthusiast at the same table with the very best in the world .\none of the pleasures of staging this fete has been reminiscing about the early days, going through old photographs and compiling a time capsule exhibit of memorabilia, including decades of winemaker dinners and white house menus featuring iron horse wines .\niron horse favorite: at the moment, sean is pouring our ocean reserve blanc de blanc 2009. he not only enjoys the bubbly but the message ties into his organization’s thoughts on seafood and their emphasis on the importance of our oceans. just like he pursues partnerships with ethically responsible fishermen and local products, he’s strongly aligned with the iron horse vineyards ethos that fundamentally champions respect of land. he’s also a fan of our chardonnays and classic vintage brut .\nthere are defining moments that can be life changing when we decide to take action for what we truly believe in. for aureole ranch, it is the dedication to help all animals in need with an emphasis on equine rescue. we pool our time and resources into helping' at risk' equines. we' re passionate about preserving lives and giving second chances for many who have reached the end of the line. join us and be a part of a horse' s future by volunteering, donating, fostering or adopting. call or email us today and find out how volunteering your time just may be your defining moment... !\ntimeform awarded ribot a rating of 133 in 1955, six pounds behind the british - trained sprinter pappa fourway. in 1956 he was given a rating of 142, making him the highest - rated horse in europe. [ 16 ]\nan out - sized horse of legendary speed, unbridled' s song became an important sire, but the closest that he came to siring a kentucky derby winner was his lovely daughter eight belles, who finished second to big brown .\nwhy: we’re honoring the vision of our founders which was nothing short of revolutionary when they purchased iron horse in 1976, the restoration of the sterling’s beautiful victorian home built in 1876, and of course the all american spirit of 1776 .\nfun fact! even the iron horse corks have been specially curated. the vineyard partners with one family in portugal - david says they’re the best in the business! signature cork shown off below by the wonderful wine club manager kevin vanderhoff .\nthe horse, trained by sir michael at newmarket, ran twice last year, winning once and finishing second, but he is said to have thrived over the winter and will be ready to run his first race of the season soon .\n“to race in group one events you need to be genuine and consistent and the one thing you can definitely say about this horse is that he is genuine. as he has grown up and matured, he has just become so reliable .\nas we take stock of a fantastic year at iron horse, and give thanks for your great support and friendship, we are already looking forward to a new year of success and innovation in our continued pursuit of toast - worthy excellence .\niron horse favorite: since the opening, andre has been proud to serve the unoaked chardonnay. the reaction from guests has continually elicited positive feedback. he also rotates other iron horse favorites. he’s currently pouring the 2012 estate pinot noir, and has on the list the estate chardonnay, and three sparklings: wedding cuvee, classic vintage brut, and ocean reserve. he especially likes the pinot because of the balance - not overly fruity, with good minerality, and earthiness .\nin his native country, tulyar was accustomed to consuming a daily ration of guinness stout. after the horse became ill in the united states, he received shipments of the beverage, which was credited by some with having restored his health .\nthe cecil boyd - rochfort - trained colt was fifth once more to nearula in the mile classic, the 2000 guineas, on his three - year - old bow at newmarket before heading to lingfield for the derby trial on may 16. aureole made no mistake at the surrey track as he powered clear for a five - length verdict over the smart mountain king who had won the royal stakes at sandown on his previous start .\naureole made his first appearance at york racecourse in august. he delayed the start by\nplaying up\n, but won comfortably. he was then off the course for two months before running in october at newmarket racecourse here he contested the middle park stakes, one of the year' s most important two - year - old races. he finished sixth behind nearula, a colt who went on to win the 1953 2000 guineas .\nin la gazzetta dello sport' s poll, ribot was named the 4th greatest italian athlete of the 20th century. the premio ribot at capannelle racecourse is named in his honour, and he has been named horse of the century in italy .\ntulyar is a half brother to saint crespin iii (by aureole), winner of the 1959 eclipse stakes and prix de l' arc de triomphe; to 1955 princess of wales' s stakes winner cobetto (by migoli); and to cripton (by prince bio), winner of the 1964 prix messidor. he is also a half brother to andromeda ii (by stardust), whose daughter anticlea (by mossborough) won the 1963 premio regina elena (italian one thousand guineas) and oaks d' italia (italian oaks). andromeda ii is also the second dam of the good japanese stakes horse haka hoshu, whose wins included the 1973 sapporo kinen and yasuda kinen\na eurologist was consulted during the summer in attempts to quell his temperament. but any relief was short lived as again he failed to settle, this time in the st leger in front of the queen. he faded to finish third. he began the 1954 season in the 1m2f coronation stakes at sandown, finishing an unlucky second. three wins followed (the victor wilde stakes at kempton, an impressive five - length victory in the coronation cup at epsom, and the hardwicke stakes at ascot) before aureole once again returned to ascot in order to contest the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes. his misbehaviour unseated the jockey on their way to the start, but the 9 / 2 favourite raced well to win by three - quarters of a length. the queen finished the season as leading owner with a purse of £30, 092. and aureole was retired to stud .\nhyperion was a small horse, only 15 hands high. he was indolent by nature and responded to firm treatment. hyperion liked to stand and stare, especially at aeroplanes, and could not abide having his teeth rasped or a dose of medicine .\nroyal patron of horse racing, her majesty has a profound knowledge of and interest in racing and breeding and virtually all her successes now come from home - bred horses. she first started as an owner in 1952, leasing horses from the national stud .\nhe bred that fine horse oncidium, who won the lingiield derby trial as a three - year - old and the following season the coronation cup and newmarket' s jockey club cup. over the jumps lanzarote was a wonderful servant to him. won the\nmichael mina: has it been that long? ? yes, we’ve been connected to joy and iron horse for 20 years. and about 11 years ago, the label officially changed to michael mina cuvee in honor of the launch of my michael mina restaurant .\nstep 6: the riddling process and disgorging process remove the spent yeast. at this point, a dose of david’s “special sauce” is added - this secret ingredient determines the degree of sweetness to dryness and sets the style of each of the iron horse bubblies .\nit' s the stuff of dreams, to be heading to a race as prestigious as the king george with a horse of the quality of postponed, it' s something i would have (only) dreamt of doing only a few years ago .\naureole ranch is a “virtual” ranch. anne doesn’t own any land. her horses are scattered from southern california to washington, where they are maintained by fosterers, and by anne and her husband, james, who personally care for most of them at three locations in calistoga, petaluma, and st. helena. volunteers lend a hand from time to time, to feed, groom, exercise, and clean up after them. cleaning up is a big job. a\ndunfermline was “probably the best horse the queen has ever owned, ” believes sir michael oswald. “she wasn’t much as a two year old but she was brilliant at three, ” continues sir michael, “and was the only horse to beat the great alleged [ whom vincent o’brien trained to win two prix de l’arc de triomphes but whose only defeat was to dunfermline in the st leger ]. ” trained by major dick hern, she won the oaks and the st leger in 1977, the year of the queen’s silver jubilee .\ntarin: iron horse is honored to have a wonderful friendship with you. and we’d like to explain to our blog readers how michael mina cuvee came about. joy wanted to remind you that we started 20 vintages (or shall we say football seasons) ago !\nhi, i am finally back in business ie... . painting! after 2 months without touching brushes... got back to painting this horse: urltoken i painted a background (now i regret it ...) and put a first wash of burnt umber with a dash of quinacridone gold. a bigger image can be seen urltoken horse wip 1 was here: urltoken and now... . i am off to paint a darker wash of burnt umber... ; -) )) aclaire\nsome of my fondest memories of 2016 involve toasting with\ncuvee 50\nfor super bowl 50 in san francisco, which now feels so far back in time, and\nspirit of 76\ncelebrating the 40th anniversary of when my parents acquired iron horse in 1976 .\nsummit cuvee, commemorating the history making free climb by two brave climbers and iron horse friends in yosemite in january. some have called it his “masterpiece, ” the special sauce (aka liqueur de dosage) is a deliciously distinctive flavor with notes of caramelized cream soda like .\nthere is a story that once as a child queen elizabeth ii was asked what she would most like to become. promptly she answered :\na horse .\nthe tale may be apocryphal, but there is no doubt that love of the thoroughbred has always been with her .\nin 1948 elizabeth got her first race horse—the filly astrakhan, a wedding present from the aga khan—and the next year the princess registered her colors. under steeplechase rules, she also registered a partnership with her mother, and each owned a half share in the irish jumper, monaveen." ]

{ "text": [ "aureole ( 1950 – 1975 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire who was owned by queen elizabeth ii .", "in a career which lasted from august 1952 until july 1954 , he ran fourteen times and won eleven races .", "as a three-year-old in 1953 , he won the lingfield derby trial before finishing second to pinza in both the epsom derby and the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes .", "he reached his peak as a four-year-old in 1954 when he won his last four races : the victor wild stakes at kempton , the coronation cup at epsom , the hardwicke stakes at royal ascot and britain 's most prestigious all-aged race , king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes .", "after retiring from racing he was sent to stud , where he became a successful sire of winners . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 14, 7 ] }

[ "aureole (1950 – 1975) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire who was owned by queen elizabeth ii. in a career which lasted from august 1952 until july 1954, he ran fourteen times and won eleven races. as a three-year-old in 1953, he won the lingfield derby trial before finishing second to pinza in both the epsom derby and the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes. he reached his peak as a four-year-old in 1954 when he won his last four races: the victor wild stakes at kempton, the coronation cup at epsom, the hardwicke stakes at royal ascot and britain's most prestigious all-aged race, king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes. after retiring from racing he was sent to stud, where he became a successful sire of winners." ]

[ "the pharaoh eagle owl is a fairly large owl with relatively short and pointed ear - tufts. it is also known as the desert eagle owl, savigny' s eagle owl or the sahara eagle owl .\nnobody uploaded sound recordings for pharaoh eagle - owl (bubo ascalaphus) yet .\nyoung male pharaoh eagle owl (bubo ascalaphus) during a desert falconry show in dubai, uae. - stock image\nk dinatale set\npharaoh eagle owl / bubo ascalaphus / ファラオワシミミズク\nas an exemplar on\nbubo ascalaphus savigny 1809\n.\nyoung male pharaoh eagle owl (bubo ascalaphus) during a desert falconry show with a man dressed in traditional arab dress in dubai, uae .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - pharaoh eagle - owl (bubo ascalaphus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - pharaoh eagle - owl (bubo ascalaphus )\ntitle =\narkive species - pharaoh eagle - owl (bubo ascalaphus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe pharaoh eagle - owl is generally found in arid habitats, including open desert plains, rocky outcrops, mountain cliffs and wadis (2) (4) .\nthe eurasian eagle - owl (bubo bubo) is a non - migrant resident bird .\nwhile there are currently no conservation measures specifically targeting the pharaoh eagle - owl (1), it is found is several protected areas including azraq nature reserve in the eastern desert of jordan (9) .\nshehab, a. h. & m. ciach (2008). diet composition of the pharaoh eagle owl, bubo ascalaphus, in azraq nature reserve, jordan. turkish journal of zoology 32: 65–69 .\nthe eurasian eagle - owl was first described by the swedish naturalist carl linnaeus in his 10th edition of systema naturae in 1758. [ 2 ] it is a member of the horned owl genus bubo which includes the eagle - owls, the horned owls, the fish owls and the snowy owl. [ 19 ] about a dozen subspecies are recognised, [ 2 ] but the exact number is unclear and they tend to intergrade where their ranges overlap. two owls formerly considered subspecies of the eurasian eagle - owl are now recognized as distinct species: the pharaoh eagle - owl (b. ascalaphus) and the rock eagle owl (b. bengalensis). [ 11 ]\nhungry verreaux' s eagle - owl juvenile (budo lacteus) calls it' s parents for food .\nshehab, a. h. and ciach, m. (2008) diet composition of the pharaoh eagle owl, bubo ascalaphus, in azraq nature reserve, jordan. turkish journal of zoology, 32: 65 - 69 .\nhabits: the pharaoh eagle owl becomes active after sunset. roosts by day between rocks, either on the ground or in a steep precipice, cliff crevice or in a cave entrance. they may also roost in a tree if present .\nhunting & food: the pharaoh eagle owl feeds mainly on small vertebrates such as mammals, birds and reptiles, but also larger insects and scorpions. while rodents make up the main diet, hares, bats, desert foxes and hedgehogs are also taken. this owl normally hunts from a perch .\nshehab, a. h. (2004). diet of the eagle owl, bubo bubo, in syria. zoology in\nmichаel frаnkis set\nfile: pharoah eagle owl l. jpg\nas an exemplar on\nbubo ascalaphus savigny 1809\n.\nallen, d. (1995). the diet of the cape eagle owl. journal of african raptor biology 10: 12–27 .\nthese eurasian eagle - owl species are moderately forest dependent. they inhabit various natural and human - altered ecosystems. these eurasian eagle - owl species inhabit arable lands, pasturelands, rural gardens, tropical and subtropical degraded forests. these species occur in altitudes from 0 to 4500 meters .\nobuch, j. (2014). spatial diversity in the diet of the eurasian eagle owl bubo bubo in iran. podoces 9: 7–21 .\nthese owl species are distributed in much of europe and asia, including northwest region of the indian subcontinent. the eurasian eagle - owl does not occur in southeast asia. there are sixteen recognized subspecies of these owls .\none of the smaller eagle - owl species, the pharaoh eagle - owl is an attractive bird of prey with striking, large orange - yellow eyes and mottled plumage. the head and upperparts are tawny and densely marked with black and creamy - white streaks and blotches, while the underparts are pale creamy - white, with black streaks on the upper breast and fine reddish - brown vermiculations on the lower breast and belly. the face has the disc - like form typical of most owls, defined by a dark rim, the robust bill is black and hooked, and the head is crowned with small ear tufts. there are two recognised subspecies of pharaoh eagle - owl, bubo ascalaphus ascalaphus and bubo ascalaphus desertorum, the latter being smaller and paler with sandier colouration (2) .\nbrooke, r. k. (1973). notes on the distribution and food of the cape eagle owl in rhodesia. ostrich 44: 137–139 ;\nsteyn, p. & n. myburgh (1983). prey of the cape eagle owl at brandvlei, cape. african wildlife 37: 127 .\nthe main threat to the pharaoh eagle - owl appears to be persecution, as in certain local areas it believed to be an evil spirit and is killed on sight (8). nevertheless, this species’ widespread distribution and apparent abundance in many areas would seem to indicate that it is not currently at risk (1) .\ndemeter, a. (1982). prey of the spotted eagle owl bubo africanus in awash national park, ethiopia. bonner zoologische beitrage 33: 283–291 .\nthe eurasian eagle - owl species are distributed in much of europe and asia, including northwest region of the indian subcontinent. they do not occur in southeast asia .\nllanes, i. b. , tourenq, c. , drew, c. and al dhaheri, s. (2008) presence of the blue swimming crab (portunus pelagicus) in the diet of the pharaoh eagle - owl (bubo ascalaphus) in abu dhabi, united arab emirates. journal of raptor research, 42: 70 - 72 .\nmarchesi, l. & p. pedrini (2002). biases associated with diet study methods in the eurasian eagle owl. journal of raptor research 36: 11–16 .\nthe eurasian eagle - owl (bubo bubo) is a species of eagle - owl resident in much of eurasia. it is sometimes called the european eagle - owl and is, in europe, where it is the only member of its genus besides the snowy owl (b. scandiacus), occasionally abbreviated to just eagle - owl. in india, it is often called the indian great horned owl, though this may cause confusion with the similarly named american bird. [ 3 ] it is one of the largest species of owl, and females can grow to a total length of 75 centimetres (30 in), with a wingspan of 188 centimetres (74 in), males being slightly smaller. this bird has distinctive ear tufts, the upper parts are mottled black and tawny and the wings and tail are barred. the underparts are buff, streaked with darker colour. the facial disc is poorly developed and the orange eyes are distinctive .\nbrown, l. h. (1965). observations on verreaux’s eagle owl bubo lacteus (temminck) in kenya. journal of the east african natural history society 25: 101–107 .\nmartinez, j. a. (2003). predictive models of habitat preference for the eurasian eagle owl bubo bubo: a multiscale approach. ecography 26 (1): 21–28 .\nthe iucn (international union for conservation of nature) has categorized and evaluated the owl species and has listed it as of\nleast concern\n. cites (the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora) has evaluated the eurasian eagle - owl (\ndonazar, j. a. (1987). geographic variations in the diet of eagle owls in western mediterranean europe. biology and conservation of northern forest owl: symposium proceedings, 220–224pp .\nreal, j. & s. manosa (1990). eagle owl (bubo bubo) predation on juvenile bonelli’s eagles (hieraaetus fasciatus). journal of raptor research 24: 69–71 .\ntumurbat, j. , g. sundev & r. yosef (2009). nest site and food composition of the eagle owl bubo bubo in mongolia. ardea 97: 419–523; urltoken\nthe breeding season of the eurasian eagle - owl species is from february to august in scandinavia, from january to march in spain and in december in france. these eurasian owl species do not build nests, normally nesting on rocks, boulders, cliff ledges, crevices and caves .\ngargett, v. & j. h. grobler (1976). prey of the cape eagle owl bubo capensis mackinderi sharpe 1899, in the matopos, rhodesia. arnoldia 8: 1–7 .\npande, s. & n. dahanukar (2011). the diet of the indian eagle owl bubo bengalensis and its agronomic significance. journal of threatened taxa 3 (8): 2011–2017; urltoken\nkannan, r. (1994). forest eagle owl (bubo nipalensis hodgson) – a predator of the indian giant squirrel (ratufa indica). journal of the bombay natural history society 91: 454 .\nnel, j. a. j. (1969). the prey of owls of the namib desert, 1. the spotted eagle owl bubo africanus. scientific papers namib desert research station 43: 55–58 .\nramanujam, m. e. (2004). methods of analyzing rodent prey of the indian eagle owl bubo bengalensis (franklin) in and around pondicherry, india. zoos’ print journal 19: 1492–1494; urltoken\nramanujam, m. e. (2006). on the prey of the indian eagle owl bubo bengalensis (franklin, 1831) in and around pondicherry, southern india. zoos’ print journal 21: 2231–2240; urltoken\ntella, j. l. & s. manosa (1993). eagle owl predation on egyptian vulture and northern goshawk: possible effect of decrease in european rabbit availability. journal of raptor research 27: 111–112 .\ndc. owl, josep del hoyo, keith and lynn youngs, mansorea, mkennewell, éric roualet .\nthe eurasian eagle - owl is a very large bird, smaller than the golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos) but larger than the snowy owl. it is sometimes referred to as the world’s largest owl, although blakiston’s fish owl (b. blakistoni) is slightly heavier on average and the great grey owl (strix nebulosa) is slightly longer on average. [ 4 ] the eurasian eagle - owl has a wingspan of 160–188 cm (63–74 in), with the largest specimens attaining 200 cm (79 in). the total length of the species can range from 65 to 75 cm (26 to 30 in). females weigh 2. 27–4. 5 kg (5. 0–9. 9 lb) and males weigh 1. 8–3. 5 kg (4. 0–7. 7 lb). [ 3 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] in comparison, the barn owl (tyto alba), the world’s most widely distributed owl species, weighs about 500 grams (1. 1 lbs) and the great horned owl (b. virginianus), which fills the eurasian eagle - owl’s ecological niche in north america, weighs around 1. 6 kg (3. 5 lbs). [ 9 ] among standard measurements, the tail measures 23–31 cm (9. 1–12. 2 in) long, the tarsus measures 7. 4–8. 8 cm (2. 9–3. 5 in) and the bill is 4. 2–5. 8 cm (1. 7–2. 3 in). [ 7 ] [ 10 ]\nrodel, h. g. , w. w. a. scholze & d. kock (2002). diet of mackinder’s eagle owl bubo capensis mackinderi in the alpine zone of mount kenya. african journal of ecology 40: 283–288 .\nmysterud, i. & h. dunker (1982). food and nesting ecology of the eagle owl bubo bubo (l .) in four neighbouring territories in southern norway. swedish sportsmen’s ass. swedish wildlife research (viltrevy), 12pp .\na nocturnal species, the booming call of the male pharaoh eagle - owl can often be heard at sunset, as foraging activity commences (4). this species is an efficient and opportunistic predator, exploiting almost any small animal that it can find (2). hunting normally takes place over a range of about five square kilometres, with the owl usually alighting on a rocky perch, and using its acute hearing to detect prey movements before swooping down on its victim (2) (5). small mammals are most commonly taken, but snakes, lizards, birds, beetles and scorpions may all feature in this species’ diet (6) .\npenteriani, v. , m. gillardo & p. roche (2002). landscape structure and food supply affect eagle owl (bubo bubo) density and breeding performance: a case of intra - population heterogeneity. journal of zoology 257: 365–372; urltoken\nthe eurasian eagle - owl also inhabit non - aquatic caves and subterranean habitats, rocky country with cliffs and ravines, taiga, boreal forests, coniferous forests, montane forests, temperate forests, temperate grasslands, subtropical shrublands, river valleys with gorges, and temperate shrublands .\nfischter, e. (1941). the role of owl pellet analysis in faunistics. nebraska bird review 9: 26–30 .\nseshadri, k. s. (2013). lords of the ravines - the rock eagle owls of pondicherry. sanctuary asia 33: 54–59 .\nthe diet of these eurasian eagle - owl species is mostly mammals and birds. their primary food is small mammals weighing 100 to 2000 grams. birds, voles, rats, mice, rabbits, hares, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects and other invertebrates comprise their diet .\ncui, q. , j. su & z. jiang (2008). summer diet of two sympatric species of raptors upland buzzard (buteo hemilasius) and eurasian eagle owl (bubo bubo) in alpine meadow: problem of coexistence. polish journal of ecology 56: 173–179 .\npande, s. , a. pawashe, m. mahajan, a. mahabal, c. joglekar & r. yosef (2011). breeding biology, nesting habitat and diet of the rock eagle owl (bubo bengalensis). journal of raptor research 45: 211–219; urltoken\nramanujam, m. e. (2015). time budget and behavioural traits of adult and young indian eagle owl bubo bengalensis (franklin, 1831) in and around a nesting site: a preliminary report. journal of threatened taxa 7 (14): 8139–8147 + supplement; urltoken\nsimeonov, s. , b. milchev & z. boev (1998). study of the eagle owl (bubo bubo l .) (aves: strigiformes) in the strandzha mountain (southeast bulgaria). ii. food spectrum and trophic specialization. acta zoologica 50: 87–100 .\nthe hunting method usually used by this owl is to watch from a perch for animal movement and then to swoop down swiftly once prey has been spotted. the prey is often killed quickly by the eurasian eagle - owl’s powerful talons though alternatively it may be bitten on the head. then the victim is carried off to be swallowed whole or torn into pieces with the bill. occasionally, this owl may capture other birds on the wing, including nocturnal migrants which are intercepted in mid - flight. larger prey (over 3. 5 kg (7. 7 lb) ) is consumed on the ground which leaves the owl vulnerable to loss of their prey or even attack by predators such as foxes. the dietary preferences of the species frequently overlap with the larger golden eagle but direct competition is uncommon due to differing times of activity between the species. [ 7 ]\ndc. owl, john a thompson, sulqatar, lior kislev, desertbirds, mansorea, lmarce, omar alshaheen, markus lilje, andrew emmerson .\nallan, t. a. (1977). winter food of the snowy owl in northwestern lower michigan. jack pine warbler 55: 42 .\nrifai, l. b. , al - melhim, w. n. , gharaibeh, b. m. and amr, z. s. (2000) the diet of the desert eagle owl, bubo bubo ascalaphus, in the eastern desert of jordan. journal of arid environments, 44: 369 - 372 .\nthe clutch of eurasian eagle - owl contains two to four white eggs. the female incubates the eggs and the young hatch out in 30 to 35 days of incubation. the male hunts and bring the food for the female and the hatchlings. the female tears the prey into suitably - sized pieces for the young to swallow .\nthis article is part of project strigidae, a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each true owl, including made - up species .\nthe pharaoh eagle - owl forms monogamous, lifelong breeding pairs, which mate in late winter, with egg - laying taking place in february and march (2). while nests are usually constructed in shallow scrapes amongst rocks or in crevices (2), incredibly, in egypt this species has been recorded nesting on at least one of the pyramids (7). a clutch of two eggs is usually laid, which are incubated by the female for around 31 to 36 days, while the male brings food. the young leave the nest after 20 to 35 days, but may not fully fledge for another month, and may remain dependent on the parent birds until half a year old (2) .\nholt, d. w. , berkley, r. , deppe, c. , enríquez rocha, p. , petersen, j. l. , rangel salazar, j. l. , segars, k. p. , wood, k. l. , de juana, e. & marks, j. s. (2018). pharaoh eagle - owl (bubo ascalaphus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nthere are about a dozen subspecies of eurasian eagle - owl. with a total range in europe and asia of about 32 million square kilometres (12 million square miles) and a total population estimated to be between 250 thousand and 2. 5 million individuals, the iucn lists the bird’s conservation status as being of “ least concern “ .\n) is estimated to be around 100, 000 to 500, 000 mature individual birds. the overall population size of these owl species is considered to be declining .\nnearly 200 important bird and biodiversity areas (iba) of eurasian eagle - owl species have been identified in europe, spread over ukraine, sweden, belarus, greece, spain, slovenia, france, serbia, romania, finland, portugal, armenia, poland, estonia, macedonia, italy, czech republic, hungary, bulgaria, belgium and austria for conservation efforts .\npotapov, e. & r. sale (2012). the snowy owl. t & ad poyser, an imprint of bloomsbury publishing plc. , london, 304pp .\nthe prey is observed from a high perch and the owl swoops down swiftly, often killing the prey quickly by its strong grip with talons and sometimes by biting on the head .\nyoung eurasian eagle - owls fledge by about 7–8 weeks of age and the parents feed and care for them for at least another month. the young owls lead a nomadic life till they mature and establish a territory .\nalthough found in the largest numbers in areas sparsely populated by humans, farmland is include in their habitat types and they have even been observed living in park - like settings within european cities. [ 7 ] since 2005, at least five couples have nested in helsinki. this is due in part to feral european rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) having recently populated the helsinki area, originally from pet rabbits released to the wild. [ 14 ] in june 2007, a eurasian eagle - owl nicknamed ‘bubi’ landed in the crowded helsinki olympic stadium during the european football championship qualification match between finland and belgium and interrupted the match for six minutes. [ 15 ] finland’s national football team have had the nickname huuhkajat (finnish for eurasian eagle - owls) ever since. the owl was named “helsinki citizen of the year” in december 2007. [ 16 ]\ntrejo, a. & d. grigera (1998). food habits of the great horned owl (bubo virginianus) in a patagonian steppe in argentina. journal of raptor research 32: 306–311 .\nthis eagle - owl mainly feeds on small mammals in the 200–2, 000 g (0. 44–4. 41 lb) [ 6 ] weight range, such as voles, rats, mice, rabbits and hares. however, prey can be killed up to the size of both fully - grown foxes and marmots and young deer (up to a mass of 17 kg (37 lb) ), if taken by surprise. [ 17 ] in central europe, hedgehogs are often a favorite prey item, being eaten after the owl skins off their prickly backs. [ 7 ] eurasian eagle - owls may habitually visit refuse dumps to feed on rats. the other significant group of prey for eurasian eagle - owls is other birds and almost any type of bird may fall victim. common avian prey includes corvids, grouse, woodpeckers, herons and, especially near coastal areas, ducks, seabirds and geese. [ 5 ] other raptors, including large species such as northern goshawks (accipiter gentilis), peregrine falcons (falco peregrinus) and the largest buzzards, are regularly attacked as also are any other species of owl encountered. [ 8 ] when there is an opportunity, they will also prey on reptiles, including large and venomous snakes, frogs, fish and even large insects and earthworms. [ 7 ]\nthe eurasian eagle - owls are highly territorial during the breeding season and the males establish territories by singing from the highest points in the territory. these owls usually pair for life and the mating is preceded by an elaborate courtship ritual and calling .\nmedelson, j. m. (1989). habitat preferences, population size, food and breeding of six owl species in the springbok flats, south africa. ostrich 60 (4): 183–190; urltoken\nsergio, f. , l. marchesi & p. pedrini (2003). spatial refugia and the coexistence of a diurnal raptor with its intraguild owl predator. journal of animal ecology 72: 232–245; urltoken\nthe eurasian eagle - owl is largely nocturnal in activity, as are most owl species. it has a number of vocalizations that are used at different times. the song, which can be heard at great distance, is a deep resonant ooh - hu with emphasis on the first syllable for the male, and a more high - pitched uh - hu for the female. these calls are repeated at intervals of up to a minute. other calls include a rather faint oo - oo - oo and a harsh kveck - kveck. annoyance at close quarters is expressed by bill - clicking and cat - like spitting, and a defensive posture involves lowering the head, ruffling the back feathers, fanning the tail and spreading the wings. [ 12 ] when perching it adopt an upright stance with plumage closely compressed and may stand tightly beside a tree trunk in a similar fashion to a long - eared owl. [ 12 ]\nverzhutskii, b. & m. e. ramanujam (2002). on the prey of the collared scops owl otus bakkamoena (pennant) at auroville, pondicherry. zoos’ print journal 17 (11): 939–940; urltoken\ntalmale, s. s. & m. s. pradhan (2009). identification of small mammal species through owl pellet analysis. records of the zoological survey of india. occasional paper no. 294: 23pp + 20pl .\nllinas - gutieerrez, j. , g. arnaud & m. acevedo (1991). food habits of the great horned owl (bubo virginianus) in the cape region of lower california, mexico. journal of raptor research 25: 140–141 .\nthe eurasian eagle - owl can live for up to twenty years in the wild. however, like many other bird species in captivity they can live much longer without having to endure difficult natural conditions, and have possibly survived up to 60 years in zoo collections. healthy adults normally have no natural predators and are thus considered apex predators, although they can be mobbed by a variety of smaller birds, including smaller hawks and owls. the leading causes of death for this species are man - made: electrocution, traffic accidents and shooting sometimes kill or injure it. [ 5 ] [ 7 ]\ncourtship in the eurasian eagle - owl may involve bouts of “duetting”, with the male sitting upright and the female bowing as she calls. there may be mutual bowing, billing and fondling before the female flies to a perch where coitus occurs, usually taking place several times over the course of a few minutes. this owl usually nests on a cliff ledge, in a crevice, a gully or cave, but sometimes nests on the ground, between rocks or in some other concealed location. it often uses the same nest site year after year. [ 12 ] occasionally, it may take over a nest made by a large bird such as a common raven (corvus corax) or golden eagle. laying generally begins in late winter but may be later in the year in colder habitats. a single clutch of up to six white eggs is laid, each egg measuring 56–73mm x 44. 2–53mm (2. 2–2. 9″ x 1. 7–2. 1″) and weighing 75–80 g (2. 6–2. 8 oz). the eggs are normally laid at intervals of three days and are incubated only by the female. the first egg hatches after 31 to 36 days. during the incubation period, the female is brought food at the nest by her mate. [ 5 ]\nmahmood - ul - hassan, m. , m. a. beg & m. mustaq - ul - hassan (2007). locality related changes in the diet of the barn owl (tyto alba stertens) in agrosystems in central punjab, pakistan. wilson journal of ornithology 119: 479–483 .\nthis broad - winged species has a strong direct flight, usually consisting of shallow wing beats and long, fast glides. it has, unusually for an owl, also been known to soar on updrafts on a few occasions. the latter method of flight has led them to be mistaken for buteos, which are smaller and quite differently proportioned. [ 13 ]\nthe eurasian eagle - owl is found in a number of habitats but is mostly a bird of mountain regions, coniferous forests, steppes and remote places. it is a mostly nocturnal predator, hunting for a range of different prey species, predominately small mammals but also birds of varying sizes, reptiles, amphibians, fish, large insects and earthworms. it typically breeds on cliff ledges, in gullies, among rocks or in some other concealed location. the nest is a scrape in which up to six eggs are laid at intervals and which hatch at different times. the female incubates the eggs and broods the young, and the male provides food for her and when they hatch, for the nestlings as well. continuing parental care for the young is provided by both adults for about five months .\nfeathers are lightweight and robust but nevertheless need to be replaced periodically as they become worn. in the eurasian eagle - owl this happens in stages and the first moult starts the year after hatching with some body feathers and wing coverts being replaced. the next year the three central secondaries on each wing and three middle tail feathers are shed and regrow, and the following year two or three primaries and their coverts are lost. in the final year of this post - juvenile moult, the remaining primaries are moulted and all the juvenile feathers will have been replaced. another moult takes place during years six to twelve of the bird’s life. this happens between june and october after the conclusion of the breeding season and again it is a staged process with six to nine main flight feathers being replaced each year. such a moulting pattern lasting several years is repeated throughout the bird’s life. [ 18 ]\neurasian eagle - owls are distributed sparsely through rocky areas but can potentially inhabit a wide range of habitats. they have been found in habitats as diverse as northern coniferous forests and the edge of vast deserts. they are often found in the largest numbers in areas where cliffs and ravines are surrounded by a scattering of trees and bushes. taiga, rocky coast lines, steppe and grasslands, may also be visited, largely while hunting. their territories cover on average about 42. 5 square kilometres (16. 4 sq mi). [ 7 ] [ 13 ] due to their preference for rocky habitats, the species is often found in mountainous areas and can be found at elevations of up to 2, 000 m (6, 600 ft) in europe and 4, 500 m (14, 800 ft) in asia. however, they can also be found at sea level, [ 10 ] on islands and even over extensive reed beds. in all, they can hunt between sea level and the snow line. the birds roost by day in rock clefts, ruins, large hollow trees and dense foliage. [ 12 ]\nthe great size, barrel - shaped build and conspicuous ear tufts make this a distinctive owl. in the nominate subspecies, the upper parts are mottled brownish - black and tawny - buff while the wings and tail are barred in similar shades. the facial disc is poorly developed, cream above and tawny - buff below, and incomplete above the eyes, which have orange irises. the beak and the feet are black. the crown of the head is brownish - black, each feather having a buff or cream - coloured edge. the long feathers making up the ear tufts extend about 60 mm (2. 4 in) above the rest of the plumage on either side of the crown. the feathers on the back of the neck, the scapulars and the mantle are brownish - black with tawny edges. the back, rump and upper tail coverts are tawny - buff with wavy bars and streaks, and the tail feathers are dark brown with cream, buff and tawny - brown irregular lines. [ 12 ]\ndistributed throughout much of north africa and the middle east, subspecies bubo ascalaphus ascalaphus occupies the northern part of this species range, being found in north - west africa and northern egypt, east to western iraq. by contrast, bubo ascalaphus desertorum can be found in the sahara desert, from western sahara, east, to sudan, as well as in eritrea, ethiopia and much of the arabian peninsula, as far south as northern oman (1) (2) .\nclassified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) and listed on appendix ii of cites (3) .\nenvironment agency - abu dhabi is a principal sponsor of arkive. ead is working to protect and conserve the environment as well as promoting sustainable development in the emirate of abu dhabi .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nmonogamous having only one mate during a breeding season, or throughout the breeding life of a pair. nocturnal active at night. subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species. vermiculations fine, wavy lines of colour on bird feathers. wadis arid mountain canyons found in north africa and the middle east that only carry water during rains .\ndel hoyo, j. , elliott, a. and sargatal, j. (1999) handbook of the birds of the world. volume 5: barn - owls to hummingbirds. lynx edicions, barcelona .\nhellyer, p. and aspinall, s. (2005) the emirates: a natural history. trident press limited, united arab emirates .\nstaffan widstrand staffan widstrand photography smedvägen 5 se - 176 71 järfälla sweden tel: + 46 (8) 583 518 31 fax: + 46 (8) 584 903 30 photo @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is featured in jewels of the uae, which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency – abu dhabi .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is reported to be not uncommon in most of its range (del hoyo et al. 1999). trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ndescription: the facial disc is plain pale tawny, with a rim made up of fine blackish spots. the eyes are yellow to deep orange. the cere is greyish and the bill is black. the ear - tufts are relatively short and pointed, and pale tawny with dark speckles and tawny - brown edges. the crown is pale tawny with many blackish - brown spots. upperparts are tawny - rufous, marked dark and light (the shoulders being slightly darker than the back), with individual feathers having dark shaft - streaks with whitish spots on each side, and a broad blackish tip, giving a blotched effect. scapulars are the same as the back and mantle. flight and tail feathers are barred light and dark. the throat is white, and the rest of the underparts are pale tawny - brown to sandy - coloured. the upper breast has dark drop - shaped shaft - streaks and a few cross - bars. the lower underparts are finely marked dark, with individual feathers having a thin shaft - streak and a thin horizontal bar. tarsi and toes are feathered pale tawny, the feathering more sparse towards the base of the claws. the tips of the toes are sooty - brown, and the claws are blackish - brown with darker tips .\nsize: length 45 - 50cm. wing length 324 - 430mm. tail length 160 - 233mm. weight about 1900 - 2300g. females are larger and heavier than males .\nvoice: the song of the male is a short, downward - inflected\nbuo\n. the female has a similar but higher - pitched song. during courtship, a trisyllabic call is uttered with emphasis on the first note, then a slightly higher pitched second and third -\nhu - huhoooh\n. sometimes only part of this phrase is sung. such phrases are repeated at intervals of about eight seconds. dueting occurs during courtship .\nbreeding: male and female generally pair for life, maintaining the same territory for years. the nest is a shallow scrape among rocks, in a crevice or down a well. on new desert fringes of the sub - sahara, tree holes or old nest of larger birds are used. a clutch of 2 - 4 (usually 2) white eggs (55 - 62 x 45 - 50mm) is laid directly on the base of the nest site. there is a 2 - 4 day interval between the laying each egg, and the female incubates them alone, starting with the first egg, while the male supplies the food. incubation lasts 31 - 36 days. chicks are brooded and fed by the female alone for about two weeks, after which the male shares the feeding duties. the young leave the nest at 20 - 35 days and are fully fledged at about 52 days. they are guided and fed by both parents for 20 - 26 weeks. they reach maturity in the year following hatching, but do not normally breed before two years of age .\nhabitat: rocky deserts and semi - deserts, mountains with gorges and cliffs, dry, rocky mountain slopes with scattered trees or shrubs, outcrops of oases, occasionally in dry savannas .\ndistribution: occurs in north and northeast africa from tunisia south to gambia, mali, sudan and eritea, and in the middle east from syria to western iraq and south to oman .\noriginal description: savigny, narie - jules - cesar lelorgaede. 1809. description d' egypte; ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en egypte pendant l' expedition de l' armee francaise (descr. egypte. [ 1798 - 1801 ]) livr. 23 p. 295 .\nborrow, nik & demey, ron. 2001 .\na guide to the birds of western africa\n. princeton university press .\ndel hoyo, elliott & sargatal. 1999 .\nhandbook of the birds of the world: barn owls to hummingbirds\n. buteo books .\nkönig, claus & weick, friedhelm. 2008 .\nowls: a guide to the owls of the world (second edition )\n. yale university press .\nkönig, weick and becking. 1999 .\nowls: a guide to the owls of the world\n. yale university press .\nmikkola, heimo. 1983 .\nowls of europe\n. buteo books .\nmikkola, heimo. 2013 .\nowls of the world: a photographic guide (second edition )\n. bloomsbury .\nvoous, karel h. . 1988 .\nowls of the northern hemisphere\n. the mit press .\nsee also: other owls from africa, the middle east, genus: bubo .\nthought to be part of the b. bubo species - group (see that species). formerly treated as conspecific with b. bubo; separation based mainly on vocalizations, and partly on morphology, but dna evidence not conclusive; also, appears to intergrade with b. bubo in parts of middle east, suggesting that conspecificity perhaps possible; on the other hand, some range overlap without known intermediates with b. bubo race hispanus in nw africa (although latter now presumed extinct there); further study warranted. s populations (sahara to arabia and s iraq) sometimes separated as race desertorum, but this better considered a pale colour morph (which more frequent in s). monotypic .\nnw africa and n egypt e to jordan and n to c iraq # r, s in sahara to mauritania and niger and to c sudan and eritrea (possibly n ethiopia), and arabian peninsula .\n45–50 cm; male c. 1900 g, female c. 2300 g. facial disc light tawny - rufous with darker rim; tawny head and neck streaked with dark brown; upperparts tawny with black ...\nsingle deep, downslurred “whu”; in courtship also 3 - note hoot; voice slightly higher ...\nrocky desert hills, mountains and wadis with gorges and cliffs, and open desert with rock outcrops ...\n) favoured prey; also birds, amphibians (rarely), reptiles and various ...\nlays jan–mar, one suspected case of double brooding in egypt in which nestlings found on same territory had estimated hatching dates ...\nnot globally threatened (least concern). cites ii. little information on population levels, and none on population trends, but probably not uncommon in most of range. in s ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: bubo ascalaphus. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\npresumed male (based on the commentary in undiscovered owls) giving hooting calls (same bird as in xc360559), with several monosyllabic\ncrack\ncalls from the female of the pair (which had three young). note the oenanthe singing when the sky was completely dark .\npresumed male (based on the commentary in undiscovered owls) giving hooting calls (once sounding slightly bubbling), with several monosyllabic\ncrack\nor\nrrrrrh\ncalls from the female of the pair (which had three young). same birds as in xc360559 and xc360561 .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 335, 088 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nyou may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. please enable scripts and reload this page .\nthe customer must specify the intended use, media, territory and duration for each usage .\nbased on the wing chord length (the only measurement taken for many of the less studied subspecies), there is considerable variation across the races, with owls at higher altitudes and more northern latitudes being the larger varieties. the smallest race is b. b. nikolskii, found in warm, rocky desert - like habitats from eastern iraq and iran to pakistan and afghanistan and measuring 37. 8–46 cm (14. 9–18. 1 in) in wing chord length. the largest race is b. b. yenisseenis of the icy forests of central siberia to northern mongolia at 44. 3–51. 8 cm (17. 4–20. 4 in). [ 7 ] [ 10 ] many subspecies still require detailed description and study. [ 11 ]\nthe chin and throat are white with a brownish central streak. the feathers of the upper breast have brownish - black centres and reddish - brown edges except for the central ones which have white edges. the lower breast and belly feathers are cream to tawny buff with dark barring. the underwing coverts and undertail coverts are similar but more strongly barred in brownish - black. the primaries and secondaries are brown with broad dark brown bars and dark brown tips, and grey or buff irregular lines. a complete moult takes place each year between july and december. [ 12 ]\nthe female continues to brood the young which are of different ages as a result of the eggs hatching successively. the male continues to bring prey and the female feeds the nestlings, tearing up the food into suitably - sized pieces. the chicks grow rapidly, being able to consume small prey whole after a few weeks. the female resumes hunting after about three weeks which increases the food supply to the chicks. these can walk around at five weeks and by seven weeks are taking short flights. both parents continue to care for them for about five months, and in europe the young disperse or are driven from their parents’ territory in the autumn. they reach sexual maturity by the following year, but do not normally breed until they can establish a territory at around two or three years old. [ 5 ]\nwe’ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe® photoshop® .\n{ { t (' more _ than _ one _ credit', { zero: calc. totalcreditcost }) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting, you' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history." ]

{ "text": [ "the pharaoh eagle-owl ( bubo ascalaphus ) is a species of owl in the family strigidae .", "it is found in algeria , chad , egypt , eritrea , iraq , israel , jordan , kuwait , libya , mali , mauritania , morocco , niger , oman , palestine , qatar , saudi arabia , senegal , sudan , tunisia , united arab emirates . " ], "topic": [ 10, 20 ] }

[ "the pharaoh eagle-owl (bubo ascalaphus) is a species of owl in the family strigidae. it is found in algeria, chad, egypt, eritrea, iraq, israel, jordan, kuwait, libya, mali, mauritania, morocco, niger, oman, palestine, qatar, saudi arabia, senegal, sudan, tunisia, united arab emirates." ]

[ "genetic variability of rickettsia spp. in ixodes persulcatus / ixodes trianguliceps sympatric areas from western siberia, russia: identification of a new candidatus rickettsia species .\nseasonal dynamics of anaplasma phagocytophila in a rodent - tick (ixodes trianguliceps) system, united kingdom .\nsympatric ixodes trianguliceps and ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on field voles (microtus agrestis): potential for increased risk of anaplasma phago... - pubmed - ncbi\ngenetic variability of rickettsia spp. in ixodes persulcatus / ixodes trianguliceps sympatric areas from western siberia, russia: identification of a... - pubmed - ncbi\nixodes trianguliceps: seasonal abundance and role in the epidemiology of babesia microti infection in north - western england .\nseasonal dynamics of anaplasma phagocytophila in a rodent - tick (ixodes trianguliceps) system, united kingdom. - pubmed - ncbi\nixodes trianguliceps: seasonal abundance and role in the epidemiology of babesia microti infection in north - western england. - pubmed - ncbi\nwild rodents are important reservoirs of numerous tick - borne pathogens, including those that cause lyme borreliosis, granulocytic anaplasmosis and babesiosis (32, 33). that rodent populations commonly exist at high densities and are infested with large numbers of the key vector species underlies this importance. in the united states and europe, it is the broad - host - range tick species such as ixodes scapularis, ixodes pacificus, and ixodes ricinus that are considered as key vector species, but rodents may be infested with more specialized ticks that solely utilize small mammals as hosts for all developmental stages, such as ixodes trianguliceps and ixodes spinipalpis (6, 26) .\nwalter, g. 2009. zur saisondynamik und biologie von ixodes trianguliceps birula, 1895 (ixodoidea, ixodidae) in norddeutschland1. zeitschrift für angewandte entomologie, vol. 92, issue. 1 - 5, p. 433 .\nhussein, hussein s. 1980. ixodes trianguliceps: seasonal abundance and role in the epidemiology ofbabesia microtiinfection in north - western england. annals of tropical medicine & parasitology, vol. 74, issue. 5, p. 531 .\nan overview of samples sizes of small mammals captured during spring and fall 2014 in two study sites (ang = angedalen; for = førde west) in sogn & fjordane county, norway. the table shows abundances and percentages of ixodes ricinus and ixodes trianguliceps life stages on given small mammal species, and the prevalence (prev) and mean intensity (int) calculated across tick species and life stages\n. the ecology of the sheep tick, ixodes ricinus l—host relationships of the tick. 2. observations on hill and moorland grazings in northern england .\nbown, kevin j. begon, michael bennett, malcolm woldehiwet, zerai and ogden, nicholas h. 2003. seasonal dynamics ofanaplasmaphagocytophilain a rodent - tick (ixodes trianguliceps) system, united kingdom. emerging infectious diseases, vol. 9, issue. 1, p. 63 .\nrar, vera a. epikhina, tamara i. yakimenko, valeriy v. malkova, marina g. tancev, aleksey k. bondarenko, evgeny i. ivanov, mikhail k. and tikunova, nina v. 2014. genetic variability of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks and voles from ixodes persulcatus / ixodes trianguliceps sympatric areas from western siberia, russia. ticks and tick - borne diseases, vol. 5, issue. 6, p. 854 .\nparameter estimates and standard errors for the models of i. ricinus or i. trianguliceps larvae, nonlarval ticks, and questing i. ricinus nymphs\nmean number of ixodes ricinus larvae per vole recorded over the duration of the study on both control and fenced sampling grids. error bars represent standard errors of the mean .\nprevalence of infection of anaplasma phagocytophila (bar graphs + / - exact binomial errors) in blood samples collected from bank voles (graph marked a) and wood mice (graph marked b) compared to the mean monthly numbers of nymphal and adult ixodes trianguliceps ticks counted per rodent at the time blood samples were collected (line graphs), 1997–1998 .\nthe importance of ixodes ricinus in the transmission of tick - borne pathogens is well recognized in the united kingdom and across europe. however, the role of coexisting ixodes species, such as the widely distributed species ixodes trianguliceps, as alternative vectors for these pathogens has received little attention. this study aimed to assess the relative importance of i. ricinus and i. trianguliceps in the transmission of anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti among united kingdom field voles (microtus agrestis), which serve as reservoir hosts for both pathogens. while all instars of i. trianguliceps feed exclusively on small mammals, i. ricinus adults feed primarily on larger hosts such as deer. the abundance of both tick species and pathogen infection prevalence in field voles were monitored at sites surrounded with fencing that excluded deer and at sites where deer were free to roam. as expected, fencing significantly reduced the larval burden of i. ricinus on field voles and the abundance of questing nymphs, but the larval burden of i. trianguliceps was not significantly affected. the prevalence of a. phagocytophilum and b. microti infections was not significantly affected by the presence of fencing, suggesting that i. trianguliceps is their principal vector. the prevalence of nymphal and adult ticks on field voles was also unaffected, indicating that relatively few non - larval i. ricinus ticks feed upon field voles. this study provides compelling evidence for the importance of i. trianguliceps in maintaining these enzootic tick - borne infections, while highlighting the potential for such infections to escape into alternative hosts via i. ricinus .\nmean number of i. trianguliceps larvae per vole recorded over the duration of the study on both control and fenced sampling grids. error bars represent standard errors of the mean .\nrickettsia spp. are the causative agents of a number of diseases in humans. these bacteria are transmitted by arthropods, including ixodid ticks. dna of several rickettsia spp. was identified in ixodes persulcatus ticks, however, the association of ixodes trianguliceps ticks with rickettsia spp. is unknown. in our study, blood samples of small mammals (n = 108), unfed adult i. persulcatus ticks (n = 136), and i. persulcatus (n = 12) and i. trianguliceps (n = 34) ticks feeding on voles were collected in two i. persulcatus / i. trianguliceps sympatric areas in western siberia. using nested pcr, ticks and blood samples were studied for the presence of rickettsia spp. three distinct rickettsia species were found in ticks, but no rickettsia species were found in the blood of examined voles. candidatus rickettsia tarasevichiae dna was detected in 89. 7% of unfed i. persulcatus, 91. 7% of engorged i. persulcatus and 14. 7% of i. trianguliceps ticks. rickettsia helvetica dna was detected in 5. 9% of i. trianguliceps ticks. in addition, a new rickettsia genetic variant was found in 32. 4% of i. trianguliceps ticks. sequence analysis of the 16s rrna, glta, ompa, оmpb and sca4 genes was performed and, in accordance with genetic criteria, a new rickettsia genetic variant was classified as a new candidatus rickettsia species. we propose to name this species candidatus rickettsia uralica, according to the territory where this species was initially identified. candidatus rickettsia uralica was found to belong to the spotted fever group. the data obtained in this study leads us to propose that candidatus rickettsia uralica is associated with i. trianguliceps ticks .\na total of 359 rodents and shrews were captured with a total of 1106 i. ricinus (60. 0 %) and 737 i. trianguliceps (40. 4 %), consisting of 98. 2% larvae and 1. 8% nymphs of i. ricinus and 91. 2% larvae, 8. 7% nymphs and 0. 1% adult females of i. trianguliceps. due to high abundance, sorex araneus fed most of the larvae of both tick species (i. ricinus 61. 9% , i. trianguliceps 64. 9 %) with apodemus sylvaticus (i. ricinus 20. 4% , i. trianguliceps 10. 0 %) and myodes glareolus (i. ricinus 10. 9% , i. trianguliceps 9. 5 %) as the next most important hosts. individual a. sylvaticus and m. glareolus had higher infestation intensity than s. araneus, while sorex minutus had markedly lower infestation intensity. the load of i. ricinus larvae and nymphs was related to body mass mainly up to ~ 10 g, while the load of i. trianguliceps was less dependent of body mass. the load of i. trianguliceps was higher in spring than in fall, while the seasonal pattern was reversed for i. ricinus with higher loads in fall .\nunderstanding aggregation of ticks on hosts and attachment of life stages to different host species, are central components for understanding tick - borne disease epidemiology. the generalist tick, ixodes ricinus, is a well - known vector of lyme borrelioses, while the specialist tick, ixodes trianguliceps, feeding only on small mammals, may play a role in maintaining infection levels in hosts. in a northern forest in norway, we aimed to quantify the role of different small mammal species in feeding ticks, to determine the extent to which body mass, even among small mammals, plays a role for tick load, and to determine the seasonal pattern of the two tick species .\nthe number of ixodes ricinus (a) larvae and (b) nymphs as a function of body mass in 6 species of small mammals captured along the west coast of norway. estimated effects are for season fall. shaded areas are standard error\ncayol, claire koskela, esa mappes, tapio siukkola, anja and kallio, eva r. 2017. temporal dynamics of the tick ixodes ricinus in northern europe: epidemiological implications. parasites & vectors, vol. 10, issue. 1 ,\nthe common shrew s. araneus plays an important quantitative role as a main host to i. ricinus larvae and to both i. trianguliceps larvae and nymphs. larger hosts had higher load of i. ricinus, but increased tick load with increased body mass appeared mainly up to a body mass of ~ 10 g. the attachment pattern of i. ricinus and i. trianguliceps was partly seasonally asynchronous. these results have implications for understanding tick - borne disease epidemiology in northern forests .\nin contrast to the significant effect that deer reduction had on i. ricinus abundance, there was, as we hypothesized, no evidence of a similar effect on i. trianguliceps abundance. these observations are consistent with the reliance of i. ricinus on large mammals as hosts for adult females ticks (21), while all three developmental stages of i. trianguliceps feed on small mammals (8, 26), the abundances of which were similar at the exclosure and control sites .\nwe investigated the roles of two tick species, ixodes ricinus and i. trianguliceps in the transmission of tick - borne hemoparasites within populations of field voles by utilizing fencing used to manipulate distribution of roe deer, a key host for adult i. ricinus. as predicted, the use of this fencing to exclude deer from an area significantly reduced the abundance of i. ricinus. numbers of questing i. ricinus ticks were reduced approximately 12 - fold at those sites where deer were absent, while mean larval burdens on field voles at these sites were also reduced by a similar amount. these data are in line with previous studies in which reductions in the abundance of i. ricinus or ixodes scapularis were observed following either the removal of deer or a reduction in their numbers (2, 3, 10, 25) .\nwe investigated the reservoir role of european wild rodents for anaplasma phagocytophila using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis of blood collected from individually tagged rodents captured monthly over 2 years. the only tick species observed in the woodland study site was ixodes trianguliceps, and ruminant reservoir hosts were not known to occur. a. phagocytophila infections were detected in both bank voles and wood mice but were restricted to periods of peak nymphal and adult tick activity. most pcr - positive rodents were positive only once, suggesting that rodent infections are generally short - lived and that ticks rather than rodents may maintain the infection over winter. bank voles were more likely to be pcr positive than wood mice, possibly because detectable infections are longer lived in bank voles. this study confirms that woodland rodents can maintain a. phagocytophila in great britain in the absence of other reservoir hosts and suggests that i. trianguliceps is a competent vector .\nwe have previously reported on the role of i. trianguliceps as a vector for anaplasma phagocytophilum (4, 22), the causative agent of human anaplasmosis and tick - borne fever in livestock (7, 35), while previous studies had demonstrated its competence as a vector for babesia microti (29, 36). more recently we reported that field voles (microtus agrestis) in northern england are infested with both i. trianguliceps and i. ricinus (5), leading us to hypothesize, like others (13), that enzootic infections maintained in an i. trianguliceps - field vole cycle could escape into other hosts, including humans and domesticated animals, via i. ricinus. furthermore, as i. ricinus nymphs and larvae feed concurrently upon field voles, it is feasible that i. ricinus plays a significant role in the transmission of infections between field voles, instead of merely acting as a bridge vector to other host species. the possibility of interrodent i. ricinus - mediated transmission clearly has important implications for the role of rodents in the epidemiology of tick - borne infections where i. trianguliceps is absent. the objective of our study was, therefore, to determine the relative importance of i. ricinus and i. trianguliceps as vectors for both a. phagocytophilum and b. microti in rodents by using field data derived from the study of field voles inhabiting grasslands within a large managed spruce plantation forest in northern england .\nthe mean (+ / - se) numbers of larval, nymphal, and adult ixodes trianguliceps ticks counted per rodent at 4 - week intervals, 1997–1998. shaded areas of similar intensity indicate ticks of different instars that may have belonged to the same cohort, according to interstadial development times deduced by randolph (). arrows indicate potential transmission cycles: bold arrows indicate potential transmission from infected nymphs to uninfected larvae by means of rodent infections. fine arrows indicate potential transstadial transmission from infected engorged larvae to infected host - seeking nymphs. for clarity only one within - year (a) and one between - year (b) cycle involving nymphal and larval ticks are illustrated .\nin addition to identifying i. trianguliceps as the principal vector of these infections, this study highlights both similarities and differences in the host - tick relationship for the two tick species. for all but the lightest voles, males carried a higher larval burden of both species and were more likely to be infested with nymphal and adult ticks than females, although interestingly sex differences were not associated with increased probability of infection. male rodents have previously been reported to have greater tick burdens (23, 27), and this is considered to be a result of the higher levels of testosterone in male voles reducing their resistance to tick infestations (16) and / or the greater home range they occupy (14) increasing their exposure to ticks. however, the relationship between larval burden and host body mass for the two tick species differed: while, in general, the host burden of i. ricinus larvae increased with increasing body mass, the reverse was true for i. trianguliceps. this may result from the different questing behaviors of the tick species, with i. ricinus being exophilic (actively quests above ground) and i. trianguliceps endophilic / nidicolous (nest dwelling). as such, immature voles spending a greater time in the proximity of the nest would have greater exposure to i. trianguliceps, while mature animals, particularly males which have the greatest home range (14), have increased potential for coming into contact with questing i. ricinus larvae. another possibility is that the voles are showing resistance to i. trianguliceps infestation but not i. ricinus, but previous studies have shown that bank voles acquire immunity to infestation with both tick species (11, 28) .\nthe importance of wild rodents as reservoirs of zoonotic tick - borne pathogens is considered low in the united kingdom because, in studies to date, those parasitized by exophilic ixodes ricinus ticks carry almost exclusively larvae and thus have a minor role in transmission cycles. in a cross - sectional study, 11 (6. 7 %) of 163 field voles (microtus agrestis) captured at field sites in northern england were pcr - positive for anaplasma phagocytophilum. the voles were found to act as hosts for both larval and nymphal i. ricinus and all stages of the nidicolous tick i. trianguliceps, and eight individuals were infested with ticks of both species at the same time. two of 158 larval and one of 13 nymphal i. ricinus, as well as one of 14 larval and one of 15 nymphal i. trianguliceps collected from the rodents were pcr - positive. these findings suggest that habitats where field voles are abundant in the united kingdom may pose a risk of a. phagocytophilum infection because (i) field voles, the most abundant terrestrial mammal in the united kingdom, may be a competent reservoir; (ii) the field voles are hosts for both nymphal and larval ixodid ticks so they could support endemic cycles of a. phagocytophilum; and (iii) they are hosts for nidicolous i. trianguliceps, which may alone maintain endemic cycles, and exophilic i. ricinus ticks, which could act as a bridge vector and transmit infections to humans and domesticated animals .\nbody mass was important for explaining load of i. ricinus mainly up to a body mass of ~ 10 g across a range of smaller mammalian hosts. consistent with earlier work elsewhere in europe, we found the highest tick infestation intensity on the wood mouse a. sylvaticus. however, this rodent species fed only 20. 4% of all i. ricinus larvae, while the much more abundant s. araneus fed 61. 9% . our study emphasizes an important quantitative role of the common shrew s. araneus as a main host to i. ricinus larvae and to both i. trianguliceps larvae and nymphs. the partly seasonal distinct attachment pattern of i. ricinus and i. trianguliceps is evidence for niche separation .\nwhile the results of this study question the relative importance of i. ricinus as a vector of rodent - associated tick - borne infections in united kingdom uplands, they do provide further evidence that the potential exists for infections maintained in an enzootic rodent—for the i. trianguliceps system to escape, via i. ricinus, into other hosts. both tick species were found on rodents at each of the eight sites studied, and although rodents appear to be relatively unimportant as hosts to nymphal and adult i. ricinus ticks, larval infestations of rodents were common and, at those sites where deer movement was unrestricted, the tick numbers were higher than those of i. trianguliceps. as such, the potential exists for large numbers of i. ricinus ticks to acquire infected blood meals from rodents and pass the pathogens on when they feed as nymphs on other host species .\nour observation that deer abundance was not significantly associated with the proportion of field voles infested with nymphal or adult (and therefore potentially infected) ticks suggests that most of these were i. trianguliceps, especially as adult i. ricinus ticks are virtually never found on rodents. as a. phagocytophilum prevalence in questing i. ricinus nymphs was very low (∼1 %), the nondependence of a. phagocytophilum transmission to rodents by this species may simply be a result of insufficient numbers feeding upon these hosts .\nfurther work is still required to fully determine the importance of rodents in the epidemiology of tick - borne infections in the united kingdom. we are currently assessing the relative importance of rodents, in comparison to deer and other potential hosts, as hosts to larval i. ricinus to determine the potential contribution of rodents to infecting i. ricinus larvae. it would also be interesting to conduct more studies in areas where only i. ricinus is present to establish whether rodent infections can be maintained in the absence of i. trianguliceps .\nalthough, when present, rodents serve as hosts for large numbers of immature i. ricinus, adult female ticks primarily take their blood meal from larger hosts such as deer or grazing livestock (21). previous studies have reported that removal of such hosts can significantly reduce exophilic tick abundance (2, 3, 10, 25). in kielder forest, as in other managed forests, the economic implications of deer - induced damage are well - recognized and thus various countermeasures are employed. one such countermeasure is the creation of large fenced areas within the forest that are designed to exclude deer from new plantations. we hypothesized that the exclusion of deer from fenced sites within kielder forest would have a marked impact on the abundance of i. ricinus but little effect on i. trianguliceps abundance as adult females of this species take their blood meals from small mammals. unlike deer, small mammals are not directly affected by fencing. this management method thus provided a useful system to investigate whether i. ricinus and i. trianguliceps individually or in concert are responsible for transmission of vector - borne zoonoses among field vole hosts in northern united kingdom uplands .\nour findings that none of the questing i. ricinus nymphs or adults tested positive for b. microti dna and that deer abundance (and consequently i. ricinus abundance) was not significantly associated with rodent infection are in agreement with previous studies that proposed that i. trianguliceps is the principal vector of b. microti in rodents in the united kingdom (29, 36). although there is evidence from other studies that i. ricinus may be a competent vector of b. microti (12, 15), the strain of b. microti investigated in these studies was from continental europe and may differ in its host / vector specificity from that present in the united kingdom .\nwe found co - feeding i. ricinus larvae and nymphs on 8 individuals, all but one captured during fall. only 3 of these individuals, a. sylvaticus (104 larvae, 2 nymphs), m. agrestis (20 larvae, 1 nymph) and s. araneus (21 larvae, 1 nymph), had more than 10 larvae together with at least one nymph (the conditions required for tbe persistence), while the remaining 5 individuals had 1–4 larvae. for i. trianguliceps, 21 individuals had co - feeding larvae and nymphs (4 in spring, 17 in fall), with only 2 individuals having more than 10 larvae together with at least 1 nymph (m. glareolus: 14 larvae, 2 nymphs; s. araneus: 15 larvae, 3 nymphs) .\nsmall mammals were captured along transects in two nearby areas along the west coast of norway. all life stages of ticks were counted. tick load, including both prevalence and intensity, was analysed with negative binomial models .\nin europe is the principal vector of several pathogens causing disease in humans and livestock. this includes the pathogenic genospecies from the\n], are typically aggregated on certain species and individuals, and an important element in understanding the epidemiology of the tick - borne diseases is identifying which species and individuals are feeding most of the ticks. the\nlife cycle has three active life stages requiring a blood meal to moult into the next stage or to reproduce. the larvae and nymphs feed on a wide range of different sized hosts [\n], while the adult female tick requires a blood meal from a large host to complete the life cycle. small mammals are considered an especially important group due to their reservoir competence for pathogens (mainly\n]. specialized tick species can also play a role in the epidemiology by maintaining high infection levels in the reservoir hosts, even if they do not act as vectors of disease to humans or livestock. one such example is the nest - dwelling rodent specialist ,\nticks on species of shrews and rodents in a northern area of lyme borrelioses, and hence to understand the quantitative role of different species in feeding ticks, and (2) to determine the extent to which body mass could explain variation in tick load among species and individuals .\nthe study area is located in the western part of southern norway, in førde and askvoll municipalities in sogn & fjordane county, close to the small town førde (61°27’2˝ n, 5°51’15˝ e). the area lies mainly within the boreonemoral vegetation zone [\n]. the bedrock is dominated by gneiss, granite, and other plutonic rock types, with limited coastal areas consisting of distinctive remnants of less modified sediments, such as conglomerate and sandstone. the region consists of mixed forests with deciduous woodland in the south facing slopes, with birch (\n), grass and herbs as the dominating vegetation. other parts are dominated by scots pine (\n). the study area is known for its mild winters and cold summers, with an average yearly precipitation of 2270 mm and an average temperature of 6. 0 °c between 1961 and 1990 (\nrodents and shrews were captured along two transects in angedalen (slightly inland; mean distance from fjord 9. 1 km) and west of førde city (termed førde hereafter; coast; mean distance from fjord 2. 8 km), førde and askvoll municipalities, sogn & fjordane county, norway, during spring (2nd - 5th of june) and fall (1st - 4th of september) 2014. the trapping stations were spaced out with a minimum of 500 m in between to avoid depletion of the populations. four traps were spaced out in the corners of a 15 m × 15 m square at each station according to the small quadrate method [\n]. the traps were placed in natural structures or close to holes in the ground maximum 2 m from the square corners to enhance local capture probability. all traps were live traps of type “ugglan” baited with carrots (for water) and oat (for food) on the first day of fieldwork. food and water reserves would allow the rodents to survive for at least 24 h. the traps were baited the first day, and operated for three consecutive days. all traps were controlled every day. small mammals captured were sacrificed (cervical dislocation) and transferred to an individual zip - lock plastic bag, marked with station number, trap number and date. all bags were stored in a freezer for later observation .\nall small mammals were weighed and identified morphologically to species level. a representative subsample of animals was identified with assistance from a rodent specialist (torbjørn h. ergon). all ticks on the hosts were removed from the captured rodents and shrews, and identified morphologically to species level, and characterized by the life stages larva, nymph, adult female or adult male [\n]. we use the term parasite or tick “load” as a more general term for the whole pattern of parasitism including both prevalence and intensity .\n]. each of the transects started from the middle of one side in the 15 m * 15 m square, was 10 m long and 2 m wide, and was directed away from the square centre. a total area of 20 m\nwas flagged and ticks were removed from the towel, counted and identified to life stages after every 2 m of flagging .\nlarvae and nymphs as response variables. covariates were species, log - transformed body mass, location (angedalen / førde), and season (spring / fall), while trapping station was included as a random term .\n). we used akaike information criterion (aic) for model selection using a combination of backward and forward selection procedures. adding zero inflation did not improve model fit [\n]. for questing tick data, we used abundance of nymphs as response, i. e. the number of ticks collected for each 20 m\ntransect, and year (2013 / 1014), season (spring / fall) and location (angedalen / førde) as fixed effects with trapping station as a random term .\n( 40. 4 %), consisting of 1086 larvae (98. 2 %) and 20 nymphs (1. 8 %) of\nand 672 larvae (91. 2 %), 64 nymphs (8. 7 %) and 1 adult female (0. 1 %) of\nparameter estimates of tick load in small mammals from negative binomial models. baseline for species is sorex araneus. models for i. ricinus larvae were run excluding and (the best model) including body mass\nlarvae included (log) body mass, species and season, but did not include location. load of\nlarvae increased with (log) body mass, but note that the effect of body mass was mainly up to ~ 10 g, after that the relationship was virtually flat (fig .\nhad lower tick loads than expected for their body mass. tick load was lower in spring than fall. the best model for load of\nnymph included only a positive effect of (log) body mass (fig .\nnymphs on small mammals with a body mass below ~ 10 g. the best model for load of\nlarvae included only season, with higher loads in spring compared to fall. if adding body mass, estimated effects were positive, but much weaker than for\nthan expected from their size, and had higher loads in førde compared to angedalen. the effect of body mass was depending on inclusion of\nin the same model. there was a highly significant interaction between season and tick species (z = 3. 73 ,\nthe flagging data revealed far more i. ricinus nymphs in førde (118 nymphs) than in angedalen (4 nymphs, z = 4. 14, p < 0. 001), while there was no effect of season (z = 0. 11, p = 0. 91) or year (z = −1. 53, p = 0. 13) .\nunderstanding the aggregation of different life stages of ixodid ticks on different hosts has implications for tick population regulation and epidemiology. the level of co - feeding ticks is particularly important for tbe transmission, but also to some extent for other pathogens [\n]. here, we document a different pattern of host selection by two tick species, one specialist and one generalist, on small mammals. we identify the most important small mammalian hosts for\nticks in a northern area with lyme borrelioses, and we show that body mass is important for explaining tick load within species crossing a ~ 10 g body mass threshold, but less so across a range of mammalian hosts above this threshold mass. we also found differing seasonality in larval attachment of the two tick species .\n). their small size did, however, result in lower tick intensity per individual (7. 5 tick / host) compared to\n). how such patterns may vary across years, due to differences in vegetation and humidity (affecting questing height), or phase of the population cycle of small mammals, remains to be established .\n, had more than 10 larvae and at least 1 nymph as required for tbe transmission. there are currently no reported case of tbe in this region of norway, while tbev is now found in the southernmost part of norway [\nwas more common as expected for a rodent specialist. however, we found only a single adult\n). the latter may at first sight seem surprising given that adults spend some 10 days feeding. most likely this is due to low sample size, in particular for larger sized rodents .\nseveral mechanisms may give differences in tick load within and across species, and several of these mechanisms can in turn be linked to body size differences. the greater the size of the animal, the broader the front presented to the vegetation and so the greater the area it will sweep [\n], but nevertheless much fewer ticks. the pattern of tick load is hence not fully consistent with home range size across species. in chipmunks (\n]), and space use may not explain the effect of body mass. age and sex differences in size may be part of the intraspecific body size effect, and sex and age differences in immune defenses may play a role for tick load [\n]. in addition to the direct effect of large body size on exposure, there might also be more active selection by ticks for different hosts. larval deer ticks\n), but we found a different seasonality in their attachment pattern. we found higher load of\n). such a seasonal disparate pattern of attachment between the two tick species, possibly to avoid competition by one or both of the species, may also lead to even more infection levels of pathogens over the season. further studies are needed from areas with a less even composition of tick species (allopatry) in order to see if the seasonal patterns differ, and if such differences in temporal attachment pattern of different tick species might affect seasonal levels of infection in hosts .\npermissions to capture of rodents and shrews were given by the norwegian environment agency (reference 2013 / 11201) and hence conform to the norwegian laws and regulations .\nthis study was funded as part of the zews and tickdeer project over the research council of norway. we are grateful to anders herland and vetle stigum for field and lab assistance, to rolf anker ims for discussing the study design, to reidar mehl and torbjørn h. ergon for help in species identification of ticks and small mammals, respectively, to lene martinsen for editing the language, and to two anonymous referees for very helpful comments to a previous draft .\nthis article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution 4. 0 international license (\n), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author (s) and the source, provide a link to the creative commons license, and indicate if changes were made. the creative commons public domain dedication waiver (\n) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated .\nresults of model selection of tick load. best models used for inference are bolded. as there was only 1 i. ricinus nymph in spring, we avoided models with both season and location or species included\nam designed the study. am, rb, lq & hv carried out data analysis. rb carried out lab and field work. am and rb drafted the manuscript. all authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript .\npiesman j, gern l. lyme borreliosis in europe and north america. in: bowman as, nuttall pa, editors. ticks: biology, disease and control. cambridge: cambridge university press; 2008 .\nrandolph se. tick - borne encephalitis incidence in central and eastern europe: consequences of political transition. microbes and infection. 2008; 10: 209–16 .\nin ruminants in europe. ann ny acad sci. 2006; 1078: 446–60 .\nshaw dj, dobson ap. patterns of macroparasite abundance and aggregation in wildlife populations: a quantitative review. parasitology. 1995; 111: s111–33 .\nbrunner jl, ostfeld rs. multiple causes of variable tick burdens on small - mammal hosts. ecology. 2008; 89: 2259–72 .\nle coeur, c, robert, a, pisanu, b, chapuis, jl. seasonal variation in infestations by ixodids on siberian chipmunks: effects of host age, sex, and birth season. parasitol res. 2015; 114: 2069–78 .\nperkins se, cattadori im, tagliapietra v, rizzoli ap, hudson pj. empirical evidence for key hosts in persistence of a tick - borne disease. int j para. 2003; 33: 909–17 .\nl. host relationships of the tick: part 1. review of previous work in britain. parasitology. 1949; 39: 167–72 .\ngern l, estrada - peña a, frandsen f, gray js, jaenson tgt, jongejan f, et al. european reservoir hosts of\nestrada - peña a, de la fuente j, ostfeld rs, cabezas - cruz a. interactions between ticks and transmitted pathogens evolved to minimise competition through nested and coherent networks. scientific reports. 2015; 5: 10361 .\npiesman j, gern l. lyme borreliosis in europe and north america. parasitology. 2004; 129: s191–220 .\nturner ak, beldomenico pm, bown k, burthe sj, jackson ja, lambin x, et al. host - parasite biology in the real world: the field voles of kielder. parasitology. 2014; 141: 997–1017 .\njahfari s, coipan ec, fonville m, van leeuwen ad, hengeveld p, heylen d, et al. circulation of four\nbown kj, lambin x, telford gr, ogden nh, telfer s, woldehiwet z, et al. relative importance of\nbrown rn, lane rs. lyme disease in california: a novel enzootic transmission cycle of\nblanarová l, stanko m, carpi g, miklisová d, víchová b, mosanský l, et al. distinct\nticks and rodents in central europe. ticks tick borne dis. 2014; 5: 928–38 .\nrar va, epikhina ti, yakimenko vv, malkova mg, tancev ak, bondarenko ei, et al. genetic variability of\nsympatric areas from western siberia, russia. ticks tick borne dis. 2014; 5: 854–63 .\nbirula on its hosts. j anim ecol. 1975; 44: 451–74 .\nhersh mh, ladeaus l, prevaitali ma, ostfeld rs. when is a parasite not a parasite? effects of larval tick burdens on white - footed mouse survival. ecology. 2014; 95: 1360–9 .\nrosà r, pugliese a, ghosh m, perkins se, rizzoli a. temporal variation of\nin relation to local climate and host dynamics. vector - borne zoonot. 2007; 7: 285–95 .\nand small mammal species at the woodland - pasture interface. exp appl acarol. 2008; 44: 61–76 .\nmatuschka f - r, fischer p, musgrave k, richter d, spielman a. hosts on which nymphal\nmost abundantly feed. am j trop med hyg. 1991; 44: 100–7 .\nmihalca a, dumitrache m, sandor a, magdas c, oltean m, gyorke a, et al. tick parasites of rodents in romania: host preferences, community structure and geographical distribution. parasites & vectors. 2012; 5: 266 .\npaziewska a, zwolinska l, harris pd, bajer a, sinski e. utilisation of rodent species by larvae and nymphs of hard ticks (ixodidae) in two habitats in ne poland. exp appl acarol. 2010; 58: 112–25 .\nsinski e, pawelczyk a, bajer a, behnke jm. abundance of wild rodents, ticks and environmental risk of lyme borreliosis: a longitudinal study in an area of mazury lakes district of poland. annals of agricultural and environmental medicine. 2006; 13: 295–300 .\njore s, viljugrein h, hofshagen m, brun - hansen h, kristoffersen a, nygard k, et al. multi - source analysis reveals latitudinal and altitudinal shifts in range of\nat its northern distribution limit. parasite vector. 2011; 4: 84 .\nand the risk of contracting lyme borreliosis will increase northwards when the vegetation period becomes longer. ticks tick borne dis. 2011; 2: 44–9 .\nmedlock jm, hansford km, bormane a, derdakova m, estrada - peña a, george j - c, et al. driving forces for changes in geographical distribution of\nmehl r. the distribution and host relations of norwegian ticks (acari, ixodides). fauna norvegica series b. 1983; 30: 46–51 .\nradzijevskaja j, paulauskas a, rosef o, petkevicius s, mazeika v, rekasius t. the propensity of voles and mice to transmit\nsensu lato infections to feeding ticks. vet parasitol. 2013; 197: 318–25 .\nabrahamsen j, jacobsen nk, kalliola r, dahl e, wilborg l, påhlsson l. naturgeografisk region - inndeling av norden. nordiske utredn ser b. 1977; 34: 1–135 .\nmyllymäki a, paasikallio a, pankakoski e, kanervo v. removal experiments on small quadrats as a means of rapid assessment of the abundance of small mammals. annales zoologici fennici. 1971; 8: 177–85 .\nhillyard pd. ticks of north - west europe. synopses of the british fauna. london: natural history museum; 1996 .\nmargolis l, esch gw, holmes jc, kuris am, schad ga. the use of ecological terms in parasitology. journal of parasitology. 1982; 68: 131–3 .\nvassallo m, pichon b, cabaret j, figureau c, pérez - eid c. methodology for sampling questing nymphs of\n( acari: ixodidae), the principal vector of lyme disease in europe. j med entomol. 2000; 37: 335–9 .\nqviller l, risnes - olsen n, bærum km, meisingset el, loe le, ytrehus b, et al. landscape level variation in tick abundance relative to seasonal migration pattern of red deer. plos one. 2013; 8: e71299 .\nr development core team r. a language and environment for statistical computing. vienna: r foundation for statistical computing; 2012 .\nskaug h, fournier d, nielsen a. glmmadmb: generalized linear mixed models using ad model builder. 2006 .\nmartin tg, wintle ba, rhodes jr, kuhnert pm, field sa, low - choy sj, et al. zero tolerance ecology: improving ecological inference by modelling the source of zero observations. ecol lett. 2005; 8: 1235–46 .\nrandolph se, green rm, peacey mf, rodgers dj. seasonal synchrony: the key to tick - borne encephalities foci identified by satellite data. parasitology. 2000; 121: 15–23 .\nrandolph se, gern l, nuttall pa. co - feeding ticks: epidemiological significance for tick - borne pathogen transmission. parasitology today. 1996; 12: 472–9 .\npaulauskas a, ambrasiene d, radzijevskaja j, rosef o, turcinaviciene j. diversity in prevalence and genospecies of\nticks and rodents in lithuania and norway. int j med microbiol. 2008; 298 (s1): 180–7 .\nticks (acari: ixodidae) in south - central sweden. exp appl acarol. 1997; 21: 755–71 .\n( acari) larvae on small mammals. oikos. 1978; 31: 313–22 .\n( acari) in northern scandinavia. oikos. 1974; 25: 315–20 .\nbown kj, lambin x, telford g, heyder - bruckner d, ogden nh, birtles rj. the common shrew (\n): a neglected host of tick - borne infections? vector - borne zoonot. 2011; 11: 947–53 .\nbrisson d, dykhuizen de, ostfeld rs. conspicuous impacts of inconspicuous hosts on the lyme disease epidemic. proc r soc lond ser b. 2008; 275: 227–35 .\nandreassen a, jore s, cuber p, dudman s, tengs t, isaksen k, et al. prevalence of tick borne encephalities virus in tick nymphs in relation to climatic factors on the southern coast of norway. parasite vector. 2012; 5: 177 .\nl. some further aspects of activity, seasonal and diurnal. parasitology. 1947; 38: 27–33 .\nharestad as, bunnell fl. home range and body weight - a reevaluation. ecology. 1979; 60: 389–402 .\nmcnab bk. bioenergetics and the determination of home range size. am nat. 1963; 97: 133–40 .\nkelt da, van vuren dh. the ecology and macroecology of mammalian home range area. am nat. 2001; 157: 637–45 .\nkelt da, van vuren dh. home ranges of recent mammals. ecology. 2015; 96: 1733 .\n) home ranges across a decade. can j zool. 1998; 76: 1329–34 .\nkollars tm. home ranges and population densities of shrews (soricidae) inhabiting a spruce plantation in bavaria, germany. acta theriol. 1995; 40: 219–22 .\n( soricidae, insectivora): a population study of the irish pygmy shrew. j zool. 1980; 192: 119–36 .\nboyer n, réale d, marmet j, pisanu b, chapuis j - l. personality, space use and tick load in an introduced population of siberian chipmunks\nrivrud im, loe le, mysterud a. how does local weather predict red deer home range size at different temporal scales? j anim ecol. 2010; 79: 1280–95 .\nvan beest f, rivrud im, loe le, milner jm, mysterud a. what shapes intraspecific variation in home range size across spatiotemporal scales in a large browsing herbivore? j anim ecol. 2011; 80: 771–85 .\nhughes vl, randolph se. testosterone depresses innate and acquired resistance to ticks in natural rodent hosts: a force for aggregated distributions of parasites. j parasitol. 2001; 87: 49–54 .\nharrison a, scantlebury m, montgomery wi. body mass and sex - biased parasitism in wood mice\nkiffner c, vor t, hagedorn p, niedrig m, rühe f. factors affecting patterns of tick parasitism on forest rodents in tick - borne encephalitis risk areas, germany. parasitol res. 2011; 108: 323–35 .\nshaw mt, keesing f, mcgrail r, ostfeld rs. factors influencing the distribution of larval blacklegged ticks on rodent hosts. am j trop med hyg. 2003; 68: 447–52 .\nhandeland k, qviller l, vikøren t, viljugrein h, lillehaug a, davidson rk .\ninfestation in free - ranging cervids in norway - a study based upon ear examinations of hunted animals. vet parasitol. 2013; 195: 142–9 .\nmysterud a, hatlegjerde il, sørensen oj. attachment site selection of life stages of\nkiffner c, lödige c, alings m, rühe f. attachment site selection of ticks on roe deer ,\nby submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines. if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. please note that comments may be removed without notice if they are flagged by another user or do not comply with our community guidelines .\nby using this website, you agree to our terms and conditions, privacy statement and cookies policy. manage the cookies we use in the preference centre .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n3 groupe de recherché en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique, faculté de médecine vétérinaire, université de montréal, c. p. 5000, saint - hyacinthe, québec j2s 7c6, canada\n, between april and august in 2004 and 2005. study sites were located within clear - cut areas created by the recent felling of trees where grasses (e. g. ,\neight sites were chosen, four of which were surrounded by 2 - m - high fencing used to protect young trees from damage from browsing roe deer (the exclosures). fencing at each of the exclosure sites had been in place for at least 3 years, so any potential effects on i. ricinus abundance would be well established. exclosures varied in size from approximately 6 to 15 ha .\nat each site, a 50 - m - by - 50 - m small mammal trapping grid was established, where an ugglan special multicapture trap (grahnab, marieholm, sweden) was placed at 5 - m intervals, yielding a total of 100 traps per grid. at the exclosure sites, grids were situated centrally and at least 25 m from the edge to reduce any “edge effect” resulting from inward movement by questing ticks. upon first capture, each vole had a unique microchip transponder (avid systems) inserted subcutaneously, enabling it to be identified upon subsequent capture. voles were then weighed, their sex and reproductive status were recorded, and a blood sample taken from the tail tip. they were then examined for ticks, with all larvae present being removed and stored in 70% ethanol for identification in the laboratory using standard keys (1, 31), before releasing the vole at the point of capture. nymph and adult ticks were not removed to avoid any impact on transmission of tick - borne infections which were being studied as part of an extensive longitudinal program .\nthe numbers of questing exophilic ticks was sampled monthly over the same period by blanket dragging. briefly, a 3 - m 2 woollen blanket was dragged through the vegetation for 10 m and then checked for ticks. this was repeated 10 times at each site, yielding a total of 300 m 2 of vegetation sampled per grid per month on days with no rainfall. all ticks were collected from the blanket using forceps and stored in 70% ethanol for subsequent pcr analysis." ]

{ "text": [ "ixodes trianguliceps is a species of tick from the family ixodidae that feeds on such mammals as shrew , rats , mice , hedgehogs , foxes , squirrels , moles , rabbits and hares .", "it also frequently feeds on horses and humans .", "it is mostly found in european countries such as belgium , denmark , france , germany , the netherlands , ireland , poland , norway , sweden , switzerland , the united kingdom and northern parts of spain , at elevations of up to 2,400 metres ( 7,900 ft ) .", "it is also found in belarus , bulgaria , the czech republic , the netherlands , slovenia , moldova , ukraine and russia . " ], "topic": [ 22, 8, 20, 20 ] }

[ "ixodes trianguliceps is a species of tick from the family ixodidae that feeds on such mammals as shrew, rats, mice, hedgehogs, foxes, squirrels, moles, rabbits and hares. it also frequently feeds on horses and humans. it is mostly found in european countries such as belgium, denmark, france, germany, the netherlands, ireland, poland, norway, sweden, switzerland, the united kingdom and northern parts of spain, at elevations of up to 2,400 metres (7,900 ft). it is also found in belarus, bulgaria, the czech republic, the netherlands, slovenia, moldova, ukraine and russia." ]

[ "¿qué significa mordellistena? existen 2 definiciones para la palabra mordellistena. también puedes añadir tu mismo una definición para mordellistena\nmordellistena es un género de coleópteros de la familia mordellidae. incluye las siguientes especies: [ 1 ] ​\nlarva: mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi (comment by artjom zaitsev) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly treated in a much broader sense; many spp. have been moved to other genera, incl .\nsmall, slender, linear or wedge - shaped. scutellum somewhat trianglular, rounded. antennae usually threadlike, sometimes slightly sawtoothed. eyes coarsely granulate. each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short, more or less oblique ridges on outer surface; tarsal segments may also bear ridges. most are solid black, but some have red, orange or yellow markings\nplants in aster family, some trees, mostly oak. for many species, food in unknown .\nford e. j. , jackman j. a. (1996) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles (coleoptera: mordellidae) in north america. coleopterists bulletin 50: 361 - 368 .\nnomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae (coleoptera) in north america j. a. jackman & w. lu. 2001. insecta mundi 15 (1): 31 - 34 .\ntaxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae (coleoptera) a. e. lisberg. 2003. insecta mundi 17 (3 - 4): 191 - 194 .\namerican beetles, volume ii: polyphaga: scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett, r. h. , jr. , m. c. thomas, p. e. skelley and j. h. frank. (eds .). 2002. crc press llc, boca raton, fl .\na manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon, elizabeth s. , and dillon, lawrence. 1961. row, peterson, and company .\npeterson field guides: beetles richard e. white. 1983. houghton mifflin company .\nthe book of field and roadside: open - country weeds, trees, and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman, amelia hansen. 2003. stackpole books .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nhorák, jan, 2017, a checklist of the iranian mordellidae (coleoptera: tenebrionoidea), zootaxa 4320 (1), pp. 146 - 158: 155\nno known copyright restrictions apply. see agosti, d. , egloff, w. , 2009. taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the plazi approach. bmc research notes 2009, 2: 53 for further explanation .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word subincana. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word subincana and, of course, subincana synonyms and on the right images related to the word subincana .\nthis is the place for subincana definition. you find here subincana meaning, synonyms of subincana and images for subincana copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "mordellistena subsquamosa is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .", "it was described by schilsky in 1899 . " ], "topic": [ 27, 5 ] }

[ "mordellistena subsquamosa is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family. it was described by schilsky in 1899." ]

[ "mylothris, commonly called dotted borders, is a genus of pierid butterflies found in africa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\n© 2016, butterfly conservation society, ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nackery pr, smith cr, and vane - wright ri eds. 1995. carcasson' s african butterflies. canberra: csiro .\nlarsen, t. b. 2005 butterflies of west africa. stenstrup, denmark: apollo books .\nvane - wright, r. i. , liseki, s. d. 2011. on the status of pseudomylothris neustetter, a supposed endemic butterfly genus from the uluguru mountains of tanzania (lepidoptera: pieridae). journal of research on the lepidoptera 44, 85 - 93 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v. z. brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nthis species is restricted to eastern ghana, where it only occurs in upland evergreen forest on the atewa range near kibi and sagamase (segyimaase) above 600 m elevation. theatewa range forest reserve has a total area of 24 km, but only those parts of the reserve classified as upland evergreen forest are suitable habitat for this species, therefore its extent of occurrence (eoo) is estimated at approximately 17. 4 km (birdlife international 2011). there remains a slight possibility that a population also occurs in the neighbouring tano ofin forest reserve, but this is small in extent and in much poorer condition. so far the species has not been observed there despite attempts to find it between 2000 and 2007 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\ncredits - computer translations are provided by a combination of our statistical machine translator, google, microsoft, systran and worldlingo .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience. by continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies. learn more." ]

{ "text": [ "mylothris basalis is a butterfly in the pieridae family .", "it is found in cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , the central and north-eastern part of the democratic republic of the congo and western tanzania .", "the habitat consists of lowland forests . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24 ] }

[ "mylothris basalis is a butterfly in the pieridae family. it is found in cameroon, equatorial guinea, gabon, the central and north-eastern part of the democratic republic of the congo and western tanzania. the habitat consists of lowland forests." ]

[ "laser removal heals faster, and involves little or no pain, but it’s still pricey because japanese national health insurance doesn’t cover removal, by any method, unless the mole poses a health risk. charges at the shirono laser clinic are typical: ¥10, 000 per millimeter of mole, thus removing a mole the size of a pencil eraser would cost about ¥50, 000. that’s a fair chunk of change .\na mole on the stomach means you’ll be lucky in love, while a mole in the middle of the nose forewarns a predisposition to marital troubles. but more often than not, facial moles seem to be taken as signs of good fortune. for example, a mole near the mouth is said to mean that you’ll never go hungry. a mole on the ear means you’ll have plenty of money .\nwe were speaking in japanese, and the doctor must have noticed i was having trouble with all that unfamiliar vocabulary because she rephrased. “in other words, japanese don’t get more moles than other people, but since our skin produces more melanin than that of caucasians, the moles we do get tend to be dark brown or black and are quite noticeable against our relatively light skin. and, for various reasons, ” she continued, “japanese are less inclined to have moles removed. ”\ni’m sure i’m going to get a lot of flack for even asking, but after five years in japan i can’t sit on this question any longer. what the heck are those huge moles so many japanese have on their faces? i don’t mean the occasional freckle or demure beauty mark — i’m talking about enormous, protruding monster moles! i can’t begin to tell you how many japanese i know, both men and women, who have big black moles on their faces. are these kinds of moles specific to japanese skin? doesn’t it bother people to have moles in such a visible place? why don’t they have them taken off ?\n“once we reassure them that the mole is not cancerous, they want to leave it where it is, ” mori said. “they don’t want to risk disturbing the brain. ”\nlet’s start with the basics. the japanese word for mole is hokuro, but if you hang out with doctors you might want to learn the medical term: shikiso saibo bohan (literally, “pigmented cell mark, ” and properly translated as “melanocytic nevus”). a mole is a growth on the skin formed by clusters of melanocytes, which are the skin cells that produce melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. i looked all this up, and more, in preparation for an interview with chieko mori, a dermatologist at the shirono laser clinic near ebisu station in tokyo .\nmost japanese live with their moles, even if they don’t like them, because they’re afraid it will be painful and expensive to have them removed, according to mori. until about 10 years ago, when laser technology was introduced from the united states, the only way to get a mole removed in japan was to have it cut out with a scalpel. that’s a scary procedure that requires stitches and leaves an obvious wound .\nthere are also a number of superstitions that discourage people from removing moles, the most common of which is that messing with a mole will cause it to turn cancerous (hokuro o ijiru to gan ni naru) .\nu. s. trade deficit with japan not necessarily the bugbear painted by trump the protectionist tune on trade that u. s. president donald trump often sings is hardly a unique problem for japanese policymakers who have long faced pressure over japan' s strength in exporting eve ...\n“that’s simply not true, ” mori assured me. “if a mole has been there a long time, and hasn’t changed in shape or color, there’s virtually no risk of it turning cancerous whether you finger it or remove it or just leave it alone. ”\n“gracious, no! ” she cried. “i’ve had this mole so long it’s become my shirushi (the mark by which one is known). if i died without it, when i get to heaven my old friends wouldn’t know me, and i’d have to spend all eternity alone! ”\nanother popular belief is that removing a mole will cause one’s luck to change (hokuro o toru to unsei ga kawaru), and they don’t mean a change for the better. there’s a whole branch of fortunetelling called hokuro uranai in which character and fortune is divined according to the placement of moles on the face or body .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nhutterer (2005) considers robusta as a synonym of m. wogura of japan, but they are treated as separate species here. the taxonomy of mogera is complex and further clarification is required .\njustification: listed as least concern because it is widespread, very common, there are no major threats, and it is not currently declining .\nthis species is endemic to japan. it is found from the southern half of honshu, shikoku, shodo island and some small islands of the seto inland sea, kyushu, oki islands, tsushima island, goto islands, tane island, and yaku island (abe et al. 2005). it occurs from sea level up to near 1, 000 m asl .\nit inhabits grasslands and cultivated fields in lowlands, to forests on mountains, and is common in low alluvial plains with soft deep soils .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nyou won’t catch any flack from me. i’ve wondered about that myself, and judging from my mailbox, so have quite a few other foreigners living in japan. and it’s not like you can just go up and ask your friend with a whopper of an eye - stopper why the heck she doesn’t get that thing removed .\n“the density of melanocytes is quite similar among all racial and ethnic groups, ” mori explained, “but in more darkly pigmented individuals these cells produce more melanin, which makes the nevus appear darker. ”\nsome people also believe that facial moles, particularly those located in the center of the face, are somehow connected to the brain .\nmy favorite defense of moliness was offered by my friend yasuko, who’s got quite a biggie under her left eye. she was horrified when i asked, gingerly, if she’d ever thought of having it removed .\nin japan, black moles on the palms of the hand and the soles of the feet have been found to turn cancerous at a higher rate than moles in other locations. if you or someone you know has a dark spot in either of those locations, please consult a doctor. puzzled by something you’ve seen? send a description, or better yet a photo, with the address where you saw it to: whattheheckjt @ urltoken or a & e dept. , the japan times, 5 - 4, shibaura 4 - chome, minato - ku, tokyo 108 - 8071 .\njapan' s driving schools, squeezed by demographic change, target foreign residents to stay afloat according to the national police agency' s latest statistics, as many as 82. 26 million people held driver' s licenses in japan in 2017. of those drivers, 18. 18 million — or 22. 1 percent — were 65 or ...\njapan' s criminal justice reforms aim to enhance transparency of interrogations — are they working? the national police agency said in early june that interrogations of crime suspects were fully recorded in 81. 9 percent of all the 3, 197 cases tried by lay judges in fiscal 2017, up from 72. 8 pe ...\npopulations of this species from east honshu and west honshu plus shikoku exhibit considerable genetic differences (tsuchiya et al. 2000) .\njustification: listed as least concern as the species is common, there are no major threats, and it is not thought to be in decline .\nthis species is endemic to japan, where it is found on honshu and shikoku. the main distribution in honshu ranges from the central part (shizuoka, nagano and ishikawa prefectures) northwards, excluding central parts of echigo plain and including awashima island in niigata prefecture. small isolated populations have been found in kii peninsula, kyoto and hiroshima prefectures in honshu and on shikoku and shodo island (abe et al. 2005) .\nit is a very common and dominant species in the northern half of honshu .\nit inhabits grasslands and cultivated fields on lowlands to forests on mountains, and is common in low alluvial plains with soft deep soils .\nthis species is endemic to japan. it is found from the southern half of honshu, shikoku, shodo island and some small islands of the seto inland sea, kyushu, oki islands, tsushima island, goto islands, tane island, and yaku island (abe ,\n, 2005). it occurs from sea level up to near 1, 000 m asl .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nisokontiainen\nto\nmogera wogura robusta nehring, 1891\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\njapaninkontiainen\nto\nmogera wogura (temminck, 1842 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthis page was last edited on 8 april 2017, at 16: 06 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\ndid you know? all our dictionaries are bidirectional, meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative. it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education, university of michigan museum of zoology, and the detroit public schools. this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151. copyright © 2002 - 2018, the regents of the university of michigan. all rights reserved .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhow to identify if you have gophers, moles, or voles digging up your yard." ]

{ "text": [ "the japanese mole ( mogera wogura ) , also known as temminck 's mole , is a species of mole native to east asia .", "its range extends south from japan .", "a solitary and diurnal species , it can live for up to 3.5 years in the wild . " ], "topic": [ 27, 13, 15 ] }

[ "the japanese mole (mogera wogura), also known as temminck's mole, is a species of mole native to east asia. its range extends south from japan. a solitary and diurnal species, it can live for up to 3.5 years in the wild." ]

[ "cnemaspis vandeventeri grismer, sumontha, cota, grismer, wood, pauwels & kunya 2010 gonatodes siamensis smith 1925: 22 cnemaspis siamensis — smith 1935: 72 cnemaspis siamensis — taylor 1963: 743 cnemaspis siamensis (?) — pauwels et al. 2000: 129 cnemaspis vandeventeri — grismer et al. 2014: 129\ncnemaspis biocellata grismer, chan, nasir & sumontha 2008 cnemaspis siamensis —manthey & grossmann 1997: 215 cnemaspis siamensis — cox et al. 1998: 91 cnemaspis biocellata — grismer 2011 cnemaspis biocellata — grismer et al. 2014: 34\ncnemaspis chanardi grismer, sumontha, cota, grismer, wood, pauwels & kunya 2010 gonatodes siamensis smith 1930: 16 cnemaspis siamensis smith 1935: 71 cnemaspis siamensis — taylor 1963: 740 (part .) cnemaspis chanardi — grismer et al. 2014: 52\ndiagnostic morphological characters separating species of cnemaspis from one another in the siamensis group .\nthis species was previously considered as c. siamensis. cnemaspis chanardi is most similar to c. kamolnorranathi, c. roticanai, c. siamensis, and c. vandeventeri of peninsular thailand .\nsimilar species: cnemaspis vandeventeri is most similar to c. chanardi, c. kamolnorranathi, c. roticanai, and c. siamensis of peninsular thailand and was considered conspecific with c. chanardi, and c. siamensis by smith (1925, 1930, 1935) and (taylor 1963) .\n( a) karst and limestone forest near the type locality of cnemaspis thachanaensis sp. nov. (b) karst microhabitat of cnemaspis thachanaensis sp. nov .\ndiagnostic morphological characters separating c. lineogularis from species of cnemaspis in the chanthaburiensis group .\n( a) habitat and (b) microhabitat of cnemaspis lineogularis sp. nov .\ndiagnostic color pattern characters separating various species of cnemaspis from one another following grismer et al. , 2014d .\n( a) male holotype byu 62535 and (b) female paratype zmku r 00728 of cnemaspis lineogularis sp. nov .\n( a) adult male holotype byu 62538 and (b) female paratype byu 62537 of cnemaspis phangngaensis sp. nov .\nthree new karst - dwelling cnemaspis strauch, 1887 (squamata; gekkoniade) from peninsular thailand and the phylogenetic placement of c. punctatonuchalis and c. vandeventeri\n( a) general karst and limestone forest near the type locality of cnemaspis phangngaensis sp. nov. (b) karst microhabitat where c. phangngaensis occurs .\nfamily: gekkonidae, genus: cnemaspis, species: lineogularis urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 8e3b21a4 - 93bf - 4d08 - b8d1 - 0a3eef6be44f\nfamily: gekkonidae, genus: cnemaspis, species: phangngaensis urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 6053c709 - a409 - 4f65 - b15c - 8c647d7edf1c\nfamily: gekkonidae, genus: cnemaspis, species: thachanaensis urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 3581c94e - 6170 - 4f42 - 9159 - e2b564b576f1\ngrismer, l. lee & chan k. onn. 2008. a new species of cnemaspis strauch 1887 (squamata: gekkonidae) from pulau perhentian besar, terengganu, peninsular malaysia. zootaxa 1771: 1–15 .\ngrismer, j. l. ; grismer, l. l. & chav t. 2010. new species of cnemaspis strauch 1887 (squamata: gekkonidae) from southwestern cambodia. journal of herpetology 44 (1): 28–36 .\ngrismer, l. l. & ngo, v. t. 2007. four new species of the gekkonid genus cnemaspis strauch 1887 (reptilia: squamata) from southern vietnam. herpetologica 63 (4): 482 - 500 .\nright, maximum likelihood tree from raxml (−ln l 60818. 390304) for all species of cnemaspis and outgroups with bootstrap support values (bs) and bayesian posterior probabilities (pp), respectively. country abbreviations for the tip labels are as follows: cm, cambodia; th, thailand; wm, west malaysia; vt, vietnam. all new species are highlighted with grey boxes and the genus cnemaspis is highlighted using a box with dashed lines in the main tree .\ngrismer, l. l. & das, i. 2006. a new species of gekkonid lizard of the genus cnemaspis strauch 1887 from pulau pemanggil, johor, west malaysia. herpetological natural history 10 (1): 1 - 7 .\ndas, i. & grismer, l. l. 2003. two new species of cnemaspis strauch 1887 (squamata, gekkonidae) from the seribuat archipelago, pahang and johor states, west malaysia. herpetologica 59 (4): 544 - 552 .\ndas, i. 2005. revision of the genus cnemaspis strauch, 1887 (sauria: gekkonidae), from the mentawai and adjacent archipelagos off western sumatra, indonesia, with the description of four new species. journal of herpetology 39 (2): 233–247 .\ngrismer, l. lee; chan k. onn; nasir, n. & sumontha, m. 2008. a new species of karst dwelling gecko (genus cnemaspis strauch 1887) from the border region of thailand and peninsular malaysia. zootaxa 1875: 51–68 .\ngrismer, l. lee; chan k. onn; nasir, n. & sumontha, m. 2008. a new species of karst dwelling gecko (genus cnemaspis strauch 1887) from the border region of thailand and peninsular malaysia. zootaxa 1875: 51–68 - get paper here\nwood, perry jr. l. ; evan s. h. quah, shahrul anuar m. s. , mohd abdul muin 2013. a new species of lowland karst dwelling cnemaspis strauch 1887 (squamata: gekkonidae) from northwestern peninsular malaysia. zootaxa 3691 (5): 538–558 - get paper here\ndorsal coloration of the type series of cnemaspis thachanaensis sp. nov. , males: (a) byu 62543, (b) byu 62544 (holotype), (c) zmku r 00731, females: (d) zmku r 00729, (e) zmku r 00730, (f) byu 62542 .\nventral coloration and sexual dichromatism of the type series of cnemaspis thachanaensis sp. nov. , males: (a) byu 62543, (b) byu 62544 (holotype), (c) zmku r 00731, females: (d) zmku r 00729, (e) zmku r 00730, (f) byu 62542 .\ngrismer, l. lee; norhayati ahmad, chan kin onn, daicus belabut, muin, m. a. , perry l. wood, jr, & jesse l. grismer 2009. two new diminutive species of cnemaspis strauch 1887 (squamata: gekkonidae) from peninsular malaysia. zootaxa 2019: 40 - 56 - get paper here\nchan kin onn, l. l. grismer, shahrul anuar, e. quah, m. a. muin, a. e. savage, j. l. grismer, norhayati ahmad, a. c. remigio, l. f. greer 2010. a new endemic rock gecko cnemaspis strauch 1887 (squamata: gekkonidae) from gunung jerai, kedah, northwestern peninsular malaysia. zootaxa 2576: 59–68 - get paper here\nthis article uses material from the wikipedia released under the creative commons attribution - share - alike licence 3. 0. please see license details for photos in photo by - lines .\nplease note that this non - official list is not complete nor necessarily accurate. this list is a summary of checklists from other websites, blogs, publications, photo / videos published on various websites or our own findings. we appreciate your contributions with photo proof .\nimportant note; our range maps are generated automatically based on very limited data we have about the protected sites, the data is not necessarily accurate. please help us to improve our range maps by sharing your findings / knowledge .\n© thai national parks, 2018 | t. a. t. license: 12 / 02497, license issued for gibbonwoot (managing company )\ntype locality: khlong naka wildlife sanctuary (9° 26. 0n, 98° 35. 0e), kapur district, ranong province; thailand .\nnote: tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well. we are working on it .\nholotype: thnhm 8261, adult male. paratype. thnhm 8260 has the same collection data as the holotype .\nthe specific epithet vandeventeri, a masculine name in the genitive case, is a patronym honoring mr. ryan j. vandeventer of the department of biology at la sierra university, riverside, california. “mr. vandeventer’s passion for, and commitment to the study of biology has been a continual source of enlightenment and inspiration. his heroic efforts to keep la sierra university’s herpetology laboratory and its occupants up and running smoothly for the last 16 years goes beyond description. ”\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz (database content) and jakob hallermann, zoological museum hamburg (new species and updates) .\nw malaysia (perlis) type locality: 37 m elevation from kuala perlis, perlis, peninsular malaysia (06°24. 437n 100°08. 564e) .\nholotype: zrc 2. 6693, adult male, collected on 3 march 2008 by chan kin onn, l. lee grismer, and rick gregory .\nthe specific epithet biocellata is derived from the latin prefix bi - meaning “two” and the latin ocellus meaning “a little eye” and refers to the two small occipital eyespots .\ngrismer, l. l. 2011. lizards of peninsular malaysia, singapore and their adjacent archipelagos. edition chimaira, frankfurt, 728 pp. [ review in herp. rev. 43: 155 ] - get paper here\nonn, chan kin; l. lee. grismer, dionysius s. sharma, daicus belabut, and norhayati ahma 2009. new herpetofaunal records for perlis state park and adjacent areas. malayan nature journal 61 (4): 255 - 262\ntype locality: at ban chong, chong, nayong district, trang province, thailand .\n“the specific epithet chanardi, a masculine name in the genitive case, is in reference to mr. tanya chan - ard of the thailand natural history museum, national science museum, bangkok for his extensive contributions to the herpetology of thailand, his gracious assistance with this project, and for collecting much of the material used in this study” [ from grismer et al. 2010 ] .\nbeolens, bo; michael watkins, and michael grayson 2011. the eponym dictionary of reptiles. johns hopkins university press, baltimore, usa - get paper here\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthe following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners. there may be duplication .\ncox, merel j. ; van dijk, peter paul; jarujin nabhitabhata & thirakhupt, kumthorn. 1998. a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of peninsular malaysia, singapore and thailand. ralph curtis publishing, 144 pp .\ngrossmann, w. & tillack, f. 2001. bemerkungen zur herpetofauna des khao lak, phang nga, thailändische halbinsel. teil iii: ergebnisse der jahre 1999 und 2000. sauria 23 (3): 21 - 34 .\nmanthey, u. & grossmann, w. 1997. amphibien & reptilien südostasiens. natur und tier verlag (münster), 512 pp .\npauwels, o. s. g. ; david, p. ; chimsunchart, c. & thirakhupt, k. 2003. reptiles of phetchaburi province, western thailand: a list of species, with natural history notes, and a discussion on the biogeography at the isthmus of kra. natural history journal of chulalongkorn university 3 (1): 23 - 53 .\npauwels, o. s. g. et al. 2000. herpetological investigations in phang - nga province, southern peninsular thailand, with a list of reptile species and notes on their biology. dumerilia 4 (2): 123 - 154 .\nrösler, h. 2000. kommentierte liste der rezent, subrezent und fossil bekannten geckotaxa (reptilia: gekkonomorpha). gekkota 2: 28 - 153 .\nsmith, m. a. 1925. contribution to the herpetology of borneo. sarawak mus. j. 3 (8): 15 - 34 .\nsmith, m. a. 1916. on a collection of reptiles and batrachians from peninsular siam. j. nat. hist. soc. siam 2: 148 - 171 .\nsmith, m. a. 1935. the fauna of british india, including ceylon and burma. reptiles and amphibia, vol. ii. sauria. taylor and francis, london, 440 pp .\ntaylor, e. h. 1963. the lizards of thailand. univ. kansas sci. bull. 44: 687 - 1077 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nperry lee wood jr, 1 l. lee grismer, 2 anchalee aowphol, 3 césar a. aguilar, 1 micheal cota, 4, 5 marta s. grismer, 2 matthew l. murdoch, 2 and jack w. sites jr 1\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. for attribution, the original author (s), title, publication source (peerj) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .\n. the lsid for this publication is: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: pub: 987831fc - f4ba - 4409 - a43c - 9929f913e9f9. the online version of this work is archived and available from the following digital repositorie: pubmed central .\ngenomic dna was isolated from liver or muscle tissues stored in 95% ethanol using the animal tissue protocol in the qiagen dneasy™ tissue kit (valencia, ca, usa). the mitochondrial gene nadh dehydrogenase subunit 2 (nd2) and the flanking trnas (∼1, 335 bp) was amplified using a double - stranded polymerase chain reaction (pcr) under the following conditions: 1. 0 µl (∼10–33 µg) genomic dna, 1. 0 µl (10 µm) forward primer l4437b (5′ - aagcagttgggcccatacc - 3′), 1. 0 µl (10 µm) reverse primer h5934 (5′ - agrgtgccaatgtctttgtgrtt - 3′), 1. 0 µl deoxynucleotide pairs (1. 5 µm), 2. 0 µl 5x buffer (1. 5 µm), 1. 0 mgcl 10x buffer (1. 5 µm), 0. 18 µl promega taq polymerase (5 u / µl), and 7. 5 µl h2o, primers are from\n. all pcr reactions were executed in an eppendorf mastercycler gradient theromocycler under the following conditions: initial denaturation at 95 °c for 2 min, followed by a second denaturation at 95 °c for 35 s, annealing at 52 °c for 35 s, followed by a cycle extension at 72 °c for 35s, for 33 cycles. all pcr products were visualized on a 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. successful targeted pcr products were vacuum purified using manu 30 pcr millipore plates and purified products were resuspended in dna grade water. purified pcr products were sequenced using the pcr primers from above and sequencing primers cyrtintf1 (5′ - tagccytctcytcyatygccc - 3′) and cyrtintr1 (5′ - attgtkagdgtrgcyaggstkgg - 3′) from (\n) on the abi big - dye terminator v3. 1 cycle sequencing kit in an abi geneamp pcr 9700 thermal cycler. cycle sequencing reactions were purified with sephadex g - 50 fine (ge healthcare) and sequenced on an abi 3730xl dna analyzer at the byu dna sequencing center (dnasc). all new sequences produced from this study are deposited in genbank under the following accession numbers\n). all sequences were edited and aligned in geneious v6. 1. 8 (\n) was used to check for stop codons and to ensure the correct amino acid read frame .\nfor estimating the phylogenetic relationships we used both partitioned maximum likelihood (ml) and partitioned bayesian inference (bi) methods. the nd2 gene was partitioned by codon position and the trnas were treated as a single partition for both the ml and bi analyses. all models of molecular evolution were estimated in modeltest v3. 7 (\n), using the bayesian information criterion (bic). the best fit models of evolution are in presented in\n. the partitioned ml analyses was performed using raxml hpc v7. 5. 4 (\n) with 200 searches for the best tree. the bayesian analysis was carried out in mrbayes v3. 2 (\n) using the default priors. two simultaneous runs were performed with eight chains per run, seven hot and one cold following default priors. the analysis was run for 2 x 10\ngenerations and sampled every 1000 generations from the markov chain monte carlo (mcmc). the analysis was halted after the average standard deviation split frequency was below 0. 01 and we assumed convergence. we conservatively discarded the first 25% of the trees as burnin and constructed a consensus tree using the sumt command in mrbayes. nodes having bootstrap support values (bs) greater than 70 and posterior probabilities (pp) above 0. 95 were considered well supported (\n). we calculated uncorrected percent sequence divergences for nd2 in mega v6. 06 (\nis strongly recovered for the ml analysis (100 bs) but not the bi (0. 87 pp) as the sister species to\nis strongly supported (100 bs and 0. 99 pp) as the sister lineage to\n. phylogenetic analyses of the three new populations sampled from prachuap khiri khan, phangnga, and tha chana represent well - supported independent lineages (100 bs, 1. 0 pp; 100 bs, 1. 0 pp; 100 bs, 1. 0 pp, respectively). the samples from wat khao daeng are well - supported (100 bs, 1. 0 pp) as the sister lineage to the\n) and demonstrate a 19. 5–23% mtdna pairwise sequence divergence from all of the other species in this group (\n). the phangnga population is well - supported for ml (99 bs) but lacks support from the bi (0. 56 pp) as the sister lineage to a clade composed of\nand demonstrate a 8. 8–25. 2% mtdna pairwise sequence divergence from all of the other species in the\n). the population from tha chana forms a well - support lineage (100 bs and 1. 0 pp) and is strongly (100 bs and 1. 0 pp) placed as the sister lineage to a clade composed of\nand bares a 13. 4–28% mtdna pairwise sequence divergence form all of the other species in the\n) coupled with high genetic distances and a unique set of morphological and color pattern characteristics that separate them from all members of their respective groups, we describe these three populations below as new species .\npairwise uncorrected p - distances based on 1, 335 bp of nd2 and associated trnas calculated in mega v6. 06 (\nwithin species distances are presented in bold text and between species distances are presented below the diagonal .\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 8e3b21a4 - 93bf - 4d08 - b8d1 - 0a3eef6be44f\nholotype. byu 62535 adult male, collected near wat khao daeng, kui buri, prachuap khiri khan, thiland (12. 134620°n, 99. 961078°e; 12 m a. s. l .), 31 july 2016, by plw, llg, ca, mc, msg, mlm .\nparatopotypes. byu 62536 adult male and zmku r 00728 adult female paratypes bear the same collection and data as the holotype .\nall measurements taken are in millimeters and the abbreviations are defined in the materials and methods .\n( a) adult male holotype byu 62535, (b) adult male paratype byu 62536, (c) adult female paratype zmku r 00728 .\nparatypes approximate the holotype (byu 62535) in general aspects of coloration except that the female paratype (zmku r 00728) lacks the black markings in the gular region and the yellowish - orange gular coloration is less prominent, additionally the dorsal coloration is much lighter. selected body measurements and variation in squamation are presented in\netymology. the specific epithet lineogularis is derived from the latin adjective linues for the word “line” and the nominative form of the latin word gulare meaning “throat” and is in reference to the multiple dark gular lines present in the males of this species .\nthe type series and several other individuals were active during the day in shaded areas and would rapidly retreat to nearby cracks and crevices at the slightest provocation. we hypothesize this may be due to high predation as we found\nin an ambush posture in the same microhabitat. no individuals were seen deep within the caves and from our observations, it appears this species primarily inhabits the more exterior surfaces of the karst tower (\n). the karst formations in this area are extensive and we assume this species has a much wider distribution than that reported here. we hypothesize that diurnality in this species is to avoid competition with and predation from the much larger\nwith which it is hypothesized to be syntopic with. this is a commonly observed pattern among syntopic pairs of\nby having a smaller maximum svl (38 mm vs. 42. 2 mm, 54. 0 mm, 40. 9 mm, 58. 4 mm, 47. 2 mm, 48. 2 mm, and 51. 0 mm, respectively), by having less paravertebral tubercles (13 vs. 21–25, 20–26, 22, 23–31, 20–24, 16–21, and 16–22 respectively), and by having enlarged femoral scales .\nby having more infralabial scales (8 vs. 6–7). it is further differentiated from\nsp. nov. differs by having linearly arranged tubercles versus randomly arranged tubercles .\nby having one postcloacal tubercle in males versus 2, 3 and 2–4 respectively .\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 6053c709 - a409 - 4f65 - b15c - 8c647d7edf1c\nholotype. byu 62538 adult male, collected at phung chang cave, mueang phangnga district, phangnga province, thailand (8. 442344°n, 98. 514869°e; 12 m a. s. l .), 26 july 2016, by plw, llg, ca, mc, msg, mlm .\n( a) male holotype byu 62538 and (b) female paratype byu 62537 .\nparatopotype. byu 62537 adult female paratype bears all the same collection and locality information as the holotype .\nall measurements are taken in millimeters and the abbreviations are defined in the materials and methods .\nthe female paratype (byu 62537) approximates the holotype in general aspects of coloration except the overall dorsal coloration is lighter and the ventral coloration is a uniform light yellow and is not as prominent in the gular and abdominal regions. select body measurements and variation in squamation are presented in\netymology. the specific epithet phangngaensis is a noun in apposition to the type locality where this species is found .\ndistribution. only known from the karst formation in which it is found, the phung chang cave, phangnga, mueang phangnga, thailand. we hypothesize that this species will be found on nearby contiguous karst formations .\nby having; more infralabial scales (10 vs. 6–8, 7, 8, and 7, 8, respectively); continuous precloacal pores; paravertebral tubercles linearly arranged; lacking tubercles on the lower flank; ventrolateral caudal tubercles anteriorly; caudal tubercles restricted to a single paraveterbral row on each side; a single median row of keeled subcaudals .\nby having a larger maximum svl (42 mm vs. 40. 1 mm and 41. 3 mm, respectively) .\nby having more supralabial scales (10 vs. 8, 9 and 8, 9, respectively) .\nsp. nov. differs by lacking caudal tubercles in the lateral furrow and by having a lateral caudal tubercle row present .\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 3581c94e - 6170 - 4f42 - 9159 - e2b564b576f1\nholotype. byu 62544 adult male, collected at tham khao sonk hill, tha chana district, surat thani province, thailand (9. 549878°n, 99. 175544°e; 107 m a. s. l .), 30 july 2016, by plw, llg, ca, mc, msg, mlm .\nparatopotypes. all paratypes (byu 62542–62543, zmku r 00729–00731) bear the same collection and locality data as the holotype .\nall measurements are taken in millimeters and the abbreviations are defined in the materials and the methods .\n( a) male holotype byu 62544 and (b) byu 62542 female paratype .\nthe paratypes approximate the holotype (byu 62544) in general aspects of morphology except that the female paratypes lack precloacal pores and yellow - orange gular regions. paratypes zmku r 00731, byu 62542, and byu 62541 have more paravertebral tubercles (19, 17, 16 respectively vs. 15), dark irregular gular spots not as prominent in females (\netymology. the specific epithet thachanaensis is a noun in apposition to the type locality where this species is found .\nby having a smaller svl (39 mm, vs. 39. 7 mm and 44. 7 mm) and by having a larger maximum svl from\nby; having more supralabial scales (10–11 vs. 8–9, 8–9, 8–9, respectively); having more infralabials (9–11 vs. 6–8, 7–9, and 7–8, respectively); having paravertebral tubercles linearly arranged; having ventrolateral caudal tubercles anteriorly; having caudal tubercles restricted to a single paravertebral row on each side; having a single median row of keeled subcaudal scales; lacking a single enlarged subcaudal scale row; lacking postcloaclal tubercles in males; the presence of an enlarged submetatarsal scale on the 1st toe .\ngroup by having a smaller maximum svl (39 mm vs. 43. 5 mm and 49. 6 mm, respectively); having more supralabials 10, 11 vs. 8; having caudal tubercles restricted to a single paravertebral row; having keeled ventral scales; single median row of keeled subcaudals; lacking enlarged median subcaudal scale row; by lacking postcloacal tubercles in males .\nsp. nov. differs by having more infralabials 9–11 vs. 7, 8 in\nsp. nov. differs by having ventrolateral caudal tubercles anteriorly and the presence of a lateral caudal tubercle row .\nby having keeled subtibial scales an an enlarged submetatarsal scale on the first toe. from\nsp. nov. differs by having less fourth toe lamellae, 24 vs. 29–31 .\n( 49 of the 55 named species including the three new species described herein) .\nmay suggest that it is more closely related to this group. the phylogenetic placement of\n, however the hypothesis that it may be more closely related to the group with the prescapular crescent is not supported by our phylogenetic hypothesis and could represent an instance of convergent evolution of the prescapular crescent. this in not surprising based on the well documented parallel / convergent evolution present in the genus\n), and further analyses to address hypotheses pertaining to parallel / convergent evolution of multiple traits are in preparation (p wood et al. , 2016, unpublished data) .\nvoucher number abbreviations are as follows: abtc, australian biological tissue collection; ams, australian museum, sydney; anwc, australian national wildlife collection; byu, monte l. bean life science museum at brigham young university; cas, california academy of sciences; fmnh, field museum of natural history; hc, herpetological collection of the universiti kebangsaan malaysia, bangi, selangor; id, indraneil das field series; jb, jon boone captive collection; mvz, museum of vertebrate zoology (berkeley); lsuhc, la sierra university herpetological collection; lsumz, louisiana state university museum of zoology; mzb, museum zoologicum bogoriense, cibinung, java, indonesia; rah, rod a. hitchmough field series; tg, tony gamble; usmhc, universiti sains malaysia herpetological collection at the universiti sains malaysia, penang, malaysia; usnm, united states national museum (smithsonian); ypm, yale peabody museum; zmku, zoological museum kasetsart university, thailand; zrc, zoological reference collection, raffles museum .\nwe are thankful for general discussions and logistical conversations with attapol rujirawan (aka bank), siriporn yodthong, natee ampai, korkhwan termprayoon, piyawan phuanprapai, and sengvilay seateun. we would also like to thank todd r. jackman, angelica crottini, and d. james harris for providing feedback that greatly improved the quality of the manuscript .\nfunding was from the department of biology at brigham young university. additional funding for this research is from the nsf dimensions grant ef - 1241885 issued to jws and the doctoral dissertation improvement grant (ddig # 1501198) issued to plwj and jws. partnerships for enhanced engagement in research (peer) science program (grant pga - 2000003545), which is a partnership between the us agency for international development (usaid) and the national science foundation (nsf), provided funding for aa. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nperry lee wood jr conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, wrote the paper, prepared figures and / or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper .\nl. lee grismer conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper .\nanchalee aowphol, césar a. aguilar, micheal cota, marta s. grismer and matthew l. murdoch performed the experiments, reviewed drafts of the paper .\njack w. sites jr contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools, reviewed drafts of the paper .\nthe following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals (i. e. , approving body and any reference numbers) :\nbrigham young university’s institutional animal care and use committee (iacuc) has approved the animal use protocol for this study (protocol # 160401) .\nthe following information was supplied relating to field study approvals (i. e. , approving body and any reference numbers) :\nwe received a collecting permit from the national research council thailand (nrct) to plw and aa (no. 0002 / 7606) .\npublication id: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: e2af9554 - 5062 - 48c6 - 84aa - fa50d720def7\nalström p, davidson p, duckworth j, eames jc, le tt, nguyen c, olsson u, robson c, timmins r. description of a new species of\nclements r, sodhi ns, schilthuizen m, ng pk. limestone karsts of southeast asia: imperiled arks of biodiversity .\nde bruyn m, rüber, lüber l, nylinder s, stelbrink b, lovejoy nr, lavoué s, tan hh, nugroho e, wowor d, ng pk, siti azizah m, rintelen t, hall r, carvalho gr. paleo - drainage basin connectivity predicts evolutionary relationships across three southeast asian biodiversity hotspots .\nedgar rc. muscle: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput .\ngorog a, sinaga m, engstrom m. vicariance or dispersal? historical biogeography of three sunda shelf murine rodents (\ngrismer jl, bauer am, grismer ll, thirakhupt k, aowphol a, oaks jr, wood jr pl, onn ck, thy n, cota m, jackman tr. multiple origins of parthenogenesis, and a revised species phylogeny for the southeast asian butterfly lizards ,\ngrismer ll, chan k, nurolhuda n, sumontha m. a new species of karst dwelling gecko (genus\ngrismer ll, grismer jl, wood jr pl, onn ck. the distribution, taxonomy, and redescription of the geckos\n( nicholls 1949) with descriptions of a new montane species and two new lowland, karst - dwelling species from peninsular malaysia .\ngrismer ll, norhayati a, chan k, daicus b, muin m, wood jr pl, grismer jl. two new diminutive species of\ngrismer ll, quah sh, anuar s, muin ma, wood jr pl. a diminutive new species of a cave - dwelling wolf snake (colubridae :\ngrismer ll, shahrul a, muin ma, quah es, wood jr pl. phylogenetic relationships and description of a new upland species of bent - toed gecko (\ngrismer ll, sumontha m, cota m, grismer jl, wood jr pl, pauwels os, kunya k. a revision and redescription of the rock gecko\n( taylor 1925) (squamata: gekkonidae) from peninsular thailand with descriptions of seven new species .\ngrismer ll, wood jr pl, anuar s, davis hr, cobos aj, murdoch ml. a new species of karst forest bent - toed gecko (genus\ngray) not yet threatened by foreign cement companies and a summary of peninsular malaysia’s endemic karst forest herpetofauna and the need for its conservation .\ngrismer l, wood jr pl, mohamed m, chan k, heinz hm, sumarli as, chan ja, loredo ai. a new species of karst - adapted\nstrauch, 1887 (squamata: gekkonidae) from a threatened karst region in pahang, peninsular malaysia .\ngrismer ll, wood jr pl, onn ck, anuar s, muin ma. cyrts in the city: a new bent - toed gecko (genus\n) is the only endemic species of vertebrate from batu caves, selangor, peninsular malaysia .\ngrismer ll, wood jr pl, quah es, anuar s, muin ma, sumontha m, ahmad n, bauer am. a phylogeny and taxonomy of the thai - malay peninsula bent - toed geckos of the\ncomplex (squamata: gekkonidae): combined morphological and molecular analyses with descriptions of seven new species .\ngrismer ll, wood jr pl, shahrul a, awal r, norhayati a, muin m, sumontha m, grismer j, chan k, quah es, pauwels o. systematics and natural history of southeast asian rock geckos (genus\nstrauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from malaysia, thailand, and indonesia .\ngrismer ll, wood jr pl, shahrul a, grismer ms, quah esh, murdoch ml, muin ma, davis hr, aguilar c, klabacka r, cobos aj, aowphol a. two new bent - toed geckos of the\ncomplex from peninsular malaysia and multiple instances of convergent adaptation to limestone forest ecosystems .\ngrismer ll, wood jr pl, shahrul a, quah es, muin ma, mohamed m, onn ck. the phylogenetic relationships of three new species of the\ncomplex (squamata: gekkonidae) from poorly explored regions in northeastern peninsular malaysia .\ngrismer ll, wood jr pl, tri n, murdoch ml. the systematics and independent evolution of cave ecomorphology in distantly related clades of bent - toed geckos (genus\ngray, 1827) from the mekong delta and islands in the gulf of thailand .\noxford: oxford university press; 1986. origins of lepidopteran faunas in high mountains of the indo - australian tropics; pp. 533–566 .\nhuelsenbeck jp, ronquist f, nielsen r, bollback jp. bayesian inference of phylogeny and its impact on evolutionary biology .\nhughes jb, round pd, woodruff ds. the indochinese–sundaic faunal transition at the isthmus of kra: an analysis of resident forest bird species distributions .\njenkins pd, kilpatrick cw, robinson mf, timmins rj. morphological and molecular investigations of a new family, genus and species of rodent (mammalia: rodentia: hystricognatha) from lao pdr .\nkearse m, moir r, wilson a, stones - havas s, cheung m, sturrock s, buxton s, cooper a, markowitz s, duran c, thierer t, ashton b, meintjes p, drummond a. geneious basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data .\nkuala lumpur: malaysian nature society; 1991. the limestone flora; pp. 42–50 .\neditions didier miller; singapore: 1998. limestone, quartzite and ultramafic vegetation; pp. 26–27 .\neditions didier miller; singapore: 1998a. the karst morphology of langkawi; pp. 40–41 .\neditions didier miller; singapore: 1998b. caves and cave systems: the mulu caves; pp. 42–43 .\nlatinne a, waengsothorn s, herbreteau v, michaux jr. evidence of complex phylogeographic structure for the threatened rodent\nmacey jr, larson a, ananjeva nb, fang z, papenfuss tj. two novel gene orders and the role of light - strand replication in rearrangement of the vertebrate mitochondrial genome .\nmaddison w, maddison d. mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysisversion 3. 04. 2015\n, new genus and species, a blind troglobitic freshwater hymenosomatid (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura) from sulawesi, indonesia .\nparnell j. the biogeography of the isthmus of kra region: a review .\npatou m - l, chen j, cosson l, andersen d, cruaud c, couloux a, randi e, zhang s, veron g. low genetic diversity in the masked palm civet\npauwels o, david p, chimsunchart c, thirakhupt k. reptiles of phetchaburi province, western thailand: a list of species, with natural history notes, and a discussion on the biogeography at the isthmus of kra .\n( squamata: gekkonidae), a new cave - dwelling gecko from chumphon province, southern thailand .\nposada d, crandall ka. modeltest: testing the model of dna substitution .\nraes n, cannon ch, hijmans rj, piessens t, saw lg, van welzen pc, slik jf. historical distribution of sundaland’s dipterocarp rainforests at quaternary glacial maxima .\nronquist f, teslenko m, van der mark p, ayres dl, darling a, höhna s, larget b, liu l, suchard ma, huelsenbeck jp. mrbayes 3. 2: efficient bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space .\nsathiamurthy e, voris hk. maps of holocene sea level transgression and submerged lakes on the sunda shelf .\nschilthuizen m. land snail conservation in borneo: limestone outcrops act as arks .\nschilthuizen m, liew t - s, elahan bb, lackman - ancrenaz i. effects of karst forest degradation on pulmonate and prosobranch land snail communities in sabah, malaysian borneo .\nschilthuizen m, vermeulen j, davison g, gittenberger e. population structure in a snail species from isolated malaysian limestone hills, inferred from ribosomal dna sequences .\nsiler cd, oaks jr, esselstyn ja, diesmos ac, brown rm. phylogeny and biogeography of philippine bent - toed geckos (gekkonidae :\nstamatakis a. raxml - vi - hpc: maximum likelihood - based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models .\nstamatakis a, hoover p, rougemont j. a rapid bootstrap algorithm for the raxml web servers .\ntamura k, stecher g, peterson d, filipski a, kumar s. mega6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6. 0 .\neditions didier miller; singapore: 1998. limestone and karst morphology; pp. 38–39 .\nworld bank; washington, d. c. : 1999. p. 120 .\nvoris hk. maps of pleistocene sea levels in southeast asia: shorelines, river systems and time durations .\nwilcox tp, zwickl dj, heath ta, hillis dm. phylogenetic relationships of the dwarf boas and a comparison of bayesian and bootstrap measures of phylogenetic support .\nwood jr pl, heinicke mp, jackman tr, bauer am. phylogeny of bent - toed geckos (\nwood jr pl, quah es, anuar s, muin ma. a new species of lowland karst dwelling\nwoodruff ds. neogene marine transgressions, palaeogeography and biogeographic transitions on the thai–malay peninsula .\nwoodruff ds. biogeography and conservation in southeast asia: how 2. 7 million years of repeated environmental fluctuations affect today’s patterns and the future of the remaining refugial - phase biodiversity .\nwoodruff ds, turner lm. the indochinese–sundaic zoogeographic transition: a description and analysis of terrestrial mammal species distributions .\nwoxvold i, duckworth j, timmins r. an unusual new bulbul (passeriformes: pycnonotidae) from the limestone karst of lao pdr." ]

{ "text": [ "also known as siamese gecko or siamese rock gecko , cnemaspis siamensis is a species of geckos .", "it is endemic to thailand .", "no subspecies are listed . " ], "topic": [ 27, 0, 5 ] }

[ "also known as siamese gecko or siamese rock gecko, cnemaspis siamensis is a species of geckos. it is endemic to thailand. no subspecies are listed." ]

[ "the dollar sunfish is a pint - sized species of sunfish found in the south. it grows to only 4 or 5 inches in length, maximum .\nthe dollar sunfish looks very similar to a longear sunfish. in fact, the two species have their own taxonomic subgenus to themselves, called icthelis. to tell them apart, count the rays on the pectoral fin - longears have 14 - 15 pectoral fin rays while the dollar sunfish will have only 12. dollars also have 3 - 4 rows of scales on their cheek versus 5 - 6 in the longear. dollar sunfish also sport a number of wavy blue lines or specks on the opercular flap, while longear sunfish will have a purely black operculum .\nlee, d. s. , and b. m. burr. 1985. observations on life history of the dollar sunfish lepomis marginatus (holbrook). adb bull. 32 (2): 58 .\nwinkleman, d. l. 1996. reproduction under predatory threat: trade - offs between nest guarding and predator avoidance in male dollar sunfish (lepomis marginatus). copeia 1996 (4): 845 - 851 .\nfish. as beautiful as any tropical fish, the dollar sunfish is found in the back waters, swamps and small ponds of the southeastern part of the united states. the name sunfish refers to its bright, sunny colors. throughout the southern us all sunfish are referred to as bream or brim because early american settlers thought they resembled a flat - bodied european species called a bream. mature males have iridescent blue spots and markings and are more colorful than the females. sunfish have a strong homing instinct and return to spawn in the same vicinity each year .\nbauer, b. h. 1980. lepomis marginatus (holbrook), dollar sunfish. pp. 599 in d. s. lee, et al. atlas of north american freshwater fishes. n. c. state mus. nat. hist. , raleigh, i - r + 854 pp .\n“god save thee, ocean sunfish from the fiends that plague thee thus why look’st thou so? with thy large shoals, thou fed the albatross. ”\nif there ever was the classic example of a species that needs the aquarist help the dollar sunfish is that species. he has no advocate anywhere except a few of us collectors. we have collected and kept him for generations trying to learn as much as we can about this little jewel, with the hope we can contribute to it' s continued survival. those same collectors are many times not taken seriously by either our local department of natural resources personnel or the local aquarist we meet. we who know the species best are allowed to contribute the least. i believe that now is a time for change, a time for action. imagine if a local southeastern aquarium club in atlanta for example, decided they were going to get involved in keeping, rearing, and studying the dollar sunfish. keeping detailed notes on collection sites and breeding behaviors. with the sheer number of members and the added influx of time and resources they would make huge impact! detailed collection and breeding data would prove invaluable and even more the public awareness could be priceless. when someone said habitat for dollar sunfish was threatened people would care, people would react .\nonce in the aquarium they are a joy to keep they take a variety of foods without a problem. i feed mine frozen crawfish, raw oysters and a mix of worms and other live insects when available. they adapt very quickly to domestic life, they are not even a little shy as long as there is sufficient structure to make them comfortable. . within a week you can expect to see typical dollar sunfish behaviors. the males will begin to establish a hierarchy for everything from feeding to breeding. the females will float between territories with little ill effects. one of the most pleasant things about the dollar sunfish is that it' s small mouth allows you to keep a variety of darters, shiners and madtoms in a community atmosphere. so instead of relegating your sunfish to single species tank in a back room you can put them up front in the main display tank and not worry about your latest catch becoming a sushi bar !\nwho is this you wonder, some unusual fringe species? some really cool orchid? a hard to please environmental elitist? nope this fella is the dollar sunfish one of the hardiest guys you will ever come across! i have yet to find a true species definition, the standard definition is see longear description as they are so similar in appearance. my observations are as follows, the male dollar sunfish is a bluish hue with light colored vermiculations across the face, gill plates, and lips. the eyes can be encircled with colors ranging from red to white. maximum size 5 inches typical size 4 or less. they display sexual dimorphism in the typical sunfish manner. the males being more colorful and aggressive than the females. they are predacious feeding on insects and small fish. there is an extreme amount of color variation from location to location which leads me to suspect that the species possesses plastic genes. for the aquarist this is a terrific bonus, the chance to develop new color strains is always exciting !\nreference: abe, sekiguchi, onishi, muramatsu & kamito. 2011. observations on a school of ocean sunfish and evidence for a symbiotic cleaning association with albatrosses. marine biology urltoken\nfor those of you within the dollar sunfishes range who are bound and determined to collect a local strain, get a dip net, a fishing license and some waders because this little guy hides in some of the murkiest, weediest off the beaten path places you will ever collect in. i' ve found them commonly in back washes, ox bows and swamps. you might as well accept the fact that you are gonna get sweaty, muddy and bitten by something before it is all done. of course for me, that is the major part of the fun, for you it may not be. after i collect sunfish specimens there is a small problem with field identification. in areas where the dollar sunfish and the longear sunfish overlap you sometimes find juveniles of both species very hard to tell apart. i have found the simplest solution is to take home a few and study them at the house. you will find with a little time and effort proper identification will come to you. as the specimens grow the differences will become clearer. you can then release unwanted specimens back to their homes with no harm done .\nfor the aquarist serious about breeding these fella' s i have a tip, get an outdoor pond! i know many people who have successfully bred the dollar sunfish in an outdoor pond, but only a handful who have had similar success in an aquarium. they seem to be the perfect species for a small outdoor pond. they are aggressive insectivores, very tolerant of water conditions and extremely tolerant of temperature extremes. i have been fortunate enough to have observed a successful spawn in one of my tanks and can add the following observations. the dollar sunfish needs a chilling period to induce a spawn, like many temperate species without a season of cold (- 60 f) the females just don' t become gravid. they seem to be continual spawners when finally induced to spawn, at a temperature of 74 f my specimens spawned regularly for over a month until the tank temperature reached 80 f. then suddenly the spawning ceased. during that time they ate huge amounts of foods of all types with relish .\navise, j. c. , and m. h. smith. 1974. biochemical genetics of sunfish. genic similarity between hybridizing species. amer. nat. 108 (962): 458 - 472 .\na little gross and definitely fascinating! (i think that should be part of the definition for parasites). plus, i had never seen or heard of ocean sunfish. what a crazy, fantastical creature !\nthe basking shoals were attending a sort of sunfish spa. the fish were infested with parasites. pennella, a long scarlet relative of shrimp and crabs, was embedded headfirst in the flesh beneath their fins, busily sucking their blood. but not for long – black - footed and laysan albatrosses were attracted to the shoal and picked the pennella off their bodies. in some cases, the sunfish seems to be courting the birds, following them around and swimming sideways next to them .\nocean sunfish live throughout the oceans but they often spend time at the surface before diving to the depths. some scientists think that they’re absorbing heat from the sun, but it’s possible that they could also be looking for a spot of personal hygiene .\nclosest relative of lepomis marginatus is the longear sunfish (l. megalotis); these two species placed in subgenus icthelis (bailey 1938; avise and smith 1974; bauer 1980). l. marginatus may be separated from l. megalotis by having 3 - 4 rather than 5 - 6 scale rows on the cheek, by having generally 12 rather than 14 - 15 pectoral rays, and by tendency to occur in swamps rather than in flowing streams; l. marginatus usually has spots on the opercular flap, whereas l. megalotis does not (ross 2001). l. marginatus differs from the redbreast sunfish (l. auritus) in having an opercular flap with light margin versus opercular flap dark to its margin; from the green sunfish (l. cyanellus), and the bantam sunfish (l. symmetricus) in having short, stubby gill rakers versus long and slender; from the warmouth (l. gulosus) in lacking teeth on the tongue; and from all other lepomis in having a short, rounded pectoral fin (robison and buchanan 1988) .\nthese fish can play host to at least 50 species of parasites, and they often have considerable numbers on their large bodies. many ocean animals rely on cleaner fish or cleaner shrimp to rid them of parasites. it’s possible that albatrosses might fulfil the same role for ocean sunfish .\nalbatrosses are superb long - distance fliers that can scour vast tracts of ocean in search of food. but sometimes, food comes to them. in july 2010, tazuko abe from hokkaido university found albatrosses cleaning a school of ocean sunfish, basking at the surface of the western pacific ocean .\nthis species is very well suited to the aquarium and has been ignored for so long that he has practically disappeared from many texts. that is a mistake. we as aquarist can do more to put these species back on the map. as you can tell i really enjoy the dollar sunfish and a great many more of our native fishes. if you seek more information about native fishes i recommend you check out the following resources nanfa (see side bar), petersons field guide to north american natives by larry page and brooks m. burr or a our native fishes by john quinn are excellent resources for the aquarist who wants to learn and do more for our native fishes. you can also reach me at robertrice @ urltoken or 2213 prytania circle, navarre, florida 32566\nmacrohabitat: swamps, sluggish streams (bauer 1980). species can reproduce in reservoir habitat, but are apparently unable to permanently coexist with large centrarchids (micropterus salmoides, the largemouth bass; lepomis macrochirus, the bluegill; lepomis microlophus, the redear sunfish) that are common in such areas (paller et al. 1992) .\nas with most sunfish, said species requires a cooling period (2 weeks at a relatively cool temperature, then a gradual increase in temperature, accented with heavy feeding and longer photoperiod), which is not to say that a chiller is necessary provided they are housed in a reasonably cool area. males will ggaurd the fry with vigor .\nreproductive strategy: males actively defend territories against other males of the same species; neighbor - to - neighbor combat is frequent and many fish show damaged fins. large males tend to be better able to keep their territories than small males and spawn continuously throughout the season. ripe females display dark vertical stripes as they enter the nesting area, perhaps as a signal to aggressive males to prevent their attack (lee and burr 1985). success of nest depends upon males guarding eggs and larvae against predators such as other dollar sunfish (lepomis marginatus), mosquitofishes (gambusia), and juvenile largemouth bass (micropterus salmoides). male increases the time he spends guarding nest area, once he has a brood to defend. males will flee a nest when faced with predation themselves, but will return to the nest far sooner if eggs and / or larvae are present (winkleman 1996) .\nof course, the association might have been a one - off. however, there are other reports of seabirds such as shearwaters and albatrosses flocking around schools of basking sunfish. this instance stands out only because abe has photographic evidence that they were actually parasites. as he rightly points out, such events would be difficult to spot among the vastness of the open ocean .\ni thought this was common knowledge that birds clean molas. this has been documented a lot. plus many different kinds of fish clean them, eating various parasites from various parts of the sunfish bodies. i know they have multiple parasites but i thought the number known to science was less than 50. anyway, nice read. they are truly unusual creatures and a joy to encounter under the sea .\nocean sunfish (the hawaiian name, mola mola, is also excellent) are one of the most charming and spectacular fish in the ocean – they’ll come right up to a ship and flap about on the surface, looking at you with their calm fishy eyes. i wonder now if they are waiting for the ship to nibble off the parasites? after a while they look disappointed and dive off into the blue .\nlove it! there’s also an excellent sequence in blue planet’s open ocean episode that shows gulls picking at penellids on the flanks of a much larger mola basking at the surface. just for fun, mola holds at least four parasite records that i know of. 1. most parasite species in a single fish species 2. biggest copepod (penella) 3. biggest skin fluke (capsala martineri, about the size of a silver dollar) and 4. longest worm, nematobothrioides, which winds through their flesh and can be 40 or more feet long (but no - one really knows because its so hard to dissect them out intact )\nthe ocean sunfish is a truly bizarre animal. it looks like someone cut the head off a much bigger fish and strapped fins to it. it’s the largest of the bony fish *. the biggest one ever found was 2. 7 metres in length and weighed 2. 3 tonnes. the youngsters, of course, are much smaller. the ones that abe saw on his research cruise were just 40 centimetres long. there were at least 57 of them, each turned on its side so its broad flank faced the water surface .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of the large extent of occurrence, large number of subpopulations, large population size, and lack of major threats. trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable, or the species may be declining but not fast enough to qualify for any of the threatened categories under criterion a (reduction in population size) .\natlantic and gulf slope drainages, generally below fall line, from tar river, north carolina, to brazos river, texas; former mississippi embayment from western kentucky and eastern arkansas south to the gulf; common in southeastern portion of range, generally uncommon in west (page and burr 1991) .\nthis species is represented by a large number of subpopulations and locations. total adult population size is unknown but relatively large. trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable or slowly declining .\nswamps and sluggish creeks and small to medium rivers with sand / mud bottom; brushy pools .\nlocalized threats may exist, but on a range - wide scale no major threats are known .\ncurrently, this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management, monitoring, or research action .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek, lepis = scaled + greek, poma = gill cover, operculum (ref. 45335, 79012 )\nmargo (stem margin) meaning border, referring to the light - margined gill cover (ref. 79012 )\nnorth america: tar river in north carolina to brazos river in texas in the usa; former mississippi embayment in the usa from western kentucky and eastern arkansas south to gulf of mexico .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 12. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 5723); common length: 6. 9 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 12193); max. reported age: 6 years (ref. 12193 )\ninhabits sand - bottomed and mud - bottomed, usually brushy, pools of creeks and small to medium rivers; and also swamps (ref. 5723, 10294). feeds on midge larvae and microcrustaceans (ref. 10294) .\npage, l. m. and b. m. burr, 1991. a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico. houghton mifflin company, boston. 432 p. (ref. 5723 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5001 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01820 (0. 01064 - 0. 03113), b = 3. 12 (2. 97 - 3. 27), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & (sub) family - body (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 3 ±0. 5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (tmax = 6) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (20 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nterritorial; non - aggresive community tank mate. will chase males of own kind. swims in short bursts often stopping sharply displaying full finage. teritorial during spawning .\nlive brine shrimp, ghost shrimp, snails, crayfish, insects and fish. will eat frozen foods and dried blood worms, red mosqito larvae. provide these fish with a varied diet and they become quite vibrant. a densly planted tank is beneficial. no other special needs are required .\nmature males have iridescent blue spots and markings, longer dorsal and anal fins .\nthis species is very well suited to the aquarium and has been ignored for so long that he has practically disappeared from many texts .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsachs systems aquaculture inc. 1185 thompson bailey rd. , st. augustine, fl 32084. phone: 1. 904. 824. 6308\nthis site requires javascript to function properly. please enable javascript in your web browser .\nlatin marginatus, “bordered, enclosed with a border, ” from margo (stem margin), “border”, in reference to the light - margined gill cover (ross 2001; boschung and mayden 2004) .\nlife colors: males with olive - brown back. sides grade ventrally to orange and are overlain with iridescent blue spots. each lateral scale has a dark spot, resulting in general dusky appearance. lateral line is reddish orange. most fins lightly pigmented; pelvic fins are often more darkly pigmented. faint orange band may be present along base of the dorsal fin. opercular flap black, fringed in white, often has rows of blue dashes or spots. chest is white to orange. head has short, wavy, iridescent blue lines that extend onto chest; lines may be interrupted, forming dots and dashes. pupil is dark; iris is orange. coloration becomes more intense in breeding males. female and immature fish have a lighter blue - green background color on the back and sides, and sides are flecked with iridescent blue spots. belly is white or pale orange; fins are lightly pigmented (ross 2001) .\ntooth patch: no teeth on tongue or pterygoids; palantine teeth absent (hubbs et al 1991) .\ncounts: 3 - 5 cheek scales; 12 (rarely 13) pectoral fin rays; 33 - 40 lateral line scales; 3 anal spines (rarely 2 or 4); 6 - 13 dorsal fin spines; 6 or 7 branchiostegals (hubbs et al. 1991); 10 - 11 dorsal rays; 9 - 10 anal rays (ross 2001) .\nbody shape: small, deep - bodied, laterally compressed (ross 2001); body depth usually contained two to two and one - half times in standard length (hubbs et al 1991) .\nexternal morphology: anal base convex; opercle produced into a thin flexible projection lying within the opercular membrane; posterior edge of opercle within opercular membrane fimbriate; pectoral fins short and rounded; pectoral fin contained 3. 75 or more times in standard length; supramaxilla absent or shorter than breadth of maxilla; maxillary width less than suborbital; lateral line present; scales ctenoid (hubbs et al 1991) .\nu. s. distribution: species occurs in southern atlantic coastal drainages from north carolina to florida and west to texas (hubbs et al 1991); occurs in southeastern coastal drainages from north carolina to texas and north into the lower mississippi river basin in kentucky, arkansas, and extreme southeastern oklahoma (bauer 1980) .\ntexas distribution: restricted to eastern texas from the sulphur and sabine basins, southward to the navasota river (brazos drainage; hubbs et al. 1991). warren et al. (2000) list the following drainage units for distribution of lepomis marginatus in the state: red river (from the mouth upstream to and including the kiamichi river), sabine lake (including minor coastal drainages west to galveston bay), galveston bay (including minor coastal drainages west to mouth of brazos river), brazos river .\npopulations in the southern united states are currently secure (warren et al. 2000) .\nmesohabitat: in the sulphur river, texas, species strongly associated with edge, channel, vegetation, snag, and pool habitat variables (morgan 2002). found in salinity of 3. 33% in lower neuse river basin, north carolina (keup and bayless 1964). commonly found in tannin - stained water and mud substratum (ross 2001) .\nspawning season: april – september, in florida (mclane 1955); may – august, with a peak from late may to early june, in north carolina (lee and burr 1985) .\nspawning location: males build nests in close proximity, with densities of 3 - 5 nests / m², on hard, sandy bottoms with little vegetation (lee and burr 1985) .\nfecundity: 150 - 200 fry hatch per spawn (lee and burr 1985) .\nage / length at maturation: minimum reproductive size is about 60 mm sl, usually reached after 2 nd year (lee and burr 1985) .\nmigration: during winter, adults move into deep water, and return to shallow water the following spring (lee and burr 1985) .\ngrowth and population structure: young attain a length of about 10 mm tl in one month. size classes within a series from western tennessee collected during august averaged 57 mm tl for age 1 (one scale annulus formed), 75 mm for 2, 83 for 3, and 95 for 4. no young - of - year were present in collection (etnier and starnes 1993) .\nfood habits: goldstein and simon (1999) list first and second level trophic classifications as invertivore and drift, respectively; trophic mode listed as water column / surface; both benthic and surface feeders. in florida, food items include various aquatic insects and small crustaceans (mcclane 1955; lee and burr 1985). tennessee specimens contained much detritus and filamentous algae with a few terrestrial insects (homoptera, hymenoptera; etnier and starnes 1993) .\ncestode: proteocephalus; trematoda: actinocleidus, actinocleidus unguis, cledodiscus bedardi, cleidodiscus chelatus, crepidostomum cooperi, haplocleidus furcatus, homalometron armatum, macrohaptor hopkinsi, oncocleidus acuminatus, oncocleidus ferox, pisciamphistoma reynoldsi, posthodiplostomum minimum, rhipidocotyle septapapillata, urocleidus variabilis; acanthocephala: neoechinorhynchus clyindratum (bedinger 1967) .\nbailey, r. m. 1938. a systematic revision of the centrarchid fishes, with a discussion of their distribution, variations, and probable interrelationships. phd. dissertation, univ. michigan, ann arbor .\nbedinger, c. a. 1967. helminth parasites of east texas fishes. master' s thesis. sam houston state university .\nboschung, h. t. , jr. and richard l. mayden. 2004. fishes of alabama. the smithsonian institute, washington. 736pp .\ncook. f. a. 1959. freshwater fishes in mississippi. mississippi fame and fish commission, jackson. 239 pp .\netnier, d. a. , and w. c. starnes. 1993. the fishes of tennessee. university of tennessee press, knoxville. 681 pp .\ngoldstein, r. m. , and t. p. simon. 1999. toward a united definition of guild structure for feeding ecology of north american freshwater fishes. pp. 123 - 202 in t. p. simon, editor. assessing the sustainability and biological integrity of water resources using fish communities. crc press, boca raton, florida .\nholbrook, j. e. 1855. an account of several species of fish observed in florida, georgia, etc. j. acad. nat. sci. phil. 3: 47 - 58 .\nhubbs, c. , r. j. edwards, and g. p. garrett. 1991. an annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of texas, with keys to identification of species. the texas journal of science 43 (4): 1 - 56 .\nkeup, l. , and j. bayless. 1964. fish distribution at varying salinities in neuse river basin, north carolina. chesapeake science 5 (3): 119 - 123 .\nmcclane, w. m. 1955. the fishes of the st. john river system. ph. d. dissertation. univ. florida, gainesville .\nmorgan, m. n. 2002. habitat associations of fish assemblages in sulphur river, texas. masters thesis. texas a & m university, college station. 58 pp .\npaller, m. h. , j. b. gladden, and j. h. heur. 1992. development of the fish community in a new south carolina reservoir. american midland naturalist 128: 95 - 114 .\nrobison, h. w. , and t. m. buchanan. 1988. fishes of arkansas. university of arkansas press, fayetteville. 536 pp .\nross, s. t. 2001. the inland fishes of mississippi. university press of mississippi, jackson. 624 pp .\nwarren, m. l. , jr. , b. m. burr, s. j. walsh, h. l. bart, jr. , r. c. cashner, d. a. etnier, b. j. freeman, b. r. kuhajda, r. l. mayden, h. w. robison, s. t. ross, and w. c. starnes. 2000. diversity, distribution, and conservation status of the native freshwater fishes of the southern united states. fisheries 25 (10): 7 - 29 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhiding in the back waters, swamps and small ponds of the southeast is a seldom seen gem that is so beautiful, so pleasant to keep that it puts many tropicals to shame. it' s behavior in captivity and ease of care are worthy of an entire book not just an article. it' s life colors and habit remain basically ignored by the various professionals who have come across this shining star. it' s size or lack of it (under 5 inches) relegate it to bait status and thus it is totally forgotten by the local sportsmen. with this ignorance comes apathy and sadly it is, quietly disappearing from it' s traditional homes. the victim of our increasing pressure on the environment .\ncollecting this species is the most time consuming and difficult problem that the aquarist must tackle. for those outside of it' s native range (eastern texas east to the atlantic and south of central oklahoma) i recommend trading with aquarist who already possess and are breeding the species. for starters i' d recommend that you check into the north american native fish association which regularly posts a trading post section in it' s publications or the north american native fish echo (nanfe) on the fido net which has become an electronic gathering place for those of us who keep and enjoy native fish. nanfe has become the quickest place for people to negotiate their trades. which ever is convenient for you i recommend you check them out first .\nback washes, swamps, sand - and mud - bottomed, usually brushy, pools of creeks and small to medium rivers; united states atlantic and gulf coastal plain from north carolina to texas; northern mississippi river .\nhome | make and play | watch and listen | teach and learn | switch zoo app | about this site | help | policies | graphics | site map copyright © 2016 tubehead. all rights reserved .\nboschung, h. t. and mayden, r. l. 2004. fishes of alabama. smithsonian institution press, washington, d. c .\nburr, b. m. and warren, m. l. , jr. 1986. distributional atlas of kentucky fishes. kentucky nature preserves commission, frankfort, kentucky .\ndouglas, n. h. 1974. freshwater fishes of louisiana. claitor' s publishing division, baton rouge, louisiana .\netnier, d. a. and starnes, w. c. 1993. the fishes of tennessee. university of tennessee press, knoxville, tennessee .\niucn. 2013. iucn red list of threatened species (ver. 2013. 1). available at: urltoken. (accessed: 12 june 2013) .\nlee, d. s. , gilbert, c. r. , hocutt, c. h. , jenkins, r. e. , mcallister, d. e. and stauffer, j. r. , jr. 1980. atlas of north american freshwater fishes. north carolina state museum of natural history, raleigh, north carolina .\nmarcy, b. c. , jr. , fletcher, d. e. , martin, f. d. , paller, m. h. and reichert, m. j. m. 2005. fishes of the middle savannah river basin. university of georgia press, athens, georgia .\nmenhinick, e. f. 1991. the freshwater fishes of north carolina. north carolina wildlife resources commission .\nmettee, m. f. , o' neil, p. e. and pierson, j. m. 1996. fishes of alabama and the mobile basin. oxmoor house, birmingham, alabama .\nnelson, j. s. , crossman, e. j. , espinosa - perez, h. , findley, l. t. , gilbert, c. r. , lea, r. n. and williams, j. d. 2004. common and scientific names of fishes from the united states, canada, and mexico. american fisheries society, bethesda, maryland .\npage, l. m. and burr, b. m. 1991. a field guide to freshwater fishes: north america north of mexico. houghton mifflin company, boston, massachusetts .\npage, l. m. and burr, b. m. 2011. peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico. houghton mifflin harcourt, boston, massachusetts .\nrobins, c. r. , bailey, r. m. , bond, c. e. , brooker, j. r. , lachner, e. a. , lea, r. n. and scott, w. b. 1991. common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada. american fisheries society .\nrobison, h. w. and buchanan, t. m. 1988. fishes of arkansas. the university of arkansas press, fayetteville, arkansas .\nross, s. t. and brenneman, w. m. 1991. distribution of freshwater fishes in mississippi. freshwater fisheries report no. 108. d - j project completion report f - 69. mississippi department of wildlife and freshwater fisheries and parks, jackson, mississippi .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\n* fish have skeletons that are either made of cartilage, as in sharks and rays, or bone, as in all the others .\nthanks for continuing to keep your scientific sense of wonder alive and for passing it along in such an engaging, readable way to your readers. your enthusiasm is infectious .\nthe biggest one ever found was 2. 7 metres in length and weighed 2. 3 tonnes\nbiggest ever weighed, they can grow to at least 3. 32 meters .\nfish have skeletons that are either made of cartilage, as in sharks and rays, or bone, as in all the others .\ndive into the awe - inspiring, beautiful and quirky world of science news with award - winning writer ed yong. no previous experience required .\nwelcome to crcpress. com! we have customized the taylor & francis india website to host crc press titles. please choose urltoken to get the following benefits :\nthe garland science website is no longer available to access and you have been automatically redirected to crcpress. com .\nall instructor resources will be made available on our instructor hub shortly. your urltoken instructor credentials will not grant access to the hub, but existing and new users may request access here. the student resources previously accessed via urltoken are no longer available to existing or new users .\nexclusive web offer for individuals. print titles only. terms & conditions may apply .\nthis seven - volume series is the most extensive treatise on early life histories of the freshwater fishes of north america. it represents the state - of - the - art in fishery biology and provides a systematic approach to the study of early life histories of all the fishes in this region. each volume contains distinguishing characteristics and a pictorial guide to the families of fishes in the or drainage, followed by chapters on the families. this series fills a gap in the literature, providing information on the spawning habitat requirements, reproductive behavior, and ecological relationships during the first few months of life for most species. this fifth volume examines the family centrarchidae .\nwe provide complimentary e - inspection copies of primary textbooks to instructors considering our books for course adoption .\ncrc press ebooks are available through vitalsource. the free vitalsource bookshelf® application allows you to access to your ebooks whenever and wherever you choose .\nonline – access your ebooks using the links emailed to you on your urltoken invoice or in the\nmy account\narea of urltoken .\nmobile / ereaders – download the bookshelf mobile app at urltoken or from the itunes or android store to access your ebooks from your mobile device or ereader .\noffline computer – download bookshelf software to your desktop so you can view your ebooks with or without internet access .\ncpd consists of any educational activity which helps to maintain and develop knowledge, problem - solving, and technical skills with the aim to provide better health care through higher standards. it could be through conference attendance, group discussion or directed reading to name just a few examples .\nuse certain crc press medical books to get your cpd points up for revalidation. we provide a free online form to document your learning and a certificate for your records .\nby using this website, you agree to the use of cookies. learn more about how we use cookies .\nwill be removed from your cart because it is not available in this region." ]

{ "text": [ "the dollar sunfish ( lepomis marginatus ) is a species of freshwater fish in the sunfish family ( family centrarchidae ) of order perciformes .", "it is categorized as a warm water pan-fish .", "early settlers said that this species of sunfish resembled a european species they called bream .", "historically it has been found along the southern atlantic coastal drainages from north carolina to florida , and west to texas .", "lepomis marginatus mainly feeds on detritus and filamentous algae as well as a few terrestrial insects ( homoptera , hymenoptera , etnier , and starnes ) .", "the juvenile and mature fish do not have many predators , but the eggs in the nest are in danger of predation from a few different species of fish .", "the dollar sunfish can have different breeding seasons depending on where it is located geographically .", "on average the dollar sunfish breeds from april to september , and in some states such as north carolina , it breeds from may to august .", "they always finish breeding before the weather turns cold .", "these fish breed mainly on sandy substrates .", "\" bourgeois \" males build and tend nests , court females , and care for eggs and young .", "the average lifespan is around 6 years , and it can grow up to a maximum of 100 mm .", "currently there are very well managed creel limits for the sunfish species .", "the creel limits help to protect the species from being over harvested .", "other species of sunfish have been stocked in tennessee lakes , however the dollar sunfish has yet to be stocked in any of the river drainages of tennessee .", "as effective as the creel limits are , there could be more management done for the dollar sunfish , or at least some research .", "impoundments of rivers by dams is widespread and one of the most devastating anthropogenic impacts of freshwater environments" ], "topic": [ 6, 15, 16, 20, 8, 17, 14, 22, 14, 22, 28, 0, 6, 17, 6, 6, 13 ] }

[ "the dollar sunfish (lepomis marginatus) is a species of freshwater fish in the sunfish family (family centrarchidae) of order perciformes. it is categorized as a warm water pan-fish. early settlers said that this species of sunfish resembled a european species they called bream. historically it has been found along the southern atlantic coastal drainages from north carolina to florida, and west to texas. lepomis marginatus mainly feeds on detritus and filamentous algae as well as a few terrestrial insects (homoptera, hymenoptera, etnier, and starnes). the juvenile and mature fish do not have many predators, but the eggs in the nest are in danger of predation from a few different species of fish. the dollar sunfish can have different breeding seasons depending on where it is located geographically. on average the dollar sunfish breeds from april to september, and in some states such as north carolina, it breeds from may to august. they always finish breeding before the weather turns cold. these fish breed mainly on sandy substrates. \" bourgeois \" males build and tend nests, court females, and care for eggs and young. the average lifespan is around 6 years, and it can grow up to a maximum of 100 mm. currently there are very well managed creel limits for the sunfish species. the creel limits help to protect the species from being over harvested. other species of sunfish have been stocked in tennessee lakes, however the dollar sunfish has yet to be stocked in any of the river drainages of tennessee. as effective as the creel limits are, there could be more management done for the dollar sunfish, or at least some research. impoundments of rivers by dams is widespread and one of the most devastating anthropogenic impacts of freshwater environments" ]

[ "nodopelagia brazieri - 22. 5mm, f + + +, new south wales. $ 8\n( of latirus brazieri (angas, 1877) ) spry, j. f. (1961). the sea shells of dar es salaam: gastropods. tanganyika notes and records 56 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nurn: lsid: ozcam. taxonomy. org. au: magnt: mollusc: p024172\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 8638e446 - 0754 - 4fc0 - 913b - af0543e92260\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 0c7d8f3f - e8be - 4cfa - 873b - 8ca6dad0a716\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 4647863b - 760d - 4b59 - aaa1 - 502c8cdf8d3c\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: ab81c7fc - 3fc3 - 4e54 - b277 - a12a1a9cd0d8\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 4fb59020 - e4a8 - 4973 - adca - a4f662c4645c\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 8a163b4b - a7e0 - 403c - 9756 - f4e950b57f9f\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: de09fc0e - f79c - 47ce - 8d95 - 1f9269980aa1\nfor more details and to report issues about this record, please contact a person mentioned below .\nclick the\nconfirm\nbutton to verify that this record is correct and that the listed\nvalidation issues\nare incorrect / invalid. please provide a short comment supporting your verification .\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the ala .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthe ala is made possible by contributions from its partners, is supported by ncris and hosted by csiro .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\napprox. 200 species in this family living in tropical to temperate waters. the large spindles are a showy inclusion in a collection but this family tends not to be very popular amongst collectors. a lot of the species are deep water dwellers but some like the peristernias live amongst rocks on reefs and rocky headlands and so are quite easy to collect .\nsimplicifusus graciliformis w / o - 93. 5mm, f + + +. $ 25\nsiphonofusus lubricus w / o - 58. 6mm, f + + +. $ 20\nsimplifusus hyphalus w / o - 87. 4mm, f + + +. $ 25\nfusinus pulchellus w / o - 32. 2mm, f + + +. $ 15\nfusinus colus - 175mm, f + +, philippines. beaut clean specimens. $ 6\nsaginafusus pricei - 152mm, f + +, northern territory. $ 15 sold\nfasciolaria filamentosa - 151mm, f + + (minor faults), sri lanka. $ 10\nfasciolaria filamentosa - 101mm, f + + (minor faults), philippines. $ 5\nfasciolaria scholvieni w / o - 135mm, f + +, south africa. $ 30\nfasciolaria heynemanni - 116mm, f + +, south africa. has operc. $ 30\nfasciolaria lugubris w / o - 112mm, f + + +, south africa. $ 15\nfasciolaria lilium hunteria - 69. 5mm, f + + +, south carolina. $ 5\nfusinus ocelliferous - 68mm, f + + +, south africa. $ 8\nlatirus nagasakiensis - 57mm, f + + (no scars), great barrier reef. $ 8\nlatirus craticulatus - 50mm, f + + (no scars), queensland. $ 6\nopeatostoma pseudodon w / o - 55mm, f + + +, panama. $ 10\nopeatostoma pseudodon - 44. 5mm, f + + +, west mexico. $ 5\naround spring equinox, the low tides are lower than usual. the sand deposited by winter storms is starting to be washed off the rocks, and there is now lots of life in the flat rock rock pools, although surprisingly few humans on the beach, considering it is the start of a fortnight of school holidays .\n, that were there, as i’ve already put photos of them up. it’s great to see so many large, live shells such as tritons and turbans .\nbut here’s a new find – an empty port jackson (heterodontus portusjacksoni) shark egg, which was originally lodged in a crevice and mostly covered with sand .\nthe egg cases are usually dried out and hard when you find them, although soft when the female shark lays them. these small sharks lay 10 to 16 eggs and push them into cracks in rocks or under ledges. these eggs take about a year to hatch, and so the empty egg - cases wash ashore in winter or spring .\ni’m not sure what the orange things below are – sea squirts (ascidians)? sponges? interesting, anyway. i love a natural history mystery, and i love solving it even more. haven’t cracked this one yet .\n. the eggs from the sand collar hatch into larvae and float around in the water for a while, developing into the carnivorous snails that move around in the sand searching for prey to drill, poison and eat .\nit scooted away, revealing these f ireworms (one of the eurythoe species). do not touch these, as the bristles break off easily, lodge in your skin, and they’ve not called ‘fireworms’ for nothing !\nthere were many australian red tritons, charonia lampas – this one has chitons, isochiton australis, on the left .\nand lastly, this jelly - looking thing is a black - and - white flatworm, found under a rock. i wasn’t fast enough to get a shot as it swam away .\nthis entry was posted in the sea and tagged brittle stars, fire worms, flat rock, hydroids, nudibranchs, rock platforms, rock pools, sea shells, shark eggs. bookmark the permalink .\nthanks, rich – i didn’t make that connection! nice pics of your trip to yucatan at urltoken. i particularly like the coatimundi (i’ve never seen one), corals, fungi, lizards, pyramids, macaws, lizards, bats – heck, they’re all good. that flamingo tongue shell is gorgeous !\nnice lionfish! i’ve snorkelled with them (carefully !) in the lord howe island lagoon. i also enjoyed your montage of aussie birds and animals at urltoken\nhi karen, do you mean the narrow white one? it is probably the lime tube of the so - called “sydney coral”, galeolaria caespitosa. it isn’t a coral, but a tube worm. you often find them in huge masses – see urltoken. recent dna research indicates there are actually two species of what used to be thought of as this one species. the worms have fan - like structures which they use to filter food out of the water when the tide is over them. otherwise they are clamped shut to stop drying out .\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nprivacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: cookie policy\nfasciolariidae m & r, pl. 58 shells philippines, p. 333 pl. 95\naustralian b. wilson, t2. p. 73 pl. 11 compendium seashells, p. 186 fasciolariidae m & r, pl. 58 seashells of world, p. 109 pl. 91\naustralian b. wilson, t2. p. 73 pl. 11 fasciolariidae m & r, pl. 58\nfasciolariidae m & r, pl. 58 reunion mauri. drivas, p. 86 pl. 28\ncoq. tahiti salvat, p. 106 pl. 20 fasciolariidae m & r, pl. 58\ncoq. tahiti salvat, p. 106 pl. 20 fasciolariidae m & r, pl. 59\nfasciolariidae m & r, pl. 59 shells philippines, p. 180 pl. 48\nfasciolariidae m & r, pl. 59 reunion mauri. drivas, p. 86 pl. 28\ncoq. polynesie salvat, p. 323 coq. tahiti salvat, p. 106 pl. 20 fasciolariidae m & r, pl. 60 shells philippines, p. 180 pl. 48\naustralian b. wilson, t2. p. 73 pl. 11 compendium seashells, p. 186 coq. nouvel. caledonie, p. 107 coq. polynesie salvat, p. 323 coq. tahiti salvat, p. 106 pl. 20 fasciolariidae m & r, pl. 60 hainan chine, p. 59 indon. shells dharma, p. 94 pl. 33 seashells of world, p. 109 pl. 91 shells philippines, p. 180 pl. 48 xenophora afc, n. 18 couverture\ncompendium seashells, p. 186 coquil oliver bordas, p. 198 fasciolariidae m & r, pl. 62 shells philippines, p. 181 pl. 48\naustralian b. wilson, t2. p. 73 compendium seashells, p. 186 coquil oliver bordas, p. 198 guide delachaux & n. , pl. 35 indon. shells dharma, p. 94 pl. 33 seashells of world, p. 109 pl. 91 shells philippines, p. 180 pl. 48\nfasciolariidae m & r, pl. 62 reunion mauri. drivas, p. 86 pl. 28\naustralian b. wilson, t2. p. 73 pl. 11 compendium seashells, p. 187 coq. polynesie salvat, p. 323 coq. tahiti salvat, p. 106 pl. 20 fasciolariidae m & r, pl. 61 indon. shells dharma, p. 94 pl. 33 shells philippines, p. 180 pl. 48\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "nodopelagia brazieri is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "nodopelagia brazieri is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies." ]

[ "podura scales test. notes on a selection of old' podura' microscope slides, including two by g a clout .\npodura aquatica from belgium 2006. 03. 26 © de wilde, a .\npodura aquatica from the uk after lubbock, j. , 1873 pl. 42\npodura aquatica from germany after heymons r & heymons h, 1909 fig. 3\npodura aquatica from the usa 2008. 01. 10 © fleming, k .\npodura aquatica from the usa 2008. 04. 30 © motter, g .\npodura aquatica from the usa 2009. 01. 05 © fleming, k .\npodura aquatica from france spermatophore 2009. 09. dd © lebeaux, p .\npodura aquatica from the uk 2010. 07. 09 © michaelson, j .\npodura aquatica from the uk 2011. 04. 25 © michaelson, j .\npodura aquatica from the uk 2014. 11. 22 © barton, t .\npodura aquatica from the usa head frontal aspect after childs gh, 1915 fig. 3\npodura aquatica from the usa mouthcone lateral aspect after childs gh, 1915 fig. 7\npodura aquatica from germany with exuvia 2014. 11. 15 © kluck, a .\npodura aquatica from germany twinkling eyes 2015. 03. 30 © landgraf, a .\npodura aquatica from the usa with furca flipped backwards after childs gh, 1915 fig. 2\npodura aquatica from belgium mandibula with molar tooth and molar plate 2002 © janssens, f .\npodura aquatica from the uk 2007. 04. 01 © cornwall, n. j .\npodura aquatica from belgium retinaculum (*) 2016. 04. 12 © janssens, f\npodura aquatica (sic) from germany after herbst jfw, 1787 taf. lxxv fig. 3\npodura aquatica from switzerland after nicolet, h. , 1842 pl. 5 fig. 4 .\npodura aquatica from holland furca with long dentes convergently curved around collophore 2010 © visser, g .\npodura aquatica from the uk starting to moult 2014. 10. 31 © barton, t .\npodura aquatica from germany\nthe movie\n2015. 03. 30 © landgraf, a .\npodura aquatica from belgium aberrant furca: asymmetric dentes 2016. 04. 12 © janssens, f\npodura aquatica from germany unguis as long as tibiotarsus 2014. 09. 17 © kluck, a .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nvesihyppiäinen\nto\npodura aquatica linnaeus, 1758\n.\npodura aquatica from the uk composed eye with 8 ocelli 2013. 05. 05 © murray, a .\npodura aquatica from the uk unguis as long as tibiotarsus 2014. 10. 25 © barton, t .\npodura aquatica from belgium ready to jump: antennae bent backwards 2016. 04. 12 © janssens, f\nfig. 2: podura aquatica collected from wicken fen in november 1925 by c. h. jackson .\njosefin stiller added the german common name\nschwarzer wasserspringschwanz\nto\npodura aquatica linnaeus, 1758\n.\npodura aquatica from germany depositing spermatophore: stretching fibers of stalk 2015. 03. 27 © landgraf, a .\npodura aquatica from belgium unguis long and slender 2016. 04. 17 © huskens, m. - l .\na genus of very small springtails of the family poduridae; (also podura) a springtail of this genus .\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nwasserspringschwanz\nto\npodura aquatica linnaeus, 1758\n.\npodura aquatica from germany sem; mucro with narrow lamella 2012. 12. 06 © schulz, h - j .\npodura aquatica from germany depositing spermatophore: pressing gonopore against water surface 2015. 03. 27 © landgraf, a .\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nschwarzer wasserspringer\nto\npodura aquatica linnaeus, 1758\n.\npodura aquatica from belgium furca with very long dentes, convergently curved around the collophore 2002 © hopkin, s. p .\npodura aquatica (bar = 2µm) rhombic epicuticular ultrastructure with secondary granules after nickerl j & al, 2012 fig. 5c\npodura aquatica from the uk exuvia revealing furca with long convergently curved dentes 2014. 10. 25 © barton, t .\npodura aquatica from belgium fused ant. 3 + 4 2016. 04. 15 © huskens, m. - l .\npodura aquatica ♂ from belgium preparing deposition of spermatophore? 2016. 08. 28 © huskens, m. - l .\npodura aquatica from belgium narrow unguis as long as tibiotarsus 2018. 01. 14 © huskens, m. - l .\npodura aquatica tota nigra from sweden after de geer, c. , 1778 tom. vii pl. 2 fig. 13 .\npodura aquatica tota nigra from sweden after de geer, c. , 1778 tom. vii pl. 2 fig. 14 .\npodura aquatica ♂ & ♀ from the uk courtship: ♂ pushes ♀ sideways 2014. 10. 31 © barton, t .\npodura aquatica from the uk furca with convergently curved dentes; retinaculum inbetween dentes 2014. 12. 05 © barton, t .\npodura aquatica from belgium furca with long curved dentes surpassing collophore 2016. 04. 17 © huskens, m. - l .\nfig. 4 (left): foot of the third leg of the same specimen of podura aquatica shown in fig. 3 .\npodura aquatica from belgium eyepatch: anterior 4 ocelli isolated by raised ribs 2016. 04. 19 © huskens, m. - l .\nslide dated 1840' podura wing scales': podura is currently a genus of collembola, but was previously a higher taxonomic group (14); where not identified to species,' podura' is a correct label at the date this slide was made.' wing scales' is incorrect because springtails are wingless; depending on the species the scales can be on various parts of the body (15) .\nwhat made you want to look up podura? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nfig. 3: dens and mucro of the furca of podura aquatica collected from wroxham, norfolk in may 1950 (collector not known) .\n17) e m nelson,' on the podura scale', j. royal microscopical society, 1907, 393 - 404 and plate x .\n( zool .) one of the minute scales with which the body of a podura is covered. they are used as test objects for the microscope .\n1984. morphology and taxonomic position of podura aquatica (collembola). entomol. gener. 9 (4), stuttgart, p. 193 - 204 .\nfig. 1 (above): live specimen of podura aquatica of 2. 0 mm in length collected by frans janssens from the surface of a pond .\nremark by janssens, f. 2013. 11. 08: the presence of external mouthparts and 4 antennae excludes podura aquatica (sic) poda, 1761: 120 from collembola. the more detailed description of scopoli, 1763: 379 places podura aquatica (sic) poda, 1761: 120 within amphipoda (gammaridae) .\nentomologiam systematicam, emendatam et auctam, ordines, genera et species continens. , 127. podura. , index alphabeticus, hafniae, 1796, p. 138 .\n1973. recherche sui collemboli. xix. la fine struttura epicuticolare di podura ed actaletes. , redia, vol. liv, 1973, p. 135 - 139 .\nas to why the correct test species was often collected but described as podura plumbea were briefly noted in the earlier article (see section' notes on nomenclature') .\nslides labelled' podura plumbea'. this is a common labeling often with' test' and examples by the 19th century makers norman (british) and charles bourgogne (french) are shown. to assess whether these slide labels are correct, the scales need to be studied under the microscope. the scales of podura plumbea linn. and the classic test species lepidocyrtus curvicollis bourlet are very different as shown below and easily distinguished with modest microscope optics. the few slide examples which i possess labelled podura plumbea all show the scales from the test species l. curvicollis. i would be very interested to hear from readers who have slides labelled' podura plumbea' which actually show this species.' podura plumbea' was later assigned tomocerus plumbeus and examples of this slide have been seen at auction but don' t possess any to determine what species' scales are shown .\nremark by janssens, f. 2013. 11. 05: the presence of external mouthparts and 4 antennae excludes podura aquatica (sic) scopoli, 1763: 379 from collembola. the tripartite' tibiae', the large body size and the laterally compressed body place podura aquatica (sic) scopoli, 1763: 379 within amphipoda (gammaridae) .\npodura. in: entomologia carniolica exhibens insecta carnioliæ indigena et distributa in ordines, genera, species, varietates. methodo linnæana. , mdcclxiii, p. 379 - 380 .\nf janssens and d walker, 2011, (working copy in preparation, raising queries as they arise). note on the identification of the' podura' of victorian instrument makers .\n1967. a further study of the lepidocyrtus (\npodura\n) scale (insecta, collembola). , j. ultrastructure research, 19, 1967, p. 611 - 615 .\nchapter xi. the water spring - tail (podura). , p. 362 - 369. , the natural history of aquatic insects. , london, 1895, p. ? .\npolarization sensitivity in collembola: an experimental study of polarotaxis in the water - surface - inhabiting springtail podura aquatica. , journal of experimental biology, 219, 2016, p. 2567 - 2576 .\ntranspiration in podura aquatica l. (collembola, isotomidae) and the wetting properties of its cuticle. , j. exp. biol. , 1963, 40, p. 681 - 700 .\nultrastructural changes in the midgut epithelium in podura aquatica l. (insecta, collembola, arthropleona) during regeneration. , arthropod structure et development, 35, 2006, p. 69 - 76 .\n19) t. gill,' xlv on the microscope, sub - section' on the podura'', gill' s technological repository, 1828, vol ii, p. 261 .\nthe cuticle and associated structures of podura aquatica at the moult. , quart. j. micr. sci. , vol. 104, pt. 3, 1963, p. 369 - 391 .\npodura. in: insecta musei græcensis, quæ in ordines, genera et species juxta systema naturæ caroli linnæi. , anno 1761, die 3. septembris, græcii, p. 120 - 121 .\na site of water and ionic echange with the medium in podura aquatica l. (collembola, isotomidae). , j. exp. biol. , 1963, 40, p. 701 - 711 .\nthe fully formed intermoult cuticle and associated structures of podura aquatica (collembola). , quart. j. micr. sci. , vol. 104, pt. 2, 1963, p. 253 - 270 .\nentomologia systematica emendata et aucta, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonimis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus, 127. podura. , tom. ii, hafniae, mdcclxciii, p. 65 - 68 .\nsome observations on the life history of the water springtail (podura aquatica - 1758). , thesis submitted to the faculty of the graduate school of the university of minnesota, may 25 1915, p. 1 - 63 .\npodura aquatica (fig. 1) is often described as being extremely common and widespread on the surfaces of standing water. however, the map would suggest otherwise. there are surprisingly few records although where it occurs, the species can be abundant. swarms of collembola on puddles are very often hypogastrurids, often mis - identified as' podura' in the popular press. its strongholds appear to be fens and polders - peter shaw confirmed podura from wheatham fen, coldham where the species has been present apparently continuously since 1929 (and probably a lot longer), and seen swarms on the surface of ditches in the netherlands. old accounts refer to swarms of this animal being washed up on the shores of water bodies in such numbers as to resemble soot, and when poked they jumped en masse - an action likened (rather fancifully) to gunpowder. perhaps podura aquatica is declining due to pesticide use and draining of wetland habitats .\nsystema naturæ sistens regna tria naturæ, in classes et ordines, genera et species redacta tabulisque æneis illustrata. , editio sexta, emendata et aucta. podura (insecta: aptera), stockholmiæ, (kiesewetter), p. 67 .\nfaune parisienne, insectes. ou histoire abrégée des insectes des environs de paris, classés d' après le système de fabricius. podure (podura). , tome second, paris, an xi - 1802, p. 3 - 7 .\nreviewed the earlier literature on the' podura' test scales to assess the potential causes of the' naming confusion' from a modern taxonomic standpoint. these findings are being published (in preparation) on the' collembola' website (20) .\nthe second pair of slides shown above are by g a clout. this preparer has a brief entry in the invaluable book by bracegirdle (1) who notes that clout' mounted podura scales for sale' and is' little - known' (2). many preparers specialised in certain subjects e. g. diatoms, but podura scales is an uncommon theme. i would be interested to hear from readers who have any slides by' g a clout' and if any address label .\n. lubbock' s definitive monograph of the springtails was published in 1873 (13), although a number of later articles published well into the 20th century continued to refer to the test subject species as' podura scales' without specifying the species studied .\npodura aquatica has a prominent furca (figs. 2 and 3) and the foot does not possess an empodium (fig. 4). there are 8 + 8 ocelli in a distinctive, strangely sculpted pattern, and a post - antennal organ is absent .\nr beck,' on the scales of lepidocyrtus _ _ _ _? hitherto termed podura scales, and their value as tests, for the microscope', trans. microscopical soc, 1862, vol. x, new series, 83 - 88 and plate x .\nmid 18th century; earliest use found in john hill (bap. 1714, d. 1775), physician and actor. from scientific latin podura (linnaeus systema naturae (ed. 6, 1748) 67) from ancient greek ποδ -, πούς foot + οὐρά tail .\nbeskrifning på en insect, kallad: podura fusca, globosa, nitida, antennis longis, articulis plumiris. , kongl. swenska wetenskaps academiens handlingar, 4 (4), stockholm, october, nov. ock december, 1743, tab. vii, p. 296 - 305 .\n1787. gemeinnüzzige naturgeschichte des thierreichs, darin die merkwürdigsten und nüzlichsten thiere in systematischer ordnung beschrieben und die geschlechter in abbildungen nach der natur vorgestellt werden. achter band, von den insekten. aptera. zweite gattung. fusschwanzthierchen, podura. franz la podure. , berlin und stralsund, 1787, p. 129 - 131 .\ntaxonomically too this species is odd; it gave its name to the poduromorpha and its family poduridae used to contain hypogastrurids and neanurids, but recently has tended to be classed as' incertae sedis'. reassuringly for morphological taxonomist, xiong et al (2008) used mitochondrial dna sequencing to place podura back close the hypogastruridae .\npodura (insecta: aptera) p. 608 - 609, in systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentis, synonymis, locis. , tomus i, editio decima, reformata, holmiæ, (laurentii salvii), 1758. , p. 1 - 824 .\n1785. entomologia parisiensis; sive catalogus insectorum quæ in agro parisiensi reperiuntur; secundum methodum geoffræanam in sectiones, genera et species distributus: cui addita sunt nomina trivalia & sere trecentæ novæ species. , pars prima, parisiis, m. dcc. lxxxv, [ podura, p. 522 - 525 ], p. 1 - 544 .\n1761. fauna svecica sistens animalia sueciæ regni: mammalia, aves, amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes. distributa per classes et ordines, genera & species, cum differentiis specierum, synonyms auctorum, nominibus incolarum, locis natalium, descriptionibus insectorum, editio altera, auctior. podura. , stockholmiæ, 1761, p. 472 - 474 .\nthysanurae hibernicae, or descriptions of such species of spring - tailed insects (podura and lepisma, linn. ,) as have been observed in ireland. descriptions of the irish species of thysanura. , the transactions of the entomological society of london, vol. i, read june 2, and july 7, 1834, p. 92 - 98 .\nplates 73 and 68 from joseph beck' s appendix (13b) to lubbock' s monograph (13) showing the test scale of lepidocyrtus curvicollis (left) and' podura teres plumbea linn.' (' tomocerus plumbeus, linn' in lubbock' s 1873 monograph). the scales are very different and readily distinguished with low to medium power microscope objectives .\n1746. fauna svecica sistens animalia sveciæ regni: qvadrupedia, aves, amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes, distributa per classes et ordines, genera & species. cum differentiis specierum, synonymis autorum, nominibus incolarum, locis habitationum, descriptionibus insectorum. pediculus partim & podura (insecta: aptera). p. 341 - 344, stockholmiæ, lugduni batavorum, (wishoff), p. 341 - 344 .\n1773. podura. in: a general natural history: or, new and accurate descriptions of the animals, vegetables, and minerals of the various parts of the world; with their virtues, and uses, in medicine and mechanics. part i. of the lesser animals, called, animalcules and insects. book i. of animalcules. , london, m. dcc. lxxiii, p. 20 - 21 .\na typical scale of the test species of' podura' (lepidocyrtus curvicollis). this example from the 1840 slide where the scales are particularly large. scale length 185 um. zeiss 40x na0. 75 objective, phase, white point focus. there are many papers discussing how the fine structure appeared using different lighting conditions under the optical microscope but the scales' ultrastructure wasn' t confirmed until tem studies in the 1960s (see earlier article) .\nnorman is a well known maker and discussed in this excellent micscape article by brian stevenson. charles bourgogne was a member of the bourgogne family of prepared microscope slide makers; another member joseph and wider aspects of the family are discussed in this micscape article also by brian. also see entries for norman and bourgogne in bracegirdle' s book' microscopical mounts and mounters' (1). the norman podura slide uses thick glass and the slide is warped, preventing more critical studies of the scales .\nthe specimen is likely mounted in canada balsam but this is detrimental for two reasons: 1) the inclusion of the whole mount makes the mountant layer thicker than it should be for scale strews alone, many scales don' t touch the coverslip which can be detrimental for studying fine structure; 2) podura scales are usually mounted dry in air to maximise contrast and to ensure at least some touch the underside of the coverslip. the result is that it is difficult to view the scales' fine structure .\nthe scales of' podura' (collembola, springtail) are one of the earliest subjects reported as a test subject for the microscope (1828 *) and aspects of the extensive history of its use and study are presented in an earlier article. prepared slides can crop up regularly and unless an unusual example, they typically sell for modest sums. my fascination with this test subject started by owning one slide, but has prompted purchase of more examples. presented below are the slides collected to date and include notes on how these examples reflect aspects of the history of the test subject .\nthis is the only slide i have seen to date showing both the whole podura specimen and a strew of its scales. it has a label in diamond writing' podurea scale' (sic). its date is uncertain but possibly second half of 19th century. the specimen is not well cleared or mounted with some limbs broken off but does permit most key features to be seen for identification to species (shown below, all images with zeiss 16x objective, dic). i am a beginner at springtail id and the likely genus is noted to be a difficult one, but believe from using hopkin (15) and fjellberg (16) that it is in the genus lepidocyrtus and is the classic test species l. curvicollis. (thank you to frans janssens, who has confirmed this from images shown, ref. 14) .\nremark by iczn. 2007: 657: placed on the official list of names in zoology. opinion 104. opinion 239 .\npuce d' eau noire from france after ledermüller mf, 1768 tab. vii fig. 2l\npuce d' eau noire from france after ledermüller mf, 1768 tab. vii fig. 1\npuce d' eau noire from france after ledermüller mf, 1768 tab. vii fig. 2\nkleine schwarze insekten, die den tauzenden zusammen auf den wasser sitzen und hüpfen\nfrom sweden after de geer, c. , 1749 tab. iii fig. 3 .\n1901. über neanura tenebrarum nov. sp. aus den höhlen des mährischen karstes; über die gattung tetrodontophora reuter und einige sinnesorgane der collembolen, zoologischer anzeiger band. xxiv. no. 653, 30. september 1901, p. 575 - 586 .\n1941. contribution a l' étude de dilta littoralis wom. (thysanoure machilidae), anatomie de la tête et du thorax, intestin spermatogénèse. , 1941, bordaux, p. 1 - 226 .\n1970. uma nova espécie de onychiurus (collembola - onychiuridae) de ocorrência periódica em belém (pará). , boletim do museu paraense emilio goeldi, zoologia, 72, maio, 8, 1970, p. 1 - 11 .\n1940. notes on british collembola. , the entomologist' s monthly magazine, vol. lxxvi, july - august 1940, p. 163 - 174 .\n1955. entomological survey of the himalayas part vi. - two new species of collembola. , agra university journal of research (science), vol. iv, part 1, jan. 2, 1955, p. 175 - 178 .\n1971. les photorécepteurs des collemboles, étude ultrastructurale, i. l' appareil dioptrique. , z. zellforsch. 117, 1971, p. 322 - 353 .\n1977. la mue chez les collemboles entomobryens (apterygota): ultrastructure et particularites. , int. j. insect morphol. et embryol. , 1977, 6 (3 / 4), p. 201 - 219 .\ncollembola - springstaarten. in: de nederlandse biodiversiteit. , 2010, p. 196 - 197 .\nfaune entomologique des environs de paris, ou species général des indesctes qui se trouvent dans un rayon de quinze à vingt lieues aux alentours de paris. , paris, 1835, p. 108 - 116 .\n1901. voläufige mitteilung über einige neue aphorurinen und zur systematik der collembola. , zoologischer anzeiger, xxiv. band, no. 633, 7. januar 1901, p. 1 - 15 .\nzur kenntnis der apterygoten - fauna von bremen und der nachbardistrikte. beitrag zu einer apterygoten - fauna mitteleuropas. , abhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen vereins zu bremen, xvii. band, heft 1, oktober 1901, p. 1 - 140, 233 .\n1906. das system der collembolen nebst beschreibung neuer collembolen des hamburger naturhistorischen museums. , mitteilungen aus den naturhistorischen museum in hamburg, xxiii. jahrgang, 2. beiheft zum jahrbuch der hamburgischen wissenschaftlichen austalten. xxiii. 1905. , hamburg, 1906, p. 147 - 188 .\nmémoire sur les podures. , mémoires de la société royale des sciences, de l' agriculture et des arts, de lille, année 1839, p. 377 - 418 .\nobservations sur un mémoire de m. nicolet, concernant les podurelles. , revue zoologique, huitième année, février 1845, la société cuvierienne, année 1845, p. 62 - 68 .\nbericht über die wissenschaftlichen leistungen in der naturgeschichte der insecten, arachniden, crustaceen und entomostraceen während des jahres 1845 [ collembola included ]. , archiv für naturgeschichte. , zwölfter jahrgang, zweiter band, berlin 1846, p. 303 - 304 .\n1978. die bedrohung der humusbildenden bodenfauna durch fluor - immissionen, mit besonderer berücksichtigung der milben (acari) und springschwänze (collembola). , mitteilungen der entomologischen gesellschaft basel, nr. 4, n. f. / 28. jahrgang, dezember 1978, p. 77 - 98 .\ncarapelli, a. , lió, p, nardi, f. , van der wath, e. et frati, f .\nphylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial protein coding genes confirms the reciprocal paraphyly of hexapoda and crustacea [ collembola included ]. , from second congress of italian evolutionary biologists (first congress of the italian society for evolutionary biology), florence, italy. 4 - 7 september 2006, bmc evolutionary biology 2007, 7 (suppl 2), s8, 16 august 2007, p. s8 .\ncarapelli, a. , nardi, f. , dallai, r. et frati, f .\na review of molecular data for the phylogeny of basal hexapods [ collembola included ]. , proceedings of the xith international colloquium on apterygota, rouen, france, 2004, pedobiologia, 50, 2006, p. 191 - 204 .\n1899. ueber schweizerische collembola, inaugural - dissertation zur erlangung der philosophischen doktorwürde der hohen philosophischen fakultät der universität bern. , revue suisse de zoologie, t. 6, genève, 1899, p. 273 - 362 .\n1916. the apterygota of the seychelles. [ collembola included ]. , proceedings of the royal irish academy, volume xxxiii, section b, no. 1, art vi. , published june 5, 1916, dublin, p. 1 - 70 .\n1999. cladística numérica, análisis simultáneo y filogenia de hexápodos [ collembola included ]. , boletin de la sociedad entomológica aragonesa, núm. 26, 1999, p. 333 - 346 .\n1971. le spermatophore des collemboles neanuridae. , rev. écol. biol. sol, t. viii, 4, 1971, p. 609 - 616 .\n1974. chétotaxie et phylogénie chez les collemboles poduromorphes. , pedobiologia, band 14, heft 2 / 5, 1974, p. 300 - 312 .\nmuscle attachement related to cuticle architecture in apterygota [ collembola included ]. , j. cell sci. , 4, 1969, p. 541 - 559 .\n1980. part 1. poduridae and hypogastruridae, the collembola of north america north of the rio grande, grinnell college, iowa, p. 1 - 386 .\nthe embryology of the apterygota [ collembola included ]. , zool. bull. , vol. ii, no. 2, p. 69 - 76 .\ncook, c. e. , yue, q. - y. et akam, m .\n2005. mitochondrial genomes suggest that hexapods and crustaceans are mutually paraphyletic [ collembola included ]. , proceedings of the royal society b, 2005, 272, p. 1295 - 1304 .\ncutz - pool, l. q. , palacios - vargas, j. g. et vázquez, m .\n2003. comparación de algunos aspectos ecológicos de collembola en cuatro asociaciones vegetales de noh - bec, quintana roo, méxico. , folia entomol. mex. , 42 (1), 2003, p. 91 - 101 .\nwere the first springtails semi - aquatic? a phylogenetic approach by means of 28s rdna and optimization alignment. , proc. r. soc. lond. , b (2002), 269, p. 1143 - 1151 .\nhomology and morphology in poduromorpha (hexapoda, collembola). , eur. j. entomol. 101, 2003, p. 385 - 407 .\n2003. morphological appraisal of collembola phylogeny with special emphasis on poduromorpha and a test of the aquatic origin hypothesis. , the norwegian academy of science and letters, zoologica scripta, 32, 6, november 2003, p. 563 - 586 .\ndallai, r. , fanciulli, p. p. , frati, f. , paccagnini, e. et lupetti, p .\nsperm winding in collembola. , 6th international seminar on apterygota, siena, italy, 2002, pedobiologia, 48, 2004, p. 493 - 501 .\ndallai, r. , malatesta, e. et ramellini, p. in minelli, a. , ruffo, s. & la posta, s .\n1995. 33.' apterygota \\': collembola, protura, microcoryphia e zygentoma (= thysanura s. l .), diplura. checklist delle specie della fauna italiana. calderini. bologna. p. 1 - 25 .\ntribe ii. collembola or springtails. in: cassell' s natural history. , vol. v, 1896, p. 149 .\nan annotated checklist of the springtail fauna of hungary (hexapoda: collembola). , opusc. zool. budapest, (2007) 2008, 38, p. 3 - 82 .\n1780. dictionnaire raisonné universel d' histoire naturelle, contenant l \\' histoire des animaux, des végétaux et des minéraux. pou sauteur. , quatrieme édition, revue et considérablement augmentée, tome neuvieme, suise, m. dcc. lxxx, p. 295 - 296 .\n1740. experimenta et observationes de parvulis insectis, agili saltu corpuscula sua in altum levantibus, qvibus poduræ nomen est, acta societatis regine scientiarum upsaliensis ad annum 1740, p. 48 - 67 .\nversuch und anmerkungen über kleine insekten, welche in die höhe hüpfen können. , der königl. schwedischen akademie der wissenschaften abhandlungen, aus der naturlehre, haushaltungskunst und mechanik, aus das jahr 1740, zweijter band, 1749, p. 9 - 26 .\nmemoires pour servir a l' histoire des insectes, premier memoire, des insectes sans ailes en generales, des podures, tome septieme, ouvrage posthume, stockholm, m. dcc. lxxviii. , p. 15 - 39 .\nhistoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. , tome cinqième, paris, juillet, 1818, p. ? .\nrecent advances in collembola systematics. , 6th international seminar on apterygota, siena, italy, 2002, pedobiologia, 48, 2004, p. 415 - 433 .\ndeharveng, l. , d' haese, c. et bedos, a .\n2008. global diversity of springtails (collembola; hexapoda) in freshwater. , hydrobiologia, 595, 2008, p. 329 - 338 .\n1975. urban entomology. , university of california, division of agricultural sciences, 1975, 1996 .\nedgecombe, g. d. giribet, g. , et wheeler, w. c .\n1999. filogenia de chilopoda: combinando sequencias de los genes ribosómicos 18s y 28s y morfología [ collembola included as outgroup ]. , boletin de la sociedad entomológica aragonesa, núm. 26, 1999, p. 293 - 331 .\n2017. a világ ugróvillás szemmel [ collembola included ]. , élet es tudomány, 2017 / 2, p. 50 - 52 .\nordnung collembola (springschhänze). in: die forstinsekten mitteleuropas. , zweiter band, spezieller teil, erste abteilung, 1923, p. 1 - 2 .\nfalahati hosseinabad, a. , mehr, m. s. et khyroodin, a .\na checklist of iranian collembola (insecta: apterygota). , munis entomology & zoology, 8 (1), 2013, p. 257 - 261 .\ncollembola fauna from the shore of lake balaton, hungary. , opusc. zool. budapest, xxvii - xxviii, 1995, p. 45 - 47 .\necofaunistical investigations of collembola, araneae and coleoptera in mosaic - like habitats in the cinege valley, hungary. , opusc. zool. budapest, xxxi, 1998, p. 49 - 61 .\n2007. checklist of romanian springtails (collembola). , folia entomologica hungarica, rovartani közlemények, volume 68, 2007, p. 5 - 40 .\n1984. maxillary structures in hypogastruridae (collembola). , annales de la société royale zoologique de belgique, tome 114, année 1984, fascicule 1, bruxelles 1984, p. 89 - 99 .\n1984. the maxillary outer lobe, an important systematic tool in isotomidae (collembola). , annales de la société royale zoologique de belgique, tome 114, année 1984, fascicule 1, bruxelles 1984, p. 83 - 88 .\nhoppstjärtar i norden. , fauna och flora, 101 (3), p. 16 - 19 .\n1901. the distribution of holarctic collembola. , psyche, vol. ?, february 1901, p. 159 - 162 .\nthe identity of the snow - flea (achorutes nivicola fitch). , psyche, vol. 9, march 1902, p. 315 - 321 .\nnorth american collembolous insects of the subfamilies achorutinae, neanurinae, and podurinae. no. 2134 - from the proceedings of the united states national museum, vol. 50, washington, p. 477 - 525 .\ncollembola of the canadian arctic expedition, 1913 - 18. , report of the canadian arctic expedition, 1913 - 18, vol. iii: insects, part a, collembola, southern party 1913 - 1916, issued july 10th, 1919, p. 0a - 29a .\n2000. molecular phylogeny of three subfamilies of the neanuridae (insecta, collembola) and the position of the antarctic species friesea grisea schäffer. , proceedings of vth international seminar on aptegrygota, cordoba 1998, pedobiologia, 44, (2000), p. 342 - 360 .\ngao, y. , bu, y. et luan, y. - x .\n2008. phylogenetic relationships of basal hexapods reconstructed from nearly complete 18s and 28s rrna gene sequences. , zoological science, 25, 2008, p. 1139 - 1145 .\ngeelen, j. f. m. , van gelder, j. j. et sax, h. a. m. m .\n1970. insekten als voedsel van de groene kikker (rana esculenta l .). , entomologische berichten, deel 30, no. 9, 1 september 1970, p. 171 - 178 .\n1945. kleine fauna voor laag - en midden - belgië. de nederlandsche boekhandel, antwerpen, p. 1 - 277 .\n1974. collembolan cuticle: wax layer and antiwetting properties. , j. insect physiol. , 1974, vol. 20, p. 301 - 306 .\n2000. a review of arthropod phylogeny: new data based on ribosomal dna sequences and direct character optimization [ collembola included ]. , cladistics, 16, (2000), p. 204 - 231 .\ngiribet, g. , edgecombe, g. d. et wheeler, w. c .\n2001. arthropod phylogeny based on eight molecular loci and morphology [ collembola included ]. , nature, vol 413, 13 september 2001, p. 157 - 161 .\ngoto, h. e. et lawrence, p. n. in kloet, g. s. & hincks, w. d .\n1964. a check list of britisch insects. , second edition, part 1, royal entomological society, london, p. (i) 4 - (i) 11 .\n1979. a key for the identification of the families of collembola recorded from the the british isles. , entomologist' s monthly magazine, february 12th, 1979, vol. 113 (1977), p. 193 - 197 .\ngreenslade, p. , stevens, m. i. , torricelli, g. et d' haese, c .\n2011. an ancient antarctic endemic genus restored: morphological and molecular support for gomphiocephalus hodgsoni (collembola: hypogastruridae). , systematic entomology, 36, 2011, p. 223 - 240 .\nthe collembola of minnesota. , geological and natural history survey of minnesota, zoological series iv, march 1903, p. 1 - 110 .\nhaney, p. b. , stapel, o. j. , waters, d. j. , lewis, w. j. , diffie, s. k. et ruberson, j. r .\ndynamic of insect populations in a reduced - tillage, crimson clover / cotton system. part ii: pitfall surveys. , proc. beltwide cotton conf. 2, p. 817 - 821 .\ndie süsswasserfauna deutschlands, eine exkursionsfauna, heft 7: collembola, neuroptera, hymenoptera, rhynchota. collembola. , jena, 1909, p. 1 - 16 .\n1997. biology of the springtails (insecta: collembola). , oxford university press. 1997. p. 1 - 330 .\n1998. collembola: the most abundant insects on earth. , antenna, 22, p. 117 - 121 .\ncollembola. , encyclopedia of soil science, 2002, p. 207 - 210 .\nthe biology of the collembola (springtails): the most abundant insects in the world .\nsuborder collembola. in: the insect book. a popular account of the bees, wasps, ants, grasshoppers, flies and other north american insects exclusive of the butterflies, moths and beetles, with full life histories, tables and bibliographies. , 1901, p. 385 - 388 .\nofficial lists and indexes of names in zoology [ collembola included ]. , december 2007, p. 1 - 882 .\non the antennal musculature in insects and other arthropods [ collembola included ]. , quarterly journal of microscopical science, s2 - 81, (322), p. 273 - 320 .\n1906. l. m. b. c. memoirs on typical british marine plants et animals, xiii. anurid. , october, 1906, p. 1 - 99 .\n1997. collembola in het bos - een onbekende wereld. , de boskrant, mededelingsblad van de vlaamse bosbouwvereniging, september - oktober 1997, 27ste jaargang, nr. 4, p. 118 - 119 .\n1945. handleiding van den insectenjager. , koninklijk natuurhistorisch museum van belgië. , brussel, 1945, p. 1 - 170 .\noeverspringstaarten (collembola) in de polder van hoboken. , antwerpse vereniging voor entomologie, entomo - info, jaargang 4, 1993, nr 3, p. 66 - 68 .\njordana, r. et arbea, j. i. in ramos, m. a. & al .\n1997. collembola, poduromorpha, familia poduridae y familia hypogastruridae. fauna ibérica, vol. 8. , museo nacional de ciencas naturales, csic, madrid, p. 1 - 233 .\nkaprus, i. j. , pomorski, r. j. , skarzynski, d. et potapov, m. b .\n2005. springtails (collembola) of the crimea. , entomological review, vol. 85, no. 8, 2005, p. 891 - 901 .\n2004. aligned 18s and insect phylogeny [ collembola included ]. , syst. biol. 53 (3), p. 506 - 514 .\n1945. a check list of britisch insects. , order iii: collembola. , december 1945, p. 3 - 9 .\n[ 1945 ]. het rijk der insecten, deel 30 van wat leeft en groeit, utrecht, p. 1 - 130 .\n1932. collembola z území rybníku lednickych, collemboles dans les environs des étangs de lednice. , brne, p. 1 - 34 .\n1895. manuel de la faune de belgique. tome 1. animaux non insectes. , h. lamertin, libraire - éditeur, bruxelles, p. 1 - 639? .\n1940. les animaux de la belgique. tome 3. les naturalistes belges. bruxelles. p. ? .\nle règne animal. les crustacés, les arachnides et les insectes. des podurelles. , tome iii, paris, 1817, p. 161 - 162 .\n2003. a class change. , [ manuscript on the relation between collembola and crustacea ], p. a - l .\nlettre vi. tab. vii. puces d' eau noires. amusemens microscopiques. , troisième cinquantaine, 1768, p. 19 - 20 .\n1988. anal sacks - an unknown organ in poduromorpha (collembola). , zoologica scripta, vol. 17, no. 3, 1988, p. 277 - 284 .\n1913. linnés föreläsningar öfver djurriket. , med understöd af svenska staten för uppsala universitet. , utgifna och försedda med förklarande anmärkningar af einar lönnberg. , uppsala 1913, p. 1 - 607 .\n1870. notes on the thysanura. - part iii. , the transactions of the linnean society of london, volume xxvi, m. dccc. lxx, read june 6th, 1867, p. 295 - 304 .\nmonograph of the collembola and thysanura. , ray society, london, p. 1 - 276 .\n1840. histoire naturelle des crustacés, des arachnides et des myriapodes. paris. p. 1 - 600 .\nnorth american thysanura - iv. , the canadian entomologist, volume xxv, no. 12, december, 1893, p. 313 - 318 .\nnorth american thysanura - v. , the canadian entomologist, volume xxvi, no. 4, april, 1894, p. 105 - 110 .\n1990. a catalog of the neotropical collembola, including nearctic areas of mexico. , florida. p. 1 - 237 .\n1942. notes sur les collemboles, i. - la faune des collemboles de la belgique. bulletin du musée royal d' histoire naturelle de belgique, tome xviii, n°8. bruxelles. p. 1 - 11 .\n1951. a monograph of the collembola or springtail insects of new york state. , comstock publishing company inc. , ithaca, new york, 1951, p. 1 - 339 .\n1868. on poduræ. , quekett journal of microscopy, vol. 1, 1868, p. 73 - 76 .\nmessr, c. , walther, j. , dettner, k. et schulz, s .\n2000. chemical deterrents in podurid collembola. , proceedings of vth international seminar on aptegrygota, cordoba 1998, pedobiologia, 44, (2000), p. 210 - 220 .\nmisof, b. , niehuis, o. , bischoff, i. , rickert, a. , erpenbeck, d. et staniczek, a .\ntowards an 18s phylogeny of hexapods: accounting for group - specific character covariance in optimized mixed nucleotide / doublet models [ collembola included ]. , zoology, 110, 2007, p. 409 - 429 .\nnickerl, j. , helbig, r. , schulz, h. - j. , werner, c. et neinhuis, c .\n2012. diversity and potential correlations to the function of collembola cuticle structures. , zoomorphology, 21 november 2012, p. 1 - 15 .\n1842. recherches pour servir á l' histoire des podurelles. nouv. mém. soc. helvet. sci. nat. , 6, p. 1 - 88 .\n1847. essai sur une classification des insectes aptères, de l' ordre des thysanoures. (séance du 25 mars 1846). , annales de la société entomologique de france, 2e série, tome v, p. 335 - 395 .\nbeiträge zur kenntniss der thysanura und collembola. , bijdragen tot de dierkunde, vol. 16, no. 1, 1888, p. 147 - 226 .\n1900. orde ii. collembola (springstaarten). in: de nederlandsche insecten. ,' s - gravenhage, martinus nijhoff, 1900, p. 166 - 172 .\n1990. diagnosis y clave para determinar las familias de los collembola de la región neotropical. , manuales y guías para el estudio de microartrópodos, i, p. 1 - 15 .\n1997. catálogo de los collembola de méxico. , facultad de ciencias, unam, p. 1 - 102 .\n2000. los colémbolos en los ecosistemas mexicanos. , biodiversitas, 5 (29), p. 12 - 15 .\npalacios - vargas, j. g. in bousquets, j. l. et luna, i .\n1994. xxi. problemas en la taxonomía de algunos artrópodos: hexapoda (apterygota) [ collembola included ]. in: taxonomía biológica. , fondo de cultura económica, unam, p. 397 - 418 .\n2002. phylogenetic analysis of collembola based on highly variable region of 28s rrna gene sequence. , korean j. genetics, 24 (1), march 2002, p. 21 - 29 .\n1971. einiges zur cuticula - struktur der collembolen mit bemerkungen zur oberflächenskulptur der cornea. , revue d' écologie et de biologie du sol, tome 8, fascicule 1, 1971 janvier, p. 37 - 44 .\n1974. die phylogenetische bedeutung der ommatidien der apterygoten insekten (collembola, archaeognatha und zygentoma). , pedobiologia, band 14, heft 2 / 5, 1974, p. 123 - 133 .\n1977. das doppelauge von entomobrya muscorum nicolet (insecta, collembola). , zoomorphologie, 87, 1977, p. 277 - 293 .\n1993. biocenoses of collembola in atlantic temperate grass - woodland ecosystems. , pedobiologia, 37, 1993, p. 223 - 244 .\npoole, r. w. in poole, r. w. et gentili, p .\nnomina insecta nearctica. a check list of the insects of north america. volume 4: non - holometabolous orders. collembola. entomological information services, rockville, maryland, p. 41 - 68 .\n1, 3 - dimethoxybenzene, a chemotaxonomic marker for the neanurinae subfamily (collembola). , biochemical systematics and ecology, 35, 2007, p. 160 - 161 .\n1948. hydrobiologie van nederland, de zoete wateren, amsterdam, p. 1 - 580 .\nthe cuticle of peripatopsis moseleyi [ collembola included ]. , quart. j. micr. sci. , vol. 105, pt. 3, 1964, p. 281 - 299 .\n1964. an index to the collembola, volume 2, royal society of new zealand, bulletin no. 7, wellington, p. 145 - 644 .\n1965. vergleichend anatomisch - histologische untersuchungen über die spermatophorenbilding bei collembolen (mit berücksichtigung der dipluren und oribatiden). , zool. jb. anat, bd. 82, 1965, p. 445 - 520 .\n2013. morphological and molecular insights on megalothorax: the largest neelipleona genus revisited (collembola). , invertebrate systematics, 27, 25 june 2013, p. 317 - 364 .\nschneider, c. , cruaud, c. et d' haese, c .\nunexpected diversity in neelipleona revealed by molecular phylogeny approach (hexapoda, collembola). , soil organisms, volume 83 (3), 2011, p. 383 - 398 .\nder dunkelbraune kugelspringer allacma fusca. , insekt des jahres 2016, deutschland - österreich - schweiz, kuratorium insekt des jahres, 4. dez. 2015, p. 1 - 8 .\n1966. insect pests part 1: springtails. , modern maintenance management, vol. 18, no. 9, september 1966, p. 19 - 21 .\nshayanmehr, m. , yahyapour e. , kahrarian, m. et lafooraki e. y .\nan introduction to iranian collembola (hexapoda): an update to the species list. , zookeys 335, 2013, 25 september 2013, p. 69 - 83 .\nan annotated list of the collembola (springtails) of michigan. , the michigan entomologist, vol. 1, no. 6, november 1967, p. 179 - 234 .\nrevision de la familia actaletidae borner, 1902 (insecta: collembola), carribean journal of science, vol. 24, no. 3 - 4, p. 161 - 196 .\nverzeichnis der apterygogenea ungarns. , annales musei nationalis hungarici, xxvi, 1929, p. 269 - 312 .\ntempleton, r. in templeton, r. et westwood, j. o .\nsystema naturæ, tom. i. pars ii. , editio duodecima reformata, holmiæ, impensis direct. laur. salvii, 1767, p. 533 - 1327 .\n1899. on some apterygogenea collected in the volga - delta and in transcaspia by dr. e. lönnberg. , öfversigt af kongl. vetenskaps - akademiens förhandlingar 1899, n: o 8, stockholm, p. 847 - 850 .\n1969. the biology of pseudoscorpions [ collembola included ]. , harvard university press, cambridge, massachusetts, p. 1 - 145 .\nwheeler, w. c. , whiting, m. , wheeler, q. d. et carpenter, j. m .\n2001. the phylogeny of the extant hexapod orders [ collembola included ]. , cladistics, 17, 2001, p. 113 - 169 .\n1995. atlas zur biologie der wasserinsekten. ordnung: collembola - springschwänze. , 1995, p. 8 - 11 .\nrecherches sur les collemboles et les thysanoures. mémoires couronnés et mémoires des savants étrangers, publiés par l' académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux - arts de belgique, tome lviii, 1900, p. 1 - 144 .\n1902. collemboles. expédition antartique belge, zoologie. p. 1 - 19 .\n1906. un nouveau collembole marin (anuridella marina). , mémoires de la société entomologique de belgique, tome xii, p. 247 - 251 .\nxiong, y. , gao, y. , yin, w. - y. et luan, y. - x .\nmolecular phylogeny of collembola inferred from ribosomal rna genes. , molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 49, p. 728 - 735 .\nyu, d. - y. , zhang, f. , stevens, m. i. , yan, q. - b. , liu, m. - q. et hu, f .\nnew insight into the systematics of tomoceridae (hexapoda, collembola) by integrating molecular and morphological evidence. , zoologica scripta, 45 (3), may 2016, 286 - 299 .\nzettel, j. et zettel, u. 2008. manche mögen' s kalt: die biologie des\nschneeflohs\nceratophysella sigillata (uzel, 1891), einer winteraktiven springschwanzart (collembola: hypogastruridae). , mitteilungen der naturforschenden gesellschaft in bern, band 65, 2008, p. 79 - 110 .\nlove words? you must — there are over 200, 000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nalthough it can be confused at first with some other semi - aquatic hypogastrurids it can easily be distinguished by the very long arms or dentes of the pincerlike jumping organ or furca. juveniles are orange; adults are bluish with reddish antennae and legs. [ from comments by frans janssens ]\nsemi - aquatic. often found floating on the surface of small bodies of standing water such as ponds, as well as on stream and pond banks .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nall content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. this information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. this website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website. by clicking ‘continue’ or by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nstay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates, blog posts, and more .\nin this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot - on cv .\narchaic words have a charm that never fades away, from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones .\nthis page was last edited on 17 october 2015, at 00: 54 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nsorry, we just need to make sure you' re not a robot. for best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nnelson (17) notes that it was by wollaston in a paper read in 1828 and published 1829 (18). gill also published in 1828 his studies of scales supplied by thomas carpenter, who is regarded as the likely discoverer of their value as a test (19) .\nthe scales of the test species of springtail are often wrongly labelled in some respect on the slide. three examples are shown below; all are dry mounts .\nslides dated this early are uncommon and if dated correctly, this is only one year after the accepted wide introduction of the 3 x 1 inch slide as standard (2a) .\na similar pattern of gold tooled red papering is shown by bracegirdle (2b) .\nfrans janssens, dept. of biology, university of antwerp and co - editor of the urltoken website\nwhole mount. it is not presented flat. zeiss 2. 5x objective. two limbs are broken off and out of field of view. body length - 2. 4 mm, total length - 3. 4 mm .\nwhole mount in near infrared lighting using same objective, reveals body internal structure a little better. (hoya r72 filter on microscope lamp field iris using home modified sony s75 consumer digicam with sensor' s near ir filter replaced with clear optical glass flat .) the' second thoracic segment prominent, strongly overhanging the head' (quote from hopkin, ref. 15, p. 111) is a diagnostic feature of l. curvicollis. .\nleft - tip of mucro showing two teeth (the tip of the extended posterior), right - tip of third leg .\nleft - head detail showing hairs and / or scales? right - base of antenna showing scales .\nshowing a species whole mount with a strew of its scales is potentially of value, but this example demonstrates why the combination for microscopic study is only partly successful .\none of the few scales in the strew of the whole mount above that was close to the underside of coverslip and presented flat enough to allow some resolution. zeiss 45x na0. 75 objective. dic. scale length 118 um .\nthe pair of slides left below show an example of a slide labelled with the correct genus of test species lepidocyrtus and one with the full species name lepidocyrtus curvicollis. the left hand slide is of the style of watson but not labelled as such; this slide was studied in detail in the earlier article. the right hand slide is by watson, the name and address form suggesting it was made after 1908 (12) .\ng a clout slide, seira buskii (now willowsia buski, ref. 14). the scales are totally different from the test species l. curvicollis. the long thin club - shaped structures are likely macrochaeta. larger scale length typically 78 um. zeiss 40x na0. 75 objective, dic .\ng a clout slide, seira domestica. the scales have some resemblance to the test species l. curvicollis but the former has less demanding to study fine structure. larger scale length typically 122 um. zeiss 40x na0. 75 objective, dic .\nthe two species shown are not widely reported as test scales, so may have featured as part of a set for general interest. a\nslide illustrated by bracegirdle (2) is the classic test species although not labelled as a test and has the same style of professional label. both the examples possessed have extensive detritus either from the preparation or subsequent mountant deterioration .\ndetails of the mounter' s microscopy / entomology background have proved elusive to date. the 1911 census shows the clout family at the' 70 holland road, maidstone' address in kent, uk. the head of the family was fanny clout (née strover) with six children including george clout aged 24, occupation a joiner (3). her husband allchin george clout died in 1911 aged 54 years (4) whose occupation was a builder' s foreman. in the 1891 census he was at the holland road address with his family, occupation a bricklayer .\none of the slides above is dated 1914 and bracegirdle remarks g a clout was working in 1915 (1). this rules out the allchin george clout as the active preparer in this period. the 1901 census confirms that his son was george arthur clout i. e. the slide preparer, who would have been in his late twenties at the time of the dated slides .\ngeorge arthur clout was born at his parent' s home 51 allen road, maidstone, kent on april 15th 1886 (5 and footnote 1). he marrried edith mary holdaway (a spinster) in may 1915 in maidstone. they were both living at 2 princes st at the time of marriage (6). they had at least two children, joan margaret clout in 1920 and muriel a. in 1928 (3). george died on dec. 14th 1976 in orpington, kent (7 and footnote 2). a' 226 tonbridge road, maidstone' address is also documented for his slide work (1)." ]

{ "text": [ "poduridae is a small family of stout-bodied springtails containing only the single genus podura , and making up the monotypic superfamily poduroidea .", "the genus contains four species : podura aquatica linnaeus , 1758 podura fuscata koch & berendt , 1854 podura infernalis motschulski , 1850 podura pulchra koch & berendt , 1854" ], "topic": [ 26, 26 ] }

[ "poduridae is a small family of stout-bodied springtails containing only the single genus podura, and making up the monotypic superfamily poduroidea. the genus contains four species: podura aquatica linnaeus, 1758 podura fuscata koch & berendt, 1854 podura infernalis motschulski, 1850 podura pulchra koch & berendt, 1854" ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for aaveqaspis yet. learn how to contribute .\nreconstruction of the trilobite - oidy thingy, aaveqaspis inesoni, from the sirius passet lagerstatte, of lower cambrian greenland. the generic name comes from an inuit word for\nwalrus ,\nin direct reference to how the prominent prongs on the pygidium remind its describers of a walrus' tusks .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01\npeel, j. s. & stein, m. 2009, a new arthropod from the... bulletin of geosciences, 84, 625 - 630 .\nbulletin of geosciences published by © czech geological survey, w. bohemia museum pilsen individual sponsors issn: 1802 - 8225 (online), 1214 - 1119 (print )\ngen. et sp. nov. , is described from the lower cambrian sirius passet fossil - lagerstätte of peary land, north greenland. it has a semicircular head shield and a thorax with 5 tergites. the tail shield carries 2 pairs of spines, the most anterior of which is enormous and dominates the trunk .\nlacks any preserved trace of eyes, as is also the case with several other sirius passet arthropods, suggesting that the fossils accumulated in deeper water than the contemporaneous chengjiang fossil - lagerstätte of china or the middle cambrian burgess shale assemblages of british columbia .\nbabcock, l. e. , peng, s. c. , geyer, g. & shergold, j. h. 2005. changing perspectives on cambrian chronostratigraphy and progress toward subdivision of the cambrian system .\nblaker, m. r. 1988. a new genus of nevadiid trilobite from the buen formation (early cambrian) of peary land, central north greenland .\nblaker, m. r. & peel, j. s. 1997. lower cambrian trilobites from north greenland .\nbudd, g. e. 1993. a cambrian gilled lobopod from greenland .\ngen. et sp. nov. : an? olenellinid - like trilobite from the sirius passet fauna (buen formation, lower cambrian, north greenland) .\nbudd, g. e. 1997. stem group arthropods from the lower cambrian sirius passet fauna of north greenland, 125 - 138 .\nbudd, g. e. 1998. arthropod body - plan evolution in the cambrian with an example from anomalocaridid muscle .\nbudd, g. e. 1999a. a nektaspid arthropod from the early cambrian sirius passet fauna, with a description of retrodeformation, based on functional morphology .\nbudd, g. e. & peel, j. s. 1998. a new xenusiid lobopod from the early cambrian sirius passet fauna of north greenland .\n. 367 pp. jiangsu publishing house of science and technology, nanjing. [ in chinese ]\n. 222 pp. the national museum of natural science, taichung, taiwan. [ in chinese ]\nchlupáč, i. 1995. lower cambrian arthropods from the paseky shale (barrandian area, czech republic) .\n. 242 pp. oxford university press, oxford, new york & melbourne .\nconway morris, s. & peel, j. s. 1990. articulated halkieriids from the lower cambrian of north greenland .\nconway morris, s. & peel, j. s. 1995. articulated halkieriids from the lower cambrian of of north greenland and their role in early protostome evolution .\nconway morris, s. & peel, j. s. 2008. the earliest annelids: lower cambrian polychaetes from the sirius passet lagerstätte, peary land, north greenland .\nconway morris, s. , peel, j. s. , higgins, a. k. , soper, n. j. & davis, n. c. 1987. a burgess shale - like fauna from the lower cambrian of greenland .\ncotton, t. j. & braddy, s. j. 2004. the phylogeny of arachnomorph arthropods and the origin of the chelicerata .\nedgecombe, g. d. & ramsköld, l. 1999. relationships of cambrian arachnata and the systematic position of trilobites .\nhagadorn, j. w. 2002. burgess shale: cambrian explosion in full bloom, 61 - 89 .\nharrington, h. j. , henningsmoen, g. , howell, b. f. , jaanusson, v. , lochman - balk, c. , moore, r. c. , poulsen, c. , rasetti, f. , richter, e. , richter, r. , schmidt, h. , sdzuy, k. , struve, w. , tripp, r. , weller, j. m. & whittington, h. b. 1959. systematic descriptions, o170 - o560 .\n. geological society of america & university; of kansas press, new york & lawrence, kansas .\nthe cambrian fossils of chengjiang, china. the flowering of early animal life .\nhou, x. & bergström, j. 1997. arthropods of the lower cambrian chengjiang fauna, southwest china .\nhou, x. & bergström, j. 2006. dinocaridids: anomalous arthropods or arthropod - like worms? , 139 - 158 .\nhou, x. , chen, j. & lu, h. 1989. early cambrian new arthropods from chengjiang, yunnan .\nhou, x. , ramsköld, l. & bergström, j. 1991. composition and preservation of the chengjiang fauna - a lower cambrian soft - bodied biota .\nineson, j. r. & peel, j. s. 1997. cambrian shelf stratigraphy of north greenland .\nivantsov, a. y. , zhuravlev, a. y. , leguta, a. v. , krassilov, v. a. , melnikova, l. m. & ushatinskaya; , g. t. 2005. palaeoecology of the early cambrian sinsk biota from the siberian platform .\nlagebro, l. , stein, m. & peel, j. s. 2009. a new? lamellipedian arthropod from the early cambrian sirius passet fauna of north greenland .\nluo, h. , hu, s. , zhang, s. & tao, y. 1997. new occurrence of the early cambrian chengjiang fauna in haikou, kunming, yunnan province, and study on trilobitoidea .\npeel, j. s. & sonderholm, m. (eds) 1991. sedimentary basins of north greenland .\nrigby, j. k. 1986. cambrian and silurian sponges from north greenland .\nsimonetta, a. m. & delle cave, l. 1991. early palaeozoic arthropods and problems of arthropod phylogeny; with some notes on taxa of doubtful affinities, 189 - 244 .\nsimonetta, a. m. & conway morris, s. (eds )\nstein, m. in press. a new arthropod from the early cambrian of north greenland with a ‘great appendage’ like antennule .\n( arthropoda) with preserved soft anatomy from the sirius passet lagerstätte, lower cambrian of north greenland .\nstormer, l. 1959. trilobitoidea, o23 - o37. in moore, r. c. (\n. geological society of america & university of kansas press, new york & lawrence, kansas .\ntaylor, r. s. 2002. a new bivalved arthropod from the early cambrian sirius passet fauna, north greenland .\nzhu, m. , babcock, l. e. & peng, s. 2006. advances in cambrian stratigraphy and paleontology: integrating correlation techniques, paleobiology, taphonomy and paleoenvironmental reconstruction .\nthis page was last edited on 16 may 2017, at 04: 01 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject 1050: legg, d. a. , sutton, m. d. , and g. d. edgecombe. 2013. arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies. nature communications. 4: 2485 .\nthis website was prepared by the morphobank project, in part, under an award from the national oceanic and atmospheric administration, u. s. department of commerce .\nthe statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national oceanic and atmospheric administration or the department of commerce .\nweb hosting provided by stony brook university and department of information technology, and by the american museum of natural history .\n), god of the north wind in greek mythology, referencing the current geographical position of the deposits of its type location .\nhas been named for the norwegian island group svalbard or spitsbergen, where it was originally collected .\nkm east of borglum elv, peary land, north - eastern end of the island) .\nhas been specified as the early mudstone layer of the upper buen formation. the famous\n- zone) of laurentia, now svalbard / spitsbergen (lower slakli series, sofiekammen formation, northern side of the hornsund, west - spitsbergen). a specimen that probably belongs to\nor is closely related was found in greenland (schley fjord formation, peary land) .\nhas an almost flat exoskeleton, that is only thinly calcified, and has crescent - shaped eye ridges. as part of the olenellina suborder, olenellus lacks dorsal sutures. like all other members of the olenelloidea superfamily, the eye - ridges spring from the back of the frontal lobe (l4) of the central area of the cephalon, that is called glabella .\nalso shares the typical character of whole olenellidae family that the frontal (l3) and middle pair (l2) of lateral lobes of the glabella are partially merged. this creates two very typical, isolated slits .\nis a genus within the mesonacinae, with eye - ridges curved but almost parallel to the midline. the back of the eye - ridges is opposite the most backward ring of the glabella (l0 or occipetal ring). genal spines are 6 - 8 times as long as l0. the outer furrows of the\nare parallel to the midline between the back of the cephalon and the furrow between side lobes l2 and l3. the thorax is 3 times as wide as the axis at the 3rd segment .\n, where the back of the eye - ridge extends only to the most backward side lobes (l1), genal spines are only 1 - 5 times as long as l0, and the glabella widens forwards along l1 and l2. except for in\nthe curved eye - ridges are at an angle of 15° - 20° with the midline. a third genus\nin having genal spines 4 - 5 times as long as l0, the glabella widens forwards along l1 and l2, and the thorax 4 - 4½ times wider that the axis at the 3rd segment .\na short ridge (called plectrum) connects the frontal lobe of the glabella with the frontal border of the headshield. the section of the border of the back of the head (posterior cephalic border) halfway between the midline and the genal angle (between the axis and the intergenal angle) has a backward angle. the base of the genal spine is opposite the most backward ring of the glabella (l0). the furrow between the 2nd and 3rd ring (s2) does not contact the furrow that outlines the glabella (or axial furrow) .\n- zone. svalbard (vestspitsbergen, hornsund) and greenland (peary land, schley fjord formation and buen formation) .\nplectrum absent. the midsection of the posterior cephalic border is transverse. the base of the genal spine is opposite the middle ring of the glabella (l2). s2 contacts the axial furrow .\nh. b. whittington; et al. (1997) .\nintroduction, order agnostida, order redlichiida\n.\npoulsen, v. (1974) .\nolenellacean trilobites from eastern north greenland\n.\nkielan, z. (1960) .\non two olenellid trilobites from hornsund, vestspitsvergen\n.\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 14 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications. this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\npeel, john s. willman, sebastian and álvaro, javier 2018. the buen formation (cambrian series 2) biota of north greenland. papers in palaeontology ,\nlerosey - aubril, rudy peel, john s. and zhang, xi - guang 2018. gut evolution in early cambrian trilobites and the origin of predation on infaunal macroinvertebrates: evidence from muscle scars in mesolenellus. palaeontology ,\nkristensen, reinhardt møbjerg 2017. palaeontology: darwin' s dilemma dissolved. nature ecology & evolution, vol. 1, issue. 3, p. 0076 .\npeel, john s. and rahman, imran 2017. feeding behaviour of a new worm (priapulida) from the sirius passet lagerstätte (cambrian series 2, stage 3) of north greenland (laurentia). palaeontology, vol. 60, issue. 6, p. 795 .\nzhang, xingliang ahlberg, per babcock, loren e. choi, duck k. geyer, gerd gozalo, rodolfo stewart hollingsworth, j. li, guoxiang naimark, elena b. pegel, tatyana steiner, michael wotte, thomas and zhang, zhifei 2017. challenges in defining the base of cambrian series 2 and stage 3. earth - science reviews, vol. 172, issue. , p. 124 .\npeel, john s. 2017. mineralized gutfills from the sirius passet lagerstätte (cambrian series 2) of north greenland. gff, vol. 139, issue. 2, p. 83 .\nyoung, fletcher j. vinther, jakob and zhang, xi - guang 2017. onychophoran - like myoanatomy of the cambrian gilled lobopodianpambdelurion whittingtoni. palaeontology, vol. 60, issue. 1, p. 27 .\ndaley, allison c. and drage, harriet b. 2016. the fossil record of ecdysis, and trends in the moulting behaviour of trilobites. arthropod structure & development, vol. 45, issue. 2, p. 71 .\nshao, tie - quan liu, yun - huan wang, qi zhang, hua - qiao tang, han - hua and li, yuan 2016. new material of the oldest known scalidophoran animal eopriapulites sphinx. palaeoworld, vol. 25, issue. 1, p. 1 .\naltenburger, andreas 2016. the neuromuscular system of pycnophyes kielensis (kinorhyncha: allomalorhagida) investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. evodevo, vol. 7, issue. 1 ,\nkocot, kevin m. 2016. on 20 years of lophotrochozoa. organisms diversity & evolution, vol. 16, issue. 2, p. 329 .\nyang, yuning zhao, yuanlong and zhang, xingliang 2016. fossil priapulidottoiafrom the kaili biota (cambrian series 3) of south china. journal of systematic palaeontology, vol. 14, issue. 6, p. 527 .\nzhuravlev, a. yu. 2015. the early history of the metazoa—a paleontologist’s viewpoint. biology bulletin reviews, vol. 5, issue. 5, p. 415 .\nzhang, huaqiao xiao, shuhai liu, yunhuan yuan, xunlai wan, bin muscente, a. d. shao, tiequan gong, hao and cao, guohua 2015. armored kinorhynch - like scalidophoran animals from the early cambrian. scientific reports, vol. 5, issue. 1 ,\nliu, yunhuan xiao, shuhai shao, tiequan broce, jesse and zhang, huaqiao 2014. the oldest known priapulid - like scalidophoran animal and its implications for the early evolution of cycloneuralians and ecdysozoans. evolution & development, vol. 16, issue. 3, p. 155 .\nboudec, ange le ineson, jon rosing, minik døssing, lasse martineau, françois lécuyer, christophe and albarède, francis 2014. geochemistry of the cambrian sirius passet lagerstätte, northern greenland. geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems, vol. 15, issue. 4, p. 886 .\nzhang, xingliang and shu, degan 2014. causes and consequences of the cambrian explosion. science china earth sciences, vol. 57, issue. 5, p. 930 .\nshu, degan isozaki, yukio zhang, xingliang han, jan and maruyama, shigenori 2014. birth and early evolution of metazoans. gondwana research, vol. 25, issue. 3, p. 884 .\npeel, john s. stein, martin kristensen, reinhardt møbjerg and butler, richard j 2013. life cycle and morphology of a cambrian stem - lineage loriciferan. plos one, vol. 8, issue. 8, p. e73583 .\nwills, m. a. gerber, s. ruta, m. and hughes, m. 2012. the disparity of priapulid, archaeopriapulid and palaeoscolecid worms in the light of new data. journal of evolutionary biology, vol. 25, issue. 10, p. 2056 .\ndepartment of earth sciences (palaeobiology), uppsala university, villavägen 16, se - 752 36 uppsala, sweden, < john. peel©pal. uu. se >\na large (maximum length 80 mm), tubular, corset - like problematic fossil from the early cambrian (cambrian series 2, stage 3) sirius passet lagerstätte of north greenland is interpreted as the lorica of an ancestral loriciferan. in addition to the double circlet of 7 plates composing the lorica ,\nnew genus, new species also preserves up to six multicuspidate cuticular denticles that are similar in shape to the pharyngeal teeth of priapulid worms, although their location is suggestive of scalids. whilst traditionally placed as a sister group of priapulid worms within vinctiplicata (scalidophora), recent molecular sequence data suggest that loriciferans might be more closely related to nematomorphs. the limited morphological information available from\nis consistent with this interpretation, placing the sirius passet fossil within the total - group of loricifera, within the loricifera + nematomorpha clade .\nkleptothule rasmusseni gen et sp. nov. : an? olenellinid - like trilobite from the sirius passet fauna (buen formation, lower cambrian, north greenland )\nthe cuticular structure of the 495 - myr - old type species of the fossil worm palaeoscolex, p. piscatorum\ngeology and stratigraphy of the burgess shale formation on mount stephen and fossil ridge .\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads, pdfs sent to google drive, dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 10th july 2018. this data will be updated every 24 hours .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfemale mola mola’s produce as many as 300 million eggs at a time, which is more than any known vertebrate .\nhere are the blastula, gastrula and larvae of sand dollars. the cells have divided enough to produce an organism that can exit out of the jelly coat and start swimming around to continue developing. the little parts you see are the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm that will develop into muscles, skeleton, organs, etc. i wasn’t able to get a picture of the larval but that drawing is good enough i hope. you can look up all the details on wiki but man, i was so excited about this lab. i think it took about 1 - 2 days to go from sand dollar zygote to larvae. . and it will take a month until we get baby sand dollars! woooo !\nthe fossilized jaw of a pint - size primate that lived about 35 million years ago in asia has been unearthed in thai coal mines .\nthe new species, dubbed krabia minuta, after the krabi coal mines where it was found, was an ancient, extinct member of a group of primates called anthropoids, which includes the ancestors to all monkeys and apes, including humans. even so, the creature showed peculiar features, including its distinct molars, not seen in other members of this primate group .\nthe tiny primate emerged during a mysterious period when primates somehow moved across a vast sea from asia to africa. [ see images of the pint - sized primate fossils ]\n“the asian anthropoids were probably more diversified than what we know today and also probably played a more important role in the origin of the modern crown anthropoids than we suspected, ” said study co - author jean - jacques jaeger, a paleontologist at the université de poitiers in france .\nthough humans came from africa, anthropoids, precursors to monkeys and humans, likely emerged from asia. fossil anthropoids have been found in china dating to 45 million years ago and in southeast asia as far back as 40 million years, yet similar species only appear in libya in africa around 38 million years ago .\nscientists have been perplexed by how these ancient simians made it out of asia to africa — an impressive journey considering that, at the time, africa was separated from asia by the tethys sea, which was bigger than the mediterranean sea, said christopher beard, a vertebrate paleontologist at the carnegie museum of natural history in pittsburgh, who was not involved in the study” (read more) .\nposted on october 25, 2013 via none of your neurones know who you are... with 200 notes\n> stream xœí \\ i‹ + é\u0011¾÷¯ðùðäü« „ @ ê–\u000e¾ 4ø '| ó\u0002 > ì \\ ü÷ \u0011¹efårê ~ \u0003¶q» _ i•\u0015 { | ±t‹³ < ý÷í·“€ÿ: ©në¦n¿ÿóí¯: ý\u001a®Šóïÿ ~ »¾ùå´ (} þnŸÿ8ýù) oðåïýí\nŸwe. b»ª‹t× r \\ „\u0015îj / b\u0011 + \\ ¤oä > ¹ˆûuâå÷ë5 \\ w⃠> ±jèûõ ] äãú\u0003. ¿ûó > ò\u0017å\u0012n - o { \\ ÿþù—·ççû / \u0015±› > ¹m•' veb•¢û€qa„† # ¥àsŸø\u0003 / \u0001åh r @? 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ëŽñí’ pìr & \u0005Ÿcz0st # ±\u0002dsxt [ à¦g\u0013æñ? i + '˜ä\u0012\u0010 $% * ²–hsæ% ‘¶š“5j' ò @ ø. ùèx— / m\u0010uóã\u0010vàûð‚ð\u0003ã\u00009zŸ¡ âtcžûle¾á\u0001â\u0006; æm\u000e\u0010\u0010 ae´´0遧 \u0018õýðç ]; –é a¼ ó\bysg²ž—ˆ°\u0005kd! r $; ûà \\ q\u000fêí¡ð * \u0010p\u000eb = ‘d, ¡å / 7‰ \\ / \b > ‹ } vz ] á { ‚\u0014«žmáf\u0001 * ‚1d¸ * # ¡á´ô $ 3°šùbø ] = ® = ø\u0015gurü³Œ \\ ìä¦ôí° & •¾9 ]: 4p0if®¨‡ _ y = - t\u000fšé ^ ýþ9\u0018ödy†‘æå×lˆ¼; p < > næ\u000eúŸ\u0012 < # × ÿíå ~ øᝠ'ùꦔüïó\u0015ÿs2 ýƒ\u0015òœƒ @ û\u000esdú\në‹\u0013vû1oçâŠ' ië£ } åw‚ô“g' e\u0005yf & óì¹t, òy±\u0001øŠµàŒ $ ýo \u0016‡kø\u0007r›l€çg = “8¹ @ { è3\u001b“ Šç¥úm£ øç { d\u0004\u000fŠvì˜1e¾\u0012ﬓ ¨¢¡v\u0007¶ê } (t, e7\u0014–ypi\u0014‡ $ 6âþvñ ž ^) f€Žþj \u0002‘\u0013oölmúñêà£ { \b ùpï $ oêî㸠$% ²×ïjóóæâäc6¶\u0006· ø% i4tŽw. ; o\u001b\u0000\u001b < $ 斴í¤' ø¢ráãº÷¦óòã\u001ahám´ ] ©u‹d¬\u0006! à¥hŸ \\ óîiýaí56\u0017†ª‡m\u0016 + —\u0005 üåtŽ0ž \u000fn | ·c® & úvágtúߌ ƒ * œ\nmaxantalet träffar du kan exportera från sökgränssnittet är 250. vid större uttag använd dig av utsökningar .\nuppsala universitet, teknisk - naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, geovetenskapliga sektionen, institutionen för geovetenskaper, paleobiologi .\njournal of paleontology, issn 0022 - 3360, e - issn 1937 - 2337, vol. 88, nr 2, s. 224 - 239\nprecambrian research, issn 0301 - 9268, e - issn 1872 - 7433, vol. 173, nr 1 - 4, s. 27 - 38\nuppsala universitet, teknisk - naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, geovetenskapliga sektionen, institutionen för geovetenskaper. uppsala universitet, teknisk - naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, geovetenskapliga sektionen, institutionen för geovetenskaper, paleobiologi. palaeobiology .\nxi international conference of the cambrian stage subdivision working group, abstracts, 2006, s. 27 -\nuppsala universitet, teknisk - naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, geovetenskapliga sektionen, institutionen för geovetenskaper. uppsala universitet, teknisk - naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, geovetenskapliga sektionen, institutionen för geovetenskaper. uppsala universitet, teknisk - naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, geovetenskapliga sektionen, institutionen för geovetenskaper, paleobiologi. palaeobiology .\nuppsala universitet, teknisk - naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, geovetenskapliga sektionen, institutionen för geovetenskaper. uppsala universitet, teknisk - naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, geovetenskapliga sektionen, institutionen för geovetenskaper, paleobiologi .\ninternational conference and field meeting on precambrian life, time and environment, february 2 - 9, 2010, lucknow, india. iugs - ics neoproterozoic subcomission. abstracts. / [ ed ] vibhuti rai, chhabra, n. l. , 2010, s. 16 - 18\njournal of paleontology, issn 0022 - 3360, e - issn 1937 - 2337, vol. 84, nr 2, s. 216 - 230\nlight microscopy studies on new materials and museum collections of early cambrian organic - walled microfossils, informally called acritarchs, provide the observations on phenetic features that permit a comparison to certain modern microalgae and the recognition of various developmental stages in their life cycle. the microfossils derive from various depositional settings in estonia, australia, greenland, sweden and poland .\nthe exceptionally preserved microfossils reveal the internal body within the vesicle, - the endocyst -, and the process of releasing the endocyst from the cyst. vegetative cells, cysts and endocysts are distinguished, and the hypothetical reconstruction of a complex life cycle with the alternation of sexual and asexual generations is proposed. acritarchs from the skiagia - plexus are cysts, and likely zygotes in the sexual generation, which periodically rested as “benthic plankton”. some microfossils of the leiosphaeridia - plexus are inferred to be vegetative cells, were planktonic and probably haplobiontic. these form - taxa may belong to a single biological species, or a few closely related species, and represent the developmental stages and alternating generations in a complex life cycle that are expressed by polymorphic, sphaero - and acanthomorphic acritarchs. the morphological resemblance and diagnostic cell walls ultrastructure with the trilaminar sheath structure known from earlier studies suggest that the early cambrian microfossils are the ancestral representatives and / or early lineages to modern class chlorophyceae, and the orders volvocales and chlorococcales .\njournal of guizhou university (natural sciences), vol. 29, s. 49 - 58\ncimp 2010 warsaw abstracts, institute of geological sciences, polish academy of sciences (pas), 2010, s. 42 - 44\nthe morphology of microfossils with resistant cell walls, their ornamentation and functionally identifiable structures are the first source of information used to assess their biological affinities. difficulties in relying on morphology alone due to the problem of convergent morphology may be resolved by the ultrastructure of the cell wall and its biochemistry .\nthe cell walls of microfossils, which are acid - resistant and thus extractable by chemical processing from the host rocks, are composed of biopolymers that show the properties of the sporopollenin / algaenan classes of biomolecules synthesized by green algae, the green lineages of dinoflagellates, and the reproductive cells of higher plants (spores and pollen). these biota share primary biochemical pathways of organic synthesis of biopolymers for constructing cell walls, and show a common early lineage in their phylogeny. the geochronologic sequence of appearance of microfossils with diagnostic traits of phycoma - like cysts, zygotic cysts with ornamentation, pylomes, double - walled vesicles and endocysts, and spheroidal vegetative cells and / or aplanospores with trilaminar sheath structure (tls), which are interpreted to be green microalgae, is aligned on the phylogenetic tree of the viridiplantae. the radiometric datings of the first appearance datum of these taxa provide the minimum age of the origin of the classes to which they are assigned. according to the affinities of microfossils inferred herein, the sequence of evolutionary events is as it follows .\nthe stem - group of the viridiplantae extends in time prior to c. 1800 ma, and the major branching nodes in a common lineage are at c. 1800 ma for the chlorophytes, c. 1650 ma for the prasinophyceae, and at c. 1450 ma for the chlorophyceae - ulvophyceae lineage. the divergence of the ulvophyceae might have occurred before c. 950 ma. the origin of the chlorophytes is constrained by the earliest record of the leiosphaeridia - type microfossils from the changzhougou formation. the “leiosphaerid” morphology, which is recognized among the prasinophyceaen or chlorophyceaen microalgae, has deep roots in their common ancestral group and it is not only the result of a convergent morphology expressed later on .\nthe prasinophyceaen lineage is recognized by tasmanites rifejicus, and co - occurring species with phycoma - like, double - walled cysts: simia, pterospermopsimorpha, and pterospermella, and striated valeria. valeria appears at c. 1650 ma in the mallapunyah formation, and it marks the minimum age at which the prasinophyceae lineage split from the basal chlorophytes. phycoma - like microfossils are subsequently recorded at c. 950 ma (octoedryxium), c. 580 ma (tasmanites, simia, octoedryxium, pterospermopsimorpha), and since c. 540 ma through the cambrian (tasmanites, granomarginata, pterospermella, cymatiosphaera) .\nthe chlorophyceaen lineage is recognized by various species of leiosphaeridia showing the tls in their cell walls, which are likely the early members of the orders volvocales and / or chlorococcales. leiosphaerids with such traits are present at c. 1450 ma, 650 ma and 520 ma. the divergence of the ulvophyceae prior to c. 950 ma is suggested by the dasycladacean archaeoclada and variaclada in the lakhanda group, and the siphonocladacean proterocladus from the c. 700 - 750 ma svanbergfjellet formation .\nthe presented minimum ages of the origin of the viridiplantae and the divergence of the major microalgal clades differ from the molecular clocks estimates. they also suggest that previously inferred time of the origin of chlorophytes at c. 1 ga or 1. 5 ga is too young. the molecular clocks estimates of these events are in conflict with microfossil records, and the interpretation of some of them as being photosynthesizing biota, and seem to be delayed in time .\nfollowing the great oxygenation event at c. 2. 2 ga, the oxygen pressure in the ocean - atmosphere system has been apparently increasing although with significant fluctuations through time. this was due to the variation in carbon cycles and carbonate formation, assembly and breaking off the supercontinents and weathering rate change, and hydrological cycle and stratification of the oceans. the palaeo - mesoproterozoic oceans were stratified with deep layers anoxic and only the surface layer oxygenated by photosynthesis within the photic zone. the late neoproterozoic oxygenation event resulted in full oxygenation of the oceans and deep currents circulation .\nthe increasing pressure of oxygen in marine environments is argued to have played a decisive role in the evolution of metazoans in the ediacaran and cambrian, yet the cause - effect relationships may be in reverse as it comes to photosynthetic organisms diversification and growing abundance observed through the proterozoic. the recorded diversification of green microalgae (acritarchs) must have enhanced the rates of primary productivity in the surface ocean layers and organic carbon burial in shelf sediments. photosynthesis most profoundly increased the oxygen pressure in the global ocean. precise correlation in time of the geochemical signatures and radiations of photosynthetic biota may reveal critical relationships between biotic and environmental evolution .\ngeophysical research abstracts, vol. 12, 7th egu general assembly 2010, copernicus publications, 2010, s. 702 - 702\nmorphological and reproductive features and cell wall ultrastructure and biochemistry of proterozoic acritarchs are used to determine their affinity to modern algae. the first appearance datum of these microbiota is traced to infer a minimum age of the divergence of the algal classes to which they may belong. the chronological appearance of microfossils that represent phycoma - like and zygotic cysts and vegetative cells and / or aplanospores, respectively interpreted as prasinophyceaen and chlorophyceaen microalgae, is related to the viridiplantae phylogeny. these divergence times differ from molecular clock estimates, and the palaeontological evidence suggests that they are older .\nthe best examples of unicellular, organic - walled microfossils (acritarchs) from the mesoproterozoic to early ordovician are reviewed to demonstrate features, which are indicative of their affinity to photosynthetic microalgae. the first indication that a microfossil may be algal is a decay - and acid - resistant cell wall, which reflects its biochemistry and ultrastructure, and probably indicates the ability to protect a resting / reproductive cyst. the biopolymers synthesized in the cell walls of algae and in land plants (“plant cells”), such as sporopollenin / algaenan, are diagnostic for photosynthetic taxa and were inherited from early unicellular ancestors. these preservable cell walls are resistant to acetolysis, hydrolysis and acids, and show diagnostic ultrastructures such as the trilaminar sheath structure (tls). “plant cell” walls differ in terms of chemical compounds, which give high preservation potential, from fungal and animal cell walls. fungal and animal cells are fossilized only by syngenetic permineralization, whereas “plant cells” are fossilized as body fossils more ubiquitously and without mineralization .\nmicroalgae radiated quickly in the cambrian and ordovician; however, several morphotypes with features related to the reproductive cycle occur in the proterozoic, although they are not always recognized as such. the assignment of proterozoic unicellular microfossils with resistant cell walls to specific eukaryotic groups is tentative. however, we argue that the new interpretations of their functional morphology, combined with cell wall ultrastructure and biochemistry, allow their assignment to microalgal classes. microfossils with advanced ornamentation and ontogenetically formed excystment structures or endocysts, which prove that they are cysts in a complex life cycle with sexual reproduction, are related to the basal lineage of the chlorophytes and the class chlorophyceae. a cell wall ultrastructure with a tls supports the affinity of some spheroidal taxa to the chlorophytes .\nthe phylogeny of the chlorophytes shows a sequence of branching nodes from a stem - group of the viridiplantae that leads to the classes prasinophyceae and chlorophyceae, and then the ulvophyceae. based on a modern interpretation of the record, the timing of these nodes is deduced to be prior to c. 1650 ma for the prasinophyceae, c. 1450 ma for the chlorophyceae, and c. 950 ma for the ulvophyceae. the origin of the chlorophytes, and in general the viridiplantae, predates 1. 8 ga. these ages, based on microfossils, are earlier than the estimates based on molecular clocks .\nprecambrian research, issn 0301 - 9268, e - issn 1872 - 7433, vol. 198, s. 1 - 24\nlethaia: an international journal of palaeontology and stratigraphy, issn 0024 - 1164, e - issn 1502 - 3931, vol. 43, nr 2, s. 129 - 136\nrecently established protocols and methods in advanced microscopy and spectrometry applied to studies of ancient unicellular organic - walled microfossils of uncertain biological affinities (acritarchs) provide new evidence of the fine ultrastructure of cell walls and their biochemistry that support the interpretation of some such microfossils as photosynthesizing microalgae. the micro - scale and nanoscale ultrastructure of the cell walls of late cryogenian sphaeromorphic acritarchs from the chichkan formation (kazakhstan) revealed by the advanced techniques and studied originally by kempe et al. (2005) is here further analyzed and compared to that of modern microalgal analogues. on the basis of such comparison, we interpret the preserved cell wall ultrastructure to reflect original layering and lamination within sublayers of the fossil wall, rather than being a result of taphonomic and diagenetic alteration. the outer thick layer represents the primary wall and the inner layer the secondary wall of the cell, whereas the laminated amorphous sub - layers, 10 - 20 nm in thickness and revealed by transmission electron and atomic force microscopy, are recognized as trilaminar sheath structure (tls). because two - layered cell walls, trilaminar sheaths, and the position of the tls within the fossil cell wall are characteristic of the mature developmental state in cyst morphogenesis in modern microalgae, we infer that the chichkan sphaeromorphs are likely resting cells (aplanospores) of chlorophyceaen green microalgae from the order volvocales .\nuppsala universitet, teknisk - naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, geovetenskapliga sektionen, institutionen för geovetenskaper. uppsala universitet, teknisk - naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, geovetenskapliga sektionen, institutionen för geovetenskaper, paleobiologi. paleobiologi .\nacritarchs are marine planktonic autotrophic protistans of heterogeneous origins. their diversification into many morphotypes occurred throughout neoproterozic and early palaeozoic; some morphotypes represent green algal classes but most are of unknown biological affinities. palaeobiology and relationships to extant microbiota of some acritarchs, with emphasis on their life cycle, reproduction and environmental adaptations, may be inferred from phonetic morphological features and cell wall ultrastucture. microfossils from the cambrian - ordovician of china are studied to reveal the wall ultrastructure of vegetative cells and dormant / reproductive cysts, the structural complexity of early eukaryotic cytoskeleton, and to recognize by morphological and ultrastructural means the relationships between various phenotypes. acritarchs are considered to be preservable cysts of unicellular algae. the new discovery of the entire organism consisting of vegetative envelope and internal cyst shows that some taxa indeed represent the dormant / reproductive cysts whereas other may represent vegetative cells in their complex life cycle. formation of the cyst, the excystment structure (pylome) and change of the generations (sexual and asexual) in the life cycle of unicellular microbiota may shed light on the development of the early adaptations to survive ecological crises events and as a competitive advantage in increasingly complex marine ecosystems .\nabstract volume: 4th international palaeontological congress: the history of life: a view from the southern hemisphere / [ ed ] esperanza cerdeño, 2014, s. 258 - 258\ngeological magazine, issn 0016 - 7568, e - issn 1469 - 5081, vol. 152, nr 6, s. 1145 - 1148\nwe report the occurrence of organically preserved microfossils from the subsurface ediacaran strata overlying the east european platform in poland, in the form of sclerites and cuticle fragments of larger organisms. they are morphologically similar to those known from cambrian strata and associated with various metazoan fossils of recognized phyla. the ediacaran age of the microfossils is evident from the stratigraphic position below the base of the cambrian system and above the isotopically dated tuff layers at c. 551±4ma. within this strata interval, other characteristic ediacaran microorganisms co - occur such as cyanobacteria, vendotaenids, microalgae, ceratophyton, valkyria and macroscopic annelidan sabellidites. the recent contributions of organic sclerites in revealing the scope of the cambrian explosion are therefore also potentially extendable back to the ediacaran period when animals first appear in the fossil record .\nden kvartärgeologiska bakgrunden och utvecklingen har mycket stor betydelse för landskapet, markytans former och avsättningar i sverige. det är ett resultat av återkommande istider (glaciationer) som täckt skandinavien och den postglaciala utvecklingen som östersjöns utveckling och landskapsförändringar under postglacial tid. det har även stor betydelse för både människors förutsättningar i landskapet i förhistorisk och historisk tid och för de förhållanden en plats innebär i samband med arkeologiska utgrävningar .\nuppland och uppsala är tydliga exempel på detta och där finns omfattande avsättningar från olika processer och perioder och landskapet har förändrats radikalt från istäckt, till sjö - och havsyta, en skärgårdsmiljö och slutligen landområden. människor har fått anpassa sig till en ständigt förändrad havsyta, där landhöjningen skapat och fortfarande skapar nya landområden. ser man till sverige som helhet är uppland det område som senast blivit torrlagt från havet. detta är dock inte helt sant i sin helhet, då landytor skapats tidigare både norrut och västerut i uppland. landhöjningen påverkar generellt i riktning mot öster, så nya områden torrläggs hela tiden åt det hållet. dock kan det framhållas att uppsalaområdet är mycket ungt som landyta i jämförelse med övriga områ - den i sverige, där slättområdena runt uppsala börjar bli landområden för runt 2 500 - 3 000 år sedan .\nen faktor som har stor inverkan på förhållanden vid arkeologiska undersökningar är de jordarter som bygger upp en plats och deras egenskaper vad gäller uppbyggnad, struktur, sammansättning och eventuella kemiska egenskaper. i uppland och speciellt runt uppsala finns det exempelvis omfattande områden med lera och då avses i första hand den glaciala och postglacial lera. lerans uppbyggnad och egenskaper ur många aspekter, men det är värt att understryka att den kan ha stor betydelse för de arkeologiska lämningar som kan vara uppbyggda eller nedgrävda i leran .\ndessutom har olika jordartstyper olika egenskaper för infiltration och genomströmning av yt - och grundvatten, vilket i sin tur kan påverka material som finns i marken. en vanlig jordart som morän samt isälvmaterial, som grus och sand, är normalt genomsläppligt för vatten och i ytlagret även för luft, vilket kan skapa en nedbrytande miljö i marken för exempelvis trä och ben. leran däremot är normalt ett tätt sediment som även kan behålla en hög fuktighet, dessutom är den glaciala leran i uppland normalt varvig och innehåller hög kalkhalt (kalciumkarbonathalt, caco3). hög täthet och fuktighet och hög kalkhalt är egenskaper som är mycket gynnsamma för goda bevarandeförhållanden .\ni denna kvartärgeologiska beskrivning av området runt gnista, beskrivs inledningsvis den generella utveckling som bidragit till upplands kvartära utveckling under de senaste 15 000 åren, dels utvecklingen och viktiga avsättningar som finns i uppland och uppsala, samt slutligen en avslutande inblick i just gnistas kvartärgeologi. de referenser som utnyttjats för texten är: gembert (1995); hughes m. fl. (2015); järnefors (1958); karlsson & hansbo (1981); möller (1993); risberg m. fl. (1991); sveriges geologiska undersökning (sgu) (1956, 1992); sveriges nationalatlas (sna) (2009) .\njournal of paleontology, issn 0022 - 3360, e - issn 1937 - 2337, vol. 87, nr 6, s. 1067 - 1070\nburgess shale - type faunas provide unique insights into the cambrian\nexplosion\n. their degree of representativeness of cambrian marine life in general is, however, less easy to establish. one line of evidence is to consider only the skeletal component of a burgess shale - type fauna and compare that with a typical cambrian assemblage. this paper describes a new species of helcionelloid mollusk (totoralia reticulata n. sp .) from the middle cambrian burgess shale of british columbia. whilst much rarer than the co - occurring smooth shelled helcionelloid scenella amii, the strongly costate morphology of totoralia reinforces comparisons with cambrian shelly faunas. the extension of the range of totoralia from argentina to canada adds support to the proposed derivation of the precordillera terrane of mendoza from laurentia .\n50th annual meeting of the palaeontological association, sheffield 2006: abstracts, 2006, s. 30 - 31\n47th annual meeting of the palaeontological asssociation, leicester 2003: abstracts, 2003, s. 182. 183 -\n11th international palynological congress, granada 2004: abstracts, 2004, s. 424 -\n38th annual meeting of the american association of stratigraphic palynologists, september 18 - 21, 2005, st. louis, missouri: program and abstracts, 2005, s. 43 -\nnational museum of wales geological series, vol. 25, s. 145 - 222\nabstract volume international conference on the cambrian explosion walcott 2009, 2009, s. 47 -\nuppsala universitet, medicinska och farmaceutiska vetenskapsområdet, medicinska fakulteten, institutionen för immunologi, genetik och patologi, cancer och vaskulärbiologi .\nuppsala universitet, teknisk - naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, biologiska sektionen, institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning .\nuppsala universitet, teknisk - naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, biologiska sektionen, institutionen för organismbiologi, evolution och utvecklingsbiologi .\nuppsala universitet, teknisk - naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, geovetenskapliga sektionen, institutionen för geovetenskaper .\nuppsala universitet, teknisk - naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, biologiska sektionen, institutionen för ekologi och genetik, zooekologi .\ndevelopment, genes and evolution, issn 0949 - 944x, e - issn 1432 - 041x, vol. 224, nr 2, s. 87 - 96\na current hypothesis states that the ancestral limb of arthropods is composed of only two segments. the proximal segment represents the main part of the modern leg, and the distal segment represents the tarsus and claw of the modern leg. if the distal part of the limb is an ancestral feature, one would expect conserved regulatory gene networks acting in distal limb development in all arthropods and possibly even their sister group, the onychophorans. we investigated the expression patterns of six genes known to function during insect distal limb development in the onychophoran euperipatoides kanangrensis, i. e. , clawless (cll), aristaless (al), spineless (ss), zinc finger homeodomain 2 (zfh2), rotund (rn), and lim1. we find that all investigated genes are expressed in at least some of the onychophoran limbs. the expression patterns of most of these genes, however, display crucial differences to the known insect patterns. the results of this study question the hypothesis of conserved distal limb evolution in arthropods and highlight the need for further studies on arthropod limb development .\nuppsala universitet, teknisk - naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, geovetenskapliga sektionen, institutionen för geovetenskaper, paleobiologi, paleontologigruppen .\nintegrative and comparative biology, issn 1540 - 7063, e - issn 1557 - 7023, vol. 57, s. e369 - e369\nuniv cambridge, dept earth sci, downing st, cambridge cb2 3eq, england. .\narthropod structure & development, issn 1467 - 8039, e - issn 1873 - 5495, vol. 45, nr 2, s. 185 - 199\narthropod structure & development, issn 1467 - 8039, e - issn 1873 - 5495, vol. 46, nr 3, s. 354 - 379\nthe panarthropod head represents a complex body region that has evolved through the integration and functional specialization of the anterior appendage - bearing segments. advances in the developmental biology of diverse extant organisms have led to a substantial clarity regarding the relationships of segmental homology between onychophora (velvet worms), tardigrada (water bears), and euarthropoda (e. g. arachnids, myriapods, crustaceans, hexapods). the improved understanding of the segmental organization in panarthropods offers a novel perspective for interpreting the ubiquitous cambrian fossil record of these successful animals. a combined palaeobiological and developmental approach to the study of the panarthropod head through deep time leads us to propose a consensus hypothesis for the intricate evolutionary history of this important tagma. the contribution of exceptionally preserved brains in cambrian fossils together with the recognition of segmentally informative morphological characters illuminate the polarity for major anatomical features. the euarthropod stem - lineage provides a detailed view of the step - wise acquisition of critical characters, including the origin of a multiappendicular head formed by the fusion of several segments, and the transformation of the ancestral protocerebral limb pair into the labrum, following the postero - ventral migration of the mouth opening. stem - group onychophorans demonstrate an independent ventral migration of the mouth and development of a multisegmented head, as well as the differentiation of the deutocerebral limbs as expressed in extant representatives. the anterior organization of crown - group tardigrada retains several ancestral features, such as an anterior - facing mouth and one - segmented head. the proposed model aims to clarify contentious issues on the evolution of the panarthropod head, and lays the foundation from which to further address this complex subject in the future." ]

{ "text": [ "aaveqaspis is a genus of small ( about 2.5 centimetres or 1.0 inch long ) marine arthropods of unclear affiliation , that lived during the early cambrian period .", "fossil remains of aaveqaspis were collected from the lower cambrian sirius passet fossil-lagerstätte of north greenland .", "aaveqaspis looks like a soft eyeless trilobite with a weakly defined axis , a headshield ( or cephalon ) with stubby genal spines , 5 thorax segments also ending in stubby genal spines , and a tailshield ( pygidium ) with a pair of massive tusk-like spines , and two smaller spines near the end of the axis .", "the only species presently known is a. inesoni ( i.e. the genus is monotypic ) . " ], "topic": [ 0, 5, 23, 26 ] }

[ "aaveqaspis is a genus of small (about 2.5 centimetres or 1.0 inch long) marine arthropods of unclear affiliation, that lived during the early cambrian period. fossil remains of aaveqaspis were collected from the lower cambrian sirius passet fossil-lagerstätte of north greenland. aaveqaspis looks like a soft eyeless trilobite with a weakly defined axis, a headshield (or cephalon) with stubby genal spines, 5 thorax segments also ending in stubby genal spines, and a tailshield (pygidium) with a pair of massive tusk-like spines, and two smaller spines near the end of the axis. the only species presently known is a. inesoni (i.e. the genus is monotypic)." ]

[ "information on the dapple - throat is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nat various times in the past, spot - throat was thought to be a thrush or a bulbul, dapple - throat had been placed with chats or bulbuls, and gray - chested babbler had been considered a thrush .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - dapple - throat (modulatrix orostruthus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - dapple - throat (modulatrix orostruthus )\ntitle =\narkive species - dapple - throat (modulatrix orostruthus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ndapple - throat arcanator orostruthus, also of the eastern arc mountains from east tanzania to north mozambique [ usambara mts. , udzungwa mt. , et al. ]\nspot - throat modulatrix stictigula of montane forests in the eastern arc mountains in north malawi, north mozambique, and eastern tanzania .\ncomparatively little is known about these three species. gray - chested babbler (kakamega) is resident in shady montane forests, usually near streams, where it lives on or near the ground singly or in pairs. it often follows swarms of army ants (dorylus). spot - throat and dapple - throat are also ground - dwellers, probing leaf litter or flicking leaves with the bill. spot - throat is said to hop or run along the forest floor with tail held slightly elevated. both apparently feed on invertebrates and berries (collar & robson 2007) .\nthe modulatricidae is currently composed of three rather drab' thrush - like' birds from east and central africa. two species — the spot - throat and dapple - throat of eastern tanzania — were initially discovered through molecular research to be unrelated to thrushes or babblers, and instead appeared to be most closely related to the sugarbirds of southern africa [ promeropidae; beresford et a. 2005 ]. additional research added gray - chested babbler [ aka gray - chested kakamega ] to the clade [ johansson et al. 2008 ] .\nwhether the\ndapple - throats\nshould be placed in the sugarbird family or in their own family has been a difficult question. all the primary research is now several years old and there has been no significant follow - up yet. it is not clearly known when this\ndapple - throat\ngroup split from the sugarbirds. beresford et al. (2005) estimated the split at between 28 and 39 million years ago [ mean 28 mya ], but that estimate is a dozen years out of date and needs recalibration. we also could use a clearly understanding of the species in this group. are there more species to be included? nonetheless, none of the dapple - throats remotely resemble sugarbirds, and splitting them as an ancient family does make sense .\nthere is still much to be learned about this set, but some global checklist (e. g. , ioc) elevated them to family level in 2012 as the arcanatoridae. more recently, birdlife international and a book of bird families (winkler et al. 2016) also accepted that status, but used the name modulatricidae for the family. apparently the\narcanatoridae\nwas never properly proposed in formal format. among them is the dapple - throat of the eastern arc mountains in tanzania to malawi (photo left, an in - hand bird to be banded and released). the family list is :\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\n17 cm. medium - sized, drab robin of forest. olive - brown upperparts. paler, lemon yellow, broadly spotted underparts. slender bill has pale base. rusty tinge on outertail .\n, also many other varied whistles and phrases, some very oriole - like .\nterrestrial. furtive and inveterate skulker of forest - tangles. common on mt namuli, mozambique, and udzungwa mountains, tanzania .\nvulnerable b1ab (i, ii, iii, v) ver 3. 1\nthis species has a small, disjunct range, within much of which its habitat is either currently, or probably soon will be, declining in both extent and quality, leading to increasing fragmentation of its distribution (collar and stuart 1985). it is therefore considered vulnerable .\n. in mozambique, the nominate subspecies is relatively common, with densities of up to 2 - 3 singing birds / ha reported in ukalini forest (c. 80 ha )\n, but rare on mt mabu (dowsett - lemaire 2010). it may also occur in the southern forests (c. 1, 220 ha) between mt namuli and gurue\n. the population in manho and ukalini on mt namuli might be 300 - 500 pairs (assuming densities of 3 - 5 pairs / 10 ha), and there may be a few dozen - 100 pairs on mt mabu (dowsett - lemaire 2010). in the east usambaras, subspecies\nis uncommon to fairly common in seven forested areas on the udzungwa escarpment (d. c. moyer\n2007, butynski in press), e. g. at uhafiwa, where the density was up to 31 pairs / km\n, however this may be optimistic (l. a. hansen per j. fjeldså\nthe population size is preliminarily estimated to fall into the band 10, 000 - 19, 999 individuals. this equates to 6, 667 - 13, 333 mature individuals, rounded here to 6, 000 - 15, 000 mature individuals. however, the total population may be smaller, as it is apparently common in only a few locations in the udzungwas (l. a. hansen per j. fjeldså\nthe species' s population is suspected to be declining in line with the fragmentation and degradation of mid - elevation forests within its range. the likely rate of decline, however, has not been estimated .\n2001 ]), preferring closed - canopy areas with a dense growth of wild ginger (zingiberaceae) and saplings on the ground. here it moves through corridors of thick growth around light gaps and along streams, foraging for insects in the leaf - litter. at namuli it is confined to forest above 1, 500 m, and occurs up to 1, 870 m in ukalini and manho, while on mabu it is rare and local above 1, 380 m (dowsett - lemaire 2010) .\nforest on mt namuli is, at present, largely intact, but the lower slopes are now densely settled. encroachment is now taking place above 1, 500 m, with two small areas of manho forest cleared for potato crops in 2007 and many more cleared for gardens over the following year (dowsett - lemaire 2010), as well as forest being cleared for livestock grazing (j. timberlake\ntakes place in both ukalini and manho forests, creating gaps in the canopy (dowsett - lemaire 2010). the forest at mt mabu (where the species is rarer) is under less pressure as the human population in the foothills is smaller and more scattered: dry season bush fires are a current threat to the forest here (dowsett - lemaire 2010), but but they may be less of a threat here than in other forests in the region (j. timberlake\n( newmark 1991); the species may be close to extinction here (j. fjeldså\n2012). forest in several areas of the udzungwa mountains is still being cleared for timber and agriculture, however the rate of loss has slowed thanks to improved management, and there is some regeneration in places. nevertheless, core (mature forest) habitat continues to decrease\n, including forest owned by private tea companies. two conservation and development projects in the east usambaras are working to increase the amount of forest in protected areas, including all lowland remnants (tye 1993 )\n. in the udzungwa mountains community - based forest management has resulted in the exclusion of commercial logging, although some cutting and clearing for bean - fields and marijuana continues (j. fjeldså\nconduct surveys to obtain an up - to - date population estimate. once a baseline population estimate has been obtained, conduct regular surveys to monitor population trends. monitor rates of forest clearance and degradation at known sites, and prevent commercial logging from spreading through the species' s range. establish whether it occurs in the remote southern forests of mt namuli and, if so, designate as a core wilderness area\n1999). survey other sections of forest at mabu, and other peaks near namuli with forest patches, and mt chiperone (dowsett - lemaire 2010). assess possibility of ecotourism - based conservation programme involving local people at ukalini forest on mt namuli\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nclassified as vulnerable (vu) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change and has been profiled with the support of bank of america merrill lynch. to learn more visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nfiltering option' high pass' used in audacity. in addition, a volume increase applied .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 334, 291 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: arcanator orostruthus. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nis from udzungwa mountains np, tanzania, on 2 july 2007; via wikipedia commons it is credited to l. hansen of usfws, and is in the public domain .\nbibliographic note: there is no\nfamily book\nfor this new family; some basics about the 3 species in this family are in collar & robson (2007) .\nberesford, p. , f. k. barker, p. g. ryan, and t. m. crowe. 2005. african endemics span the tree of songbirds (passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas'. proc. royal soc. b 272: 849–858 .\ncollar, n. j. , and c. robson. 2007. family timaliidae (babblers), pp. 70–321 in handbook of the birds of the world (del hoyo, j. , a. elliott & d. a. christie, eds). vol. 12. lynx edicions, barcelona, spain .\njohansson, u. s. , j. fjeldså, and c. k. bowie. 2008. phylogenetic relationships within passerida (aves: passeriformes): a review and a new molecular phylogeny based on three nuclear intron markers. mol. phylog. evol. 48: 858–876 .\nwinkler, d. w. , s. w. billerman, and i. j. lovette. 2015. birds families of the world: a guide to the spectacular diversity of birds. lynx edicions, barcelona." ]

{ "text": [ "the dapple-throat ( arcanator orostruthus ) is a species of bird in the small african family modulatricidae .", "other common names include dappled mountain robin and dappled mountain greenbul .", "it is native to mozambique and tanzania .", "this is the only species in the monotypic genus arcanator .", "this species has a disjunct distribution , occurring in a few mountain ranges , including mount mabu and the usambara and udzungwa mountains .", "it lives in dense , wet mountain forest habitat .", "it can be found in the leaf litter near streams , where it seeks insects .", "most all of the native habitat is degraded or otherwise influenced by human activity .", "much of the forest has been cleared for agricultural purposes .", "logging also occurs , especially to obtain timber from the forest tree faurea wentzeliana ; this reduces the density of the forest , reducing habitat quality for the bird .", "some populations are in protected areas , but the species is thought to be in general decline . " ], "topic": [ 27, 27, 0, 26, 13, 24, 13, 24, 19, 17, 17 ] }

[ "the dapple-throat (arcanator orostruthus) is a species of bird in the small african family modulatricidae. other common names include dappled mountain robin and dappled mountain greenbul. it is native to mozambique and tanzania. this is the only species in the monotypic genus arcanator. this species has a disjunct distribution, occurring in a few mountain ranges, including mount mabu and the usambara and udzungwa mountains. it lives in dense, wet mountain forest habitat. it can be found in the leaf litter near streams, where it seeks insects. most all of the native habitat is degraded or otherwise influenced by human activity. much of the forest has been cleared for agricultural purposes. logging also occurs, especially to obtain timber from the forest tree faurea wentzeliana; this reduces the density of the forest, reducing habitat quality for the bird. some populations are in protected areas, but the species is thought to be in general decline." ]